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For there must also be factions among you
Possible meanings 1) The word "must" indicates that that this situation is likely to happen. AT: "For there will probably be factions among you" or 2) Paul was using irony to shame them for having factions. AT: "For you seem to think that there must be factions among you" or "For you seem to think that you must divide yourselves" (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony)
factions
opposing groups of people
so that those who are approved may be recognized among you
Possible meanings are 1) "so that people will know the most highly regarded believers among you" or 2) "so that people can display this approval to the others among you." Paul may have been using irony, saying the opposite of what he wanted the Corinthians to understand, to shame them. (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony)
who are approved
Possible meanings are 1) "whom God approves" or 2) "whom you, the church, approve."