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| 1 | Reference | ID | Tags | SupportReference | Quote | Occurrence | Note |
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| 2 | front:intro | l9fr | 0 | # Introduction to Isaiah\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of the Book of Isaiah\n\n1. Yahweh judges his people but gives them hope (chapters 1–12)\n1. Isaiah prophesies against many nations (13–23)\n1. Universal judgment and promise of redemption (24–27)\n1. The people of Yahweh judged (28–31)\n1. The righteous kingdom (32–33)\n1. The nations judged; the ransomed will be restored (34–35)\n1. Hezekiah and Sennacherib (36–39)\n1. Yahweh comforts his people and will restore them (40–45)\n1. Prophecies against Babylon (46–48)\n1. The servant of Yahweh (49–55)\n1. Ethics of Yahweh’s kingdom (56–59)\n1. Restored Jerusalem (60–66)\n\n\n### What is the Book of Isaiah about?\n\nThe first part of the Book of Isaiah (chapters 1-39) contains many different prophecies. Some of Isaiah’s prophecies are about how God would send an army to destroy the southern kingdom of Judah. Some of the prophecies are about how God would punish other nations of the world. The end of the first part (chapters 36-39) tells how Isaiah helped King Hezekiah when the Assyrians were about to attack Jerusalem.\n\nThe second part of the Book of Isaiah (chapters 40-66) has prophecies about how God will comfort and restore his people. He will do this through his chosen servant. By the suffering of this servant, God will forgive his people (chapter 53). This servant will also cause Gentiles to worship Yahweh. The Book of Isaiah ends with a prophecy about God creating a new heavens and earth.\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nTranslators can use the traditional title, “The Book of Isaiah” or just “Isaiah.” Or they may call it “The Book about Isaiah” or “The Sayings of Isaiah.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n### When was the Book of Isaiah written?\n\nIsaiah prophesied around 740–700 B.C., when the Assyrian Empire was becoming more powerful. Isaiah spoke the prophecies from God to the people of Judah during the reigns of Kings Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah. The story of Isaiah helping King Hezekiah (chapters 36-39) is also found in 2 Kings 19–20.\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### What did Isaiah prophesy about the future Messiah of Israel?\n\nJews and Christians have interpreted many passages in Isaiah to be about the Messiah. In 9:1-7, Isaiah described a child being born who would rule over David’s kingdom. In chapter 11, Isaiah described a descendant of David who would have God’s spirit upon him. Several prophecies in chapters 40-66 are about “the servant.” This servant will comfort the people, rule righteously, and suffer so that God will forgive the people for sinning against him. The New Testament writers interpret these prophecies to be about Jesus Christ.\n\n### What did Isaiah mean by the “last days”?\n\nIsaiah prophesied of the “last days” (2:2) as some later or final period of time. The New Testament writers understood the “last days” to be the church age (Acts 2:17, Hebrews 1:2). The Book of Isaiah was one of the first books to include prophesies about the last days. Isaiah explained that in the last days there would be a future kingdom of Israel. Jerusalem would be its main city. And people from all over the world will go there to learn about Yahweh and worship him.\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### What is the meaning of the term “Israel”?\n\nThe name “Israel” is used in many different ways in the Bible. Jacob was the son of Isaac. God changed Jacob’s name to Israel. The descendants of Jacob became a nation also called Israel. Eventually, the nation of Israel split into two kingdoms. The northern kingdom was named Israel. The southern kingdom was named Judah. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/israel]])\n\n### What are some characteristics of prophetic literature in the Book of Isaiah?\n\nMost of Isaiah’s prophecies are in poetic form. Many prophets in Israel used poetry when they spoke important messages that were meant to be remembered.\n\nSometimes Isaiah’s messages are hard to understand. He assumed his original hearers would know what he was talking about. But readers today do not always understand what he meant. However, Isaiah’s basic messages are still clear to us today. These messages are about how God’s people sinned against him, how he would punish them, and how he would eventually comfort and restore them.\n\nIsaiah also speaks about the Servant of Yahweh, in four different poems that are today called the “Four Servant Songs.” Christians understand these very clearly as prophecies about Jesus Christ, the Messiah. These “songs” are in Isaiah 42:1-9; 49:1-7; 50:4-9; and 52:13-53:12. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) | |||
| 3 | 1:intro | q326 | 0 | # Isaiah 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 1:2-31, which is a vision Isaiah receives. These are the words of Yahweh.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Woe\n\nThe prophecy of this chapter serves as a warning to the people of the kingdom of Judah. If they do not change their evil ways, Yahweh will punish them. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/woe]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Metaphors\n\nThere are many vivid metaphors used to describe Judah’s sin. Their sin is described as a sickness that spreads. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])\n\n### Rhetorical Questions\n\nYahweh uses several rhetorical questions in this chapter. The purpose of these questions is to convince the people of Judah of their sin. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |||
| 4 | 1:1 | qur5 | The vision of Isaiah … that he saw | 0 | Alternate translation: “This is the vision of Isaiah … that Yahweh showed him” or “This is what God showed Isaiah” | ||
| 5 | 1:1 | zfq5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names | Amoz | 0 | Amoz was the father of Isaiah. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
| 6 | 1:1 | i66y | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | Judah and Jerusalem | 0 | “Judah” refers to the southern kingdom of Israel. “Jerusalem” was its most important city. The names of the places represent the people who live in them. Alternate translation: “those living in Judah and Jerusalem” or “the people of Judah and Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 7 | 1:1 | qsh3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | in the days of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, kings of Judah | 0 | This is an idiom and refers to the time when each king reigned. They reigned one after the other, not all at the same time. Alternate translation: “when Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz and Hezekiah were kings of Judah” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
| 8 | 1:2 | qju5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | General Information: | 0 | # General Information:\n\nIsaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
| 9 | 1:2 | m42x | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe | Hear, heavens, and give ear, earth | 0 | Although these prophecies were meant for the people of Jerusalem and Judah to hear, Isaiah knows they will not listen. This could mean: (1) he speaks in apostrophe, as though the “heavens” and “earth” would be able to listen to what Yahweh said, or (2) the words “heavens” and “earth” are metonyms and a merism for all living beings everywhere. Alternate translation: “you who live in the heavens … you who live on the earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) | |
| 10 | 1:2 | v1jh | Yahweh | 0 | This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this. | ||
| 11 | 1:2 | q3lw | I have nourished and brought up children, but they have rebelled against me | 0 | Words that Yahweh spoke and which Isaiah is speaking to the Israelites for Yahweh. | ||
| 12 | 1:2 | nn1n | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | I have nourished and brought up children | 0 | Yahweh speaks as if his words were food and as if the Israelites were his children. Alternate translation: “I have taken care of the people living in Judah like they were my children” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 13 | 1:3 | hsf5 | The ox knows … does not understand | 0 | Words that Yahweh spoke and which Isaiah is speaking to the Israelites for Yahweh. | ||
| 14 | 1:3 | k1dl | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis | the donkey his master’s feeding trough | 0 | You can make clear the understood information. Alternate translation: “the donkey knows his master’s feeding trough” or “the donkey knows where his master gives him food” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
| 15 | 1:3 | i9j2 | but Israel does not know, Israel does not understand | 0 | This probably means “but the people of Israel do not know me, they do not understand that I am the one who cares for them.” | ||
| 16 | 1:3 | gxd1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | Israel | 0 | This is a metonym for the people of Israel. Judah is part of what had been the nation of Israel. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 17 | 1:4 | s8qu | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | General Information: | 0 | # General Information:\n\nIsaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
| 18 | 1:4 | blg2 | Nation, sinners | 0 | This could mean: (1) Isaiah is saying two different things about them. Alternate translation: “Nation of Israel, you sinners” or (2) he is saying only one thing about them. Alternate translation: “Nation of sinners” | ||
| 19 | 1:4 | w37n | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | a people weighed down with iniquity | 0 | Something very heavy that a person might carry is a metaphor for their many sins. Alternate translation: “their sin is like a heavy bag on their shoulders that makes it hard for them to walk” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 20 | 1:4 | j97s | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | offspring of evildoers | 0 | The word “offspring” is a metaphor for people who do what others have done. Alternate translation: “people who do the same evil they see others doing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 21 | 1:4 | bwr8 | act corruptly | 0 | do evil deeds | ||
| 22 | 1:4 | at1f | They have abandoned Yahweh | 0 | Alternate translation: “They have gone away from Yahweh” | ||
| 23 | 1:4 | na87 | have despised | 0 | Alternate translation: “have refused to obey” or “have refused to respect” | ||
| 24 | 1:4 | z7gi | Israel | 0 | Judah is part of what had been the nation of Israel. | ||
| 25 | 1:4 | kv93 | they have estranged themselves from him | 0 | Though at one time they were friends, they now treat him as though they do not know him. | ||
| 26 | 1:5 | epw9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | General Information: | 0 | # General Information:\n\nIsaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
| 27 | 1:5 | xc8l | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | Why are you still being beaten? Why do you rebel more and more? | 0 | Isaiah uses these questions to scold the people of Judah. The questions can be translated as statements. This can also be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “You keep doing things that Yahweh has to punish you for. You continue to rebel against him.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 28 | 1:5 | wax8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you | you | 0 | Here the word “you” refers to the people who live in Judah and so is plural. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) | |
| 29 | 1:5 | gh9d | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | The whole head is sick, the whole heart is weak | 0 | This metaphor compares the nation of Israel to a person who has been beaten. Alternate translation: “You are like someone whose head is wounded and whose heart is weak” or “You are like someone whose whole mind and heart are sick” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 30 | 1:6 | v5ua | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives | there is no part unharmed | 0 | This can be stated positively. It can also be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “every part of you has been harmed” or “someone has harmed every part of you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) | |
