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Does not the ear test words just as the palate tastes its food?
Job uses this question to emphasize that people listen to what others say and judge whether it is good or not. The ear and palate are metonyms for hearing and tasting. AT: "We hear what people say and test it just as we taste food and test it." (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion and rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy and rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile)
With aged men is wisdom
"Aged men have wisdom." The abstract noun "wisdom" can be expressed with "wise." The word "men" refers to people in general. AT: "Old people are wise" (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns and rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations)
in length of days is understanding
This represents people gaining understanding when they live a long time. The abstract noun "understanding" can be expressed with the phrase "understand much." AT: "people gain understanding when they live a long time" or "people who live a long time understand much" (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns)