front:intro ur4j 0 # Introduction to 2 Corinthians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of the Book of 2 Corinthians\n\n1. Opening and blessing (1:1–2)\n2. Paul praises God for his comfort in affliction (1:3–11)\n3. Interrupted travel plans (1:12–2:13)\n * The interruption and the reason for it (1:15–2:4)\n * The person who caused grief (2:5–11)\n * Travel to Troas and Macedonia (2:12–13)\n4. Paul’s ministry (2:14–7:4)\n * The fragrance of Christ (2:14–17)\n * Qualification for ministry (3:1–6)\n * Ministry of Moses and ministry of Paul (3:7–4:6)\n * Suffering and ministry (4:7–18)\n * Confidence in the resurrection (5:1–10)\n * The gospel (5:11–6:2)\n * Proofs of ministry (6:3–10)\n * Join with fellow believers, not unbelievers (6:11–7:4)\n5. Paul rejoices about Titus’ visit to the Corinthians (7:5–16)\n6. Giving for the gospel (8:1–9:15)\n * Example of the Macedonians (8:1–6)\n * Paul appeals to the Corinthians to give generously (8:7–9:5)\n * Blessing and thanksgiving (9:6–15)\n7. Paul defends his apostolic authority (10:1–13:10)\n * The true standard for boasting (10:1–18)\n * Paul defends his speech and conduct (11:1–15)\n * Paul boasts about his suffering (11:16–33)\n * Paul’s ascent to heaven and the thorn in the flesh (12:1–10)\n * Paul concludes his boasting (12:11–13)\n * Paul defends his financial conduct (12:14–18)\n * Paul warns the Corinthians about his third visit (12:19–13:10)\n8. Closing (13:11–13)\n\n### Who wrote the Book of 2 Corinthians?\n\nThe author identifies himself as Paul the apostle. Paul was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee, and he persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire, telling people about Jesus. Paul first visited the Corinthians during his third time traveling around the Roman Empire (see [Acts 18:1–18](../act/18/01.md)). After he visited them, he stayed in the city of Ephesus for more than two years (see [Acts 19:1–10](../act/19/01.md)). \n\nFrom Ephesus, he wrote them a letter that we call First Corinthians. After he wrote that letter, and during the two years that he lived in Ephesus, he visited the Corinthians very briefly, but it was a painful visit (see [2:1](../02/01.md)). After this visit, he wrote two letters to the Corinthians. We do not have the first letter that Paul wrote, but it was a “severe” letter that may have grieved the Corinthians (see [2:4](../02/04.md)). The second letter that Paul wrote is this letter, Second Corinthians. He wrote it from the region of Macedonia after his friend Titus returned from visiting the Corinthians and told him how the Corinthians were doing.\n\n### What is the Book of 2 Corinthians about?\n\nPaul wrote 2 Corinthians to continue to help the Corinthians believe the true gospel and trust him as an apostle of Christ. He wrote this letter after Titus returned to Paul after visiting the Corinthians and giving them another letter that Paul had previously written. In 2 Corinthians, Paul tells the Corinthians that he is happy that they have responded well to his previous letter. However, he still has instructions and corrections to write to them, and he continues to defend himself as an apostle who taught them the true gospel. Most generally, Paul wrote 2 Corinthians to make his relationship with the Corinthians stronger, to cause relationships between all Christians to become stronger, and to help the Christians trust in and obey Christ more and more. \n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nTranslators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, “Second Corinthians” or “2 Corinthians.” Or they may choose a different title, such as “Paul’s Second Letter to the Church in Corinth” or “A Second Letter to the Christians in Corinth.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n
1:intro tsh3 0 # 2 Corinthians 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n1. Opening and blessing (1:1–2)\n2. Paul praises God for his comfort in affliction (1:3–11)\n3. Interrupted travel plans (1:12–2:13)\n * The interruption and the reason for it (1:15–2:4)\n\nThe first paragraph reflects a common way to begin a letter in the ancient Near East.\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Comfort\n\nComfort is a major theme of this chapter. Paul explains that believers experience affliction because they belong to Jesus. When this happens, the Holy Spirit comforts them. Then they are able to comfort others. Paul wants the Corinthian believers to know that he is not exempt from terrible persecution but that God always rescues and comforts him, as well. He also wants them to know that God will do the same for them.\n\n### Paul’s integrity\n\nApparently, people in Corinth had been criticizing Paul, saying that he was not sincere and did not truly care about the Corinthian believers. Therefore, Paul refutes them by explaining his motives for what he was doing.\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in this Chapter\n\n### Rhetorical question\n\nPaul uses two rhetorical questions in 1:17 to defend himself against a charge of not being sincere. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])\n\n### Metaphorical “Yes and No”\n\nIn 1:17-20 Paul uses the words “yes” and “no” together to represent the attitudes and speech of a person who is unstable and easily changes his mind about what he wants to do. It seems that some people had been accusing Paul of being such a person, but he makes it clear that he is not. Instead, he imitates God who is always faithful, and Jesus, who faithfully fulfills all of the promises of God. \n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### Holy Spirit as guarantee\n\nIn 1:22 Paul says that the Holy Spirit is the “guarantee” of all of God's promises, including eternal life with him. The term comes from business deals in which a person gives some valuable item to another person as a “guarantee” that the first person will pay the full amount of money that he owes. Other words for this idea include “pledge” or “down-payment.” Paul uses this idea to explain that, because believers experience the blessings of the Holy Spirit now, they can be sure that they will experience all of God’s given promises after they die. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])\n\n### God as witness\n\nIn 1:23 Paul calls God to be a witness to his character, that he is being honest and faithful to the Corinthian believers. It is probable that Paul means this as an oath, in which it is expected that God would bear witness to what Paul is saying by dramatically punishing him or striking him dead if he is lying. Alternatively, he may intend that God will bear witness by affirming Paul's honesty to the Corinthian believers through the Holy Spirit.
1:1 mel3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Παῦλος & τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ τοῦ Θεοῦ τῇ οὔσῃ ἐν Κορίνθῳ 1 Your language may have a particular way of introducing the author of a letter and its intended audience. For example, you may want to indicate that this is a letter. Alternate translation: “I, Paul … wrote this letter to you, the church of God that is in Corinth”
1:1 f59u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive Τιμόθεος ὁ ἀδελφὸς 1 The word **our** here includes the Corinthian believers. The original has only “the brother,” but the word “our” was considered necessary for English. Use the word that is most natural in your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
1:1 mhg5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Ἀχαΐᾳ 1 **Achaia** is the name of a Roman province in the southern part of modern-day Greece. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
1:2 heps rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη, ἀπὸ 1 After stating his name and the people to whom he is writing, Paul adds a blessing. Use a form that people would recognize as a blessing in your language. Alternate translation: “May you experience kindness and peace within you from” or “I pray that you will have grace and peace from” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing]])
1:2 f6k1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη, ἀπὸ Θεοῦ Πατρὸς ἡμῶν καὶ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the ideas of **Grace** and **peace**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “I pray that God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ will be favorable to you and give you a peaceful spirit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1:3 px2q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive εὐλογητὸς ὁ Θεὸς καὶ Πατὴρ τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “May we always praise the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1:3 xshp rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing εὐλογητὸς ὁ Θεὸς καὶ Πατὴρ τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 After blessing the recipients of his letter, Paul adds a blessing to God. If your people would consider it strange for people to bless God, then translate it as praise, since that is what we do when we bless God. Alternate translation: “May we always praise the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing]])
1:3 k7dl rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples ὁ Θεὸς καὶ Πατὴρ 1 **Father** is an important title for God. Both **God** and **Father** refer to God. This phrase could mean (1) God is both God and Father to our Lord Jesus, or (2) God is Father to our Lord Jesus. Alternate translation: “God, who is the Father”
1:3 pg4a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ὁ Πατὴρ τῶν οἰκτιρμῶν καὶ Θεὸς πάσης παρακλήσεως 1 Here, the possessive form describes **mercies** and **all comfort** as coming from God, who is their source. Both **Father** and **God** are the same person. Alternate translation: “the Father who is the source of mercies and the God who is the source of all comfort” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
1:3 tksv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ὁ Πατὴρ τῶν οἰκτιρμῶν καὶ Θεὸς πάσης παρακλήσεως 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **mercies** and **comfort**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “the Father who is merciful and the God who always comforts his people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1:3 cen3 πάσης παρακλήσεως 1 Here, **all** could refer to: (1) time. Alternate translation: “who always comforts his people” (2) quantity. Alternate translation: “from whom every instance of comforting comes”
1:4 n2lc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive παρακαλῶν ἡμᾶς ἐπὶ πάσῃ τῇ θλίψει ἡμῶν 1 Here and continuing through verse 5, the pronouns **us**, **our**, and **we** probably include the Corinthian believers. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
1:4 ggj8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal εἰς τὸ 1 This phrase introduces a purpose clause. Paul is stating the purpose for which God gives us afflictions and then comfort. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “in order that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
1:4 tl0d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ὁ παρακαλῶν ἡμᾶς ἐπὶ πάσῃ τῇ θλίψει ἡμῶν, εἰς τὸ δύνασθαι ἡμᾶς παρακαλεῖν τοὺς ἐν πάσῃ θλίψει 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **affliction** and **tribulation**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “the one comforting us whenever people afflict us, so that we are able to comfort others whenever people afflict them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1:4 cxwj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo διὰ τῆς παρακλήσεως ἧς παρακαλούμεθα αὐτοὶ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **comfort** or would not use both the noun **comfort** and the verb **comforted** together, you could express the same idea by using only the verb. Alternate translation: “in the same way in which we ourselves are comforted” or “just as we ourselves are comforted” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo]])
1:4 eh7l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns παρακαλούμεθα αὐτοὶ 1 Paul uses the word **ourselves** to emphasize that we, even though we are weak human beings, can comfort others as God comforted us. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this emphasis. Alternate translation: “even we are comforted” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
1:4 hlnx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive παρακαλούμεθα αὐτοὶ ὑπὸ τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God comforts even us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1:5 nn5a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὅτι καθὼς περισσεύει τὰ παθήματα τοῦ Χριστοῦ εἰς ἡμᾶς 1 Here Paul speaks of the **sufferings of Christ** as if they were objects that could increase and move toward him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this with a different metaphor or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “For just as people made Christ suffer, they are now making us suffer” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1:5 tg9w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor περισσεύει & ἡ παράκλησις ἡμῶν 2 Here Paul speaks of **comfort** as if it were an object that could increase in size. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this with a different metaphor or you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “God comforts us abundantly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1:6 y9bi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive εἴτε δὲ θλιβόμεθα 1 Here and through the first half of verse 21, the word **we** and other first-person pronouns refer to Paul and Timothy, but not to the Corinthians. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
1:6 bbff εἴτε δὲ θλιβόμεθα 1 There is no strong contrast here. Rather, Paul continues to talk about suffering and comfort. If it is helpful in your language, you do not need to use a word here that indicates a contrast with what came before. Alternate translation: “If we are afflicted”
1:6 ylw2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive εἴτε δὲ θλιβόμεθα 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “But if people afflict us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1:6 pxy2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact εἴτε δὲ θλιβόμεθα 1 Paul speaks as if this were a hypothetical situation, but he means that it does happen. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might misunderstand and think that what Paul is saying is uncertain, then you can translate his words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “When we are afflicted” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
1:6 gfyd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ὑπὲρ τῆς ὑμῶν παρακλήσεως καὶ σωτηρίας 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **comfort** and **salvation**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “it is so that you can be comforted and saved” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1:6 wyj4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive εἴτε παρακαλούμεθα 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “if God comforts us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1:6 ujj7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact εἴτε παρακαλούμεθα 1 Paul speaks as if this were a hypothetical situation, but he means that it does happen. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might misunderstand and think that what Paul is saying is uncertain, then you can translate his words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “when we are comforted” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
1:6 w94l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ὑπὲρ τῆς ὑμῶν παρακλήσεως 2 See how you translated this same phrase earlier in the verse. Alternate translation: “it is so that you can be comforted” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1:6 mx46 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐν ὑπομονῇ τῶν αὐτῶν παθημάτων 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **endurance**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “as you endure the same sufferings” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1:7 ot4d rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result καὶ ἡ ἐλπὶς ἡμῶν βεβαία ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν, εἰδότες ὅτι ὡς κοινωνοί ἐστε τῶν παθημάτων, οὕτως καὶ τῆς παρακλήσεως 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases, since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. Alternate translation: “Because we know that you share in God's comfort just as much as in the suffering, our hope concerning you is firm” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
1:7 n3nl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns καὶ ἡ ἐλπὶς ἡμῶν βεβαία ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **hope**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “And we firmly believe that you will endure” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1:7 klvm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit καὶ ἡ ἐλπὶς ἡμῶν βεβαία ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν 1 If your language requires you to specify the content of Paul's **hope**, you can include this information. Alternate translation: “And our hope that you will remain faithful to Jesus is firm” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1:7 a4vz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns οὕτως καὶ τῆς παρακλήσεως 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **comfort**, you could express the same idea in another way. See how you translated this word in verses 5 and 6. Alternate translation: “God will also comfort you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1:7 ca1o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis οὕτως καὶ τῆς παρακλήσεως 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “in the same way you are partakers also of the comfort” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
1:8 jqn8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives οὐ & θέλομεν ὑμᾶς ἀγνοεῖν 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a positive expression to translate this double negative that consists of the negative particle **not** and the negative word **ignorant**. Alternate translation: “we want you to know” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
1:8 lgs0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ὑπὲρ τῆς θλίψεως ἡμῶν τῆς γενομένης 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **tribulation**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “concerning the time when people caused us to suffer” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1:8 pr8a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor καθ’ ὑπερβολὴν ὑπὲρ δύναμιν ἐβαρήθημεν 1 Here, Paul is speaking of **tribulation** as if it were a heavy weight that they had to carry. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “we were suffering so much that we thought that we could not endure it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1:8 gu5b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ὑπερβολὴν & ἐβαρήθημεν 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “it was excessively difficult for us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1:8 t4iy rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ὥστε 1 Here, **so that** introduces the result of what came before. Use a natural way to introduce a result in your language. Alternate translation: “with the result that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
1:9 lks3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor αὐτοὶ ἐν ἑαυτοῖς τὸ ἀπόκριμα τοῦ θανάτου ἐσχήκαμεν 1 Paul is comparing the certainty of death that they experienced to that of someone who receives a **sentence of death**, that is, an order from a judge that he must be executed. Alternate translation: “we were as sure of our own deaths as someone is who is condemned to die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1:9 dttx rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα 1 Here the connecting words **so that** introduce a goal or purpose relationship. The purpose that God had for Paul and his companions to feel that they would die is for them to trust in God. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is the purpose. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
1:9 i7up rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ἀλλ’ ἐπὶ τῷ Θεῷ 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “but instead, we would be trusting in God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
1:9 bu2y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom τῷ ἐγείροντι τοὺς νεκρούς 1 Here, **raising the dead** is an idiom for causing someone who has died to become alive again. Alternate translation: “who causes the dead to live again” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1:10 x4kh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy τηλικούτου θανάτου 1 Here, **so great a death** represents the terrible persecution that Paul and his companions were experiencing and that they were convinced would end in death. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the jaws of death” or “such a deadly danger” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1:10 eitn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit καὶ ῥύσεται 1 The implication is that God will rescue Paul and his companions from similar dangerous situations in the future. You can include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and whenever we are in danger, God will rescue us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1:10 c2xx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns εἰς ὃν ἠλπίκαμεν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **hope**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “we trust God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1:11 q17d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν τῇ δεήσει 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **supplication**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “by praying to God for us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1:11 xftq rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα 1 The connecting words **so that** introduce a goal or purpose relationship. Paul presents the purpose of the Corinthians praying for him to be that many people will be thanking God. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is the purpose. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
1:11 h0u2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἵνα ἐκ πολλῶν προσώπων & εὐχαριστηθῇ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “so that many faces may give thanks to God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1:11 oskx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche ἐκ πολλῶν προσώπων 1 Paul is using **faces** to represent people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from the lips of many” or “from many people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
1:11 bmze rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὸ εἰς ἡμᾶς χάρισμα 1 This **gracious gift** is something that God will do for Paul and his companions in the future in answer to many people's prayers. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **gift**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “because God will have graciously given us what we needed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1:11 dptz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis διὰ πολλῶν 1 Here Paul is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the ideas earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “through the prayers of many people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
1:12 kqv3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἡμῶν & ἡμῶν & ἀνεστράφημεν 1 In these verses Paul uses the words **our**, **we**, and **ourselves** to refer to himself and Timothy and possibly others who serve with them. These words do not include the people he is writing to. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
1:12 r9p8 ἡ γὰρ καύχησις ἡμῶν αὕτη ἐστίν 1 The word **boasting** here is used in the positive sense of wanting to tell others your feeling of great satisfaction and joy in doing something well. Alternate translation: “This is something that we feel very good about”
1:12 c7mu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification τὸ μαρτύριον τῆς συνειδήσεως ἡμῶν 1 Here, Paul speaks of his **conscience** as if it were a person who could testify. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “we know by our conscience” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
1:12 hs5l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὸ μαρτύριον τῆς συνειδήσεως ἡμῶν 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **testimony** and **conscience**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “our hearts tell us it is true” or “we are sure of it within ourselves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1:12 xxc3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns ἀνεστράφημεν 1 The phrase **we controlled ourselves** means that Paul and his companions controlled their own actions. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this idea. Alternate translation: “we acted” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
1:12 c2z9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ 1 Paul is using **the world** to represent people who live in the world, that is, people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “among everyone” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
1:12 nc7o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐν ἁγιότητι καὶ εἰλικρινείᾳ τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **holiness** and **sincerity**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “as people whom God empowers to obey him and to be honest” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1:12 c1bd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy οὐκ ἐν σοφίᾳ σαρκικῇ 1 Here, **fleshly** represents what is natural and human as opposed to what is spiritual and godly. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “not according to natural human wisdom” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1:12 qej6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns οὐκ ἐν σοφίᾳ σαρκικῇ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **wisdom**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “not according to what people naturally think is wise” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1:12 ieqv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐν χάριτι Θεοῦ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **grace**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “according to what God tells us to do because he loves us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1:13 c6t4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 The word translated as **For** here connects this verse to the previous one as evidence that supports the claim that Paul made in the previous verse. Use a natural form in your language for connecting this evidence to the previous statement. Alternate translation: “You see,” or “As you know,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
1:13 h2f4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-politeness γράφομεν 1 Here Paul may be referring to himself with the plural pronoun **we** to show that he is only part of a group. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could use the singular “I” here instead, as later in the verse. Alternate translation: “I write” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-politeness]])
1:13 h21j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives οὐ γὰρ ἄλλα γράφομεν ὑμῖν, ἀλλ’ ἢ ἃ ἀναγινώσκετε ἢ καὶ ἐπιγινώσκετε 1 Paul is expressing a positive meaning here by using the two negative phrases, **no other … but**. If it would be helpful, you could use an equivalent expression in your language or you could express the plain positive meaning. Alternate translation: “For everything we write to you is straight talk” or “For what we write to you is just what you read and understand” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
1:13 vtx8 ἕως τέλους 1 This could mean: (1) Paul hopes that the Corinthians will understand everything that he is trying to say to them. Alternate translation: “all of it” or “fully” (2) Paul hopes that the Corinthians will continue to understand what he is saying to them until Jesus returns. Alternate translation: “until the end”
1:14 ma5m καύχημα ὑμῶν 1 The word **boasting** here is used in the positive sense of wanting to tell others your feeling of great satisfaction and joy in something good. See how you translated this in verse 12. Alternate translation: “something that you feel very good about”
1:14 p1pi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis καθάπερ καὶ ὑμεῖς ἡμῶν 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “just as you also are our boasting” or “just as you also are our reason to boast” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
1:14 urdj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἡμῶν 2 This occurrence of **our** includes the Corinthian believers, so use the inclusive form of that word if your language marks that distinction. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
1:15 n5ex rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ταύτῃ τῇ πεποιθήσει 1 The word **this** refers to what Paul has just said in verses 13 and 14. Paul was confident that the Corinthians would understand him and that they would be proud of him (very pleased with him). If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the reference clear. Alternate translation: “confident that you were proud of me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
1:15 ehdw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ταύτῃ τῇ πεποιθήσει 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **confidence**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “being confident of this” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1:15 xdb4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit πρότερον 1 This could mean: (1) Paul intended to visit the Corinthians before going to Macedonia. Alternate translation: “before going to Macedonia” or (2) Paul intended to visit the Corinthians before he changed his plans. Alternate translation: “originally” or “at first” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1:15 ln3b rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα 1 The connecting words **so that** introduce a goal or purpose relationship. The purpose for Paul's plan of two visits is to give the Corinthians two times of grace or blessings. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is the purpose. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
1:15 y432 δευτέραν χάριν σχῆτε 1 The word translated as **grace** here can mean more specifically “gift” or “benefit” or “blessing.” Alternate translation: “you might benefit from me visiting you twice”
1:16 glgv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy δι’ ὑμῶν διελθεῖν 1 Here, **you** represents the place where the Corinthians live. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to pass through your city” or “to visit you and then go” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1:16 mp6u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism ὑφ’ ὑμῶν προπεμφθῆναι εἰς τὴν Ἰουδαίαν 1 Paul is referring to the Corinthians giving him money and food in a polite way by using the phrase **be sent ahead … by you**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a polite way of referring to this in your language, or you could state this plainly. Alternate translation: “to allow you to assist me so that I can continue on to Judea” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
1:16 tk5u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ὑφ’ ὑμῶν προπεμφθῆναι εἰς τὴν Ἰουδαίαν 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “to have you send me ahead to Judea” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1:17 ehze rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns τοῦτο 1 The pronoun **this** refers to Paul's plan to visit the Corinthians two times. If this is not clear for your readers, you could include this information. Alternate translation: “to visit you twice” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
1:17 zms7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion μήτι ἄρα τῇ ἐλαφρίᾳ ἐχρησάμην? 1 Paul is using the question form here to emphasize that he did not change his plan to visit the Corinthians lightly. The expected answer to the question is “no”. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “I did not then act capriciously!” or “I did not become unstable.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1:17 chy9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion ἢ ἃ βουλεύομαι, κατὰ σάρκα βουλεύομαι, ἵνα ᾖ παρ’ ἐμοὶ τὸ ναὶ, ναὶ, καὶ τὸ οὒ, οὔ? 1 Paul is using the question form here to emphasize that he does not make or change his plans according to his own desires. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “I do not plan things according to the flesh, so that I would say “Yes, yes” and “No, no” at the same time.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1:17 p0sf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom κατὰ σάρκα 1 Here, **according to the flesh** is an idiom that means “based on changeable human desires.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, use an idiom from your language that does have that meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “according to what I happen to be feeling” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1:17 fq3t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἵνα ᾖ παρ’ ἐμοὶ τὸ ναὶ, ναὶ, καὶ τὸ οὒ, οὔ? 1 This could mean: (1) Paul would say both that he would visit and that he would not visit at nearly the same time. Alternate translation: “so that I say ‘Yes, I will certainly visit’ and ‘No, I will definitely not visit’ at the same time” (2) Paul would say that he would visit while intending that he would not visit. Alternate translation: “so that I say ‘Yes, I will certainly visit’ even though I was intending that I would not visit” In either case, he is denying the accusation against him that he is unreliable. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1:17 y41z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet ἵνα ᾖ παρ’ ἐμοὶ τὸ ναὶ, ναὶ, καὶ τὸ οὒ, οὔ? 1 The words **Yes, yes** and **No, no** are both repeated for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “so that I would say both ‘yes’ and ‘no’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
1:18 icwz rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases ὅτι 1 The connecting word here could indicate: (1) a comparison. Paul may be comparing the faithfulness of God to his own commitment to speak truthfully to the Corinthian believers. Alternate translation: “and in the same way” (2) a result. Paul may be saying that he is faithful in his speaking because he is following God's example to be faithful. Alternate translation: “so because of that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
1:18 qutd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ὁ λόγος ἡμῶν 1 Paul is using the term **word** to refer to any message that he gave to the Corinthians by using words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “our message” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1:18 hmuj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ναὶ καὶ οὔ 1 Here, **“Yes” and “No”** represent the speech of a person who says contradictory things. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “out of both sides of our mouth” or “one thing and then its opposite” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1:19 jmcj rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 Here, the word translated **For** connects this verse to the one before it as an explanation. If the connection between this statement and the previous one is not clear, you may want to use a similar connecting word here. Alternate translation: “You see,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
1:19 hd2t rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples ὁ τοῦ Θεοῦ & Υἱὸς 1 **Son of God** is an important title for Jesus that describes his relationship to God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
1:19 aqzq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ὁ ἐν ὑμῖν δι’ ἡμῶν κηρυχθείς, δι’ ἐμοῦ, καὶ Σιλουανοῦ, καὶ Τιμοθέου 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the one whom I and Silvanus and Timothy proclaimed among you,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1:19 ql6b rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Σιλουανοῦ 1 This is the name of the man who is called “Silas” in the book of Acts and who was a leader in the early church. You may want to use one spelling here and put the other spelling in a footnote. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
1:19 t98z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ναὶ καὶ οὒ, ἀλλὰ ναὶ ἐν αὐτῷ γέγονεν 1 Here **“Yes” and “No”** represent a person who is unreliable. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. See how you translated this in verse 18. Alternate translation: “wishy-washy, but, as we said, a rock” or “unreliable, but we consistently showed you that he is trustworthy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1:19 xmu6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ἀλλὰ ναὶ ἐν αὐτῷ γέγονεν 1 Here, the subject of the verb **has been**, represented by **it**, could refer to: (1) the proclamation of Paul, Silvanus, and Timothy. Alternate translation: “but our proclamation has been ‘Yes’ in him” (2) Jesus. In this case, **in him** would be translated as “in it,” referring to the proclamation. Alternate translation: “but he has been ‘Yes’ in it” or “but Jesus has been ‘Yes’ in our proclamation” (3) reality in general. Alternate translation: “but it has always been the case that there has been ‘Yes’ in him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
1:20 h2xc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ὅσαι & ἐπαγγελίαι Θεοῦ, ἐν αὐτῷ τὸ ναί 1 This means that Jesus makes all of the **promises of God** come to pass. He guarantees them. Alternate translation: “Jesus fulfills all of the promises of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1:20 h4uv rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ἐν αὐτῷ & δι’ αὐτοῦ 1 Both occurrences of the word **him** in this verse refer to Jesus Christ. If this is not clear for your readers, you could use his name here. Alternate translation: “in Jesus … through Jesus” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
1:20 lz2n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis τὸ Ἀμὴν & δι’ ἡμῶν 1 Paul is leaving out a verb of speaking that in many languages this sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply this word if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “the ‘Amen’ is spoken by us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
1:20 sqpx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive τὸ Ἀμὴν & δι’ ἡμῶν 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “we say the ‘Amen’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1:20 hro4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἡμῶν 1 Here, **us** includes the Corinthian believers, so use the inclusive form of that word if your language marks that distinction. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
1:20 uuxh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῷ Θεῷ πρὸς δόξαν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **glory**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “so that we glorify God” or “so that we honor God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1:21 n5eq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor εἰς Χριστὸν 1 Here, Paul is speaking of the relationship of believers to Christ as if they were located **in Christ**. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in close relationship with Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1:21 tjc6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit χρίσας ἡμᾶς 1 The implication is that God has anointed believers with the Holy Spirit so that they can live for him. You can include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “having anointed us with the Holy Spirit to live for him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1:21 f4c4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἡμᾶς 2 Here, **us** probably includes the Corinthian believers, so use the inclusive form of that word if your language marks that distinction. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
1:22 z43l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor σφραγισάμενος ἡμᾶς 1 Paul speaks of God showing that we belong to him as if God had put a visible mark of ownership on us. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “having claimed us as his own” or “who has shown that we belong to him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1:22 laq1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἡμᾶς & ἡμῶν 1 Here, **us** and **our** include Paul and all believers, so use the inclusive form of that word if your language marks that distinction. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
1:22 jcv7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τὸν ἀρραβῶνα τοῦ Πνεύματος 1 Here, Paul is speaking of **the Spirit** as if he were a **down payment**, that is, a partial payment for a purchase with a promise to pay the rest of the amount on a future date. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a guarantee that he will also give us every blessing that he has promised to us, which is the Spirit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1:22 xe98 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ἡμῶν 1 Here the word **hearts** refers to the innermost part of a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in our innermost beings” or “to live within each of us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1:23 j8lc rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-oathformula ἐγὼ δὲ μάρτυρα τὸν Θεὸν ἐπικαλοῦμαι ἐπὶ τὴν ἐμὴν ψυχήν 1 The phrase **I invoke God as a witness upon my soul** could be: (1) an oath formula. Use a natural way in your language to express an oath. Alternate translation: “Now I swear to God upon my soul” (2) simply a statement that God knows Paul's motives. Alternate translation: “Now I call upon God as a witness to my intentions” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-oathformula]])
1:23 vrkv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἐγὼ δὲ μάρτυρα τὸν Θεὸν ἐπικαλοῦμαι ἐπὶ τὴν ἐμὴν ψυχήν 1 Here, **soul** represents the life of the person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “So may God take my life if I am lying, but he knows” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1:23 j15t rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ὅτι φειδόμενος ὑμῶν 1 Here, **that** introduces a goal or purpose relationship. The purpose for which Paul canceled his visit to Corinth was to spare causing pain to the Corinthian believers (see 2:1). Use a connector or phrase in your language that makes it clear that this is the purpose. Alternate translation: “that it was in order to spare you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
1:23 xzir rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ὅτι φειδόμενος ὑμῶν οὐκέτι ἦλθον εἰς Κόρινθον 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “that it was in order to spare you sorrow that I have not yet come to Corinth” or “that it was to keep from grieving you that I have not yet traveled to Corinth another time” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
1:24 hepi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis οὐχ ὅτι 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “I do not mean that” or “I do not say that because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
1:24 mrzw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom κυριεύομεν 1 Here, **lord it over** is an idiom that means “act like the masters of.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, use an idiom from your language that does have that meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “we want to be in charge of” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1:24 hafq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns κυριεύομεν ὑμῶν τῆς πίστεως 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faith**, you could express the same idea in another way. Here, **faith** could mean: (1) what the Corinthians believe. Alternate translation: “we dictate to you what you must believe” (2) how the Corinthians relate to God. Alternate translation: “we are in charge of your relationship to God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1:24 lz4e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive συνεργοί ἐσμεν 1 Here the pronoun **we** could refer to: (1) Paul and his companions, but not the Corinthian believers. (2) Paul, his companions, and the Corinthian believers. We recommend using the exclusive form here if your language marks that distinction, to be the same as the previous “we” in this verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
1:24 cyu4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῆς χαρᾶς ὑμῶν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **joy**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “so that you will be joyful” or “to make you happy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1:24 kv47 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 Here, **for** connects the following statement as a reason for the previous two statements. Use a natural form in your language for connecting this statement to the previous ones as the reason. Alternate translation: “since” or “because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
1:24 cih8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ἑστήκατε 1 Here, **stand firm** means to be steady, resolute, or established. Alternate translation: “you are well established” or “you are strong and steady” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1:24 xf2i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῇ & πίστει 1 Here, **in the faith** could mean: (1) “in regard to your faith.” In other words, the Corinthian believers are independent of Paul in regard to their faith. They are responsible only to God for what they believe and do. Alternate translation: “concerning your commitment to God” (2) “because of your faith.” In other words, the Corinthian believers continue to belong to God because of their faith, not because of Paul's authority. Alternate translation: “because you trust in God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2:intro hy3h 0 # 2 Corinthians 2 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n3. Interrupted travel plans (1:15–2:13)\n * The interruption and the reason for it (1:15–2:4)\n * The person who caused grief (2:5–11)\n * Travel to Troas and Macedonia (2:12–13)\n4. Paul’s ministry (2:14–7:4)\n * The fragrance of Christ (2:14–17)\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### The previous letter\n\nIn [2:3–4](../02/03.md), [9](../02/09.md), Paul refers to a letter that he had already written and sent to the Corinthians. While a few scholars think this letter is 1 Corinthians, most likely we do not have this previous letter. Paul acknowledges that this previous letter might have “grieved” them, but he wants them to know that he wrote the letter because of his love for them. In your translation, make sure that these verses refer to a letter that Paul previously wrote, not to 2 Corinthians. \n\n### “Grieving” others\n\nPaul refers to “sorrow,” “grief,” and “grieving” others multiple times in [2:1–8](../02/01.md). These words refer to how people who are close friends can “grieve” or hurt each other by what they say and do. These words do not refer to physically hurting someone. Rather, they refer to hurting someone inside. Paul acknowledges that his letter might have “grieved” them, and he also indicates that one of the Corinthians has “grieved” fellow believers. Consider a natural way to refer to one person hurting or injuring another person inside. \n\n### The person who caused grief\n\nIn [2:5–11](../02/05.md), Paul refers to a person who has caused grief. Almost certainly, he has one specific person in mind. Paul is not clear about what this person did to cause the grief. He or she may have committed a sexual sin or stolen money from the church or opposed Paul’s authority. Whatever the person did, Paul chooses not to be specific about the person or what he or she did. Perhaps this is because he wants the Corinthians to forgive and show love to this person now that he or she has properly been disciplined by the church. In your translation, use general words for both the person and what the person did. \n\n## Important Figures of Speech in this Chapter\n\n### Aroma and fragrance\n\nIn [2:14–16](../02/14.md), Paul identifies himself and those who serve with him as an “aroma” or “fragrance.” Paul could be thinking in general of smells and odors, or he could be referring to the smell from incense and sacrifices offered during a “triumphal procession” (see [2:14](../02/14.md)), or he could be referring to the smell from sacrifices offered at the temple. Whatever exact smells Paul has in mind, he is clear that he and those with him are a smell that comes from Christ, and people react to it very differently: some think it is the smell of death, while others think it is the smell of life. Paul speaks in this way because smells spread throughout a whole area, and people have to react to them. Just like that, he and those with him spread the gospel throughout the world, and people have to respond to it. Further, just as some people like a smell and others hate it, so some people believe the gospel and receive life from God, while others reject the gospel and perish. If possible, preserve the “aroma” and “fragrance” language. If necessary, you could use a simile to express the idea. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### Paul’s use of pronouns\n\nIn [2:1–13](../02/01.md), Paul consistently uses the first person singular to refer to himself and the second person plural to refer to the Corinthians. The only exception is in [2:11](../02/11.md), where Paul uses “we” to refer to himself and the Corinthians. However, in [2:14–17](../02/14.md), Paul uses “we” to refer to himself and those preaching the gospel with him. In these verses, “we” does not include the Corinthians. It is unclear exactly whom Paul includes in “we”: it could be just he and Tit
2:1 wh9c rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** introduces an explanation of what Paul said in [1:23](../01/23.md) about the reason why he did not visit Corinth, which was to “spare” them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different word or phrase that introduces an explanation. Alternate translation: “Here is why I have not come to Corinth:” or “So” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
2:1 wpd4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ἐμαυτῷ τοῦτο τὸ μὴ 1 Here, the word **this** refers ahead to what Paul is about to say: **not to come to you again in sorrow**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make what **this** refers to explicit, or you could rephrase the sentence so that you do not use **this**. Alternate translation: “for myself what follows: not” or “for myself not” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
2:1 yz5q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐμαυτῷ 1 Here the phrase **for myself** indicates that Paul made this choice because of reasons he thought about. In other words, he was not forced to make this choice. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that indicates that someone made their own choice or decision. Alternate translation: “on my own” or “in my own mind” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2:1 yrbk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go τὸ μὴ & ἐλθεῖν 1 In a context such as this, it may be more natural in your language to say “go” instead of **come**. Alternate translation: “not to go” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
2:1 ma6n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit πάλιν 1 Here, the word **again** implies that Paul has already visited the Corinthians **in sorrow**. He does not give many details about this visit. It cannot be the first time that he visited the Corinthians, so he must have visited them again **in sorrow** sometimes between when he first met them and when he wrote this letter. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the implication more explicit. Alternate translation: “a second time” or “yet again” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2:1 hu8y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν λύπῃ 1 Here the ones who experience the **sorrow** could be: (1) Paul and the Corinthians. Alternate translation: “in sorrow for all of us” (2) just the Corinthians. Alternate translation: “in sorrow for you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2:1 ij73 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐν λύπῃ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **sorrow**, you could express the idea by using an adjective such as “sorrowful” or “sad.” Alternate translation: “in a sorrowful way” or “in a way that makes us sad” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2:2 jb50 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** introduces a reason why Paul is avoiding the “sorrow” he mentioned in [2:1](../02/01.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a reason. Alternate translation: “I decided that because” or “Indeed,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
2:2 q4aq rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical εἰ & ἐγὼ λυπῶ ὑμᾶς 1 Here Paul refers to a situation that has not happened and which he intends to keep from happening. He refers to the situation using the conditional form to indicate what would result from the situation if it did happen. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that refers to something that may not happen but that the author wishes to speak about. Alternate translation: “supposing that I myself grieved you” or “were I myself to grieve you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]])
2:2 le34 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns ἐγὼ λυπῶ 1 Here, the word **myself** emphasizes **I**. Consider using a natural way to emphasize **I** in your language. Alternate translation: “it is I myself who grieve” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
2:2 nb6x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion καὶ τίς ὁ εὐφραίνων με, εἰ μὴ ὁ λυπούμενος ἐξ ἐμοῦ? 1 Paul does not ask this question because he is looking for information. Rather, he asks it to involve the Corinthians in what he is arguing. The question implies that the answer is “there is no one else.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea by using a strong negation. Alternate translation: “then there is no one cheering me up, except the one being grieved by me.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2:2 mbbo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun τίς ὁ εὐφραίνων με, εἰ μὴ ὁ λυπούμενος 1 Here the author uses the singular form **the one** to refer in general to people, particularly to the Corinthians. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that refers in general to people. Alternate translation: “who are those cheering me up, except those being grieved” or “who are those cheering me up, except you who are being grieved” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
2:2 mbag rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-exceptions τίς ὁ εὐφραίνων με, εἰ μὴ ὁ λυπούμενος ἐξ ἐμοῦ 1 If it would appear in your language that Paul was making a statement here and then contradicting it, you could reword this question to avoid using an exception clause. Alternate translation: “is it not the one being grieved by me who is the only one cheering me up” or “is there any one cheering me up besides the one being grieved by me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-exceptions]])
2:2 x2vr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ὁ λυπούμενος ἐξ ἐμοῦ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the one whom I have grieved” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2:3 kxu2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἔγραψα 1 Here Paul refers to a letter he had already written to the Corinthians. Most likely, he wrote this letter sometime between 1 Corinthians and 2 Corinthians, but we do not have the letter. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make it clearer that Paul is referring to a letter that he already sent to the Corinthians. Alternate translation: “I wrote in my last letter” or “I sent you the previous letter that said” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2:3 e7c4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns τοῦτο αὐτὸ 1 Here, the phrase **this same thing** refers to what Paul wrote in the previous letter. He could referring to: (1) what he just wrote in [2:1–2](../02/01.md). Alternate translation: “the same thing I am now writing” (2) the contents of the previous letter in general. Alternate translation: “those things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
2:3 abty rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous ἐλθὼν 1 Here, the phrase **having come** refers to something that an event that is still in the future for Paul but that would happen at the same as **I might not have sorrow**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces something that happens at the same time as another event in the future. Alternate translation: “whenever I came” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous]])
2:3 v87i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns μὴ & λύπην σχῶ ἀφ’ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **sorrow**, you could express the idea by using an adjective such as “sorrowful” or “sad.” Alternate translation: “I might not become sorrowful because of” or “I might not be sad because of” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2:3 owzn ἀφ’ ὧν ἔδει με χαίρειν 1 Here, this clause could indicate that **it is necessary** for: (1) Paul to **rejoice** in the Corinthians. Alternate translation: “from those in which it is necessary for me to rejoice” (2) the Corinthians to give “joy” to Paul. Alternate translation: “from those for whom it is necessary to give me joy”
2:3 p4q2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result πεποιθὼς 1 Here, the phrase **having confidence** introduces a reason why Paul **wrote** the previous letter. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a reason. Alternate translation: “because I had confidence” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
2:3 b6f9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns πεποιθὼς 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **confidence**, you could express the idea by using an adjective such as “confident.” Alternate translation: “being confident” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2:3 i5r6 ἡ ἐμὴ χαρὰ πάντων ὑμῶν ἐστιν 1 Here Paul could be stating that his **joy**: (1) leads to the Corinthians’ joy. Alternate translation: “my joy leads to your joy” (2) has the same source as the Corinthians’ joy. Alternate translation: “what gives me joy is what gives you joy” (3) comes from the Corinthians’ joy. Alternate translation: “my joy comes from your joy”
2:3 gmyo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἡ ἐμὴ χαρὰ πάντων ὑμῶν ἐστιν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **joy**, you could express the idea by using a verb such as “rejoice” or an adjective such as “joyful.” Alternate translation: “I am joyful and so you are joyful” or “I rejoice and so you rejoice” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2:4 p4n6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** introduces a further explanation about the letter that Paul **wrote** to them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces an explanation, or you could leave **For** untranslated. Alternate translation: “Indeed,” or “As it is,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
2:4 tl4m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἔγραψα 1 Here, the phrase **I wrote** again refers to the previous letter. See how you translated “I wrote” in [2:3](../02/03.md). Alternate translation: “I wrote that letter” or “I sent that previous letter” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2:4 oz8a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐκ & πολλῆς θλίψεως καὶ συνοχῆς καρδίας 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **tribulation** and **anguish**, you could express the ideas by using verbs such as “suffer” and “distress.” Alternate translation: “as I suffered much and was distressed in my heart” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2:4 vs7m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy συνοχῆς καρδίας 1 In Paul’s culture, the **heart** is the place where humans think and feel. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate **heart** by referring to the place where humans think and feel in your culture or by expressing the idea plainly. Alternate translation: “anguish of mind” or “emotional anguish” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2:4 d5vf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom διὰ πολλῶν δακρύων 1 Here, the phrase **through many tears** indicates what Paul was doing while he **wrote** the letter. The word **tears** refers to the act of crying or weeping. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that indicates that a person is crying or weeping while they are doing something. Alternate translation: “with much crying” or “as I shed many tears” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
2:4 y0t3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure οὐχ ἵνα λυπηθῆτε, ἀλλὰ τὴν ἀγάπην ἵνα γνῶτε, ἣν ἔχω περισσοτέρως εἰς ὑμᾶς 1 If your language would not naturally put the negative statement before the positive statement, you could reverse the two clauses here. Alternate translation: “so that you might know the love that I have more abundantly for you, not so that you would be grieved” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
2:4 uc77 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive λυπηθῆτε 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who would do the action, the Paul implies that “he himself” would do it. Alternate translation: “I would grieve you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2:4 g826 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὴν ἀγάπην & ἣν ἔχω περισσοτέρως εἰς ὑμᾶς 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **love**, you could express the idea by using a verb such as “love.” Alternate translation: “how abundantly I love you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2:4 zw13 περισσοτέρως εἰς ὑμᾶς 1 Here, the phrase **more abundantly** could indicate that: (1) Paul has “abundant” love for the Corinthians. Alternate translation: “most abundantly for you” or “very abundantly for you” (2) Paul loves the Corinthians more than he loves other people. Alternate translation: “more abundantly for you than I have for others”
2:5 xomm rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast δέ 1 Here, the word **But** introduces a contrast with how Paul did not want to “grieve” them. Here he addresses how someone has **caused grief**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a contrast. Alternate translation: “However,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
2:5 xlxc rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact εἰ & τις λελύπηκεν, οὐκ & λελύπηκεν 1 Here Paul is speaking as if someone causing **grief** were a hypothetical possibility, but he means that it is actually true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might misunderstand and think that what Paul is saying is not certain, then you could express the idea by indicating that someone has indeed **caused grief**. Alternate translation: “the person who caused grief has not grieved only” or “if anyone has caused grief, and it has happened, he has not grieved only” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
2:5 ln83 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns λελύπηκεν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **grief**, you could express the idea by using a verb such as “grieve.” Alternate translation: “has grieved people” or “has caused others to grieve” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2:5 j6bn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations οὐκ & λελύπηκεν 1 Here, Paul may be referring specifically to a man, especially if the way that he has **grieved** others is by sinning sexually. However, it is not certain that Paul is referring to a man here. Consider using a form that does not specify the gender of this person. Alternate translation: “that individual has not grieved only” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
2:5 d7fx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit οὐκ ἐμὲ λελύπηκεν 1 Here Paul could be indicating that the person has: (1) **grieved** Paul some, but mostly the person has **grieved** the Corinthians. Alternate translation: “he has not grieved me much” (2) not **grieved** Paul at all but only the Corinthians. Alternate translation: “he has not grieved me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2:5 rvpt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἀπὸ μέρους 1 Here, the phrase **in part** indicates that only some of an action or group is involved. In this case, Paul could be using **in part** to refer to: (1) how many of the Corinthians have been **grieved**. Alternate translation: “some of you” or “part of your group” (2) how much the Corinthians have been **grieved**. Alternate translation: “he has partially grieved you” or “you also in part” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2:5 iva7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure ἀπὸ μέρους, ἵνα μὴ ἐπιβαρῶ πάντας ὑμᾶς 1 There are several ways to understood how the pieces of the sentence go together. You could translate the sentence so that: (1) **in order that I might not burden all of you** indicates the reason why Paul uses the phrase **in part**, which would refer to the Corinthians. Alternate translation: “you in part, which I say so that I might not burden all of you” (2) **in part** and **all of you** go together, and **in order that I might not burden** is a parenthetical statement explaining why Paul says **in part**. Alternate translation: “in part—which I say so that I might not burden—all of you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
2:5 or46 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor μὴ ἐπιβαρῶ 1 Here, to **burden** someone refers to placing a heavy object on someone’s back. Paul could be using the phrase **I might not burden** to refer to: (1) how he is trying to avoid saying too much about the situation. In other words, Paul uses the phrase **in part** because he does not want to make his words too strong, which would make the words like a person carrying a heaven load. Alternate translation: “I might not say too much about” or “I might not exaggerate about” (2) how he wants to avoid troubling or distressing all of them, which would be like “burdening” them with a heavy object. Alternate translation: “I might not distress” or “I might not trouble” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2:6 iy4r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo ἡ ἐπιτιμία αὕτη 1 Here, the word **This** indicates that both Paul and the Corinthians knew what the **punishment** was. However, Paul never states exactly what the punishment was. You should use a word or phrase that is as general as what Paul used. Alternate translation: “That punishment” or “The punishment” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]])
2:6 g3eo rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns τῷ τοιούτῳ 1 Here Paul speaks in general terms about **such a {person}**. However, he is referring more specifically to the person that he mentioned in the previous verse, the one who “grieved” the Corinthians (see [2:5](../02/05.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this reference more explicit. Alternate translation: “on the person we are talking about” or “on that individual” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
2:6 d7b7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo τῶν πλειόνων 1 Here the phrase **the majority** implies a “minority.” These are some of the Corinthians who either did not agree with the **punishment** or who thought that the person had done nothing wrong. Paul does not give any information about this “minority,” however, so you should use a word or phrase that refers to most of the people in a group. Alternate translation: “all but a few of you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]])
2:6 a7c4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἱκανὸν 1 Here, the word **sufficient** could indicate that the **punishment**: (1) has been severe enough. Alternate translation: “is severe enough” or “is sufficiently strong” (2) has lasted long enough. Alternate translation: “has lasted long enough” or “can end now” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2:7 we1i rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast τοὐναντίον μᾶλλον ὑμᾶς χαρίσασθαι 1 Here, the words **on the contrary** and **rather** indicate that Paul wishes the Corinthians to do now the opposite of what they were doing. Instead of “punishing” the person, Paul wants them now to **forgive and comfort** the person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use words that naturally indicate such a change in behavior. Alternate translation: “in contrast, you should instead forgive” or “instead of doing that, you should change your behavior and forgive” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
2:7 w4n6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations παρακαλέσαι & τῇ 1 Here, just as in [2:5](../02/05.md), Paul may be referring specifically to a man, especially if the way that he has “grieved” others is by sinning sexually. However, it is not certain that Paul is referring to a man here. Consider using a form that does not specify the gender of this person. Alternate translation: “comfort the individual … any” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
2:7 vpx1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive μή πως τῇ περισσοτέρᾳ λύπῃ, καταποθῇ ὁ τοιοῦτος 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “so that excessive sorrow might not overwhelm such a person” or “so that such a person might not experience overwhelming and excessive sorrow” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2:7 i3dm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor μή πως τῇ περισσοτέρᾳ λύπῃ καταποθῇ ὁ τοιοῦτος 1 Here Paul speaks as if a person could be **overwhelmed** or swallowed up by **sorrow**. He speaks in this way to indicate that a person can experience so much **sorrow** that it controls and destroys them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable figure of speech or express the idea plainly. Alternate translation: “so that such a person might not be overcome by excessive sorrow” or “so that such a person might not despair because of his excessive sorrow” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2:7 me4y rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ὁ τοιοῦτος 1 Here Paul speaks in general terms about **such a {person}**. However, he is referring more specifically to the person that he has already mentioned, the one who “grieved” the Corinthians (see [2:5](../02/05.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this reference more explicit. See how the translated this phrase in [2:6](../02/06.md). Alternate translation: “the person we are talking about” or “that individual” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
2:7 cgil rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῇ περισσοτέρᾳ λύπῃ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **sorrow**, you could express the idea by using an adjective such as “sorrowful” or “sad.” Alternate translation: “as he is excessively sorrowful” or “because he is excessively sad” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2:8 r916 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result διὸ 1 Here, the word **So** introduces an exhortation that is based on what Paul said in the previous verse about “forgiving” and “comforting” the person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces an exhortation or inference. Alternate translation: “Because of that,” or “So then” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
2:8 ii0x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure κυρῶσαι εἰς αὐτὸν ἀγάπην 1 Here, the phrase **for him** could go with: (1) **love**. Alternate translation: “to reaffirm the love that you have for him” (2) **reaffirm**. Alternate translation: “to reaffirm to him your love” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
2:8 yi2z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns εἰς & ἀγάπην 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **love**, you could express the idea by using a verb such as “love.” Alternate translation: “that you love” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2:8 vlmy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations αὐτὸν 1 Here, just as in [2:5](../02/05.md), [7](../02/07.md), Paul may be referring specifically to a man, especially if the way that he has “grieved” others is by sinning sexually. However, it is not certain that Paul is referring to a man here. Consider using a form that does not specify the gender of this person. Alternate translation: “that individual” or “the person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
2:9 oadd rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 Here, the word **Indeed** introduces more information about the letter that Paul wrote to them (see [2:3–4](../02/03.md)). It does not identify a close link with the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different word or phrase that introduces further explanation, or you could leave **Indeed** untranslated. Alternate translation: “In fact” or “As a matter of fact” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
2:9 lc78 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit καὶ ἔγραψα 1 Here, the phrase **I also wrote** again refers to the letter that Paul sent to them before he wrote 2 Corinthians. See how you translated “I wrote” in [2:3–4](../02/03.md). Alternate translation: “I also wrote that letter” or “I also sent that previous letter” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2:9 pp4j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet εἰς τοῦτο & ἵνα 1 Here, the phrases **for this reason** and **so that** both introduce the purpose for which Paul **wrote** the previous letter. Paul uses this repetition to emphasize his purpose. If the repetition would be confusing in your language, and if it would not emphasize the purpose, you could combine the two phrases and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “so that” or “in order that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
2:9 eebj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὴν δοκιμὴν ὑμῶν 1 Here, the word **proof** refers primarily to the results of a test or trial. In this case, Paul is saying that he wants to **know** how they passed the test, which were the commands he included in the previous letter. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that refers to the results of a test. Alternate translation: “how you responded to my commands” or “your character” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2:9 uzsx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὴν δοκιμὴν ὑμῶν 1 Here Paul uses the possessive form to describe a **proof** that the Corinthians give or provide. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea in another way. Alternate translation: “the prove you provide” or “the proof from you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
2:9 gs2t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὴν δοκιμὴν ὑμῶν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **proof**, you could express the idea by using a verb such as “prove.” Alternate translation: “what you would prove to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2:9 xw5t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὑπήκοοί 1 Here, Paul does not state to whom they are **obedient**. He could be implying that they are **obedient** to: (1) him as an apostle. Alternate translation: “obedient to me” (2) God and God’s commands. Alternate translation: “obedient to God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2:10 r7ib rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases δέ 1 Here, the word **Now** introduces a development in Paul’s argument. In this case, Paul is concluding his discussion about the previous letter. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a development or a conclusion, or you could leave **Now** untranslated. Alternate translation: “Finally,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
2:10 o14x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ᾧ & τι χαρίζεσθε, κἀγώ 1 Here Paul could be making: (1) a specific statement about forgiving the person who “grieved” the Corinthians. Alternate translation: “to that person to whom you forgive anything, I also forgive” (2) a general concluding statement about forgiveness. Alternate translation: “to any person to whom you forgive anything, I also forgive” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2:10 uzvm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis κἀγώ 1 This clause leaves out some words that many languages might need to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the first half of the sentence. Alternate translation: “I also forgive it” or “I also forgive them for it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
2:10 tzn1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases καὶ γὰρ 1 Here, the phrase **for indeed** indicates that Paul is adding more information (**indeed**) that supports what he said in the previous clause (**for**). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use words that introduce added information that supports a previous statement. Alternate translation: “further,” or “and in fact,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
2:10 d9ah rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure καὶ γὰρ ἐγὼ ὃ κεχάρισμαι, εἴ τι κεχάρισμαι, δι’ ὑμᾶς 1 Here Paul includes the comment **if I have forgiven anything** in the middle of his sentence. Consider what may be a natural place to include extra information like this. Alternate translation: “for indeed, if I have forgiven anything, what I have forgiven is for your sake” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
2:10 avqv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit εἴ τι κεχάρισμαι 1 This clarification fits with what Paul said in [2:5](../02/05.md) about how the person did not “grieve” him but rather the Corinthians. Much as there, Paul could be saying that: (1) he does not have very much to forgive, since the person only hurt him a little. Alternate translation: “what little I had to forgive” (2) he really has nothing to forgive, since the person hurt the Corinthians, not him. Alternate translation: “although there was nothing to forgive” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2:10 cbm6 δι’ ὑμᾶς 1 Here, the phrase **for your sake** could mean that: (1) Paul forgives the person to benefit or help the Corinthians. Alternate translation: “is for your benefit” (2) Paul forgives the person because the Corinthians forgave him. Alternate translation: “is because of you” or “is because you forgave”
2:10 b6uy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν προσώπῳ Χριστοῦ 1 Here, the phrase **in the presence of Christ** could indicate that: (1) Paul forgives because he knows that **Christ** sees or knows what he does. So, he acts in a way that pleases **Christ**. Alternate translation: “as Christ desires” or “with Christ watching” (2) Paul forgives with **Christ** as witness. Alternate translation: “with Christ as witness” or “with Christ guaranteeing it” (3) Paul forgives as someone who represents **Christ**. Alternate translation: “as one who represents Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2:11 xaoc rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases ἵνα 1 Here, the phrase **so that** introduces the purpose for which Paul and Corinthians should “forgive” others (see [2:10](../02/10.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a purpose. Alternate translation: “in order that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
2:11 xoaw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive μὴ πλεονεκτηθῶμεν ὑπὸ τοῦ Σατανᾶ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Satan would not take advantage of us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2:11 z6no rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** introduces a further explanation of what Paul said in the first half of verse about **Satan**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different word or phrase that introduces further explanation. Alternate translation: “because” or “inasmuch as” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
2:11 m46t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes οὐ & αὐτοῦ τὰ νοήματα ἀγνοοῦμεν 1 Here the author uses a figure of speech that expresses a strong positive meaning by using a negative word together with a word that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning positively. Alternate translation: “we are fully aware of his schemes” or “we are very knowledgeable about his schemes” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
2:12 nh7u rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases δὲ 1 Here, the word **Now** introduces a new section. Paul has finished speaking about the person that he and the Corinthians should forgive. He now returns to the topic of his travel plans and why he has not visited the Corinthians (see [1:8–23](../01/08.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a new topic or section, or you could leave **Now** untranslated. Alternate translation: “Moving on,” or “I wish to speak again about my journeys:” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
2:12 l6vd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go ἐλθὼν & εἰς 1 In a context such as this, it may be more natural in your language to say “go” instead of **come**. Alternate translation: “having gone to” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
2:12 c14o rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast εἰς τὸ εὐαγγέλιον τοῦ Χριστοῦ, καὶ θύρας & ἀνεῳγμένης 1 This clause gives information that contrasts with what Paul will say in the previous verse about how he left **Troas**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could indicate this contrast with a natural form. Alternate translation: “and although a door for the gospel of Christ had been opened” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
2:12 a1ti rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor εἰς τὸ εὐαγγέλιον τοῦ Χριστοῦ, καὶ θύρας μοι ἀνεῳγμένης 1 Here Paul speaks of God providing opportunities for him to preach the **gospel** as if God were “opening” a **door** for the **Gospel**. The image is of God opening a door so that Paul can go in and preach the message about Christ. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and an opportunity to preach the gospel of Christ having been given to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2:12 n9cr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive εἰς τὸ εὐαγγέλιον τοῦ Χριστοῦ, καὶ θύρας μοι ἀνεῳγμένης ἐν Κυρίῳ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. In this case, Paul could be stating the the **Lord** did it, or he could be implying that “God” did it **in the Lord**. See the note about **in the Lord**. Alternate translation: “and the Lord having opened a door for the gospel of Christ for me” or “and God having opened a door for the Gospel of Christ for me in the Lord” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2:12 vtg5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὸ εὐαγγέλιον τοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 Here Paul uses the possessive form to describe **the gospel** that could: (1) be about **Christ**. Alternate translation: “the gospel concerning Christ” (2) belong to **Christ**. Alternate translation: “Christ’s gospel” or “the gospel from Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
2:12 fcf7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐν Κυρίῳ 1 Here Paul uses the spatial metaphor **in the Lord** to describe his union with Christ. In this case, being **in the Lord**, or united to the Lord, shows that the **door** was **opened** to Paul: (1) by the **Lord**. Alternate translation: “by the Lord” (2) so that he could continue to serve in his union with the **Lord**. Alternate translation: “in my union with the Lord” or “so that I can do what the Lord wants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2:12 m7x6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Κυρίῳ 1 Here, the word **Lord** could refer to: (1) Jesus the Messiah. Alternate translation: “the Lord, the Messiah” (2) God generally. Alternate translation: “the Lord God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2:13 rjy9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom οὐκ ἔσχηκα ἄνεσιν τῷ πνεύματί μου 1 Here, the clause **I had no relief in my spirit** indicates that Paul was anxious or concerned. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable form or plain language. Alternate translation: “my mind could not rest” or “I was concerned” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
2:13 k7k9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit οὐκ ἔσχηκα ἄνεσιν τῷ πνεύματί μου 1 Here Paul does not clarify what he was concerned or anxious about. He clarifies later in [7:5–16](../07/05.md) that he was anxious to know how Titus’ visit to the Corinthians went. The Corinthians would have made this inference, since Titus had already visited them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this information more explicit. Alternate translation: “I had no relief in my spirit about Titus’ visit to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2:13 trp2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns οὐκ ἔσχηκα ἄνεσιν τῷ πνεύματί μου 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **relief**, you could express the idea by using an adjective such as “restful” or “relieved.” Alternate translation: “my spirit was not restful” or “my spirit was not relieved” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2:13 w79i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit μὴ εὑρεῖν με Τίτον τὸν ἀδελφόν μου 1 Here Paul is stating that **Titus** was not in Troas, not that he simply could not find him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that shows that **Titus** was not in the city of Troas when Paul visited there. Alternate translation: “as I found out that my brother Titus was not there” or “as my brother Titus was not in the city” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2:13 xd5h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Τίτον τὸν ἀδελφόν μου 1 Here Paul speaks of **Titus** as if he were his **brother** (probably a younger **brother**). He speaks in this way to indicate that **Titus** is a fellow believer and that he and Paul are as close as if they they were brothers. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a simile or plain language to express this idea. Alternate translation: “Titus, who is like my own brother,” or “my very dear friend and fellow believer Titus” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2:13 wq6j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἀποταξάμενος αὐτοῖς 1 Here Paul refers to how he **said farewell** to the people from Troas, but he also means that he left their city. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “having said farewell to them and departed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2:13 j9je rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns αὐτοῖς 1 Here, the word **them** refers to the friends that Paul made in the city of “Troas” (see [2:12](../02/12.md)). Most likely, these people were fellow believers. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make to whom **them** refers more explicit. Alternate translation: “to the people from Troas” or “to my friends in Troas” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
2:14 s6k3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases δὲ 1 Here, the word **But** introduces a new section. Paul will not speak again about Titus and his travel plans until [7:5](../07/05.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a new section or topic, or you could leave **But** untranslated. Alternate translation: “But now,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
2:14 g39s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations τῷ & Θεῷ χάρις 1 Here, the phrase **thanks {be} to God** is an exclamatory phrase that communicates Paul’s thankfulness. Use an exclamation form that is natural in your language for communicating thanks. Alternate translation: “we thank God” or “we give glory to God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
2:14 qgok rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἡμᾶς & ἡμῶν 1 Here, the word **us** does not include the Corinthians. It could refer to: (1) Paul and those who proclaim the gospel with him. Alternate translation: “us who preach … us” (2) just Paul. Alternate translation: “me … me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
2:14 gpd2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τῷ πάντοτε θριαμβεύοντι ἡμᾶς 1 Here Paul speaks as if **God** were a leader who had won a victory and set up a parade or **triumphal procession** to celebrate. In this parade, Paul and those with him could be either or both of the following: (1) prisoners who have been conquered and who are put in the parade to illustrate the victory. This is the normal meaning of the word in other places. Alternate translation: “always parading us as his captives” or “always showing that he leads us” (2) soldiers who helped win the victory and who are celebrating. This is not the normal meaning of the word, but it is possible and fits the context well. Alternate translation: “always having us participate in his triumphal parade” or “always helping us to conquer” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2:14 so2k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐν τῷ Χριστῷ 1 Paul uses the spatial metaphor **in Christ** to describe the union of believers with Christ. In this case, being **in Christ**, or united to Christ, explains why or how they are involved in the **triumphal procession**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that indicates that union with Christ is the reason or the means for participating in the **procession**. Alternate translation: “because of our union with Christ” or “by means of our union with Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2:14 l1nr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor τὴν ὀσμὴν τῆς γνώσεως αὐτοῦ, φανεροῦντι δι’ ἡμῶν ἐν παντὶ τόπῳ 1 Here Paul speaks as if **the knowledge of him** were an **aroma**, a smell or odor. In this case, the context implies that this is a pleasing or good smell. He speaks in this way to indicate that everyone hears and reacts to the message about Christ, just like everyone smells and reacts to a strong odor. Also, just like a smell fills a whole room, so the good news fills **every place** on earth. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea by using a simile or plain language. Consider using a form that you can continue to use in the following two verse, in which Paul continues the **aroma** metaphor. Alternate translation: “making known through us and in every place the knowledge of him, which is like an good smell” or “powerfully revealing through us the knowledge of him, which is spreading into every place” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor]])
2:14 tlqe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὴν ὀσμὴν τῆς γνώσεως αὐτοῦ 1 Here Paul uses the possessive form to describe an **aroma** that is **knowledge**. In other words, the possessive indicates what the **aroma** stands for. Then, Paul indicates that this **knowledge** is about **him**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “the aroma, which is knowledge about him” or “the aroma, that is, knowing him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
2:14 ihbw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῆς γνώσεως αὐτοῦ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **knowledge**, you could express the idea by using a verb such as “know.” Alternate translation: “that is knowing him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2:14 lxlc rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns αὐτοῦ 1 Here, the word **him** could refer to: (1) God generally. Alternate translation: “of God” (2) Christ specifically. Alternate translation: “of Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
2:14 eq21 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole ἐν παντὶ τόπῳ 1 Here Paul speaks as if God used him and those with him to make God known **in every place**. The Corinthians would have understood him to mean that God uses them to make God known in many places, or in every place that they visit. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea clearer. Alternate translation: “in every place we go” or “throughout the world” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
2:15 cjjj rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases ὅτι 1 Here, the word **For** introduces an explanation of what Paul said in the previous verse about “the aroma” ([2:14](../02/14.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces further explanation. Alternate translation: “Indeed,” or “Here is what I mean:” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
2:15 yfx6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἐσμὲν 1 Here, just as in [2:14](../02/14.md), the word **we** does not include the Corinthians. It could refer to: (1) Paul and those who proclaim the gospel with him. Alternate translation: “we who preach are” (2) just Paul. Alternate translation: “I am” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
2:15 x6nn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor Χριστοῦ εὐωδία ἐσμὲν τῷ Θεῷ 1 Here Paul continues to speak about **fragrance** and good smells (see [2:14](../02/14.md)). Here, he identifies himself and those with him as a **fragrance** that comes from **Christ** and which goes toward **God**. By speaking in this way, he shows that **we** are those who represent or declare who Christ is in the presence of God. Just like everyone smells a good smell and knows where it comes from, so everyone notices Paul and those with him and realizes that they represent **Christ** before **God**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a simile or express the idea in plain language. Make sure that your translation fits with the previous and the following verses. Alternate translation: “we are like a good odor that spreads from Christ before God” or “we represent Christ before God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor]])
2:15 b1k1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession Χριστοῦ εὐωδία 1 Here Paul uses the possessive form to indicate that the **fragrance** could: (1) come or spread from **Christ**. Alternate translation: “a fragrance from Christ” (2) be presented or offered by **Christ**. Alternate translation: “a fragrance that Christ presents” or “a fragrance that Christ offers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
2:15 itc8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive τοῖς σῳζομένοις 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who does the action, Paul implies that “God” does it. Alternate translation: “the ones whom God is saving” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2:15 ze7n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo τοῖς ἀπολλυμένοις 1 Christians disagree over whether God causes people to “perish” or whether people cause themselves to “perish.” The word that Paul uses here intentionally does not include the person who causes the **perishing**. If possible, your translation also should avoid stating who causes the “perishing.” Alternate translation: “the ones on the path to destruction” or “the ones who are not being saved” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]])
2:16 zrae rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast οἷς μὲν & οἷς δὲ 1 Here, the word **indeed** indicates that the author is introducing the first of two parts. The word **but** introduces the second part. The author uses this form to contrast “the ones perishing” and “the ones being saved” (see [2:15](../02/15.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that naturally contrasts two groups of people. Alternate translation: “on one hand, to the ones … but on the other hand, to the others” or “to the ones … but to the others” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
2:16 pv6o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure οἷς μὲν ὀσμὴ ἐκ θανάτου εἰς θάνατον, οἷς δὲ ὀσμὴ ἐκ ζωῆς εἰς ζωήν 1 Here Paul refers to “the ones perishing” before he refers to “the ones being saved,” which is the opposite of the order he used in [2:15](../02/15.md). This was good style in his culture. If reversing the order from [2:15](../02/15.md) would be confusing for your readers, and if it would not be good style, you could reverse the order here to match that in [2:15](../02/15.md). Alternate translation: “to the ones indeed, an aroma from life to life, but to the others, an aroma from death to death” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
2:16 t3vw rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns οἷς -1 Here, the phrase **to the ones** refers to “the ones perishing,” and the phrase **to the {others}** refers to “the ones being saved” (see [2:15](../02/15.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could clarify to whom these phrases refer. Alternate translation: “to the latter … to the former” or “to the ones perishing … to the ones being saved” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
2:16 dwk6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor ὀσμὴ -1 Here Paul continues to speak about **fragrance** and good smells (see [2:14–15](../02/14.md)). He specifically explains what kind of **aroma** he and those with him are. Those who do not believe think that the **aroma** smells bad, while those who do believe think that the **aroma** smells good. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a simile or express the idea plainly. Make sure that your translation fits with how you translated the “smelling” language in [2:14–15](../02/14.md). Alternate translation: “we smell like an aroma … we smell like an aroma” or “our message is … our message is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor]])
2:16 ud2u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐκ θανάτου εἰς θάνατον & ἐκ ζωῆς εἰς ζωήν 1 Here Paul uses the words **from** and **to** with the same word. He could be using this form because: (1) **from** indicates the source of the **aroma**, and **to** indicates the effects of the **aroma**. Alternate translation: “that smells like death and leads to death … that smells like life and leads to life” or “of death causing death … of life causing life” (2) **from** and **to** together emphasize that the **aroma** is characterized completely by either **death** or **life**. Alternate translation: “of death … of life” or “characterized completely by death … characterized completely by life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2:16 yau5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐκ θανάτου εἰς θάνατον & ἐκ ζωῆς εἰς ζωήν 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **death** and **life**, you could express the ideas by using verbs such as “die” and “live” or adjectives such as “dead” and “alive.” Make sure your translation fits with the option you chose in the previous note. Alternate translation: “that comes from something dying and that leads to people dying … that comes from something living and leads to people living” or “that smells like something dead … that smells like something alive” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2:16 cdr3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns πρὸς ταῦτα 1 Here, the phrase **these things** refers back to what those who proclaim the good news must do, things that Paul has outlined in [2:14–16](../02/14.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could make explicit what **these things** refers to. Alternate translation: “to do what I have said” or “to preach the gospel like this” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
2:16 be6x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion πρὸς ταῦτα τίς ἱκανός? 1 Paul does not ask this question because he is looking for information. Rather, he asks it to involve the Corinthians in what he is arguing. The question could imply that the answer is that: (1) no one is **sufficient**. Alternate translation: “for these things, nobody is sufficient!” (2) Paul and those with him are **sufficient**. Alternate translation: “for these things, we are indeed sufficient” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2:17 h7y1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γάρ 1 Here, the word **For** could introduce: (1) a basis or proof for why he and those with him are not “sufficient,” as the previous question implied (see [2:16](../02/16.md)). Alternate translation: “You can tell that we are not sufficient because” (2) an answer to the previous question that indicates that Paul and those with him are “sufficient.” Alternate translation: “But we are sufficient, because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
2:17 pmpz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἐσμεν & λαλοῦμεν 1 Here, just as in [2:14–15](../02/14.md), the word **we** does not include the Corinthians. It could refer to: (1) Paul and those who proclaim the gospel with him. Alternate translation: “we who preach are … we speak” (2) just Paul. Alternate translation: “I am … I speak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
2:17 a5sa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy τὸν λόγον 1 Here, the word **word** represents what someone says in words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “the words” or “the communication” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2:17 u7ui rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj οἱ πολλοὶ 1 Paul is using the adjective **many** as a noun in order to refer **many** people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this one with a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “the many people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
2:17 yf8u rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown καπηλεύοντες 1 Here, the word **peddling** refers to the practice of selling goods that one has. The word implies that the person who is **peddling** is trying to make as much profit as they can, both by honest and deceitful means. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that refers to selling something for as much money as possible. Alternate translation: “trading in” or “selling off” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
2:17 ohh8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὸν λόγον τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Here Paul uses the possessive form to describe **the word** that could be: (1) from **God**. Alternate translation: “the word from God” (2) about **God**. Alternate translation: “the word about God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
2:17 u4iy rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast ἀλλ’ ὡς -1 Here Paul uses **but as** to introduce a contrast with **the many** who “peddle” God’s word. Paul repeats **but as** to continue and emphasize this contrast, not to contrast **sincerity** and **from God**. If the repetition of **but as** would be confusing, you could use **but as** once and express the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “but instead as … and even more as” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
2:17 x86y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐξ εἰλικρινείας 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **sincerity**, you could express the idea by using an adjective such as “sincere.” Alternate translation: “those who are sincere” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2:17 f9x4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὡς ἐκ Θεοῦ 1 Here, the phrase **as from God** indicates that God sent Paul and those with him to **speak** the gospel. The word **as** indicates how they **speak**. It does not mean that they are not really **from God**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “as those whom God has sent” or “as ones sent by God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2:17 aizg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit λαλοῦμεν 1 Here, Paul implies that they are speaking **the word of God** that he already mentioned. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make what they **speak** more explicit. Alternate translation: “we speak the word of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2:17 vpdc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit κατέναντι Θεοῦ 1 Here, the phrase **in the presence of God** could indicate that: (1) they **speak** as they do because they know that **God** sees or knows what they do. So, they speak in a way that pleases **God**. Alternate translation: “as God desires” or “with God watching” (2) they **speak** with **God** as a witness guaranteeing what they say. Alternate translation: “with God as witness” or “with God guaranteeing it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2:17 u2zb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐν Χριστῷ 1 Paul uses the spatial metaphor **in Christ** to describe the union of believers with **Christ**. In this case, being **in Christ**, or united to Christ, explains how they **speak**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that indicates that they **speak** as those who are united to **Christ**. Alternate translation: “as Christians” or “as those united to Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3:1 mdwx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἀρχόμεθα & ἑαυτοὺς & μὴ χρῄζομεν 1 Here, just as in [2:14–15](../02/14.md), [17](../02/17.md), the word **we** does not include the Corinthians. It could refer to: (1) Paul and those who proclaim the gospel with him. Alternate translation: “Are we who preach beginning … ourselves … we do not need … do we” (2) just Paul. Alternate translation: “Am I beginning … myself … I do not need … do I” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
3:intro f7rh 0 # 2 Corinthians 3 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n4. Paul’s ministry (2:14–7:4)\n * Qualification for ministry (3:1–6)\n * Ministry of Moses and ministry of Paul (3:7–4:6)\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Letters of recommendation\n\nIn [3:1–3](../03/01.md), Paul refers to “letters of recommendation.” These were letters that a person carried with them when they traveled to a new place. Someone that the traveler knew would write down that the traveler could be trusted and should be welcomed, and the traveler would give this letter to people that he or she visited. If something like this is not a common practice in your culture, you may need to explain it for your readers in a footnote. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/letter]])\n\n### Letter and Spirit\n\nIn [3:6–8](../03/06.md), Paul contrasts “letter” and “Spirit.” In these verses, the word “letter” refers to the letters in the alphabet, and the word “Spirit” refers to the Holy Spirit. Paul’s point is that whatever is characterized by the “letter” is something that is only written down and does not have any power. Whatever is characterized by the “Spirit” has power and can change people. Although it also might be written down, the “Spirit” gives it power. Paul uses this contrast to describe one of the differences between the old covenant (“letter”) and the new covenant (“Spirit”). Consider a natural way to express this contrast in your language. \n\n### Glory\n\nThroughout this chapter, Paul speaks extensively of “glory.” He indicates that the old covenant and ministry had glory, but the new covenant and ministry have much more glory. The word “glory” refers to how great, powerful, and amazing someone or something is. Consider what term will express this idea throughout the chapter. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]])\n\n### Veiling of the glory on Moses’ face\n\nIn [3:7](../03/07.md), [13](../03/13.md), Paul refers to a story about what happened when Moses received the Ten Commandments from God. Because he met God and spoke with him, Moses’ face became bright or shining. Because of that, Moses would cover his face with a veil or cloth after he spoke with God. You can read this story in [Exodus 34:29–35](../exo/34/29.md). Paul also notes that the brightness or “glory” on Moses’ face would fade away. This detail cannot be found directly in the story in Exodus. Paul either inferred it from the story, or it was tradition to say that the “glory” faded away. If your readers would not understand what Paul refers to in these verses, you could include a footnote or explanatory information. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/veil]])\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in this Chapter\n\n### The Corinthians as a letter of recommendation\n\nIn [3:2–3](../03/02.md), Paul describes the Corinthians as a letter of recommendation for him and those with him. He speaks in this way because anyone who knows the Corinthians will know that they believed because of Paul and those who worked with him. In this way, the Corinthians “recommend” Paul as a true apostle of Jesus. If possible preserve the metaphor of a letter of recommendation or express the idea with a simile. \n\n### The “veil”\n\nAfter he introduces how Moses put an actual “veil” over his face, Paul begins to use the word “veil” and related words in figurative ways (see [3:14–18](../03/14.md)). He claims that people who are not united to Christ cannot understand the Old Testament, and he describes this as a “veil” that covers their hearts. In other words, just as the Israelites could not see the glory on Moses’ face, so anyone who hears the Old Testament without believing in Jesus cannot fully understand it. However, Paul says that this “veil” is taken away when someone believes in Jesus. Because of that, those who believe have no “veil” and can reflect God’s glory even more than Moses’ did. This is a complex figure of speech that connects directly to the s
3:1 um8x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion ἀρχόμεθα πάλιν ἑαυτοὺς συνιστάνειν? 1 Paul does not ask this question because he is looking for information. Rather, he asks it to involve the Corinthians in what he is arguing. The question implies that the answer is “no, we are not.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea by using a strong negation. Alternate translation: “We are certainly not beginning to commend ourselves again!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
3:1 fuds rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit πάλιν 1 Here, the word **again** implies that Paul and those with him had already “commended themselves” at some point in the past. Most likely, this happened when they first met the Corinthians. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that makes this more explicit. Alternate translation: “once more” or “again, like we did at first” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:1 noiz rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast ἢ 1 The word **Or** introduces an alternate to what Paul asked in the first question. In that question, he implied that they were not “commending” themselves again. With **Or**, then, Paul asks a question that introduces the incorrect alternative: they might need **letters of recommendation**. He introduces this incorrect alternate to show that the implication of his first question is true: they are not “commending” themselves again. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express **Or** with a word that signifies a contrast or gives an alternative. Alternate translation: “Rather,” or “Quite the contrary:” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
3:1 y8yc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion ἢ μὴ χρῄζομεν, ὥς τινες, συστατικῶν ἐπιστολῶν πρὸς ὑμᾶς ἢ ἐξ ὑμῶν? 1 Paul does not ask this question because he is looking for information. Rather, he asks it to involve the Corinthians in what he is arguing. The question implies that the answer is “we do not need them.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea by using a strong negation. Alternate translation: “In fact, we certainly do not need, like some, letters of recommendation to you or from you.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
3:1 syny rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ὥς τινες 1 Here, the word **some** refers generally to other people besides Paul and those with him. Paul may more specifically have in mind the people who opposed him in Corinth, but he does not make this explicit. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that refers to other people besides Paul and those who serve with him. Alternate translation: “like some others” or “like some people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
3:1 ad1u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession συστατικῶν ἐπιστολῶν 1 Here Paul uses the possessive form to refer to **letters** that gave a **recommendation** for the person who had the letter. Many people in Paul’s culture would ask friends to write these letters, and then they would show the letters to people they visited to prove that they were trustworthy and could be welcomed. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that naturally refers to this kind of letter. Alternate translation: “reference letters” or “letters of introduction” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
3:1 dygq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns συστατικῶν ἐπιστολῶν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **recommendation**, you could express the idea by using a verb such as “recommend.” Alternate translation: “letters that recommend us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3:2 ty59 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἡ ἐπιστολὴ ἡμῶν ὑμεῖς ἐστε ἐνγεγραμμένη ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ἡμῶν, γινωσκομένη καὶ ἀναγινωσκομένη ὑπὸ πάντων ἀνθρώπων 1 Here Paul continues to speak about “letters,” but now he tells the Corinthians that they are the **letter** of recommendation for Paul and those with him. This **letter** is not a physical document, but is **written** in their **hearts**, and **all men** can **read** it. Paul speaks in this way to indicate that the recommendation he relies on is the Corinthian believers. In other words, the fact that they believe and that they are close with Paul (**in our hearts**) shows that Paul is trustworthy and a true apostle. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea with a simile or in some other natural way. Alternate translation: “You yourselves are like our letter of recommendation, which you wrote on us and that is known and read by all men” or “We do not need a letter of recommendation because you yourselves are the recommendation that is in our hearts and that is known and understood by all men” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3:2 f8s8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns ὑμεῖς ἐστε 1 Here, the word translated **yourselves** emphasizes **You**. Consider using a natural way to emphasize **You** in your language. Alternate translation: “You indeed are” or “It is you who are” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
3:2 a7xl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἡ ἐπιστολὴ ἡμῶν & ταῖς καρδίαις ἡμῶν 1 Here, just as in [3:1](../03/01.md), the word **our** does not include the Corinthians. It could refer to: (1) Paul and those who proclaim the gospel with him. Alternate translation: “the letter for us who preach the gospel … our hearts” (2) just Paul. Alternate translation: “my letter … my heart” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
3:2 ygx8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἡ ἐπιστολὴ ἡμῶν & ἐνγεγραμμένη 1 Here Paul uses the possessive form to describe a **letter** that could: (1) recommend “us.” Alternate translation: “the letter for us written” or “a letter that recommends us written” (2) be written by “us.” Alternate translation: “a letter written by us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
3:2 v2e7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἐνγεγραμμένη ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ἡμῶν 1 In the Paul’s culture, **hearts** are the places where humans think and plan. What Paul means is that the recommendation from the Corinthians is not written down on paper but is rather part of their relationship with Paul. If it would be helpful in your language, you could refer to the place where humans think in your culture or express the idea plainly. Alternate translation: “written inside us” or “expressed by our relationship” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3:2 ko7w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐνγεγραμμένη 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul states in the following verse that “Christ” did it (see [3:3](../03/03.md)). Alternate translation: “that Christ has written” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3:2 bu1u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive γινωσκομένη καὶ ἀναγινωσκομένη ὑπὸ πάντων ἀνθρώπων 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the ideas in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “which all men know and read” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3:2 pzpz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet γινωσκομένη καὶ ἀναγινωσκομένη 1 Here, the words **known** and **read** express very similar ideas. It is likely that **known** indicates that people are aware that there is a **letter**, while **read** indicates that they know what the **letter** says. If you do not have words that express these distinctions, and if the repetition would be confusing in your language, you could express the idea with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “read” or “noticed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
3:2 dr5k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations πάντων ἀνθρώπων 1 Although the word **men** is masculine, Paul is using it to refer to all people, both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word that applies to both men and women or you could refer to both genders. Alternate translation: “every person” or “all men and women” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
3:3 s717 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit φανερούμενοι 1 Here, the phrase **making known** could: (1) indicate that something is well-known or obvious to people. Alternate translation: “being clear” or “so it is evident” (2) state that the Corinthians show or reveal something to others. Alternate translation: “you making it clear” or “you revealing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:3 aylw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐστὲ ἐπιστολὴ Χριστοῦ, διακονηθεῖσα ὑφ’ ἡμῶν, ἐνγεγραμμένη οὐ μέλανι, ἀλλὰ Πνεύματι Θεοῦ ζῶντος, οὐκ ἐν πλαξὶν λιθίναις, ἀλλ’ ἐν πλαξὶν καρδίαις σαρκίναις 1 Here Paul continues to speak as if the Corinthians were a **letter**. Here, he states that this **letter** was written by **Christ** and **administered** by Paul and those with him. What he means by this is that **Christ** is the one who enabled the Corinthians to believe, and he worked through Paul and those with him to do that. Paul then contrasts a **letter** written with **ink** and on **tablets of stone** with a **letter** written by the power of the **Spirit** and on **hearts of flesh**. What he means by this is that the letter is the Corinthians, not some written document, and that the message is communicated by the **Spirit**, not by letters written with **ink**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea with a simile or in some other natural way. Alternate translation: “you are like a letter of Christ having been administered by us, not written with ink but as if with the Spirit of the living God, not on tablets of stone but as if on tablets of hearts of flesh” or “you are a message from Christ having been administered by us, not communicated by ink but by the Spirit of the living God, not presented on tablets of stone but on tablets of hearts of flesh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3:3 hlap rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἐπιστολὴ Χριστοῦ 1 Here Paul uses the possessive form to indicate that the **letter** is from or written by **Christ**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea in another way. Alternate translation: “a letter from Christ” or “a letter written by Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
3:3 wrk4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive διακονηθεῖσα ὑφ’ ἡμῶν 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that we have administered” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3:3 dsxa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit διακονηθεῖσα ὑφ’ ἡμῶν 1 Here, the phrase **having been administered by us** could indicate that: (1) “we” delivered the **letter**. Alternate translation: “having been delivered by us” or “having been sent by us” (2) “we” helped **Christ** compose the **letter**. Alternate translation: “having been composed with our help” or “that we wrote down” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:3 bfsl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἡμῶν 1 Here, just as in [3:1–2](../03/01.md), the word **us** does not include the Corinthians. It could refer to: (1) Paul and those who proclaim the gospel with him. Alternate translation: “us who preach the gospel” (2) just Paul. Alternate translation: “me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
3:3 akc6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure ἐνγεγραμμένη οὐ μέλανι, ἀλλὰ Πνεύματι Θεοῦ ζῶντος, οὐκ ἐν πλαξὶν λιθίναις, ἀλλ’ ἐν πλαξὶν καρδίαις σαρκίναις 1 If your language would not put the negative statements before the positive statements, you could reverse them. Alternate translation: “written with the Spirit of the living God, not with ink, on tablets of hearts of flesh, not on tablets of stone” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
3:3 vyuh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ἀλλὰ Πνεύματι Θεοῦ ζῶντος, οὐκ ἐν πλαξὶν λιθίναις, ἀλλ’ ἐν πλαξὶν καρδίαις σαρκίναις 1 These phrases leaves out some words that many languages might need to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply the word **written** from earlier in the sentence in some or all of the phrases. Alternate translation: “but written with the Spirit of the living God, not written on tablets of stone but written on tablets of hearts of flesh” or “but with the Spirit of the living God, not written on tablets of stone but on tablets of hearts of flesh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
3:3 q96q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐνγεγραμμένη οὐ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that “Christ” did it. Alternate translation: “which Christ wrote not” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3:3 qt5g rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown μέλανι 1 Here, the word **ink** refers to liquid that people in Paul’s culture used to write letters and words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use whatever term naturally refers to what people use to write letters and words. Alternate translation: “with a pen” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
3:3 t5ah rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Θεοῦ ζῶντος 1 Here, the phrase **living God** identifies God as the one who “lives” and possibly as the one who gives “life.” The primary point is that **God** actually “lives,” unlike idols and other things that people call “god.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that emphasizes that God really “lives.” Alternate translation: “of the God who lives” or “of the true God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:3 ana2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown ἐν πλαξὶν -1 Here, the word **tablets** refers to thin, flat pieces of stone on which people would write words, especially important words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that refers to what people use to write something important on. Paul may be referring here to the **tablets** on which Moses wrote God’s commandments (see [Exodus 34:1–4](../exo/34/01.md)), so if possible use a word that could refer to those **tablets**. Alternate translation: “on flat pieces … on flat pieces” or “on plaques … on plaques” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
3:3 ih89 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession πλαξὶν λιθίναις 1 Here Paul uses the possessive form to describe **tablets** that are made out of **stone**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea in another way. Alternate translation: “stone tablets” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
3:3 u959 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession πλαξὶν καρδίαις σαρκίναις 1 Here Paul uses the possessive form to describe **tablets** that refer to **hearts** that are made of **flesh**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea in another way. Alternate translation: “tablets that are fleshly hearts” or “tablets that are hearts made of flesh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
3:3 no25 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy καρδίαις σαρκίναις 1 In the Paul’s culture, **hearts** are the places where humans think and plan. Here Paul states that these **hearts** are made of **flesh**, which means that they are alive and can function. If it would be helpful in your language, you could refer to the place where humans think in your culture or express the idea plainly. Alternate translation: “of living people” or “of what we think and do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3:4 pyev rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases δὲ 1 Here, the word **Now** introduces a development in the argument. Here it indicates that Paul is moving on to a slightly different topic. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word that introduces a development in the argument, or you could leave **Now** untranslated. Alternate translation: “Indeed,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
3:4 wy6e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἔχομεν 1 Here, just as in [3:1–3](../03/01.md), the word **we** does not include the Corinthians. It could refer to: (1) Paul and those who proclaim the gospel with him. Alternate translation: “we who preach the gospel have” (2) just Paul. Alternate translation: “I have” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
3:4 z7qx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns πεποίθησιν & τοιαύτην ἔχομεν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **confidence**, you could express the idea by using an adjective such as “confident.” Alternate translation: “we are confident in this way” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3:4 q0kr rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns πεποίθησιν & τοιαύτην 1 Here, the word **such** indicates that the **confidence** is the kind that Paul showed in the previous verses, especially in [3:1–3](../03/01.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could make it clearer that **such** refers back to what Paul has said in the previous verses. Alternate translation: “that kind of confidence” or “confidence in those ways” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
3:4 y72k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit πρὸς τὸν Θεόν 1 Here, the phrase **toward God** could indicate that the **confidence** is: (1) before or in the presence of **God**. In other words, Paul has **confidence** that God approves of him and those with him. Alternate translation: “with regard to God” (2) in **God**. In other words, Paul has **confidence** that God will do what he has promised. Alternate translation: “in God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:5 knf2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast οὐχ 1 Here, the word **Not** introduces a contrast with what Paul said in the previous verse about **confidence** (see [3:4](../03/04.md)). He wishes to clarify that the **confidence** is not based on themselves but on **God**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces this kind of contrast. Alternate translation: “But it is not” or “However, it is not” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
3:5 i7nt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἑαυτῶν & ἐσμεν & ἑαυτῶν & ἡμῶν 1 Here, just as in [3:1–4](../03/01.md), the words **we**, **ourselves**, and **our** do not include the Corinthians. They could refer to: (1) Paul and those who proclaim the gospel with him. Alternate translation: “we who preach the gospel are … ourselves … ourselves … our” (2) just Paul. Alternate translation: “I am … myself … myself … my” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
3:5 qye9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἀφ’ ἑαυτῶν ἱκανοί & ἡ ἱκανότης ἡμῶν 1 Here Paul does not state what they are not **sufficient** to do. He implies that it is serving God by preaching the gospel. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “sufficient from ourselves to preach the gospel … our sufficiency for this task” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:5 e5e7 ἑαυτῶν & λογίσασθαί 1 Here, the phrase **to consider** introduces an explanation or elaboration of what **sufficient from ourselves** means. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces an explanation or elaboration. Alternate translation: “ourselves, that is, we do not consider” or “ourselves, so that we consider”
3:5 tws9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τι 1 Here, the word **anything** refers to whatever they do to serve God well. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “anything we do preach the gospel” or “whatever we do well” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:5 wi1t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἡ ἱκανότης ἡμῶν ἐκ τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **sufficiency**, you could express the idea by using an adjective such as “sufficient.” Alternate translation: “God makes us sufficient” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3:6 t785 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἡμᾶς διακόνους 1 Here, just as in [3:1–5](../03/01.md), the word **us** does not include the Corinthians. It could refer to: (1) Paul and those who proclaim the gospel with him. Alternate translation: “us who preach the gospel … as servants” (2) just Paul. Alternate translation: “me … as a servant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
3:6 r5ea rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession διακόνους καινῆς διαθήκης 1 Here Paul uses the possessive form to identify himself and those with him as **servants** who “serve” for the benefit of **a new covenant**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea in another way. Alternate translation: “as those who serve a new covenant” or “as servants who administer a new covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
3:6 j8rd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure οὐ γράμματος, ἀλλὰ Πνεύματος 1 If your language would not naturally put the negative statement before the positive statement, you could reverse the two clauses here. Alternate translation: “of the Spirit, not of the letter” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
3:6 poyq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit οὐ γράμματος, ἀλλὰ Πνεύματος 1 When Paul contrasts **letter** and **Spirit**, he implies that **letter** describes the old covenant and **Spirit** describes the new covenant. What he means is that the old covenant was only written down and could not change people on the inside. On the other hand, the new covenant is empowered by the Holy **Spirit**, who can change people on the inside. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this contrast more explicit. Alternate translation: “not a covenant of the letter that is powerless, but a covenant of the powerful Spirit” or “not one that is only written down but one that the Spirit puts inside people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:6 dp6i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy γράμματος & τὸ & γράμμα 1 Here, the word **letter** refers generally to a message written in “letters.” More specifically, Paul uses the word **letter** to refer to the old covenant, which was written down only and could not change people like the **Spirit** can. If it would be helpful in your language, you could refer to a message written in “letters”. Alternate translation: “in written form … what was written” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3:6 bdrz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession γράμματος, ἀλλὰ Πνεύματος 1 Here, Paul uses the possessive form to describe a **covenant** that is given or mediated by the **Spirit**, not by the **letter**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea in another way. Alternate translation: “in letters but by the Spirit” or “mediated by letter but by the Spirit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
3:6 tc4u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Πνεύματος & τὸ δὲ Πνεῦμα 1 Here, the word **Spirit** could refer to: (1) the Holy Spirit. Alternate translation: “of God’s Spirit … but God’s Spirit” (2) the “spirit” of a person, or their mind or heart. Alternate translation: “of the spirit … but the spirit” or “of the heart … but the heart” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:6 q4at rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification τὸ & γράμμα ἀποκτέννει 1 Here Paul speaks as if **the letter** were a person who **kills** others. He speaks in this way to indicate that **the letter** (which refers to the old covenant and its regulations) does not have the power to give life but instead can only condemn people to die. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable figure of speech or plain language. Alternate translation: “the letter is like someone who kills” or “the letter dooms people to die” or “the letter causes death” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
3:7 lyf7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases δὲ 1 Here, the word **Now** introduces a development of the ideas from the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a development, or you could leave **Now** untranslated. Alternate translation: “Indeed,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
3:7 yzhq rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact εἰ 1 Paul is speaking as **if** the **glory** of the **ministry** of **death** were a possibility, but he means that it is actually true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might think that what Paul is saying is not certain, then you can introduce the clause with a word such as “since” or “given that.” Alternate translation: “since” or “given that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
3:7 rife rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἡ διακονία τοῦ θανάτου 1 Here Paul uses the possessive form to describe a **ministry** that leads to **death**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea in another way. Alternate translation: “the ministry that leads to death” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
3:7 du65 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἡ διακονία τοῦ θανάτου 1 Here, the word **ministry** could refer primarily to: (1) the action of “ministering.” In this case, the word refers to how Moses “administered” the old covenant. Alternate translation: “the service of this death” or “the act of ministering that led to death” (2) the system of **ministry**. In this case, the word refers to the old covenant or its laws. Alternate translation: “the system of this death” or “the laws that led to death” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:7 ut6r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἡ διακονία τοῦ θανάτου 1 If your language does not use an abstract nouns for the idea of **death**, you could express the idea by using a verb such as “die.” Alternate translation: “the ministry that causes people die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3:7 j1hp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐν γράμμασιν ἐντετυπωμένη λίθοις 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that “God” did it (see also [Exodus 34:1](../exo/34/01.md)). Alternate translation: “which God engraved in letters on stones” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3:7 rx13 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν γράμμασιν ἐντετυπωμένη λίθοις 1 Here Paul refers to how God **engraved** or carved the regulations for the **ministry** on **stones** or tablets. Much as in the previous verse, **letters** refers to the alphabet, so the point is that God used writing. Paul is probably referring to the story about how Moses met God on a mountain, and God carved the regulations of the covenant on two pieces of stone. You can read this story in [Exodus 34:1–28](../exo/34/01.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “engraved in writing by God onto two stone slabs” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:7 r5p5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐγενήθη ἐν δόξῃ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **glory**, you could express the idea by using an adjective such as “glorious” or “great.” Alternate translation: “was very great” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3:7 myms rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὥστε μὴ δύνασθαι ἀτενίσαι τοὺς υἱοὺς Ἰσραὴλ εἰς τὸ πρόσωπον Μωϋσέως, διὰ τὴν δόξαν τοῦ προσώπου αὐτοῦ, τὴν καταργουμένην 1 Here Paul refers to a story about what happened after God **engraved** the stone tablets. When Moses returned to talk to the Israelites, his face shone brightly because he had been talking to God. In other words, some of God’s **glory** became part of Moses’ **face**, and the Israelites could not **look intently** at his face because it was a little like looking at God. You can read this story in [Exodus 34:29–35](../exo/34/29.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the idea more explicit or include a footnote explaining the story. Alternate translation: “so that the sons of Israel were not able to look carefully at the face of Moses because of the fading glory on his face that came from talking with God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:7 s9zp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations τοὺς υἱοὺς 1 Although the word **sons** is masculine, Paul is using it to refer to any children or descendants, both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word that applies to both men and women or you could refer to both genders. Alternate translation: “the sons and daughters” or “the children” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
3:7 mh54 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship τοὺς υἱοὺς Ἰσραὴλ 1 Here the author uses the word **sons** to refer in general to all the descendants of **Israel**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that refers to descendants in general. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Israel” or “those descended from Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship]])
3:7 enwt διὰ τὴν δόξαν τοῦ προσώπου αὐτοῦ, τὴν καταργουμένην 1 Here, the reason why the Israelites **were not able to look intently** at Moses’ face could be that: (1) Moses’ face was very “glorious.” Alternate translation: “because of the glory of his face, even though it was fading” (2) the **glory of his face** was **fading**. Alternate translation: “because the glory of his face was fading”
3:7 pqbi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὴν δόξαν τοῦ προσώπου αὐτοῦ, τὴν καταργουμένην 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **glory**, you could express the idea by using an adjective such as “glorious” or “shining.” Alternate translation: “how his face was shining, even though that was fading” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3:7 ewkr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὴν δόξαν τοῦ προσώπου αὐτοῦ, τὴν καταργουμένην 1 Here, the word **fading** could describe: (1) the **glory** of Moses’ **face**. Alternate translation: “the glory of his face that faded” (2) the **ministry of this death**. Alternate translation: “the glory of his face, although that ministry was fading away” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:8 xxn6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion πῶς οὐχὶ μᾶλλον ἡ διακονία τοῦ Πνεύματος ἔσται ἐν δόξῃ? 1 Paul does not ask this question because he is looking for information. Rather, he asks it to involve the Corinthians in what he is arguing. The question implies that the answer is “yes, it has much more glory.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea by using a strong affirmation. Alternate translation: “then the ministry of the Spirit will certainly be with much more glory.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
3:8 wkvl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture οὐχὶ & ἔσται 1 Here Paul could use the future tense because: (1) he is stating an inference from something in the past, so the inference is future. Paul does not mean that the **ministry** will only have **glory** in the future. Alternate translation: “then is … not” (2) he is stating that the **ministry** will have **glory** in the future. He could mean that it only has **glory** in the future, or he could mean that it has **glory** in the present and will also have **glory** in the future. Alternate translation: “will … in the future not be” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
3:8 wq1v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἡ διακονία τοῦ Πνεύματος 1 Here Paul uses the possessive form to describe **the ministry** that could: (1) lead to people receiving the **Spirit**. Alternate translation: “the ministry that provides the Spirit” or “the ministry that leads to the Spirit” (2) be accomplished by the **Spirit**. Alternate translation: “the ministry worked by the Spirit” or “the ministry accomplished by the Spirit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
3:8 dhs5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἡ διακονία τοῦ Πνεύματος 1 Here, the word **ministry** could refer primarily to: (1) the action of “ministering.” In this case, the word refers to how Paul and those with him “administered” the new covenant. Alternate translation: “the service of the Spirit” or “the act of ministering that leads to the Spirit” (2) the system of **ministry**. In this case, the word refers to the new covenant or its principles. Alternate translation: “the system of the Spirit” or “the principles that lead to the Spirit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:8 bmme rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τοῦ Πνεύματος 1 Here, the word **Spirit** could refer to: (1) the Holy Spirit. Alternate translation: “of God’s Spirit” (2) the “spirit” of a person, or their mind or heart. Alternate translation: “of the spirit” or “of the heart” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:8 tcp5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns μᾶλλον & ἐν δόξῃ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **imitators**, you could express the idea by using an adjective such as “glorious” or “great.” Alternate translation: “much more great” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3:9 m2ci rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** introduces further explanation of what Paul has said about the two “ministries” in [3:7–8](../03/07.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different word or phrase that introduces further explanation. Alternate translation: “Further,” or “Even more,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
3:9 p7p5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact εἰ 1 Paul is speaking as **if** the **glory** of the **ministry of this condemnation** were a possibility, but he means that it is actually true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might think that what Paul is saying is not certain, then you can introduce the clause with a word such as “since” or “given that.” Alternate translation: “since” or “given that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
3:9 ufq6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τῇ διακονίᾳ τῆς κατακρίσεως & ἡ διακονία τῆς δικαιοσύνης 1 Here, the word **ministry** could refer primarily to: (1) the action of “ministering.” In this case, the word refers to how people “administered” the the two covenants. Alternate translation: “the service of this condemnation … the service of this righteousness” or “the act of ministering that leads to this condemnation … the act of ministering that leads to this righteousness” (2) the system of **ministry**. In this case, the word refers to a covenant or its principles. Alternate translation: “the system of this condemnation … the system of this righteousness” or “the law that leads to condemnation … the principle that leads to righteousness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:9 k779 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τῇ διακονίᾳ τῆς κατακρίσεως 1 Here Paul uses the possessive form to describe a **ministry** that leads to **condemnation**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea in another way. Alternate translation: “the ministry that caused this condemnation” or “the ministry that ended in this condemnation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
3:9 tcxw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῇ διακονίᾳ τῆς κατακρίσεως, δόξα 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **condemnation** and **glory**, you could express the idea in another way. Alternate translation: “the ministry that caused people to be condemned was great” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3:9 if33 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations πολλῷ μᾶλλον περισσεύει ἡ διακονία τῆς δικαιοσύνης δόξῃ 1 Here, the phrase **much more** marks this clause as an exclamation, not a question. Paul uses this exclamation to emphatically contrast the two “ministries.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea in a way that naturally contrasts the two “ministries.” Alternate translation: “then certainly much more the ministry of this righteousness abounds in glory.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
3:9 egmy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἡ διακονία τῆς δικαιοσύνης 1 Here Paul uses the possessive form to describe a **ministry** that leads to **righteousness**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea in another way. Alternate translation: “the ministry that caused this righteousness” or “the ministry that ended in this righteousness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
3:9 e5zz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns πολλῷ μᾶλλον περισσεύει ἡ διακονία τῆς δικαιοσύνης δόξῃ. 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **righteousness** and **glory**, you could express the ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “the ministry that makes people righteous is even more great” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3:10 q8bg rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases καὶ γὰρ 1 Here, the phrase **for indeed** indicates that Paul is adding more information (**indeed**) that supports what he said about **glory** in [3:7–9](../03/07.md) (**for**). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use words that introduce added information that supports a previous statement. Alternate translation: “Further,” or “And in fact,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
3:10 n4pe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὸ δεδοξασμένον & τῆς ὑπερβαλλούσης δόξης 1 Here, the phrase **{what} had been glorified** refers to the old covenant that God gave through Moses. The phrase **surpassing glory** refers to the new covenant that Paul and those with him serve. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make what these phrases refer to more explicit. Alternate translation: “the old covenant that was glorified … the surpassing glory of the new covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:10 t2dq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive οὐ δεδόξασται, τὸ δεδοξασμένον 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If possible, avoid stating who does the “glorifying,” since Paul is focusing on the fact of “glory” rather than on the action of becoming “glorious.” Alternate translation: “what had glory does not have glory” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3:10 hmcu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure οὐ δεδόξασται, τὸ δεδοξασμένον ἐν τούτῳ τῷ μέρει 1 Here, the phrase **in this part** could modify: (1) in what way the old covenant is **not glorified**. In other words, **in this part** introduces the way in which something that has **been glorified** can actually be **not glorified**. Alternate translation: “what had been glorified is not glorified, and here is why:” or “what had been glorified is not glorified in this way” (2) **{what} had been glorified**. In other words, the old covenant was **glorified** only “partially.” Alternate translation: “what had been glorified in part is not glorified” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
3:10 es4c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ἐν τούτῳ τῷ μέρει 1 Here, the phrase **in this part** indicates that a statement is only true in **part** or in some specific way. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces the qualification that some statement or action is partially true or accurate. Alternate translation: “in a sense” or “in this way” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
3:10 d7k5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet ἐν τούτῳ τῷ μέρει εἵνεκεν 1 Here, the phrase **in this part** and the word **because** both introduce how or why **{what} had been glorified** is **not glorified**. Paul uses both elements because he wants to make his point very clear. If the repetition would not make the point clearer, and if using both elements would be confusing in your language, you could use one word or phrase that introduces how what was **glorified** is **not glorified**. Alternate translation: “because of” or “in comparison to” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
3:10 pvbx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῆς ὑπερβαλλούσης δόξης 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **glory**, you could express the idea by using an adjective such as “glorious” or “great.” Alternate translation: “what was much more glorious” or “what was even greater” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3:10 f2mo τῆς ὑπερβαλλούσης δόξης 1 Alternate translation: “the glory that surpasses it”
3:11 grwl rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** introduces a further explanation of the comparison between the two covenants and their **glory**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different word or phrase that introduces further explanation, or you could leave **For** untranslated. Alternate translation: “Further,” or “As it is,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
3:11 r7c9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact εἰ 1 Paul is speaking as if the **glory** of **{what} is fading away** were a possibility, but he means that it is actually true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might think that what Paul is saying is not certain, then you can introduce the clause with a word such as “since” or “given that.” Alternate translation: “since” or “given that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
3:11 ym37 τὸ καταργούμενον 1 Here, the words translated **{what} is fading away** could indicate: (1) that something is disappearing or temporary without stating that anyone is making it disappear. Alternate translation: “what is passing away” (2) that God is causing something to disappear or pass away. Alternate translation: “what is being abolished” or “what God is abolishing”
3:11 zwb2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τὸ καταργούμενον 1 Here, the phrase **fading away** translates the same word that Paul used in [3:7](../03/07.md) to refer to how the glory was “fading” from Moses’ face. Paul means that, just like the glory on Moses’ face was temporary, so the old covenant that God made through Moses was temporary. See how you translated this idea in [3:7](../03/07.md) and use similar language if possible. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea using a simile. Alternate translation: “what is temporary” or “what is fading, like the glory on Moses’ face,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3:11 hm9d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὸ καταργούμενον & τὸ μένον 1 Here, the phrase **{what} is fading away** refers to the old covenant, while the phrase **{what} remains** refers to the new covenant. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make explicit what these phrases refer to. Alternate translation: “the old covenant that is fading away … the new covenant that remains” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:11 wtht rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns διὰ δόξης & ἐν δόξῃ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **glory**, you could express the idea by using an adjective such as “glorious” or “great” or an adverb such as “gloriously.” Alternate translation: “was great … is great” or “came gloriously … will come gloriously” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3:11 wrf4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations πολλῷ μᾶλλον τὸ μένον ἐν δόξῃ 1 Here, the phrase **much more** marks this clause as an exclamation, not a question. Paul uses this exclamation to emphatically contrast the two covenants. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea in a way that naturally contrasts the two covenants. Alternate translation: “then certainly much more what remains will come with glory.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
3:12 tnc1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result οὖν 1 Here, the word **Therefore** introduces an inference from what Paul has already said, especially what he has said about the ministry of “glory” in [3:4–11](../03/04.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces an inference from a previous section. Alternate translation: “Because of that” or “Because of this ministry of glory” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
3:12 ib35 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ἔχοντες 1 Here, the word **having** introduces a reason why Paul and those with him **act with much boldness**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the relationship more explicit. Alternate translation: “because we have” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
3:12 j76k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἔχοντες & τοιαύτην ἐλπίδα 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **hope**, you could express the idea by using a verb such as “hope” or an adjective such as “hopeful.” Alternate translation: “being hopeful in such a way” or “hoping in that way” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3:12 u5qa rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns τοιαύτην ἐλπίδα 1 Here, the word **such** refers to back to what Paul has said about the “glory” of the ministry in [3:7–11](../03/07.md). In other words, the **hope** is based on the glorious ministry and covenant. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make explicit what **such** refers to. Alternate translation: “that kind of hope” or “hope in such a covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
3:12 rf9h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive χρώμεθα 1 Here, just as in [3:1–6](../03/01.md), the word **we** does not include the Corinthians. It could refer to: (1) Paul and those who proclaim the gospel with him. Alternate translation: “we who preach the gospel” (2) just Paul. Alternate translation: “I act” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
3:12 zbff rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit χρώμεθα 1 Here Paul does not exactly what it is that **we** do. He implies that it is the “ministry” that he has referred to in [3:7–11](../03/07.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could make what **we** do more explicit. Alternate translation: “we perform the ministry” or “we proclaim the good news” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:12 b5ql rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns πολλῇ παρρησίᾳ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **boldness**, you could express the idea by using an adjective such as “bold” or an adverb such as “boldly.” Alternate translation: “as very bold people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3:13 fb59 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit καὶ οὐ καθάπερ Μωϋσῆς 1 Here Paul contrasts the **boldness** that he and those with him show with how **Moses** could not show God’s glory openly. In other words, Paul and those with him can reveal God’s glory openly, in contrast to Moses, who could not. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this contrasts more explicit. Alternate translation: “and without hiding the glory, like Moses” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:13 p1y3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Μωϋσῆς ἐτίθει κάλυμμα ἐπὶ τὸ πρόσωπον αὐτοῦ, πρὸς τὸ μὴ ἀτενίσαι τοὺς υἱοὺς Ἰσραὴλ, εἰς τὸ τέλος τοῦ καταργουμένου 1 Here Paul refers to a story in [Exodus 34:29–35](../exo/34/29.md) that describes how Moses’ face shone with God’s glory after Moses spoke with him. Moses would hide his face with a **veil** when **his face** shone like this. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make what Paul is writing about more explicit. See how you translated the similar phrases in [3:7](../03/07.md), where Paul has already referred to this story. Alternate translation: “Moses wearing a veil to hide his face so that the sons of Israel would not look directly at it when the glory on his face, which came from talking with God, disappeared” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:13 boui rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations τοὺς υἱοὺς 1 Although the word **sons** is masculine, Paul is using it to refer to any children or descendants, both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word that applies to both men and women or you could refer to both genders. Alternate translation: “the sons and daughters” or “the children” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
3:13 pdnk rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship τοὺς υἱοὺς Ἰσραὴλ 1 Here the author uses the word **sons** to refer in general to all the descendants of **Israel**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that refers to descendants in general. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Israel” or “those descended from Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship]])
3:13 vuyk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὸ τέλος 1 Here, the word **end** could refer to: (1) the result of the **fading**, which was that the “glory” completely stopped shining from Moses’ face. Alternate translation: “the cessation” or “the termination” (2) the purpose or implication of how the “glory” ceased shining from Moses’ face, which was that the old covenant too would cease. Alternate translation: “the result” or “the meaning” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:13 p5u2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τοῦ καταργουμένου 1 Here, the phrase **{what} was fading away** could refer to: (1) the “glory” that shone from the **face** of Moses. In this case, Paul could also be implying that the old covenant would also “fade.” Alternate translation: “of the glory that was fading from his face” (2) the old covenant, that would “fade away” when God instituted a new covenant. Alternate translation: “of the covenant that would fade away” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:13 mczg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὸ τέλος τοῦ καταργουμένου 1 Here Paul uses the possessive form to describe how **{what} was fading away** completely ceased or “ended.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea in another way. Alternate translation: “how what was fading away ended” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
3:14 kb8y rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast ἀλλὰ 1 Here, the word **But** could introduce a contrast between: (1) being able to “look intently” and having **hardened** minds. Alternate translation: “But instead of looking intently,” (2) what Moses did (veiling his face) and what the Israelites did (have **hardened** minds). Alternate translation: “In contrast to Moses,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
3:14 csl1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns τὰ νοήματα αὐτῶν 1 Here, the word **their** refers to “the sons of Israel” that Paul mentioned in [3:13](../03/13.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could make explicit to whom the pronoun **their** refers. Alternate translation: “the minds of the sons of Israel” or “the minds of the Israelites” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
3:14 khkq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐπωρώθη τὰ νοήματα αὐτῶν 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If it is possible, avoid stating who did the “hardening,” since Paul is emphasizing the fact that their minds were “hard,” not who did the “hardening.” If you must state who did the action, Paul could be implying that: (1) the Israelites did it to themselves. Alternate translation: “they hardened their minds” or “their minds became hard” (2) God did it to them. Alternate translation: “God hardened their minds” (3) Satan did it to them. Alternate translation: “Satan hardened their minds” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3:14 zvf5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐπωρώθη τὰ νοήματα αὐτῶν 1 Here Paul speaks as if people’s **minds** were a soft substance that could be **hardened**. He speaks in this way to indicate that their **minds** could not know or understand what was happening, unlike a soft substance that changes when something hits it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable figure of speech or express the idea plainly. Alternate translation: “they could not realize what was true” or “they could not think properly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3:14 tzbd rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** introduces a further explanation of what Paul has said about how **their minds were hardened**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different word or phrase that introduces further explanation. Alternate translation: “and this is how:” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
3:14 w68p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τὸ αὐτὸ κάλυμμα ἐπὶ τῇ ἀναγνώσει τῆς παλαιᾶς διαθήκης μένει, μὴ ἀνακαλυπτόμενον 1 Here Paul speaks as if a **veil** kept people from understanding the **old covenant** when it is “read,” and this veil is not **lifted**. He speaks in this way to identify the inability of people to understand the **old covenant** with how Moses’ kept the Israelites from looking at his face with a **veil**. Just as the **veil** kept them from seeing the glory on his face, so a **veil** keeps people from understanding **the reading of the old covenant**. Since Paul uses this figure of speech to connect what he is saying with what he has said about Moses, you should preserve the metaphor or express the idea with a simile. Alternate translation: “their lack of understanding is a like a veil that remains at the reading of the old covenant, not being lifted” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3:14 wcbv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure τὸ αὐτὸ κάλυμμα ἐπὶ τῇ ἀναγνώσει τῆς παλαιᾶς διαθήκης μένει, μὴ ἀνακαλυπτόμενον 1 Here, the phrase **not being lifted** could: (1) explain how the veil **remains**. Alternate translation: “the same veil remains at the reading of the old covenant, and it is not lifted” (2) go with **remains** and explain what **remains**. Alternate translation: “the same veil remains not having been lifted at the reading of the old covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
3:14 wymg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὸ αὐτὸ κάλυμμα 1 Here, the phrase **same veil** could refer to: (1) the veil that Moses wore (see [3:13](../03/13.md)). Alternate translation: “the veil that Moses wore” (2) the veil that **hardened** their **minds**. Alternate translation: “the veil that hardened their minds” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:14 gg2d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἐπὶ τῇ ἀναγνώσει τῆς παλαιᾶς διαθήκης 1 Here Paul uses the possessive form to refer to a person **reading** the **old covenant**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea in another way. Alternate translation: “when the old covenant is read” or “when they read the old covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
3:14 orvo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy τῆς παλαιᾶς διαθήκης 1 Here, the phrase **old covenant** refers to the words that contain or describe **the old covenant**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could refer directly to these words. Alternate translation: “of the message about the old covenant” or “of the words that describe the old covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3:14 gl8l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive μὴ ἀνακαλυπτόμενον 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who would do the action, Paul implies that “God” would do it. Alternate translation: “God not lifting it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3:14 vygf rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ὅτι 1 Here, the word **because** could indicate why: (1) the **veil** is not “lifted.” Alternate translation: “and it is not lifted because” (2) the **veil remains**. Alternate translation: “and the veil remains because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
3:14 m7lk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐν Χριστῷ 1 Here Paul uses the spatial metaphor **in Christ** to describe the union of believers with **Christ**. In this case, being **in Christ**, or united to Christ, explains why and how the **veil** is “lifted.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that indicates that being united to Christ leads to the “lifting” of the **veil**. Alternate translation: “only when a person is united to Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3:14 r1lt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit καταργεῖται 1 Here, the phrase **fading away** is the same phrase that Paul used to describe how the “glory” was “fading” from Moses’ face (see [3:13](../03/13.md)). What Paul means is that the **veil** disappears or is removed **in Christ**. If possible, use a word or phrase that reminds your readers of how you translated “fading” in [3:13](../03/13.md). Alternate translation: “is it being abolished” or “is it disappearing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:14 rhid rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns καταργεῖται 1 Here, the word **it** could refer to: (1) the **veil**. Alternate translation: “is this veil fading away” (2) the **old covenant**. Alternate translation: “is this covenant fading away” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
3:15 cv2j rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast ἀλλ’ 1 Here, the word **But** introduces a contrast with what Paul said in the previous verse about the veil “fading away” in Christ ([3:14](../03/14.md)). What Paul says in the rest of the verse repeats many of the ideas from the first parts of [3:14](../03/14.md). Consider whether a contrast word or a connecting word expresses the idea most clearly. Alternate translation: “However,” or “In fact,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
3:15 t3dl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἀναγινώσκηται Μωϋσῆς 1 Here, the word **Moses** could refer to: (1) the first five books of the Old Testament, often called “the Law” or the “Pentateuch.” Alternate translation: “the Law is read” or “the first parts of the Old Testament are read” (2) the entire Old Testament. Alternate translation: “the Scriptures are read” or “the Old Testament is read” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3:15 ip29 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἀναγινώσκηται Μωϋσῆς 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, you could use an indefinite subject. Alternate translation: “someone reads Moses” or “they hear someone read Moses” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3:15 bb5u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor κάλυμμα ἐπὶ τὴν καρδίαν αὐτῶν κεῖται 1 Here Paul continues to refer to a **veil** that keeps people from understanding the Scriptures. Express the metaphor as you did in [3:14](../03/14.md). Alternate translation: “their lack of understanding is like a veil that lies over their heart” or “they do not understand, as if a veil lies over their heart” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3:15 gwp9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἐπὶ τὴν καρδίαν αὐτῶν 1 In Paul’s culture, the **heart** is the place where humans think and feel. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate **heart** by referring to the place where humans think and feel in your culture or by expressing the idea plainly. Alternate translation: “over their mind” or “over their understanding” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3:15 z5zh τὴν καρδίαν αὐτῶν 1 Here, the word **heart** is a singular noun that refers to the “hearts” of many people. It may be more natural in your language to use a plural form. Alternate translation: “their hearts” or “each of their hearts”
3:15 lmu6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns τὴν καρδίαν αὐτῶν 1 Here, the word **their** could refer to: (1) anyone who hears the reading of **Moses** without being “in Christ.” Alternate translation: “the hearts of those who listen” (2) the same people that “their” referred to in [3:14](../03/14.md): the Israelites. Alternate translation: “the Israelites’ heart” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
3:16 k2dr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐπιστρέψῃ πρὸς Κύριον 1 Here, the phrase **turn to the Lord** refers to a how people stop doing whatever they want and instead begin to trust and obey God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable figure of speech or express the idea plainly. Alternate translation: “one begins to serve the Lord” or “one begins to believe in the Lord” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3:16 aqna rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ἐπιστρέψῃ 1 Here, the word **one** refers to any person who does the “turning.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that refers to any person. Alternate translation: “anyone might turn” or “any person might turn” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
3:16 wawh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Κύριον 1 Here, the word **Lord** could refer to: (1) God generally. Alternate translation: “God the Lord” (2) Jesus the Messiah. Alternate translation: “the Lord Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:16 mibm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor περιαιρεῖται τὸ κάλυμμα 1 Here Paul continues to refer to a **veil** that keeps people from understanding the Scriptures. Express the metaphor as you did in [3:14–15](../03/14.md). Alternate translation: “the lack of understanding that is like a veil is taken away” or “one understands, as if the veil was taken away” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3:16 w1y2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive περιαιρεῖται τὸ κάλυμμα 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who does the action, Paul implies that “God” does it. Alternate translation: “the veil disappears” or “God takes away the veil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3:17 lrxy rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases δὲ 1 Here, the word **Now** introduces a development of the ideas from the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a development, or you could leave **Now** untranslated. Alternate translation: “Indeed,” or “In fact,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
3:17 ulmp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὁ & Κύριος & Κυρίου 1 Here, just as in [3:16](../03/16.md), the word **Lord** could refer to God generally or to Jesus specifically. Express the idea the same you did in [3:16](../03/16.md). Alternate translation: “God the Lord … of God the Lord is” or “the Lord Jesus … of the Lord Jesus is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:17 erpi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὸ Πνεῦμά & τὸ Πνεῦμα Κυρίου 1 Here, the word **Spirit** could refer to: (1) the Holy Spirit. Alternate translation: “God’s Spirit … that Spirit of the Lord is” (2) what is “spiritual” as opposed to what is written or fleshly. Alternate translation: “the spirit … the spirit of the Lord is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:17 f2o7 ὁ & Κύριος τὸ Πνεῦμά ἐστιν 1 Here Paul could mean that: (1) the “Lord” mentioned in [3:16](../03/16.md) is the Holy **Spirit**. Alternate translation: “the Lord of whom I speak is the Holy Spirit” (2) believers encounter God the **Lord** as the Holy **Spirit**. Alternate translation: “the Lord is experienced as the Holy Spirit” (3) the **Lord** is “spiritual.” Alternate translation: “the Lord is a spirit”
3:17 sp81 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor οὗ & τὸ Πνεῦμα Κυρίου, ἐλευθερία 1 Here Paul speaks of the **Spirit** being in a place, and so **freedom** also is in that place. Here speaks in this way to connect the **Spirit** and **freedom**. He means that whoever has the **Spirit** also has **freedom**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “whoever has the Spirit of the Lord also has freedom” or “the Spirit of the Lord gives freedom” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3:17 b016 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὸ Πνεῦμα Κυρίου 1 Here Paul uses the possessive form to describe **the Spirit** as belonging to or part of the **Lord**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea in another way. Alternate translation: “the Spirit who is the Lord is” or “the Spirit who belongs to the Lord is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
3:17 uoss rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐλευθερία 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **freedom**, you could express the idea by using an adjective such as “free.” Alternate translation: “people are free” or “you are free” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3:17 ao12 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐλευθερία 1 Here Paul does not give any details about what people experience **freedom** from or for. If possible, you also should not make these ideas explicit. However, if you must express more information about the **freedom**, it could be **freedom** (1) from the veil. Alternate translation: “there is freedom from the veil” (2) from the condemnation of the old covenant and its law. Alternate translation: “there is freedom from condemnation” (3) from the old covenant and its law. Alternate translation: “there is freedom from the old covenant” (4) to preach the gospel. Alternate translation: “there is freedom to proclaim the good news” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:18 r6rx rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases δὲ 1 Here, the word **Now** introduces a development of the ideas from the previous section. In this case, Paul is concluding his discussion about Moses and the veil in [3:12–17](../03/12.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a final development, or you could leave **Now** untranslated. Alternate translation: “In the end,” or “Finally,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
3:18 l3xw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἀνακεκαλυμμένῳ προσώπῳ, τὴν δόξαν Κυρίου κατοπτριζόμενοι 1 Here the author speaks as if believers do not have a “veil” over their “faces” and can thus “reflect” God’s **glory**. Since the veiling language is an important part of what Paul is saying, you should preserve the figure of speech or express the idea by using a simile. Paul is indicating a contrast that could be: (1) with Moses, who had to veil the glory on his face. Unlike him, believers do not need to veil their faces. Alternate translation: “revealing the glory of the Lord like those who have unveiled faces” (2) the Israelites, who could not look directly at the glory of God. Unlike them, believers can see God’s glory directly without a “veil.” Alternate translation: “seeing the glory of the Lord, unlike those who could only see a veil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3:18 ui8y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit κατοπτριζόμενοι 1 Here, the word translated **reflecting** could refer to: (1) acting as a mirror that “reflects” an image. Alternate translation: “mirroring” (2) seeing something that is “reflected” in a mirror. Alternate translation: “seeing in a mirror” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:18 mdu9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὴν δόξαν Κυρίου 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **glory**, you could express the idea by using an adjective such as “great” or “glorious.” Alternate translation: “how great the Lord is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3:18 brpu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Κυρίου 1 Here, just as in [3:16–17](../03/16.md), the word **Lord** could refer to God generally or to Jesus specifically. Express the idea the same way you did in those verses. Alternate translation: “of God the Lord” or “of the Lord Jesus” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:18 rc9x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive μεταμορφούμεθα 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who does the action, Paul implies that “God” does it. Alternate translation: “are those whom God is transforming into” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3:18 cq3i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὴν αὐτὴν εἰκόνα 1 Here, the phrase **the same image** refers to the **image** that belongs to the **Lord**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “into his image” or “the that image” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:18 g0ku rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὴν αὐτὴν εἰκόνα & ἀπὸ δόξης εἰς δόξαν 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **image** and **glory**, you could express the idea by using a verb such as “reflect” and an adjective such as “glorious” or “great.” Alternate translation: “people who reflect the Lord from what is glorious to what is glorious” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3:18 bx5b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἀπὸ δόξης εἰς δόξαν 1 Here Paul uses the words **from** and **to** with the same word, much as he did in [2:16](../02/16.md). He could be using this form because: (1) **from** indicates the source of the transformation, and **to** indicates the effects of the transformation. Alternate translation: “by someone who has glory so that we also have glory” (2) **from** and **to** together emphasize that the transformation is characterized completely by **glory**. Alternate translation: “with great glory” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:18 mw3v καθάπερ ἀπὸ 1 Here, the phrase **just as from** indicates the source of the transformation. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea in another way. Alternate translation: “and this is from” or “even as it is accomplished by”
3:18 wlp1 Κυρίου, Πνεύματος 1 Here, Paul could be using this phrase to: (1) identify the **Lord** as the **Spirit**, just as he did in [3:17](../03/17.md). Just as in that verse, he could mean that the **Lord** is the **Spirit**, or he could mean that the **Lord** is experienced as the **Spirit**. Alternate translation: “the Lord, that is, the Spirit” or “the Lord, whom we experience as the Spirit” (2) name the Holy Spirit as “the Spirit of the Lord,” as he did in [3:17](../03/17.md). Alternate translation: “the Spirit of the Lord” (3) refer to the **Lord** to whom the **Spirit** belongs or who sends the **Spirit**. Alternate translation: “the Lord of the Spirit”
3:18 mmdd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Πνεύματος 1 Here, the word **Spirit** could refer to: (1) the Holy Spirit. Alternate translation: “God’s Spirit” (2) what is “spiritual” as opposed to what is written or fleshly. Alternate translation: “who is spiritual” or “who is a spirit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:intro rx1c 0 # 2 Corinthians 4 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n4. Paul’s ministry (2:14–7:4)\n * Ministry of Moses and ministry of Paul (3:7–4:6)\n * Suffering and ministry (4:7–18)\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Life and death\n\nIn [4:7–14](../04/07.md), Paul refers to life, death, and resurrection. When he refers to how he and those with him experience “death” or “dying,” he is referring to how they suffer and experience things related to death. When he refers to how he and those with him experience “life” or being “raised,” he is most likely referring to how God will resurrect them. He could also be referring to how God delivers them from “death” when they suffer or are persecuted. Consider what forms you could use to refer to experiences related to death and resurrection. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/life]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/death]])\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in this Chapter\n\n### Light and darkness\n\nIn [4:3–6](../04/03.md), Paul describes a lack of understanding and belief in the gospel as “veiling,” “blinding,” and “darkness.” He describes understanding and belief in the gospel as “shining” and “light.” These figures of speech compare believing and understanding to seeing. If possible, preserve these figures of speech, but you could express the ideas in plain language if necessary. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/light]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/darkness]])\n\n### “Outer” and “inner” man\n\nIn [4:16](../04/16.md), Paul refers to two different parts of himself and those with him: their “inner man” and their “outer man.” The “inner” and the “outer” are probably not directly related to the spiritual and physical parts of people. Rather, the “inner” is connected to what is “not seen,” and the “outer” is connected to what is “seen” (see [4:18](../04/18.md)). Consider what form you can use to refer to the parts of a person that people can observe and the parts of a person that they cannot observe. Make sure that your translation does not simply distinguish between the skin and what is under the skin. It is more important to use words that suggest that what people observe is not always what is really true about a person. \n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### Exclusive “we”\n\nThroughout this chapter, Paul uses the first person plural. When he uses these words, he does not include the Corinthians unless a note specifies otherwise. He could be referring to: (1) himself and those who preach the gospel with him. (2) just himself. It is recommended that you follow the first option, but both are possible. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])\n\n### The contrasts in [4:8–12](../04/08.md).\n\nIn these verses, Paul contrasts bad things that happen to him and those with him with good things that happen to them. Paul wrote these verses as one long sentence with short clauses because this was a powerful form in his culture. Consider using a form that is powerful in your culture. The UST expresses the idea with many short sentences because this is one kind of powerful form in English.
4:1 lyi4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result διὰ τοῦτο 1 Here, the word **Therefore** introduces a conclusion based on what Paul has said, particularly what he said in [3:4–18](../03/04.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a conclusion based on what has been said. Alternate translation: “So then” or “Because of that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
4:1 ln4n rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ἔχοντες 1 Here, the word having introduces a reason why Paul and those with him **do not become discouraged**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the relationship more explicit. Alternate translation: “because we have” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
4:1 h1ud rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit καθὼς ἠλεήθημεν 1 Here, this phrase could indicate: (1) the way that Paul and those with him received the **ministry**. Alternate translation: “which we received by God’s mercy” (2) what led to Paul and those with him receiving the ministry, which was their conversions. Alternate translation: “which we received after God had mercy on us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:1 que0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἠλεήθημεν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **mercy**, you could express the idea by using an adjective such as “merciful” or an adverb such as “mercifully.” Alternate translation: “God acted mercifully toward us” or “God was merciful to us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
4:1 ix7n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit οὐκ ἐνκακοῦμεν 1 Here, the word **discouraged** could refer to: (1) losing motivation and confidence. Alternate translation: “we do not lose hope” (2) becoming tired or exhausted. Alternate translation: “we do not become tired” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:2 yp4g rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast ἀλλὰ 1 Here, the word **Instead** introduces a contrast with “becoming discouraged” in the previous verse ([4:1](../04/01.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces this kind of contrast. Alternate translation: “Instead of that” or “On the other hand” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
4:2 z4c2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὰ κρυπτὰ τῆς αἰσχύνης 1 Here, the phrase **shameful hidden things** could refer to: (1) things that people “hide” because they are **shameful**. Alternate translation: “the shameful things that people hide” (2) things that are both **hidden** and **shameful**. Alternate translation: “anything that is shameful and hidden” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:2 ey75 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor μὴ περιπατοῦντες 1 Paul speaks of behavior in life as if it were **walking in** something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “not acting” or “not behaving” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4:2 vvzc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐν πανουργίᾳ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **craftiness**, you could express the idea by using an adjective such as “crafty” or an adverb such as “craftily.” Alternate translation: “craftily” or “in a crafty way” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
4:2 gcqm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὸν λόγον τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Here Paul uses the possessive form to describe a **word** that comes from **God**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea in another way. Alternate translation: “the word that comes from God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
4:2 gp3g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy τὸν λόγον 1 Here, the word **word** represents what someone says in words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “the words” or “the communication” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
4:2 mrri rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τῇ φανερώσει τῆς ἀληθείας 1 Here Paul uses the possessive form to describe a **manifestation** that reveals **the truth**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea in another way. Alternate translation: “by revealing the truth” or “by making the truth known” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
4:2 e7y7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῇ φανερώσει τῆς ἀληθείας 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **manifestation** and **truth**, you could express the ideas by using a verb such as “reveal” and an adjective such as “true.” Alternate translation: “by revealing what is true” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
4:2 aj24 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ἀνθρώπων 1 Although the word **man’s** is masculine, Paul is using it to refer to any person, either man or woman. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word that applies to both men and women or you could refer to both genders. Alternate translation: “person’s” or “to man’s and woman’s” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
4:2 f6n1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐνώπιον τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Here, Paul refers to being **before God** to indicate a close connection to God. The phrase could indicate that: (1) God testifies or bears witness to Paul and those with him. Alternate translation: “with God testifying about us” (2) people can recognize that Paul preaches the gospel only when they are **before God** or in God’s presence. Alternate translation: “that is in God’s presence” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4:3 lu2h rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases δὲ 1 Here, the word **But** introduces a development from what Paul said in the previous verse ([4:2](../04/02.md)). In this verse, he explains that, although they reveal “the truth,” it may be **veiled** to some people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces this kind of development. Alternate translation: “Now” or “However,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
4:3 m82q rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact εἰ & καὶ 1 Here Paul could be using **even if** to introduce: (1) something that he thinks really is true. Alternate translation: “even though” (2) something that he thinks might be true. Alternate translation: “supposing that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
4:3 mti5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἔστιν κεκαλυμμένον τὸ εὐαγγέλιον ἡμῶν, ἐν τοῖς ἀπολλυμένοις ἐστὶν κεκαλυμμένον 1 Here Paul again uses the language of “veiling,” just as he did in [3:12–18](../03/12.md). A **gospel** that **is veiled** is one that people do not understand or believe in. If possible, express the idea the same way you did in [3:12–18](../03/12.md). Alternate translation: “it is as if a veil hides our gospel, this happens to the ones perishing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4:3 hz2f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive εἰ & ἔστιν κεκαλυμμένον τὸ εὐαγγέλιον ἡμῶν, ἐν & ἐστὶν κεκαλυμμένον 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If possible, avoid stating who does the “veiling” and instead refer to how a “veil” hides the **gospel**. Alternate translation: “if a veil covers our gospel, this happens for” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
4:3 e5yu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo τοῖς ἀπολλυμένοις 1 Christians disagree over whether God causes people to “perish” or whether people cause themselves to “perish.” The word that Paul uses here intentionally does not include the person who causes the perishing. If possible, your translation also should avoid stating who causes the “perishing.” See how you translated the similar phrase in [2:15](../02/15.md). Alternate translation: “the ones on the path to destruction” or “the ones who are not being saved” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]])
4:4 m71d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὁ θεὸς τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου 1 Here, the phrase **the god of this age** refers to Satan, or the devil. Paul describes him in this way because God has allowed Satan to have some control or power in **this age**, which refers to the world as it is right now. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “the god of this age, Satan,” or “the devil, who rules over this age” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:4 ptb6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ὁ θεὸς τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου 1 Here Paul uses the possessive form to describe a **god** who rules over or controls **this age**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea in another way. Alternate translation: “the god who controls this age” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
4:4 r6pz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐτύφλωσεν τὰ νοήματα τῶν ἀπίστων, εἰς τὸ μὴ αὐγάσαι τὸν φωτισμὸν τοῦ εὐαγγελίου τῆς δόξης τοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 Here Paul speaks as if **minds** were eyes that could be **blinded** or that could see **light**. If **minds** are **blinded**, they cannot understand something. If **minds** can see **light**, they can understand something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use simile or express the idea plainly. Alternate translation: “has made the minds of the unbelievers to be like blind eyes, so that they do not understand the gospel of the glory of Christ … just like blind eyes cannot see light” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4:4 squ9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ἀπίστων, εἰς τὸ 1 Here, the phrase **so that** could introduce: (1) the result of **the god of this age** blinding people’s minds. Alternate translation: “of the unbelievers, with the result that” (2) the purpose of **the god of this age** blinding people’s minds. Alternate translation: “of the unbelievers in order that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
4:4 j1vz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὸν φωτισμὸν τοῦ εὐαγγελίου τῆς δόξης τοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 Here the author uses the possessive form multiple times in a row. What he means is that the **light** either is or comes from the **gospel**, and the **gospel** is about the **glory of Christ**. In this last phrase, **glory** describes what **Christ** is like. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea in a more natural form. Alternate translation: “the light, which is the gospel about the glorious Christ” or “the light that comes from the gospel concerning how glorious Christ is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
4:4 hj21 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῆς δόξης τοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **glory**, you could express the idea by using an adjective such as “glorious” or “great.” Alternate translation: “of the great Christ” or “Christ, the glorious one,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
4:4 fmaq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ὅς ἐστιν εἰκὼν τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **image**, you could express the idea by using a verb such as “reflect” or “represent.” Alternate translation: “who reflects God” or “who represents God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
4:4 tx9h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession εἰκὼν τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Here Paul uses the possessive form to describe how **Christ** functions as the **image** that shows what **God** is like. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea in another way. Alternate translation: “the image that shows what God is like” or “the image that reflects God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
4:5 nvg2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** introduces a further explanation of what Paul said about “the gospel of the glory of Christ” in [4:4](../04/04.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces further explanation, or you could leave **For** untranslated. Alternate translation: “As you can see,” or “Indeed,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
4:5 ddw1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ἀλλὰ Ἰησοῦν Χριστὸν Κύριον, ἑαυτοὺς δὲ δούλους ὑμῶν 1 These two clauses leave out some words that many languages might need to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the first half of the verse. Alternate translation: “but we proclaim the Lord Christ Jesus, and we proclaim ourselves as your servants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
4:5 xvs8 Ἰησοῦν Χριστὸν Κύριον 1 Here, the phrase **Lord Christ Jesus** could: (1) give a title or name for Jesus. Alternate translation: “the Lord, who is Christ Jesus” (2) state that **Christ Jesus** is the **Lord**. Alternate translation: “Christ Jesus as Lord”
4:5 t8du rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit διὰ Ἰησοῦν 1 Here Paul could be indicating that he and those with him are **servants** because of: (1) who Jesus is. Alternate translation: “because of who Jesus is” (2) what Jesus has done. Alternate translation: “because of what Jesus has done” (3) what Jesus wants Paul and those with him to do. Alternate translation: “because that is what Jesus wants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:6 nbpt rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ὅτι 1 Here, the word **For** introduces the reason why Paul and those with him “do not proclaim” themselves but rather Jesus. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a reason or basis. Alternate translation: “That is because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
4:6 fy6h rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations ὁ Θεὸς ὁ εἰπών 1 Here Paul introduces something that God **said**. The quotation is not directly from the Old Testament. Rather Paul is probably paraphrasing [Genesis 1:3](../gen/01/03.md), and he may also be referring to [Isaiah 9:2](../isa/09/02.md). Introduce the quotation as something that God said. If it would be helpful in your language, you could include a footnote that refers to the passages that Paul may be paraphrasing. Alternate translation: “God is the one who declared” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
4:6 rw5z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations εἰπών, ἐκ σκότους φῶς λάμψει 1 It may be more natural in your language to have an indirect quotation here. If you use the following alternate translation, you will need to remove the quotation marks. Alternate translation: “who said that from darkness a light will shine” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
4:6 mukf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐκ σκότους 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **darkness**, you could express the idea by using an adjective such as “dark.” Alternate translation: “In a dark place” or “From what is dark” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
4:6 d5x7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἔλαμψεν ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ἡμῶν, πρὸς φωτισμὸν τῆς γνώσεως 1 Here Paul continues the light metaphor from [4:4](../04/04.md). When God **shined** in their **hearts**, that means that he caused them to understand. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a simile or express the idea plainly. Alternate translation: “who caused us to understand, just as if he illuminated our hearts, the knowledge” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4:6 bj1j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ἡμῶν 1 In the Paul’s culture, **hearts** are the places where humans think and plan. What Paul means is that God has **shined** on their thoughts or on what they think. If it would be helpful in your language, you could refer to the place where humans think in your culture or express the idea plainly. Alternate translation: “in our minds” or “in our thoughts” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
4:6 m6rf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ταῖς καρδίαις ἡμῶν 1 Here, the word **our** could refer to: (1) just Paul and those with him. Paul is focusing on himself and those with him, but he does not mean to exclude the Corinthians entirely. Alternate translation: “the hearts of us who preach the gospel” (2) Paul and everyone who believes, including the Corinthians. Alternate translation: “the hearts of us who believe” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
4:6 fkq3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession φωτισμὸν τῆς γνώσεως τῆς δόξης τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Here Paul uses the possessive form multiple times in a row. What he means is that the **illumination** either is or comes from the **knowledge**, and the **knowledge** is about the **glory of God**. In this last phrase, **glory** describes what **God** is like. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea in a more natural form. See how you translated the similar construction in [4:4](../04/04.md). Alternate translation: “the illumination, which is the knowledge about the glorious God” or “the illumination that comes from the knowledge concerning how glorious God is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
4:6 mpg9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns πρὸς φωτισμὸν τῆς γνώσεως τῆς δόξης τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **illumination**, **knowledge**, and **glory**, you could express the ideas by using verbs such as “illumine” and “know” and an adjective such as “great” or “glorious.” Alternate translation: “to illumine us so that we can know the great God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
4:6 p736 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν προσώπῳ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 Here, the **glory** that is **in {face} of Jesus Christ** contrasts with the glory that faded on Moses’ face (see [3:7](../03/07.md)). What Paul means is that Jesus reveals or shows what God is like, particularly how glorious he is. If possible, use words that remind your readers of what Paul said about Moses in [3:7](../03/07.md). If it is necessary, you could use a simile or express the idea plainly. Alternate translation: “that Jesus Christ reveals as if it shone on his face” or “that Jesus Christ shows to us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:7 xe5i rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast δὲ 1 Here, the word **But** contrasts the “glory of God” from the previous verse with how Paul and those with him are **clay jars**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a contrast, or you could leave **But** untranslated. Alternate translation: “However,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
4:7 xx2c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἔχομεν & τὸν θησαυρὸν τοῦτον ἐν ὀστρακίνοις σκεύεσιν 1 Here Paul speaks of the knowledge about God’s glory as if it were a **treasure**, that is, something that is very valuable. He speaks of himself and those who proclaim the gospel as if they were **clay jars**, which are not valuable and can break easily. He speaks in this way to contrast how valuable and long-lasting the gospel is (**the treasure**) with how worthless and weak he and those who preach the gospel with him are in comparison (**clay jars**). If it would be helpful in your language, you could explain the figure of speech or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “we have these riches in disposable containers” or “we have this valuable gospel as weak and worthless people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4:7 yzd7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns τὸν θησαυρὸν τοῦτον 1 Here, the word **this** identifies the **treasure** as “the knowledge of the glory of God in the face of Jesus Christ” (see [4:6](../04/06.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could make explicit what **this** refers to. Alternate translation: “the treasure of the knowledge of the glory of God” or “that treasure” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
4:7 nz0r rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown ὀστρακίνοις σκεύεσιν 1 Here, the word **jars** refers to any type of container that is meant to hold something else. The word **clay** refers to dirt or mud, which was used to make inexpensive and fragile containers. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use words that refer to containers made out of cheap and weak material. Alternate translation: “inexpensive containers” or “fragile and cheap vessels” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
4:7 i1rs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἡ ὑπερβολὴ τῆς δυνάμεως 1 Here Paul uses the possessive form to characterize the **power** as something with **surpassing greatness**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea in another way. Alternate translation: “the surpassing greatness that characterizes the power” or “the surpassingly great power” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
4:7 u16o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἡ ὑπερβολὴ τῆς δυνάμεως 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **greatness** and **power**, you could express the ideas by using adjectives such as “great” and “powerful.” Alternate translation: “how surpassingly great and powerful these things are” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
4:8 ga9z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐν παντὶ θλιβόμενοι, ἀλλ’ οὐ στενοχωρούμενοι; ἀπορούμενοι 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who does the actions, you could use indefinite subjects. Alternate translation: “in every side someone pressing us in, but not crushing us; feeling perplexed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
4:8 wqg9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure ἐν παντὶ θλιβόμενοι 1 Here, the phrase **in every {side}** could go with: (1) all the statements in this verse and the following verse. Alternate translation: “in every situation experiencing these things: being pressed in” (2) just the first statement about **being pressed in, but not being crushed**. Alternate translation: “being pressed in on every side” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
4:8 vhjn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν παντὶ 1 Here, the word **every** indicates that what Paul is about to describe happens often or in many situations. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “in every situation” or “at many times” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:8 fi9c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor θλιβόμενοι, ἀλλ’ οὐ στενοχωρούμενοι 1 Here Paul speaks as if he and those with him were physically being **pressed in** by other people but not **being crushed** by them. He speaks in this way to indicate that other people are making his life difficult or trying to hurt him, but they are not fully succeeding. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable figure of speech or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “being pushed, but not being knocked over” or “being mistreated, but not being harmed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4:9 bz8m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive διωκόμενοι, ἀλλ’ οὐκ ἐνκαταλειπόμενοι; καταβαλλόμενοι, ἀλλ’ οὐκ ἀπολλύμενοι 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who does the actions, you could use indefinite subjects for **persecuted** and **thrown down**, or you could indicate that God is the one who does not “forsake.” Alternate translation: “someone persecuting us, but God not forsaking us; someone throwing us down, but we not perishing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
4:9 uvq1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor καταβαλλόμενοι 1 Here, Paul speaks as if people physically push him and those with him so that they fall down. By speaking in this way, he is referring to any time people act against or bully him and those with him, which may or may not be physical. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “being bullied” or “being attacked” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4:10 zt4b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τὴν νέκρωσιν τοῦ Ἰησοῦ ἐν τῷ σώματι περιφέροντες 1 Here Paul speaks as if **the dying of Jesus** were an object that he and those with him could “carry around.” He could speak in this way to indicate that: (1) he experiences suffering and pain that are like the **dying of Jesus**. Alternate translation: “experiencing in the body dying that is like the dying of Jesus” (2) he and those with him proclaim the **dying of Jesus** both by what they say and what they do (**in the body**). Alternate translation: “proclaiming in the body the dying of Jesus” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4:10 ethc τῷ σώματι & τῷ σώματι ἡμῶν 1 Here, the word **body** is a singular noun that refers to the “bodies” of Paul and those with him. It may be more natural in your language to use a plural form. Alternate translation: “the bodies … our bodies” or “each of our bodies … each of our bodies”
4:10 rnup rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὴν νέκρωσιν τοῦ Ἰησοῦ 1 Here Paul uses the possessive form to describe the **dying** that **Jesus** experienced. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea in another way. Alternate translation: “the death that Jesus experienced” or “how Jesus died” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
4:10 l6f6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit καὶ ἡ ζωὴ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ ἐν τῷ σώματι ἡμῶν φανερωθῇ 1 Here, the “revelation” of **the life of Jesus** in **our body** could mean that: (1) the **life** that Jesus has will become the life that they too have. In other words, like Jesus resurrected, they too will resurrect. Alternate translation: “we too might experience in our body the new life that Jesus has” (2) they “reveal” the fact that Jesus is alive. In other words, by **carrying around** Jesus’ death, they also reveal his resurrection. Alternate translation: “we might reveal in our body the resurrection of Jesus” (3) they are delivered from the sufferings that they experience so that they have **life** from **Jesus**. Alternate translation: “we might experience life from Jesus when we are delivered from suffering in our body” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:10 w3jc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive καὶ ἡ ζωὴ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ ἐν τῷ σώματι ἡμῶν φανερωθῇ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who does the action, Paul implies that “God” does it. Alternate translation: “God might reveal in our body the life of Jesus also” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
4:10 k10l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἡ ζωὴ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ 1 Here Paul uses the possessive form to describe **life** that could: (1) belong to **Jesus**. In other words, it is his resurrection life. Alternate translation: “the life that Jesus has” (2) come from **Jesus**. Alternate translation: “life from Jesus” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
4:10 j23j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἡ ζωὴ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **life**, you could express the idea by using a verb such as “live.” Alternate translation: “how Jesus lives” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
4:11 vivg rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 Here, the word **for** introduces a clarification of what Paul said in [4:10](../04/10.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a clarification. Alternate translation: “in fact,” or “in other words,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
4:11 l1xk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἀεὶ & ἡμεῖς, οἱ ζῶντες & παραδιδόμεθα 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who does the action, Paul implies that “God” does it. Alternate translation: “God is always handing us, being alive, over” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
4:11 ggb5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous ἀεὶ & ἡμεῖς, οἱ ζῶντες & παραδιδόμεθα 1 Here, the phrase **being alive** identifies the situation in which the rest of Paul’s statement is true. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use words or phrases that makes this relationship clearer. Alternate translation: “we, during the time in which we are alive, are always being handed over” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous]])
4:11 ht74 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἀεὶ & εἰς θάνατον παραδιδόμεθα 1 Here Paul speaks as if he and those with him were objects that someone could “hand over” to **death**. He means that they are under the power of **death** or are experiencing things related to death, like suffering and hardship. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “are always experiencing what relates to death” or “are always under death’s power” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4:11 admc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns εἰς θάνατον 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **death**, you could express the idea by using a verb such as “die.” Alternate translation: “so that we might die” or “to die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
4:11 wt5i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit διὰ Ἰησοῦν 1 Here, the phrase **for the sake of Jesus** could indicate that Paul and those with him **are always being handed over to death**: (1) to serve **Jesus**. Alternate translation: “in order to serve Jesus” (2) because of **Jesus**, particularly because they preach about him. Alternate translation: “because of Jesus” or “because we proclaim Jesus” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:11 d1wm ἵνα καὶ ἡ ζωὴ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ φανερωθῇ ἐν τῇ θνητῇ σαρκὶ ἡμῶν 1 Here Paul uses words and ideas that are very similar to what he used in the second part of [4:10](../04/10.md). You should express the idea much as you did in that verse.
4:11 ww5r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive καὶ ἡ ζωὴ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ φανερωθῇ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who does the action, Paul implies that “God” does it. Alternate translation: “God might reveal also the life of Jesus” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
4:11 r513 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἡ ζωὴ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **life**, you could express the idea by using a verb such as “live.” Alternate translation: “how Jesus lives” or “the fact that Jesus lives” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
4:11 kucp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy τῇ θνητῇ σαρκὶ ἡμῶν 1 Here, the phrase **mortal flesh** refers to people who will die. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that describes people as those who will die. Alternate translation: “in us who will die” or “our mortal bodies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
4:12 dc7q rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ὥστε 1 Here, the phrase **So then** introduces a conclusion that is based on [4:7–11](../04/07.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces the conclusion to a section. Alternate translation: “Therefore” or “In the end” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
4:12 q3il rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification ὁ θάνατος ἐν ἡμῖν ἐνεργεῖται, ἡ δὲ ζωὴ ἐν ὑμῖν 1 Here Paul speaks of **death** and **life** as if they were persons who could “work.” He means that he and those with experience things related to **death**, while the Corinthians experience things related to **life**. Alternate translation: “we experience death, but you experience life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
4:12 r5se rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ὁ θάνατος ἐν ἡμῖν ἐνεργεῖται, ἡ δὲ ζωὴ ἐν ὑμῖν 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **death** and **life**, you could express the ideas by using verbs such as “die” and “live.” Alternate translation: “we are dying, but you are living” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
4:12 n7or rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit δὲ 1 Here Paul may be: (1) simply contrasting **death** and **life**. Alternate translation: “but on the other hand,” (2) indicating that the **death** in them leads to the **life in you**. Alternate translation: “but so that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:12 tvne rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ἡ & ζωὴ ἐν ὑμῖν 1 This clause leaves out some words that many languages might need to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the first half of the verse. Alternate translation: “life works in you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
4:12 albz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἡ & ζωὴ 1 Here, the word **life** could refer: (1) specifically to resurrection life, which the Corinthians will receive. Alternate translation: “eternal life” (2) generally to being alive and not experiencing suffering or dangerous things. Alternate translation: “the experience of life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:13 jqmm rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases δὲ 1 Here, the word **But** could introduce: (1) a development or new idea. Alternate translation: “Further,” (2) a contrast with the “death” that works in them. Alternate translation: “On the other hand,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
4:13 cckc rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ἔχοντες 1 Here, the word **having** introduces a reason or cause for why **we also believe** and **speak**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this relationship more explicit. Alternate translation: “because we have” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
4:13 ret6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὸ αὐτὸ πνεῦμα τῆς πίστεως 1 Here Paul uses the possessive to refer a **spirit** that could: (1) be characterized by **faith**. Alternate translation: “the same believing spirit” (2) give or cause **faith**. Alternate translation: “the same spirit that gives faith” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
4:13 wrr3 τὸ αὐτὸ πνεῦμα 1 Here, the word **spirit** could refer to: (1) a human spirit or attitude, which is characterized by faith. Alternate translation: “the same attitude” (2) the Holy Spirit, who gives **faith**. Alternate translation: “the same Holy Spirit”
4:13 ery0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὸ αὐτὸ πνεῦμα τῆς πίστεως 1 Here, the word **same** could indicate that: (1) this is the **same spirit** that the person who wrote the quotation had. Alternate translation: “the same spirit of the faith that the psalmist had,” (2) this is the **same spirit** that the Corinthians also have. Alternate translation: “the same spirit of the faith that you have,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:13 qma7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῆς πίστεως 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faith**, you could express the idea by using a verb such as “believe” or “trust.” Alternate translation: “that believes” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
4:13 gzf4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive τὸ γεγραμμένον 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who does the action, you can express it so that the scripture or scripture author writes or speaks the words. Alternate translation: “what the psalmist wrote” or “to what the psalm says” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
4:13 il5h rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations κατὰ τὸ γεγραμμένον 1 In Paul’s culture, **according to {what} has been written** was a normal way to introduce a quotation from an important text, in this case, the Old Testament book titled “Psalms” (see [Psalm 116:10](../psa/116/10.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from Psalms. Alternate translation: “as it can be read in the Old Testament,” or “as it says in the book of Psalms,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
4:14 sfxb rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result εἰδότες 1 Here, the word **knowing** introduces a reason for what Paul said that he and those with him do (see [4:13](../04/13.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this relationship more explicit. Alternate translation: “since we know” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
4:14 ruov rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ὁ ἐγείρας 1 Here, the word **one** refers to God the Father, who **raised Jesus**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make explicit what the pronoun refers to. Alternate translation: “God who raised” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
4:14 t2i8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ὁ ἐγείρας τὸν Ἰησοῦν, καὶ ἡμᾶς & ἐγερεῖ 1 Paul uses the words **raised** and **raise** to refer to someone who had previously died coming back to life. If your language does not use these words to describe coming back to life, you could express the idea plainly. Alternate translation: “the one having restored Jesus to life will also restore us to life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
4:14 zd0j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit σὺν Ἰησοῦ 1 Here, the phrase **with Jesus** could indicate that the Paul and those with him will: (1) be where **Jesus** is. Alternate translation: “to be where Jesus is” (2) be resurrected as **Jesus** was. Alternate translation: “as he raised Jesus” (3) be joined with **Jesus**. Alternate translation: “together with Jesus” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:15 w37z rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** introduces an explanation of what Paul has said in [4:7–14](../04/07.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces an explanation, or you could leave **For** untranslated. Alternate translation: “Indeed,” or “In fact,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
4:15 v7sj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὰ & πάντα δι’ ὑμᾶς 1 Here, the phrase **all these things** refers to everything that Paul and those with him do and experience as they preach the gospel, including their sufferings (see [4:7–12](../04/07.md)) and the message that they preach (see [4:13–14](../04/13.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you make the idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “everything I have described is for your sake” or “everything I have referred to is for your sake” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:15 wl88 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἡ χάρις 1 Here Paul implies that the **grace** comes from God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “grace from God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:15 lg1l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἡ χάρις 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **grace**, you could express the idea by using an adjective such as “gracious.” Alternate translation: “how God is gracious” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
4:15 xdxk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit διὰ τῶν πλειόνων 1 Here, the phrase **through more and more** could indicate that: (1) the **grace** increases by being received by **more** people. Alternate translation: “among more and more people” (2) the **grace** increases because God uses **more** situations and experiences to spread the gospel. Alternate translation: “by means of more and more service” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:15 u8pp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὴν εὐχαριστίαν περισσεύσῃ εἰς τὴν δόξαν τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **thanksgiving** and **glory**, you could express the ideas by using verbs such as “thank” and “glorify.” Alternate translation: “may cause people to abound in thanking God to glorify him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
4:15 zt5h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession εἰς τὴν δόξαν τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Here Paul uses the possessive form to describe **glory** that **God** receives. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea in another way. Alternate translation: “to glory for God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
4:16 u6e5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result διὸ 1 Here, the word **So** introduces an inference or conclusion based on what Paul has said, probably focusing on what he said in [4:7–15](../04/07.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces an inference or conclusion from a previous section. Alternate translation: “So then,” or “Because of all that,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
4:16 p7pv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit οὐκ ἐνκακοῦμεν 1 See you how translated the word **discouraged** in [4:1](../04/01.md). It refer to: (1) losing motivation and confidence. Alternate translation: “we do not lose hope” (2) becoming tired or exhausted. Alternate translation: “we do not become tired” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:16 cb92 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact εἰ καὶ 1 Here Paul is speaking as if **our outer man is decaying** were a hypothetical possibility, but he means that it is actually true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might misunderstand and think that what Paul is saying is not certain, then you could express the idea by indicating that **our outer man** is indeed **decaying**. Alternate translation: “despite the fact that” or “although” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
4:16 hhv6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὁ ἔξω ἡμῶν ἄνθρωπος 1 Here, the phrase **outer man** could refer to: (1) the part of the person that others can observe and see. Alternate translation: “our observable part” or “our external part” (2) the physical part of the person. Alternate translation: “our body” or “our physical part” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:16 pnms rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ἄνθρωπος & ἔσω 1 Although the word **man** is masculine, Paul is using it to refer to any person, either man or woman. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word that applies to both men and women or you could refer to both genders. Alternate translation: “person … inner person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
4:16 jcra ἄνθρωπος διαφθείρεται & ἔσω & ἀνακαινοῦται 1 Here the author is speaking of **outer** and **inner** “men” in general, not of one particular **man**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that refers to “men” or “people” in general. Alternate translation: “men are decaying … inner men are being renewed” or “persons are decaying … outer persons are being renewed”\n
4:16 vliu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor διαφθείρεται 1 Here Paul speaks as if the **outer man** were a dead thing that was **decaying**. He speaks in this way to indicate that the **outer man** is in the process of dying or passing away. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is dying” or “is passing away” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4:16 s9b2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὁ ἔσω ἡμῶν 1 Here, the phrase **inner {man}** could refer to: (1) the part of the person that others cannot observe and see. Alternate translation: “our hidden part” or “our inward part” (2) the spiritual part of the person. Alternate translation: “our heart” or “our spiritual part” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:16 zct5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ὁ ἔσω ἡμῶν ἀνακαινοῦται 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who does the action, Paul implies that “God” does it. Alternate translation: “God is renewing our inner man” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
4:17 no4a rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** introduces a reason why Paul and those with him “do not become discouraged” (see [4:16](../04/16.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a reason for a previous statement. Alternate translation: “We do not become discouraged because” or “We do that because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
4:17 e4s0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὸ & παραυτίκα ἐλαφρὸν τῆς θλίψεως ἡμῶν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **affliction**, you could express the idea by using a verb such as “afflict” or “suffer.” Alternate translation: “how we are afflicted in light and momentary ways” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
4:17 pd63 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐλαφρὸν τῆς θλίψεως & αἰώνιον βάρος δόξης 1 Here Paul describes **affliction** and **glory** as if they were objects that could be **light** or have **weight**. He speaks in this way to indicate how unimportant or insignificant the **affliction** is compared with how important or significant the **glory** is. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “small affliction … an eternal, great glory” or “insignificant affliction … an eternal, significant glory” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4:17 jzhi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor κατεργάζεται ἡμῖν 1 Here Paul speaks as if the **affliction** were a process that was **producing** the **glory**. He means that the **affliction** leads to **glory** for **us**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is leading us to” or “is enabling us to gain” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4:17 qv6f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession αἰώνιον βάρος δόξης 1 Here Paul uses the possessive form to describe **an eternal weight** that is made up of **glory**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea in another way. Alternate translation: “an eternal weight that is glory” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
4:17 xg92 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns δόξης 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **glory**, you could express the idea by using an adjective such as “glorious” or “great.” Alternate translation: “of what is great” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
4:17 na9y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit καθ’ ὑπερβολὴν εἰς ὑπερβολὴν 1 Here, the phrase **far beyond all comparison** identifies something that is much greater than anything else. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that identifies something that is greatest or most amazing. Alternate translation: “that is greater than anything” or “that is the greatest of all” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:18 thyv rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result μὴ σκοπούντων ἡμῶν 1 Here, the phrase **We are not watching** could introduce: (1) a result or inference from what Paul said about “affliction” and “glory” in [4:17](../04/17.md). Alternate translation: “Therefore, we are not watching” (2) what Paul does while he experiences the “affliction” he mentions in [4:17](../04/17.md). Alternate translation: “That is true while we are not watching” (3) the reason why the “affliction” leads to “glory” in [4:17](../04/17.md). Alternate translation: “That is true because we are not watching” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
4:18 fp4f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit μὴ σκοπούντων 1 Here, the word **watching** refers specifically to focusing on something or paying close attention to something. It does not require the attention or focus to be visual. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that refers to non-visual focus or attention. Alternate translation: “are not focusing on” or “are not concentrating on” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:18 t2fp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive τὰ βλεπόμενα, ἀλλὰ τὰ μὴ βλεπόμενα 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, you could refer to “we” or to people in general. Alternate translation: “the things that people see, but the things that people do not see” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
4:18 f97x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ἀλλὰ τὰ μὴ βλεπόμενα 1 This clause leaves out some words that many languages might need to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the first half of the sentence. Alternate translation: “but we are watching the things not being seen” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
4:18 hbrg rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** introduces a reason why **We** are **watching** the things that are not seen. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different word or phrase that introduces further explanation. Alternate translation: “We do that because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
4:18 kx7m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive τὰ γὰρ βλεπόμενα & τὰ δὲ μὴ βλεπόμενα 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, you could refer to “we” or to people in general. Alternate translation: “For the things that people see … but the things that people do not see” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
5:intro s14p 0 # 2 Corinthians 5 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n4. Paul’s ministry (2:14–7:4)\n * Confidence in the resurrection (5:1–10)\n * The gospel (5:11–6:2)\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Resurrection bodies\n\nIn [5:1–5](../05/01.md), Paul speaks about new bodies that believers will receive when Jesus comes back. Right now, he and those with him “groan” while they have their current bodies. That is because these bodies are weak and will eventually die. However, Paul and those with him do not want to just get rid of their bodies. Rather, they are looking forward expectantly to receiving new bodies that will not die. Paul expresses these ideas by using building and clothing language. See the sections below that address how this language functions. Make sure that your translation clearly contrasts old bodies with new bodies and does not suggest that Paul just wants to get rid of his body. \n\n### The intermediate state?\n\nIn [5:6–9](../05/06.md), Paul speaks about being “away from the body” and “with the Lord.” As the previous section has illustrated, Paul’s goal is to have a new body, not to be “away from the body.” So, what is he referring to here? There are three primary options. First, many Christians believe that Paul is talking about the time period between when a believer dies and when Jesus comes back. During this time period, the believer does not have a body but is with Jesus in heaven. Then, when Jesus comes back, the believer receives a new body. Second, some Christians believe that Paul is talking about how believers receive new bodies immediately after they die. In other words, the next thing that a believer experiences after he or she dies is Jesus’ return. In this case, there is no time period between death and resurrection. Third, some Christians believe that Paul is speaking about how believers receive a temporary body for the time they are in heaven with Jesus before he comes back. If possible, your translation should allow for all three of these interpretations. Make sure that you include at least option one, since this is the option that most Christians believe. \n\n### New creation\n\nIn [5:17](../05/17.md), Paul speaks about how being “in Christ” leads to “new creation,” with “old things” passing away and “new things” coming. Paul uses very general language, and the “new creation” could identify the person who is “in Christ” or everything that God is making “new.” If it is about people primarily, Paul’s point is that they are made “new” when they are in Christ. If it is about the world in general, Paul’s point is that God makes the world “new” in Christ, and people experience this “new creation” when they too are in Christ. Since Paul’s language is so general, it is best to express the idea in such a way that both of these interpretations are possible. If you must choose one, most interpreters think that Paul is focusing on people here. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/creation]])\n\n### Reconciliation\n\nIn [5:18–20](../05/18.md), Paul speaks about how God “reconciles” people to himself and gives the “ministry of reconciliation” to Paul and those with him. The word “reconcile” refers to how someone restores a relationship with someone else so that they can be together again. In other words, when someone does something that breaks or hurts a relationship, “reconciliation” heals the broken relationship. Consider how you might naturally express this idea in your language. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/reconcile]])\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in this Chapter\n\n### Bodies as homes\n\nIn [5:1–9](../05/01.md), Paul speaks about bodies as if they were homes. He identifies current earthly bodies as “tents,” which indicates that they do not last. He identifies resurrection bodies as “buildings” that God makes. Paul uses the language of “home” to indicate that people belong in bodies and not without bodies. However, he does seem to think th
5:1 p7b7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** could introduce: (1) an explanation of what Paul said in [4:18](../04/18.md). Alternate translation: “In fact,” (2) an example or illustration of what Paul said in [4:18](../04/18.md). Alternate translation: “For example,” (3) a basis for what Paul said in [4:18](../04/18.md). Alternate translation: “That is because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
5:1 v03z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive οἴδαμεν & ἡμῶν & ἔχομεν 1 Here and throughout this chapter, Paul uses the first person plural. See the chapter introduction for more information on how to translate these words. Here, the words **we** and **our** could refer to: (1) just Paul and those with him. Paul is focusing on himself and those with him, but he does not mean to exclude the Corinthians entirely. Alternate translation: “we who preach the gospel … our … we have” (2) Paul and everyone who believes, including the Corinthians. Alternate translation: “all of us know … our … we have” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
5:1 la71 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact ἐὰν 1 Here, the word **if** could introduce: (1) something that Paul thinks will definitely happen, but he is not sure when. Alternate translation: “whenever” (2) something that Paul thinks might happen. Alternate translation: “even if” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
5:1 z4vs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor ἡ ἐπίγειος ἡμῶν οἰκία τοῦ σκήνους καταλυθῇ, οἰκοδομὴν ἐκ Θεοῦ ἔχομεν, οἰκίαν ἀχειροποίητον αἰώνιον ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς 1 Here Paul speaks as if a person’s body were a **house**, **tent**, or **building** that the person lives in. This was a common way to refer to a person’s body in Paul’s culture. He identifies the current body as a **tent** that is **torn down** because this body will die. He describes the body that a person will have when God resurrects them as a **building from God** and an **eternal house** that is **not made with hands**. This is an important metaphor in [5:1–9](../05/01.md), so preserve the **house**, **tent**, and **building** language if possible. If it would be helpful, you could use a simile or identify what the **house** is in another natural way. Alternate translation: “our earthly house of this tent, that is, our mortal body, is torn down, we have a building from God, that is, our resurrection body, an eternal house in the heavens, not made with hands” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor]])
5:1 zy2k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἡ ἐπίγειος ἡμῶν οἰκία τοῦ σκήνους καταλυθῇ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who does the action, you could use an indefinite subject. Alternate translation: “someone tears down our earthly house of this tent” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
5:1 bvz6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἡ ἐπίγειος ἡμῶν οἰκία τοῦ σκήνους 1 Here, Paul uses the possessive form identify the **earthly house** as a **tent**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural form. Alternate translation: “our earthly house, which is a tent,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
5:1 gz3c ἡ ἐπίγειος ἡμῶν οἰκία τοῦ σκήνους καταλυθῇ, οἰκοδομὴν & οἰκίαν & αἰώνιον 1 Here and throughout [5:1–8](../05/01.md), Paul uses the singular form to refer to “bodies” in general, sometimes described as buildings or clothing. See the chapter introduction for more information. Consider what would be natural in your language and use that form throughout these verses. Alternate translation: “our earthly houses of these tents are torn down … buildings … eternal houses”
5:1 xifl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς 1 Many people in Paul’s culture believed that the space that they called “heaven” contained multiple layers or spheres of individual heavens. Here, Paul refers to how the **eternal house** can be found **in the heavens**. Since Paul does not include details about the heavens, translate **heavens** with a word or phrase that refers to all of heavenly space, including the idea of multiple heavens if possible. Alternate translation: “in the heavenly realm” or “in the heavenly spaces” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
5:1 bqi5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche ἀχειροποίητον 1 Here, the word **hands** refers to the main part of the body that we use to make things. So, the phrase refers to the whole person who makes things. If it would be helpful in your language, you could clarify that **hands** refers to “humans” in general, not just their hands. Alternate translation: “not made by humans” or “not made by people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
5:1 bbvr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἀχειροποίητον 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “which hands did not make” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
5:2 mt4s rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases καὶ γὰρ 1 Here, the phrase **For indeed** indicates that Paul is adding more information (**indeed**) that supports what he said in the previous verse (**For**). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use words that introduce added information that supports a previous statement. Alternate translation: “Further” or “And in fact” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
5:2 tc2j rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ἐν τούτῳ 1 Here, the phrase **in this** could refer to: (1) the earthly house that is a tent, that is, the person’s current body. Alternate translation: “in this tent” or “in our bodies on earth” (2) the current time period. Alternate translation: “right now” or “in this time” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
5:2 yg6y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor ἐν τούτῳ στενάζομεν, τὸ οἰκητήριον ἡμῶν τὸ ἐξ οὐρανοῦ ἐπενδύσασθαι ἐπιποθοῦντες 1 Here Paul continues to refer to mortal bodies and resurrection bodies as “houses” or “dwellings.” You should express the idea as you did in [5:1](../05/01.md). Paul also begins to refer to receiving new, resurrection bodies as if they were clothing that people could put on. This also is an important figure of speech for the following verses, so preserve the language if possible. If it is necessary, you could use a simile or express the idea in another natural way that fits with the “building” language. Alternate translation: “in this house, that is, our mortal body, we groan, longing to completely live in our dwelling that is from heaven, that is, our resurrection body” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor]])
5:2 ss6g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐπενδύσασθαι 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who will do the action, Paul implies that “God” will do it. Alternate translation: “for God to fully clothe us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
5:3 bjau rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor ἐνδυσάμενοι, οὐ γυμνοὶ εὑρεθησόμεθα 1 Here Paul continues to speak of bodies as if they were clothing. You should express the idea as you did in [5:2](../05/02.md). Alternate translation: “we have a house to live in, we will not be found homeless” or “having a new body that is like clothing, we will not be found naked, that is, without a body” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor]])
5:3 da0z rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact εἴ γε & ἐνδυσάμενοι 1 Here Paul is speaking as if **having clothed ourselves** were a hypothetical possibility, but he means that it will actually be true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might misunderstand and think that what Paul is saying is not certain, then you could express the idea by using a word such as “when” or “whenever.” Alternate translation: “when indeed we have clothed ourselves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
5:3 i4es ἐνδυσάμενοι 1 Here Paul could mean that: (1) **we** clothe **ourselves**. Alternate translation: “we clothe ourselves” (2) God clothes “us.” Alternate translation: “God clothes us”
5:3 ap7v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive οὐ & εὑρεθησόμεθα 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Paul uses the passive form to focus on the state of being **naked** rather than on who “finds” them, so you should avoid stating a subject for **found**. Alternate translation: “we will not be” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
5:4 zvz8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases καὶ γὰρ 1 Here, the phrase **For indeed** indicates that Paul is adding more information (**indeed**) that supports what he said in the previous two verses (**For**). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use words that introduce added information that supports a previous statement. Alternate translation: “Further” or “And in fact” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
5:4 bz6k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor οἱ ὄντες ἐν τῷ σκήνει & οὐ θέλομεν ἐκδύσασθαι, ἀλλ’ ἐπενδύσασθαι 1 Here Paul continues to speak of bodies as buildings and clothing. You should express the ideas as you did in [5:1–3](../05/01.md). Alternate translation: “the ones being in this tent, that is, our mortal body … we do not want to be homeless, but to have a home” or “the ones being in this tent, that is, this body … we do not want to have no body, which is like being unclothed, but to have a resurrection body, which is like being fully clothed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor]])
5:4 e34b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor βαρούμενοι 1 Here Paul speaks as if he and those with were carrying a heavy “burden.” He means that something is making their lives difficult. The “burden” could be: (1) how the **tent**, that is, their current bodies, fall apart and die. Alternate translation: “being distressed by it” (2) how other people situations make life hard for them. Alternate translation: “being troubled by many people and things” or “being oppressed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
5:4 g9yu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive βαρούμενοι 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that either the **tent** (their mortal bodies) or other people and things did it. Make sure your translation fits with how you chose to express the metaphor in the previous note. Alternate translation: “the tent burdening us” or “many people and things burdening us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
5:4 f8rb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive οὐ θέλομεν ἐκδύσασθαι, ἀλλ’ ἐπενδύσασθαι 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Paul uses the passive form to focus on the state of being **unclothed** or **clothed** rather than on whoever clothes or unclothes them, so you should avoid stating a subject for **unclothed** and **clothed**. Alternate translation: “we do not want to be naked, but to have clothes on” or “we do not want to have no clothing, but to wear clothing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
5:4 nezo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ἀλλ’ ἐπενδύσασθαι 1 This clause leaves out some words that many languages might need to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from earlier in the verse. Alternate translation: “but we want to be fully clothed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
5:4 n78p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj τὸ θνητὸν 1 Paul is using the adjective **mortal** as a noun in order to refer to all bodies that are **mortal**. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this one with a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “the mortal bodies” or “what is mortal” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
5:4 e5zi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive καταποθῇ τὸ θνητὸν ὑπὸ τῆς ζωῆς 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “life may swallow up the mortal” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
5:4 de2b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor καταποθῇ 1 Here Paul refers to **the mortal** as if it were food that could be **swallowed up**. This illustrates that **the mortal** has been defeated as surely as if **life** devoured it as food. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “may be destroyed” or “may be taken over” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
5:4 y0db rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῆς ζωῆς 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **life**, you could express the idea by using a verb such as “live” or an adjective such as “alive.” Alternate translation: “what is alive” or “what lives” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
5:5 x35l rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases δὲ 1 Here, the word **Now** introduces a development of the ideas from the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a development, or you could leave **Now** untranslated. Alternate translation: “Further,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
5:5 m2id rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit κατεργασάμενος ἡμᾶς 1 Here, the phrase **having prepared** could refer to how God: (1) has acted in believers’ lives to get them ready for resurrection and new life. Alternate translation: “having gotten us ready” (2) created believers when they first began to live. Alternate translation: “having created” or “having made us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
5:5 xr9o rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns αὐτὸ τοῦτο 1 Here, the phrase **this very thing** refers back to what Paul said in the previous verse about receiving a new body in place of the one that people have now (see [5:4](../05/04.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could make what the phrase refers to more explicit. Alternate translation: “receiving resurrection bodies” or “this new life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
5:5 n20x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish ὁ δοὺς 1 Here Paul adding more information about **God**. He is not distinguishing between different gods. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that clearly adds information instead of distinguishing between people. Alternate translation: “and he has given” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
5:5 g7yj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τὸν ἀρραβῶνα τοῦ Πνεύματος 1 Here, Paul is speaking of the **Spirit** as if he were a **down payment**, that is, a partial payment for a purchase with a promise to pay the rest of the amount on a future date. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar phrase in [1:22](../01/22.md). Alternate translation: “a guarantee, which is the Spirit, that he will also give us eternal life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
5:5 kyyw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὸν ἀρραβῶνα τοῦ Πνεύματος 1 Here Paul uses the possessive form to the **down payment** as the **Spirit**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea in another way. Alternate translation: “the Spirit as a down payment” or “the down payment that is the Spirit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
5:6 clh5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result οὖν 1 Here, the word **Therefore** introduces a conclusion or inference from what Paul has said in [5:1–6](../05/01.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a conclusion or inference. Alternate translation: “Because of that” or “So” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
5:6 xjg3 καὶ εἰδότες 1 Here, the word **and** could introduce: (1) additional information. Alternate translation: “and also” (2) a reason why they are **courageous**. Alternate translation: “because we know” (3) something that is true even though they are **courageous**. Alternate translation: “even though we know”
5:6 bde4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure θαρροῦντες & πάντοτε, καὶ εἰδότες ὅτι ἐνδημοῦντες ἐν τῷ σώματι, ἐκδημοῦμεν ἀπὸ τοῦ Κυρίου; 1 Paul never gives a main verb to go with these statements. Instead, he introduces a parenthetical statement in the following verse and then ends the sentence. At the beginning of [5:8](../05/08.md), he repeats the word that is translated **courageous** here, which indicates that he is going to resume speaking about what he started speaking about in this verse. If you can clearly indicate that Paul does not finish this sentence, you could use that form here, as the ULT does by using a dash. If your readers would find this structure confusing, you could make this verse a complete thought on its own. Alternate translation: “we are always courageous and know that being at home in the body, we are away from the Lord,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
5:6 xv3m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor ἐνδημοῦντες ἐν τῷ σώματι, ἐκδημοῦμεν ἀπὸ τοῦ Κυρίου 1 Here Paul continues to refer to the **body** as if it were a building that a person could be **at home in**. Express the idea as you did in [5:1–2](../05/01.md). Alternate translation: “living in the body, as if it were a home, we are not present with the Lord” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor]])
5:6 ebl4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν τῷ σώματι 1 Paul implies that this **body** is the one that people have before they die. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this more explicit. Alternate translation: “in our current body” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
5:7 w885 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 Here, the word **for** introduces an explanation of what it means to be “away from the Lord” (see [5:6](../05/06.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces an explanation of a previous statement. Alternate translation: “that means that” or “thus,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
5:7 rfn4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor περιπατοῦμεν 1 Paul speaks of behavior in life as if it were “walking.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “we act” or “we live our lives” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
5:7 wok7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns διὰ πίστεως & οὐ διὰ εἴδους 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **faith** and **sight**, you could express the ideas by using verbs such as “believe” and “see.” Alternate translation: “by believing, not by seeing” or “by what we believe, not by what we see” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
5:7 n9el rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit διὰ πίστεως & οὐ διὰ εἴδους 1 Here, the words **faith** and **sight** could refer to: (1) the acts of “believing” or “seeing” Jesus the Messiah. Alternate translation: “by believing in Jesus, not by seeing him” (2) what is “believed” or “seen.” Alternate translation: “by what we believe, not by what we see” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
5:8 iq0j rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases δὲ 1 Here, the word **Now** introduces again what Paul started speaking about in [5:16(../05/06.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that resumes an earlier idea or thought. Alternate translation: “Again,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
5:8 npio καὶ 1 Here, the word **and** could introduce: (1) additional information. Alternate translation: “and also” (2) a contrast with how they are **confident**. Alternate translation: “but” (3) what it is that they are **confident** about. Alternate translation: “enough that we”
5:8 i3m3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor ἐκδημῆσαι ἐκ τοῦ σώματος καὶ ἐνδημῆσαι πρὸς τὸν Κύριον 1 Here Paul continues to refer to the **body** as if it were a building in which a person could be **at home**. Express the idea as you did in [5:6](../05/06.md). Alternate translation: “not to live in the body as if it were a home and to be present with the Lord” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor]])
5:8 bca2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐκδημῆσαι ἐκ τοῦ σώματος 1 Here, the word **body** refers to the body that people have before they die. The phrase **be away from the body** could refer to: (1) a temporary situation between when a believer dies and when Jesus comes back in which the believer does not have a body but is still **with the Lord**. Alternate translation: “to be without a body for now” (2) the eternal situation of believers, in which they either have no bodies or have new bodies. Alternate translation: “to be away from this body forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
5:9 owmc rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result διὸ καὶ 1 Here, the phrase **And therefore** introduces an inference or conclusion based on what Paul has already said, particularly in [5:6–8](../05/06.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces an inference or conclusion based on what has been said. Alternate translation: “Because of that,” or “And so” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
5:9 ml5j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit εἴτε ἐνδημοῦντες εἴτε ἐκδημοῦντες 1 Here Paul could be referring to how people are **at home** or **away** from: (1) the Lord. Alternate translation: “whether being at home with the Lord or being away from him” (2) this body. Alternate translation: “whether being at home in this body or being away from it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
5:9 gadz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor εἴτε ἐνδημοῦντες εἴτε ἐκδημοῦντες 1 Here Paul continues to refer a building in which a person could be **at home**. Express the idea as you did in [5:6](../05/06.md), [8](../05/08.md). Make sure that your translation matches fits with what you chose in the previous note about whether Paul implies “body” or “Lord” here. Alternate translation: “whether being in the body as if it were a home or out of the body” or “whether being present or being absent” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor]])
5:9 j1sl rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns αὐτῷ 1 Here, the word **him** refers to the “Lord” whom Paul mentioned in the previous verse, that is, Jesus. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make explicit what the pronoun refers to. Alternate translation: “to the Lord” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
5:10 k0qb rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** introduces a reason why Paul and those with him “aspire to be well-pleasing” to Jesus. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different word or phrase that introduces a reason for a previous statement. Alternate translation: “We aspire to that because” or “After all,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
5:10 awq4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive τοὺς & πάντας ἡμᾶς 1 Here, the word **us** could refer to: (1) Paul and everyone who believes, including the Corinthians. Alternate translation: “all of us who believe” (2) all humans. Alternate translation: “all people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
5:10 uv7o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive τοὺς & πάντας ἡμᾶς φανερωθῆναι 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul could be implying that: (1) we “reveal” ourselves. Alternate translation: “us all to reveal ourselves” or “us all to stand” (2) God “reveals” us. Alternate translation: “God to reveal us all” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
5:10 kdf2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἔμπροσθεν τοῦ βήματος τοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 Here, the phrase **judgment seat** refers to a raised seat that a judge or official would sit on when he or she was making official decisions. In Paul’s culture, people expected the Messiah to sit on this kind of seat when this world ends and decide whether to reward or punish people. Paul uses this idea to refer to how Jesus will “judge” **us all**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the idea more explicit or refer more directly to how **Christ** will “judge.” Alternate translation: “before the judgment seat that Christ will sit on when he returns” or “before Christ to be judged by him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
5:10 c499 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor κομίσηται & τὰ διὰ τοῦ σώματος 1 In this context, the phrase **receive back** refers to getting something in payment or in return for something else. Paul is speaking as if everyone **will receive back** as payment or recompense exactly what they did **through the body**. By this, Paul means that God will reward or punish everyone in a way that fits with what they did. If this figure of speech would be misunderstood in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “may receive a punishment or reward that fits what they did through the body” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
5:10 v8sl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive τὰ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that **each one** did it. Alternate translation: “what he or she has done” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
5:10 cr07 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom διὰ τοῦ σώματος 1 Here, the phrase **through the body** clarifies that **the {things done}** are what people did while they had mortal bodies and lived on this earth. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable expression that refers to what people do in their current bodies. Alternate translation: “with their earthly bodies” or “before they died” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
5:10 nhwf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit πρὸς ἃ ἔπραξεν 1 Here, the phrase **with regard to what things he did** introduces what **Christ** is judging. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “on the basis of what things he did” or “being judged based on what he did” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
5:10 izpv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ἔπραξεν 1 Although the word **he** is masculine, Paul is using it to refer to any person, either man or woman. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word that applies to both men and women or you could refer to both genders. Alternate translation: “he or she did” or “that person did” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
5:10 lsh8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit εἴτε ἀγαθὸν εἴτε κακὸν 1 Here, the words **good** or **bad** could describe: (1) the things that people did. Alternate translation: “whether those things were good or bad” (2) both the things that people did and what they **receive back**. Alternate translation: “whether good things deserving commendation or bad things deserving rebuke” (3) just what people **receive back**. Alternate translation: “whether reward or rebuke” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
5:11 hszo rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result οὖν 1 Here, the word **Therefore** introduces a conclusion or inference from what Paul has said in [5:10](../05/10.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a conclusion or inference. Alternate translation: “Because of that” or “So” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
5:11 dzh5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result εἰδότες 1 Here, the word **knowing** introduces a reason for why Paul and those with him **persuade men**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this relationship more explicit. Alternate translation: “since we know” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
5:11 pa4j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὸν φόβον τοῦ Κυρίου 1 Here Paul uses the possessive form to identify **fear** that is directed toward **the Lord**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea in another way. Alternate translation: “the fear that is directed to the Lord” or “the fear that we experience for the Lord” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
5:11 e0c9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὸν φόβον τοῦ Κυρίου 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **fear**, you could express the idea by using a verb such as “fear.” Alternate translation: “how we fear the Lord” or “what it is to fear the Lord” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
5:11 qm34 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἀνθρώπους πείθομεν 1 Here Paul could be implying that he “persuades” people: (1) to know **the fear of the Lord** as he and those with him do. Alternate translation: “we persuade men also to know the fear of the Lord” (2) to realize that he and those with him are people who know **the fear of the Lord** and are thus trustworthy. Alternate translation: “we persuade men that we are those who fear the Lord” or “we persuade men that we are trustworthy” (3) to accept the gospel. Alternate translation: “we persuade men to believe the gospel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
5:11 b7dd rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast δὲ 1 Here, the word **But** introduces a contrast with how they **persuade men**. In contrast with that, they do not need to persuade God, since they are already **clearly known** by him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that makes this relationship clear. Alternate translation: “On the other hand,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
5:11 v11v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Θεῷ & πεφανερώμεθα & πεφανερῶσθαι 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God knows us clearly … that you know us clearly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
5:11 qb7z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit πεφανερώμεθα & ἐν ταῖς συνειδήσεσιν ὑμῶν πεφανερῶσθαι 1 Here Paul does not state what it is about them that is **clearly known**. Paul implies that **God** knows that they are faithful to him and preach the good news properly. Paul wants the Corinthians to recognize this also. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “we are clearly known to be faithful … to be clearly known in your consciences as faithful” or “we are clearly known to preach the truth … to be clearly known in your consciences as one preaching the truth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
5:12 r7sg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure οὐ πάλιν ἑαυτοὺς συνιστάνομεν ὑμῖν, ἀλλὰ ἀφορμὴν διδόντες ὑμῖν καυχήματος ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν, ἵνα ἔχητε πρὸς τοὺς ἐν προσώπῳ καυχωμένους, καὶ μὴ ἐν καρδίᾳ 1 If your language would not naturally put the negative statement before the positive statement, you could reverse the order of the elements here. Alternate translation: “We are giving you an opportunity of boasting on our behalf, so that you may have an answer for the ones boasting in appearance and not in heart. It is not that we are again commending ourselves to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
5:12 ufwe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit πάλιν 1 Here, the word **again** implies that Paul and those with him had already “commended themselves” at some point in the past. Most likely, this happened when they first met the Corinthians. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that makes this more explicit. See how you translated the similar form in [3:1](../03/01.md). Alternate translation: “once more” or “again, like we did at first,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
5:12 c134 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἀφορμὴν & καυχήματος 1 Here Paul uses the possessive form to describe an **opportunity** that is for **boasting**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea in another way. Alternate translation: “an opportunity for boasting” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
5:12 e6k6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐν προσώπῳ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **appearance**, you could express the idea by using a verb such as “appear” or “look.” Alternate translation: “what people look like” or “how things appear” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
5:12 ikd5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis μὴ ἐν 1 This phrase leaves out some words that many languages might need to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from earlier in the sentence. Alternate translation: “not boasting in” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
5:12 it2r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἐν καρδίᾳ 1 In Paul’s culture, the **heart** is the place where humans think and feel. If it would be helpful in your language, you express the idea by referring to the place where humans think and feel in your culture or by using plain language. Alternate translation: “in mind” or “in who they really are” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
5:13 ys3l rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** introduces a further explanation of what Paul said “boasting” in the previous verse. In this verse, he indicates that he acts in certain ways **for** the Corinthians, even if he acts in other ways **for God**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces further explanation, or you could leave **For** untranslated. Alternate translation: “Further,” or “In fact,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
5:13 e4mp rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact εἴτε -1 Here, the word **if** in both places introduces situations that Paul thinks has happened. He is not using **if** to introduce things he thinks might happen. If your language does not use the conditional form for things that definitely happened, you could use another form that refers to alternate situations. Alternate translation: “whenever … whenever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
5:13 cy57 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ἐξέστημεν & σωφρονοῦμεν 1 Here Paul uses two opposite phrases. These phrases could contrast: (1) fanatical or extreme behavior with moderate or sane behavior. Alternate translation: “we are fanatical … we are moderate” (2) ecstatic or visionary behavior with rational or normal behavior. Alternate translation: “we see visions … we have control of our minds” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
5:13 b4ri rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Θεῷ & ὑμῖν 1 Here, the phrases **for God** and **for you** could indicate: (1) the people for whose benefit Paul is behaving in these ways. Alternate translation: “it is for God’s sake … it is for your sake” (2) the people to whom he directs his behavior. Alternate translation: “it is in our relationship with God … it is in our relationship with you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
5:14 a5w7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** introduces a reason why Paul acts in the ways that he does (see [5:13](../05/13.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different word or phrase that introduces a reason. Alternate translation: “We do those things because” or “We act in those ways because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
5:14 azi9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἡ & ἀγάπη τοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 Here Paul uses the possessive form to describe **love** that could be: (1) **love** that **Christ** has for Paul and those with him. Alternate translation: “the love Christ has for us” (2) **love** that Paul and those with him have for **Christ**. Alternate translation: “the love we have for Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
5:14 gjmd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἡ & ἀγάπη τοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **love**, you could express the idea by using a verb such as “love.” Make sure that your translation fits with the option you chose in the previous note about whose **love** this is. Alternate translation: “how Christ loves us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
5:14 l1y6 κρίναντας 1 Here, the phrase **having judged** could introduce: (1) what he and those with him think about how **the love of Christ controls** them. Alternate translation: “and we have judged” or “as we judge” (2) a reason why **the love of Christ controls** them. Alternate translation: “because we have judged”
5:14 ig7l rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns τοῦτο, ὅτι 1 Here, the word **this** refers to what Paul is about to say, what he introduces with the word **that**. This form was powerful in his culture. If it would not be powerful in your culture, and if your readers might find both **this** and **that** confusing, you could express the idea in another way. Alternate translation: “that” or “what follows:” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
5:14 nd9g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj εἷς 1 Paul is using the adjective **one** as a noun in order to refer to **Christ**, who is **one** person. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this one with a noun phrase, and you could make explicit to whom **one** refers. Alternate translation: “one human” or “one human, Christ,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
5:14 crsa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὑπὲρ 1 Here, the phrase **for the sake of** could indicate that Jesus **died**: (1) to benefit or help others. Alternate translation: “to save” or “for the benefit of” (2) instead of or in place of others. Alternate translation: “in place of” or “instead of” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
5:14 trmb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj πάντων & οἱ πάντες 1 Paul is using the adjective **all** as a noun in order to refer to **all** people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this one with a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “all humans … all humans” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
5:14 ocra rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo πάντων & οἱ πάντες 1 Here, the word **all** could refer in general to all humans, or it could refer more specifically to all humans who believe in Jesus. Since Paul did not clarify which he meant, if possible you also should use a general word that could be interpreted in either way. Alternate translation: “everyone … everyone” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]])
5:14 nezi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor οἱ πάντες ἀπέθανον 1 Here Paul speaks as if **all died** because or when Jesus **died**. Since the following verse states that some people are still “living,” he cannot mean that every person has physically **died**. He may mean that people have **died** to sin, or that they participated in how Christ **died**, or that who they used to be **died**. Since some or all of these interpretations are possible, preserve the metaphor or express the idea in a form that could allow for several of these interpretations, such as in simile form. Alternate translation: “in a way, all died” or “all died in a manner of speaking” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
5:15 h831 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὑπὲρ -1 Here, much as in [5:14](../05/14.md), the word **for** could indicate that Jesus **died**: (1) to benefit or help others. Alternate translation: “to save … to save” or “for the benefit of … for the benefit of” (2) instead of or in place of others. Alternate translation: “in place of … in place of” or “instead of … instead of” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
5:15 b5d1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj πάντων 1 Paul is using the adjective **all** as a noun in order to refer to **all** people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this one with a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “all humans” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
5:15 rbbw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo πάντων 1 Here, just as in [5:14](../05/14.md), the word **all** could refer in general to all humans, or it could refer more specifically to all humans who believe in Jesus. Express the idea as you did in [5:14](../05/14.md). Alternate translation: “everyone” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]])
5:15 s4yr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit οἱ ζῶντες 1 Here, the phrase **the ones living** could identify people who: (1) have spiritual life, that is, those who have received new life in Jesus. Alternate translation: “the ones having new life” (2) have physical life, that is, who have not died. Alternate translation: “those who are alive” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
5:15 bc7p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit μηκέτι ἑαυτοῖς ζῶσιν, ἀλλὰ τῷ 1 Here, to **live for** a person refers to acting in a way that pleases or fulfills that person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “should live no longer to please themselves, but to please the one” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
5:15 g9k4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ἀλλὰ τῷ 1 This clause leaves out some words that many languages might need to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the first half of the verse. Alternate translation: “but they should live for the one” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
5:15 ri6f rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns τῷ 1 Here, the word **one** refers to the same person that **he** refers to at the beginning of the verse: Jesus the Messiah. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make explicit to whom **one** refers. Alternate translation: “for the Messiah, the ones” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
5:15 h52q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ἐγερθέντι 1 Paul uses the word **raised** to refer to someone who had previously died coming back to life. If your language does not use this word to describe coming back to life, you could use a comparable idiom or express the idea plainly. Alternate translation: “having been restored to life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
5:15 aovc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive αὐτῶν & καὶ ἐγερθέντι 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that “God” did it. Alternate translation: “them, the one whom God raised” or “them, whom God raised” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
5:16 ic21 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ὥστε 1 Here, the word **Therefore** introduces an inference conclusion from what Paul has said, especially referring back to [5:14–15](../05/14.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces an inference from previous claims. Alternate translation: “So then” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
5:16 f2ww rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἀπὸ τοῦ νῦν & νῦν 1 Here, the word **now** could refer to: (1) the time when **we** believed. Alternate translation: “starting when we believed, … since then” (2) the time in which Paul was writing this letter. Alternate translation: “from the present moment on … right now” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
5:16 t1cc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom κατὰ σάρκα -1 Here Paul uses the phrase **according to the flesh** to refer to human ways of thinking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea by using a phrase that refers to human values or perspectives. Alternate translation: “according to human definitions … according to human definitions” or “according to what humans value … according to what humans value” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
5:16 y8mk rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact εἰ καὶ -1 Paul is speaking as **if** it were a possibility that **we regarded Christ according to the flesh** in the past, but he means that it is actually true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might think that what Paul is saying is not certain, then you can introduce the clause with a word or phrase such as “although” or “despite the fact that.” Alternate translation: “Even though” or “Despite the fact that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
5:17 yx28 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ὥστε 1 Here, the word **Therefore** could introduce an inference from: (1) [5:16](../05/16.md). In this case, Paul is saying that “regarding” Christ in a new ways indicates that a person is also a **new creation**. Alternate translation: “Regarding Christ in this new way shows that” (2) [5:14–15](../05/14.md). In this case, Paul is saying that how Christ died for people causes them to be a **new creation**. Alternate translation: “Because Christ died for people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
5:17 khzj rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical εἴ 1 Here Paul uses the conditional form to show that being **in Christ** leads to being **a new creation**. If the conditional form does not indicate a cause-and-effect relationship like this in your language, you could express the **if** statement in a way that does show the relationship. Alternate translation: “as long as” or “supposing that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]])
5:17 wark rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐν Χριστῷ 1 Paul uses the spatial metaphor **in Christ** to describe the union of believers with **Christ**. In this case, being **in Christ**, or united to Christ, indicates that a person believes in Christ and is a Christian. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that indicates that the person is a Christian, someone who is united to Christ. Alternate translation: “is a Christian” or “is united to Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
5:17 af1b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations καινὴ κτίσις 1 Although the word **he** is masculine, Paul is using it to refer to any person, either man or woman. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word that applies to both men and women or you could refer to both genders. Alternate translation: “that person is a new creation” or “he or she is a new creation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
5:17 tl3h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis καινὴ κτίσις 1 Here Paul does not directly what state what is **a new creation**. He could be implying that: (1) the person **in Christ** is a **new creation**. Alternate translation: “that person is a new creation” (2) the world is a **new creation**, and the person can experience that when he or she is **in Christ**. Alternate translation: “there is a new creation” or “that person experiences the new creation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
5:17 rt67 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns καινὴ κτίσις 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **creation**, you could express the idea by using a verb such as “create.” Paul could be focusing on: (1) what is created. Alternate translation: “he is something that God has newly created” (2) the act of creating. Alternate translation: “God has newly created him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
5:17 ue8f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὰ ἀρχαῖα & καινά 1 Here, the phrases **old things** and **new things** could refer to: (1) things that characterize a person and their life. Alternate translation: “The things of the old life … things of the new life” (2) the world and how a person experiences it. Alternate translation: “The things of the old world … things of the new world” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
5:17 vpe3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations ἰδοὺ 1 Here, the word **behold** draws the attention of the audience and asks them to listen carefully. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express **behold** with a word or phrase that asks the audience to listen. Alternate translation: “listen up” or “hear me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
5:17 d7i9 γέγονεν καινά 1 Here, the phrase **new things** could be: (1) the subject of **have come**. Alternate translation: “new things have happened” (2) the object of **have come**, and the subject is the person who is **in Christ**. Alternate translation: “he has become new”
5:17 izkz rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants γέγονεν καινά 1 Some early manuscripts include the word “all” in this clause, so that it reads, “all things have become new.” Consider whether translations that your readers might be familiar with include “all.” Otherwise, it is recommended that you follow the ULT here, since the best manuscripts do not include “all.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])
5:18 whyb rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases δὲ 1 Here, the word **Now** introduces a development of the ideas from the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a development, or you could leave **Now** untranslated. Alternate translation: “In fact,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
5:18 jyf7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὰ & πάντα 1 Here, the phrase **all these things** could refer to: (1) the “new creation” and “new things” that Paul mentioned in [5:17](../05/17.md). Alternate translation: “all these new things” (2) everything that exists. Alternate translation: “all things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
5:18 s1q2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish τοῦ καταλλάξαντος 1 Here Paul adding more information about **God**. He is not distinguishing between different gods. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that clearly adds information instead of distinguishing between people. Alternate translation: “and he has reconciled” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
5:18 u66s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὴν διακονίαν τῆς καταλλαγῆς 1 Here Paul uses the possessive form to identify a **ministry** whose goal or aim is **reconciliation**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea in another way. Alternate translation: “the ministry that accomplishes this reconciliation” or “the ministry that leads to this reconciliation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
5:18 lj2h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns δόντος ἡμῖν τὴν διακονίαν τῆς καταλλαγῆς 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **reconciliation**, you could express the idea by using a verb such as “reconcile.” Alternate translation: “having commissioned us to minister so that God reconciles people to himself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
5:19 o5j8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases ὡς ὅτι 1 Here, the phrase **namely, that** introduces more information about the “ministry of this reconciliation” that Paul mentioned in [5:18](../05/18.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces more information or further explanation. Alternate translation: “that is, that” or “and by this I mean that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
5:19 payo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure Θεὸς ἦν ἐν Χριστῷ & καταλλάσσων 1 Here, **in Christ** could modify: (1) **reconciling**, so that God **was reconciling** by means of or through **Christ**. In this case, Paul is saying something about how **God** accomplishes the reconciliation. Alternate translation: “in Christ God was reconciling” (2) **was**, so that God was **in Christ**, and he was **reconciling** while he was acting **in Christ**. In this case, Paul is saying something about the relationship between **Christ** and **God**, namely that **Christ** is **God**. Alternate translation: “God was in Christ, reconciling” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
5:19 sfrj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Θεὸς & ἐν Χριστῷ 1 Here Paul uses the spatial metaphor **in Christ** to describe the union of believers with **Christ**. In this case, being **in Christ**, or united to Christ, explains the means by which God accomplishes the “reconciliation.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that indicates that God “reconciles” people by uniting them to Christ. Alternate translation: “God, by uniting people to Christ,” or “God by means of Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
5:19 w1d1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy κόσμον 1 Here, the word **world** could refer to: (1) the people in the **world**. Alternate translation: “all people” (2) the **world** as a whole, including people, places, and things. Alternate translation: “everything he created” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
5:19 joj6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure μὴ λογιζόμενος αὐτοῖς τὰ παραπτώματα αὐτῶν, καὶ θέμενος ἐν ἡμῖν τὸν λόγον τῆς καταλλαγῆς 1 Here Paul may have intended that: (1) **not counting** and **having placed** both introduce ways that God **was reconciling**. Alternate translation: “and he did that by not counting their trespasses against them and by placing in us the word of reconciliation” (2) **not counting** further defines **reconciling**, and **having placed** introduces an action parallel to **reconciling**. Alternate translation: “that is, not counting their trespasses against them, and he was placing in us the word or reconciliation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
5:19 mckq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor μὴ λογιζόμενος αὐτοῖς τὰ παραπτώματα αὐτῶν 1 Here Paul speaks as if God could keep a “count” of people’s **trespasses**, which means that he would keep track of everything that a person did wrong in order to condemn them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that refers to keeping track of or condemning people for what they have done wrong. Alternate translation: “not keeping track of their trespasses” or “not using their trespasses to condemn them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
5:19 a1io rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns αὐτοῖς τὰ παραπτώματα αὐτῶν 1 Here, the words **their** and **them** refers to the people who live in **the world**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make explicit to whom these pronouns refer. Alternate translation: “the trespasses of the people in the world … them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
5:19 b62q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor θέμενος ἐν ἡμῖν 1 Here Paul speaks as if **the word of reconciliation** were an object that God would “place in” Paul and those with him. He means that God has called or commissioned them to proclaim this **word of reconciliation**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “having given to us” or “having called us to proclaim” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
5:19 om5s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy τὸν λόγον 1 Here, the word **word** represents what someone says in words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “the message” or “the news” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
5:19 ix97 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὸν λόγον τῆς καταλλαγῆς 1 Here Paul uses the possessive form to describe a **word** about **reconciliation**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea in another way. Alternate translation: “the word about reconciliation” or “the word concerning reconciliation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
5:19 zuoe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῆς καταλλαγῆς 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **reconciliation**, you could express the idea by using a verb such as “reconcile.” Alternate translation: “about how God reconciles the world” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
5:20 wg8f rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result οὖν 1 Here, the word **Therefore** introduces an inference from what Paul said in the previous verse about how God “placed in us the word of reconciliation” (see [5:19](../05/19.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces an inference or conclusion. Alternate translation: “Because of that” or “So then” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
5:20 q9u9 ὑπὲρ Χριστοῦ -1 Here, the phrase **on behalf of** could indicate that: (1) Paul and those with him represent **Christ**. Alternate translation: “who act for Christ … as those who act for Christ” (2) Paul and those with him act for the benefit of **Christ**. Alternate translation: “for the sake of Christ … for the sake of Christ”
5:20 uqy7 ὡς 1 Here, the phrase **as though** introduces the implication or meaning of being **ambassadors on behalf of Christ**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces an implication or explanation. Alternate translation: “and so” or “which means that”
5:20 lr70 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure παρακαλοῦντος δι’ ἡμῶν; δεόμεθα ὑπὲρ Χριστοῦ, καταλλάγητε τῷ Θεῷ 1 Here, the clause **We implore {you} on behalf of Christ** could be: (1) the introduction to what Paul and those with him say as God **is appealing** through them. Alternate translation: “is appealing through us as we implore you on behalf of Christ, ‘Be reconciled to God!’” (2) part of what **God is appealing through us**. Alternate translation: “is appealing through us when we say, ‘We implore you on behalf Christ: be reconciled to God!’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
5:20 me5z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit παρακαλοῦντος 1 Here Paul does not state to whom **God is appealing**. He could imply that he **is appealing** to: (1) everyone. Alternate translation: “is appealing to all people” (2) the Corinthians specifically. Alternate translation: “is appealing to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
5:20 eoef rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit δεόμεθα 1 Here what Paul says could be addressed to: (1) the Corinthians specifically. Alternate translation: “We implore you Corinthians on behalf of Christ” (2) every person with whom Paul and those with him speak. Alternate translation: “We implore everyone we meet” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
5:20 t7be rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations Χριστοῦ, καταλλάγητε τῷ Θεῷ 1 It may be more natural in your language to have an indirect quotation here. If you use the following alternate translation, you will need to remove the quotation marks. Alternate translation: “Christ that you should be reconciled to God!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
5:20 a6fx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive καταλλάγητε τῷ Θεῷ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who does the action, Paul could be implying that: (1) the Corinthians do it to themselves. Alternate translation: “Reconcile yourselves with God” (2) God does it. Alternate translation: “Let God reconcile you to himself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
5:21 jp2a rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns τὸν μὴ γνόντα ἁμαρτίαν & ἐποίησεν & ἐν αὐτῷ 1 Here, the words **one** and **him** refer to Jesus the Messiah. The word **he** refers to God the Father. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make explicit to whom these pronouns refer. Alternate translation: “Jesus, who did not know sin, God made … in Jesus” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
5:21 qim8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὸν μὴ γνόντα ἁμαρτίαν 1 Here, the phrase **having known sin** refers to committing or doing **sin**. It does not refer just to knowing about **sin**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that refers to committing **sin**. Alternate translation: “The one not having done sin” or “The one not having sinned” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
5:21 oxvb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἁμαρτίαν ἐποίησεν 1 Here Paul speaks as if God **made** Jesus **sin**. He could mean that God: (1) treated Jesus like he was a sinner. Alternate translation: “he regarded as a sinner” (2) identified Jesus with sinners and sin. Alternate translation: “he made like a sinner” (3) caused Jesus to be a sin offering. Alternate translation: “he made a sin offering” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
5:21 dmjk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν 1 Here, the phrase **for us** could indicate that God made Jesus **sin**: (1) to benefit or help **us**. Alternate translation: “for our sake” or “for our benefit” (2) instead of or in place of **us**. Alternate translation: “in place of us” or “instead of us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
5:21 pix7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἡμεῖς γενώμεθα δικαιοσύνη Θεοῦ 1 Here Paul speaks as if people could become **the righteousness of God**. He could mean that **we**: (1) share the **righteousness** that God gives to those who believe. Alternate translation: “we might share in the righteousness of God” (2) are declared “righteous” by God. Alternate translation: “we might be declared to have the righteousness of God” (3) become those who live “righteously.” Alternate translation: “we might act according to the righteousness of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
5:21 kmt9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession δικαιοσύνη Θεοῦ 1 Here Paul uses the possessive form to describe **righteousness** that could: (1) come from **God**. Alternate translation: “righteousness from God” (2) belong to **God**. Alternate translation: “God’s own righteousness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
5:21 ebz2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἡμεῖς γενώμεθα δικαιοσύνη Θεοῦ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **righteousness**, you could express the idea by using an adjective such as “righteous.” Make sure your translation fits with how you understand what **righteousness of God** means. Alternate translation: “God might make us righteous” or “we might be righteous because of what God does” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
5:21 cypg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐν αὐτῷ 1 Here Paul uses the spatial metaphor **in him** to describe the union of believers with Christ. In this case, being **in him**, or united to Christ, explains how people **become the righteousness of God**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that indicates that being united to Christ is the means by which people receive the **righteousness**. Alternate translation: “by being united to him” or “as God unites us to him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
6:intro f5qu 0 # 2 Corinthians 6 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\n4. Paul’s ministry (2:14–7:4)\n * The gospel (5:11–6:2)\n * Proofs of ministry (6:3–10)\n * Join with fellow believers, not unbelievers (6:11–7:4)\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the quotations from the Old Testament in [6:2](../06/02.md) and [6:16–18](../06/16.md).\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Commendation of ministry\n\nIn [6:3–4](../06/03.md), Paul tells the Corinthians that he avoids doing anything that would cause offense and lead to people blaming ministry. In fact, he and those with him “commend themselves” in many ways, and he provides a list of those ways in [6:4–10](../06/04.md). Paul commends their ministry in this way because other people in Corinth were claiming that Paul was not a good apostle or minister for Christ. They claimed that they were better ministers for Christ. Paul responds here by listing what he and those with him do and experience as true ministers of Christ. Make sure that you express the list so that it shows that Paul and those with him are true ministers of Christ. \n\n## Important Figures of Speech in this Chapter\n\n### “Weapons of righteousness”\n\nIn [6:7](../06/07.md), Paul states that he and with him “weapons of righteousness” for both hands. He could mean that “righteousness”: (1) is the “weapons” (2) is defended by the “weapons” (3) characterizes the “weapons.” Also the idea that the “weapons” are for both hands could indicate that: (1) Paul and those with him have an offensive weapon in one hand and a defensive weapon in the other hand (2) Paul and those with him can defend against enemies coming from any direction. Paul does not state whom he is fighting against with these “weapons,” but it is probably sin, evil powers, and people who oppose his ministry. See the notes on this verse for translation options. \n\n### “Opening” the heart\n\nIn [6:11–13](../06/11.md), Paul speaks about “opening” the heart and, in contrast, being “restricted.” He is speaking about loving other people as if it were an “open” heart and failing to love other people as it were a “restriction” in one’s insides. If your culture can express the idea of love by referring to where in their bodies people feel love, you could do so in these verses. Otherwise, you could use a comparable metaphor or plain language. See the notes on these verses for translation options. \n\n### The temple of the living God\n\nIn [6:16](../06/16.md), Paul claims that believers are “the temple of the living God.” In the last part of the verse, he quotes from the Old Testament to prove that this is true. This quotation also shows that the identification of God’s people with the temple indicates that God is with his people and treats them as his people. Since the temple is a very important part of Paul’s culture, you should preserve the temple language. If your readers would not understand the metaphor, you could express it as a simile or explain it in a footnote. See the notes on this verse for translation options. \n\n### Rhetorical questions\n\nIn [6:14–16](../06/14.md), Paul asks five questions, and each question assumes that the answer is “none” or “nothing.” Paul asks these questions to include the Corinthians in what he is arguing, not because he is looking for information. If your language does not use questions in this way, you could include answers to the questions, or you could express them as negative statements. See the notes on these verses for translation options. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])\n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### The long list in [6:4–10](../06/04.md)\n\nThese verses contain one long list of the situations and ways in which Paul and those with him commend their ministry. This list is divided into three parts. Each part uses a repeated fo
6:1 kf1d rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases δὲ 1 Here, the word **Now** introduces a development of the ideas from the previous verses, especially from [5:20–21](../05/20.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a development, or you could leave **Now** untranslated. Alternate translation: “Further,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
6:1 tbr6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit συνεργοῦντες 1 Here Paul does not directly state **with** whom he is **working**. He could be implying that he works **with**: (1) God, since God is the subject of the previous sentence. Alternate translation: “working together with God” (2) the Corinthians, since they are the ones ho is “urging.” Alternate translation: “working together with you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
6:1 x4hc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive καὶ, παρακαλοῦμεν 1 Here and throughout this chapter, **we** does not include the Corinthians. The first person plural could refer to: (1) Paul and those who work with him. Alternate translation: “we who preach the good news also urge” (2) just Paul. Alternate translation: “I also urge” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
6:1 s8db rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives καὶ, παρακαλοῦμεν μὴ εἰς κενὸν τὴν χάριν τοῦ Θεοῦ δέξασθαι ὑμᾶς 1 Here Paul uses two negative terms, **not** and **in vain**, to indicate a positive meaning. If your language does not use two negative words like this, you could instead use one positive term. Alternate translation: “we also urge you to receive the grace of God so that it has results” or “we also urge you to receive the grace of God so that it produces its goal” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
6:1 wdla rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὴν χάριν τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **gracious**, you could express the idea by using a verbal phrase such as “act kindly” or an adverb such as “graciously.” Alternate translation: “how God acts kindly” or “how God acts graciously” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
6:1 pdgo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom εἰς κενὸν 1 Here, **in vain** identifies a cause that does not have its intended effect. In this case, receiving **the grace of God** will not lead to salvation if the Corinthians do not persevere in living as those who have received **the grace of God**. If it would be helpful in your language, you use a word or phrase that identifies a cause that does not have its intended effect. Alternate translation: “for nothing” or “to no purpose” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
6:2 ooms rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γάρ 1 Here, the word **For** introduces a reason why the Corinthians should “receive the grace of God” (see [6:1](../06/01.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different word or phrase that introduces reason for an exhortation. Alternate translation: “because” or “since” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
6:2 u9kc rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations λέγει 1 Here, the phrase **he says** introduces words that God speaks in the Scriptures. Specifically, Paul is quoting from a Greek translation of [Isaiah 49:8](../isa/49/08.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you use a form that indicates that God speaks these words that come from Isaiah. Alternate translation: “according to Isaiah the prophet God says,” or “God speaks these words through Isaiah:” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
6:2 pp3i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism καιρῷ δεκτῷ ἐπήκουσά σου, καὶ ἐν ἡμέρᾳ σωτηρίας ἐβοήθησά σοι. ἰδοὺ, νῦν καιρὸς εὐπρόσδεκτος; ἰδοὺ, νῦν ἡμέρα σωτηρίας 1 The two clauses in the quotation mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. Hebrew poetry was based on this kind of repetition, and it would be good to show this to your readers by including both phrases in your translation rather than combining them. However, if the repetition might be confusing, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Make sure that you use the same form for Paul’s interpretation of the quotation, which is also in parallel form. Alternate translation: “At an acceptable time I listened to you; yes, in a day of salvation I helped you. Behold, now is a favorable time; yes, now is a day of salvation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
6:2 kilf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit καιρῷ δεκτῷ 1 Here, the phrase **an acceptable time** refers to a point in time that someone considers to proper or appropriate for doing something. Paul could be implying that this **time** is **acceptable** to: (1) God. Alternate translation: “At a time that I considered right” or “At a time appropriate for me” (2) people. Alternate translation: “At a time that people considered right” or “At a time appropriate for people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
6:2 iz3h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐπήκουσά σου 1 Here, the word **listened** indicates that God both listened and responded. If it would be helpful in your language, you could clarify that God did not just “listen” but also acted in response. Alternate translation: “I answered you” or “I listened to you and responded” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
6:2 be7i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular σου & σοι 1 Because God is speaking to one person, his special servant, **you** in the quotation is singular. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
6:2 z6w6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἐν ἡμέρᾳ σωτηρίας 1 Here, the phrase **day of salvation** refers to the time when God will bring **salvation** for his people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea in another way. Alternate translation: “in the time of salvation” or “at the time when I gave salvation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
6:2 qrdt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns σωτηρίας 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **salvation**, you could express the idea by using a verb such as “save.” Alternate translation: “when I saved” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
6:2 sa94 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations ἰδοὺ, νῦν -1 Here, the words **Behold** and **Look** draw the attention of the audience and ask them to listen carefully. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea with words or phrases that ask the audience to listen, or you could use another form that draws the audience’s attention to the statements that follow. Alternate translation: “Pay attention! Now … Pay attention! Now” or “Listen, now … Now” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
6:2 j4k4 καιρὸς εὐπρόσδεκτος & ἡμέρα σωτηρίας 1 Here, the phrases **a day of salvation** and **a favorable time** repeat the words from the quotation exactly, except Paul uses a word that emphasizes that the **time** is good (**favorable**) instead of just appropriate (**acceptable**). Use the form that you used in the quotation, although if possible use a word for “good” **time** instead of just **acceptable time**. Alternate translation: “is a time that God considers good … is a time of salvation” or “is a time appropriate for God … is a time when God gives salvation”
6:3 shtt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure διδόντες 1 Here, the word **giving** goes with the clause “we also urge you” in [6:1](../06/01.md). It introduces an explanation of how Paul and those with him serve God. In most languages, it is best to begin a new sentence with this verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that clearly links back to “we also urge” from [6:1](../06/01.md). If you use the following alternate translation, you will need to end the previous verse with a period. Alternate translation: “As we urge you to receive the grace God, we give” or “As we serve God, we give” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
6:3 v3wc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit μηδεμίαν & διδόντες προσκοπήν 1 Here, the phrase **giving no cause for offense** refers to how a person acts so that others are not offended. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural form. Alternate translation: “avoiding provoking others” or “doing nothing that could cause offense” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
6:3 sv9d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν μηδενὶ 1 Here, the phrase **in anything** could refer to: (1) actions and behavior. Alternate translation: “in whatever we do” (2) people. Alternate translation: “among anybody” or “to any person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
6:3 he3c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive μὴ μωμηθῇ ἡ διακονία 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who does the action, Paul could be implying that: (1) other people would do it. Alternate translation: “others might not blame our ministry” (2) God. Alternate translation: “God might not blame our ministry” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
6:4 p6pl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν παντὶ συνιστάντες ἑαυτοὺς ὡς Θεοῦ διάκονοι 1 Here the word **as** could introduce: (1) who they are (**servants of God**) while they **commend** themselves. Alternate translation: “we who are servants of God commend ourselves in everything” (2) what it is that they must **commend** themselves to be. Alternate translation: “we commend ourselves in everything, proving that we are servants of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
6:4 p9up rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession Θεοῦ διάκονοι 1 Here Paul uses the possessive form to refer **servants** who serve **God**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea in another way. Alternate translation: “servants for God” or “God’s servants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
6:4 faw1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure Θεοῦ & ἐν ὑπομονῇ πολλῇ, ἐν 1 Here, the phrase **in much endurance** could go with: (1) the list that follows. In this case, the list gives the situation in which they have **much endurance**. Alternate translation: “of God; we have much endurance in” (2) **we commend ourselves**. In this case, the phrase gives an explanation for how they **commend** themselves, and the list gives the situations in which this occurs Alternate translation: “of God by having much endurance; we show this in” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
6:4 xyf9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐν ὑπομονῇ πολλῇ, ἐν θλίψεσιν, ἐν ἀνάγκαις, ἐν στενοχωρίαις 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **endurance,** **tribulations**, **hardships**, and **distresses**, you could express the ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “enduring at all times while we are persecuted, pressured, and distressed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
6:4 ndmv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet ἐν θλίψεσιν, ἐν ἀνάγκαις, ἐν στενοχωρίαις 1 Here, the words **tribulations**, **hardships**, and **distresses** function together to refer to many different kinds of persecution and suffering. It is possible that **tribulations** refers to direct persecution, **hardships** refers to being forced to do something difficult, and **distresses** refers to being unable to do what one wants. If you do not have three words for these categories, and if the repetition would be confusing, you could use one or two words or phrases to refer to suffering and persecution. Alternate translation: “in persecutions, in suffering” or “in every tribulation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
6:5 ded3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐν πληγαῖς, ἐν φυλακαῖς, ἐν ἀκαταστασίαις, ἐν κόποις, ἐν ἀγρυπνίαις, ἐν νηστείαις 1 If your language does not express some of these ideas with nouns, you could express the ideas by using verbal phrases or in another natural way. Alternate translation: “in being beaten, in being imprisoned, in being mobbed, in working hard, in sleeping little, in being hungry” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
6:6 w84c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐν ἁγνότητι, ἐν γνώσει, ἐν μακροθυμίᾳ, ἐν χρηστότητι, ἐν Πνεύματι Ἁγίῳ, ἐν ἀγάπῃ ἀνυποκρίτῳ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for these ideas, you could express the ideas by using verbal phrases or adjectives. Alternate translation: “we are pure, knowledgeable, patient, kind, filled with the Holy Spirit, sincerely loving” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
6:6 e2lc ἐν Πνεύματι Ἁγίῳ 1 Here, the phrase **in the Holy Spirit** could refer to: (1) having the power or help of the **Holy Spirit**. Alternate translation: “in the power of the Holy Spirit” (2) being “holy” in one’s “spirit.” Alternate translation: “in holiness of spirit”
6:7 b6am rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐν λόγῳ ἀληθείας, ἐν δυνάμει Θεοῦ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **truth** and **power**, you could express the ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “in the word about what is true, in God empowering us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
6:7 cr55 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy λόγῳ 1 Here, the word **word** represents what someone says in words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “the message” or “the communication” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
6:7 dui6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἐν λόγῳ ἀληθείας 1 Here Paul could use the possessive to describe: (1) a **word** about the **truth**. Alternate translation: “in the word about the truth” (2) a **word** that is characterized by **truth**. Alternate translation: “the truthful word” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
6:7 p5l5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἐν δυνάμει Θεοῦ 1 Here Paul uses the possessive form to describe **power** that comes from **God**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea in another way. Alternate translation: “in the power that comes from God” or “in power given by God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
6:7 ef5b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor διὰ τῶν ὅπλων τῆς δικαιοσύνης τῶν δεξιῶν καὶ ἀριστερῶν 1 Here speaks as if **righteousness** were **weapons** for **the right hand and the left**. He means that the righteous way in which he and those with him live their lives is like armor and swords which they use to protect themselves and fight against enemies. Paul does not state who the enemy is, but he implies that it is anyone and anything that acts against God and the gospel. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea with simile form or in plain language. Alternate translation: “through righteousness, which is like weapons for the right hand the left” or “through righteousness, which protects us from God’s enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
6:7 gg43 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τῶν ὅπλων τῆς δικαιοσύνης 1 Here Paul uses the possessive form to describe **weapons** that could: (1) be **righteousness**. Alternate translation: “the weapons, which are righteousness,” (2) come from or because of **righteousness**. Alternate translation: “the weapons that righteous provides” or “the weapons that come from righteousness” (3) defend or fight for **righteousness**. Alternate translation: “the weapons to defend righteousness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
6:7 ozxm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῶν ὅπλων τῆς δικαιοσύνης 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **righteousness**, you could express the idea by using an adjective such as “righteous” or an adverb such as “righteously.” Alternate translation: “weapons, that is, how we live righteously,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
6:7 ijr2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τῆς δικαιοσύνης τῶν δεξιῶν καὶ ἀριστερῶν 1 Here, having **weapons** for **the right hand and the left** could describe how a soldier: (1) has an offensive weapon in one hand and a defensive weapon in the other. Alternate translation: “of righteous, both a sword and a shield” or “of righteousness for attack and defense” (2) is completely equipped for battle and able to defend against attacks from **right** and **left**. Alternate translation: “of righteous for defense on all sides” or “of righteousness with which we are fully equipped” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
6:8 ftu0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit διὰ δόξης καὶ ἀτιμίας, διὰ δυσφημίας καὶ εὐφημίας 1 In these two statements, Paul indicates that he and those with him persevere in serving God whether people think and say good or bad things about them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that clearly expresses this idea. Alternate translation: “whether we receive honor or dishonor, whether there are bad reports or good reports about us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
6:8 m51w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns δόξης καὶ ἀτιμίας 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **honor** and **dishonor**, you could express the ideas by using verbs such as “honor” and “dishonor.” Alternate translation: “being honored and dishonored” or “others glorifying us and disgracing us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
6:8 fedq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὡς πλάνοι καὶ ἀληθεῖς 1 Here and in the following two verses Paul uses **as** to introduce what other people think about him and those with him and then **yet** or “but” to introduce what is really true about them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that naturally expresses a contrast between what people think and what is actually true. Alternate translation: “considered to be deceivers, but actually true” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
6:8 e4pf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj ἀληθεῖς 1 Paul is using the adjective **true** as a noun in order to identify himself and those with him as those who “truly” are who they say they are. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this one with a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “truthful people” or “telling the truth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
6:9 niij rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὡς ἀγνοούμενοι καὶ ἐπιγινωσκόμενοι, ὡς ἀποθνῄσκοντες καὶ ἰδοὺ, ζῶμεν, ὡς παιδευόμενοι καὶ μὴ θανατούμενοι 1 Here and in the following verse Paul uses **as** to introduce what other people think about him and those with him and then **yet** or “but” to introduce what is really true about them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that naturally expresses a contrast between what people think and what is actually true. Alternate translation: “considered to be unknown, but actually well known; considered to be dying, but actually—behold!—living; considered to be being disciplined, but actually not being put to death” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
6:9 fcb5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ὡς ἀγνοούμενοι καὶ ἐπιγινωσκόμενοι 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who does the actions, Paul could be implying that he is: (1) **unknown** to many people but **known** to God. Alternate translation: “many people not knowing us, yet God knowing us well” (2) **unknown** to some people, but **known** to other people. Alternate translation: “some people not knowing us, yet others knowing us well” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
6:9 x7bu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations καὶ ἰδοὺ, ζῶμεν 1 Here, the word **behold** draws the attention of the audience and asks them to listen carefully. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea with a word or phrase that asks the audience to listen, or you could use another form that draws the audience’s attention to the statement that follows. Alternate translation: “yet, and listen to this, living” or “yet most certainly living” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
6:9 r1d9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ὡς παιδευόμενοι καὶ μὴ θανατούμενοι 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who does the actions, Paul could be implying that: (1) God does them. Alternate translation: “God disciplining us yet not putting us to death” (2) other people do them. Alternate translation: “people disciplining us yet not putting us to death” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
6:9 nqcv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns μὴ θανατούμενοι 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **death**, you could express the idea by using a verb such as “die” or “kill.” Alternate translation: “yet not being killed” or “not dying” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
6:10 so04 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὡς λυπούμενοι ἀεὶ δὲ χαίροντες, ὡς πτωχοὶ πολλοὺς δὲ πλουτίζοντες, ὡς μηδὲν ἔχοντες καὶ πάντα κατέχοντες 1 Here, just as in the previous verse, Paul uses **as** to introduce what other people think about him and those with him and then **yet** or **but** to introduce what is really true about them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that naturally expresses a contrast between what people think and what is actually true. Alternate translation: “considered to be sorrowful, but actually always rejoicing; considered to be poor, but actually making many rich; considered to have nothing, but actually possessing all things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
6:10 vydj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor πολλοὺς & πλουτίζοντες 1 Here Paul speaks as if he and those with him made other people **rich**. He means that he helps people receive blessings from God, including forgiveness and new life, which makes them spiritually **rich**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a simile or express the idea in plain language. Alternate translation: “making many spiritually rich” or “enabling many to receive new life, which is like being rich” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
6:10 pajk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj πολλοὺς 1 Paul is using the adjective **many** as a noun in order to refer **many** people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this one with a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “many others” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
6:10 fpqg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit πάντα 1 Here Paul could be stating that they “possess”: (1) **all things** that Christ possesses. In other words, because Christ rules over everything, Paul and those with him also “possess” everything. Alternate translation: “all things in Christ” (2) **all** spiritual blessings, which are the important **things**. Alternate translation: “all spiritual blessings” or “everything that is really important” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
6:11 mv85 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive τὸ στόμα ἡμῶν ἀνέῳγεν πρὸς ὑμᾶς, Κορίνθιοι, ἡ καρδία ἡμῶν πεπλάτυνται 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the actions, Paul implies that he and those with him did them. Alternate translation: “We have opened our mouth toward you, Corinthians; we have opened our heart wide” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
6:11 v74j τὸ στόμα ἡμῶν & ἡ καρδία ἡμῶν 1 Here, the words **mouth** and **heart** are singular nouns that refer to the “mouths” and “hearts” of Paul and those with him. It may be more natural in your language to use plural forms. Alternate translation: “Each of our mouths … each of our hearts”
6:11 r815 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy τὸ στόμα ἡμῶν & ἡ καρδία ἡμῶν 1 Here, the word **mouth** refers to the action of speaking with the **mouth**, and the word **heart** refers to the act of thinking and feeling with the **heart**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use words or phrases that refer to the actions rather than to where the actions occur. Alternate translation: “Our speaking … our feeling” or “How we speak … how we feel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
6:11 jvak rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τὸ στόμα ἡμῶν ἀνέῳγεν πρὸς ὑμᾶς 1 Here Paul speaks as he and those with had **opened** their mouths **toward** the Corinthians. He means that he and those with him have spoken what is true, and they have spoken confidently. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable figure of speech or plain language. Paul could be specifically referring to: (1) how he and those with him have interacted with the Corinthians in the past. Alternate translation: “We have always spoken confidently and truthfully to you” (2) what he has said in this letter so far. Alternate translation: “We have written confidently and truthfully to you” (3) what he said in [6:3–10](../06/03.md). Alternate translation: “We wrote those things to you confidently and truthfully” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
6:11 w42w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἡ καρδία ἡμῶν πεπλάτυνται 1 Here Paul speaks as if he and those with him have **opened wide** their “hearts” to the Corinthians. He means that they love and care for the Corinthians. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable figure of speech or plain language. Alternate translation: “we have made room in our hearts for you” or “we love you very much” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
6:12 m2kq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor οὐ στενοχωρεῖσθε ἐν ἡμῖν, στενοχωρεῖσθε δὲ ἐν τοῖς σπλάγχνοις ὑμῶν 1 Here Paul speaks about loving others as if it was about having space in one’s insides. When people have space for other people inside them (**not restricted**), they are loving and caring for them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a similar figure of speech or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “There is space for you in our hearts, but you do not have space for us in your hearts” or “You are being loved by us, but you are not fully loving us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
6:12 u4fz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive οὐ στενοχωρεῖσθε ἐν ἡμῖν, στενοχωρεῖσθε δὲ ἐν τοῖς σπλάγχνοις ὑμῶν 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “We are not restricting you, but your affections are restricting you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
6:12 p88s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τοῖς σπλάγχνοις ὑμῶν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **affections**, you could express the idea by using a verb such as “feel.” Alternate translation: “what you feel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
6:13 ypsz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure τὴν δὲ αὐτὴν ἀντιμισθίαν (ὡς τέκνοις λέγω) πλατύνθητε καὶ ὑμεῖς 1 Here, the clause **I speak as to children** is a parenthetical statement that breaks up the sentence to give more information about how Paul is speaking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could move the clause to wherever it is most natural to put a statement about how one is speaking. Alternate translation: “and—I speak as to children—in the same exchange, open yourselves wide also” or “and in the same exchange, open yourselves wide also—I speak as to children.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
6:13 b62y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὴν & αὐτὴν ἀντιμισθίαν 1 Here, the phrase **same exchange** refers to how Paul and those with him have “opened their hearts” (that is, shown love) to the Corinthians. This is the first part of the **exchange**, and now Paul wants the Corinthians to complete this **exchange** by “opening themselves” to Paul and those with him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express what is being “exchanged” more explicitly. Alternate translation: “now that we have opened our hearts to you, in exchange” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
6:13 zdfh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile ὡς τέκνοις λέγω 1 Here Paul indicates that he is speaking as if he were addressing **children**. He could mean that: (1) he is using words and ideas that children use, particularly referring to the idea of **exchange**. Alternate translation: “I am using childish language” or “I speak as children speak to each other” (2) he is speaking to the Corinthians as if he was their father and they were his children. Alternate translation: “I speak to you who are like my own children” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
6:13 c6vp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor πλατύνθητε καὶ ὑμεῖς 1 Here Paul continues to speak about loving others as if it was about having space in one’s insides. When people have space for other people inside them, they love and care for them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a similar figure of speech or state the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar clause at the end of [6:11](../06/11.md). Alternate translation: “make space in your hearts also” or “love us also” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
6:14 qd33 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor μὴ γίνεσθε ἑτεροζυγοῦντες ἀπίστοις 1 Here Paul refers to a farming practice in which two or more animals were **yoked together** with a piece of wood that was then connected to a plow or cart. In this way, the animals together pulled the plow or cart. Paul applies this farming practice to people to indicate that believers should not accomplish what God wants them to do by working with **unbelievers**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a similar figure of speech or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Do not team up with unbelievers” or “Do not have a close relationship with unbelievers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
6:14 x89j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive μὴ γίνεσθε ἑτεροζυγοῦντες 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who does the action, Paul implies that people do it to themselves. Alternate translation: “Do not yoke yourselves together” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
6:14 v7kk rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** introduces a some reasons why the Corinthians should be **yoked** with **unbelievers**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different word or phrase that introduces reasons for a command. Alternate translation: “because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
6:14 v7pw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion τίς & μετοχὴ δικαιοσύνῃ καὶ ἀνομίᾳ, ἢ τίς κοινωνία φωτὶ πρὸς σκότος? 1 Here Paul is using the question form to deny that something could be true. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could express the idea by using strong negations. Alternate translation: “righteousness and lawlessness cannot have partnership! Nor can light and darkness have fellowship!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
6:14 n5so rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τίς & μετοχὴ δικαιοσύνῃ καὶ ἀνομίᾳ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **partnership**, **righteousness**, and **lawlessness**, you could express the ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “can righteous people and lawless people partner” or “can what is righteous partner with what is lawless” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
6:14 xr52 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τίς κοινωνία φωτὶ πρὸς σκότος? 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **fellowship**, **light**, and **darkness**, you could express the ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “can what is bright go together with what is dark” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
6:14 h9ks rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τίς κοινωνία φωτὶ πρὸς σκότος? 1 Here Paul speaks about how **light** and **darkness** do not have **fellowship**. He could be speaking about: (1) things and people that are good (**light**) and things and people that are evil (**darkness**). Alternate translation: “what fellowship do good people have with evil people” (2) God’s kingdom and people (**light**) and Satan’s kingdom and people (**darkness**). Alternate translation: “what fellowship does God’s kingdom have with Satan’s kingdom” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
6:15 r1vq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion τίς δὲ συμφώνησις Χριστοῦ πρὸς Βελιάρ, ἢ τίς μερὶς πιστῷ μετὰ ἀπίστου 1 Here, just as in [6:14](../06/14.md), Paul is using the question form to deny that something could be true. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could express the idea by using strong negations. Alternate translation: “And Christ has no harmony with Beliar! Nor does a believer have a share with an unbeliever!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
6:15 f832 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τίς δὲ συμφώνησις Χριστοῦ πρὸς Βελιάρ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **harmony**, you could express the idea by using a verb such as “agree” or “go together.” Alternate translation: “And does Christ go together with Beliar” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
6:15 rm3r rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Βελιάρ 1 Here, the word **Beliar** is another name for the devil, who is also called Satan. If it would be helpful in your language, you could include a footnote or short phrase that clarifies that **Beliar** is another name for Satan. Alternate translation: “Beliar, that is, Satan” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
6:15 z9iv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun τίς μερὶς πιστῷ μετὰ ἀπίστου 1 Here Paul is speaking of “believers” and “unbelievers” in general, not of one particular **believer** and one particular **unbeliever**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this form with a form that refers to “believers” and “unbelievers” in general. Alternate translation: “what share does any believer have with any unbeliever” or “what share do believers have with unbelievers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
6:16 y99x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion τίς δὲ συνκατάθεσις ναῷ Θεοῦ μετὰ εἰδώλων? 1 Here, just as in [6:14–15](../06/14.md), Paul is using the question form to deny that something could be true. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could express the idea by using a strong negation. Alternate translation: “And the temple of God has no agreement with idols!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
6:16 m658 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τίς & συνκατάθεσις ναῷ Θεοῦ μετὰ εἰδώλων 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **agreement**, you could express the idea by using a verb such as “agree.” Alternate translation: “does the temple of God agree with idols” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
6:16 jc79 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** introduces an explanation of what Paul said about **the temple of God**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different word or phrase that introduces an explanation. Alternate translation: “Now” or “As a matter of fact,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
6:16 s3l8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἡμεῖς 1 Here, the word **we** refers to everyone who believes in Jesus. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
6:16 aqql rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἡμεῖς & ναὸς Θεοῦ ἐσμεν ζῶντος 1 Here Paul speaks as if **we** were a **temple**. He explains this metaphor with the following quotation, which illustrates how God dwells with his people as their God. Since the **temple** is an important building in Paul’s culture, if possible you should preserve the language. If necessary, you could express the idea by using a simile form. Alternate translation: “we are like the temple of the living God” or “the living God dwells with us as if we were his temple” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
6:16 oc16 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Θεοῦ & ζῶντος 2 Here, the phrase **the living God** identifies God as the one who “lives” and possibly as the one who gives “life.” The primary point is that God actually “lives,” unlike idols and other things that people call “god.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that emphasizes that God really “lives.” See how you translated the similar phrase in [3:3](../03/03.md). Alternate translation: “of the God who lives” or “of the true God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
6:16 es7t rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations καθὼς εἶπεν ὁ Θεὸς 1 Here, the phrase **just as God said** introduces a quotation that supports what Paul has said about how **we are the temple of the living God**. The words Paul quotes could come from [Leviticus 26:12](../lev/26/12.md); [Jeremiah 31:33](../jer/31/33.md); and [Ezekiel 37:27](../ezk/37/27.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could clarify that the words that God speaks are from the Scriptures. Alternate translation: “just as God spoke through the prophets” or “as God spoke in the Old Testament” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
6:16 u5g3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism ἐνοικήσω ἐν αὐτοῖς, καὶ ἐνπεριπατήσω 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. Hebrew poetry was based on this kind of repetition, and it would be good to show this to your readers by including both phrases in your translation rather than combining them. However, if the repetition might be confusing, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “I will dwell among them; yes, I will walk among them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
6:16 g0nl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐνπεριπατήσω 1 Here the author of the quotation speaks as if God would **walk** among his people. He means that God will be as close to his people as if he was “walking” around with them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “spend time with them” or “be close to them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
6:16 vy1b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns αὐτοὶ ἔσονταί 1 Here, the word translated **themselves** switches focus from **God** to **they**. Consider using a natural way to switch the focus to **they** in your language. Alternate translation: “it is they who will be” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
6:17 fe1z rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations διὸ & λέγει Κύριος 1 Here Paul uses the words **Therefore** and **says the Lord** to introduce a quotation that provides a result or inference from what Paul said in the previous verse. Most of the quotation is from [Isaiah 52:11](../isa/52/11.md), but the phrase **and I will welcome you** is from a Greek translation of [Ezekiel 20:34](../ezk/20/34.md). The ULT indicates that the quote is from two different passages by using new quotation marks with the last line. However, it is recommended that you treat the whole verse as one quote in your translation. If it would be helpful in your language, you could introduce the quote in a natural way that shows it comes from the Old Testament. It may be more natural to move **says the Lord** to the beginning of the verse, as the UST does. Alternate translation: “Because of that … the Lord says {through the prophets}” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
6:17 peek rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism ἐξέλθατε ἐκ μέσου αὐτῶν καὶ ἀφορίσθητε 1 Here, these two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. Hebrew poetry was based on this kind of repetition, and it would be good to show this to your readers by including both phrases in your translation rather than combining them. However, if the repetition might be confusing, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Come out from the midst of them; yes, be separate” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
6:17 z5ld rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns αὐτῶν 1 Here, the word **them** refers to people who do not follow God and who do not trust the Messiah. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make explicit to whom the pronoun refers. Alternate translation: “of the unbelievers” or “of the people who do not follow God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
6:17 vfie rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἀκαθάρτου μὴ ἅπτεσθε 1 Here the author of the quotation uses the word **touch** to refer to interacting with someone in any way, not just by “touching” it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea plainly. Alternate translation: “interact with no unclean thing” or “avoid every unclean thing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
6:17 jg48 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result κἀγὼ 1 Here, the word **and** introduces what happens when people do what God commanded in the first part of the verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that more clearly introduces a result. Alternate translation: “and then I” or “and when you do those things, I” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
6:18 ft65 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations καὶ 1 Here uses the word **And** to introduce another quote from the Old Testament, specifically from [2 Samuel 7:8](../2sa/07/08.md) and [2 Samuel 7:14](../2sa/07/14.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that clarifies that Paul is quoting from the Old Testament. Alternate translation: “Again, as you can read in the Scriptures,” or “Even more, as it is written,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
6:18 dks6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism ἔσομαι ὑμῖν εἰς πατέρα, καὶ ὑμεῖς ἔσεσθέ μοι εἰς υἱοὺς καὶ θυγατέρας 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. Hebrew poetry was based on this kind of repetition, and it would be good to show this to your readers by including both phrases in your translation rather than combining them. However, if the repetition might be confusing, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “I will be to you as a Father; yes, you will be to me as sons and daughters” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
7:intro hg36 0 # 2 Corinthians 7 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n4. Paul’s ministry (2:14–7:4)\n * Join with fellow believers, not unbelievers (6:11–7:4)\n5. Paul rejoices about Titus’ visit to the Corinthians (7:5–16)\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Boasting\n\nIn [7:4](../07/04.md), [14](../07/14.md), Paul refers to how he boasts about the Corinthians. What he means is that he tells people about how wonderful and great he thinks they are. It is important to indicate that Paul is not describing the Corinthians as better than they actually are. Rather, Paul indicates in [7:14](../07/14.md) that what he says about them is actually true. Use a word or phrase that refers to saying good things that are true about someone else. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/boast]])\n\n### Encouragement and comfort\n\nThe words for “encouragement” and “comfort” are very closely related. Sometimes it is not clear whether Paul is focusing more on the encouragement (which implies urging someone to act) or more on the comfort (which implies making someone feel better). If you have a word or phrase that can indicate both comfort and encouragement, you could use it in this chapter. Otherwise, consider which emphasis the context implies. Generally, the ULT models one option, and the UST models the other option. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/comfort]])\n\n### The previous letter\n\nIn [7:8–12](../07/08.md), Paul refers to a letter that he had already written and sent to the Corinthians. He has already referred to this letter in chapter 2. While a few scholars think this letter is 1 Corinthians, most likely we do not have this previous letter. Paul acknowledges that this previous letter might have “grieved” them, but he wants them to know that he wrote the letter to help them do what was right. In your translation, make sure that these verses refer to a letter that Paul previously wrote, not to 2 Corinthians.\n\n### Grief and sorrow\n\nThe words for being “grieved” and for “sorrow” are very closely related. Paul uses these words to refer to being hurt or feeling upset about something. Paul distinguishes between two kinds of “sorrow”: one that is with respect to God or godly, the other that is with respect to the world or worldly. If possible use a word or words that are general enough to refer to both kinds of “sorrow.” \n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### Exclusive “we”\n\nThroughout this chapter, Paul uses the words “we,” “us,” and “our” to refer to himself and those who work with him. He does not include the Corinthians except in [7:1](../07/01.md). You should assume that Paul only means himself and those with him unless a note specifies otherwise. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])\n\n### Switches between first person singular and first person plural\n\nThroughout this chapter, Paul switches between singular forms (“I”) and plural forms (“we”) of the first person. These switches are probably not just stylistic. Rather, they indicate when Paul is referring just to himself and when he is referring to himself and those who serve with him. If possible, preserve these switches in your translation. \n\n### What happened in Corinth\n\nIn this chapter, Paul continues to refer to something that happened in Corinth, something he already discussed in chapter 2. However, Paul gives even less details than he did in chapter 2 about what happened. What we know is that a person, probably a man, from the Corinthians’ group did something wrong and hurt some of the Corinthians and possibly also Paul. Paul in response wrote a severe letter, which “grieved” the Corinthians. Paul also sent Titus to Corinth to make sure that everything was resolved. In this chapter, Paul especially focuses on how happy he was to hear what Titus told him about how the Corinthians responded. Avoid providing more details in this chapter than Paul does, but make sure that your translation generally refers to events like these.
7:1 h5xv rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result οὖν 1 Here, the word **Therefore** introduces an inference from what Paul has already said, especially what he said in [6:16–18](../06/16.md) about being God’s temple and family. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces an inference from a previous section. Alternate translation: “Because of that” or “On account of those things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
7:1 k46r rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ἔχοντες 1 Here, the word **having** introduces a reason why believers should **cleanse** themselves. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the relationship more explicit. Alternate translation: “since we have” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
7:1 tytd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ταύτας & ἔχοντες τὰς ἐπαγγελίας 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **promises**, you could express the idea by using a verb such as “promise” or “pledge.” Alternate translation: “having been promised these things” or “God having pledged these things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
7:1 pw5n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ταύτας & τὰς ἐπαγγελίας 1 Here Paul is referring to the **promises** from the Old Testament that he quoted in [6:16–18](../06/16.md), which indicate that believers are God’s people, that God will welcome them, and that they are God’s sons and daughters. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that clearly refers back to those **promises**. Alternate translation: “the promises that I have quoted” or “those promises” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
7:1 gwjt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive καθαρίσωμεν ἑαυτοὺς 1 By **us** and **ourselves**, Paul means himself, those with him, and the Corinthians, so use the inclusive form of those words in your translation if your language marks that distinction. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
7:1 fv49 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns παντὸς μολυσμοῦ σαρκὸς 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **defilement**, you could express the idea by using a verb such as “defile” or “corrupt.” Alternate translation: “anything that corrupts flesh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
7:1 f00w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit σαρκὸς καὶ πνεύματος 1 Here Paul uses the word **flesh** to refer to the outward part of people, particularly the body. He uses the word **spirit** to refer to the inward part of people, the part that thinks, feels, and makes decisions. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use words that refer to similar parts of the person. Alternate translation: “of body and soul” or “of the physical and the spiritual” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
7:1 turq ἐπιτελοῦντες 1 Here, the word **perfecting** could introduce: (1) another thing that believers should do while they are “cleansing” themselves. Alternate translation: “and let us perfect” or “as we perfect” (2) the result of the “cleansing.” Alternate translation: “so that we perfect” (3) how they “cleanse” themselves. Alternate translation: “by perfecting”
7:1 c2xf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐπιτελοῦντες ἁγιωσύνην 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **holiness**, you could express the idea by using an adjective such as “holy.” Alternate translation: “perfecting how holy we are” or “growing to be perfectly holy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
7:1 pt41 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession φόβῳ Θεοῦ 1 Here Paul uses the possessive form to identify **fear** that is directed toward **God**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea in another way. See how you translated the similar phrase “fear of the Lord” in [5:11](../05/11.md). Alternate translation: “the fear that is directed to God” or “the fear that we experience for God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
7:1 xlet rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐν φόβῳ Θεοῦ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **fear**, you could express the idea by using a verb such as “fear.” Alternate translation: “in how we fear God” or “through fearing God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
7:2 x55b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive χωρήσατε ἡμᾶς; οὐδένα ἠδικήσαμεν, οὐδένα ἐφθείραμεν, οὐδένα ἐπλεονεκτήσαμεν 1 Here and in the rest of the chapter, by **us** and **we**, Paul means himself and those with him but not the Corinthians, so use the exclusive form of that word in your translation if your language marks that distinction. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
7:2 c2yz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor χωρήσατε ἡμᾶς 1 Here, just as in [6:11–13](../06/11.md), Paul speaks of loving others as if it was about having space in one’s insides. When people have space for other people inside them, they are loving and caring for them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a similar figure of speech or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Show love for us” or “Make room in your hearts for us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
7:2 v4nu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet οὐδένα ἠδικήσαμεν, οὐδένα ἐφθείραμεν, οὐδένα ἐπλεονεκτήσαμεν 1 Here Paul uses three phrases with similar structure and meaning to strongly deny that he did anything to hurt any of the Corinthians. It is possible that the word **wronged** refers to doing something unjust, the word **ruined** refers to corrupting or perverting someone, and the phrase **took advantage of** refers to gaining money or things from somebody without doing anything in return. If the repetition would not communicate a strong denial in your language, or if you do not have three words for these ideas, you could express the idea with only one or two strong clauses. Alternate translation: “We wronged and took advantage of no one” or “We did not hurt any person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
7:3 pgze rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit οὐ λέγω 1 Here Paul refers to what he said in the previous verse about how he and those with him did not hurt anyone ([7:2](../07/02.md)). Here he wishes to clarify that he does not mean that it was the Corinthians who hurt people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this relationship more explicit. Alternate translation: “I did not speak what I just spoke” or “I did not write that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
7:3 bhb7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns πρὸς κατάκρισιν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **condemnation**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “to condemn you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
7:3 ckpm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit προείρηκα 1 Here Paul refers back to what he said in [6:11](../06/11.md): “our heart has been opened wide.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this relationship more explicit. Alternate translation: “I told you earlier in this letter” or “I wrote above in this letter” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
7:3 fay3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ἡμῶν ἐστε 1 Here Paul speaks as if the Corinthians were in the **hearts** of him and those with him. He means that they love the Corinthians very much. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you are in our affections” or “we love you very much” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
7:3 xzg3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism εἰς τὸ συναποθανεῖν καὶ συνζῆν 1 Here Paul refers to two extreme alternates, dying and living, to indicate that nothing that happens will keep him and those with him from loving the Corinthians. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “come what may” or “whatever may happen to us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
7:4 uamr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns πολλή μοι παρρησία πρὸς ὑμᾶς, πολλή μοι καύχησις ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **confidence** and **boasting**, you could express the ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “I am very confident about you; I boast greatly on your behalf” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
7:4 yp45 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit μοι παρρησία πρὸς ὑμᾶς 1 Here Pal could be saying that he: (1) is confident that they follow Christ and do what is right. Alternate translation: “is my confidence that you follow Christ” or “is my confidence that you are doing well” (2) can speak boldly or confidently to them. Alternate translation: “is my boldness in speaking to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
7:4 mh12 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive πεπλήρωμαι τῇ παρακλήσει 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that the Corinthians did it. Alternate translation: “You have filled me with encouragement” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
7:4 k5t2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῇ παρακλήσει 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **encouragement**, you could express the idea by using a verbal form such as “comfort” or “cheer up.” Alternate translation: “how you comfort me” or “by how you cheer me up” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
7:4 mx9b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὑπερπερισσεύομαι τῇ χαρᾷ 1 Here Paul speaks as if he were “overflowing” with **joy**. He means that he has so much **joy** that he feels like it has completely filled him up. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable figure of speech or express the idea plainly. Alternate translation: “I am incredibly joyful” or “I have so much joy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
7:4 mr75 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ὑπερπερισσεύομαι τῇ χαρᾷ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **joy**, you could express the idea by using a verb such as “rejoice” or an adjective such as “joyful.” Alternate translation: “I overflow as I rejoice” or “I overflow with how joyful I am” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
7:5 rt1p rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases καὶ γὰρ 1 Here, the phrase **For even** introduces further explanation of the “afflictions” that Paul mentioned in [7:4](../07/04.md). However, Paul is also speaking again about what he said in [2:13](../02/13.md) about traveling to Macedonia. Consider a natural way to reintroduce Paul’s travel plans, and if possible, use a word or phrase that introduces an explanation of the “afflictions.” Alternate translation: “Speaking of afflictions, I will tell you more about my journeys:” or “Now as for the travels I have spoken about,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
7:5 f3c5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go ἐλθόντων ἡμῶν εἰς 1 In a context such as this, it may be more natural in your language to say “go” instead of **come**. Alternate translation: “having gone to” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
7:5 c8ju rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche ἡ σὰρξ ἡμῶν 1 Here, the phrase **our flesh** refers to the whole person. Paul uses it to emphasize the physical or bodily nature of their suffering. If it would be helpful in your language, you could refer to the whole person and not just their **flesh**. Alternate translation: “we ourselves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
7:5 zwwy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit οὐδεμίαν ἔσχηκεν ἄνεσιν 1 Here Paul continues what he was saying in [2:13](../02/13.md) about how he “had no relief” in his “spirit.” What he means is that traveling to **Macedonia** did not help with his concerns about Titus or his sufferings. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “had no relief from our sufferings and worries at all” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
7:5 byp3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns οὐδεμίαν ἔσχηκεν ἄνεσιν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **relief**, you could express the idea by using a verb such as “relieve” or “rest.” Alternate translation: “was not relieved at all” or “could not rest at all” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
7:5 h3cv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive θλιβόμενοι 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, you could use an indefinite subject. Alternate translation: “experiencing afflictions” or “people afflicting us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
7:5 i4wr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἔξωθεν μάχαι, ἔσωθεν φόβοι 1 Here, the word **without** identifies the source of the **conflicts** as external to Paul and those with him. The word **within** identifies the source of the **fears** as internal to Paul and those with him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use words or phrases that similarly identify internal and external sources. Alternate translation: “conflicts from others, fears from ourselves” or “conflicts on the outside, fears on the inside” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
7:5 zkqr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἔξωθεν μάχαι, ἔσωθεν φόβοι 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **conflicts** and **fears**, you could express the ideas by using verbs such as “quarrel” and “fear.” Alternate translation: “people fought us without, and we feared within” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
7:6 qdto rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast ἀλλ’ 1 Here, the word **But** introduces a contrast with the “conflicts” and “fears” that Paul described in the previous verse ([7:5](../07/05.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces this kind of contrast. Alternate translation: “In spite of that,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
7:6 p3fw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish ὁ παρακαλῶν τοὺς ταπεινοὺς 1 Here Paul adding more information about **God**. He is not distinguishing between different gods. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that clearly adds information instead of distinguishing between people. Alternate translation: “who is the one who comforts the humble” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
7:6 oe9w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj τοὺς ταπεινοὺς 1 Paul is using the adjective **humble** as a noun in order to refer to all people who are **humble**. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this one with a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “the humble people” or “those who are humble” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
7:6 uujt ἐν τῇ παρουσίᾳ Τίτου 1 Alternate translation: “by sending Titus to us”
7:7 z6jd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐν τῇ παρακλήσει ᾗ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **comfort**, you could express the idea in another way. Alternate translation: “by how” or “by what you did so that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
7:7 w7td rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive παρεκλήθη ἐφ’ ὑμῖν 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you comforted him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
7:7 nypy ἀναγγέλλων 1 Here, the word **reporting** introduces how Paul knows about the **comfort** that the Corinthians gave to Titus. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that naturally introduces how Paul knows about what happened in Corinth. Alternate translation: “since he reported” or “which we heard about when he reported”
7:7 ljis rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὴν ὑμῶν ἐπιπόθησιν, τὸν ὑμῶν ὀδυρμόν, τὸν ὑμῶν ζῆλον ὑπὲρ ἐμοῦ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **longing**, **mourning**, and **zeal**, you could express the idea in another way. Alternate translation: “how you longed for me, how you mourned, and how you were anxious to do what I asked” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
7:7 hzt6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὴν ὑμῶν ἐπιπόθησιν, τὸν ὑμῶν ὀδυρμόν, τὸν ὑμῶν ζῆλον ὑπὲρ ἐμοῦ 1 Here, the phrase **for my sake** modifies all three items in this list. The Corinthians experience **longing** to see Paul, they experience **mourning** because they grieved Paul, and they have **zeal** for Paul. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make these ideas more explicit. Alternate translation: “your longing for me, your mourning concerning me, and your zeal for my sake” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
7:7 xojr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive με & χαρῆναι 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that the Corinthians or their actions did it. Alternate translation: “you caused me to rejoice” or “what you did caused me to rejoice” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
7:7 fifc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit μᾶλλον 1 Here, Paul speaks about how his “joy” after Titus’ report is **even more** than the joy that he already described in [7:4](../07/04.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the comparison more explicit. Alternate translation: “even more than I already had” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
7:8 zuvp rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases ὅτι 1 Here, the word **For** introduces Paul’s explanation of why he “rejoices even more” (see [7:7](../07/07.md)). This explanation continues in [7:9](../07/09.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces an explanation. Alternate translation: “Here is why I rejoice even more:” or “That is because,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
7:8 ptq2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact εἰ καὶ 1 Here Paul is speaking as if grieving them were a hypothetical possibility, but he means that it was actually true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might misunderstand and think that what Paul is saying is not certain, then you could express the idea by using a word such as “although” or “though.” Alternate translation: “although” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
7:8 lzww rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τῇ ἐπιστολῇ & ἡ ἐπιστολὴ ἐκείνη 1 Here Paul again refers to a letter that he previously sent to them. See how you referred to this letter in [2:3–9](../02/03.md). Alternate translation: “my previous letter … the letter” or “the letter that I sent you before … that letter” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
7:8 wlbh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure εἰ καὶ μετεμελόμην (βλέπω ὅτι ἡ ἐπιστολὴ ἐκείνη, εἰ καὶ πρὸς ὥραν ἐλύπησεν ὑμᾶς) 1 Here, the phrase **Even though I did regret {it}** could go with: (1) “now I rejoice” in [7:9](../07/09.md). In other words, although Paul may have regretted sending the letter, now he rejoices. Alternate translation: “Although I did regret it—I see that that letter grieved you, if only for an hour—” (2) **seeing**. In other words, Paul may have regretted sending the letter because “saw” that it **grieved** the Corinthians. If you use the following alternate translation, you will need to begin a new sentence with the following verse. Alternate translation: “Even though I did regret it, it was because I see that that letter grieved you, if only for an hour.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
7:8 b552 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-contrary εἰ καὶ μετεμελόμην 1 Here, the phrase **Even though** could introduce: (1) something that Paul did not actually do. In other words, Paul wishes to indicate that he might have “regretted” sending the letter, but there is no possibility of that now. Alternate translation: “Even though I might have regretted it” (2) something that Paul did in the past but does not do now. In other words, Paul wishes to indicate that he “regretted” sending the letter after he sent, but he does not regret it now. Alternate translation: “Even though I did regret it then” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-contrary]])
7:8 vk7m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy βλέπω 1 Here, the word **seeing** refers generally to “knowing” something, not just to looking with one’s eyes. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word that clearly refers to knowing. Alternate translation: “I recognize” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
7:8 ftuo rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants βλέπω 1 Here, some manuscripts have “for I see,” and a few manuscripts have “seeing.” However, the best manuscripts have “I see.” Unless your readers are already familiar with one of these other wordings, it is best to follow the ULT here. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])
7:8 b2xj rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact εἰ καὶ 3 Here Paul is speaking as if being grieved **for an hour** were a hypothetical possibility, but he means that it was actually true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might misunderstand and think that what Paul is saying is not certain, then you could express the idea by using a word such as “though.” Alternate translation: “though only” or “although just” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
7:8 ob23 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy πρὸς ὥραν 1 Here Paul uses the word **hour** to refer to a short period of time, but he does not specify how short. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable expression that refers to a short period of time. Alternate translation: “for a moment” or “for a short while” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
7:9 z820 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure οὐχ ὅτι ἐλυπήθητε, ἀλλ’ ὅτι ἐλυπήθητε εἰς μετάνοιαν 1 If your language would not naturally put the negative statement before the positive statement, you could reverse the two clauses here. Alternate translation: “that you were grieved to the point of repentance, not that you were grieved” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
7:9 kn5q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐλυπήθητε -1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that he himself or his letter did it. Alternate translation: “I grieved you … I grieved you … I grieved you” or “my letter grieved you … it grieved you … my letter grieved you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
7:9 i8n0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns εἰς μετάνοιαν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **repentance**, you could express the idea by using a verb such as “repent.” Alternate translation: “so that you repented” or “in such a way that you repented” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
7:9 lmw9 κατὰ Θεόν 1 Here, the phrase **with respect to God** indicates that how the Corinthians **were grieved** was how God desires people to be grieved. In other words, their “grief” was pleasing to God or “godly.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that expresses this idea more clearly. Alternate translation: “in a godly way” or “as God approves”
7:9 cg0o Θεόν, ἵνα 1 Here, the word translated **so that** could introduce: (1) a result. Alternate translation: “God, with the result that” (2) a purpose. Alternate translation: “God in order that”
7:9 l6d2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν μηδενὶ ζημιωθῆτε ἐξ ἡμῶν 1 Here Paul explains that the Corinthians were not harmed or injured in any way by how they **were grieved**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “you did not lose anything because of us” or “you were not harmed in any way by us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
7:10 y0gi rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** introduces a further explanation of what Paul said in the previous verse ([7:9](../07/09.md)) about “grief with respect to God” and how it does not lead to “suffering loss.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different word or phrase that introduces further explanation. Alternate translation: “In fact,” or “Indeed,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
7:10 dtm3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἡ & κατὰ Θεὸν λύπη 1 Here Paul uses words very similar to those he used in [7:9](../07/09.md): “you were grieved with respect to God.” Use a similar form to what you used there. Alternate translation: “the godly sorrow” or “the sorrow that God approves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
7:10 wmtx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἡ & κατὰ Θεὸν λύπη, μετάνοιαν εἰς σωτηρίαν ἀμεταμέλητον ἐργάζεται 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **sorrow**, **repentance**, **salvation**, and **regret**, you could express the ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “being grieved with respect to God causes people to repent so that they are saved and do not regret being grieved” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
7:10 lc4m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἀμεταμέλητον 1 Here, the phrase **without regret** could describe: (1) how those who have **sorrow with respect to God** do not experience **regret**. Alternate translation: “so there is no regret” (2) how Paul does not have **regret** for how he caused the Corinthians to feel **sorrow**. Alternate translation: “so that I do not have any regret” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
7:10 lc1s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἡ δὲ τοῦ κόσμου λύπη 1 Here Paul uses the possessive form to describe the kind of **sorrow** that the **world** experiences. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea in another way. Alternate translation: “But worldly sorrow” or “But the sorrow that is characteristic of this world” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
7:10 t234 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy τοῦ κόσμου 1 Here, the word **world** refers to the people in the world who do not believe in Jesus. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that refers to this group of people. Alternate translation: “of unbelievers” or “of other people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
7:10 uwz5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns θάνατον κατεργάζεται 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **death**, you could express the idea by using a verb such as “die.” Alternate translation: “leads these people to die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
7:10 s94l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit θάνατον 1 Here, the word **death** refers not only to physical **death** but also to spiritual **death**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “spiritual death” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
7:11 hz1x rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** introduces a specific example of what Paul said in the previous verse about how “sorrow with respect to God works repentance towards salvation” ([7:10](../07/10.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different word or phrase that introduces a specific example, or you could leave **For** untranslated. Alternate translation: “In fact,” or “In your case,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
7:11 gpp2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations ἰδοὺ 1 Here, the word **behold** draws the attention of the audience and asks them to listen carefully. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea with a word or phrase that asks the audience to listen, or you could use another form that draws the audience’s attention to the statement that follows. Alternate translation: “look at” or “consider” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
7:11 uxa4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns αὐτὸ τοῦτο & πόσην κατειργάσατο ὑμῖν σπουδήν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **earnestness**, you could express the idea by using an adjective such as “earnest.” Alternate translation: “how earnest this same thing caused you to be” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
7:11 hpyz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit αὐτὸ τοῦτο τὸ κατὰ Θεὸν λυπηθῆναι & κατειργάσατο ὑμῖν 1 Here, the phrase **to be made sorrowful with respect to God** further defines what **this same thing** is. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this relationship in a more natural form. Alternate translation: “this same thing, that is, to be made sorrowful with respect to God, produced in you” or “this same experience of being made sorrowful with respect to God produced in you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
7:11 qnsg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive λυπηθῆναι 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that he himself did it. Alternate translation: “to feel sorrowful” or “that I made you sorrowful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
7:11 t7uk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit κατὰ Θεὸν 1 Here, just as in [7:9–10](../07/09.md), the phrase **with respect to God** indicates that how the Corinthians were **sorrowful** was how God desires people to be sorrowful. In other words, their “sorrow” was pleasing to God or “godly.” See how you expressed the idea in [7:9–10](../07/09.md). Alternate translation: “in a godly way” or “as God approves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
7:11 h6jc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἀλλὰ ἀπολογίαν, ἀλλὰ ἀγανάκτησιν, ἀλλὰ φόβον, ἀλλὰ ἐπιπόθησιν, ἀλλὰ ζῆλον, ἀλλὰ ἐκδίκησιν 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for some or all of these ideas, you could express the ideas in another way. Each of the items in the list refers to one way that the Corinthians responded to the incident that caused Paul to write the previous letter that “grieved” them. Make sure that how you express the Corinthians’ responses fits with this situation. Alternate translation: “you were eager to defend yourselves, you were indignant, you were fearful, you were anxious to see us, you were zealous, and you were quick to punish the wrongdoer” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
7:11 tcvv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τῷ πράγματι 1 Here, the phrase **this matter** refers to what happened at Corinth that caused Paul to write the previous letter. Paul has already discussed this incident in [2:3–11](../02/03.md), so he simply refers to it here. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that similarly refers to something that has already happened and that has already been discussed. Alternate translation: “in this incident” or “in what was done” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
7:12 d4uc rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ἄρα 1 Here, the word **So** introduces an inference or conclusion from what Paul said in [7:8–11](../07/08.md) about the letter and its results. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces an inference or conclusion. Alternate translation: “Therefore,” or “As you can see,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
7:12 n0qv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἔγραψα 1 Here, the phrase **I wrote** refers to the previous letter that Paul sent to the Corinthians. See how you translated “I wrote” in [2:3–4](../02/03.md). Alternate translation: “I wrote that letter” or “I sent the letter” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
7:12 tqcb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἀδικηθέντος 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that the person **having done wrong** did it. Alternate translation: “whom that person wronged” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
7:12 i6sn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive τοῦ φανερωθῆναι τὴν σπουδὴν ὑμῶν, τὴν ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν πρὸς ὑμᾶς 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that he or his letter did it. Alternate translation: “I might reveal to you your earnestness which is on our behalf” or “my letter might reveal to you your earnestness which is on our behalf” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
7:12 rqr2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὴν σπουδὴν ὑμῶν, τὴν ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **earnestness**, you could express the idea by using an adjective such as “earnest.” Alternate translation: “how earnest you are on our behalf” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
7:12 ycy7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐνώπιον τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Here, Paul refers to something being revealed **before God** to indicate a close connection to God. See how you translated the phrase **before God** in [4:2](../04/02.md). The phrase could indicate that: (1) God testifies to or approves the Corinthians’ **earnestness**. Alternate translation: “with God testifying to it” (2) the Corinthians recognize their **earnestness** when they are in God’s presence. Alternate translation: “in God’s presence” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
7:13 afti rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns διὰ τοῦτο 1 Here, the word **this** refers to what Paul has said in [7:6–12](../07/06.md) about how the Corinthians treated Titus and how they responded to Paul’s letter. If it would be helpful in your language, you make the reference of **this** more explicit. Alternate translation: “Because of those things” or “Because you responded in those ways,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
7:13 kn2q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive διὰ τοῦτο παρακεκλήμεθα 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that the Corinthians or their actions did it. Alternate translation: “Because of this, you have encouraged us” or “So then, what you did has encouraged us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
7:13 f3xr rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases δὲ 1 Here, the word **Now** introduces a development of the ideas from the previous sentence. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a development, or you could leave **Now** untranslated. Alternate translation: “Indeed,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
7:13 axyk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῇ παρακλήσει ἡμῶν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **encouragement**, you could express the idea by using a verb such as “encourage.” Alternate translation: “how we have been encouraged” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
7:13 k6gm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῇ χαρᾷ Τίτου 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **joy**, you could express the idea by using an adjective such as “joyful.” Alternate translation: “how joyful Titus was” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
7:13 n69e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἀναπέπαυται τὸ πνεῦμα αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ πάντων ὑμῶν 1 Here Paul speaks as if Titus’ **spirit** were a tired body that needed to be **refreshed**. He could mean that Titus: (1) was encouraged or given new energy. Alternate translation: “he was encouraged by all of you” or “he was energized by all of us” (2) was no longer worried about the Corinthians. Alternate translation: “he stopped worrying about all of you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
7:13 v2g6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἀναπέπαυται τὸ πνεῦμα αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ πάντων ὑμῶν 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “all of you had refreshed his spirit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
7:14 c72a rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ὅτι 1 Here, the word **For** introduces another reason why Paul and those with him “rejoiced even more abundantly” ([7:13](../07/13.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different word or phrase that introduces a reason. Alternate translation: “Also, we rejoiced since,” or “Further,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
7:14 b4uq rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact εἴ τι αὐτῷ ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν κεκαύχημαι, οὐ κατῃσχύνθην 1 Paul is speaking as if his boasting about the Corinthians were a possibility, but he means that it is actually true. He uses this form to introduce what he said about the Corinthians that might have caused him to be **ashamed** if it were not true. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that introduces something that Paul did that might have led to being **ashamed**. Alternate translation: “I was not ashamed because of what I had boasted to him about you” or “what I boasted to him about you did not cause me to be ashamed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
7:14 m22c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive οὐ κατῃσχύνθην 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the action, it is clear from the context that it was the Corinthians. Alternate translation: “I did not feel shame” or “you did not shame me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
7:14 wrxa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit πάντα & ἐλαλήσαμεν ὑμῖν 1 Here Paul could be referring to: (1) everything he has told the Corinthians, including the gospel. Alternate translation: “we spoke everything we have told you” (2) specifically what he told the Corinthians about his travel plans. Alternate translation: “we spoke to you about our travel plans” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
7:14 t1za rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐν ἀληθείᾳ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **truth**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “truthfully” or “in a truthful way” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
7:14 q5hg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἡ καύχησις ἡμῶν ἡ ἐπὶ Τίτου ἀλήθεια ἐγενήθη 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **boasting** and **truth**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “what we boasted about became true with reference to Titus” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
7:15 p2ja rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὰ σπλάγχνα αὐτοῦ περισσοτέρως εἰς ὑμᾶς ἐστιν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **affections**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “he loves you more more abundantly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
7:15 qm18 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit περισσοτέρως 1 Here, the phrase **more abundant** could indicate that: (1) Titus has more **affections** for them than he did before he visited them. Alternate translation: “more abundant than before” (2) Titus simply has a great deal of **affections**. Alternate translation: “very abundant” or “great” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
7:15 ezep rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ἀναμιμνῃσκομένου 1 Here, the word **remembering** introduces a reason why Titus’ **affections** are **more abundant**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a reason. Alternate translation: “since he remembers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
7:15 gp09 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὴν πάντων ὑμῶν ὑπακοήν 1 Here, the Corinthians’ **obedience** could be directed toward: (1) Paul and those with him, including Titus. Alternate translation: “the obedience of all of you to us” (2) just Titus. Alternate translation: “the obedience of all of you to him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
7:15 uagc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit μετὰ φόβου καὶ τρόμου 1 Here the Corinthians’ **fear** could be directed toward: (1) Titus as Paul’s representative. Alternate translation: “with fear and trembling with respect to him” (2) the consequences of what had happened. Alternate translation: “with fear and trembling because of what had happened” (3) God, whom Titus represented. Alternate translation: “with and trembling with respect to God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
7:15 dtni rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns μετὰ φόβου καὶ τρόμου 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **fear** and **trembling**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “as you feared and trembled” or “fearfully and nervously” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
7:15 g9bz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet φόβου καὶ τρόμου 1 The terms **fear** and **trembling** mean similar things. Paul is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “great fear” or “deep respect” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
7:16 hr3w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit θαρρῶ ἐν ὑμῖν 1 The implication is that Paul is **confident** that the Corinthians are doing what is right or proper. You can include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “I am confident that you do what is proper” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8:intro kl7m 0 # 2 Corinthians 8 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n6. Giving for the gospel (8:1–9:15)\n * Example of the Macedonians (8:1–6)\n * Paul appeals to the Corinthians to give generously (8:7–9:5)\n\nSome translations set quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULT does this with the quotation from [Exodus 16:18](../exo/16/18.md) in [8:15](../08/15.md).\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### The collection for the church in Jerusalem\n\nThroughout this chapter, Paul encourages the Corinthians to finish collecting the money they were going to contribute to what Paul was gathering to send to the believers in Jerusalem. Paul sometimes calls participating in this collection a “grace.” He often refers to this collection indirectly, which was a polite way to talk about financial matters in his culture. If people in your culture speaks more directly about financial matters, you may need to make some of the ideas more explicit. In order to encourage the Corinthians to give to this collection, Paul tells them that the Macedonian believers have already given generously ([8:1–5](../08/01.md)), states reasons why the Corinthians should give ([8:6–15](../08/06.md)), and assures the Corinthians that the people who are managing the collection are trustworthy ([8:16–24](../08/16.md)). Make sure that your translation includes these elements that encourage the Corinthians to give to the collection.\n\n### The generosity of the Macedonians\n\nIn [8:1–5](../08/01.md), Paul tells the Corinthians about how the Macedonian believers contributed generously to the collection even though they were poor and suffering. He does this to encourage the Corinthians also to give generously. While Paul does not directly compare how much the Corinthians and Macedonians have given, he does use the Macedonians as an example. Your translation should clearly present the Macedonians as an example to imitate.\n\n### Equality\n\nIn [8:13–14](../08/13.md), Paul indicates that one of the reasons for the collection is “equality” among believers. He does not mean that every believer must have exactly the same amount of possessions and money. What he does mean is that believers who have much should share with believers who have little. He wants all believers to be doing “equally” well. So, while this does not mean that everyone has exactly the same amount of possessions and money, it does mean that some believers should not be rich when others are poor. Consider how you might express the idea of general, although not exact, “equality.”\n\n### Titus and two traveling companions\n\nIn [8:16–23](../08/16.md), Paul commends Titus and then introduces and commends the two men who travel with him. Most likely, these three men traveled together and carried Paul’s letter (2 Corinthians) with them. Paul does not name the two men, but he does indicate that they are trustworthy and should be respected. If you have normal ways of introducing and commending people, you could use them here. \n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### Exclusive “we”\n\nThroughout this chapter, Paul uses the words “we,” “us,” and “our” to refer to himself and those who work with him. He does not include the Corinthians. You should assume that Paul only means himself and those with him unless a note specifies otherwise. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
8:1 mm8g rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases δὲ 1 Here, the word **Now** introduces a new topic. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a new topic, or you could leave **Now** untranslated. Alternate translation: “Next,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
8:1 d3pn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἀδελφοί 1 Paul is using the term **brothers** to mean people who share the same faith. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “fellow Christians” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
8:1 a73v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ἀδελφοί 1 Although the term **brothers** is masculine, Paul is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If you retain the metaphor in your translation, and if it would be helpful in your language, you could say “brothers and sisters” to indicate this. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
8:1 nqwf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὴν χάριν τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Here, Paul is using the possessive form to describe **grace** that comes from **God**. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a form that makes it clear. Alternate translation: “the grace from God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
8:1 phws rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὴν χάριν τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **grace**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “the gift of God” or “what comes graciously from God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
8:1 d1mj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive τὴν δεδομένην 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the action, it is clear from the context that it was God. Alternate translation: “that he has given” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
8:1 xnfz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τῆς Μακεδονίας 1 As Paul indicates in [7:5](../07/05.md), he is in **Macedonia** when he writes this letter. If it would be helpful in your language, you could indicate that this place was Paul’s location when he wrote the letter. Alternate translation: “of Macedonia, where I am currently” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8:2 zjd7 ὅτι 1 (1) further explain or define the “grace of God” in [8:1](../08/01.md). (2) support or give a reason for what Paul said in [8:1](../08/01.md).
