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using vivid ... words
The Teacher wanted the words to be pleasurable to the listener. They bring pleasure because they are well written, not because they are comforting.
The words of wise people ... taught by one shepherd
The writer speaks of the teacher who uses his words to instruct people as if the teacher were a shepherd who uses his tools to lead his flock. (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor)
The words of wise people are like goads
This is a simile. AT: "Wise people encourage people to act, like a sharp stick encourages an animal to move" (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile)
Like nails driven deeply are the words of the masters in collections of their proverbs
This is a simile. AT: "Like you can depend on a nail that a person drives firmly into a piece of wood, so you can depend on the words of the masters in collections of their proverbs" (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile)
the words of the masters in collections of their proverbs
"the wise words collected in their proverbs" or "the sayings of the wise"
which are taught by one shepherd
This can be stated in active form. AT: "which one shepherd teaches" (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive)