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front:intro hk4p 0 # Introduction to Jonah\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of the Book of Jonah\n\n1. Jonah tries to run away from Yahweh. (1:1–2:10)\n* Jonah disobeys Yahweh’s first call to go to Nineveh. (1:1–3)\n* Jonah and the Gentile sailors. (1:4–16)\n* Yahweh provides a large fish to swallow Jonah, and he prays and is rescued. (1:17–2:10)\n2. Jonah in Nineveh (3:1–4:11)\n* Yahweh again calls Jonah to go to Nineveh, and Jonah proclaims Yahweh’s message. (3:1–4)\n* Nineveh repents. (3:5–9)\n* Yahweh decides not to destroy Nineveh. (3:10)\n* Jonah is very angry with Yahweh. (4:1–3)\n* Yahweh teaches Jonah about grace and mercy. (4:4–11)\n\n### What is the Book of Jonah about?\n\nJonah, son of Amittai, was a prophet from Gath Hepher (2 Kings 14:25). This book tells about what happened to Jonah. It tells how Yahweh shows mercy and grace to Gentiles. It also tells how the Ninevites repented and called out to Yahweh for mercy. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]])\n\nYahweh sent Jonah to warn the people of Nineveh that he was ready to punish them. Yahweh said that if they would repent he would not harm them. However, Jonah was an Israelite and he did not want the Ninevites to repent. So Jonah tried to sail away in the opposite direction instead of doing what Yahweh told him to do. But Yahweh stopped him by sending a storm and a large fish to swallow him.\n\nJonah repented and warned the Ninevites. As a result, Yahweh taught him that he is concerned about all people, not just the Israelites.\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nThis book is traditionally titled “The Book of Jonah” or just “Jonah.” Translators may decide to use a clearer title such as “The Book about Jonah.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n### Who wrote the Book of Jonah?\n\nJonah was probably involved in the writing of this book. However, scholars do not know who actually wrote it.\n\nJonah lived in the northern kingdom of Israel. He prophesied sometime between 800 and 750 B.C., during the reign of King Jeroboam II.\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### What was the nation of Assyria?\n\nDuring the time of Jonah, Assyria was the most powerful kingdom in the ancient Near East. Nineveh was the capital city of Assyria.\n\nAssyria was cruel to its enemies. Eventually, Yahweh punished the Assyrians for the wicked things they did.\n\n### Did Assyria convert to Judaism?\n\nSome scholars think that the Assyrians started worshiping Yahweh alone. However, most scholars think they continued to worship other false gods. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]])
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1:intro xvp2 0 # Jonah 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThe narrative of this chapter starts abruptly. This could cause difficulty for the translator. The translator should not attempt to smooth this introduction unless absolutely necessary.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Miracle\n\nIn verse [Jonah 1:17](../01/17.md), there is the mention of “a great fish.” It may be difficult to imagine a sea creature big enough to swallow a man whole; he then survives for three days and nights inside. Translators should not try to explain miraculous events in an attempt to make it easier to understand. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/miracle]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Situational irony\n\nThere is an ironic situation in this chapter. This means that people do or say things that are the opposite of what one would expect them to do. Jonah is a prophet of God and should endeavor to do God’s will. Instead, he runs away from God. Although the Gentile sailors are not Israelites, they act out of faith and fear of Yahweh when sending Jonah to an almost certain death by throwing him overboard. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/willofgod]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])\n\n### Sea\n\nPeople in the ancient Near East also saw the sea as chaotic and did not trust it. Some of the gods they worshiped were gods of the sea. Jonah’s people, the Hebrews, feared the sea greatly. However, Jonah’s fear of Yahweh was not enough to keep him from sailing on a ship to get away from Yahweh. His actions are contrasted to the actions of the Gentiles. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/fear]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Implicit information\n\nEven though no one knows for sure where Tarshish was, the writer assumes that the reader knows that Jonah had to face away from Nineveh to go there. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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1:1 jdr1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַֽיְהִי֙ דְּבַר־יְהוָ֔ה 1 This phrase introduces the first half of the story of Jonah. The same phrase introduces the second half of the story (3:1). This is a common way of beginning a historical story about a prophet. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
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1:1 ll6c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַֽיְהִי֙ דְּבַר־יְהוָ֔ה 1 This is an idiom meaning that Yahweh spoke or communicated his message in some way. Alternate translation: “Yahweh spoke his message” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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1:1 qa3z דְּבַר־יְהוָ֔ה 1 Alternate translation: “the message of Yahweh”
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1:1 s6av יְהוָ֔ה 1 This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament.
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1:1 jv8c rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אֲמִתַּ֖י 1 This is the name of Jonah’s father. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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1:2 x5ua ק֠וּם לֵ֧ךְ אֶל־נִֽינְוֵ֛ה הָעִ֥יר הַגְּדוֹלָ֖ה 1 Alternate translation: “go to the large and important city of Nineveh”
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1:2 v2xt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ק֠וּם 1 This is an idiom that means that Jonah should take action and go. It does not mean that he was sitting or lying down at the time that God spoke to him. Many languages would use only one verb, such as “go.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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1:2 jqz9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּקְרָ֣א עָלֶ֑יהָ 1 The word **it** here, meaning the city of Nineveh, is a metonym referring to the people living in and around the city. Alternate translation: “warn the people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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1:2 rki2 עָלְתָ֥ה רָעָתָ֖ם לְפָנָֽי 1 Alternate translation: “I know they have been continually sinning” or “I know that their sin has been getting worse and worse”
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1:2 jd9r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְפָנָֽי 1 This is an expression that refers to the face of Yahweh to represent his presence. The idea of Yahweh’s presence also includes his knowledge, notice, attention, or judgment. Yahweh is saying that he can has noticed how wicked the people of Nineveh have become. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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1:3 f5sr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַיָּ֤קָם יוֹנָה֙ לִבְרֹ֣חַ 1 Here the words **got up** mean that Jonah took action in response to God’s command, but his action was to disobey instead of to obey. See how you translated this idiom in [1:2](../01/02.md). Alternate translation: “but Jonah ran away” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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1:3 n96t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִלִּפְנֵ֖י יְהוָ֑ה & מִלִּפְנֵ֖י יְהוָֽה 1 This is an expression that refers to the face of Yahweh to represent his presence. The idea of Yahweh’s presence also includes his knowledge, notice, attention, or judgment. By running away, Jonah is hoping that Yahweh will not notice that he is disobeying. Alternate translation: “from the presence of Yahweh” or “from Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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1:3 g66v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לִבְרֹ֣חַ תַּרְשִׁ֔ישָׁה 1 “to flee to Tarshish” This city named Tarshish was in the opposite direction to Nineveh. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “and went in the opposite direction, toward Tarshish, away” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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1:3 djv1 וַיֵּ֨רֶד יָפ֜וֹ 1 Alternate translation: “Jonah went to Joppa”
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1:3 w3uc אָנִיָּ֣ה 1 A **ship** is a very large type of boat that can travel on the sea and carry many passengers or heavy cargo.
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1:3 pz67 וַיִּתֵּ֨ן שְׂכָרָ֜הּ 1 Alternate translation: “there Jonah paid for the trip”
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1:3 g5xp וַיֵּ֤רֶד בָּהּ֙ 1 Alternate translation: “got on the ship”
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1:3 i6bi עִמָּהֶם֙ 1 The word **them** refers to the others who were going on the ship.
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1:3 sw66 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִלִּפְנֵ֖י יְהוָֽה 1 This is an expression that refers to the face of Yahweh to represent his presence. The idea of Yahweh’s presence also includes his knowledge, notice, attention, or judgment. By running away, Jonah is hoping that Yahweh will not notice that he is disobeying. Alternate translation: “from the presence of Yahweh” or “from Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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1:4 jdr2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַֽיהוָ֗ה הֵטִ֤יל רֽוּחַ־גְּדוֹלָה֙ אֶל־הַיָּ֔ם 1 This clause introduces the new event of Yahweh’s response to Jonah running away. Translate this so that your readers know that this event brings a change in the story. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
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1:4 jdra rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וְהָ֣אֳנִיָּ֔ה חִשְּׁבָ֖ה לְהִשָּׁבֵֽר 1 Here the term **thinking** describes the ship as if it were a person. This means that the storm was so severe that the ship was close to breaking apart. Alternate translation: “so that the ship was almost breaking apart” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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1:4 jl77 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive לְהִשָּׁבֵֽר 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “to break apart” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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1:5 d13r הַמַּלָּחִ֗ים 1 Alternate translation: “the men who worked on the ship”
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1:5 u2bj אֱלֹהָיו֒ 1 Here, **god** refers to false gods and idols that people worship.
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1:5 sh1b וַיָּטִ֨לוּ אֶת־הַכֵּלִ֜ים אֲשֶׁ֤ר בָּֽאֳנִיָּה֙ 1 “the men threw the heavy things off the ship” By doing this, they hoped to keep the ship from sinking.
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1:5 tg27 לְהָקֵ֖ל מֵֽעֲלֵיהֶ֑ם 1 This could mean: (1) to make the ship lighter so that it would float better, Alternate translation: “to help the ship float better” or (2) to lighten or relieve a dangerous situation, Alternate translation: “to lessen the danger they were in”
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1:5 uzt4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background וְיוֹנָ֗ה יָרַד֙ אֶל־יַרְכְּתֵ֣י הַסְּפִינָ֔ה 1 This is background information. Translate this in a way that it is clear that Jonah had already done this before the storm started. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
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1:5 f63r יַרְכְּתֵ֣י הַסְּפִינָ֔ה 1 Alternate translation: “inside the ship”
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1:5 g4y4 וַיִּשְׁכַּ֖ב וַיֵּרָדַֽם 1 “and was lying there fast asleep” or “and was lying there and sleeping deeply” For this reason, the storm did not wake him up.
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1:6 laa3 וַיִּקְרַ֤ב אֵלָיו֙ רַ֣ב הַחֹבֵ֔ל וַיֹּ֥אמֶר ל֖וֹ 1 Alternate translation: “the man in charge of the men working on the ship went to Jonah and said”
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1:6 yx7e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion מַה־לְּךָ֣ נִרְדָּ֑ם 1 **Why are you sleeping?** Here the captain uses a rhetorical question to scold Jonah. Alternate translation: “stop sleeping” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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1:6 bd4f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ק֚וּם 1 This is a command to begin some activity that is named following this word. See how you translated this idiom in [1:2](../01/02.md) and [1:3](../01/03.md). In this verse, the Captain is telling Jonah to pray to his god. Because Jonah was lying down, the captain may also be telling Jonah literally to stand up. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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1:6 k7a5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom קְרָ֣א אֶל־אֱלֹהֶ֔יךָ 1 “pray to your god” To **cry out to** someone means to loudly ask him for help. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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1:6 sk7i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אוּלַ֞י יִתְעַשֵּׁ֧ת הָאֱלֹהִ֛ים לָ֖נוּ וְלֹ֥א נֹאבֵֽד 1 The implicit information that Jonah’s god might save them could be made explicit. Alternate translation: “maybe your god will hear and save us so that we will not die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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1:6 zi04 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives וְלֹ֥א נֹאבֵֽד 1 This can be stated positively. Alternate translation: “and he will save us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
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1:7 sc57 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַיֹּאמְר֞וּ אִ֣ישׁ אֶל־רֵעֵ֗הוּ 1 The phrase **each man … to his friend** is an idiom expressing reciprocal action. This means that all the men in the group were saying this to each other. Alternate translation: “the sailors all said to each other” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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1:7 l5xq לְכוּ֙ וְנַפִּ֣ילָה גֽוֹרָל֔וֹת וְנֵ֣דְעָ֔ה בְּשֶׁלְּמִ֛י הָרָעָ֥ה הַזֹּ֖את לָ֑נוּ 1 “we should cast lots to know who has caused this trouble” The men believed that the gods would control how the lots fell in order to tell them what they wanted to know. This was a form of divination.
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1:7 d726 הָרָעָ֥ה הַזֹּ֖את 1 This refers to the terrible storm.
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1:7 at67 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַיִּפֹּ֥ל הַגּוֹרָ֖ל עַל־יוֹנָֽה 1 The expression **the lot fell on Jonah** is an idiom meaning that, when the men cast lots, the result indicated Jonah. This does not mean that the lot literally fell down on top of Jonah. Alternate translation: “the lot showed that Jonah was the guilty person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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1:8 wkh6 וַיֹּאמְר֣וּ אֵלָ֔יו 1 Alternate translation: “then the men who were working on the ship said to Jonah”
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1:8 e7wb הַגִּידָה־נָּ֣א לָ֔נוּ בַּאֲשֶׁ֛ר לְמִי־הָרָעָ֥ה הַזֹּ֖את לָ֑נוּ 1 Alternate translation: “who caused this bad thing that is happening to us”
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1:9 wav5 יְהוָ֞ה אֱלֹהֵ֤י הַשָּׁמַ֨יִם֙ אֲנִ֣י יָרֵ֔א 1 Here the word **fear** means that Jonah worshiped Yahweh and not any other god.
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1:10 zi05 וַיִּֽירְא֤וּ הָֽאֲנָשִׁים֙ יִרְאָ֣ה גְדוֹלָ֔ה 1 Alternate translation: “then the men were very afraid”
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1:10 peg3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion מַה־זֹּ֣את עָשִׂ֑יתָ 1 The men on the ship use a rhetorical question to show how afraid and angry they were at Jonah for causing so much trouble for all of them. Alternate translation: “you have done a terrible thing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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1:10 us1r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִלִּפְנֵ֤י יְהוָה֙ 1 This is an expression that refers to the face of Yahweh to represent his presence. The idea of Yahweh’s presence also includes his knowledge, notice, attention, or judgment. By running away, Jonah is hoping that Yahweh will not notice that he is disobeying. Alternate translation: “from the presence of Yahweh” or “from Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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1:10 jdrb rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background כִּ֥י הִגִּ֖יד לָהֶֽם 1 Before the sailors cast lots, Jonah had already told them that he was running away from Yahweh, the God he worshiped. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background]])
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1:10 hw1p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כִּ֥י הִגִּ֖יד לָהֶֽם 1 What he told them can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “because he had said to them, ‘I am trying to get away from Yahweh’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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1:11 kb4c וַיֹּאמְר֤וּ אֵלָיו֙ 1 Alternate translation: “Then the men on the ship said to Jonah” or “Then the sailors said to Jonah”
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1:11 ik6d מַה־נַּ֣עֲשֶׂה לָּ֔ךְ וְיִשְׁתֹּ֥ק הַיָּ֖ם מֵֽעָלֵ֑ינוּ 1 Alternate translation: “What should we do with you in order to make the sea become calm?”
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1:11 wxr7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom הַיָּ֖ם הוֹלֵ֥ךְ וְסֹעֵֽר 1 This is an idiom that means that the sea was becoming increasingly stormy. Alternate translation: “the strength of the storm was increasing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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1:11 dji8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result הַיָּ֖ם הוֹלֵ֥ךְ וְסֹעֵֽר 1 This was the reason that the men asked Jonah what they should do. If it is more clear in your language to put the reason first, this can be stated at the beginning of verse 11, connecting to the result with a word like “so” or “therefore.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
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1:12 h982 כִּ֚י יוֹדֵ֣עַ אָ֔נִי כִּ֣י בְשֶׁלִּ֔י הַסַּ֧עַר הַגָּד֛וֹל הַזֶּ֖ה עֲלֵיכֶֽם 1 Alternate translation: “because I know that this huge storm is my fault”
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1:13 lcd3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַיַּחְתְּר֣וּ הָאֲנָשִׁ֗ים לְהָשִׁ֛יב אֶל־הַיַּבָּשָׁ֖ה 1 The men did not want to throw Jonah into the sea, so they did not do as Jonah suggested. This information can be made explicit. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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1:13 m3iq הַיָּ֔ם הוֹלֵ֥ךְ וְסֹעֵ֖ר 1 “the storm became worse, and the waves became bigger” See how you translated this idiom in [1:11](../01/11.md).
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1:14 ap77 וַיִּקְרְא֨וּ 1 Alternate translation: “because of that they called out” or “because the sea became more violent they called loudly”
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1:14 q2xq וַיִּקְרְא֨וּ אֶל־יְהוָ֜ה 1 Alternate translation: “therefore the men prayed loudly to Yahweh”
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1:14 jdr3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations אָנָּ֤ה 1 In this context, the word **Ah!** shows intense desperation. Represent this emotion in the most natural way for your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
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1:14 wz6z אָנָּ֤ה יְהוָה֙ אַל־נָ֣א נֹאבְדָ֗ה בְּנֶ֨פֶשׁ֙ הָאִ֣ישׁ הַזֶּ֔ה 1 Alternate translation: “O Yahweh, please do not kill us because we caused this man to die” or “O Yahweh, even though we are going to cause this man to die, please do not kill us”
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1:14 vv5t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְאַל־תִּתֵּ֥ן עָלֵ֖ינוּ דָּ֣ם נָקִ֑יא 1 This is an idiom that means “do not consider us guilty of killing an innocent person.” Alternate translation: “and please do not blame us for his death” or “and do not hold us accountable for having killed someone who did not deserve to die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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1:14 ab73 אַתָּ֣ה יְהוָ֔ה כַּאֲשֶׁ֥ר חָפַ֖צְתָּ עָשִֽׂיתָ 1 Alternate translation: “you, Yahweh, have chosen to do things in this way” or “you, Yahweh, have caused all this to happen”
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1:15 l9cf וַיַּעֲמֹ֥ד הַיָּ֖ם מִזַּעְפּֽוֹ 1 Alternate translation: “the sea stopped moving violently”
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1:15 ab89 וַיַּעֲמֹ֥ד הַיָּ֖ם מִזַּעְפּֽוֹ 1 This can be stated positively. Alternate translation: “the sea became calm”
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1:16 r3gs וַיִּֽירְא֧וּ הָאֲנָשִׁ֛ים יִרְאָ֥ה גְדוֹלָ֖ה אֶת־יְהוָ֑ה 1 Alternate translation: “then the men became greatly awed at Yahweh’s power” or “then the men worshiped Yahweh with great awe”
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1:17 q87y 0 # General Information:\n\nSome versions number this verse as the first verse of chapter 2. You may want to number the verses according to the main version that your language group uses.
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1:17 jdr4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַיְמַ֤ן יְהוָה֙ דָּ֣ג גָּד֔וֹל לִבְלֹ֖עַ אֶת־יוֹנָ֑ה 1 This clause introduces the next part of the story, where Yahweh saves Jonah from the sea, and Jonah prays. In this context, the word **Now** is used in English to introduce a new part of the story. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
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1:17 cjb6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom שְׁלֹשָׁ֥ה יָמִ֖ים וּשְׁלֹשָׁ֥ה לֵילֽוֹת 1 Perhaps this expression is an idiom in Hebrew meaning “a couple of days” or “a few days” or something similar, but this is uncertain. Alternate translation: “three days and nights” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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2:intro ae4k 0 # Jonah 2 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter begins with a prayer by Jonah, and many translators have chosen to set it apart by setting its lines farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. Translators can follow this practice, but they are not obligated to.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Sea\n\nThis chapter contains many terms from the sea.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Poetry\n\nPrayers in Scripture often contain a poetic form. Poetry frequently uses metaphors to communicate something with a special meaning. For example, since Jonah was in a fish in the sea, being so trapped is compared to a prison. Jonah is overwhelmed by the depth of the sea and expresses this by speaking about being at the “base of the mountains” and in the “belly of Sheol.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Repentance\n\nScholars are divided over whether Jonah’s repentance was genuine or whether he was trying to save his life. In light of his attitude in chapter 4, it is uncertain whether he was genuinely repentant. If possible, it is best for translators to avoid taking a definitive stance on whether Jonah’s repentance was genuine. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])
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2:1 alr2 יְהוָ֖ה אֱלֹהָ֑יו 1 This means “Yahweh, the God he worshiped.” The word **his** does not mean that Jonah owned God.
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2:2 al5b וַיֹּ֗אמֶר 1 Alternate translation: “Jonah said”
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2:2 jdrc rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry קָ֠רָאתִי מִצָּ֥רָה לִ֛י אֶל־יְהוָ֖ה וַֽיַּעֲנֵ֑נִי 1 This line begins a poem describing Jonah’s experience and prayer in the belly of the fish. The poem does not give the exact words that Jonah prayed at the time because the poem was written later, describing Jonah’s experience in the fish, his prayer, and God’s answer as if they had already happened in the past. This first line of the poem can be understood in one of two ways: either as being addressed to Yahweh as part of the description of the prayer, or as being addressed to another person as an introduction to the description of the prayer. See also the Note concerning the phrase “Salvation belongs to Yahweh!” in [2:9](../02/09/jdrh). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]])
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2:2 s7fi קָ֠רָאתִי מִצָּ֥רָה לִ֛י אֶל־יְהוָ֖ה 1 Alternate translation: “I prayed to Yahweh during my great trouble” or “Yahweh, I cried out to you during my distress”
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2:2 wdr4 וַֽיַּעֲנֵ֑נִי 1 Alternate translation: “Yahweh responded to me or he helped me or you answered me”
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2:2 w8wn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִבֶּ֧טֶן שְׁא֛וֹל 1 “from the center of Sheol” or “from the deep part of Sheol” Possible meanings include: (1) Jonah was speaking of being in the belly of the fish as being in Sheol; or (2) Jonah believed that he was about to die and go to Sheol; or (3) He was speaking as if he already had died and gone to Sheol. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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2:2 ab77 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names שְׁא֛וֹל 1 **Sheol** was the name of the place where people went after they died. It was thought to be a shadowy world located somewhere under the ground. The New Testament equivalent seems to be “Hades,” where the dead wait for judgment (see Rev. 20:13). If your language has a word for this place, you may want to use it here, or borrow the word “Sheol.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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2:2 jdrd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom שָׁמַ֥עְתָּ קוֹלִֽי 1 This phrase probably has both a literal and a figurative meaning. The phrase probably means literally that Yahweh heard Jonah’s voice while he was praying inside the belly of the fish. However, the phrase “to hear someone’s voice” in the Old Testament often means “to listen and obey (comply).” In this context, Jonah is expressing that Yahweh both heard him and acted to save him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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2:3 glp2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בִּלְבַ֣ב יַמִּ֔ים 1 Here the term **heart** is a metaphor for “being inside” something. The phrase “in the heart of” means to be “in the middle of” or “completely surrounded by” sea water. Alternate translation: “in the middle of the sea” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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2:3 p8fd וְנָהָ֖ר יְסֹבְבֵ֑נִי 1 Alternate translation: “the sea water closed in around me”
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2:3 c6jx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet מִשְׁבָּרֶ֥יךָ וְגַלֶּ֖יךָ 1 Both of these are disturbances on the surface of the ocean. They could be combined into one term, such as “waves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
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2:4 jdr5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast וַאֲנִ֣י 1 This expression shows that there is a contrast between the actions of Yahweh, which Jonah had just talked about, and his own response. Alternate translation: “then I” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
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2:4 x1w9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive נִגְרַ֖שְׁתִּי 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you drove me out” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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2:4 z1yx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִנֶּ֣גֶד עֵינֶ֑יךָ 1 Here, **eyes** is a metonym meaning seeing, and seeing is a metonym for the knowledge, notice, and attention of God. Alternate translation: “from before you” or “from your presence” or “where you do not notice me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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2:4 b8vk אַ֚ךְ אוֹסִ֣יף לְהַבִּ֔יט אֶל־הֵיכַ֖ל קָדְשֶֽׁךָ 1 Jonah still has hope that, in spite of all that he is going through, God will allow him to see the temple in Jerusalem again.
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2:5 abc2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אֲפָפ֤וּנִי מַ֨יִם֙ עַד־נֶ֔פֶשׁ תְּה֖וֹם יְסֹבְבֵ֑נִי 1 Jonah uses two similar phrases to express the severity and hopelessness of his situation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
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2:5 rf4b מַ֨יִם֙ 1 Here, **water** refers to the sea.
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2:5 ca31 עַד־נֶ֔פֶשׁ 1 Here the Hebrew term **life** can possibly mean “my life” or “my neck” or “my spirit.” In any case, the water was threatening to end his life. Alternate translation: “up to my neck” or “as far as my spirit”
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2:5 nr3v תְּה֖וֹם יְסֹבְבֵ֑נִי 1 Alternate translation: “deep water was all around me”
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2:5 p1fw ס֖וּף 1 **Seaweed** is grass that grows in the sea.