8:2 usu2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession πολλῇ δοκιμῇ θλίψεως 1 Here Paul is using the possessive form to describe a **severe trial** that is made up of or characterized by **affliction**. If this is not clear in your language, you could express the idea in another way. Alternate translation: “a severe trial that afflicted them” or “affliction, which was a severe trial” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
8:2 b7k5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἡ περισσεία τῆς χαρᾶς αὐτῶν καὶ ἡ κατὰ βάθους πτωχεία αὐτῶν 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **abundance**, **joy**, and **poverty**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “how very joyful they were and how deeply poor they were” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
8:2 a6td rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἡ κατὰ βάθους πτωχεία αὐτῶν 1 Here Paul is speaking of **poverty** as if it were a **deep** hole. He means that they were very poor. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “their extreme poverty” or “their great poverty” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
8:2 pr8c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τὸ πλοῦτος τῆς ἁπλότητος αὐτῶν 1 Here Paul is speaking of **generosity** as if it were **riches**. He means that these people had very much **generosity**, just like a “rich” person has very much money. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the greatness of their generosity” or “how much generosity they had” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
8:2 z6mt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὸ πλοῦτος τῆς ἁπλότητος αὐτῶν 1 Here Paul is using the possessive form to describe **riches** that could: (1) indicate how much **generosity** these people had. Alternate translation: “their rich generosity” (2) be made up of **generosity**. Alternate translation: “the riches that are their generosity” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
8:2 hcgh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὸ πλοῦτος τῆς ἁπλότητος αὐτῶν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **generosity**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “how richly generous they were” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
8:3 muo6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ὅτι 1 Here, the word **For** introduces a support for what Paul said in the previous verse ([8:2](../08/02.md)) about the “riches of their generosity.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different word or phrase that introduces support for a claim. Alternate translation: “Indeed,” or “As a matter of fact,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
8:3 tf8b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns κατὰ δύναμιν & παρὰ δύναμιν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **ability**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “they gave according to what they were able to give … beyond what they were able to give” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
8:3 wxoh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom αὐθαίρετοι 1 Here, the phrase **of their own accord** indicates that no one forced or required the believers in Macedonia to act as they did. Rather, they chose to do so on their own. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable expression. Alternate translation: “of their own free will” or “because they wanted to” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
8:3 soq9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure αὐθαίρετοι 1 Here, the phrase **of their own accord** could modify: (1) the implied **gave** in this verse. Alternate translation: “which they did of their own accord” (2) “pleaded” in the following verse ([8:4](../08/04.md)). If you use the following alternate translate, you will need to remove the comma at the end of this verse. Alternate translation: “and that of their own accord and” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
8:4 tfsj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns δεόμενοι ἡμῶν, τὴν χάριν καὶ τὴν κοινωνίαν τῆς διακονίας τῆς 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **favor** and **fellowship**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “they pleaded with us to favor them and allow them to take part in this ministry that is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
8:4 jdqw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys τὴν χάριν καὶ τὴν κοινωνίαν 1 The two words **favor** and **fellowship** work together to express a single idea. The word **fellowship** describes what **the favor** is. If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this meaning in a different way. Alternate translation: “the favor of the fellowship” or “the gift of fellowship” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])
8:4 nmw8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τῆς διακονίας τῆς εἰς τοὺς ἁγίους 1 Here Paul does not give very many details about the **ministry** because he had already told the Corinthians about it in [1 Corinthians 16:1–4](../1co/16/01.md). From that passage and other passages, we know that Paul was collecting money from various churches to send to Jerusalem to help the believers there. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make it more explicit that this is what Paul is talking about. Alternate translation: “of this ministry that is for the saints in Jerusalem” or “of this ministry of sending money to the Jerusalem saints” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8:5 y9sj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit οὐ καθὼς ἠλπίσαμεν, ἀλλ’ 1 Here Paul is implying that the Macedonians did more than Paul and those with him had **hoped**, not that they did less. If this clause would imply that the Macedonians did less, you could use a form that implies that they did more. Alternate translation: “while we had hoped for something, they did more:” or “doing more than we had hoped,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8:5 t73o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἑαυτοὺς ἔδωκαν, πρῶτον 1 Here Paul speaks as if the Macedonians were gifts that they themselves **gave** to **the Lord** and to **us**. He means that the Macedonians chose to completely serve and honor **the Lord** and **us**. If it would be helpful in your language, you express the idea plainly. Alternate translation: “they first devoted themselves” or “they chose first to be servants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
8:5 w0el πρῶτον & καὶ 1 Here, the words **first** and **then** could indicate what is: (1) more and less important. Alternate translation: “primarily … and secondarily” (2) first and second in sequence. Alternate translation: “first … and second”
8:5 k4pa καὶ ἡμῖν 1 Here, the phrase **and then** could introduce: (1) what comes after what they **first** did. Alternate translation: “and after that to us” (2) the second part of what they **first** did. Paul implies that what comes after what they **first** did is giving money. Alternate translation: “and to us before they gave money”
8:5 m2mg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis καὶ ἡμῖν 1 Here Paul is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and then they gave themselves to us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
8:5 kq0n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure ἑαυτοὺς ἔδωκαν, πρῶτον τῷ Κυρίῳ, καὶ ἡμῖν, διὰ θελήματος Θεοῦ 1 Here, the phrase **by the will of God** could modify: (1) how the Corinthians both gave themselves to **the Lord** and to **us**. Alternate translation: “by the will of God they first gave themselves to the Lord and then to us” (2) just how the Corinthians gave themselves to **us**. Alternate translation: “they first gave themselves to the Lord and then, by the will of God, to us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
8:5 kphi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns διὰ θελήματος Θεοῦ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **will**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “as God wanted” or “which is what God desires” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
8:6 z42y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit καθὼς προενήρξατο 1 Here Paul could be implying that Titus already **began**: (1) the **grace**, which is collecting money for the believers in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “just as he began this grace” (2) to work for the sake of the Corinthians in general. Alternate translation: “just as he began to serve you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8:6 vn4u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit καὶ τὴν χάριν ταύτην 1 Here, the word **grace** refers to what it did in [8:4](../08/04.md): being able to contribute money to what Paul was collecting for believers in Jerusalem. If possible, translate it as you did in [8:4](../08/04.md). Alternate translation: “this gift as well” or “this gracious act of giving as well” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8:6 i4jd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns καὶ τὴν χάριν ταύτην 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **grace**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “what you also are graciously contributing” or “what you also are giving” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
8:7 x7cd rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases ἀλλ’ 1 Here, the word **But** introduces a new section. It is does not primarily contrast with what Paul has already said, although it does introduce a change in focus from the Macedonians and Titus to the Corinthians. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a new a section or a change in focus. Alternate translation: “Now” or “In your case,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
8:7 mv4w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole ἐν παντὶ 1 Paul says **everything** here as a generalization for emphasis. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “in so many things” or “in very many ways” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
8:7 iu8n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns πίστει, καὶ λόγῳ, καὶ γνώσει, καὶ πάσῃ σπουδῇ, καὶ τῇ ἐξ ἡμῶν ἐν ὑμῖν ἀγάπῃ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faith**, **speech**, **knowledge**, **earnestness**, and **love**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “that is, you are faithful, proper in what you speak, knowledgable about many things, very earnest, and full of how we have loved you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
8:7 hy1o rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants ἐξ ἡμῶν ἐν ὑμῖν 1 Many ancient manuscripts read **from us in you**. The ULT follows that reading. Other ancient manuscripts read “from you in us.” If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])
8:7 zhg5 ἐξ ἡμῶν ἐν ὑμῖν 1 Here, the phrase **from us in you** could indicate that: (1) the **love** is how Paul and those with him feel about the Corinthians. Alternate translation: “that we have for you” (2) Paul and those with him enabled or caused the Corinthians to have **love**. Alternate translation: “that came from us and is now in you”
8:7 gqz3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν ταύτῃ τῇ χάριτι 1 Here, the word **grace** refers to what it did in [8:4](../08/04.md), [6](../08/06.md): being able to contribute money to what Paul was collecting for believers in Jerusalem. If possible, translate it as you did in those verses. Alternate translation: “in this gift” or “in this gracious act of giving” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8:7 fpe1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐν ταύτῃ τῇ χάριτι 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **grace**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “in what you are graciously contributing” or “in what you are giving” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
8:8 mc1z rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns λέγω 1 The pronoun **this** refers to what Paul said in the previous verse about how the Corinthians “should abound in this act of grace” ([8:7](../08/07.md)). If this is not clear for your readers, you could more clearly refer to that exhortation. Alternate translation: “I say what I just did” or “I say that you should abound in this way” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
8:8 xgi5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns διὰ τῆς ἑτέρων σπουδῆς & τὸ τῆς ὑμετέρας ἀγάπης γνήσιον 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **genuineness**, **love**, and **earnestness**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “that how you love others is genuine through how earnest others are” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
8:8 wn2k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit διὰ τῆς ἑτέρων σπουδῆς 1 Here, the phrase **through the earnestness of others** indicates the standard by which Paul is **proving** the **love** of the Corinthians. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces the standard by which something else is proved or tested. Alternate translation: “in comparison with the earnestness of others” or “against the earnestness of others” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8:8 x7fs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj ἑτέρων 1 Paul is using the adjective **others** as a noun to mean other people, particularly other believers. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “of other believers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
8:9 irzk rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** introduces a reason why the Corinthians should give money to help fellow believers. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different word or phrase that introduces a reason. Alternate translation: “That is because,” or “Now you should abound in giving because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
8:9 c1ch rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὴν χάριν τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **grace**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “the gift of our Lord Jesus Christ” or “what our Lord Jesus Christ has graciously done” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
8:9 iz6z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor δι’ ὑμᾶς ἐπτώχευσεν, πλούσιος ὤν, ἵνα ὑμεῖς τῇ ἐκείνου πτωχείᾳ πλουτήσητε 1 Here, Paul is speaking of what God considers valuable, including blessings, power, and honor, as if it were wealth. If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea with a simile or plain language. Alternate translation: “he became like a poor person for your sake, though he was like a rich person, so that by what was like that one’s poverty, you might become like rich people” or “he gave up blessings and honor for your sake, though he had great blessings and honor, so that by giving those things up, you might receive blessings and honor” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
8:9 j5ym rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῇ ἐκείνου πτωχείᾳ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **poverty**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “by that one being poor” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
8:10 b7ht rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ἐν τούτῳ 1 Here, the word **this** could refer to: (1) the issue that Paul is speaking about, which is the Corinthians collecting money for believers in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “about this grace of giving” or “about collecting money” (2) what Paul is about to say. Alternate translation: “in what follows” or “in what I am about to say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
8:10 azlo rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns τοῦτο 1 Here, the word **this** could refer to: (1) the Corinthians hearing Paul’s **opinion**. Alternate translation: “listening my opinion” (2) how Paul is giving an **opinion** instead of a command. Alternate translation: “an opinion instead of a command” (3) giving money. Alternate translation: “the act of giving” or “collecting money” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
8:10 z8kg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish ὑμῖν & οἵτινες 1 Here, the word **who** could introduce: (1) further information about what the Corinthians were doing. In this case, it describes the Corinthians instead of distinguishing them from other people. Alternate translation: “for you, who” (2) what kind of people the Corinthians are. In this case, it distinguishes the Corinthians from other people and describes them as the kind of people for whom **this is profitable**. Alternate translation: “for you, you who” or “for you since you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
8:10 spzy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure οὐ μόνον τὸ ποιῆσαι, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸ θέλειν, προενήρξασθε ἀπὸ πέρυσι 1 If your language would not naturally put the negative statement before the positive statement, you could reverse the two clauses here. Paul is emphasizing **desire**, so consider a natural way to emphasize this part of the sentence. Alternate translation: “certainly desired to begin to do this and did not just begin to do it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
8:10 mt5f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὸ ποιῆσαι & τὸ θέλειν 1 In these phrases, Paul is speaking about collecting money for the believers in Jerusalem. You can include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “to collect money for the Jerusalem believers … to do desire to do so” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8:11 himo rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases νυνὶ δὲ 1 Here, the phrase **But now** introduces an exhortation for what to do in the present time as opposed to what they already did “a year ago” (see [8:10](../08/10.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that transitions from the past to the present. Alternate translation: “So at this present time,” or “At this time,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
8:11 fc27 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns καθάπερ ἡ προθυμία τοῦ θέλειν 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **readiness** and **desire**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “just you were ready and willing to do it” or “just as you were eager and wanted to do it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
8:11 d6ly rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns καὶ τὸ ἐπιτελέσαι 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **completion**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “also you may complete it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
8:11 rgl0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐκ τοῦ ἔχειν 1 Here, the phrase **from what you have** indicates that Paul wants the Corinthians to give some of the things or money that they own. He does not want them to borrow money or give everything that they own. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this idea explicit. Alternate translation: “from what you are able” or “with you giving what you can afford” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8:12 c50n rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** introduces a further explanation of what Paul said in the previous verse ([8:11](../08/11.md)) about giving “from what you have.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different word or phrase that introduces further explanation. Alternate translation: “Indeed,” or “I say that you should give from what you because,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
8:12 tgch rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical εἰ 1 Paul uses the word **if** to indicate that this is a hypothetical condition. In other words, what people give will only be **acceptable** if **the readiness is already there**. Use a natural form in your language for introducing one thing that is a requirement for another thing. Alternate translation: “as long as” or “given that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]])
8:12 mx7f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἡ προθυμία πρόκειται 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **readiness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “someone is ready” or “a person is already eager” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
8:12 c2zc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit καθὸ & εὐπρόσδεκτος 1 Here Paul does not state what is **fully acceptable**. He implies that it is whatever they give that is **fully acceptable**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “it is fully acceptable to give” or “whatever one gives is fully acceptable according to” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8:12 k9wh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations οὐκ ἔχει 1 Although the word **he** is masculine, Paul is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “what one does not have” or “what he or she does not have” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
8:13 mp6k rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result οὐ γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** introduces a further explanation of what Paul said in the previous verse ([8:13](../08/13.md)) giving “according to whatever one might have.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different word or phrase that introduces further explanation. Alternate translation: “As you can see, I want you to give not” or “I say that because my goal is not” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
8:13 iyop rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis οὐ 1 Here Paul is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. Paul implies that he is speaking about the goal or purpose of giving to other believers. The ULT supplies very general words here. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more specific words. Alternate translation: “I do not want you to give” or “we give to fellow believers not” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
8:13 smk2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure οὐ & ἵνα ἄλλοις ἄνεσις, ὑμῖν θλῖψις, ἀλλ’ ἐξ ἰσότητος 1 If your language would not naturally put the negative statement before the positive statement, you could reverse the two clauses here. Alternate translation: “this is out of equality, not so that there is relief for others but tribulation for you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
8:13 zht9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἄλλοις ἄνεσις, ὑμῖν θλῖψις 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **relief** and **tribulation**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “others are relieved but you are troubled” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
8:13 y6xj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure ὑμῖν & ἀλλ’ ἐξ ἰσότητος 1 Here, the phrase **but out of equality** could: (1) contrast with what Paul has said in this verse about some having **relief** and others having **tribulation**. Alternate translation: “for you, but so that there is equality” (2) introduce what Paul says in the following verse about believers sharing “abundance.” If you use the following alternate translation, you will need to remove the capital letter at the beginning of the following verse. Alternate translation: “for you. Rather, out of equality,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
8:13 no45 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐξ ἰσότητος 1 Here, the phrase **out of equality** could provide: (1) the basis or principle for giving and sharing. Alternate translation: “because the goal is equality” or “from the principle of equality” (2) the desired result from giving and sharing. Alternate translation: “so that everyone is equal” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8:13 ktd1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐξ ἰσότητος 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **equality**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “focusing on everyone being equal” or “we are trying to make everyone equal” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
8:14 um8e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν τῷ νῦν καιρῷ, τὸ ὑμῶν περίσσευμα εἰς τὸ ἐκείνων ὑστέρημα, ἵνα καὶ τὸ ἐκείνων περίσσευμα γένηται εἰς τὸ ὑμῶν ὑστέρημα 1 Here, the phrase **At the present time** could refer to: (1) how things were when Paul wrote this letter. In this case, Paul is telling the Corinthians that they have more than the Jerusalem believers do, and so they should help. In the future, if the Jerusalem believers have more than the Corinthians, they will help the Corinthians. Alternate translation: “At this time, your abundance of money is for the lack of those ones, so that also the abundance of money of those ones may be for your need in the future” (2) the time between Christ’s first and second comings. In this case, Paul is telling the Corinthians that they should help the Jerusalem believers financially, and the Jerusalem believers will help them spiritually. Alternate translation: “In this new age, your abundance of money is for the lack of those ones, so that also the spiritual abundance of those ones may be for your need” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8:14 uqyp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὸ ὑμῶν περίσσευμα εἰς τὸ ἐκείνων ὑστέρημα 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **abundance** and **lack**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “what you abundantly possess is for what those ones lack” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
8:14 jkwe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὸ ἐκείνων περίσσευμα γένηται εἰς τὸ ὑμῶν ὑστέρημα 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **abundance** and **need**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “what those ones abundantly possess may be for what you need” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
8:14 om8r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns γένηται ἰσότης 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **equality**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “everyone is equal” or “everyone does equally well” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
8:15 xpr7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations καθὼς γέγραπται 1 Here Paul quotes from the Old Testament scriptures, specifically from [Exodus 16:18](../exo/16/18.md). If it would be helpful to your readers, you could format these words in a different way, or you could include this information in a footnote. Alternate translation: “just as it is written in the Scriptures” or “just as you can read in Exodus” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
8:15 ue8w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive γέγραπται 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the action, it is clear from the context that it was the person who wrote the book of Exodus. Alternate translation: “someone wrote in Exodus” or “it says in Exodus” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
8:15 u28y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὁ τὸ πολὺ, οὐκ ἐπλεόνασεν; καὶ ὁ τὸ ὀλίγον, οὐκ ἠλαττόνησεν 1 Here Paul is quoting from a story about how God led the Israelites through the desert. They did not have much food, so God miraculously made something like bread appear on the ground for them. The Israelites called the food “Manna,” and God commanded each of them to gather a specific amount for each person. This amount was just right, which is what this quotation describes. If it would be helpful in your language, you could include some of this information in your translation or a in a footnote. Alternate translation: “Any Israelite who gathered much Manna did not have too much, and any Israelite who gathered little Manna did not have too little” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8:15 ahrp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun ὁ τὸ -1 The phrase **the one** represents people in general, not one particular person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “Those … those” or “Everyone … everyone” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
8:16 w40p rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases δὲ 1 Here, the word **But** introduces a new section. Paul is again speaking about **Titus**, whom he last mentioned in [8:6](../08/06.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a new section, or you could leave **Now** untranslated. Alternate translation: “Now” or “Next,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
8:16 w8zo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations χάρις & τῷ Θεῷ 1 Here, **thanks {be} to God** is an exclamatory phrase that communicates Paul’s thankfulness. Use an exclamation form that is natural in your language for communicating thanks. Alternate translation: “we give thanks to God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
8:16 dgpj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish τῷ διδόντι 1 Here Paul adding more information about **God**. He is not distinguishing between different gods. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that clearly adds information instead of distinguishing between people. Alternate translation: “who has placed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
8:16 duy8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τῷ διδόντι τὴν αὐτὴν σπουδὴν ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ Τίτου 1 Here, Paul is speaking as if **earnestness** were an object that **God** could put **into the heart of Titus**. He means that God made **the heart of Titus** earnest. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the one making the same earnestness on your behalf characterize the heart of Titus” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
8:16 yhr2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὴν αὐτὴν σπουδὴν 1 Here, the word **same** indicates that the **earnestness** that Titus has is the same **earnestness** that Paul and those with him have. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea more explicitly. Alternate translation: “the same earnestness that we have” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8:16 vsm3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns διδόντι τὴν αὐτὴν σπουδὴν ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ Τίτου 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **earnestnest**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “making the heart of Titus earnest on your behalf” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
8:16 cr18 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy τῇ καρδίᾳ Τίτου 1 In Paul’s culture, the **heart** is the place where humans think and feel. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea by referring to the place where humans think and feel in your culture or by using plain language. Alternate translation: “the mind of Titus” or “what Titus wants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
8:17 d9he rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases ὅτι 1 Here, the word **For** introduces an explanation of one way in which Titus showed the “earnestness” that Paul referred to in the previous verse ([8:16](../08/16.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces an explanation or basis for a previous statement. Alternate translation: “In fact,” or “For example,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
8:17 e4xn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὴν & παράκλησιν 1 Here Paul implies that the **appeal** was for Titus to visit the Corinthians. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea more explicitly. Alternate translation: “our appeal that he visit you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8:17 g404 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go ἐξῆλθεν 1 Most likely, Titus and those who traveled with him took this letter to the Corinthians. In a context such as this, your language might say “come” instead of **gone**. Alternate translation: “he has come” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
8:17 jlyp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture ἐξῆλθεν 1 Most likely, Titus and those who traveled with him took this letter from Paul to the Corinthians. Use whatever tense is most natural for referring to this action. Alternate translation: “he is going” or “he went” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
8:17 dlo1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom αὐθαίρετος 1 Here, the phrase **of his own accord** indicates that no one forced or required Titus to act as he did. Rather, they he to do so on their own. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable expression. See you how translated the similar phrase in [8:3](../08/03.md). Alternate translation: “of his own free will” or “because he wanted to” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
8:18 txld rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases δὲ 1 Here, the word **Now** introduces a development of the ideas from the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a development, or you could leave **Now** untranslated. Alternate translation: “Further,” or “Also,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
8:18 crw1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture συνεπέμψαμεν 1 Here Paul refers to how he and those with him sent another believer along with Titus. Use the same tense that you used in the previous verse for Titus’ travel. Alternate translation: “we are sending together” or “we sent together” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
8:18 rje2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τὸν ἀδελφὸν 1 Paul is using the term **brother** to mean a person who shares the same faith. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the believer” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
8:18 nd28 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν τῷ εὐαγγελίῳ 1 Here, the phrase **in the gospel** describes generally in what area this **brother** is praised. Paul means that this **brother** acts to spread the gospel. This probably includes preaching the good news, but it probably also includes many other acts of service, including visiting believers and collecting money for other believers. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “for his service to the gospel” or “for spreading the gospel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8:19 j9rk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit οὐ μόνον & ἀλλὰ 1 Here, the phrase **not only this** refers to how this “brother” received praise from all the churches. Paul uses this phrase to introduce something he thinks is even more important about this “brother.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces something even more important. Alternate translation: “even more,” or “more importantly,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8:19 c667 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive καὶ χειροτονηθεὶς ὑπὸ τῶν ἐκκλησιῶν 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “also the churches chose him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
8:19 q5on rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit σὺν 1 Here, the phrase **along with** indicates what the person **was chosen** to help with. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea more explicitly. Alternate translation: “so that he could help with” or “with the intent that he could assist in” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8:19 pgtn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τῇ χάριτι ταύτῃ 1 Here, the word **grace** refers to what it did in [8:6–7](../08/06.md): being able to contribute money to what Paul was collecting for believers in Jerusalem. If possible, translate it as you did in those verses. Alternate translation: “this gift” or “this gracious act of giving” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8:19 mkwm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῇ χάριτι ταύτῃ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **grace**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “the gift” or “what people are graciously giving” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
8:19 k7dy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive τῇ διακονουμένῃ ὑφ’ ἡμῶν 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that we are administering” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
8:19 iph0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns πρὸς τὴν τοῦ Κυρίου δόξαν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **glory**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “to glorify the Lord” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
8:19 lvyu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit προθυμίαν ἡμῶν 1 Here Paul implies that they have **readiness** to help fellow believers, particularly the fellow believers in Jerusalem. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “our readiness to help others” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8:19 v22x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns προθυμίαν ἡμῶν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **readiness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “how ready we are” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
8:20 tfv0 στελλόμενοι 1 Here, the word **avoiding** introduces Paul’s reason for including this fellow believer in the process of collecting and distributing money. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase here that introduces a reason for doing something. Alternate translation: “we included him to avoid” or “our goal was to avoid”
8:20 o27q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo τοῦτο, μή τις 1 Here Paul introduces what he and those with him wish to avoid by using the word **this**, and then he states what it is that they do not want to happen. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different form that identifies what Paul wishes to avoid. Alternate translation: “how someone” or “any possibility that a person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]])
8:20 a3ps rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐν τῇ ἁδρότητι ταύτῃ τῇ διακονουμένῃ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **generosity**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “concerning what people generously offered that is being administered” or “concerning the generous gift being administered” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
8:20 mbm3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τῇ ἁδρότητι ταύτῃ 1 Here, the word **generosity** refers to the large sum of money that Paul has collected and plans to give to the believers in Jerusalem. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “this large sum of money” or “this generous sharing with the believers in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8:20 a7xv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive τῇ διακονουμένῃ ὑφ’ ἡμῶν 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that we are administering” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
8:21 n4x1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** introduces a further explanation of what Paul said in the previous verse ([8:20](../08/20.md)) about avoiding blame from others. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different word or phrase that introduces further explanation, or you could leave **For** untranslated. Alternate translation: “Indeed,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
8:21 ey5n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor καλὰ, οὐ μόνον ἐνώπιον Κυρίου, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐνώπιον ἀνθρώπων 1 Here Paul speaks as if **{what is} good** were in front of or **before** both **the Lord** and **men**. He means that he cares about both what **men** and **the Lord** think is **good**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable figure of speech or express the idea plainly. Alternate translation: “not only what is good in the Lord’s eyes, but also what is good in men’s eyes” or “not only what the Lord considers to be proper, but also what men consider to be proper” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
8:21 fitv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ἀνθρώπων 1 Although the term **men** is masculine, Paul is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “humans” or “men and women” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
8:22 mdcs rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases δὲ 1 Here, the word **Now** introduces a new idea, which is that Paul is sending one more person with Titus. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a new idea, or you could leave **Now** untranslated. Alternate translation: “Further,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
8:22 j5jt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture συνεπέμψαμεν 1 Here Paul refers to how he and those with him sent yet another believer along with Titus. Use the same tense that you used in [8:17](../08/17.md) for Titus’ travel. Alternate translation: “we are sending” or “we have sent” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
8:22 ax5x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τὸν ἀδελφὸν ἡμῶν 1 Paul is using the term **brother** to refer to a person who shares the same faith. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “another believer” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
8:22 d3yj rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns αὐτοῖς 1 Here, the word **them** refers to Titus and the previously mentioned brother. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make explicit to whom the pronoun refers. Alternate translation: “with these two men” or “with Titus and the other brother” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
8:22 qqcs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὃν ἐδοκιμάσαμεν 1 Here, the phrase **whom we proved** could indicate that Paul and those with him have: (1) tested the **brother**, and he successfully passed the tests. Alternate translation: “whom we proved by testing” or “whom we tested and approved” (2) seen what the **brother** does, and they approve of him. Alternate translation: “whom we are sure about” or “of whom we approve” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8:22 bay7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit πολλοῖς, πολλάκις σπουδαῖον ὄντα 1 Here, the phrase **often being eager** identifies what this **brother** was **proved** to be. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this connection more explicit. Alternate translation: “many ways to often be eager” or “in many ways that he was often eager” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8:22 l5yd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit πολὺ σπουδαιότερον 1 Here Paul implies that the **brother** is **even more eager** than he was when Paul and those with him **proved** him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea more explicitly. Alternate translation: “he is even more eager than he was before” or “he is more eager than ever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8:22 cusu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns πεποιθήσει πολλῇ τῇ εἰς ὑμᾶς 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **confidence**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “because of how very confident he is in you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
8:22 iw9e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit πεποιθήσει πολλῇ τῇ εἰς ὑμᾶς 1 Here Paul implies that the **brother** has **confidence** that the Corinthians will do what is right, particularly that they will give generously to help the believers in Jerusalem. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “because of his great confidence that you will give generously” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8:23 dbgj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet κοινωνὸς ἐμὸς καὶ εἰς ὑμᾶς συνεργός 1 The terms **partner** and **fellow worker** mean similar things. Paul is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “he is my partner in working for you” or “he is my fellow worker for you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
8:23 mmi2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἀδελφοὶ ἡμῶν 1 Paul is using the term **brothers** to mean people who share the same faith. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “our fellow believers” or “those believers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
8:23 lat3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἀδελφοὶ ἡμῶν 1 Here, the phrase **our brothers** refers to the two other men who will accompany Titus. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “our two brothers” or “the brother we mentioned” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8:23 u8lx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἀπόστολοι ἐκκλησιῶν 1 Here, Paul is using the possessive form to describe **messengers** who were sent by **the churches**. If this is not clear in your language, you could express the idea more explicitly. Alternate translation: “they are messengers sent by the churches” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
8:23 sams rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit δόξα Χριστοῦ 1 Here, the phrase **a glory of Christ** describes the **brothers**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this clearer. Alternate translation: “and they are a glory of Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8:23 re88 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession δόξα Χριστοῦ 1 Here Paul uses the possessive to describe **glory** that belongs to **Christ**. He could mean more specifically that: (1) the brothers give **glory** to **Christ**. Alternate translation: “and they glorify Christ” (2) what the brothers do shows the **glory** that **Christ** has. Alternate translation: “and they show how glorious Christ is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
8:23 a8v2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns δόξα Χριστοῦ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **glory**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “glorifying Christ” or “who show that Christ is glorious” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
8:24 wpzy rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result οὖν 1 Here, the word **Therefore** introduces an exhortation based on what Paul has said in the previous verses. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different word or phrase that introduces this kind of exhortation. Alternate translation: “Because of that” or “Since that is who they are” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
8:24 wk4y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo τὴν & ἔνδειξιν τῆς ἀγάπης ὑμῶν, καὶ ἡμῶν καυχήσεως ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν 1 Here Paul wants the Corinthians to **prove** the **proof**. If this form is redundant in your language, you could express the idea without using the word **proof**. Alternate translation: “that your love is real and that our boasting about you is true” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]])
8:24 lr1f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor εἰς πρόσωπον τῶν ἐκκλησιῶν 1 He Paul speaks as if the **proof** was directly in front of the **faces of the churches**. What he means is that the **proof** is something that the **churches** can see and know about. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable figure of speech or express the idea plainly. Alternate translation: “in the sight of the churches” or “with the knowledge of the churches” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
8:24 oc83 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὴν & ἔνδειξιν τῆς ἀγάπης ὑμῶν, καὶ ἡμῶν καυχήσεως ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **proof** and **love**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “that you do love others and what we boasted about you is right” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
9:intro lt8d 0 # 2 Corinthians 9 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n6. Giving for the gospel (8:1–9:15)\n * Paul appeals to the Corinthians to give generously (8:7–9:5)\n * Blessing and thanksgiving (9:6–15)\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verse [9:9](../09/09.md), which is quoted from the Old Testament.\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Plans for the collection\n\nIn [9:1–5](../09/01.md), Paul continues to speak about the collection for the Jerusalem believers, how the Corinthians should contribute to it, and why he is sending Titus and two other believers to the Corinthians. For more information, see the introduction to chapter 8. \n\n### God enables and blesses those who give\n\nIn [9:6–14](../09/06.md), Paul describes how God gives people enough money and possessions so that they can give to others, and he also describes how God blesses people who do this. Finally, he explains how giving and receiving gifts glorifies God. Your translation should not suggest that God makes people who give to others very rich. Instead of that, Paul is saying that God gives some people more than they need so that they can give what they have to fellow believers, which leads to thanksgiving and glory to God. \n\n## Important Figures of Speech in this Chapter\n\n### Farming metaphors\n\nIn [9:6](../09/06.md), [10](../09/10.md), Paul speaks of giving to fellow believers as if it were farming. In [9:6](../09/06.md), Paul refers to how farmers who sow much seed will harvest more produce. This applies to believers giving to each other: those who give more will produce more blessings for others and glory to God. In [9:10](../09/10.md), Paul refers to how God is the one who provides the seeds and the produce for farmers. This again applies to believers giving to each other: God is the one who gives some believers more than they need so that they can share it with others, and God also makes those gifts bless others and glorify him. If possible, preserve these metaphors or express the ideas in simile form. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n
9:1 wc5l rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** introduces a further explanation concerning why Paul and those with him boast about the Corinthians (see [8:24](../08/24.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a further explanation, or you could leave **For** untranslated. Alternate translation: “Now,” or “Indeed,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
9:1 fxs3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τῆς διακονίας τῆς εἰς τοὺς ἁγίους 1 Here Paul is referring specifically to the **ministry** of collecting and giving money to the **saints** in Jerusalem. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make what Paul is referring to more explicit. Alternate translation: “the ministry that is to the saints in Jerusalem” or “the money that we are collecting for the Jerusalem saints” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
9:1 wcuz περισσόν μοί ἐστιν τὸ γράφειν ὑμῖν 1 Alternate translation: “it is really not necessary for me to write to you”
9:2 o55j rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** introduces the reason why it is “excessive” for Paul to write to the Corinthians about the collection. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a reason. Alternate translation: “It is excessive since” or “Indeed,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
9:2 yt00 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὴν προθυμίαν ὑμῶν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **readiness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “how ready you are” or “that you are ready” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
9:2 e62g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὴν προθυμίαν ὑμῶν & παρεσκεύασται & ἠρέθισε τοὺς πλείονας 1 Paul never directly states what the Corinthians and the Macedonians are ready or about to do. He implies that it is to give to the collection for the believers in Jerusalem. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “your readiness to help fellow believers … has been ready to help … stirred up most of them to help” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
9:2 jqee rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations ὅτι Ἀχαΐα παρεσκεύασται ἀπὸ πέρυσι, καὶ 1 It may be more natural in your language to have a direct quotation here. Alternate translation: “saying, ‘Achaia has been ready since last year,’ and” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
9:2 rd2g rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Ἀχαΐα 1 **Achaia** is the name of a Roman province in the southern part of modern-day Greece. The city of Corinth was in this province. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
9:2 i529 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Ἀχαΐα παρεσκεύασται 1 Here, the word **Achaia** refers to the believers who live in this province. If it would be helpful in your language, you could refer to the people directly instead of just to the place. Alternate translation: “the Christians in Achaia have been ready” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
9:2 zdgk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὸ ὑμῶν ζῆλος 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **zeal**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “how zealous you are” or “how you have acted zealously has” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
9:2 ynu8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἠρέθισε τοὺς πλείονας 1 Here Paul speaks as if the **zeal** of the Corinthians could stir up or provoke the believers in Macedonia. He means that the Corinthians’ **zeal** encourages or motivates the Macedonians to act. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable figure of speech or express the idea plainly. Alternate translation: “challenged most of them” or “motivated most of them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
9:3 x7t9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast δὲ 1 Here, the word **But** introduces a contrast a with what Paul has said in [9:1–2](../09/01.md) about how eager the Corinthians are. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces this kind of contrast. Alternate translation: “On the other hand,” or “Despite that,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
9:3 vdla rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture ἔπεμψα 1 Here Paul refers to how he sent the two believers and Titus when he sent this letter. Use the same tense that you used in [8:17](../08/17.md) for Titus’ travel. Alternate translation: “I am sending” or “I have sent” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
9:3 r5pp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τοὺς ἀδελφούς 1 Here, the word **brothers** refers to Titus and the two fellow believers who travel with him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “these brothers” or “the three brothers I have mentioned” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
9:3 lcx8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τοὺς ἀδελφούς 1 Paul is using the term **brothers** to mean people who share the same faith. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the believers” or “the Christians” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
9:3 k1er rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν τῷ μέρει τούτῳ 1 Here, the phrase **this matter** identifies the topic that Paul is speaking about: giving to the collection for the Jerusalem believers. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “in this matter of giving to the Jerusalem believers” or “in this matter of contributing to the collection” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
9:3 d69o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit παρεσκευασμένοι ἦτε 1 Here Paul implies that he wants them to **be ready** to give to the collection. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “you might be ready to contribute” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
9:3 tdw5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit καθὼς ἔλεγον 1 Here, the phrase **I was saying** refers back to what Paul wrote in [9:2](../09/02.md) about how he tells the Macedonian believers that the Corinthians have been prepared to give since the previous year. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “as I was saying to the Macedonians” or “as I was saying that you were ready since last year” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
9:4 iwg7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast μή πως 1 Here, the word **Otherwise** introduces a possible situation in which the Corinthians would be **unprepared** in contrast to what Paul said in the previous verse about them being “ready.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a contrasting situation. Alternate translation: “However” or “But if that did not happen” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
9:4 dov9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical ἐὰν ἔλθωσιν σὺν ἐμοὶ Μακεδόνες, καὶ εὕρωσιν ὑμᾶς ἀπαρασκευάστους 1 Here Paul introduces something that could happen when Paul visits them. There are two things that Paul thinks are possibilities. First, **Macedonians** might travel with him. Second, the Corinthians might be **unprepared**. Paul wishes to say that if both these things were to happen, both he and the Corinthians would be **ashamed**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that introduces something that might happen. Alternate translation: “suppose that Macedonians come with and find you unprepared; in that case” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]])
9:4 j8ey rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἀπαρασκευάστους 1 Here Paul implies that they would be **unprepared** to give money to the collection. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the idea more explicit. Alternate: “unprepared to contribute” or “unprepared to give generously” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
9:4 dy3x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive καταισχυνθῶμεν ἡμεῖς, ἵνα μὴ λέγωμεν ὑμεῖς, ἐν τῇ ὑποστάσει ταύτῃ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “this situation would shame us—not to mention you.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
9:4 wyzr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom καταισχυνθῶμεν ἡμεῖς, ἵνα μὴ λέγωμεν ὑμεῖς, ἐν 1 Here, the phrase **not to mention you** indicates that Paul thinks that the Corinthians would obviously be **ashamed**, even more than Paul and those with him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that expresses that idea. Alternate translation: “we, and most surely you, would be ashamed by” or “we—to say nothing of you—would be ashamed by” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
9:4 vhme rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τῇ ὑποστάσει ταύτῃ 1 Here, the phrase **this situation** could refer to: (1) what would actually happen if the Corinthians were **unprepared** in contrast to what Paul had told the Macedonians would happen. Alternate translation: “what would actually be true” or “what had happened” (2) how sure Paul had been that the Corinthians would be ready. Alternate translation: “how confident we were” or “this confidence” (3) the project that Paul was undertaking, which was the collection of money for the Jerusalem believers. Alternate translation: “our project” or “what we were planning to do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
9:4 rz1f rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants τῇ ὑποστάσει ταύτῃ 1 Here most ancient manuscripts read **this situation**. The ULT follows that reading. Some ancient manuscripts read “this situation of boasting.” Most likely, the phrase “of boasting” was added by accident because it appears in the similar phrase in [11:17](../11/17.md). So, it is recommended that you use the reading of the ULT. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])
9:5 v9y2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result οὖν 1 Here, the word **So** introduces an inference or conclusion from what Paul said in the previous verse (see [9:5](../09/05.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces an inference or conclusion. Alternate translation: “Therefore,” or “So then,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
9:5 e5b2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς 1 Here, the word **brothers** refers to Titus and the two fellow believers who travel with him. See how you translated this word in [9:3](../09/03.md). Alternate translation: “these brothers” or “the three brothers I have mentioned” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
9:5 cka7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς 1 Paul is using the term **brothers** to mean people who share the same faith. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the believers” or “the Christians” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
9:5 q1up rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go προέλθωσιν εἰς ὑμᾶς 1 In a context such as this, your language might say “come” instead of **go**. Alternate translation: “they should come to you beforehand” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
9:5 p927 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive τὴν προεπηγγελμένην εὐλογίαν ὑμῶν 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “blessing that you promised” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
9:5 wjw5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὴν προεπηγγελμένην εὐλογίαν ὑμῶν, ταύτην 1 Here Paul uses the word **blessing** to refer to the money that the Corinthians said that they would contribute to Paul’s collection. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “this blessing of money that you promised” or “this promised gift of yours” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
9:5 zg4e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo οὕτως ὡς 1 Here Paul uses both the phrase **in this way** and the word **as** to introduce the two ways in which the Corinthians could give to the collection. Your language may only use one form to introduce this information. If so, you could use just one form here. Alternate translation: “as” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]])
9:5 nm2n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive μὴ ὡς πλεονεξίαν 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “not as something that we forced you to give” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
9:6 lmv6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases δέ 1 Here, the word **Now** introduces a new section. In this section, Paul gives the Corinthians more reasons why they should give generously. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a new section, or you could leave **Now** untranslated. Alternate translation: “Next,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
9:6 gho8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns τοῦτο 1 Here, the word **this** refers to the words that Paul says in the rest of this verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could clarify that Paul is referring to what he is about to say. Alternate translation: “here is what I say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
9:6 mm9w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὁ σπείρων φειδομένως, φειδομένως καὶ θερίσει; καὶ ὁ σπείρων ἐπ’ εὐλογίαις, ἐπ’ εὐλογίαις καὶ θερίσει 1 Here Paul speaks as if giving money to the collection were like **sowing** seeds and reaping the harvest from what these seeds produce. In the second clause, he uses the word **blessings** to show the Corinthians how to apply what he says about farmers to the collection. Just as farmers receive a harvest that fits with how the sowed, so people who give to help other believers will receive **blessings** that fit with what and how much they gave. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a simile or clearly express how the metaphor relates to the Corinthians. Alternate translation: “giving money to help other believers is like farming. The one sowing sparingly will also reap sparingly, and the one sowing in blessings will also reap in blessings” or “the one sowing sparingly will also reap sparingly, and the one sowing generously will also reap generously. Similarly, the one giving blessings to fellow believers will also receive blessings” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
9:6 kqvb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism ὁ σπείρων φειδομένως, φειδομένως καὶ θερίσει; καὶ ὁ σπείρων ἐπ’ εὐλογίαις, ἐπ’ εὐλογίαις καὶ θερίσει 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “the one sowing sparingly will also reap sparingly; yes, the one sowing in blessings will also reap in blessings” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
9:7 qrhq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations προῄρηται τῇ καρδίᾳ 1 Although the words **he** and **his** are masculine, Paul is using the words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “he or she has decided beforehand in his or her heart” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
9:7 tzt4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy τῇ καρδίᾳ 1 In Paul’s culture, the **heart** is the place where humans think and feel. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea by referring to the place where humans think and feel in your culture or by using plain language. Alternate translation: “in his mind” or “on his own” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
9:7 whg6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns μὴ ἐκ λύπης ἢ ἐξ ἀνάγκης 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **sorrow** and **compulsion**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “not because you are sad or forced to do so” or “not because you grieve or are required to do so” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
9:7 t26d rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 Here, the word **for** introduces a reason why the Corinthians should not give **from sorrow or from compulsion**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a reason. Alternate translation: “because” or “since” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
9:8 kuxl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit πᾶσαν χάριν 1 Here, the word **grace** refers primarily to good things that God has given to the Corinthians, including money and possessions. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that refers to these things. Alternate translation: “every good thing” or “every blessing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
9:8 zxz9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns πᾶσαν χάριν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **gracious**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “everything he gives” or “all his gracious gifts” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
9:8 cz9b rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ἐν παντὶ πάντοτε πᾶσαν αὐτάρκειαν ἔχοντες 1 This phrase introduces a reason why the Corinthians can **abound in every good work**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that makes this relationship clearer. Alternate translation: “since in everything, always, you have all sufficiency” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
9:8 u8w6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns πᾶσαν αὐτάρκειαν ἔχοντες 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **sufficiency**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “being completely sufficient” or “being fully self-sufficient” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
9:8 jb7i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit πᾶν ἔργον ἀγαθόν 1 Here, the phrase **every good work** generally describes any good deed. However, it may also more specifically refer to helping others by giving them what they need. Make sure you use a phrase that could indicate this specific meaning in your language. Alternate translation: “every good act of service” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
9:9 fd6d rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations καθὼς γέγραπται 1 Here Paul quotes from the Old Testament scriptures, specifically from [Psalm 112:9](../psa/112/09.md), to support the claim he made in the previous verse. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could format these words in a different way and include this information in a footnote. Alternate translation: “In fact, it is written in a psalm” or “You can read just that in the Scriptures” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
9:9 mma1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive καθὼς γέγραπται 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Just as someone wrote” or “Just as you can read in the Scriptures” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
9:9 xvql rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ἐσκόρπισεν, ἔδωκεν & αὐτοῦ 1 The pronouns **he** and **his** could refer to: (1) a person who fears and obeys God. This is what the pronouns mean in [Psalm 112:9](../psa/112/09.md). Alternate translation: “The person who obeys God distributed alms, he gave … his” (2) God. Alternate translation: “God distributed alms, he gave … his” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
9:9 a91h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ἐσκόρπισεν, ἔδωκεν & αὐτοῦ 1 Although the terms **he** and **his** are masculine, the author of the quotation is using them in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “Such a person distributed alms, he or she … his or her” or “These people distributed alms, they gave … their” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
9:9 ypxe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism ἐσκόρπισεν, ἔδωκεν τοῖς πένησιν 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could either connect the phrases in a way that shows that the second phrase is repeating the first one, or you could combine the two phrases. Alternate translation: “He distributed alms, indeed, he gave to the poor” or “He distributed gifts to the poor” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
9:9 o0ri rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture ἐσκόρπισεν, ἔδωκεν 1 Here the author of the quotation uses the past tense to describe actions that normally or habitually occur. If it would be helpful in your language, you could whatever tense is natural in your language for recurring or habitual actions. Alternate translation: “He is distributing alms, he is giving” or “He has distributed alms, he has given” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
9:9 hvk7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj τοῖς πένησιν 1 The author of the quotation is using the adjective **poor** as a noun to mean **poor** people in general. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “to poor people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
9:9 h2bx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἡ δικαιοσύνη αὐτοῦ μένει εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **righteousness** and **eternity**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “what he does righteously will last forever” or “he will always be righteous” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
9:9 qcsn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit μένει εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα 1 Here, the phrase **endures to eternity** could mean that: (1) the person always does what is righteous. Alternate translation: “will always be performed” or “will be acted out to eternity” (2) God will always remember and reward the righteous things that the person does. Alternate translation: “will always be remembered” or “will be remembered by God to eternity” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
9:10 ejwt rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases δὲ 1 Here, the word **Now** introduces a development of the ideas from the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a development, or you could leave **Now** untranslated. Alternate translation: “So,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
9:10 p3fl rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ὁ & ἐπιχορηγῶν 1 Here, the word **one** refers to God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this more explicit. Alternate translation: “God who supplies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
9:10 gbkz rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns σπόρον & τὸν σπόρον ὑμῶν 1 In this verse, the word **seed** is singular in form, but it refers to many seeds. If it would be helpful in your language, you could say this plainly. Alternate translation: “much seed … much seed for you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
9:10 uts1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor χορηγήσει καὶ πληθυνεῖ τὸν σπόρον ὑμῶν, καὶ αὐξήσει τὰ γενήματα τῆς δικαιοσύνης ὑμῶν 1 Here Paul applies what he said about actual **seed** and **bread** in the first half of the verse to what he is telling the Corinthians about giving to fellow believers. He means that God will give them the means to give (the **seed**) and will enable their gifts to really help others (increasing the **fruit**). If it would be helpful in your language, you could a simile or express the idea in plain language. Alternate translation: “will supply and multiply what you have like it was seed and will increase what your righteousness accomplishes like it was fruits” or “will supply and multiply your possessions and will increase what your righteousness accomplishes” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
9:10 ci67 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὰ γενήματα τῆς δικαιοσύνης ὑμῶν 1 Here Paul uses the possessive form to connect **fruits** with **your righteousness**. He could be identifying **fruits** that: (1) come from **righteousness**. Alternate translation: “the fruits that come from your righteousness” (2) are **righteousness**. Alternate translation: “the fruits, that is, your righteousness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
9:10 yv67 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῆς δικαιοσύνης ὑμῶν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **righteousness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “of the righteous things you do” or “of what you righteously do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
9:11 c2wo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit πλουτιζόμενοι 1 Here, the phrase **being enriched** does indicate that the Corinthians have more than enough money and possessions. Paul’s point is that God gives them more than they need so that they can share it with others. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that refers to people having more than they need or being wealthy. Alternate translation: “being made wealthy” or “being given more than enough” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
9:11 iexj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive πλουτιζόμενοι 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God enriching you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
9:11 fpko rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns εἰς πᾶσαν ἁπλότητα 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **generosity**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “to be very generous” or “to act generously in every way” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
9:11 b3e5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ἥτις 1 The pronoun **which** refers to **generosity**. If this is not clear for your readers, you could refer more directly to **generosity**. Alternate translation: “which generosity” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
9:11 b5n3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns κατεργάζεται & εὐχαριστίαν τῷ Θεῷ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **thanksgiving**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “causes thanks to be given to God” or “leads to people thanking God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
9:11 u57h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit δι’ ἡμῶν 1 Here, the phrase **through us** shows that Paul and those with him are involved in how the **generosity** leads to **thanksgiving**. More specifically, they are the ones who collect and send the gifts to fellow believers. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “through our work” or “by what we do with your gifts” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
9:12 vuc2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἡ διακονία τῆς λειτουργίας ταύτης 1 Here, Paul is using the possessive form to describe a **ministry** that is accomplished by performing **this service**. If this is not clear in your language, you could express the idea in another way. Alternate translation: “accomplishing this service” or “the ministry of performing this service” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
9:12 l7kq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τῆς λειτουργίας ταύτης 1 Here, the phrase **this service** refers specifically to collecting and sending money to help the believers in Jerusalem. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “of this service of helping the Jerusalem believers” or “of this service of collecting money” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
9:12 esk7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns καὶ περισσεύουσα διὰ πολλῶν εὐχαριστιῶν τῷ Θεῷ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **thanksgivings**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “is also causing God to be thanked many times” or “is also leading to many people often thanking God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
9:13 plj4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τῆς δοκιμῆς τῆς διακονίας ταύτης 1 Here Paul uses the possessive to indicate that participating in the **ministry** proves what Paul says in the rest of this verse, that is, that they have **obedience** and **generosity**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that clearly expresses this idea. Alternate translation: “of what this ministry proves” or “of what you prove by performing this ministry” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
9:13 k0kh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῆς δοκιμῆς τῆς διακονίας ταύτης 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **proof** and **ministry**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “of what ministering in this way proves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
9:13 svot rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns δοξάζοντες 1 Here the people who **are glorifying God** could be: (1) the believers in Jerusalem, who receive the money. Alternate translation: “the believers in Jerusalem are glorifying” (2) the Corinthians, who give the money. Alternate translation: “you are glorifying” (3) anyone who hears about the Corinthians giving money to the believers in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “people are glorifying” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
9:13 ze14 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τῇ ὑποταγῇ τῆς ὁμολογίας ὑμῶν 1 Here Paul uses the possessive form to connect **obedience** to **your confession**. He could be describing: (1) **obedience** to the content of the **confession**. Alternate translation: “of your obedience to your confession” or “you obey your confession” (2) **obedience** that goes along with the **confession**. Alternate translation: “obedience that goes with your confession” (3) **obedience** which consists in proclaiming the **confession**. Alternate translation: “of your obedience in speaking your confession” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
9:13 sdnc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῇ ὑποταγῇ τῆς ὁμολογίας ὑμῶν 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **obedience** and **confession**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “you obey what you confess” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
9:13 ajtu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τῆς ὁμολογίας ὑμῶν εἰς τὸ εὐαγγέλιον τοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 Here, the phrase **to the gospel of Christ** could go with: (1) **obedience**. In this case, they are obedient **to the gospel of Christ**. Alternate translation: “of your confession, that is, obedience to the gospel of Christ” (2) **confession**. In this case, they confess **to the gospel of Christ**. Alternate translation: “of your confession concerning the gospel of Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
9:13 otyw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὸ εὐαγγέλιον τοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 Here, Paul is using the possessive form to describe a **gospel** that is about **Christ**. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a different form. Alternate translation: “to the gospel that concerns Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
9:13 z8k5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἁπλότητι τῆς κοινωνίας 1 Here, Paul is using the possessive form to describe a **fellowship** that is characterized by **generosity**. If this is not clear in your language, you could use an adjective such as “generous.” Alternate translation: “the generous fellowship” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
9:13 ll01 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἁπλότητι τῆς κοινωνίας εἰς αὐτοὺς καὶ εἰς πάντας 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **generosity** and **fellowship**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “how unselfishly you give to them and to everyone” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
9:13 gyy3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit πάντας 1 Here, the word **everyone** refers primarily to believers. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “every believer” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
9:14 qea1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure καὶ αὐτῶν δεήσει ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν, ἐπιποθούντων ὑμᾶς 1 Here, the phrase **in their prayer on your behalf** could go with: (1) **longing**. In this case, the word **longing** describes another thing that the Jerusalem believers do, besides “glorifying God” (see [9:13](../09/13.md)). Alternate translation: “and they are longing for you in their prayer on your behalf,” (2) the phrase “because of” in the previous verse (see [9:13](../09/13.md)). In this case, **their prayer on your behalf** is another reason why God receives glory. Alternate translation: “and because of their prayer on your behalf, in which they long for you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
9:14 lwgq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐπιποθούντων 1 Here, the word **longing** could introduce: (1) the way in which they pray. Alternate translation: “in which they long” (2) why they pray. Alternate translation: “since they long” (3) something they do along with praying. Alternate translation: “and they long” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
9:14 alzd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὴν ὑπερβάλλουσαν χάριν τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐφ’ ὑμῖν 1 Here, Paul is using the possessive form to describe a **grace** that is connected to **God**. He could mean that the **grace**: (1) is something that **God** gave to them to do. Alternate translation: “how God has given you the ability to perform surpassing grace” (2) is how God has acted towards them. Alternate translation: “how God has been surpassingly gracious to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
9:14 vytr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὴν ὑπερβάλλουσαν χάριν τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐφ’ ὑμῖν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **grace**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “how very kind God has been to you” or “what God has graciously enabled you to do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
9:15 sxtg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations χάρις τῷ Θεῷ 1 Here, **Thanks {be} to God** is an exclamatory phrase that communicates Paul’s thankfulness. Use an exclamation form that is natural in your language for communicating thanks. See how you translated the similar phrase in [8:16](../08/16.md). Alternate translation: “we give thanks to God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
9:15 es8c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo ἐπὶ τῇ ἀνεκδιηγήτῳ αὐτοῦ δωρεᾷ 1 Here Paul does not clarify exactly what this **gift** is. He could mean the way that the Corinthians give that leads to a close connection between believers and glory to God. He could mean Jesus himself, whom God gave. In this case, use a general expression for a gift, since Paul does not clarify exactly what **gift** he means. Alternate translation: “for what he has given us, which is indescribable” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]])
10:intro abcd 0 # 2 Corinthians 10 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n7. Paul defends his apostolic authority (10:1–13:10)\n * The true standard for boasting (10:1–18)\n\nSome translations set quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULT does this with the quoted words in [10:17](../10/17.md), which are from [Jeremiah 9:24](../jer/09/24.md).\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Paul’s opponents\n\nIn this and the following chapters, Paul defends himself and his authority against people who said that they were better than Paul and that the Corinthians should listen to them instead of to Paul. These people either lived in or were visiting Corinth. Paul does not state who these people are or refer to them directly. However, he does refer indirectly to what people are saying about him. Consider whether your readers would notice and understand Paul’s indirect references to his opponents. If not, you may need to make some of his references more explicit. See the notes for specific issues and translation options. \n\n### Accusations against Paul\n\nIn [10:1](../10/01.md), [10](../10/10.md), Paul states that some people think that he is meek and gentle in person but bold and forceful when he is away. In [10:7](../10/07.md), Paul hints that his opponents might say that they are “of Christ” but that Paul and those with him are not. It is very likely that Paul knew more things that people said about him, but he does not state anything more directly. Make sure that your translation shows that Paul knew that people were saying at least these two things about him.\n\n### Boasting\n\nIn [10:8](../10/08.md), [13](../10/13.md), [15–17](../10/15.md), Paul speaks about boasting. In Paul’s culture, not all boasting was considered bad. Instead, there were good and bad kinds of boasting. In these verses, Paul explains what counts as good boasting, and he explains that he boasts in a good way. He also implies that his opponents boast in a bad way. You should use a word or phrase that refers to saying that someone or something is great, and make sure that this word or phrase could refer to something good or to something bad. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/boast]])\n\n### Measuring, measures, and limits\n\nIn [10:12–16](../10/12.md), Paul speaks about “measures”and “limits.” He is referring to standards with which people compare themselves and rules according to which people act. He argues that he and those with him have compared themselves to a standard that God has provided and work according to rules that God gave. He suggests that his opponents compare themselves to standards they have invented and do not follow the rules that God has given. Further, Paul argues that the rules God gave to him and those with him require them to be the ones who teach the Corinthians. Consider what words and phrases would express these ideas clearly in your language. \n\n## Important Figures of Speech in this Chapter\n\n### Ironic speech\n\nIn [10:1](../10/01.md), Paul describes himself as “meek” when he is with the Corinthians but “bold” when he is away. He is speaking ironically, that is, describing himself as his opponents do when he does not really believe it. This is clear from [10:10](../10/10.md), where Paul states that this opinion comes from others, not from himself. Further, it is possible that what Paul says in [10:10](../10/10.md) is also ironic speech: “we do not dare to classify or compare ourselves with some of the ones commending themselves.” It is likely, however, that Paul actually means this and is not speaking from another person’s perspective. Consider a natural way to express the ironic speech in [10:1](../10/01.md) so that your readers know that Paul is speaking from the perspective of his opponents.\n\n### War metaphor\n\nIn verses [10:3–6](../10/03.md), Paul speaks of preaching the gospel and opposing God’s enemies as if he and those with him were fighting a war. While he and those with him do not try to
10:1 yc1g rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases αὐτὸς δὲ ἐγὼ, Παῦλος 1 Here, the word **Now** introduces a new topic, which Paul introduces with several strong words. This new topic concerns Paul himself and his ministry. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that introduces a new topic and focuses on Paul himself. Alternate translation: “As for me, I Paul,” or “Concerning me, Paul, I,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
10:1 rf4f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony ὃς κατὰ πρόσωπον μὲν ταπεινὸς ἐν ὑμῖν, ἀπὼν δὲ θαρρῶ εἰς ὑμᾶς 1 Here Paul describes himself with words that the Corinthians or his enemies use. He does not mean that he thinks these words are actually true about him, but he brings them up to respond to what others are saying. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that indicates that these are words that other people have said about Paul. Alternate translation: “who appears to be meek when face to face among you, but being absent, appears to be bold toward you” or “who am ‘meek’ when face to face among you, but being absent, am ‘bold’ toward you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
10:1 w8g1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom κατὰ πρόσωπον 1 Here, the phrase **face to face** refers to being with someone physically or in person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable expression. Alternate translation: “when physically present” or “when bodily” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
10:1 aqbi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet τῆς πραΰτητος καὶ ἐπιεικείας 1 The terms **meekness** and **gentleness** mean similar things. Paul is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “the gentleness” or “the humility” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
10:1 gq7j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns διὰ τῆς πραΰτητος καὶ ἐπιεικείας τοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **meekness** and **gentleness**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “by how meek and gentle Christ was” or “by how meekly and gently Christ acted” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
10:1 jz4b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession διὰ τῆς πραΰτητος καὶ ἐπιεικείας τοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 Here, Paul is using the possessive form to identify the **meekness** and **gentleness** that characterized **Christ**. He could mean that: (1) he is appealing to them with the same **meekness** and **gentleness** that Christ showed. Alternate translation: “in the meek and gentle manner that Christ had” (2) he wants them to consider the **meekness** and **gentleness** that Christ when they listen to his appeal. Alternate translation: “asking that you think about the meekness and gentleness that Christ had” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
10:2 s6iw rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases δὲ 1 Here, the word **Now** introduces a development of the ideas from the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a development, or you could leave **Now** untranslated. Alternate translation: “Yes,” or “In fact,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
10:2 f8dy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo μὴ & θαρρῆσαι τῇ πεποιθήσει ᾗ 1 Here Paul includes both the action of being **bold** the **confidence** with which he performs the action. He includes both of these elements because it makes the statement stronger. If your readers would find the repetition confusing, or if the repetition does not make the statement stronger, you could use just one of the terms and make the statement strong in another way. Alternate translation: “I will not need to be very bold, which is how” or “I will not need to have the great confidence with which” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]])
10:2 k6mn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῇ πεποιθήσει ᾗ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **confidence**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “and confident, in the way that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
10:2 e6lq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τολμῆσαι 1 Here Paul implies that he will be **courageous** as he argues against or defends himself against the people who are saying bad things about him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “to be courageous when I argue” or “to courageously defend myself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
10:2 ik1p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τινας τοὺς λογιζομένους 1 Here Paul refers to people who are often called “the opponents.” It is not clear whether these people are some of the Corinthians or whether they have visited the Corinthians. What is clear is that they are saying bad things about Paul and claiming to have greater authority and a better gospel. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “our opponents who regard” or “any people who regard” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
10:2 i6hh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor περιπατοῦντας 1 Paul speaks of behavior in life as if it were **walking**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “acting” or “living our lives” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
10:2 t6lv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom κατὰ σάρκα 1 Here Paul uses the phrase **according to the flesh** to refer to human ways of thinking and acting. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea by using a phrase that refers to human values or perspectives. Alternate translation: “according to what humans value” or “according to a human perspective” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
10:3 i2p5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** introduces a further explanation of what Paul said in the previous verse ([10:2](../10/02.md)) about how some people think that he and those with him walk “according to the flesh.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different word or phrase that introduces further explanation. Alternate translation: “Indeed, though” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
10:3 cvd6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor περιπατοῦντες 1 You should translate **walking** as you did in [10:2](../10/02.md). Alternate translation: “acting” or “living our lives” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
