en_tn_lite_do_not_use/2sa/10/15.md

When the Arameans saw that they were being defeated by Israel

This can be stated in active form. AT: "when the Arameans realized that the Israelites were defeating them" (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive)

Hadarezer ... Shobak

These are the names of men. (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names)

from beyond the Euphrates River

This means the east side of the Euphrates River.

They came to Helam

Here "came to" can be translated as "went to" or "gathered at" (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go)

Helam

This is the name of a place. (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names)

at their head

This phrase refers to a position of authority. AT: "leading them" (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy)