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PHM front intro sz2w 0 # Introduction to Philemon<br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of the Book of Philemon<br><br>1. Paul greets Philemon (1:1-3)<br>1. Paul makes requests of Philemon about Onesimus (1:4-21)<br>1. Conclusion (1:22-25)<br><br>### Who wrote the Book of Philemon?<br><br>Paul wrote Philemon. Paul was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus.<br><br>Paul was in a prison when he wrote this letter.<br><br>### What is the Book of Philemon about?<br><br>Paul wrote this letter to a man named Philemon. Philemon was a Christian who lived in the city of Colossae. He owned a slave named Onesimus. Onesimus had run away from Philemon and possibly stole something from him as well. Onesimus went to Rome and visited Paul in prison.<br><br>Paul told Philemon that he was sending Onesimus back to him. Philemon had the right to execute Onesimus according to Roman law. But Paul said that Philemon should accept Onesimus back as a Christian brother. He even suggested that Philemon should allow Onesimus to come back to Paul and help him in prison.<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, “Philemon.” Or they may choose a clearer title, such as “Paul’s Letter to Philemon” or “The Letter Paul wrote to Philemon.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### Does this letter approve of the practice of slavery?<br><br>Paul sent Onesimus back to his former master. But that did not mean Paul thought slavery was an acceptable practice. Instead, Paul was more concerned with people serving God in whatever situation they were in.<br><br>### What does Paul mean by the expression “in Christ,” “in the Lord,” etc.?<br><br>Paul meant to express the idea of a very close union with Christ and the believers. See the introduction to the Book of Romans for more details about this kind of expression.<br><br>## Part 3: Important Translation Issues<br><br>### Singular and plural “you”<br><br>In this book, the word “I” refers to Paul. The word “you” is almost always singular and refers to Philemon. The two exceptions to this are 1:22 and 1:25. There “you” refers to Philemon and the believers that met at his house. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
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PHM 1 1 sg4f figs-you 0 General Information: Three times Paul identifies himself as the author of this letter. Evidently Timothy was with him and probably wrote the words down as Paul said them. Paul greets others who meet for church at Philemon’s house. All instances of “I,” “me,” and “my” refer to Paul. Philemon is the main person to whom this letter is written. All instances of “you” and “your” refer to him and are singular unless otherwise noted. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
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PHM 1 1 niq3 figs-exclusive Παῦλος, δέσμιος Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ, καὶ Τιμόθεος, ὁ ἀδελφὸς; Φιλήμονι 1 Paul, a prisoner of Christ Jesus, and the brother Timothy to Philemon Your language may have a particular way of introducing the authors of a letter. Alternate translation: “I, Paul, a prisoner of Christ Jesus, and Timothy, our brother, are writing this letter to Philemon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
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PHM 1 1 cgs4 δέσμιος Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ 1 a prisoner of Christ Jesus “a prisoner for the sake of Christ Jesus.” People who opposed Paul’s preaching had punished him by putting him into prison.
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PHM 1 1 sv3p ὁ ἀδελφὸς 1 brother Here this means a fellow Christian.
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PHM 1 1 r3l9 figs-exclusive τῷ ἀγαπητῷ…ἡμῶν 1 our dear friend The word “our” here refers to Paul and those with him but not to the reader. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
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PHM 1 1 ww3l καὶ…συνεργῷ 1 and fellow worker “who, like us, works to spread the gospel”
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PHM 1 2 e8su figs-exclusive τῇ ἀδελφῇ…τῷ συνστρατιώτῃ ἡμῶν 1 our sister…our fellow soldier The word “our” here refers to Paul and those with him but not to the reader. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
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PHM 1 2 zh5c translate-names Ἀπφίᾳ, τῇ ἀδελφῇ 1 Apphia our sister Here “sister” means she was a believer, and not a relative. Alternate translation: “Apphia our fellow believer” or “Apphia our spiritual sister” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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PHM 1 2 sq44 translate-names Ἀρχίππῳ 1 Archippus This is the name of a man in the church with Philemon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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PHM 1 2 mnn5 figs-metaphor τῷ συνστρατιώτῃ ἡμῶν 1 our fellow soldier Paul speaks here of Archippus as if they were both soldiers in an army. He means that Archippus works hard, as Paul himself works hard, to spread the gospel. Alternate translation: “our fellow spiritual warrior” or “who also fights the spiritual battle with us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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PHM 1 3 r4nq χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη, ἀπὸ Θεοῦ Πατρὸς ἡμῶν καὶ Κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 May grace be to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ “May God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ give you grace and peace.” This is a blessing.
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PHM 1 3 e5z8 figs-inclusive Θεοῦ Πατρὸς ἡμῶν 1 God our Father The word “our” here refers to Paul, those with him, and the reader. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
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PHM 1 3 lh8a guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Πατρὸς ἡμῶν 1 our Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
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PHM 1 4 kh5l figs-inclusive 0 General Information: The word “us” is plural and refers to Paul, those with him, and all Christians, including the readers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
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PHM 1 6 t54l ἡ κοινωνία τῆς πίστεώς σου 1 the fellowship of your faith “your working together with us”
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PHM 1 6 pxw1 ἐνεργὴς γένηται ἐν ἐπιγνώσει παντὸς ἀγαθοῦ 1 be effective for the knowledge of everything good “result in knowing what is good”
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PHM 1 6 n25e εἰς Χριστόν 1 in Christ “because of Christ”
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PHM 1 7 aq4g figs-metonymy τὰ σπλάγχνα τῶν ἁγίων ἀναπέπαυται διὰ σοῦ 1 the hearts of the saints have been refreshed by you Here “hearts” is a metonym for a person’s emotions or inner being. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you have encouraged believers” or “you have helped the believers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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PHM 1 7 m5ip σοῦ, ἀδελφέ 1 you, brother “you, dear brother” or “you, dear friend.” Paul called Philemon “brother” because they were both believers and he emphasizing their friendship.
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PHM 1 8 ayy1 0 Connecting Statement: Paul begins his plea and the reason for his letter.
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PHM 1 8 fd84 πολλὴν ἐν Χριστῷ παρρησίαν 1 all the boldness in Christ Possible meanings are (1) “authority because of Christ” or (2) “courage because of Christ.” Alternate translation: “courage because Christ has given me authority”
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PHM 1 9 l9fh διὰ τὴν ἀγάπην 1 yet because of love Possible meanings: (1) “because I know that you love God’s people” (2) “because you love me” or (3) “because I love you”
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PHM 1 10 lsr6 0 General Information: Onesimus is the name of a man. He was apparently Philemon’s slave and had stolen something and ran away.
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PHM 1 10 m6fw figs-metaphor τοῦ ἐμοῦ τέκνου…Ὀνήσιμον 1 my child Onesimus “my son Onesimus.” Paul speaks of the way he is friends with Onesimus as if it were the way a father and his son love each other. Onesimus was not Paul’s actual son, but he received spiritual life when Paul taught him about Jesus, and Paul loved him. Alternate translation: “my spiritual son Onesimus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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PHM 1 10 dj9h translate-names Ὀνήσιμον 1 Onesimus The name “Onesimus” means “profitable” or “useful.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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PHM 1 10 mui3 figs-metaphor ὃν ἐγέννησα ἐν τοῖς δεσμοῖς 1 whom I have fathered in my chains Here “fathered” is a metaphor that means Paul converted Onesimus to Christ. Alternate translation: “who became my spiritual son when I taught him about Christ and he received new life while I was in my chains” or “who became like a son to me while I was in my chains” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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PHM 1 10 nx1p figs-metonymy ἐν τοῖς δεσμοῖς 1 in my chains Prisoners were often bound in chains. Paul was in prison when he taught Onesimus and was still in prison when he wrote this letter. Alternate translation: “while I was in prison…while I am in prison” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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PHM 1 12 t1kp ὃν ἀνέπεμψά σοι 1 I have sent him back to you Paul was probably sending Onesimus with another believer who carried this letter.
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PHM 1 12 h9qv figs-metonymy τοῦτ’ ἔστιν τὰ ἐμὰ σπλάγχνα 1 who is my very heart Here “heart” is a metonym for a person’s emotions. The phrase “who is my very heart” is a metaphor for loving someone. Paul was saying this about Onesimus. Alternate translation: “whom I love dearly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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PHM 1 13 t4xl ἵνα ὑπὲρ σοῦ μοι διακονῇ 1 so he could serve me for you “so that, since you cannot be here, he might help me” or “so that he could help me in your place”
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PHM 1 13 bb3t figs-metonymy ἐν τοῖς δεσμοῖς 1 while I am in chains Prisoners were often bound in chains. Paul was in prison when he taught Onesimus and was still in prison when he wrote this letter. Alternate translation: “while I am in prison” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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PHM 1 13 iwa8 figs-explicit τοῦ εὐαγγελίου 1 for the sake of the gospel Paul was in prison because he preached the gospel publicly. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “because I preach the gospel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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PHM 1 14 g9wp figs-doublenegatives χωρὶς δὲ τῆς σῆς γνώμης, οὐδὲν ἠθέλησα ποιῆσαι 1 But I did not want to do anything without your consent Paul states a double negative to mean the opposite. Alternate translation: “But I wanted to keep him with me only if you approved” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
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PHM 1 14 jxi7 ἵνα μὴ ὡς κατὰ ἀνάγκην τὸ ἀγαθόν σου ᾖ, ἀλλὰ κατὰ ἑκούσιον 1 I did not want your good deed to be from necessity but from good will “I did not want you to do this good deed because I commanded you to do it, but because you wanted to do it”
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PHM 1 14 ngg8 ἀλλὰ κατὰ ἑκούσιον 1 but from good will “but because you freely chose to do the right thing”
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PHM 1 15 q1dr figs-activepassive τάχα γὰρ διὰ τοῦτο, ἐχωρίσθη πρὸς ὥραν, ἵνα 1 Perhaps for this he was separated from you for a time, so that This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Perhaps the reason God took Onesimus away from you for a time was so that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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PHM 1 15 fp5v πρὸς ὥραν 1 for a time “during this time”
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PHM 1 16 l3e4 ὑπὲρ δοῦλον 1 better than a slave “more valuable than a slave”
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PHM 1 16 f8tz ἀδελφὸν ἀγαπητόν 1 a beloved brother “a dear brother” or “a precious brother in Christ”
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PHM 1 16 f38v πόσῳ δὲ μᾶλλον σοὶ 1 much more so to you “he means even more to you”
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PHM 1 16 yub9 figs-metaphor καὶ ἐν σαρκὶ 1 in both the flesh “both as a man.” Paul is referring to Onesimus’ being a trustworthy servant. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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PHM 1 16 scj1 ἐν Κυρίῳ 1 in the Lord “as a brother in the Lord” or “because he belongs to the Lord”
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PHM 1 17 e1j2 εἰ…με ἔχεις κοινωνόν 1 if you have me as a partner “if you think of me as a fellow worker for Christ”
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PHM 1 18 u5m1 τοῦτο ἐμοὶ ἐλλόγα 1 charge that to me “say that I am the one who owes you”
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PHM 1 19 wb53 ἐγὼ Παῦλος ἔγραψα τῇ ἐμῇ χειρί 1 I, Paul, write this with my own hand “I, Paul, write this myself.” Paul wrote this part with his own hand so that Philemon would know that the words were really from Paul. Paul really would pay him.
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PHM 1 19 gn6c figs-irony ἵνα μὴ λέγω σοι 1 not to mention “I do not need to remind you” or “You already know.” Paul says he does not need to tell Philemon this, but then continues to tell him anyway. This emphasizes the truth of what Paul is telling him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
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PHM 1 19 st7e figs-explicit σεαυτόν μοι προσοφείλεις 1 you owe me your own self “you owe me your own life.” Paul was implying that Philemon should not say that Onesimus or Paul owed him anything because Philemon owed Paul even more. The reason Philemon owed Paul his life can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “you owe me much because I saved your life” or “you owe me your own life because what I told you saved your life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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PHM 1 20 j8lh figs-metaphor ἀνάπαυσόν μου τὰ σπλάγχνα ἐν Χριστῷ 1 refresh my heart in Christ Here “refresh” is a metaphor for comfort or encourage. Here “heart” is a metonym for a person’s feelings, thoughts, or inner being. How Paul wanted Philemon refresh his heart can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “encourage me in Christ” or “comfort me in Christ” or “refresh my heart in Christ by accepting Onesimus kindly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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PHM 1 21 am1e figs-you 0 General Information: Here the words “your” and “you” are plural and refer to Philemon and the believers that met at his house. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
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PHM 1 21 xpn6 0 Connecting Statement: Paul closes his letter and gives a blessing on Philemon and the believers that met for church in Philemon’s house.
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PHM 1 21 g6fx πεποιθὼς τῇ ὑπακοῇ σου 1 Confident about your obedience “Because I am sure that you will do what I ask”
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PHM 1 22 bx62 ἅμα 1 At the same time “Also”
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PHM 1 22 akw1 καὶ ἑτοίμαζέ μοι ξενίαν 1 prepare a guest room for me “make a room in your house ready for me.” Paul asked Philemon to do this for him.
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PHM 1 22 ctr4 χαρισθήσομαι ὑμῖν 1 I will be given back to you “those who are keeping me in prison will set me free so that I can go to you.”
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PHM 1 23 x2d8 translate-names Ἐπαφρᾶς 1 Epaphras This is a fellow believer and prisoner with Paul. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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PHM 1 23 khx1 ὁ συναιχμάλωτός μου ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ 1 my fellow prisoner in Christ Jesus “who is in prison with me because he serves Christ Jesus”
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PHM 1 24 si6p Μᾶρκος, Ἀρίσταρχος, Δημᾶς, Λουκᾶς, οἱ συνεργοί μου 1 So do Mark, Aristarchus, Demas, and Luke, my fellow workers “Mark, Aristarchus, Demas, and Luke, my fellow workers, also greet you”
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PHM 1 24 i5gc translate-names Μᾶρκος, Ἀρίσταρχος, Δημᾶς, Λουκᾶς 1 Mark…Aristarchus…Demas…Luke These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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PHM 1 24 gf6e οἱ συνεργοί μου 1 my fellow workers “the men who work with me” or “who all work with me.”
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PHM 1 25 gq7p figs-you ἡ χάρις τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, μετὰ τοῦ πνεύματος ὑμῶν 1 May the grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with your spirit The word “your” here refers to Philemon and all who met in his house. The words “your spirit” are a synecdoche and represent the people themselves. Alternate translation: “May our Lord Jesus Christ be kind to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
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