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- Here Isaiah describes events that will happen in the future as if they happened in the past. This emphasizes that they certainly will happen.
- Who would have believed what we heard? - What Isaiah just found out is so amazing that he wonders if the exiles will believe it. The "we" includes him and those in exile. (See: :en:ta:vol2:translate:figs_inclusive and :en:ta:vol1:translate:figs_rquestion)
- Who would have believed - This question is like the one above, expressing surprise.
- And the arm of Yahweh, to whom was it revealed? - AT: "And to whom has Yahweh revealed his power?" (See: :en:ta:vol2:translate:figs_metonymy and :en:ta:vol2:translate:figs_activepassive)
- For he grew up before Yahweh like a sapling, and like a sprout out of parched earth - Here "he" refers to God's servant whom Isaiah compares to a very young tree. This emphasizes that he will appear weak. (See: :en:ta:vol1:translate:figs_simile)