10:3 zbet rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐν σαρκὶ 1 Here, the phrase **in the flesh** indicates that Paul and those with him are humans like everyone else. He is contrasting how he is a human with how he wages war, which is not like how humans wage war. If possible, express this idea so it is clearly connected to how you translate **according to the flesh**. Alternate translation: “in human lives” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
10:3 k7h8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor οὐ & στρατευόμεθα 1 Here and in [10:4–6](../10/04.md), Paul speaks as if he and those with him were waging a **war**. He means that they proclaim the good news and defend it and believers against other people and powers that try to corrupt the good news and hurt believers. Paul does not mean that they are actually killing people and fighting with physical weapons. If possible, preserve the metaphor or express the idea with a simile. Alternate translation: “we are like people who wage war, but not” or “we do not fight” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor]])
10:3 gpd3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom κατὰ σάρκα 1 You should translate this phrase as you did in [10:2](../10/02.md). Alternate translation: “according to what humans value” or “according to a human perspective” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
10:4 ge87 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** introduces a further explanation of what Paul said in the previous verse ([10:3](../10/03.md)) about waging war not according to the flesh. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different word or phrase that introduces further explanation, or you could leave **For** untranslated. Alternate translation: “Indeed,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
10:4 uf5s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor τὰ & ὅπλα τῆς στρατείας ἡμῶν οὐ σαρκικὰ, ἀλλὰ δυνατὰ τῷ Θεῷ πρὸς καθαίρεσιν ὀχυρωμάτων, λογισμοὺς καθαιροῦντες 1 Here, just as in [10:3](../10/03.md), Paul speaks as if he and those with him were involved in **warfare**. In this verse, he specifically speaks about their **weapons**, which God empowers. He also refers to **strongholds**, which are places that an army can easily defend. He defines the **strongholds** as **strategies** or arguments against him and the gospel. Paul means that God empowers him and those with him to defeat and destroy these arguments. Paul does not mean that they are actually killing people and destroying physical strongholds. If possible, preserve the metaphor or express the idea with a simile. Alternate translation: “what we use to defend ourselves are like weapons of warfare that are not fleshly but are powerful to God for overcoming strategies and arguments, which are like strongholds” or “we do not fight with fleshly weapons but with arguments that are powerful to God for the defeating of powerful enemies and strategies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor]])
10:4 d1gj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὰ & ὅπλα τῆς στρατείας ἡμῶν 1 Here, Paul is using the possessive form to describe **weapons** that are used to fight in **warfare**. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a different form. Alternate translation: “our weapons for fighting” or “the weapons with which we wage war” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
10:4 ohuj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῆς στρατείας ἡμῶν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **warfare**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “with which we fight” or “we use to wage war” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])\n
10:4 cluj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit δυνατὰ τῷ Θεῷ 1 Here, the phrase **powerful to God** indicates that the weapons are **powerful** because God makes them powerful. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea in another way. Alternate translation: “are made powerful by God” or “have God’s power” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
10:5 xuz9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor καὶ πᾶν ὕψωμα ἐπαιρόμενον κατὰ τῆς γνώσεως τοῦ Θεοῦ, καὶ αἰχμαλωτίζοντες πᾶν νόημα εἰς τὴν ὑπακοὴν τοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 Here, just as in [10:3–4](../10/03.md), Paul speaks as if he and those with him were involved in a war. In this verse, he speaks about **every high thing**, which are fortifications or walls. He means that he and those with him defeat or discredit anything that claims to be as great or important as **the knowledge of God**. Paul also speaks about taking thoughts **captive**. Just as the victor in a war takes the conquered people **captive**, so Paul and those with him wish to take peoples’ thoughts **captive** so that these people are obedient to Christ. If possible, preserve the metaphor or express the idea with a simile. Alternate translation: “anything that is like a high fortress that raises itself against the knowledge of God, and we control every thought like we we were taking it captive into the obedience of Christ” or “and anything that proudly claims to be more important than the knowledge of God, and we take control of every thought into the obedience of Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor]])
10:5 b74d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τῆς γνώσεως τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Here, Paul is using the possessive form to describe **knowledge** that is about **God**. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a more natural form. Alternate translation: “the knowledge about God” or “the knowledge that concerns God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
10:5 vm1a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῆς γνώσεως τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **knowledge**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “knowing God” or ”what we know about God“ (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
10:5 j6ra rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit πᾶν νόημα 1 Here, the phrase **every thought** could refer to: (1) the thoughts that people who oppose the gospel have. Alternate translation: “every thought of people who oppose the gospel” (2) the thoughts that believers have. Alternate translation: “every thought of believers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
10:5 z7ji rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὴν ὑπακοὴν τοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 Here, Paul is using the possessive form to describe **obedience** that is directed to **Christ**. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a more natural form. Alternate translation: “obedience to Christ” or “obedience directed to Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
10:5 r2yz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns εἰς τὴν ὑπακοὴν τοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **obedience**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “so that Christ is obeyed” or “so that people are obedient to Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
10:6 g9z4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor καὶ ἐν ἑτοίμῳ ἔχοντες, ἐκδικῆσαι πᾶσαν παρακοήν, ὅταν πληρωθῇ ὑμῶν ἡ ὑπακοή 1 Here Paul finishes speaking as if he and those with him were involved in a war. Here he says that they are **in readiness** like soldiers ready to attack. When they attack, they will **avenge every act of disobedience**. What he means is that, once people are captive to the “obedience of Christ,”he and those with him will punish them if they go back to being disobedient. If possible, preserve the metaphor or express the idea with a simile. Alternate translation: “and being like soldiers who are ready to avenge every act of disobedience, when your obedience would be complete” or “and being prepared to punish everyone who disobeys, when your obedience would be complete” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor]])
10:6 j0bh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐν ἑτοίμῳ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **readiness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “prepared” or “ready” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
10:6 m4ds rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns πᾶσαν παρακοήν, ὅταν πληρωθῇ ὑμῶν ἡ ὑπακοή 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **disobedience** and **obedience**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “every disobedient act, when you have completed being obedient” or “all the ways that people disobey, when you have completed obeying” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
10:6 bgwq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὑμῶν ἡ ὑπακοή 1 Here, the word **obedience** could refer to being obedient: (1) to Christ. This option is supported by the phrase “the obedience of Christ” in [10:5](../10/05.md). Alternate translation: “your obedience to Christ” (2) to Paul. Alternate translation: “your obedience to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
10:6 ipsn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit πληρωθῇ ὑμῶν ἡ ὑπακοή 1 Here Paul is referring to how he wants the Corinthians to commit to obeying. When they always work towards **obedience**, then he and those with him will **avenge every act of disobedience**. He does not mean that the Corinthians need to be perfectly obedient or **complete** specific acts of obedience. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “you fully work to obey” or “you completely strive for obedience” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
10:7 y2yb τὰ κατὰ πρόσωπον βλέπετε 1 This sentence could be: (1) a command to look at what is obvious. Alternate translation: “You should look at the things according to appearance” (2) a rebuke concerning how they only look at how things appear. Alternate translation: “You are looking at the things according to appearance”
10:7 gsvr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns κατὰ πρόσωπον 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **appearance**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “as they appear” or “according to how they appear” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
10:7 iuqd rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical εἴ τις πέποιθεν ἑαυτῷ Χριστοῦ εἶναι, τοῦτο λογιζέσθω 1 Here Paul uses the conditional form to indicate what person he is addressing with his command to **consider this again**. If your language does not use this form to introduce a specific person or group of people, you could use a different form. Alternate translation: “Let anyone who is convinced in himself that he is of Christ consider this” or “A person may be convinced in himself that he is of Christ. Let that person consider this” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]])
10:7 zfp2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive πέποιθεν ἑαυτῷ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “is confident in himself that” or “is sure in himself that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
10:7 s1g7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations τις πέποιθεν ἑαυτῷ Χριστοῦ εἶναι, τοῦτο λογιζέσθω πάλιν ἐφ’ ἑαυτοῦ, ὅτι καθὼς αὐτὸς Χριστοῦ 1 Although the terms **himself**, **he**, and **him** are masculine, Paul is using the words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “some people are convinced in themselves that they are of Christ, let them consider this again concerning themselves: that just as they are of Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
10:7 cms9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession Χριστοῦ εἶναι & αὐτὸς Χριστοῦ, οὕτως καὶ ἡμεῖς 1 Here Paul could be using the possessive form to refer to how people: (1) represent **Christ** in a special way. Alternate translation: “he serves Christ in a special way … he serves Christ in a special way, so also do we“ (2) belong to **Christ** as believers. Alternate translation: “he is a Christian … he is a Christian, so also are we” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
10:7 z1t5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative3p λογιζέσθω 1 Here Paul uses a third-person imperative. If you have third-person imperatives in your language, you could use one here. If you do not have third-person imperatives, you could express the idea using a word such as “should.” Alternate translation: “he should consider” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative3p]])
10:7 iyxt rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns τοῦτο & πάλιν 1 Here, the word **this** refers ahead to the clauses **just as he {is} of Christ, so also {are} we**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that refers to what a person is about to say. Alternate translation: “again what I am about to write” or “again what follows” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
10:7 f3i9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis οὕτως καὶ ἡμεῖς 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “so also we are of Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
10:8 mezz rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** introduces a further explanation of Paul’s claim that he and those with him are “of Christ” (see [10:7](../10/07.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different word or phrase that introduces further explanation. Alternate translation: “In fact,” or “I say that because,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
10:8 y3ny rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact ἐάν τε 1 Here Paul could be using even if to introduce: (1) something that he thinks really is true. In other words, Paul really is going to **boast** in a way that he thinks is excessive. Alternate translation: “even when” (2) something that he thinks might be true. In other words, he thinks that the Corinthians might consider his boasting to be excessive. Alternate translation: “even supposing that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
10:8 qm9q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit περισσότερόν τι 1 Here, the phrase **somewhat excessively** could mean that Paul is boasting: (1) more than some people would consider proper. Alternate translation: “somewhat more than what is proper” (2) a great deal. Alternate translation: “very much” (3) more than he already has. Alternate translation: “somewhat more than I have already” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
10:8 pm42 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῆς ἐξουσίας ἡμῶν, ἧς ἔδωκεν ὁ Κύριος 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **authority**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “how we have been authorized by the Lord” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
10:8 d4zu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor εἰς οἰκοδομὴν καὶ οὐκ εἰς καθαίρεσιν ὑμῶν 1 Here, Paul is speaking of the Corinthian believers as if they were a building. If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a more natural metaphor for this or you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to help you become more faithful to Christ and not to make you want to forsake him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
10:8 urjy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive οὐκ αἰσχυνθήσομαι 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I will not let people shame me” or “I will not feel shame” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
10:9 x96q rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα 1 Here, the phrase **so that** could introduce: (1) a general inference or result based on what Paul has already said. Alternate translation: “and so” (2) the purpose for which the Lord gave authority to Paul (see [10:8](../10/08.md)). Alternate translation: “and he gave me authority so that” (3) the purpose for what Paul says in [10:11](../10/11.md). If you use the following alternate translation, you will need to end the previous verse with a period. Alternate translation: “Let people consider what I am about to say so that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
10:9 nw6e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit διὰ τῶν ἐπιστολῶν 1 Here Paul refers in general to **letters** he sends to the Corinthians. He is probably including both 1 Corinthians and the other “severe” letter he has already mentioned. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that refers to Paul’s letters to the Corinthians in general. Alternate translation: “through any letters I write” or “through the letters I have sent” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
10:10 c7h1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases ὅτι 1 Here, the word **For** introduces an explanation of or reason why the Corinthians might think that Paul is trying to terrify them with his letters (see [10:9](../10/09.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces an explanation or reason. Alternate translation: “I mention that since” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
10:10 x6dq rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations φησίν 1 Here Paul is quoting what he knows a person or some people in Corinth are saying about him. He does not identify who this person or these people are. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that refers to what some people are saying. Alternate translation: “it is said” or “people say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
10:10 qrag rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations αἱ ἐπιστολαὶ μέν, φησίν, βαρεῖαι καὶ ἰσχυραί, ἡ δὲ παρουσία τοῦ σώματος ἀσθενὴς, καὶ ὁ λόγος ἐξουθενημένος. 1 It may be more natural in your language to have an indirect quotation here. If you use the following alternate translation, you will need to remove the quotation marks. Alternate translation: “someone says that my letters are indeed weighty and forceful, but my bodily presence is weak, and my speech is despised.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
10:10 es1v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor βαρεῖαι 1 Here, Paul is speaking of **letters** as if they were objects that were **weighty**. He could mean that people think the **letters** are: (1) severe or burdensome. Alternate translation: “are burdensome” or “are oppressive” (2) important or impressive. Alternate translation: “are impressive” or “are significant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
10:10 b8bv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet βαρεῖαι καὶ ἰσχυραί 1 The terms **weighty** and **forceful** mean similar things. Paul is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “are very powerful” or “are forceful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
10:10 d9i8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἡ & παρουσία τοῦ σώματος 1 Here, the phrase **bodily presence** refers to how a person looks and acts when they are around other people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that makes this more explicit. Alternate translation: “his conduct in person” or “his physical bearing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
10:10 mboc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐξουθενημένος 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “is contemptible” or “is something that people despise” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
10:11 qf3o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative3p λογιζέσθω ὁ τοιοῦτος 1 Here Paul uses a third-person imperative. If you have third-person imperatives in your language, you could use one here. If you do not have third-person imperatives, you could express the idea using a word such as “should.” Alternate translation: “Such a person should consider” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative3p]])\n
10:11 m6m6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ὁ τοιοῦτος 1 Here, the phrase **such {a person}** refers to whoever says that Paul’s letters are powerful but his personal presence is weak (see [10:10](../10/10.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that clearly refers back to this person from the previous verse. Alternate translation: “that person” or “anyone who says those things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
10:11 xvjm rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns τοῦτο & ὅτι 1 Here, the word **this** refers to what Paul introduces with the word **that**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different form that introduces what the person should **consider**. Alternate translation: “that” or “the fact that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
10:11 kb55 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy τῷ λόγῳ 1 Here, the word **word** represents what someone says in words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “in our words” or “in our communication” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
10:11 hu56 τοιοῦτοι 1 Here Paul could be comparing what he and those with him are like **in our word** with what they: (1) are like **in our deed**. In this case, Paul is simply comparing **word** and **deed**. Alternate translation: “such is what we are” (2) will be like in **deed** when they visit the Corinthians. In this case, Paul is speaking about what they will do in the future. Alternate translation: “such we will be”
10:11 g58z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τῷ ἔργῳ 1 Here, the word **deed** refers to what Paul and those with him do and will do. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “in what we do” or “in how we will act” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
10:12 r9cb rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** introduces a further explanation of what Paul said in the previous verses ([10:10–11](../10/10.md)) in response to what some people say about him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different word or phrase that introduces further explanation, or you could leave **For** untranslated. Alternate translation: “Indeed,” or “In fact,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
10:12 k94z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet ἐνκρῖναι ἢ συνκρῖναι 1 The terms **classify** and **compare** mean similar things. The word **classify** refers to considering something to be part of a group, and the word **compare** refers to evaluating something to see if it is similar to something else. Paul is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “to compare” or “to include” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
10:12 i85y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism ἐν ἑαυτοῖς, ἑαυτοὺς μετροῦντες καὶ συνκρίνοντες ἑαυτοὺς ἑαυτοῖς 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, or you could combine the two phrases. Alternate translation: “measuring themselves by themselves, indeed, comparing themselves with themselves” or “measuring and comparing themselves by themselves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
10:12 q7i9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν ἑαυτοῖς, ἑαυτοὺς μετροῦντες καὶ συνκρίνοντες ἑαυτοὺς ἑαυτοῖς 1 Here, the word **themselves** could indicate that each person: (1) measures and compares himself by himself or herself by herself. Alternate translation: “measuring themselves by their own standard, and comparing themselves with their own standard” (2) measures and compares himself or herself by others in a specific group. Alternate translation: “measuring themselves by each other, and comparing themselves with each other” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
10:12 n8sx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐν ἑαυτοῖς, ἑαυτοὺς μετροῦντες 1 Here Paul speaks as if people were objects that someone would “measure.”He is speaking about how people compare or contrast themselves with people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable figure of speech or express the idea plainly. Alternate translation: “evaluating themselves by themselves” or “analyzing themselves by themselves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
10:12 zwl5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit οὐ συνιᾶσιν 1 Here Paul does not state what it is that these people **do not understand**. What he means is that these people are not acting in wise ways. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that expresses the idea more explicitly. Alternate translation: “are not wise” or “do not act with understanding” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
10:13 x79x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit εἰς τὰ ἄμετρα 1 Here, the phrase **to the immeasurable things** could refer to: (1) how Paul and those with him are not boasting beyond what God has “measured” to them. Alternate translation: “about what is not measured to us” (2) how Paul and those with him do not boast without any real standard. Alternate translation: “in unmeasured ways” or “without any standards” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
10:13 a4ud rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὸ μέτρον τοῦ κανόνος 1 Here Paul uses the possessive form to describe a **measure** that could: (1) measure things according to a **limit** or standard. Alternate translation: “the measure based on the standard” (2) define a specific **limit** or area. Alternate translation: “the measure that identifies the area” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
10:13 y6ch rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure οὗ ἐμέρισεν ἡμῖν ὁ Θεὸς μέτρου 1 Here, the word **measure** could: (1) restate what it is that **God has assigned to us**. Alternate translation: “that God has assigned to us, which is a measure” (2) how God has **assigned** the **measure of the limit**. Alternate translation: “that God has assigned to us as a measure” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
10:13 fx2b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor μέτρου, ἐφικέσθαι ἄχρι καὶ ὑμῶν 1 Here Paul speaks as if a **measure** could reach out and touch a person. He means that the **measure** includes the Corinthians in what it measures. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea in plain language. Alternate translation: “a measure that included even you” or “a measure that measured even as far as you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
10:13 u84l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐφικέσθαι ἄχρι καὶ ὑμῶν 1 Here, the phrase **that reached even as far as you** indicates that the **measure** includes the Corinthians as something that Paul and those with him can boast about. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea more explicitly. Alternate translation: “that reached even as far as you as something we can boast about” or “that extends what we can boast about to include you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
10:14 ay6h rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 2 Here, the word **For** introduces Paul’s proof that the “limit” he mentioned in the previous verse does reach as far as the Corinthians (see [10:13](../10/13.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces proof for a previous statement. Alternate translation: “You can tell that is true because” or “Indeed,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
10:14 ctjf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit οὐ & ὑπερεκτείνομεν ἑαυτούς 2 Here Paul is indicating that he and those with him have not gone beyond the “limit” that he refers to in [10:13](../10/13.md). Express the idea so that the link to the previous verse is clear. Alternate translation: “we are not going beyond our limit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
10:14 lefl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὡς μὴ ἐφικνούμενοι εἰς ὑμᾶς 1 Here Paul refers to what would need to be true if he and those with him were actually **overextending** themselves. That would be true only if they did not **reach** or visit the Corinthians. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “which would only be true if we had not come to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
10:14 lpiu rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 Here, the word **for** introduces further evidence or proof for Paul’s claim that he and those with him were not **overextending** themselves. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces evidence or proof. Alternate translation: “since in reality” or “because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
10:14 wyzv ἐφθάσαμεν 1 Here, the phrase **we came** could indicate that: (1) Paul and those with him had already visited the Corinthians. Alternate translation: “we went” (2) Paul and those with him visited the Corinthians before Paul’s opponents visited the Corinthians. Alternate translation: “before anyone else did, we came”
10:15 hu9l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit εἰς τὰ ἄμετρα 1 See how you translated the similar phrase in [10:13](../10/13.md). Alternate translation: “in unmeasured ways” or “without any standards” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
10:15 l0bp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐλπίδα δὲ ἔχοντες, αὐξανομένης τῆς πίστεως ὑμῶν 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **hope** and **faith**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “but hoping, as you increasingly believe” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])\n
10:15 ax6w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit μεγαλυνθῆναι 1 Here Paul does not state directly what is **enlarged**. He could mean that: (1) their ministry or work might **be enlarged**. Alternate translation: “that our ministry might be enlarged” (2) they might **be enlarged** or praised by the Corinthians. Alternate translation: “that we might be enlarged” or “that we might be praised” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
10:15 ff38 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive μεγαλυνθῆναι 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the action, it is clear from the context that it was God. Alternate translation: “that God will enlarge our ministry” or “that God will enlarge us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
10:15 djvz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit κατὰ τὸν κανόνα ἡμῶν 1 Here, the phrase **according to our limit** could refer to: (1) a **limit** or standard according to which Paul and those with him serve God. In this case, God increases or enlarges what he wants them to do. Alternate translation: “according to what God has called us to do” or “in what God wants us to do” (2) the area or places in which Paul and those with him serve God. In this case, God increases or enlarges the areas in which they serve. Alternate translation: “according to where we serve” or “in the places in which we serve” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
10:15 gqiz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns εἰς περισσείαν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **abundance**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “abundantly” or “in abundant ways” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
10:16 nx8k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὰ ὑπερέκεινα ὑμῶν 1 Here, the phrase **the {places} beyond you** refers to the areas and people who lived to the west of Corinth. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that identifies these areas and people more explicitly. Alternate translation: “the places west of you” or “the places I would go if I traveled through your town” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
10:16 xi00 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐν ἀλλοτρίῳ κανόνι & τὰ ἕτοιμα 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the things someone has accomplished in his or her area” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
10:16 raq7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν ἀλλοτρίῳ κανόνι 1 Here, just as with the word “limit” in [10:15](../10/15.md), the word **area** could refer to: (1) a measure or standard according to which people serve God. In this case, the **accomplished** things are done according to a measure or standard that fits with someone else besides Paul and those with him. Alternate translation: “according to what God has called other people to do” or “in what God wants others to do” (2) the area or places in which people serve God. In this case, God increases or enlarges the areas in which someone else besides Paul and those with him serve. Alternate translation: “according to where other people serve” or “in the places in which other people serve” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
10:17 t3bz rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations δὲ 1 Here Paul quotes from the Old Testament scriptures, specifically from [Jeremiah 9:24](../jer/09/24.md). If it would be helpful to your readers, you could format these words in a different way and include this information in a footnote. Alternate translation: “But as Jeremiah wrote in the Scriptures,” or “But as you can read in the Scriptures,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
10:17 q8cc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative3p ὁ & καυχώμενος & καυχάσθω 1 If your language does not use the third-person imperative in this way, you can state this in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the one boasting must boast” or “any person who boasts needs to boast” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative3p]])
10:18 wfl6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** introduces a further explanation of what Paul said in the previous verse ([10:17](../10/17.md)) about how people should boast. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different word or phrase that introduces further explanation. Alternate translation: “As you can see,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
10:18 btv7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure οὐ & ὁ ἑαυτὸν συνιστάνων, ἐκεῖνός ἐστιν δόκιμος, ἀλλὰ ὃν ὁ Κύριος συνίστησιν 1 If your language would not naturally put the negative statement before the positive statement, you could reverse the two clauses here. Alternate translation: “that one whom the Lord commends is approved, not the one commending himself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
10:18 h81t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations οὐ & ὁ ἑαυτὸν συνιστάνων, ἐκεῖνός ἐστιν δόκιμος 1 Although the term **himself** is masculine, Paul is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “that one commending himself or herself” or “those commending themselves are not approved” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
10:18 n5v6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive οὐ & ὁ ἑαυτὸν συνιστάνων, ἐκεῖνός ἐστιν δόκιμος 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who does the action, it is clear from the context that it is **the Lord**. Alternate translation: “the Lord does not approve that one commending himself” or “that one commending himself does not receive approval” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
10:18 sy2r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ὃν ὁ Κύριος συνίστησιν 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “the one whom the Lord commends is approved” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
11:intro abce 0 # 2 Corinthians 11 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n7. Paul defends his apostolic authority (10:1–13:10)\n * Paul defends his speech and conduct (11:1–15)\n * Paul boasts about his suffering (11:16–33)\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Fools and foolishness\n\nThroughout this chapter, Paul refers to being “foolish”or a “fool.” These words refer to a person who makes bad decisions and who cares about things that are not really valuable. It does not primarily refer to someone who does not know very much. Paul argues that the false teachers are “fools,” which means that they make bad decisions and care about things that are not important. He also describes how he is responding to the false teachers as “foolish.”He means that he speaks in ways that he considers to be “foolish,” but he speaks in these ways because he thinks the Corinthians will understand him if he speaks in these “foolish”ways. Consider how you might express the idea of “foolishness” in your language. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]])\n\n### False teachers\n\nThroughout this chapter, Paul is defending himself against false teachers who were claiming to be better than him and to preach a better gospel than his gospel. Paul never refers to these false teachers by name, but he does call them “false apostles” and “deceitful” (see [11:13](../11/13.md)). He also responds to some of their claims about themselves in [11:22–23](../11/22.md). Paul responds to the false teachers in two primary ways. First, he argues that the things that they boast about and claim for themselves are not important or valuable. Second, he argues that even in these things that are not important, he is better than they are. Make sure that your translation clearly indicates that Paul is responding the false teachers in these ways.\n\n### Financial support for teachers\n\nIn this chapter, Paul describes how he did not ask for or receive money and support from the Corinthians. In Paul’s culture, it was common for traveling teachers to ask for and receive money from the people they were teaching. Paul implies that his opponents, the false teachers, did ask for and receive money. He also implies that the Corinthians thought that the message of the false teachers was more valuable than Paul’s message because they charged for money. Paul argues in response that he cared more for the Corinthians than the false teachers do. In fact, he states that he can boast more than the false teachers because he did not receive money. Make sure that your translation expresses and implies these ideas. \n\n### Boasting\n\nJust as in the previous chapter, in this chapter Paul refers multiple times to “boasting.” In Paul’s culture, not all boasting was considered bad. Instead, there were good and bad kinds of boasting. In these verses, Paul boasts because his opponents, the false teachers, boast. He does not think that this boasting is necessary or good, but he does it to respond to his opponents. Continue to express the idea as you did in the previous chapter. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/boast]])\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in this Chapter\n\n### Marriage metaphor\n\nIn [11:2](../11/02.md), Paul speaks as if the Corinthians were a young woman and as if he were the young woman’s father. He intends to marry his daughter to Christ, and he wants to keep his daughter pure and perfect until then. He means that he has helped unite the Corinthians to Christ, and he wants to make sure they stay completely faithful to Christ until Christ comes back. If possible, preserve the marriage metaphor or express it as a simile. See the notes on [11:2](../11/02.md) for translation options. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n### Irony\n\nMultiple times in this chapter, Paul uses irony. In other words, he speaks words that he does not agree with in order to make a point. He does this in [11:5](../11/05.md), where he refers to “super-apostles”; in [11:8](../11/08.md), where he says t
11:1 r4q6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns μικρόν τι ἀφροσύνης 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **foolishness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “as I act a little foolishly” or “as I now say what is foolish” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
11:1 b4dm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit μικρόν τι ἀφροσύνης 1 Here, the **foolishness** that Paul refers to is how he is about to boast about his qualifications as an apostle. Paul considers this to be **foolishness**, but he will boast anyways to help the Corinthians realize that he and the gospel that he preaches come from God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make what **foolishness** refers to more explicit. Alternate translation: “as I am about to be a little bit foolish” or “in a little bit of foolishness that I am about to speak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
11:1 sou7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἀλλὰ καὶ ἀνέχεσθέ μου 1 Here, this clause could be: (1) a statement of what the Corinthians are already doing, either as they listen to this letter or in the past when Paul visited them. Alternate translation: “but in fact you are already bearing with me” (2) a command to act in this way. Alternate translation: “and in fact you need to bear with me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
11:2 yozf rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** could introduce: (1) the reason why Paul will be a little foolish. Alternate translation: “I will be a little bit foolish since” (2) the reason why the Corinthians should bear with Paul. Alternate translation: “I want you to bear with me because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
11:2 ubnb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Θεοῦ ζήλῳ 1 Here, the phrase **godly jealousy** could refer to **jealousy**: (1) that is the same **jealousy** that God has. Alternate translation: “with the jealousy that God has” (2) that is from God. Alternate translation: “with jealousy from God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
11:2 m6vl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns Θεοῦ ζήλῳ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **jealousy**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “in a godly way” or “as God is jealous” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
11:2 ee9i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἡρμοσάμην γὰρ ὑμᾶς ἑνὶ ἀνδρὶ, παρθένον ἁγνὴν παραστῆσαι τῷ Χριστῷ 1 Here Paul speaks as if he is the father of the Corinthians, who together are his daughter. Paul has promised to give his daughter (the Corinthians) as a wife to a man, who is **Christ**. Until that marriage happens, Paul the father must make sure that his daughter (the Corinthians) remains a **pure virgin**. If these customs are somewhat similar to what happens in your culture, you could preserve the metaphor or express the idea with a simile. If these customs are not similar to what happens in your culture, you could explain the ideas more clearly or express the idea plainly. Alternate translation: “for I am like your father who has betrothed you to one husband, to present you as a pure virgin to be married to Christ” or “I helped you believe in the Messiah, and I will work hard to help you remain faithful to him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
11:3 ddrl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὡς ὁ ὄφις ἐξηπάτησεν Εὕαν ἐν τῇ πανουργίᾳ αὐτοῦ 1 Here Paul refers to a story in [Genesis 3:1–7](../gen/03/01.md). In this story, a **serpent**, whom Paul would have identified as Satan, deceives **Eve**, the first woman, into eating a fruit that God told her not to eat. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit or include a footnote that explains the story. Alternate translation: “as the serpent, Satan, by his craftiness deceived the first woman Eve into disobeying God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
11:3 l2hr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐν τῇ πανουργίᾳ αὐτοῦ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **craftiness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “in a crafty way” or “by acting craftily” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
11:3 m5zn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive φθαρῇ τὰ νοήματα ὑμῶν 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who does the action, you could use an indefinite subject. Alternate translation: “people might corrupt your minds” or “some person might corrupt your minds” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
11:3 ufsj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet τῆς ἁπλότητος καὶ τῆς ἁγνότητος 1 The terms **sincerity** and **purity** mean similar things. Paul is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “full sincerity” or “complete purity” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
11:3 sgml rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἀπὸ τῆς ἁπλότητος καὶ τῆς ἁγνότητος τῆς εἰς τὸν Χριστόν 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **sincerity** and **purity**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “from how sincere and pure you are to Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
11:3 gl9d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τῆς εἰς τὸν Χριστόν 1 Here, the phrase **{that are} to Christ** indicates that the **sincerity** and **purity** are directed towards **Christ**. In other words, the Corinthians think with **sincerity** and **purity** in their devotion or loyalty **to Christ**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “that you have for Christ” or “in your faith in Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])\n
11:4 wq57 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** could introduce a reason why: (1) Paul is afraid that someone will corrupt the Corinthians (see [11:3](../11/03.md)). Alternate translation: “I am afraid of that because” (2) the Corinthians should “bear with”Paul (see [11:1](../11/01.md)), which is that they “bear with” these false teachers. Alternate translation: “You should bear with me because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
11:4 era4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact εἰ μὲν & ὁ ἐρχόμενος 1 Here Paul is speaking as if **one coming** to the Corinthians and proclaiming **another Jesus** were a hypothetical possibility, but he means that it had already or will actually happen. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might misunderstand and think that what Paul is saying is not certain, then you could express the idea by using a word such as “when.” Alternate translation: “when indeed one coming” or “indeed whenever someone comes and” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
11:4 zj79 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὁ ἐρχόμενος 1 Here Paul could be referring to: (1) any person or group of people. Alternate translation: “anyone coming” or “any person coming” (2) a specific person whom Paul knows about. Alternate translation: “a person coming” or “that person coming” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
11:4 l7m8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit πνεῦμα ἕτερον 1 Here, the phrase **a different spirit** could refer to: (1) an evil **spirit** in contrast to the Holy Spirit. Alternate translation: “a spirit different than the Holy Spirit” (2) an attitude in contrast to the attitude that Paul and those with him offered to the Corinthians. Alternate translation: “a different mindset” or “a different attitude” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
11:4 fs5z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit καλῶς ἀνέχεσθε 1 See how you translated the similar phrase in [11:1](../11/01.md). Here Paul means that the Corinthians listen patiently even when false teachers are telling them lies. He does not approve of this behavior, but he uses this clause to link what he is saying here with what he said in [11:1](../11/01.md). Alternate translation: “you willingly put up with it” or “you listen attentively to it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
11:5 l3on rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** could introduce: (1) a reason why what Paul told them about Jesus, the Spirit, and the gospel (see [11:4](../11/04.md)) takes priority over what anyone else tells them. Alternate translation: “So, what I taught you has priority, since” (2) a reason why they should “bear with”Paul (see [11:1](../11/01.md)). Alternate translation: “Further, I want you to bear with me because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
11:5 ptd7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὑστερηκέναι τῶν 1 Here Paul speaks as if he is not below or **short of** the **“super-apostles”**. He means that he does not have less power and authority than they do. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea plainly. Alternate translation: “to be less than the” or “to have less authority than the” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
11:5 eet1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony τῶν ὑπέρλίαν ἀποστόλων 1 Here Paul refers to his opponents, the false teachers, with the words that they themselves or their followers used to describe them: **“super-apostles”**. He does not actually believe that these people are better **apostles** or greater than anyone else. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that indicates that Paul is speaking from someone else’s perspective to make a point. Alternate translation: “of the so-called ‘super-apostles’” or “of those who consider themselves super-apostles” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
11:6 v1o7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases δὲ 1 Here, the word **But** introduces a development of the ideas from the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a development, or you could leave **But** untranslated. Alternate translation: “Indeed,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
11:6 qdx9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact εἰ & καὶ ἰδιώτης 1 Here Paul could be using the possessive form to: (1) acknowledge that he is **untrained** in speaking well. Alternate translation: “even though I am untrained” (2) acknowledge that some people think that he is **untrained** in speaking well, even though he does not agree with this. Alternate translation: “even were I untrained” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
11:6 jsrq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τῷ λόγῳ 1 Here Paul is referring to the practice of speaking in public in order to persuade many people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “in public speaking” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
11:6 f8d1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῇ γνώσει 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **knowledge**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “in knowing the gospel” or “in understanding the message about Jesus” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
11:6 berv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τῇ γνώσει 1 Here, the word **knowledge** refers to what a person knows about Jesus and the good news about him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “in knowledge about Jesus” or “in knowledge about the gospel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
11:6 n7xy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν παντὶ & ἐν πᾶσιν 1 Here the phrases **in everything** and **in all things** could indicate that Paul makes things **clear**: (1) in every way possible and in everything they say and do. Alternate translation: “in every way … in all we do” (2) in every way possible and among all people. Alternate translation: “in every way …among all people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
11:6 bb1i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit φανερώσαντες 1 Here Paul implies that what he makes **clear** is that he has **knowledge**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “having made the fact that I have knowledge clear” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
11:7 nrmw rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast ἢ 1 The word **Or** introduces an alternate to what Paul said in the previous verse, where he stated that he has “knowledge” (see [11:6](../11/06.md)). With **Or**, then, Paul introduces a question that raises another possible objection to his authority as an apostle: he did not charge them money for teaching them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express **Or** with a word that signifies a contrast or gives an alternative. Alternate translation: “But” or “However,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
11:7 un9v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion ἢ ἁμαρτίαν ἐποίησα ἐμαυτὸν ταπεινῶν, ἵνα ὑμεῖς ὑψωθῆτε, ὅτι δωρεὰν τὸ τοῦ Θεοῦ εὐαγγέλιον εὐηγγελισάμην ὑμῖν? 1 Paul is using the question form to show the Corinthians that he did not **commit a sin**. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “But I certainly did not commit a sin, humbling myself so that you yourselves might be exalted, because I preached the gospel of God to you without payment!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
11:7 azyr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐμαυτὸν ταπεινῶν 1 Here Paul refers to how he worked to make money for himself. In his culture, this was **humbling**, since good speakers and teachers would not need to do extra work, since they would make enough money from the people they taught. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “humbling myself by working for money” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
11:7 yrqv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ὑμεῖς ὑψωθῆτε 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who does the action, it is clear from the context that it was Paul. Alternate translation: “I might exalt you yourselves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
11:7 jhve rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns ὑμεῖς ὑψωθῆτε 1 Here, the word translated **yourselves** emphasizes **you**. Consider using a natural way to emphasize **you** in your language. Alternate translation: “you indeed might be exalted” or “it is you who might be exalted” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
11:7 ax51 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὸ τοῦ Θεοῦ εὐαγγέλιον 1 Here Paul uses the possessive form to describe a **gospel** that could: (1) come from **God**. Alternate translation: “the gospel that came from God” (2) come from and be about **God**. Alternate translation: “the gospel from and about God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
11:8 k6ds rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony ἄλλας ἐκκλησίας ἐσύλησα 1 Here Paul refers to receiving money from **other churches** to support him as he served the Corinthians as if it were robbery. He means that he received money from these churches and did not give them anything in return, which some people would consider robbery. He uses this strong language to indicate how much he and the **other churches** sacrificed to help the Corinthians. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that clearly indicates that Paul is speaking from another person’s perspective and overstating what he means. Alternate translation: “It was as if I robbed other churches” or “Some might say that I robbed other churches” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
11:8 jqsv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit λαβὼν ὀψώνιον πρὸς τὴν ὑμῶν διακονίαν 1 Here Paul implies that the **other churches** paid him a **wage**, but so that he could serve the Corinthians, not them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “having accepted a wage from them but used it for the ministry to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
11:9 br6q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὑστερηθεὶς 1 Here Paul implies that he **lacked** or did not have enough of what he needed to live, including things like food and clothes. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “having lacked what is necessary for life” or “having lacked basic necessities” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
11:9 qj8e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor οὐ κατενάρκησα 1 Here Paul speaks of asking for money as if it were a heavy **burden** that he would have asked the Corinthians to carry for him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable figure of speech or plain language. Alternate translation: “I did not trouble” or “I did not ask for money and so harass” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
11:9 a23k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations οἱ ἀδελφοὶ 1 Although the term **brothers** is masculine, Paul may not only be referring to men. It is possible that he is referring only to men, but he may also include women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “the siblings” or “the brothers and sisters” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
11:9 kp9s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor οἱ ἀδελφοὶ 1 Paul is using the term **brothers** to mean people who share the same faith. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the believers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
11:9 fc6l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἀβαρῆ ἐμαυτὸν ὑμῖν ἐτήρησα καὶ τηρήσω 1 Here, just as at the beginning of the verse, the **burden** refers to asking for money. Express the idea as you did at the beginning of the verse. Alternate translation: “I did not and will continue not to trouble you” or “I did not and will continue not to ask for money and so harass you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
11:9 sqcf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐτήρησα καὶ τηρήσω 1 Here Paul is indicating that he was not a **burden** to them when he visited them in the past, and he promises that he will never be a **burden** to them in the future. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that expresses this idea clearly. Alternate translation: “I have kept and will always keep” or “in the past I kept and in the future will keep” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
11:10 fohm rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-oathformula ἔστιν ἀλήθεια Χριστοῦ ἐν ἐμοὶ, ὅτι 1 The phrase **The truth of Christ is in me** is an oath formula that Paul uses to show that what he is about to say is true. Use a natural way in your language to express an oath. Alternate translation: “As the truth of Christ is in me,” or “” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-oathformula]])
11:10 si2r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἔστιν ἀλήθεια Χριστοῦ ἐν ἐμοὶ 1 Here Paul could be using the possessive form to indicate that: (1) he is truthful like **Christ** was. Alternate translation: “I am truthful like Christ was” (2) he has received **truth** from **Christ**. Alternate translation: “The truth from Christ is in me” (3) he speaks what is true about **Christ**. Alternate translation: “The truth about Christ is in me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
11:10 mth0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἔστιν ἀλήθεια Χριστοῦ ἐν ἐμοὶ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **truth**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “I am as truthful as the Messiah is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
11:10 t4tt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἡ καύχησις αὕτη 1 Here Paul refers to how he boasts about not accepting money from the Corinthians when he told them about the good news. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “this boasting about how I have not burdened you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
11:10 n60n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor οὐ φραγήσεται εἰς ἐμὲ 1 Here Paul speaks as if his **boasting** were a door that **will not be shut to** him. He means that no one will be able to keep him from boasting or prove that what he says is not true. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “of mine will not be stifled” or “will not be proved wrong” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
11:10 nae3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἡ καύχησις αὕτη οὐ φραγήσεται εἰς ἐμὲ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “no one can shut this boasting to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
11:10 ua2i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν τοῖς κλίμασι τῆς Ἀχαΐας 1 Here Paul refers to the **regions** that together make up the province of **Achaia**. He refers to the **regions** to indicate that there is no place in the entire province in which someone can keep him from boasting or prove what he says wrong. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “in all of Achaia” or “in the entire province of Achaia” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
11:11 avdr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit διὰ τί 1 Here Paul asks for the reason why he does not “burden” the Corinthians (see [11:9](../11/09.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this connection more explicit. Alternate translation: “Why do I not burden you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
11:11 zqu5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion διὰ τί? ὅτι οὐκ ἀγαπῶ ὑμᾶς? 1 Paul is using the question form to show the Corinthians that his reason for not burdening them was not that he did not love them. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate these two questions as statements or as exclamations, or you could combine them into one statement. Alternate translation: “I have a reason for this. However, it is not that I do not love you!” or “My reason is not that I do not love you.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
11:11 rj6f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὁ Θεὸς οἶδεν 1 Here Paul states that **God knows** something. He implies that **God knows** that Paul does in fact love the Corinthians. The phrase **God knows** makes the claim stronger, since **God** is the one who can prove that the claim is true. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “God himself knows that I love you” or “You can know for sure that I love you, since God knows it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
11:12 qjqa rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast δὲ 1 Here, the word **But** introduces the real reason why Paul does not burden the Corinthians, in contrast to the false reason he denied in the previous verse (see [11:11](../11/11.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a contrast. Alternate translation: “In contrast,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
11:12 jecy rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ὃ & ποιῶ, καὶ ποιήσω 1 Here, the phrase **what I do** refers to how Paul does not ask for money from the Corinthians. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make explicit what this phrase refers to. Alternate translation: “I will also continue not accepting money from you” or “I will also continue not burdening you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
11:12 d9sl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐκκόψω 1 Here Paul speaks of removing an **opportunity** as it were cutting off or destroying something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable figure of speech or plain language. Alternate translation: “I may defeat” or “I may remove” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
11:12 b9rx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὴν ἀφορμὴν τῶν θελόντων ἀφορμήν, ἵνα ἐν ᾧ καυχῶνται, εὑρεθῶσιν καθὼς καὶ ἡμεῖς 1 Here, the word **opportunity** refers to a chance or ability to do something. Paul explains what the **opportunity** relates to by using the clause **that in what they are boasting about they may be found just as we also {are}**. Use a form that clearly introduces what an **opportunity** relates to. Alternate translation: “any opportunity of the ones desiring an opportunity to be found just as we also are in what they are boasting about” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
11:12 x0md rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὴν ἀφορμὴν τῶν θελόντων ἀφορμήν, ἵνα 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **opportunity**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “what some people want to happen, which is that” or “what is desired by the ones who desire that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
11:12 rcfo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν ᾧ καυχῶνται 1 Here Paul is referring generally to anything a person might boast about. He is not identifying a specific thing that people boast about. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “in anything they boast about” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
11:12 t4js rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive εὑρεθῶσιν 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who does the action, you could use an indefinite subject. Alternate translation: “others might find them” or “people might consider them to be” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
11:13 p77j rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** introduces a further explanation of what Paul said in the previous verse ([9:15](../09/15.md)) about people who desire to be equal in boasting with him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different word or phrase that introduces further explanation, or you could leave **For** untranslated. Alternate translation: “Indeed,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
11:13 ml66 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns οἱ & τοιοῦτοι 1 The pronoun **ones** refers to the people Paul mentioned in the previous verse who desire to be equal in boasting to Paul. If this is not clear for your readers, you could refer to these people more explicitly. Alternate translation: “people of that kind” or “the ones who desire that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
11:13 y896 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit μετασχηματιζόμενοι εἰς ἀποστόλους 1 Here Paul means that these **false apostles** intentionally look and act like true apostles, even though they are not. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea in another way. Alternate translation: “posing as true apostles” or “acting as if they were apostles” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
11:14 v9z4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom οὐ θαῦμα 1 Here, the phrase **no wonder** indicates that what Paul just said about people pretending to be apostles should not be surprising. Use a form that expresses this idea clearly. Alternate translation: “that is no surprise” or “we should not be astonished” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
11:14 ss7s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns αὐτὸς & ὁ Σατανᾶς 1 Here, the word translated **himself** emphasizes **Satan**. Consider using a natural way to emphasize **Satan** in your language. Alternate translation: “Satan indeed” or “Satan too” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
11:14 g4ch rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit μετασχηματίζεται εἰς ἄγγελον φωτός 1 See how you translated the similar phrase at the end of [11:13](../11/13.md). Alternate translation: “poses as an angel of light” or “acts as if he were an angel of light” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
11:14 zeec rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἄγγελον φωτός 1 Here, Paul is using the possessive form to describe an **angel** that is characterized by **light**. If this is not clear in your language, you could express the idea in another way. Alternate translation: “a shining angel” or “a bright angel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
11:14 mld4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἄγγελον φωτός 1 Here, Paul speaks of the glory and power of an **angel** as if it were **light**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable figure of speech or plain language. Alternate translation: “angel of glory” or “angel of splendor” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
11:15 fvx7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes οὐ μέγα 1 Paul is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, **no**, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning, **great thing**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “it is a small thing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
11:15 lq6b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom οὐ μέγα 1 Here, the clause **{it is} no great thing** indicates that what follows is not surprising or shocking but should be expected. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different clause that expresses this idea. Alternate translation: “it is no shock” or “it is expected” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
11:15 w2sk rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact εἰ 1 Paul speaks as if this were a hypothetical situation, but he means that it must be true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might think that what Paul is saying is uncertain, then you could translate his words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “when” or “that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
11:15 sb58 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit μετασχηματίζονται ὡς διάκονοι δικαιοσύνης 1 See how you translated the similar phrase at the end of [11:13](../11/13.md). Alternate translation: “pose as servants of righteousness” or “act as if they were servants of righteousness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
11:15 unyq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession διάκονοι δικαιοσύνης 1 Here Paul uses the possessive form to connect **servants** with **righteousness**. He could mean be describing **servants**: (1) whose goal is **righteousness**, that is, to make people righteous. Alternate translation: “servants who make people righteous” (2) who serve for the sake of **righteousness**. Alternate translation: “servants for what is right” (3) who are righteous. Alternate translation: “righteous servants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
11:15 tpjp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns διάκονοι δικαιοσύνης 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **righteousness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Make sure that your translation fits with the interpretation you chose in the previous note. Alternate translation: “servants who make others righteous” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
11:15 kour rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ὧν τὸ τέλος ἔσται κατὰ τὰ ἔργα αὐτῶν 1 Here Paul refers to how these **servants** will in the **end** be judged and punished for their **works**. He does not make it clear whether he is referring to the **end** of their lives or to the **end** of this time, when Jesus comes back. It is recommended that you use a form that refers in general to how people are punished or suffer for the bad things that they do. Alternate translation: “who will in the end get what they deserve” or “who will eventually be punished for what they did” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
11:16 ejcl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit πάλιν 1 Here Paul could be using the word **again** to refer to: (1) what he said in [11:1](../11/01.md) about how he wanted the Corinthians to bear with his foolishness. Alternate translation: “what I have already said” (2) what he said in [11:13–15](../11/13.md) about how he is different than his foolish opponents. Alternate translation: “again what I just said” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
11:16 rlov rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical εἰ & μή 1 Here Paul uses the conditional form to introduce something that he thinks may or may not happen. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that introduces something that could happen. Alternate translation: “even if not” or “were that not to happen” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]])
11:16 ba48 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis εἰ & μή 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “if you do think me to be foolish” or “if you do not listen to that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
11:16 s962 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit γε κἂν ὡς ἄφρονα δέξασθέ με, ἵνα κἀγὼ μικρόν τι καυχήσωμαι 1 Here Paul wants the Corinthians to let him do what fools do if they think that he is a fool. He implies that people let fools **boast** and say crazy things. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “allow me to act like a fool among you so that I too may boast a little bit like fools do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
11:17 bz16 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὃ λαλῶ 1 Here Paul refers to what he is about to say in the rest of this chapter and in the following chapter. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that refers to what a person is about to say. Alternate translation: “What I am going to say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
11:17 ejid κατὰ Κύριον 1 Here, the phrase **according to the Lord** could refer to: (1) how someone represents **the Lord**. Alternate translation: “as I speak for the Lord” (2) how **the Lord** spoke. Alternate translation: “in the ways in which the Lord spoke”
11:17 ftvl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐν ἀφροσύνῃ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **foolishness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “a foolish person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
11:17 x6hw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ταύτῃ τῇ ὑποστάσει 1 Here, the word **situation** could refer to: (1) what Paul has done that gives him a reason to boast. Alternate translation: “this basis” (2) how Paul is currently in the process of boasting. Alternate translation: “this matter” or “this act” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
11:17 mfmw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἐν ταύτῃ τῇ ὑποστάσει τῆς καυχήσεως 1 Here Paul could be using the possessive to describe: (1) the **situation** that is the basis of or proof for the **boasting**. Alternate translation: “in this situation about which I boast” (2) the **situation** in which he is **boasting**. Alternate translation: “in this situation in which I boast” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
11:17 jq1r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐν ταύτῃ τῇ ὑποστάσει τῆς καυχήσεως 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **situation** and **boasting**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Make sure that your translation fits with the interpretation you chose in the previous notes. Alternate translation: “in what happened that allows me to boast” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
11:18 lmaw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj πολλοὶ 1 Paul is using the adjective **many** as a noun in order to refer **many** people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this one with a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “many people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
11:18 t4ic rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom κατὰ σάρκα 1 Here Paul uses the phrase **according to the flesh** to refer to human ways of thinking and acting. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea by using a phrase that refers to human values or perspectives. Alternate translation: “according to what humans value” or “according to a human perspective” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
11:19 asjr rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** introduces a further explanation of what Paul said in the previous verses ([11:16–18](../11/16.md)) about how he wants the Corinthians to listen to him even if they think he is foolish. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different word or phrase that introduces further explanation. Alternate translation: “Indeed,” or “You can listen to me since” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
11:19 si6l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony ἡδέως & ἀνέχεσθε τῶν ἀφρόνων, φρόνιμοι ὄντες 1 Here Paul speaks from the perspective of some of the Corinthians, who think that they are **wise** and that he is **foolish**. He speaks in this way to show them that how they are thinking is silly and wrong. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that more clearly shows that Paul is speaking from another person’s perspective. Alternate translation: “in your view you gladly bear with the foolish, since you think you are wise” or “according to some people, you gladly bear with the foolish, being wise” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
11:19 s2at rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj τῶν ἀφρόνων 1 Paul is using the adjective **foolish** as a noun to refer to people who are **foolish**. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “any foolish person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
11:19 u3m9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ὄντες 1 Here, the word **being** introduces the basis or reason why the Corinthians can **bear with the foolish**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a reason or basis. Alternate translation: “since you are” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
11:20 c97v rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** introduces examples of what Paul said in the previous verse ([11:19](../11/19.md)) about how the Corinthians “bear with the foolish.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different word or phrase that introduces examples. Alternate translation: “For example,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
11:20 zmfo rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact εἴ τις ὑμᾶς καταδουλοῖ, εἴ τις κατεσθίει, εἴ τις λαμβάνει, εἴ τις ἐπαίρεται, εἴ τις εἰς πρόσωπον ὑμᾶς δέρει 1 Paul speaks as if these were hypothetical situations, but he means that they have indeed happened. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might think that what Paul is saying is uncertain, then you could translate his words as simple statements. Alternate translation: “when anyone enslaves you, when anyone devours {you}, when anyone takes advantage {of you}, when anyone exalts {himself}, when anyone hits you in the face” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
11:20 lu7d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὑμᾶς καταδουλοῖ 1 Here Paul speaks as if some people make the Corinthians into slaves. He means that these people treated them like slaves and made them obey every one of their wishes and commands. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a simile or plain language to express the idea. Alternate translation: “makes you like their slaves” or “causes you to serve them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
11:20 sr4n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor κατεσθίει 1 Here Paul speaks as if some people were eating the Corinthians. He means that these people were using up the money and goods the Corinthians had. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a simile or plain language to express the idea. Alternate translation: “acts like they are devouring you” or “spends everything you have” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
11:20 t27r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐπαίρεται 1 Here Paul implies that these people are exalting themselves over the Corinthians. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “exalts himself over you” or “claims he is greater than you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
11:20 kn2d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ἐπαίρεται 1 Although the term **himself** is masculine, Paul is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. Most likely the person who **exalts** would be a man, but Paul is not making this claim. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “exalts himself or herself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
11:20 yn5t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor εἰς πρόσωπον ὑμᾶς δέρει 1 Here, the phrase **hits you in the face** could refer to: (1) a direct insult, which is like slapping someone **in the face**. Alternate translation: “acts like they are hitting you in the face” or “strongly insults you” (2) an actual slap on someone’s face. Alternate translation: “slaps you across the face” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
11:21 n8s9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony κατὰ ἀτιμίαν λέγω ὡς ὅτι ἡμεῖς ἠσθενήκαμεν! 1 Here Paul speaks from the perspective of someone who thinks that that what Paul spoke about in the previous verse is the right way to show honor and power. What he means is if his opponents are correct, the way he treated the Corinthians should lead to **dishonor** and show that he is **weak**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make it more explicit that Paul is speaking from someone else’s point of view. Alternate translation: “According to those people, I would have to speak according to dishonor, namely that we ourselves have been weak” or “They might say that according to dishonor we ourselves have been weak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
11:21 xt0t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom κατὰ ἀτιμίαν λέγω 1 Here, the clause **According to dishonor I speak** means that what Paul is about to say causes **dishonor**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea in another way. Alternate translation: “What I speak dishonors me” or “It is dishonorable that I speak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
11:21 ei5j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns κατὰ ἀτιμίαν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **dishonor**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “In a way that dishonors me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
11:21 zjjy λέγω ὡς ὅτι 1 Here, the words translated **namely, that** could: (1) introduce what it is that Paul speaks. Alternate translation: “I speak that” (2) introduce what Paul speaks as something that he does not fully agree with. Alternate translation: “I say that it is possible that”
11:21 rtcf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns ἡμεῖς ἠσθενήκαμεν 1 Here, the word translated **ourselves** emphasizes **we**. Consider using a natural way to emphasize **we** in your language. Alternate translation: “it is we who have been weak” or “we indeed have been weak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
11:21 rwgk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure ἐν ᾧ & ἄν τις τολμᾷ (ἐν ἀφροσύνῃ λέγω), τολμῶ κἀγώ 1 Here, the phrase **I am speaking in foolishness** describes what Paul says in this verse. You can move this clause to wherever it is most natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and I am speaking in foolishness, in whatever {way} anyone might be bold, I too am bold” or “in whatever {way} anyone might be bold, I too am bold, although I am speaking in foolishness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
11:21 v8a3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν ᾧ & ἄν τις τολμᾷ & τολμῶ κἀγώ 1 Here Paul speaks about being **bold** while doing anything, but he particularly focuses on being **bold** in boasting. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “in whatever boast anyone might be bold to make … I too am bold to make a boast” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
11:21 vqbu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐν ἀφροσύνῃ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **foolishness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “foolishly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
11:22 jdq8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Ἑβραῖοί εἰσιν? κἀγώ. Ἰσραηλεῖταί εἰσιν? κἀγώ. σπέρμα Ἀβραάμ εἰσιν? κἀγώ. 1 Paul is using the question form to compare himself to what his opponents claim to be. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate these questions as comparisons or statements. Alternate translation: “If they are Hebrews, I am also. If they are Israelites, I am also. If they are offspring of Abraham, I am also.” or “When they claim to be Hebrews, so do I. When they claim to be Israelites, so do I. When they claim to be offspring of Abraham, so do I.“ (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
11:22 c4zi rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns σπέρμα Ἀβραάμ 1 In this verse, the word **offspring** is singular in form, but it refers to many **offspring** as a group. If it would be helpful in your language, you could say this plainly. Alternate translation: “members of the offspring of Abraham” or “descended from Abraham” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
11:23 a4tz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion διάκονοι Χριστοῦ εἰσιν? (παραφρονῶν λαλῶ), ὑπὲρ ἐγώ 1 Just as in [11:22](../11/22.md), Paul is using the question form to compare himself to what his opponents claim to be. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate these questions as comparisons or statements. Alternate translation: “If they are servants of Christ, (I speak as being insane) I am also.” or “When they claim to be servants of Christ, (I speak as being insane) so do I.“ (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
11:23 pgv7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure διάκονοι Χριστοῦ εἰσιν? (παραφρονῶν λαλῶ), ὑπὲρ ἐγώ 1 Here, the clause **I speak {as} being insane** is a parenthetical comment on Paul’s question and answer. You could put the clause wherever it would most naturally appear in your language. Alternate translation: “(I speak {as} being insane.) Are they servants of Christ? I {am} more so” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
11:23 bq23 παραφρονῶν λαλῶ 1 Alternate translation: “I speak like someone who is insane”
11:23 dr6x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐν φυλακαῖς περισσοτέρως 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **inprisonments**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “more abundantly being imprisoned” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
11:23 qdcm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν πληγαῖς ὑπερβαλλόντως 1 Paul could be describing **beatings** that are **beyond measure** because: (1) Paul was struck or hit many times. Alternate translation: “in beatings with many lashes” or “in frequent beatings” (2) the **beatings** were very severe. Alternate translation: “in very severe beatings” or “in extremely painful beatings” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
11:23 r6jv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν θανάτοις πολλάκις 1 Here, to be in **deaths** indicates that Paul was in situations in which he could have died. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea more explicitly. Alternate translation: “almost dying often” or“being near to death often” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
11:23 pf0p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐν θανάτοις 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **deaths**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “about to die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
11:24 ttz2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τεσσεράκοντα παρὰ μίαν 1 This phrase refers to how in Jewish law a person could be whipped at most 40 times (see [Deuteronomy 25:3](../deu/25/03.md)). Often people would whip a person only 39 times to be sure that they did not go over 40. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this information more explicit or use a footnote to explain the phrase. Alternate translation: “39 lashes, the most they allow” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
11:25 bwzy rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown ἐραβδίσθην 1 Here Paul refers to how the Roman authorities would sometimes punish people. They would have someone hit the person they wished to punish with a wooden stick multiple times. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that refers to that kind of punishment. Alternate translation: “people struck me with wooden sticks” or “Roman leaders punished me by having people hit me with canes” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
11:25 u9xc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐραβδίσθην 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the action, you could use an indefinite subject. Alternate translation: “someone beat me with rods” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])\n\n
11:25 xk9w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐλιθάσθην 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the action, you could use an indefinite subject. Alternate translation: “crowds of people stoned me” or “others stoned me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
11:25 o0zy rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown ἐναυάγησα 1 Here Paul refers to how ships that sailed on the ocean could break or sink. When this happened, people had to try to survive in the water or swim to shore. Often, many people would die by drowning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that refers to this kind of event. Alternate translation: “a ship I was on sank” or “a ship I was sailing on broke apart” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
11:25 q6tl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐναυάγησα 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “a ship I was sailing on wrecked” or “a ship I was on sank” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
11:25 b4kz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit νυχθήμερον 1 Here the phrase **a night and a day** refers to a full period of 24 hours. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that refers to this time period. Alternate translation: “a full day” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
11:25 df3a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν τῷ βυθῷ 1 Here, the phrase **the deep** refers to the ocean, specifically to the parts of the ocean that are far away from land. Paul means that he was stranded in the water by himself in the ocean. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that refers to this area of the ocean. Alternate translation: “by myself in the middle of the sea” or “floating on the open sea” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
11:26 v8gw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὁδοιπορίαις πολλάκις, κινδύνοις 1 Here, the phrase **often in journeys** could: (1) give the situation in which all the other **dangers** occur. Alternate translation: “during my frequent journeys I have been in dangers” (2) be one of the dangerous things Paul is talking about. Alternate translation: “in frequent journeys” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
11:26 wddz κινδύνοις ποταμῶν, κινδύνοις λῃστῶν, κινδύνοις ἐκ γένους, κινδύνοις ἐξ ἐθνῶν, κινδύνοις ἐν πόλει, κινδύνοις ἐν ἐρημίᾳ, κινδύνοις ἐν θαλάσσῃ, κινδύνοις ἐν ψευδαδέλφοις 1 Here Paul repeats the word **dangers** to emphasize how much danger he was in all the time. If your readers would misunderstand why Paul repeats himself, and if it would not emphasize danger in your language, you could refer to **dangers** once and emphasize the danger in another way. Alternate translation: “in frequent dangers from rivers, from robbers, from my own countrymen, from Gentiles, in the city, in the wilderness, at sea, and from false brothers”
11:26 lp2m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns κινδύνοις ποταμῶν, κινδύνοις λῃστῶν, κινδύνοις ἐκ γένους, κινδύνοις ἐξ ἐθνῶν, κινδύνοις ἐν πόλει, κινδύνοις ἐν ἐρημίᾳ, κινδύνοις ἐν θαλάσσῃ, κινδύνοις ἐν ψευδαδέλφοις 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **dangers**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “being endangered by rivers, being endangered by robbers, being endangered by my own countrymen, being endangered by Gentiles, being endangered in the city, being endangered in the wilderness, being endangered on the sea, being endangered by false brothers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
11:26 myhk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit γένους 1 Here Paul refers to other people from his country and nation. These people would be Jewish people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “people from my own nation” or “Jews” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
11:26 b3j9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ψευδαδέλφοις 1 Paul is using the term **false brothers** to mean people who pretend to share the same faith. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “false believers” or “people who claim to be believers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
11:26 m8y5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ψευδαδέλφοις 1 Although the term **brothers** is masculine, Paul is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “false brothers and sisters” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
11:27 fd61 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns κόπῳ καὶ μόχθῳ, ἐν ἀγρυπνίαις πολλάκις, ἐν λιμῷ καὶ δίψει, ἐν νηστείαις πολλάκις, ἐν ψύχει καὶ γυμνότητι 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas in this verse, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “I labor and toil, often sleep little, am hungry and thirsty, often fast, and am often cold and naked” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
11:27 lx1j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet κόπῳ καὶ μόχθῳ 1 The terms **hard work** and **hardship** mean similar things. Paul is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “difficult labor” or “tiring toil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
11:27 ptq7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit γυμνότητι 1 Here, the word **nakedness** refers generally to having too little clothing. It does not necessarily mean that Paul had no clothes at all, although that could have been true sometimes. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “without proper clothing” or “being ill-clothed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
11:28 tq1l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit χωρὶς τῶν παρεκτὸς 1 Here, the phrase **apart from the other things** could be referring to: (1) many other hardships that Paul does not mention. This would mean that he is now going to mention one last hardship. Alternate translation: “besides everything else I suffer” or “beyond any other hardships” (2) the hardships he has already mentioned, which are external. This would mean that he is now going to mention internal hardships. Alternate translation: “apart from those external things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
11:28 n1q5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἡ ἐπίστασίς μοι ἡ καθ’ ἡμέραν, ἡ μέριμνα πασῶν τῶν ἐκκλησιῶν 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **care** and **concern**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “I care every day as I am concerned for all the churches” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
11:28 zf14 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet ἡ ἐπίστασίς μοι ἡ καθ’ ἡμέραν, ἡ μέριμνα πασῶν τῶν ἐκκλησιῶν 1 The terms **care** and **concern** mean similar things. Paul is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “there is the concern of all the churches for me every day” or “there is the concerned care for me every day for all the churches” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
11:28 fhdd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἡ μέριμνα πασῶν τῶν ἐκκλησιῶν 1 Here, Paul is using the possessive form to describe **concern** that is directed toward **all the churches**. If this is not clear in your language, you could express the idea in a different way. Alternate translation: “the concern for all the churches” or “the concern I have for all the churches” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
11:29 fvz6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion τίς ἀσθενεῖ, καὶ οὐκ ἀσθενῶ? 1 Paul is using the question form to show that he is **weak** when other believers are **weak**. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “If anyone is weak, I too am weak” or “I am weak when others are weak!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
11:29 vxw0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τίς ἀσθενεῖ, καὶ οὐκ ἀσθενῶ 1 Here Paul could be indicating that: (1) he sympathizes with people who are **weak** by becoming **weak** himself. Alternate translation: “Who is weak, and I do not sympathize by also being weak” (2) when others are **weak**, it makes Paul **weak** too. Alternate translation: “Who is weak, and I do not become weak as a result” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
11:29 bdd4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion τίς σκανδαλίζεται, καὶ οὐκ ἐγὼ πυροῦμαι? 1 Paul is using the question form to show that he is **inflamed** when other believers are **caused to stumble**. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “If anyone is caused to stumble, I am inflamed” or “I am inflamed when others are caused to stumble!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
11:29 ob3m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive τίς σκανδαλίζεται, καὶ οὐκ ἐγὼ πυροῦμαι 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Whom do others cause to stumble, and I do not become inflamed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
11:29 xu57 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor σκανδαλίζεται 1 Here Paul speaks of helping or causing another person to sin as if it were making that person **stumble**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable figure of speech or plain language. Alternate translation: “is caused to sin” or “is led into sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
11:29 g5am rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor οὐκ ἐγὼ πυροῦμαι? 1 Here Paul speaks as if he were like a fire that could become **inflamed**. He could mean that: (1) he becomes angry in response to people being **caused to stumble**. Alternate translation:“I do not get angry” or “I do not feel fury” (2) he feels sympathy or shares in the stumbling. Alternate translation: “I do not feel sympathy” or “I am not distressed in response” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
11:30 nxh8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact εἰ 1 Paul speaks as if this were a hypothetical situation, but he means that it is true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might think that what Paul is saying is uncertain, then you could translate his words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “When” or “Because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
11:30 gxe6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὰ τῆς ἀσθενείας 1 Here, Paul is using the possessive form to describe **things** about him that are characterized by **weakness**. If this is not clear in your language, you could express the idea in another way. Alternate translation: “weak things about me” or “the weaknesses I have” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
11:30 z8z0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὰ τῆς ἀσθενείας 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **weakness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “things about me that are weak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
11:31 nuc7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples ὁ Θεὸς καὶ Πατὴρ 1 **Father** is an important title for God. Both **God** and **Father** refer to God. This phrase could mean that: (1) God is both **God** and **Father** to our Lord Jesus. Alternate translation: “The God of the Lord Jesus, who is the Father” (2) **God** is **Father** to our Lord Jesus. Alternate translation: “God, who is the Father” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
11:31 m5vo rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ὁ ὢν 1 Here, the phrase **the one** refers to **The God and Father**. Alternate translation: “the God who is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
11:31 zpkf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ὢν εὐλογητὸς 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who does the action, Paul implies that everything God created does it.. Alternate translation: “whom all things bless” or “whom all creation blesses” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
11:31 mpwu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **eternity**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “at all times” or “eternally” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
11:31 gb7m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit οἶδεν 1 Here Paul states that God **knows** that Paul is **not lying**. The statement that God **knows** makes the claim stronger, since God is the one who can prove that the claim is true. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “he himself knows” or “guarantees” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
11:31 no05 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit οὐ ψεύδομαι 1 Here Paul could be referring to: (1) what he has already said and what he is about to say. Alternate translation: “I am not lying in what I am saying” (2) what Paul is about to say in the following verses. Alternate translation: “I am not lying in what I have said” (3) what Paul has already said. Alternate translation: “I am not lying in what I am about to say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
11:31 yx8z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes οὐ ψεύδομαι 1 Paul is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, **not**, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning, **lying**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “I am definitely speaking the truth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
11:32 n383 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Ἁρέτα 1 Here, the word **Aretas** is the name of a man who was a king. He obeyed what the Roman leaders required, and they let him be king over an area that included the city of **Damascus**. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
11:32 kwku rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Ἁρέτα τοῦ βασιλέως 1 Here the phrase **under Aretas the king** indicates that **the ethnarch** was appointed by **Aretas** and did what he said. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “who obeyed Aretas the king” or “who ruled under Aretas the king” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
11:32 j7de rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Δαμασκηνῶν 1 Here, the word **Damascenes** refers generally to people who live in the city of **Damascus**. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
11:32 cpg2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὴν πόλιν Δαμασκηνῶν 1 Here, the phrase **the city of Damascenes** is another way to refer to the city **Damascus**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could refer to that city in whatever way is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “his city” or “the city” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
11:33 i8xa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit διὰ θυρίδος ἐν σαργάνῃ, ἐχαλάσθην διὰ τοῦ τείχους 1 Here Paul describes how he **escaped** from the city of Damascus (see [Acts 9:23–25](../act/09/23.md)). His friends put him in a **basket**, a large bowl most likely made out of woven rope or plants. They attached a rope to the **basket** and **lowered** Paul out a **window** or opening that was in the **wall**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could more explicitly explain how this action was done. Alternate translation: “I was put in a basket and lowered by rope through a window that was in the wall” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
11:33 uk9m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐχαλάσθην 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the action, Paul implies that friends, who were probably fellow believers, did it. Alternate translation: “friends lowered me” or “other Christians lowered me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
11:33 uitt rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result καὶ 2 Here, the word **and** introduces what happened as a result of him being **lowered in a basket**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a result. Alternate translation: “so” or “so that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
11:33 aw7d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy τὰς χεῖρας αὐτοῦ 1 Here, the phrase **his hands** represents the power or servants of the “ethnarch,” that is, the local ruler of the city. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “his power” or “the people he sent to seize me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
12:intro abcf 0 # 2 Corinthians 12 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n7. Paul defends his apostolic authority (10:1–13:10)\n * Paul’s ascent to heaven and the thorn in the flesh (12:1–10)\n * Paul concludes his boasting (12:11–13)\n * Paul defends his financial conduct (12:14–18)\n * Paul warns the Corinthians about his third visit (12:19–13:10)\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Paul’s trip to heaven\n\nIn [12:1–6](../12/01.md), Paul speaks about how he temporarily ascended to heaven 14 years before he wrote this letter. He speaks about this experience in the third person to avoid directly boasting about himself. Also, he gives very few details about his experience. He describes how he went to the third heaven and paradise, that he heard words he cannot tell to others, and that he is not sure whether he ascended in his body or without his body (which would be either spiritually or in a dream). Paul gives enough details to show that he really did ascend to heaven, but he does not want to tell the Corinthians about what he learned and saw there. In other words, he only “boasts” about this experience to show the Corinthians that he is truly an apostle even according to their standards. However, he thinks it is better to boast about how Christ works through him when he is weak, which is Christ’s standard for being an apostle. \n\n### The third heaven and Paradise\n\nIn Paul’s culture, many people believed that there were different levels or layers in heaven, but they disagreed on how many levels or layers there were. Some people thought that there was only one layer, while others thought that there were three, five, seven, or ten layers. Because of the various options, we cannot be sure whether the “third heaven” is the highest heaven or whether it is the third out of more layers of heaven. When Paul uses the word “Paradise,” he is most likely referring to the place where believers go after they die and before the resurrect. The way he refers to Paradise could imply that it is or is part of the third heaven. However, we cannot be sure about this either. Since we do not know Paul’s view about the layers of heaven or about the location of Paradise, it is best not to include any implied information on these issues in your translation. \n\n### The thorn in the flesh\n\nIn [12:7–8](../12/07.md), Paul refers to a “thorn in the flesh” that was given to him. He further names this “thorn” as a “messenger of Satan.” There are three primary possibilities for what the thorn could be. First, it could be some kind of sickness, disease, or ailment. Second, it could be opposition from other people who wish to stop Paul from preaching the gospel. Third, it could a demon who tries to keep Paul from serving Christ. However, since we do not know anything else about this “thorn,” it is impossible to identify exactly what Paul is writing about. What is clear is that the “thorn” makes Paul’s life difficult and painful. Your translation should be general enough to allow for all of these interpretations since Paul’s language is also this general.\n\n### Financial support for teachers \n\nIn this chapter, Paul continues to state that he did not and will not ask for or receive money and support from the Corinthians. In Paul’s culture, it was common for traveling teachers to ask for and receive money from the people they were teaching, and Paul’s opponents apparently did so. Paul, however, does not do so, and he explains further in this chapter why he acts in that way. Continue to express the idea as you did in the previous chapter.\n\n### Boasting\n\nJust as in the previous two chapters, in this chapter Paul refers multiple times to “boasting.” In Paul’s culture, not all boasting was considered bad. Instead, there were good and bad kinds of boasting. In these verses, Paul boasts because his opponents, the false teachers, boast. He does not think that this boasting is necessary or good, but he does it to respond to his opponents. Continue
12:1 e7q7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure καυχᾶσθαι & οὐ συμφέρον μέν & δὲ 1 Here, the phrase **not profitable** could go with: (1) **I will go on to visions and revelations of the Lord**. Alternate translation: “to boast: even though it is not profitable,” (2) **It is necessary to boast**. Alternate translation: “to boast, though it is not profitable. But” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
12:1 iur3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐλεύσομαι & εἰς 1 Here Paul speaks of moving on to a new topic as if he were physically moving to a new location. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable figure of speech or plain language. Alternate translation: “I will now speak about” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
12:1 iwn3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet ὀπτασίας καὶ ἀποκαλύψεις 1 The terms **visions** and **revelations** mean similar things. It is possible that **visions** refers to experiences in which someone sees amazing things, while **revelations** refers to experiences in which someone learns amazing things in general. Paul uses both words to refer in general to all these kinds of experiences. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express Paul’s general focus with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “revelations” or “various visions” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
12:1 rb42 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ὀπτασίας καὶ ἀποκαλύψεις Κυρίου 1 Here, Paul is using the possessive form to describe **visions and revelations** that could: (1) come from **the Lord**. Alternate translation: “visions and revelations from the Lord” (2) be about **the Lord**. Alternate translation: “visions and revelations about the Lord” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
12:2 n5hz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure οἶδα ἄνθρωπον ἐν Χριστῷ πρὸ ἐτῶν δεκατεσσάρων (εἴτε ἐν σώματι οὐκ οἶδα, εἴτε ἐκτὸς τοῦ σώματος οὐκ οἶδα, ὁ Θεὸς οἶδεν), ἁρπαγέντα τὸν τοιοῦτον ἕως τρίτου οὐρανοῦ 1 Here, the clauses **whether in the body, I do not know, or out of the body, I do not know, God knows** interrupt the sentence to indicate that Paul does not know exactly what form the ascent into heaven took. If it would be helpful in your language, you could move these clauses to wherever they would naturally appear in your language. Alternate translation: “Whether this happened in the body, I do not know, or out of the body, I do not know, God knows. However it happened, I know about a man in Christ who was caught up to the third heaven 14 years ago” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
12:2 cz7u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person οἶδα ἄνθρωπον ἐν Χριστῷ πρὸ ἐτῶν δεκατεσσάρων & ἁρπαγέντα τὸν τοιοῦτον ἕως τρίτου οὐρανοῦ 1 In [12:2–5](../12/02.md), Paul uses the third person to speak about a person who traveled to the **third heaven**. It is clear from [12:6–7](../12/06.md) that he is actually speaking about himself. So, Paul uses the third person to avoid boasting directly about himself. If possible, use the third person in [12:2–5](../12/02.md) and reveal later that Paul himself is this **man**. If necessary, you could reveal in this verse that Paul is speaking about himself. Make sure your translation here fits with how you translate [12:3–5](../12/03.md). Alternate translation: “I know a man in Christ … such a man having been caught up to the third heaven 14 years ago. That man is me.” or “I know a man in Christ, that is, me … I was caught up to the third heaven 14 years ago” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
12:2 fawy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἄνθρωπον ἐν Χριστῷ 1 Here Paul uses the spatial metaphor **in Christ** to describe the union of believers with **Christ**. In this case, being **in Christ**, or united to Christ, indicates that the **man** believes in Christ. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that refers to a believer or Christian. Alternate translation: “man united to Christ” or “a believer” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
12:2 fth2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit εἴτε ἐν σώματι οὐκ οἶδα, εἴτε ἐκτὸς τοῦ σώματος οὐκ οἶδα 1 Here Paul refers to a common question related to stories about people traveling to heaven: in what way does the person ascend into heaven? There were three primary ways a person could ascend: they could go into heaven physically in their body, they could go into heaven in a dream, or they could go into heaven with only their non-physical part, that is, their spirit. Here Paul indicates that he does not know in what way the **man in Christ** ascended into heaven. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “whether in bodily form, I do not know, or not in bodily form, I do not know” or “whether physically, I do not know, or spiritually, I do not know” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
12:2 da25 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet εἴτε ἐν σώματι οὐκ οἶδα, εἴτε ἐκτὸς τοῦ σώματος οὐκ οἶδα 1 Here Paul repeats **I do not know** in order to emphasize his lack of knowledge. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “whether in the body or out of the body, I certainly do not know” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
12:2 dg7e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἁρπαγέντα τὸν τοιοῦτον 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the action, Paul implies that it was God. Alternate translation: “God having caught up such a man” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
12:2 k4aw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἕως τρίτου οὐρανοῦ 1 Many people in Paul’s culture believed that the space that they called “heaven” contained multiple layers or spheres of individual heavens. Here, Paul refers to the **third heaven**. Since he does not specify how many heavens he thinks there are, it is best not to clarify whether this is the highest heaven or not. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that refers more clearly to the **third** out of multiple heavens. Alternate translation: “up to the third out of multiple heavens” or “into the third sphere of heaven” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
12:3 notz rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases καὶ 1 Here, the word **And** introduces a restatement of the previous verse with some new information. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a restatement. Alternate translation: “I repeat,” or “Indeed,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
12:3 idrl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure καὶ οἶδα τὸν τοιοῦτον ἄνθρωπον (εἴτε ἐν σώματι εἴτε χωρὶς τοῦ σώματος οὐκ οἶδα, ὁ Θεὸς οἶδεν), 1 Just as in the previous verse, the clauses **whether in body, or out of the body, I do not know, God knows** interrupt the main sentence, which continues into the next verse. Use the same form you used in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “Whether this happened in the body, or out of the body, I do not know, God knows. However it happened, I know about such a man,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
12:3 pkl5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person οἶδα τὸν τοιοῦτον ἄνθρωπον 1 Here Paul continues to speak about himself in the third person. Make sure that your translation fits with how you chose to translate [12:2](../12/02.md). Alternate translation: “I know that such a man, that is, me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
12:3 ow23 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit εἴτε ἐν σώματι εἴτε χωρὶς τοῦ σώματος οὐκ οἶδα 1 Here Paul again addresses the question about whether the **man** went into heaven in bodily form or not. He uses almost the same words he used in [12:2](../12/02.md), although he does not repeat **I do not know** here. Translate these words as you did in [12:2](../12/02.md). Alternate translation: “whether in bodily form, or not in bodily form, I do not know” or “whether physically or spiritually, I do not know” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
12:4 wm7y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person ἡρπάγη εἰς τὸν Παράδεισον, καὶ ἤκουσεν ἄρρητα ῥήματα, ἃ οὐκ ἐξὸν ἀνθρώπῳ λαλῆσαι 1 Here Paul continues to speak about himself in the third person. Make sure that your translation fits with how you chose to translate [12:2–3](../12/02.md). Alternate translation: “he, by which I mean I, was caught up into Paradise and heard inexpressible words which are not permitted for a man to speak” or “he was caught up into Paradise and heard inexpressible words which are not permitted for a man to speak. Again, that man is me.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
12:4 qv5h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἡρπάγη εἰς τὸν Παράδεισον, καὶ ἤκουσεν 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the action, Paul implies that it was God. Alternate translation: “God caught him up into Paradise and he heard” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
12:4 ic45 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown τὸν Παράδεισον 1 Here, the word **Paradise** refers to a place in heaven where those who have trusted in God live after they die and before Jesus comes back. Paul does not explicitly state whether **Paradise** is the “third heaven” or, more likely, within the “third heaven.”If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that refers to the place where believing people go immediately after they die. Alternate translation: “the place of the believing dead” or “the abode of the dead in heaven” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
12:4 rdqr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet ἄρρητα ῥήματα, ἃ οὐκ ἐξὸν ἀνθρώπῳ λαλῆσαι 1 The terms **inexpressible** and **which are not permitted for a man to speak** mean similar things. It is possible that **inexpressible** indicates that people are unable to speak these amazing **words**, and **which are not permitted** indicates that God does not allow people to speak these **words**. If you do not have clear ways to express these two ideas, and if it would be helpful in your language, you could express the general idea with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “words which a man cannot speak” or “amazing and unrepeatable words” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
12:4 jwof rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἃ οὐκ ἐξὸν ἀνθρώπῳ λαλῆσαι 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who does the action, it is clear from the context that it is God. Alternate translation: “which a man cannot speak” or “which God does not permit a man to speak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
12:4 dlb1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ἀνθρώπῳ 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Paul is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “for a human” or “for a person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
12:5 hpq6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person ὑπὲρ τοῦ τοιούτου, καυχήσομαι, ὑπὲρ δὲ ἐμαυτοῦ, οὐ καυχήσομαι 1 He Paul finishes talking about himself in the third person. It is clear here that he does so in order to avoid boasting about himself. Make sure that your translation fits with how you translated [12:2–4](../12/02.md). If you have not yet revealed that Paul is speaking about himself, this verse may be a good time to do so. Alternate translation: “On behalf of such a man, who is really I, I will boast. But on behalf of myself I will not directly boast” or “Since I am that man, I could boast about myself. However, I will not boast about myself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
12:5 i12f rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-exceptions οὐ καυχήσομαι, εἰ μὴ ἐν ταῖς ἀσθενείαις 1 If, in your language, it would appear that Paul were making a statement here and then contradicting it, you could reword this to avoid using an exception clause. Alternate translation: “I will only boast in my weaknesses” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-exceptions]])
12:5 y3cw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐν ταῖς ἀσθενείαις 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **weaknesses**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “about how weak I am” or “about the many ways in which I am weak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
12:6 a61a rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** introduces a further explanation of what Paul said in the previous verse ([12:5](../12/05.md)). He wishes to say that he could properly boast about the man who ascended to heaven, since that man is himself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different word or phrase that introduces further explanation. Alternate translation: “Now” or “Indeed,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
12:6 pkx7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-contrary ἐὰν & θελήσω καυχήσασθαι, οὐκ ἔσομαι ἄφρων, ἀλήθειαν γὰρ ἐρῶ 1 Paul is making a conditional statement that sounds hypothetical, but he already knows that the condition is not true. He has decided that he will not **boast**. However, he wants to speak about what would be true if he did actually **boast**. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a condition that the speaker knows is not true. Alternate translation: “were I actually to desire to boast, I would not be a fool, for I would be speaking the truth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-contrary]])
12:6 adg5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἀλήθειαν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **truth**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “what is true” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
12:6 pc8v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis φείδομαι 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “I refrain from boasting” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
12:6 krnt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit εἰς ἐμὲ λογίσηται ὑπὲρ 1 Here, the phrase **think more of me** refers to how people can think a person is greater or more powerful than they actually are. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that makes this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “would consider me to be greater than” or “would think more highly of me than” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
12:6 p8fm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὃ βλέπει με, ἢ ἀκούει ἐξ ἐμοῦ 1 Here Paul refers to what people can observe him doing and saying. He wants people to think about him only based on what they see him doing and hear him saying. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “what he sees me do or hears me say” or “what he knows about my deeds and words” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
12:6 m57l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations βλέπει 1 Although the term **he** is masculine, Paul is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “he or she” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
12:7 v5s7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure καὶ τῇ ὑπερβολῇ τῶν ἀποκαλύψεων, διὸ ἵνα μὴ ὑπεραίρωμαι 1 Here, the phrase **because of the surpassing {nature} of the revelations** could go with: (1) this verse. In this case, the word **therefore** is in an unusual position in the middle of the sentence, and you may need to move it to the beginning of the sentence. Alternate translation: “Therefore, because of the surpassing nature of revelations, so that I would not become super arrogant” (2) the end of the previous verse. If you follow this interpretation, you will need to end the previous verse with no punctuation. Alternate translation: “also because of the surpassing nature of the revelations. Therefore, so that I would not become super arrogant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
12:7 xxi2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τῇ ὑπερβολῇ τῶν ἀποκαλύψεων 1 Here Paul uses the possessive form to describe the **revelations** as **surpassing**. He could mean that the **revelations**: (1) were very great. Alternate translation: “because of how amazing the revelations were” (2) were very many. Alternate translation: “because of how many revelations I received” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
12:7 hu8g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐδόθη μοι σκόλοψ τῇ σαρκί 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the action, it is clear from the context that it was God. Alternate translation: “God gave me a thorn in the flesh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
12:7 q5e7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor σκόλοψ τῇ σαρκί 1 Here Paul speaks as if a **thorn** was stabbing him in the **flesh**. He could mean that: (1) he had a sickness or ailment that affected his **flesh**, that is, his body. Alternate translation: “a thorn in the flesh, that is, sickness,” (2) people opposed him and his ministry. Alternate translation: “a thorn in the flesh, that is, people opposing me,” (3) a demon attacked him. Alternate translation: “a thorn in the flesh, that is, a demon,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
12:7 q7lz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἄγγελος Σατανᾶ 1 Here Paul refers to a **messenger** or angel that came from or was sent by **Satan**, the devil. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “Satan’s angel” or “someone sent by Satan” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
12:7 c09d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor κολαφίζῃ 1 Here Paul speaks as if the **messenger of Satan** were physically buffeting or hitting him. He means that the **messenger** caused him to suffer in some physical way. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea in plain language. Alternate translation: “he might hurt me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
12:7 ehp9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants ἵνα μὴ ὑπεραίρωμαι 2 Here most ancient manuscripts include the clause **so that I would not become super arrogant**. The ULT follows that reading. Some ancient manuscripts do not have this clause. Most likely, this clause was accidentally omitted because Paul had already said it once. So, it is recommended that you use the reading of the ULT. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])
12:8 jbne rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns τούτου 1 Here, the word **this** could refer: (1) generally to what Paul described in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “this situation” (2) to the “messenger of Satan.” Alternate translation: “this messenger of Satan”(3) to the “thorn in the flesh.”Alternate translation: “this thorn” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
12:8 n76p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo ὑπὲρ τούτου & ἵνα ἀποστῇ ἀπ’ ἐμοῦ 1 Here Paul refers both to what he **begged the Lord** about (**this**) and what he wanted the Lord to do (**that he would remove {it} from me**). If referring to both of these things would be redundant in your language, and if it would be helpful, you could combine **about this** with **that he would remove {it} from me**. Alternate translation: “that he would remove this from me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo]])
12:8 wc7r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἀποστῇ 1 Here, the subject of **remove** could be: (1) the **Lord**, who can **remove** the thorn and the suffering it causes. Alternate translation: “he would take it away” (2) the thorn, or messenger of Satan, which can **remove** itself from Paul. Alternate translation: “it would depart” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
12:9 di10 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations εἴρηκέν μοι 1 Here Paul repeats what the Lord said in response to his prayer that the thorn and its suffering be taken away. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that introduces the answer to a question or prayer. Alternate translation: “he has answered me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
12:9 km91 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations μοι, ἀρκεῖ σοι ἡ χάρις μου, ἡ γὰρ δύναμις ἐν ἀσθενείᾳ τελεῖται 1 It may be more natural in your language to have an indirect quotation here. If you use the following alternate translation, you will need to remove the quotation marks. Alternate translation: “to me that his grace is enough for me, for his power is being made perfect in weakness.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
12:9 nr2j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἀρκεῖ σοι ἡ χάρις μου, ἡ γὰρ δύναμις ἐν ἀσθενείᾳ τελεῖται 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **grace**, **power**, and **weakness**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “How I act graciously is enough for you, for I perfect how powerful people are when they are weak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
12:9 axcg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular σοι 1 Because God is speaking to one person, Paul, **you** in the quotation is singular. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
12:9 cs63 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἡ γὰρ δύναμις ἐν ἀσθενείᾳ τελεῖται 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who does the action, it is clear from the context that it is the Lord. Alternate translation: “for I perfect my power in weakness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
12:9 t5um rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit μᾶλλον & ἐν ταῖς ἀσθενείαις μου 1 Here, the phrase **even more** could indicate that Paul will: (1) boast more in his **weaknesses** than he has already. Alternate translation: “more than I have in my weaknesses” (2) boast in his **weaknesses** rather than praying for the removal of the thorn. Alternate translation: “in my weaknesses rather than asking God to remove them” (3) boast in his **weaknesses** rather than in his strengths. Alternate translation: “in my weaknesses rather than in my strengths” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
12:9 usod rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐν ταῖς ἀσθενείαις μου, ἵνα ἐπισκηνώσῃ ἐπ’ ἐμὲ ἡ δύναμις τοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **weaknesses** and **power**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “about how weak I am so that Christ will reside upon me to empower me” or “in how weak I am so that Christ will give his power to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
12:9 adcs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἡ δύναμις τοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 Here, Paul is using the possessive form to describe **power** that comes from **Christ**. If this is not clear in your language, you could express the idea in another way. Alternate translation: “power from Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
12:9 g8mi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐπισκηνώσῃ ἐπ’ ἐμὲ 1 Here Paul speaks as if **the power of Christ** were person who could **reside** in or **upon** Paul, who is pictured like a tent or house. He means that **the power of Christ** consistently becomes part of his life and is something that he can always have. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a similar figure of speech or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “might live in me” or “might always be with me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
12:10 pxf1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit εὐδοκῶ 1 Here Paul means that he is content with these bad experiences and is even happy that he experiences them because Christ works through him when these bad things happen. He does not mean that he enjoys the bad experiences themselves. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “I rejoice when I live” or “I am content to suffer” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
12:10 s5sx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐν ἀσθενείαις, ἐν ὕβρεσιν, ἐν ἀνάγκαις, ἐν διωγμοῖς, καὶ στενοχωρίαις 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas in this clause, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “in being weak, in being insulted, in being coerced, in being persecuted and distressed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
12:10 xl8q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure ἐν ἀσθενείαις, ἐν ὕβρεσιν, ἐν ἀνάγκαις, ἐν διωγμοῖς, καὶ στενοχωρίαις, ὑπὲρ Χριστοῦ 1 Here, the phrase **for the sake of Christ** could go with: (1) the entire list of bad experiences. Alternate translation: “in weaknesses, in insults, in hardships, in persecutions and distresses whenever I experience them for the sake of Christ” (2) the verb **take delight**. Alternate translation: “for the sake of Christ in weaknesses, in insults, in hardships, in persecutions and distresses” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
12:10 t7qg rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** introduces a reason why Paul takes **delight** in these bad experiences. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different word or phrase that introduces a reason or basis for a claim. Alternate translation: “that is because” or “I do that since” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
12:11 a1ym rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit γέγονα ἄφρων 1 Here Paul means that he has spoken in **foolish** ways in the previous several chapters. He does not mean that he is always a **foolish** person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “I have been talking in foolish ways” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
12:11 pzw1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὑμεῖς με ἠναγκάσατε 1 Here Paul means that reason why he had to speak in **foolish** ways that the Corinthians were behaving wrongly. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “the way you are acting has compelled me to do so” or “how you are behaving has forced me to be like this” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
12:11 bkxl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns ὑμεῖς με ἠναγκάσατε 1 Here, the word translated **yourselves** emphasizes **you**. Consider using a natural way to emphasize **you** in your language. Alternate translation: “you indeed compelled me” or “it is you who compelled me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
12:11 c25h rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** introduces an explanation of how the Corinthians **compelled** Paul to be foolish. He goes on to explain that they should have been commending him, but they have not done so. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different word or phrase that introduces an explanation. Alternate translation: “That is because” or “You compelled me because, although it has not happened,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
12:11 v2lr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐγὼ & ὤφειλον ὑφ’ ὑμῶν συνίστασθαι 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you ought to commend me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
12:11 rada rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὑστέρησα 1 Here Paul could be using the past tense because: (1) he is referring to the time when he was with the Corinthians. Alternate translation: “when I visited you, I lacked” (2) he is speaking of what is generally true. Alternate translation: “I lack” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
12:11 h4d5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives οὐδὲν & ὑστέρησα τῶν ὑπέρλίαν ἀποστόλων 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a positive expression to translate this double negative that consists of the negative verb **lacked** and the negative word **nothing**. Alternate translation: “I have everything that the ‘super-apostles’ have” or “I am just as good as the ‘super-apostles’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
12:11 s82x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony τῶν ὑπέρλίαν ἀποστόλων 1 Here Paul refers to his opponents, the false teachers, with the words that they themselves or their followers used to describe them: **“super-apostles”**. He does not actually believe that these people are better apostles or greater than anyone else. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that indicates that Paul is speaking from someone else’s perspective to make a point. See how you translated the similar phrase in [11:5](../11/05.md). Alternate translation: “of the so-called ‘super-apostles’” or “of those who consider themselves super-apostles,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
12:11 v4xc rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact εἰ καὶ 1 Paul speaks as if this were a hypothetical situation, but he means that it is true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might think that what Paul is saying is uncertain, then you could use a word or phrase that introduces something that is contrasting but true. Alternate translation: “although” or “despite the fact that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
12:11 ulah rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole οὐδέν εἰμι 1 Here Paul speaks as if here were actually **nothing**. What he means is that he himself is not great or powerful at all without Christ working through him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea plainly. Alternate translation: “I am worthless on my own” or “I myself have no power or authority” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
12:12 i6sk rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases μὲν 1 Here, the word translated **Indeed** could: (1) connect this sentence to the previous claim that Paul is equal to the “super-apostles.” You could use a word or phrase that links two statements, or you could leave **Indeed** untranslated. Alternate translation: “In fact” (2) introduce the first part of a contrast. In this case, Paul does not directly state the second half of the contrast. He would be implying that they did not pay attention to these **signs**. Alternate translation: “Although you did not pay attention to them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
12:12 fgc3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὰ & σημεῖα τοῦ ἀποστόλου 1 Here, Paul is using the possessive form to describe **signs** that prove that someone is **an apostle**. If this is not clear in your language, you could express the idea in another way. Alternate translation: “the signs that show that someone is an apostle” or “signs that go along with true apostles” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
12:12 kp5l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive τὰ & σημεῖα τοῦ ἀποστόλου κατειργάσθη 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the action, Paul could be implying that: (1) he performed the **signs**. Alternate translation: “I performed the signs of an apostle” (2) God performed the **signs** through him. Alternate translation: “God performed the signs of an apostle through me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
12:12 t05n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐν πάσῃ ὑπομονῇ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **endurance**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “consistently” or “without ceasing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
12:12 dnle rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὑπομονῇ— σημείοις τε, καὶ τέρασιν, καὶ δυνάμεσιν 1 Here, the list **both signs and wonders and miracles** could be: (1) examples of what the **signs of an apostle** were. Alternate translation: “endurance, which included both signs and wonders and miracles” (2) the ways in which Paul demonstrated the **signs of an apostle**. Alternate translation: “endurance, shown through signs and wonders and miracles” or “endurance with both signs and wonders and miracles” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
12:12 d4um rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet σημείοις τε, καὶ τέρασιν, καὶ δυνάμεσιν 1 Here Paul uses three similar words to describe supernatural acts that God empowered Paul to do. The word **signs** emphasizes that these acts reveal something; the word **wonders** emphasizes that these acts are amazing or unusual; the word **miracles** emphasizes that these acts are powerful. Paul uses these three words to show that he performed various acts that showed that he was an apostle. If your language does not have different words that emphasize these three aspects of the supernatural acts, you could combine two or all three of these words into one word or phrase and emphasize the variety in another way. Alternate translation: “many and various miracles” or “both many signs and various miracles” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
12:13 aclx rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γάρ 1 Here, the word **For** introduces another reason why the Corinthians should consider Paul to be trustworthy. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces another reason, or you could leave **For** untranslated. Alternate translation: “Even more,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
12:13 sy7v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony τί & ἐστιν ὃ ἡσσώθητε ὑπὲρ τὰς λοιπὰς ἐκκλησίας, εἰ μὴ ὅτι αὐτὸς ἐγὼ οὐ κατενάρκησα ὑμῶν? χαρίσασθέ μοι τὴν ἀδικίαν ταύτην! 1 Here Paul speaks from the perspective of his opponents, who tell the Corinthians that Paul has committed an **injustice** by treating them **worse** than the other churches by not asking for money from them. He speaks from their perspective to show the Corinthians that this perspective is foolish and wrong. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that clearly expresses that Paul is speaking from another person’s perspective. Alternate translation: “people say that you were treated worse than the remaining churches because I myself did not burden you. If that is true, you need to forgive me for this injustice.” or “what is the way that you were treated worse than the remaining churches? The only way I treated you differently was by not burdening you. If people call that an injustice, please forgive me for it!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
12:13 z35e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion τί & ἐστιν ὃ ἡσσώθητε ὑπὲρ τὰς λοιπὰς ἐκκλησίας, εἰ μὴ ὅτι αὐτὸς ἐγὼ οὐ κατενάρκησα ὑμῶν? 1 Paul is using the question form to show the Corinthians that he treated them like all the other churches except for not asking for money. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or a negation. Alternate translation: “I did not treat you worse than the remaining churches except that I myself did not burden you.” or “Besides not burdening you, I treated you just as well as the remaining churches.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
12:13 tctz rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-exceptions τί & ἐστιν ὃ ἡσσώθητε ὑπὲρ τὰς λοιπὰς ἐκκλησίας, εἰ μὴ ὅτι αὐτὸς ἐγὼ οὐ κατενάρκησα ὑμῶν 1 If, in your language, it would appear that Paul were making a statement here and then contradicting it, you could reword this to avoid using an exception clause. Alternate translation: “beyond the fact that I myself did not burden you, what is the way that you were treated worse than the remaining churches” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-exceptions]])
12:13 pr0h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἡσσώθητε 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the action, it is clear from the context that it was Paul. Alternate translation: “I treated you worse” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])\n\n
12:13 skav rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὰς λοιπὰς ἐκκλησίας 1 Here Paul refers to the other **churches** that he works with. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that refers to other churches that Paul knows and helps. Alternate translation: “the other churches that I serve” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
12:13 d426 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor αὐτὸς ἐγὼ οὐ κατενάρκησα ὑμῶν 1 Here Paul speaks of asking for money as if it were a heavy **burden** that he would have asked the Corinthians to carry for him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable figure of speech or plain language. See how you translated the similar phrase in [11:9](../11/09.md). Alternate translation: “I myself did not trouble you” or “I myself did not ask for money and so harass you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
12:13 k7a2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns αὐτὸς ἐγὼ 1 Here, the word translated **myself** emphasizes **I**. Consider using a natural way to emphasize **I** in your language. Alternate translation: “I for one” or “I indeed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
12:13 u1w9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὴν ἀδικίαν ταύτην 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **injustice**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “for acting unjustly” or “for doing what is unjust” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
12:14 g8mz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations ἰδοὺ 1 Here, the word **Behold** draws the attention of the audience and asks them to listen carefully. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea with a word or phrase that asks the audience to listen, or you could use another form that draws the audience’s attention to the statement that follows. Alternate translation: “Listen to this” or “Listen up” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
12:14 ngzf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor οὐ καταναρκήσω 1 Here Paul speaks of asking for money as if it were a heavy **burden** that he would have asked the Corinthians to carry for him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable figure of speech or plain language. See how you translated the similar phrase in [12:13](../12/13.md). Alternate translation: “I will not trouble you” or “I will not ask for money and so harass you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
12:14 vqbg rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** introduces a reason why Paul **will not burden** the Corinthians. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a reason for a previous claim. Alternate translation: “I will not burden you because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
12:14 qchp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὰ ὑμῶν, ἀλλὰ ὑμᾶς 1 Here Paul contrasts **the things** that the Corinthians have, or their possessions, with the Corinthians themselves. What he means is that he does not want the money and possessions that the Corinthians have. Instead, he wants the Corinthians themselves, that is, he wants them to trust him and Jesus. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the ideas more explicit. Alternate translation: “the things you own, but your loyalty” or “your possessions, but your trust in me and the Messiah” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
12:14 ugk1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ἀλλὰ ὑμᾶς 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “but I seek you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
12:14 pzkf rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 2 Here, the word **For** introduces an example that illustrates why Paul acts as he does. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces an example. Alternate translation: “As an illustration of this,” or “It is just like how” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
12:14 zsq6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure οὐ γὰρ ὀφείλει τὰ τέκνα τοῖς γονεῦσιν θησαυρίζειν, ἀλλὰ οἱ γονεῖς τοῖς τέκνοις 1 If your language would not naturally put the negative statement before the positive statement, you could reverse the two clauses here. Alternate translation: “For the parents should store up for the children, not the children for the parents” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
12:14 ne5v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor οὐ γὰρ ὀφείλει τὰ τέκνα τοῖς γονεῦσιν θησαυρίζειν, ἀλλὰ οἱ γονεῖς τοῖς τέκνοις 1 Here Paul speaks of himself as a parent and the Corinthians as his **children**. In Paul’s culture, **parents** generally saved money for their **children** to use. Paul uses this custom to illustrate how he, as a parent, should be giving to the Corinthians instead of the Corinthians, as children, giving to him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that indicates that Paul is speaking of himself as a parent and the Corinthians as children. Alternate translation: “For children, like you, should not store up for your parents, like me. Rather, the parents, like me, should store up for the children, like you.” or “For I am like your parent, and you are like my children. Children should not store up for the parent, but the parent for the children” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
12:14 wd97 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis οἱ γονεῖς τοῖς τέκνοις 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “the parents should store up for the children” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
12:15 s237 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases δὲ 1 Here, the word **Now** introduces a development of the ideas from the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a development, or you could leave **Now** untranslated. Alternate translation: “Indeed,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
12:15 vj2m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐγὼ & ἥδιστα δαπανήσω καὶ ἐκδαπανηθήσομαι 1 Here Paul speaks as if his energy, time, and even himself were money that he or someone else could **spend**. He means that he is willing to use all his energy and time and even to experience hardships and difficulties to help the Corinthians. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable figure of speech or plain language. Alternate translation: “I will most gladly exhaust everything I have and be completely exhausted” or “I will most gladly use all my resources and be completely worn out” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
12:15 kqgk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐκδαπανηθήσομαι 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who does the action, Paul could be implying that: (1) experiences and other people do it to him. Alternate translation: “allow other people to completely spend me” or “let external things completely spend me” (2) he does it to himself. Alternate translation: “completely wear myself out” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
12:15 nk8v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ὑπὲρ τῶν ψυχῶν ὑμῶν 1 Here, the phrase **your souls** represents the Corinthians. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “for your sake” or “for the sake of your lives” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
12:15 t3na rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion εἰ περισσοτέρως ὑμᾶς ἀγαπῶν, ἧσσον ἀγαπῶμαι? 1 Paul is using the question form to rebuke the Corinthians for loving him **less** when he loves them **more abundantly**. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a rebuke or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “Since I love you more abundantly, I should not be loved less.” or “Given that I love you more abundantly, I should not be loved less!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
12:15 e16a rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact εἰ & ἀγαπῶν 1 Paul speaks as if this were a hypothetical situation, but he means that it is true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might think that what Paul is saying is uncertain, then you could translate his words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “Since I love” or “given that I love” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
12:15 gjbk rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants ἀγαπῶν 1 Many ancient manuscripts read **loving**. The ULT follows that reading. Other ancient manuscripts read “I love.” If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])\n
12:15 j887 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit περισσοτέρως & ἧσσον 1 Here Paul uses two comparison words without indicating exactly what he is comparing. He could mean that: (1) his love is increasing in comparison to the Corinthians’ love, which is decreasing. Alternate translation: “more than ever … less than ever” (2) he has much love, while the Corinthians have little love. Alternate translation: “greatly … only a little” (3) his love for them is greater than his love for other churches, while the Corinthians love him less than other churches do. Alternate translation: “more abundantly than I love other churches … less than they love me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
12:15 u9y0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἧσσον ἀγαπῶμαι 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who does the action, it is clear from the context that it is the Corinthians. Alternate translation: “am I to receive less love” or “are you going to love me less” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
12:16 gvv4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἔστω δέ, ἐγὼ οὐ κατεβάρησα ὑμᾶς; ἀλλὰ 1 Here, the phrase **But let it be {so}** indicates that something is agreed upon or certainly true. Paul could be referring to: (1) what he is about to say about not being a **burden** to the Corinthians. He means that he and the Corinthians can agree about that. Alternate translation: “But here is what we can agree on: I myself did not burden you. However” (2) what he said in the previous verse about loving the Corinthians, although he may be loved less. He means that even if that is true, he will still not **burden** the Corinthians. Alternate translation: “Besides all that, I myself did not burden. However,” or “Even if that has happened, I myself did not burden you. However,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
12:16 binl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns ἐγὼ οὐ κατεβάρησα 1 Here, the word translated **myself** emphasizes **I**. Consider using a natural way to emphasize **I** in your language. Alternate translation: “I indeed did not burden” or “as for me, I did not burden” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
12:16 mnvm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐγὼ οὐ κατεβάρησα ὑμᾶς 1 Here Paul speaks of asking for money as if it were a heavy **burden** that he would have asked the Corinthians to carry for him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable figure of speech or plain language. See how you translated the similar phrase in [12:14](../12/14.md). Alternate translation: “I myself did not trouble you” or “I myself did not ask for money and so harass you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
12:16 jl3g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony ἀλλὰ ὑπάρχων πανοῦργος δόλῳ, ὑμᾶς ἔλαβον 1 Here Paul speaks from the perspective of either the Corinthians of the opponents. They may think or say that Paul was **crafty** and **caught** them **deceit**. He speaks from their perspective so that he can respond to this claim in the following verses. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that clearly expresses that Paul is speaking from another person’s perspective. Alternate translation: “but someone may say that I, being crafty, caught you by deceit” or “but you may think that I caught you by deceit, being crafty” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
12:16 ur5x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὑμᾶς ἔλαβον 1 Here Paul speaks of deceiving or tricking the Corinthians as if he were physically grabbing them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. See the similar phrase “takes advantage” in [11:20](../11/20.md). Alternate translation: “I took advantage of you” or “I cheated you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
12:16 so24 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns δόλῳ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **deceit**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “by being deceitful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
12:17 vb7q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion μή τινα ὧν ἀπέσταλκα πρὸς ὑμᾶς, δι’ αὐτοῦ ἐπλεονέκτησα ὑμᾶς? 1 Paul is using the question form to deny that any person he has sent to the Corinthians has cheated them. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a negation or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “I have not taken advantage of you through anyone whom I have sent to you!” or “There is no one whom i have sent to you through whom I took advantage of you.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
12:17 nex4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations αὐτοῦ 1 Although the term **him** is masculine, Paul is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. Most likely any person whom **sent** would be a man, but Paul is not making this claim. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “him or her” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
12:18 psbo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit παρεκάλεσα Τίτον καὶ συναπέστειλα τὸν ἀδελφόν 1 Here Paul refers to a trip Titus took previously to visit the Corinthians. He is probably referring to the visit he mentions in [8:6](../08/06.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that refers to a trip that has already been completed. Alternate translation: “I urged Titus to go to you previously and sent the other brother with him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
12:18 urtj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo τὸν ἀδελφόν 1 Here Paul assumes that the Corinthians know who this **brother** is, so he does not name him. Since we do not know who this person was, you should not make the idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “a brother” or “the brother you know” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]])
12:18 kmt8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τὸν ἀδελφόν 1 Paul is using the term **brother** to mean a person who shares the same faith. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the other believer” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
12:18 pjl2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion μήτι ἐπλεονέκτησεν ὑμᾶς Τίτος? 1 Paul is using the question form to remind the Corinthians that **Titus** did not take advantage of them. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “You remember that Titus did not take advantage of you.” or “Titus did not take advantage of you!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
12:18 rjiy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion οὐ τῷ αὐτῷ πνεύματι περιεπατήσαμεν οὐ τοῖς αὐτοῖς ἴχνεσιν? 1 Paul is using the question form to remind the Corinthians that Titus behaved in the same ways that Paul did. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate these as statements or exclamations. Alternate translation: “You remember that we walked in the same spirit, and we walked in the same footsteps.” or “We walked in the same spirit! We walked in the same footsteps!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
12:18 k6b3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit οὐ & περιεπατήσαμεν οὐ 1 Here, the word **we** refers to Titus and Paul only. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “Did Titus and I not walk … Did Titus and I not walk” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
12:18 acg6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor οὐ τῷ αὐτῷ πνεύματι περιεπατήσαμεν 1 Paul speaks of behavior in life as if it were walking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Did we not behave according to the same spirit” or “Did we not live in the same spirit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
12:18 f4e0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τῷ αὐτῷ πνεύματι 1 Here, the word **spirit** could refer to: (1) the **spirit** of a person, which refers to the inner life of a person, that is, how that person thinks, feels, and makes decisions. Alternate translation: “in the same mind” or “in the same heart” (2) the Holy Spirit. Alternate translation: “in the same Holy Spirit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
12:18 oket rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor οὐ τοῖς αὐτοῖς ἴχνεσιν? 1 Here Paul speaks as if he and Titus walked on the same path so closely together that the person walking behind stepped in the **footsteps** of the person in front. He means that they did and said very similar things. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Did we not act in the same ways” or “Did we not behave in very similar ways” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
12:19 g1iw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion πάλαι δοκεῖτε ὅτι ὑμῖν ἀπολογούμεθα? 1 Paul is using the question form to deny that what he has said is primarily for the purpose of **defending ourselves**. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “Do not think that all of this time we have been defending ourselves to you!” or “I want you to realize that all of this time we have not been defending ourselves to you.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
12:19 m3vx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit πάλαι 1 Here, the phrase **all this time** refers to everything that Paul has written so far in this letter. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “throughout this letter” or “while you listened to what we have said” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
12:19 ih3e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit κατέναντι Θεοῦ 1 Here, just as with the phrase “in the presence of God” in [2:17](../02/17.md), the phrase **Before God** could indicate that: (1) Paul and those with him speak as they do because they know that God sees or knows what they do. So, they speak in a way that pleases God. Alternate translation: “As God desires” or “With God watching” (2) Paul and those with him speak with God as a witness guaranteeing what they say. Alternate translation: “With God as witness” or “With God guaranteeing it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
12:19 hcor rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐν Χριστῷ 1 Here Paul uses the spatial metaphor **in Christ** to describe the union of believers with **Christ**. In this case, being **in Christ**, or united to Christ, explains that Paul and those with him speak from their perspective as those united to Christ. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that indicates this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and in union with Christ” or “and because of being united to Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
12:19 y0fs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὰ & πάντα 1 Here, the phrase **all these things** refers primarily to what Paul has written in this letter so far. However, it also includes everything that Paul and those with him say and do. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “all the things we say and do, including in this letter” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
12:19 oqmw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἀγαπητοί 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who does the action, Paul implies that he himself loves them. Alternate translation: “people whom I love” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
12:19 vg3u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὑπὲρ τῆς ὑμῶν οἰκοδομῆς 1 Here, Paul is speaking of the Corinthian believers as if they were a building. If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a more natural metaphor for this or you could state the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar phrase in [10:8](../10/08.md). Alternate translation: “are to help you become more faithful to Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
12:20 fqdk rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** could introduce: (1) a reason why Paul has written what he has in this letter. Alternate translation: “I have written these things because” (2) a reason why Paul wants to build them up. Alternate translation: “I want to build you up because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
12:20 cu6s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit οὐχ οἵους θέλω & οἷον οὐ θέλετε 1 Here Paul refers to how both he and the Corinthians have ideas about how they think the other person should be behaving. He fears that these ideas will not be accurate. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “not such as I expect … not such as you expect” or “not what I want you to be like … not what you want me to be like“ (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
12:20 zy6g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis θέλετε; μή πως 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “you wish; I fear that somehow there may be” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
12:20 aw5n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit μή πως ἔρις 1 Here Paul implies that they are doing all these wrong things within their own group. He does not mean that they are doing these things to people outside their group. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this more explicit. Alternate translation: “that somehow there may be within your group quarreling” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
12:20 rh1h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns μή πως ἔρις, ζῆλος, θυμοί, ἐριθεῖαι, καταλαλιαί, ψιθυρισμοί, φυσιώσεις, ἀκαταστασίαι 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for any of the ideas in this list, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “that somehow you may be quarrelsome, jealous, angry, competitive, slanderous, gossiping, proud, and disruptive” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
12:21 ddw3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis μὴ 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the previous verse if it would be clearer in your language (see [12:20](../12/20.md)). Alternate translation: “and I fear that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
12:21 blba rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure πάλιν ἐλθόντος μου, ταπεινώσῃ με ὁ Θεός μου 1 Here the word **again** could go with: (1) **I come**. In this case, Paul is speaking about how he plans to visit the Corinthians a third time. Alternate translation: “when I come yet again, my God might humble me” (2) **God might humble me**. In this case, Paul means that God may **humble** him again, just as he did when Paul visited the Corinthians previously (see [2:1](../02/01.md)). Alternate translation: “when I come, my God might humble me again” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
12:21 ozce rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ταπεινώσῃ με ὁ Θεός μου πρὸς ὑμᾶς, καὶ 1 Here Paul could be implying that God will **humble** him: (1) because he would feel ashamed about how the Corinthians were acting. Alternate translation: “my God might humble me by making me feel shame about you, and” (2) because he would have to use his authority for tearing down instead of building up. Alternate translation: “my God might humble me before you by making me punish you, and” (3) because he would **mourn** publicly. Alternate translation: “my God might humble me before because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
12:21 knmg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish ὁ Θεός μου 1 When Paul speaks of **my God**, he does not mean that this is a different **God** than the one the Corinthians believe in. Rather, he simply wishes to state that this **God** is his God. If the phrase **my God** sounds like it makes a distinction between Paul’s God and the Corinthians’ God, you could express the idea in another way. Alternate translation: “the God I serve” or “our God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
12:21 hq1e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet τῇ ἀκαθαρσίᾳ, καὶ πορνείᾳ, καὶ ἀσελγείᾳ 1 The terms **impurity**, **sexual immorality**, and **debauchery** mean similar things. Paul is using the three terms together to include all types of sexual sin. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with two words or a single phrase. Alternate translation: “the debauchery and sexual immorality” or “the many kinds of sexual immorality” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
12:21 rh22 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐπὶ τῇ ἀκαθαρσίᾳ, καὶ πορνείᾳ, καὶ ἀσελγείᾳ, ᾗ ἔπραξαν 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **impurity**, **immorality**, and **debauchery**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “from acting in impure ways and doing sexually immoral things and enjoying indecent actions” or “from acting in impure and sexually immoral and indecent ways” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
13:intro abcg 0 # 2 Corinthians 13 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n7. Paul defends his apostolic authority (10:1–13:10)\n * Paul warns the Corinthians about his third visit (12:19–13:10)\n8. Closing (13:11–13)\n\nIn this chapter, Paul finishes defending his authority. He then concludes the letter with a final greeting and blessing.\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Preparation\n\nPaul instructs the Corinthians as he prepares to visit them. He is hoping to avoid needing to discipline anyone in the church so he can visit them joyfully. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/disciple]])\n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### Power and weakness\n\nPaul repeatedly uses the contrasting concepts “power” and “weakness” in this chapter. The translator should use words that are understood to be opposites of each other. It seems that people had been criticizing Paul for speaking powerfully in his letters, but being weak when in person (see 10:1). Paul explains that although he is weak, Christ works powerfully through him (13:3-4). God gave Paul power and authority to discipline believers who are living sinfully, but Paul prefers to use this power to encourage the believers to trust in God rather than to discipline them for not living in the right way (13:10). This is why he did not visit them again, so that he could persuade them in a letter rather than discipline them harshly in person (1:23;10:2;13:2,10). \n\n### Examine yourselves\n\nScholars are divided about the examination that Paul has in mind in verse 5. Some scholars say that believers are to test themselves to see whether their actions align with their Christian faith. The context favors this understanding. Others say that this test is to determine if the person actually belongs to God or not. Paul may have both ideas in mind. If a person examines his actions, finds them to be sinful but refuses to change them, then he has rejected God.\n\n### Approved and unapproved\n\nIn 13:5-7, Paul uses the concepts “approved” and “unapproved.” The words he uses for these are forms of the word translated "examine" in 13:5. The idea then, is that someone who is "approved" has been examined and has passed the examination. Paul begins in verse 5 by asking the Corinthian believers to examine themselves, to see if they are living as God wants them to live. Then in verse 6 he challenges them to evaluate Paul and his companions in that same way, because they are living in the right way. Finally, in verse 7 he says that he does not care about this kind of approval from them or from any humans, but he only wants the Corinthian believers to pass this test to show that God approves of them.
13:1 slj1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐπὶ στόματος δύο μαρτύρων καὶ τριῶν σταθήσεται πᾶν ῥῆμα 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Only if two or three people have said the same thing about another person should God's people believe that it is true” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
13:1 xfhc ἐπὶ στόματος δύο μαρτύρων καὶ τριῶν σταθήσεται πᾶν ῥῆμα 1 Paul is quoting here from Deuteronomy 19:15. He has been accusing the Corinthian believers of doing wrong, and so he compares the number of his visits, during which he has observed and will observe this wrong behavior, with the number of witnesses that the Old Testament required for convicting someone of doing wrong. You may want to include some of this information in a footnote.
13:1 gs3j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἐπὶ στόματος 1 Paul is using the term **mouth** to mean the words that people say by using their mouths. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression from your language or you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “by the word” or “on the testimony” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
13:2 fxl6 τοῖς λοιποῖς πᾶσιν 1 Alternate translation: “to all of you other believers”
13:2 ijip rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact ἐὰν ἔλθω 1 Paul speaks as if this were a hypothetical situation, but he means that he does intend to come again to Corinth. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might misunderstand and think that what Paul is saying is uncertain, then you can translate his words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “when I come” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
13:2 kfzf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit οὐ φείσομαι 1 The implication is that, when Paul comes, he will punish any believer there who is continuing to live sinfully. You can include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “I will not withhold punishment from anyone who is sinning” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
13:2 da34 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives οὐ φείσομαι 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a positive expression to translate this double negative that consists of the negative particle **not** and the negative verb **spare**. Alternate translation: “I will certainly punish everyone” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
13:3 svtr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns δοκιμὴν ζητεῖτε τοῦ ἐν ἐμοὶ λαλοῦντος Χριστοῦ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **proof**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “you want me to prove that Christ speaks through me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
13:3 ffwe rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ὃς 1 The pronoun **who** refers to **Christ**. If this is not clear for your readers, you could say this here. If you do this, you may want to start a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
13:3 vd3j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἀλλὰ δυνατεῖ ἐν ὑμῖν 1 The implication is that Christ will be powerful among the Corinthian believers when Paul comes and disciplines them using Christ's power. You can include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “but will punish you powerfully when I come” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
13:4 a1bf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive καὶ & ἐσταυρώθη 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “they crucified him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
13:4 rha6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐξ ἀσθενείας -1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **weakness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “when he was weak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
13:4 kh0y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐκ δυνάμεως Θεοῦ -1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **power**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “because God works powerfully … because God works powerfully” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
13:4 ezsm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἀσθενοῦμεν ἐν αὐτῷ -1 Here, Paul is speaking of his relationship to Christ as if he were inside of Christ. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “are weak as we imitate him” or “are weak, just as he was” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
13:5 ybkc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism ἑαυτοὺς πειράζετε & ἑαυτοὺς δοκιμάζετε 1 These two phrases mean the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If your language does not have two ways to say this, you could repeat the same phrase and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Test yourselves … Indeed, you must test yourselves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
13:5 z2oq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns ἑαυτοὺς -1 The word translated **yourselves** is plural, referring to all of the Corinthian believers. However, the meaning is that each believer is to examine himself, not that they should examine each other. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate this as singular, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
13:5 q28n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐστὲ ἐν τῇ πίστει 1 Here, Paul is speaking of **faith** as if it were a substance of which the Corinthians could be inside. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you truly believe in the Messiah” or “you are being faithful to the Messiah” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
13:5 qvxm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion ἢ οὐκ ἐπιγινώσκετε ἑαυτοὺς, ὅτι Ἰησοῦς Χριστὸς ἐν ὑμῖν, εἰ μήτι ἀδόκιμοί ἐστε 1 Paul is using the question form here to emphasize to the Corinthian believers something that is true: that Jesus Christ does live in them. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “You know that it is Jesus Christ himself who lives within you—unless you are not in the faith.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
13:5 sbx4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐν ὑμῖν 1 Here, **in you** could mean: (1) Jesus is intimately connected to each believing individual, as if Jesus were living inside each person. Alternate translation: “part of who you are” (2) Jesus is living among them, part of and the most important member of the group. Alternate translation: “among you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
13:6 xk7u rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact ἐλπίζω 1 Paul speaks as if he were uncertain about whether or not the Corinthian believers would understand that he is a true follower or apostle of Christ. He does this in order to convey modesty, but he is actually sure of this. If your language does not state something as uncertain if it is certain or true, and if your readers might think that what Paul is saying here is uncertain, then you could translate his words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “I am sure” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
13:6 f8o8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns ἡμεῖς & ἐσμὲν 1 Here the word **ourselves** emphasizes that Paul is talking about his apostolic team, who introduced the Corinthian believers to Jesus Christ. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this significance. Alternate translation: “we, yes, we, are” or “we, who serve Jesus, are” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
13:6 fqbe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἡμεῖς & ἐσμὲν 1 Paul is referring here to himself and his apostolic team, who introduced the Corinthian believers to Jesus Christ. You can include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “we, the very ones who brought you to Christ, are” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
13:6 zhkw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives ἡμεῖς οὐκ ἐσμὲν ἀδόκιμοι 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a positive expression to translate this double negative that consists of the negative particle **not** and the negative word **unapproved**. Alternate translation: “we ourselves are approved” or “we ourselves live as one with the Messiah” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
13:6 i34s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἡμεῖς οὐκ ἐσμὲν ἀδόκιμοι 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the testing or approving, it is clear from the context that it was God. Alternate translation: “we ourselves have passed this test” or “God has accepted us ourselves as his own” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
13:7 pu5q rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent δὲ 1 Paul is using the word translated **Now** to introduce a slightly new topic. Use a word, phrase, or other method in your language that is natural for this, or it may be more natural to leave it out. Alternate translation: “Also,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
13:7 u75e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives μὴ ποιῆσαι ὑμᾶς κακὸν μηδέν 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a positive expression to translate this double negative that consists of the negative particle **not** and the negative word **wrong**. Alternate translation: “you will do everything right” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
13:7 kmld rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἡμεῖς δόκιμοι φανῶμεν 1 If your language does not use the passive form in these ways, you could express the ideas in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who does the actions, it is people in general who do the seeing and either God or people who do the approving. Alternate translation: “people see that God approves of us ourselves” or “people see our work with you and approve of us ourselves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
13:7 wcrp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns ἡμεῖς & ὑμεῖς & ἡμεῖς 1 Paul uses the words **ourselves** and **yourselves** to emphasize the difference between his thinking and the thinking of the Corinthian believers. He wants only good for them, while they suspect that he wants only good for himself. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this significance. If you use the following suggestion, it will need a comma before each phrase. Alternate translation: “on our part, … on your part, … on our part,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
13:7 yiww rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἡμεῖς δὲ ὡς ἀδόκιμοι ὦμεν 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the approving, it is either God or people in general. Alternate translation: “even if it seems that God has not approved of us ourselves” or “even if people think that we ourselves have had no part in your success” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
13:8 bqd3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 The word translated as **For** indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “This is because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
13:8 jvke rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῆς ἀληθείας -1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **truth**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “God's true message … God's true message” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
13:9 kr1z rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 The word translated as **For** here indicates that what follows continues to give another reason, along with verse 8, for the statement of verse 7. Use a connector that indicates that this is another reason, if that would be natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You see,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
13:9 h8h6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns ἡμεῖς & ὑμεῖς 1 Here, as in verse 7, the words **ourselves** and **yourselves** emphasize the difference between Paul and the Corinthian believers. He wants them to be strong in the Lord and it doesn't matter if people think that he is weak. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this significance. If you use the following suggestion, it will need a comma before each phrase. Alternate translation: “on our part, … on your part,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
13:9 ep5s rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns τοῦτο καὶ εὐχόμεθα 1 The pronoun **this** here refers to what Paul desires for the Corinthian believers, which he states in two ways. First, that they be **powerful** in serving God, and then for their **restoration** to a right relationship with God. Those are both the same thing. If this is not clear for your readers, you could use a clearer expression. Alternate translation: “In fact, we pray for this” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
13:10 kbpp rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns διὰ τοῦτο 1 The pronoun **this** refers to what Paul has just written in verse 9, that he wants the Corinthian believers to be restored to a right relationship with God. If this is not clear for your readers, you could repeat that information here. Alternate translation: “Because I want you to be restored to God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
13:10 dqu4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ταῦτα 1 The words **these things** refer to what Paul has written in the entire letter, but especially to the warnings and exhortations in chapters 10-13. If this is not clear for your readers, you could include that information here. Alternate translation: “the things in this letter” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
13:10 kzue rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns κατὰ τὴν ἐξουσίαν ἣν ὁ Κύριος ἔδωκέν μοι 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **authority**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “as the person that the Lord has authorized” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
13:10 rlm8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor εἰς οἰκοδομὴν καὶ οὐκ εἰς καθαίρεσιν. 1 Here, Paul is speaking of the Corinthian believers as if they were a building. If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a more natural metaphor for this or you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to help you become more faithful to Christ and not to make you want to forsake him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
13:11 uk1p 0 Paul closes his letter to the Corinthian believers.
13:11 bdql rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ἀδελφοί 1 Although the term **brothers** is masculine, Paul is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If you retain the metaphor in your translation, and if it would be helpful in your language, you could say “brothers and sisters” to indicate this. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
13:11 fm8m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive καταρτίζεσθε 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. See how you translated a form of this word at the end of verse 9. Alternate translation: “Work toward maturity” or “Decide to trust and obey God completely” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
13:11 nfyp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive παρακαλεῖσθε 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The person doing the encouraging could be: (1) Paul. Alternate translation: “Allow me to encourage you” (2) God. Alternate translation: “Receive encouragement from God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
13:11 diw1 τὸ αὐτὸ φρονεῖτε 1 Here, **think the same** means to agree on the most important things and to not argue about the lesser things. Alternate translation: “Make sure that you all agree on what is important”
13:11 axul rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns εἰρηνεύετε 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **peace**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “be peaceful with each other” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
13:11 vrfk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ὁ Θεὸς τῆς ἀγάπης καὶ εἰρήνης 1 Here, Paul is using the possessive form to describe **God** as being characterized by **love and peace**. This probably means both that God is the source of love and peace and also that he enables his people to have love and peace. Try to include both meanings, if possible. Alternate translation: “God, who gives love and peace,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
13:11 t9io rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ὁ Θεὸς τῆς ἀγάπης καὶ εἰρήνης 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **love and peace**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “God, who empowers you to love and to be peaceful,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
13:12 p1nh rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction ἐν ἁγίῳ φιλήματι 1 A **holy kiss** was a symbolic action to show familial love between believers. In some cultures, a kiss as a greeting is appropriate, but in other cultures it is not. The idea of a **holy kiss** is that it be a greeting that is appropriate in the culture, whether it be a kiss, a hug, a handshake, or something else, and also that it be **holy**, that is, appropriate between God's people. If this would not be clear to your readers, you can explain the significance of this action in the text or in a footnote. Alternate translation: “warmly as fellow believers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
13:12 x2qd οἱ ἅγιοι 1 These **saints** are the fellow believers who are there with Paul. Alternate translation: “those whom God has set apart for himself”
13:13 qodb rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing ἡ χάρις τοῦ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, καὶ ἡ ἀγάπη τοῦ Θεοῦ, καὶ ἡ κοινωνία τοῦ Ἁγίου Πνεύματος, μετὰ πάντων ὑμῶν 1 Paul ends his letter with this blessing. You can express this as either a blessing or a prayer, in whichever way is more natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I pray for all of you that the Lord Jesus Christ will give you his grace, that God will give you his love, and that the Holy Spirit will give you his fellowship.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing]])
13:13 st07 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἡ χάρις τοῦ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, καὶ ἡ ἀγάπη τοῦ Θεοῦ, καὶ ἡ κοινωνία τοῦ Ἁγίου Πνεύματος, μετὰ πάντων ὑμῶν 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **grace**, **love**, and **fellowship**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “May the Lord Jesus Christ continue to be gracious to you, may God continue to love you, and may the Holy Spirit unite you all closely together as believers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
See in Reader