| 31 | 1:6 | txm6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | they have not been closed, cleansed, bandaged, nor treated with oil | 0 | This metaphor compares the punishment God has given Israel to physical wounds. It can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one has closed, cleansed, bandaged, or treated them with oil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 32 | 1:7 | ei5u | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | General Information: | 0 | # General Information:\n\nIsaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
| 33 | 1:7 | e6tr | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | Your country is ruined | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “They have ruined your country” or “Your enemies have ruined your country” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 34 | 1:7 | gv8j | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | your cities are burned | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “they have burned your cities” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 35 | 1:7 | r1um | your fields—in your presence, strangers are destroying them | 0 | Alternate translation: “people who are not from your own country steal the crops from your fields while you watch” | ||
| 36 | 1:7 | l3um | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | abandoned devastation | 0 | “empty and devastated.” This abstract noun phrase can be expressed as verbal phrases. Alternate translation: “they have destroyed the land and no one lives there” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 37 | 1:7 | ygn5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | overthrown by strangers | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “strangers have overthrown your country” or “a foreign army has completely conquered it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 38 | 1:8 | c1rf | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | The daughter of Zion is left | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I have left the daughter of Zion” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 39 | 1:8 | lkv3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | The daughter of Zion | 0 | The “daughter” of a city means the people of the city. Alternate translation: “The people of Zion” or “The people who live in Zion” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
| 40 | 1:8 | xl8k | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile | is left like a hut in a vineyard, like a shed in a garden of cucumbers | 0 | This could mean: (1) “has become as small as a hut in a vineyard or a shed in a garden of cucumbers” or (2) “is left the way a farmer leaves a hut in a vineyard or a shed in a garden of cucumbers when he is finished with them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 41 | 1:8 | qnb3 | like … cucumbers, like a besieged city | 0 | Another possible meaning is “like … cucumbers. She is a besieged city” | ||
| 42 | 1:9 | cf1d | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | General Information: | 0 | # General Information:\n\nIsaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
| 43 | 1:9 | a3aq | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo | If Yahweh | 0 | This describes something that could have happened in the past but did not. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) | |
| 44 | 1:9 | cy37 | a small remnant | 0 | Alternate translation: “a few survivors” | ||
| 45 | 1:9 | qe2a | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive | us … we | 0 | Here these words refer to Isaiah and includes all the people of Judah and Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) | |
| 46 | 1:9 | y4cq | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | we would have been like Sodom, we would have been like Gomorrah | 0 | How Judah would have been like Sodom and Gomorrah can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “God would have destroyed us, like he destroyed the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
| 47 | 1:10 | p3g9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | General Information: | 0 | # General Information:\n\nIsaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
| 48 | 1:10 | vtc9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | you rulers of Sodom … you people of Gomorrah | 0 | Isaiah is comparing the people of Judah to Sodom and Gomorrah to emphasize how sinful they have become. Alternate translation: “you rulers who are as sinful as the people of Sodom … you people who are as wicked as those who lived in Gomorrah” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 49 | 1:11 | r739 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | What is the multitude of your sacrifices to me? | 0 | God is using a question to scold the people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “Your many sacrifices mean nothing to me!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
| 50 | 1:12 | z32c | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | General Information: | 0 | # General Information:\n\nIsaiah speaks Yahweh’s words to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
| 51 | 1:12 | p91g | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | who has required this of you, to trample my courts? | 0 | The word “trample” means to step on and crush with one’s feet. God is using a question to scold the people who live in Judah. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “no one told you to stomp around in my courtyards!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
| 52 | 1:13 | a4yw | Bring no more meaningless offerings | 0 | Alternate translation: “Do not bring me any more of your worthless gifts” | ||
| 53 | 1:13 | qg5t | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | incense is an abomination to me | 0 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **abomination**, you can express the same idea with the verb “hate.” Alternate translation: “I hate the incense the priests burn” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 54 | 1:13 | y2mq | I cannot tolerate these wicked assemblies | 0 | This could mean: (1) “I cannot allow you to gather together because of the wicked things you do” or (2) “I cannot allow myself to watch you gather together because of the wicked things you do.” | ||
| 55 | 1:14 | x2u9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | General Information: | 0 | # General Information:\n\nIsaiah speaks Yahweh’s words to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
| 56 | 1:14 | u5nj | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | your new moons and your appointed feasts | 0 | The words “new moons” are a metonym for the celebrations of the new moon. They are also a synecdoche for all regular celebrations. Alternate translation: “your celebrations of the new moon and your other regular feasts” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) | |
| 57 | 1:14 | f4rl | new moons | 0 | A new moon is when the moon first shows light after having been dark. | ||
| 58 | 1:14 | v251 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | they are a burden to me; I am tired of enduring them | 0 | This compares how God feels about the people’s celebrations to carrying a heavy object. Alternate translation: “they are a heavy load that I am tired of carrying” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 59 | 1:15 | tc81 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | I hide my eyes from you | 0 | This idiom is a way of saying “I will not look at you” or “I will not pay attention to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
| 60 | 1:15 | l6q5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | your hands are full of blood | 0 | This is the reason that God will not listen to their prayers. The blood likely refers to violence that they have done against people. Alternate translation: “because it is like your hands are covered with the blood of those you have harmed” or “because you are guilty of violence” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 61 | 1:16 | tc5d | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | General Information: | 0 | # General Information:\n\nIsaiah speaks Yahweh’s words to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
| 62 | 1:16 | kug1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | Wash, cleanse yourselves | 0 | Here God compares a person who stops sinning with one who washes his body. Alternate translation: “Repent and wash the sin from your heart like you wash the dirt from your body” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 63 | 1:16 | i5wc | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | remove the evil of your deeds from my sight | 0 | God was not telling them to do their evil deeds somewhere else, but to stop doing them. Alternate translation: “stop doing the evil deeds that I see you doing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 64 | 1:17 | h8bt | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | make straight the oppression | 0 | God speaks of people who oppress others as if they had made crooked something that should be straight, and he calls on them to make that object straight again. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **oppression**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “make sure that those helpless people you have harmed no longer suffer from the bad things you have done to them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 65 | 1:17 | btn7 | give justice to the fatherless | 0 | Alternate translation: “be fair to the children who do not have fathers” | ||
| 66 | 1:17 | q1c7 | defend the widow | 0 | Alternate translation: “protect the women whose husbands have died” | ||
| 67 | 1:18 | nj1x | Come now, and let | 0 | Yahweh graciously and lovingly invites the people to listen to what he is about to say. “Please listen to me. Let” or “Pay attention; I want to help you. Let” | ||
| 68 | 1:18 | j1pw | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive | let us reason together | 0 | “let us think about this together” or “we need to discuss this” or “what are we going to do?” Yahweh invites the people to discuss the future. Here the word “us” refers to Yahweh and includes the people of Judah. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) | |
| 69 | 1:18 | nf9s | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | though your sins are like scarlet, they will be white like snow; though they are red like crimson, they will be like wool | 0 | Isaiah is speaking of the people as if they were wearing clothes that were supposed to be white wool and of their sins as if they were red stains on the clothes. If Yahweh forgives their sins, it will be as if their clothes become white again. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 70 | 1:18 | ep8f | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile | like scarlet | 0 | Scarlet is a bright red color. Alternate translation: “bright red” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
| 71 | 1:18 | yt5e | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile | white like snow | 0 | White is often a symbol for holiness or purity. “Snow” refers to something like frozen rain that is very white. Since this simply describes something as very white, you could replace it with something else that is white: “white as a seashell” or “white as a dove.” This means that their sins will be forgiven. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
| 72 | 1:18 | qe12 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile | red like crimson | 0 | Crimson is a dark red color. Alternate translation: “dark red” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
| 73 | 1:18 | e5qz | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | like wool | 0 | Wool is the hair of a sheep or goat. How they will be like wool can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “white like wool” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
| 74 | 1:19 | wgy5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys | If you are willing and obedient | 0 | Here, “willing” and “obedient” are used together to express one idea. Alternate translation: “If you willingly obey” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]]) | |
| 75 | 1:19 | wz1z | you will eat the good of the land | 0 | Alternate translation: “the land will produce good food for you to eat” | ||
| 76 | 1:20 | e2cf | but if you refuse and rebel | 0 | Alternate translation: “but if you refuse to listen and instead disobey me” | ||
| 77 | 1:20 | qs1e | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | the sword will devour you | 0 | The word “sword” refers to Judah’s enemies. Also, the word “devour” compares Judah’s enemies coming to kill them to a wild animal that attacks and eats other animals. Alternate translation: “your enemies will kill you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 78 | 1:20 | m82k | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche | the mouth of Yahweh has spoken it | 0 | The word “mouth” emphasizes that Yahweh has spoken and what he says will certainly happen. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has spoken” or “Yahweh has said that this will happen” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) | |
| 79 | 1:21 | lhv6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | General Information: | 0 | # General Information:\n\nIsaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
| 80 | 1:21 | bhm8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | How the faithful city | 0 | This exclamation shows Isaiah’s anger and sadness about the people of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “See how the people of Jerusalem, who had been faithful to God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 81 | 1:21 | v446 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | has become a prostitute | 0 | Isaiah compared the people to a woman who is not loyal to her husband but who sleeps with other men for money. The people were no longer loyal to God but were worshiping false gods. Alternate translation: “acts like a prostitute” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 82 | 1:21 | v25z | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | but now she is full of murderers | 0 | The word “she” refers to Jerusalem and its people. Those who wrote the Bible often refer to cities as women. Alternate translation: “but now the people of Jerusalem are murderers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 83 | 1:22 | n46w | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | Your silver has become impure, your wine mixed with water | 0 | Possible meanings are that Isaiah uses silver and wine as metaphors for: (1) the people of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “You are like silver that is no longer pure, and like wine that is mixed with water” or (2) the good deeds that the people formerly did. Alternate translation: “You used to do good deeds, but now your bad deeds make your good deeds worthless” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 84 | 1:22 | tbh7 | silver … impure | 0 | Someone needs to clean silver often or it will no longer shine brightly. | ||
| 85 | 1:22 | b14q | wine … water | 0 | Wine with water in it has little taste and so is no better than water. | ||
| 86 | 1:23 | jw4m | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | General Information: | 0 | # General Information:\n\nIsaiah speaks Yahweh’s words to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
| 87 | 1:23 | z59p | Your princes are rebels | 0 | Alternate translation: “Your leaders rebel against God” | ||
| 88 | 1:23 | r6i3 | companions of thieves | 0 | Alternate translation: “they are friends with people who steal from others” | ||
| 89 | 1:23 | auk9 | bribes … payoffs | 0 | People give “bribes” as gifts to dishonest rulers so the rulers will then act unjustly. Rulers receive “payoffs” as gifts from those who make profits from unjust laws that the ruler has passed. | ||
| 90 | 1:23 | q1cz | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | runs after payoffs | 0 | A person eagerly desiring for someone to give him a bribe is spoken of as if the payoff were running away and the person were running after it. Alternate translation: “everyone desires for someone to pay money to them to make dishonest decisions” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 91 | 1:23 | qzn3 | They do not defend the fatherless | 0 | Alternate translation: “they do not protect those who do not have fathers” | ||
| 92 | 1:23 | yi82 | nor does the widow’s legal plea come before them | 0 | Alternate translation: “nor do they listen when widows go to them for help against those who break the law” or “and they do not help widows who go to them for help against those who break the law” | ||
| 93 | 1:24 | ez3r | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | General Information: | 0 | # General Information:\n\nIsaiah begins to speak Yahweh’s words to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
| 94 | 1:24 | g1g2 | Therefore | 0 | Alternate translation: “For that reason” | ||
| 95 | 1:24 | iza8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person | this is the declaration of the Lord Yahweh of hosts, the Mighty One of Israel | 0 | Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Alternate translation: “this is what the Lord Yahweh of hosts, the Mighty One of Israel, has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, the Mighty One of Israel, have declared” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) | |
| 96 | 1:24 | qk17 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | I will take vengeance against my adversaries, and avenge myself against my enemies | 0 | Both of these phrases mean basically the same thing. The words “take vengeance against my adversaries” speak more of Yahweh doing whatever he needs to do to those who work against him so he can be happy. The words “avenge myself against my enemies” speak more of Yahweh justly punishing his enemies. Alternate translation: “I will punish those who opposed me” or “I will do what pleases me to those who work against me, and I will justly punish my enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
| 97 | 1:25 | f62p | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | I will turn my hand against you | 0 | Here “hand” refers to God’s power which he would use to punish his people. Alternate translation: “I will begin to use all my power against you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 98 | 1:25 | z1i3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | refine away your dross as with lye | 0 | Here the process in which God removes his people’s sin is spoken of as if her were separating metal from the bad things mixed with it. The words “as with lye” adds another metaphor, because lye is used in soap, not in refining metal. Alternate translation: “and like fire removing the dirt from silver, I will remove all the evil from among you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 99 | 1:25 | iah6 | dross | 0 | This is the dirt and other things that people remove from metals so the metal will be pure. | ||
| 100 | 1:26 | y8y2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | General Information: | 0 | # General Information:\n\nIsaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
| 101 | 1:26 | usx1 | at the first … at the beginning | 0 | These are two ways of speaking of the first part or beginning of Israel’s history, when Israel first became a nation. | ||
| 102 | 1:26 | i1s1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | you will be called | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people will call you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 103 | 1:26 | d4ji | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | the city of righteousness, a faithful town | 0 | Here “city” and “town” refer to the people living in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “the city where the people are righteous and loyal to God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 104 | 1:27 | glh4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | General Information: | 0 | # General Information:\n\nIsaiah speaks Yahweh’s words to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
| 105 | 1:27 | qa1v | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | Zion will be redeemed by justice, and her repentant ones by righteousness | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. This could mean: (1) “Yahweh will redeem Zion because the people there do what is just, and he will redeem those who repent because they do what Yahweh says is right” or (2) “Yahweh will redeem Zion because he is just, and he will redeem those who repent because he is righteous” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
| 106 | 1:27 | z5g9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | Zion | 0 | This is a metonym for the people who live on Mount Zion. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 107 | 1:28 | fi96 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | Rebels and sinners will be crushed together | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God will destroy those who rebel and sin against him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 108 | 1:28 | ekb3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | those who abandon Yahweh will be done away with | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and Yahweh will completely do away with those who turn away from him” or “and Yahweh will kill all who reject him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 109 | 1:29 | aa8s | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | General Information: | 0 | # General Information:\n\nIsaiah speaks Yahweh’s words to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
| 110 | 1:29 | rnp2 | the sacred oak trees … gardens | 0 | These phrases refer to places where the people of Judah worshiped idols. | ||
| 111 | 1:29 | q2lw | you will be embarrassed by | 0 | Some versions read, “you will blush because of.” A person blushes when his face turns hot and red, often because he feels that he has done something wrong. | ||
| 112 | 1:30 | sp75 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile | For you will be like an oak whose leaf fades, and like a garden that has no water | 0 | Water gives life to trees and gardens. The people have cut themselves off from Yahweh, who gives them life. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
| 113 | 1:31 | sh9k | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | General Information: | 0 | # General Information:\n\nIsaiah speaks Yahweh’s words to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
| 114 | 1:31 | mly5 | The strong man | 0 | “The strong person” or “Whoever is powerful.” This may refer to people who are important and who influence other people. | ||
| 115 | 1:31 | lq77 | tinder | 0 | dry material that burns easily | ||
| 116 | 1:31 | a5w2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile | his work like a spark | 0 | This compares the person’s deeds or evil works to a spark that falls on tinder and sets it on fire. Alternate translation: “his work will be like a spark that starts a fire” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
| 117 | 2:intro | pr4a | 0 | # Isaiah 2 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 2:2-22.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Latter days\n\nThis is probably a reference to the “last days.” This makes parts of this prophecy reference events near the end of this world. Most scholars expect these prophecies to be fulfilled by Jesus. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]])\n\n### Idolatry\n\nWhile the first prophecy of Isaiah concerned the lack of justice in Judah, this chapter focuses on the presence of idolatry in Judah. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]]) | |||
| 118 | 2:1 | tt88 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | General Information: | 0 | # General Information:\n\nIsaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
| 119 | 2:1 | p86l | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | Judah and Jerusalem | 0 | “Judah” and “Jerusalem” are metonyms for the people who live there. Alternate translation: “those living in Judah and Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 120 | 2:2 | dw9n | in the last days | 0 | Alternate translation: “in the future” | ||
| 121 | 2:2 | f17l | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | the mountain of Yahweh’s house will be established | 0 | This can be stated (1) as a description. Alternate translation: “The mountain of Yahweh’s house will stand” or (2) in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will establish the mountain on which his temple is built” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 122 | 2:2 | i5hb | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | as the highest of the mountains | 0 | Isaiah speaks of importance as if it were physical height. Alternate translation: “the most important of the mountains” or “the most important place in the world” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 123 | 2:2 | h16p | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | it will be raised up above the hills | 0 | Isaiah speaks of honor in metaphor as if it were physical height. This can be stated (1) in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will honor it more than any other hill” or (2) as a metonym for the people who worship there. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will honor the people who worship there more than he honors any other people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 124 | 2:2 | p88m | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | all the nations | 0 | Here “nations” is a metonym for the people of those nations. Alternate translation: “people from all the nations” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 125 | 2:2 | p7rl | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | will flow to it | 0 | The people around the world going to the mountain of Yahweh is compared to how a river flows. This emphasizes that many people will come, not just a few people. Alternate translation: “will flow like a river to it” or “will go to it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 126 | 2:3 | nl4z | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | General Information: | 0 | # General Information:\n\nIsaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
| 127 | 2:3 | f679 | Jacob, so he may teach … and we may walk | 0 | Another possible meaning is “Jacob. He will teach … and we will walk” | ||
| 128 | 2:3 | u8i5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | he may teach us some of his ways, and we may walk in his paths | 0 | The words “ways” and “paths” are metaphors for the way a person lives. If your language has only one word for the ground on which people walk, you may combine these phrases. Alternate translation: “he may teach us his will so that we may obey him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 129 | 2:3 | qq6t | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | For out of Zion will go the law, and the word of Yahweh from Jerusalem | 0 | These phrases mean the same thing. Isaiah was emphasizing that all nations will understand that the truth is found in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “People in Zion will teach God’s law, and people in Jerusalem will teach the word of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
| 130 | 2:3 | w2vd | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | For out of Zion will go the law | 0 | “For the law will go out from Zion.” Isaiah speaks as if the law were something like a river that moves without people doing anything. Alternate translation: “Those to whom they teach the law will go out from Zion” or “Yahweh will proclaim his law from Zion” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 131 | 2:3 | t76v | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | the word of Yahweh from Jerusalem | 0 | “the word of Yahweh will go out from Jerusalem.” Isaiah speaks as if the word of Yahweh were something like a river that moves without people doing anything. You can make clear the understood information. Alternate translation: “Those to whom they teach the word of Yahweh will go out from Jerusalem” or “Yahweh will proclaim his word from Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
| 132 | 2:4 | u4wn | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | General Information: | 0 | # General Information:\n\nIsaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
| 133 | 2:4 | d9yw | He will judge | 0 | Alternate translation: “Yahweh will judge” | ||
| 134 | 2:4 | xfs3 | will render decisions | 0 | Alternate translation: “will solve disputes” | ||
| 135 | 2:4 | htf9 | they will hammer their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruning hooks | 0 | The people of the nations will turn their weapons of war into tools for farming. | ||
| 136 | 2:4 | j77g | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche | swords … spears … sword | 0 | These words are synecdoches for weapons of any kind. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) | |
| 137 | 2:4 | i5uh | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche | plowshares … pruning hooks | 0 | These words are synecdoches for tools of any kind that people use in peaceful activity. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) | |
| 138 | 2:4 | fq2w | they will hammer their swords into plowshares | 0 | “they will make their swords into tools for planting seeds.” A plowshare is a blade that people use to dig into soil so they can plant seeds there. | ||
| 139 | 2:4 | d586 | their spears into pruning hooks | 0 | “they will hammer their spears into pruning hooks” or “they will make their spears into tools for caring for plants.” A pruning hook is a knife that people use to cut unwanted branches off of plants. | ||
| 140 | 2:4 | u818 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | nation will not lift up sword against nation | 0 | “no nation will lift up its sword against another nation.” The sword is a metonym for war. Alternate translation: “one nation will not fight wars against another nation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 141 | 2:4 | fii3 | nor will they train for war | 0 | “nor will they even train to fight wars.” The writer expects his reader to believe that those who fight wars train before they fight and that some who train do not fight. | ||
| 142 | 2:5 | i7e1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | General Information: | 0 | # General Information:\n\nIn 2:5 Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah, and in 2:6 he speaks to Yahweh. Both times he speaks in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
| 143 | 2:5 | rm7q | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | House of Jacob | 0 | “You descendants of Jacob.” The word “house” is a metonym for the people who live in the house, the family. Here “Jacob” represents the nation of Judah, but it would be best to use “Jacob” here. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 144 | 2:5 | jlm2 | come | 0 | a gentle encouragement to do what the speaker is about to tell the hearer to do | ||
| 145 | 2:5 | h3c9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | let us walk in the light of Yahweh | 0 | Isaiah speaks of people learning and then doing what Yahweh wants them to do as if they were walking at night with a lamp that Yahweh has provided so they can see the path. Alternate translation: “let us learn how Yahweh wants us to live and then live that way” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 146 | 2:6 | uvd9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns | For you have abandoned your people | 0 | “For you have left your people” and do not care what happens to them. Here the word “you” refers to Yahweh and so is singular. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) | |