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2:6 z36i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הָאָ֛רֶץ בְּרִחֶ֥יהָ בַעֲדִ֖י לְעוֹלָ֑ם 1 Here Jonah uses a metaphor to compare the earth to a prison. Alternate translation: “the earth was like a prison that was about to lock me in forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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2:6 dc3r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַתַּ֧עַל מִשַּׁ֛חַת חַיַּ֖י 1 Here the term **pit** has two This could mean: (1) this could be a way to describe being in a very deep place underground or underwater or (2) this could be a metaphor meaning the place of the dead (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]). In either case, the term probably refers to the fact that Jonah felt certain that he would die. Alternate translation: “but you saved me from dying in a deep place” or “but you saved my life from the place of the dead”
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2:6 i3mx יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהָֽי 1 In some languages, it may be more natural to put this at the beginning of the sentence or next to the word “you.”
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2:7 jdr6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous בְּהִתְעַטֵּ֤ף עָלַי֙ נַפְשִׁ֔י 1 This phrase could mean either: (1) Jonah was already in the process of dying when he remembered Yahweh; or (2) Jonah had given up hope of being rescued and resigned himself to the fact that he would die. Alternate translation: “when my life was fainting away from me” or “when my spirit inside me had fainted” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous]])
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2:7 l2b6 אֶת־יְהוָ֖ה זָכָ֑רְתִּי 1 Since Jonah was praying to Yahweh, it might be more clear in some languages to say “I thought about you, Yahweh” or “Yahweh, I thought about you.”
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2:7 ue9g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַתָּב֤וֹא אֵלֶ֨יךָ֙ תְּפִלָּתִ֔י אֶל־הֵיכַ֖ל קָדְשֶֽׁךָ 1 Jonah speaks as if his prayers could travel to God and his temple. This means that God heard his prayer and responded to it. Alternate translation: “then you in your holy temple heard my prayer” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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2:7 jdrf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy הֵיכַ֖ל קָדְשֶֽׁךָ 1 Here the term **holy temple** may have either a literal or a figurative meaning, or perhaps both. Jonah might be speaking about the literal temple in Jerusalem, or he might be speaking about God’s dwelling place in heaven. See the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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2:7 jdre נַפְשִׁ֔י 1 Here the Hebrew term **my spirit** could also mean **my life**.
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2:8 u1l9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מְשַׁמְּרִ֖ים הַבְלֵי־שָׁ֑וְא 1 Here the term **empty vanities** is probably an idiom referring to idols of false gods. Alternate translation: “those who give attention to useless idols” or “those who pay attention to useless gods” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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2:8 fac9 חַסְדָּ֖ם יַעֲזֹֽבוּ 1 Here, **covenant faithfulness** could mean: (1) the faithfulness of God or (2) the faithfulness of the people. Therefore, it could mean (1) “are rejecting you, who would be faithful to them” or (2) “are abandoning their commitment to you”
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2:9 q3yb rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast וַאֲנִ֗י 1 This expression shows that there is a contrast between the people Jonah had just spoken about and himself. They paid attention to useless gods, but he would worship Yahweh. Alternate translation: “but I” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
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2:9 nfd2 בְּק֤וֹל תּוֹדָה֙ אֶזְבְּחָה־לָּ֔ךְ 1 This phrase probably means that Jonah would thank God while he offered a sacrifice to him. It is not clear whether Jonah planned to thank God by singing or shouting joyfully.
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2:9 jdrh יְשׁוּעָ֖תָה לַיהוָֽה 1 This last line of the poem can be understood in one of two ways: either (1) as being addressed to Yahweh as part of the description of the prayer; or (2) as being addressed to another person as a conclusion to the description of the prayer. See also the Note concerning the phrase “I cried out to Yahweh from my distress … ” in [2:2](../02/02/jdrc).
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2:9 r4j4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns יְשׁוּעָ֖תָה לַיהוָֽה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **salvation**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “save.” Alternate translation: “Yahweh is the one who saves people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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2:10 dz3j אֶל־הַיַּבָּשָֽׁה 1 Alternate translation: “upon the ground” or “onto the shore”
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3:intro z3ut 0 # Jonah 3 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter returns to a narrative of Jonah’s life.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Animals\n\nAccording to the king’s proclamation, the animals had to participate in the fast he ordered. This most likely reflects their pagan mindset. There was nothing in the law of Moses that instructed the people to have the animals participate in any religious acts. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Size of Nineveh\n\nWhen the author talks about the size of Nineveh, the measurements he gives are confusing. The phrase “three days’ journey” is ambiguous in Hebrew, as many scholars have remarked. In Jonah’s day, cities were not as big as they are today. So, although Nineveh was a big city, it was not as big as most modern cities.\n\n### God repenting or relenting\n\nThe last verse of this chapter says, “So then God changed his mind about the punishment that he had said he would do to them, and he did not do it.” This concept of God changing His mind may seem inconsistent with the fact that God’s character and his plans do not change. But this whole book is written from a human viewpoint, and so it presents the actions of God as Jonah saw them. God had told Jonah to warn the Ninevites of judgment for their sin.\n\nYahweh is just, but he is also merciful. Because the Ninevites repented, God did not follow through with a judgment in this instance, and Jonah described that in a human way as “changing his mind.” The reader understands that this was God’s plan from the beginning. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])
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3:1 jdr7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַיְהִ֧י דְבַר־יְהוָ֛ה 1 This phrase introduces the second half of the story of Jonah. The same phrase introduces the first half of the story [1:1](../01/01.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
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3:1 xj6n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַיְהִ֧י דְבַר־יְהוָ֛ה 1 This is an idiom meaning that Yahweh spoke in some way. See how you translated this in [1:1](../01/01.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh spoke his message” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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3:2 ve4i ק֛וּם לֵ֥ךְ אֶל־נִֽינְוֵ֖ה הָעִ֣יר הַגְּדוֹלָ֑ה 1 Alternate translation: “Go to the large and important city of Nineveh”
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3:2 cl3b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ק֛וּם 1 **Get up** here is an idiom intended to motivate Jonah to obey the next command, which is “go.” See how you translated this in [1:2](../01/02.md) and [1:3](../01/03.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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3:2 ir79 וִּקְרָ֤א אֵלֶ֨יהָ֙ אֶת־הַקְּרִיאָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר אָנֹכִ֖י דֹּבֵ֥ר אֵלֶֽיךָ 1 Alternate translation: “tell the people there what I tell you to tell them”
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3:3 k7k9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַיָּ֣קָם יוֹנָ֗ה וַיֵּ֛לֶךְ אֶל־נִֽינְוֶ֖ה כִּדְבַ֣ר יְהוָ֑ה 1 Here the words **got up** mean that Jonah took action in response to God’s command to go, and this time he obeyed instead of disobeying. Alternate translation: “his time Jonah obeyed Yahweh and went to Nineveh” or “so Jonah left the beach and went to Nineveh, as Yahweh had commanded him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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3:3 g4nk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy כִּדְבַ֣ר יְהוָ֑ה 1 Alternate translation: “the message of Yahweh” or “the command of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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3:3 dt1b rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background וְנִֽינְוֵ֗ה הָיְתָ֤ה עִיר־גְּדוֹלָה֙ לֵֽאלֹהִ֔ים מַהֲלַ֖ךְ שְׁלֹ֥שֶׁת יָמִֽים 1 This sentence gives background information about the city of Nineveh. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
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3:3 jd8r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom עִיר־גְּדוֹלָה֙ לֵֽאלֹהִ֔ים 1 This is an idiom meaning that the city is both extremely large and one of the largest cities in the world. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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3:3 ye82 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מַהֲלַ֖ךְ שְׁלֹ֥שֶׁת יָמִֽים 1 This appears to mean that a person had to walk for three days to completely go through it from one side of the city to the opposite side. It could also mean that it took three days to see the whole city. Alternate translation: “a city so large that it would take a person three days to walk through it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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3:4 r2al וַיָּ֤חֶל יוֹנָה֙ לָב֣וֹא בָעִ֔יר מַהֲלַ֖ךְ י֣וֹם אֶחָ֑ד וַיִּקְרָא֙ 1 This phrase has two This could mean: (1) Jonah walked a day’s journey into the city, then he started calling out; or (2) while Jonah was walking through the city on the first day, he started calling out.
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3:4 r94k וַיִּקְרָא֙ וַיֹּאמַ֔ר 1 Alternate translation: “and he proclaimed” or “and he shouted”
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3:4 ab78 ע֚וֹד אַרְבָּעִ֣ים י֔וֹם 1 Alternate translation: “after 40 days” or “in 40 days” or “there remain 40 days, and”
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3:4 q2nc rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers אַרְבָּעִ֣ים י֔וֹם 1 **forty days** (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
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3:5 ab90 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction וַיִּקְרְאוּ־צוֹם֙ 1 People fasted to show sadness or devotion to God or both. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
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3:5 e5lm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַיִּלְבְּשׁ֣וּ שַׂקִּ֔ים 1 The reason why people **put on sackcloth** can be stated more clearly. Alternate translation: “they also put on coarse cloth to show that they were sorry for having sinned” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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3:5 isk5 מִגְּדוֹלָ֖ם וְעַד־קְטַנָּֽם 1 Alternate translation: “from the most significant to the least significant people” or “including all of the important people and all of the unimportant people”
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3:6 pna3 הַדָּבָר֙ 1 Alternate translation: “Jonah’s message”
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3:6 h9wz rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction וַיָּ֨קָם֙ מִכִּסְא֔וֹ 1 “he got up from his throne” or “he stood up from his throne” The king left his throne to show that he was acting humbly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
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3:6 pvp7 מִכִּסְא֔וֹ 1 A **throne** is a special chair that a king sits on when performing his official duties as king. It is reserved for only the king.
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3:6 ab91 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction וַיֵּ֖שֶׁב עַל־הָאֵֽפֶר 1 **Sitting in ashes** was a way to show great humility and sorrow. In this case, it was to show how sorry he was for his sin. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
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3:7 v29b וַיַּזְעֵ֗ק וַיֹּ֨אמֶר֙ & לֵאמֹ֑ר 1 Alternate translation: “he sent out an official announcement that said” or “he sent his messengers to announce”
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3:7 zi06 מִטַּ֧עַם הַמֶּ֛לֶךְ וּגְדֹלָ֖יו 1 Alternate translation: “a command with the full authority of the king and his officials”
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3:7 n5fn וּגְדֹלָ֖יו 1 The term **nobles** refers to important men who helped the king rule the city.
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3:7 xw6c הַבָּקָ֣ר וְהַצֹּ֗אן 1 This refers to two kinds of animals that people care for. A **herd** is made up of large livestock (such as oxen or cattle) and a **flock** is made up of small livestock (such as sheep or goats). Alternate translation: “cattle or sheep”
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3:7 fw18 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אַ֨ל־יִרְע֔וּ וּמַ֖יִם אַל־יִשְׁתּֽוּ 1 “they must not eat or drink anything” The reason they were not to eat or drink anything can be made explicit by adding “in order to show that they are sorry for their sins.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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3:8 mzx6 וְהַבְּהֵמָ֔ה 1 Here the word **animal** refers to animals that people own.
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3:8 jh7e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְיִקְרְא֥וּ אֶל־אֱלֹהִ֖ים בְּחָזְקָ֑ה 1 “and they must pray earnestly to God” What the people were to pray for can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “and they must cry out loudly to God and ask for mercy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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3:8 n3ls rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הֶחָמָ֖ס אֲשֶׁ֥ר בְּכַפֵּיהֶֽם 1 Here, **hands** is a metonym meaning doing. This refers to the violence that the people of Nineveh were doing. Alternate translation: “the violent things that he has done” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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3:9 wbt6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion מִֽי־יוֹדֵ֣עַ 1 The king used this rhetorical question to get the people to think about something that is possible, but uncertain: that if they would stop sinning, God might not kill them. It could be translated as a statement: “We do not know.” Or it could be stated as a word and be part of the next sentence: “Perhaps.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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3:9 z3jj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יָשׁ֔וּב וְנִחַ֖ם הָאֱלֹהִ֑ים 1 Here the author speaks of God changing his mind about bringing judgment as if God were turning around and walking in the opposite direction. Alternate translation: “God may decide instead to have compassion” or “God may do the opposite of what he said and be merciful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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3:9 jdrg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מֵחֲר֥וֹן אַפּ֖וֹ 1 Here **the burning of his nose** is an idiom meaning that the person is angry. Alternate translation: “from his anger” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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3:9 uvp9 וְלֹ֥א נֹאבֵֽד 1 Alternate translation: “and we will not die”
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3:10 w3uu וַיַּ֤רְא הָֽאֱלֹהִים֙ אֶֽת־מַ֣עֲשֵׂיהֶ֔ם כִּי־שָׁ֖בוּ מִדַּרְכָּ֣ם הָרָעָ֑ה 1 Alternate translation: “God saw that they stopped doing evil actions”
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3:10 k8am rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שָׁ֖בוּ מִדַּרְכָּ֣ם הָרָעָ֑ה 1 Here the author speaks of the people stopping their sinning as if they turned around from walking on a path toward evil and started walking in the opposite direction. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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3:10 ab85 וַיִּנָּ֣חֶם הָאֱלֹהִ֗ים עַל־הָרָעָ֛ה 1 The word translated as “evil” here is very broad, including moral evil, physical evil, and everything that is bad. It is the same word used in the previous sentence (and verse 8) to describe the actions of the Ninevites. The author is showing that when people repent of moral evil, God relents of doing physical evil (punishment). God never does moral evil. If this is clear in your language, you may want to use the same word in both sentences. If that is not clear, you may want to use different words.
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3:10 it1a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְלֹ֥א עָשָֽׂה 1 What God did not do can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “and he did not punish them” or “and he did not destroy them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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4:intro ys57 0 # Jonah 4 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nJonah continues the narrative while bringing the book to what seems like an unusual end. This emphasizes that the book is not really about Jonah. It is about God’s desire to be merciful to everyone, whether Jew or pagan. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Prophecy not coming true\n\nIt is important to see the relationship between a prophet and Yahweh. A prophet was to prophesy for Yahweh, and his words must come true. According to the law of Moses, if that did not happen, the penalty was death, because that shows that he was not a real prophet. But when Jonah told the city of Nineveh that it was going to be destroyed in forty days, it did not happen at that time. This is because God reserves the right to be merciful. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])\n\n## Jonah’s anger\n\nWhen God did not destroy Nineveh, Jonah was angry with God because Jonah hated the people of Nineveh. They were enemies of Israel. But God wanted Jonah, and the readers of this book, to learn that God loves all people.\n\n### Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Rhetorical questions\n\nAs in other places, Jonah asks rhetorical questions to show how angry he was at Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])\n\n### Parallel to Mount Sinai\n\nIn verse 2, Jonah attributes a series of characteristics to God. A Jewish reader of this book would recognize this as a formula Moses used in speaking about God when he was meeting God on Mount Sinai. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### God’s grace\n\nWhen Jonah went outside the city, he got very hot and God graciously provided some relief through the plant. God was trying to teach Jonah through an object lesson. It is important for the reader to see this clearly. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]])
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4:1 jdr8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַיֵּ֥רַע אֶל־יוֹנָ֖ה רָעָ֣ה גְדוֹלָ֑ה וַיִּ֖חַר לֽוֹ׃ 1 This sentence introduces the next part of the story where Jonah responds to God saving the city of Nineveh. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
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4:1 abc3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַיִּ֖חַר לֽוֹ 1 This is an idiom that speaks of Jonah’s anger as if it were a fire burning inside him. Alternate translation: “and he was very angry” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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4:2 q6bb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations אָנָּ֤ה 1 In this context, the word **Ah!** shows intense frustration. Represent this emotion in the most natural way for your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
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4:2 k24b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion יְהוָה֙ הֲלוֹא־זֶ֣ה דְבָרִ֗י עַד־הֱיוֹתִי֙ עַל־אַדְמָתִ֔י 1 Jonah used this rhetorical question to tell God how angry he was. If it is more clear, this can be made into a statement. Alternate translation: “ah, Yahweh, this is what I said when I was still in my own country” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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4:2 ab79 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יְהוָה֙ הֲלוֹא־זֶ֣ה דְבָרִ֗י עַד־הֱיוֹתִי֙ עַל־אַדְמָתִ֔י 1 What Jonah said when he was back in his own country can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “now Yahweh, when I was still in my own country I knew that if I warned the people of Nineveh, they would repent, and you would not destroy them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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4:2 ab81 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אֶ֤רֶךְ אַפַּ֨יִם֙ 1 This is an idiom meaning that Yahweh does not get angry quickly. Alternate translation: “slow to get angry” or “very patient” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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4:2 jv5c וְרַב־חֶ֔סֶד 1 Alternate translation: “and very faithful” or “and you love people very much”
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4:2 wl7j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְנִחָ֖ם עַל־הָרָעָֽה 1 Here, **evil** refers to the physical destruction of the city of Nineveh and its people. It does not refer to moral evil. In this context, this phrase means that God feels sadness about causing bad things to happen to people who sin and he changes his mind when sinners repent of their sin. This implicit information can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “and you feel sadness about causing disaster for sinners” or “and you decide not to punish sinners who repent” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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4:3 dm5t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit קַח־נָ֥א אֶת־נַפְשִׁ֖י מִמֶּ֑נִּי 1 Jonah’s reason for wanting to die can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “since you will not destroy Nineveh as you said you would, please allow me to die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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4:3 yk5v כִּ֛י ט֥וֹב מוֹתִ֖י מֵחַיָּֽי 1 Alternate translation: “I would prefer to die rather than to live” or “because I want to die. I do not want to live”
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4:4 ab82 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom הַהֵיטֵ֖ב חָ֥רָה לָֽךְ 1 This is an idiom that speaks of Jonah’s anger as if it were a fire burning inside him. See how you translated it in [4:1](../04/01.md). Alternate translation: “is it right for you to be angry about this” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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4:4 ab83 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַהֵיטֵ֖ב חָ֥רָה לָֽךְ 1 The reason for Jonah’s anger can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “is it right for you to be angry that I did not destroy Nineveh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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4:5 q1f7 וַיֵּצֵ֤א יוֹנָה֙ מִן־הָעִ֔יר 1 Alternate translation: “then Jonah left the city of Nineveh”
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4:5 af46 מַה־יִּהְיֶ֖ה בָּעִֽיר 1 Jonah wanted to see if God would destroy the city or not. Alternate translation: “what would become of the city” or “what God would do to the city”
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4:6 i4r4 מֵעַ֣ל לְיוֹנָ֗ה לִֽהְי֥וֹת צֵל֙ עַל־רֹאשׁ֔וֹ 1 Alternate translation: “over Jonah’s head for shade”
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4:6 t21k לְהַצִּ֥יל ל֖וֹ מֵרָֽעָת֑וֹ 1 Here the term **evil** could mean two things (or both at the same time): (1) “discomfort” or “distress,” meaning the intense heat of the sun shining on Jonah’s head; or (2) “wrong,” meaning Jonah’s wrong attitude concerning God’s decision not to destroy Nineveh. If both meanings can be preserved, that is preferable. If not, you could choose an Alternate translation: “to protect Jonah from the heat of the sun” or “to save Jonah from his wrong attitude”
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4:7 t7il וַיְמַ֤ן הָֽאֱלֹהִים֙ תּוֹלַ֔עַת 1 Alternate translation: “then God sent a worm”
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4:7 rw7z וַתַּ֥ךְ אֶת־הַקִּֽיקָי֖וֹן 1 Alternate translation: “and the worm chewed the plant”
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4:7 d16m וַיִּיבָֽשׁ 1 The plant became dry and died. Alternate translation: “so that the plant died”
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4:8 jdr9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background וַיְהִ֣י׀ כִּזְרֹ֣חַ הַשֶּׁ֗מֶשׁ 1 The **rising of the sun** is background information that gives the time when the hot wind from the east started blowing. Express this relationship in a natural way in your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background]])
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4:8 hmi4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַיְמַ֨ן אֱלֹהִ֜ים ר֤וּחַ קָדִים֙ חֲרִישִׁ֔ית 1 God caused a hot wind from the east to blow on Jonah. If “wind” in your language can only mean a cool or cold wind, then you can try this alternate translation: “God sent a very hot warmth from the east to Jonah.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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4:8 mnu9 וַתַּ֥ךְ הַשֶּׁ֛מֶשׁ 1 Alternate translation: “the sun was very hot”
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4:8 u2pl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche עַל־רֹ֥אשׁ יוֹנָ֖ה 1 This phrase may have a literal meaning or a figurative meaning. Perhaps Jonah felt the heat most on his head, or perhaps the phrase **the head of Jonah** is a synecdoche meaning Jonah’s entire body. Alternate translation: “on Jonah” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
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4:8 z95v וַיִּתְעַלָּ֑ף 1 Alternate translation: “and he became very weak” or “and he lost his strength”
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4:8 ab87 וַיִּשְׁאַ֤ל אֶת־נַפְשׁוֹ֙ לָמ֔וּת 1 Jonah is talking to himself. Alternate translation: “he wished he would die” or “he wanted to die”
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4:8 eln6 ט֥וֹב מוֹתִ֖י מֵחַיָּֽי 1 “I would rather die than live” or “I want to die; I do not want to live” See how you translated this in [4:3](../04/03/yk5v).
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4:9 w24z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַהֵיטֵ֥ב חָרָֽה־לְךָ֖ עַל־הַקִּֽיקָי֑וֹן 1 In this context, God’s question is intended to lead Jonah to draw a conclusion about his selfish attitude. This implicit information can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “is it right that you should be so angry about the plant that only gave shade to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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4:9 h43a הֵיטֵ֥ב חָֽרָה־לִ֖י עַד־מָֽוֶת 1 Alternate translation: “I am right to be angry. I am angry enough to die”
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4:10 gkz7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַיֹּ֣אמֶר יְהוָ֔ה 1 Here Yahweh is speaking to Jonah. This implicit information can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “Yahweh said to Jonah” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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4:10 ab88 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom שֶׁבִּן־לַ֥יְלָה הָיָ֖ה וּבִן־לַ֥יְלָה אָבָֽד 1 This idiom means that the plant existed only briefly. Alternate translation: “it grew in one night and died the next” or “it grew quickly and died just as quickly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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4:11 jdr0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases וַֽאֲנִי֙ 1 This expression, paired with **As for you** in verse 10, shows a comparison between Jonah’s attitude toward the plant and Yahweh’s attitude toward the people of Nineveh. Express this comparison in a natural way in your language.(See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
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4:11 ecl1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion וַֽאֲנִי֙ לֹ֣א אָח֔וּס עַל־נִינְוֵ֖ה הָעִ֣יר הַגְּדוֹלָ֑ה אֲשֶׁ֣ר יֶשׁ־בָּ֡הּ הַרְבֵּה֩ מִֽשְׁתֵּים־עֶשְׂרֵ֨ה רִבּ֜וֹ אָדָ֗ם אֲשֶׁ֤ר לֹֽא־יָדַע֙ בֵּין־יְמִינ֣וֹ לִשְׂמֹאל֔וֹ וּבְהֵמָ֖ה רַבָּֽה 1 God used this rhetorical question to emphasize his claim that he should have compassion on Nineveh. Alternate translation: “I certainly should have compassion for Nineveh, that great city, in which there are more than 120,000 people who cannot distinguish between their right hand and their left hand, and also many cattle” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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4:11 dqi1 אֲשֶׁ֣ר יֶשׁ־בָּ֡הּ הַרְבֵּה֩ 1 This can also be translated as the beginning of a new sentence. Alternate translation: “There are more than” or “it has more than”
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4:11 c3b7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers מִֽשְׁתֵּים־עֶשְׂרֵ֨ה רִבּ֜וֹ אָדָ֗ם 1 **one hundred twenty thousand people** (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
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4:11 j35h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אֲשֶׁ֤ר לֹֽא־יָדַע֙ בֵּין־יְמִינ֣וֹ לִשְׂמֹאל֔וֹ 1 This idiom means “who do not know the difference between right and wrong.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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