| 147 | 2:6 | uh4h | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | they are filled with customs from the east | 0 | Isaiah speaks as if the people were containers who were full of something from the east. Possible meanings are that he speaks of: (1) the deeds that the eastern peoples do. Alternate translation: “they do all the time the evil things the people who live in lands east of Israel do” or (2) people, specifically those who claim to speak to dead people, who have come from the east to do evil deeds. Alternate translation: “many diviners have come from the east and now live there” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 148 | 2:6 | n11d | they practice divination | 0 | they try to tell the future by looking at things like animal parts and leaves | ||
| 149 | 2:6 | n8bj | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction | they shake hands with sons of foreigners | 0 | Clasping hands together is the symbol of friendship and peace. Alternate translation: “they make peace and work together with people who are not from Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) | |
| 150 | 2:7 | fld8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | General Information: | 0 | # General Information:\n\nIsaiah speaks to Yahweh in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
| 151 | 2:7 | t4r6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | Their land is full of silver and gold … their land also is full of horses | 0 | Isaiah speaks as if the land were a container in which someone had placed silver, horses, and idols. The word “land” is a metonym for the people themselves, and the words “is full of” is a metaphor for the people possessing these items. Alternate translation: “They possess much silver and gold … they also possess many horses” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 152 | 2:8 | cyh2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | Their land also is full of idols | 0 | Isaiah speaks as if the land were a container in which someone had placed silver, horses, and idols. The word “land” is a metonym for the people themselves, and the words “is full of” is a metaphor for the people possessing these items. Alternate translation: “They also possess many idols” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 153 | 2:8 | zic5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | the craftsmanship of their own hands, things that their own fingers have made | 0 | These two phrases mean almost the same thing and emphasize that these are not real gods. If your language has no general word for something someone has made, you can combine these two phrases into one. Alternate translation: “things that they themselves have made” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
| 154 | 2:8 | au6k | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche | craftsmanship of their own hands | 0 | The word “hands” is a synecdoche for the people themselves. Alternate translation: “their own craftsmanship” or “their own work” or “things they have made with their hands” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) | |
| 155 | 2:8 | sup5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche | things that their own fingers have made | 0 | The word “fingers” is a synecdoche for the people themselves. Alternate translation: “things that they have made with their own fingers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) | |
| 156 | 2:9 | uqg2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | General Information: | 0 | # General Information:\n\nIn 2:9 Isaiah finishes speaking to Yahweh. In 2:10-11 Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah. Both times he speaks in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
| 157 | 2:9 | itw7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | The people will be bowed down, and individuals will fall down | 0 | Here being low to the ground represents people who are completely humiliated because they realize all they trusted in is worthless, and they can do nothing to help themselves. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God will make the people ashamed, and they will realize that all they trusted in is worthless” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 158 | 2:9 | gq1x | The people | 0 | human beings, as opposed to animals | ||
| 159 | 2:9 | vjx5 | individuals | 0 | Alternate translation: “each person” | ||
| 160 | 2:9 | rbg3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | do not raise them up | 0 | The words “raise them up” are a metaphor for Yahweh forgiving the people. Alternate translation: “do not forgive them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 161 | 2:10 | gxz3 | Go into the rocky places | 0 | Possible meanings are the people should go into: (1) caves on steep hillsides or (2) places where there are many large rocks among which to hide. | ||
| 162 | 2:10 | y6bc | hide in the ground | 0 | Possible meanings are that the people should hide: (1) in natural holes in the ground or (2) in pits that they dig in the ground. | ||
| 163 | 2:10 | iv7d | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | from the terror of Yahweh | 0 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **terror**, you can express the same idea with the verb “terrifying.” Alternate translation: “to get away from Yahweh’s terrifying presence” or “from Yahweh because you will be extremely afraid of him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 164 | 2:10 | sf9n | the glory of his majesty | 0 | “the great beauty and power he has as king” or “his royal splendor.” See how you translated this in [Isaiah 2:10](../02/10.md). | ||
| 165 | 2:11 | hp3l | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | The lofty gaze of man will be brought low | 0 | “Yahweh will bring down the lofty gaze of man.” A man with a “lofty gaze” is looking above everyone to show them that he is better than they are. Here all people are guilty of thinking they are better than Yahweh, and the way they look at those who worship Yahweh, is a metonym for their pride. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will make ashamed all people because they think they are better than he is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 166 | 2:11 | i99t | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | the pride of men will be brought down | 0 | “The pride of men” here is a metonym for proud people, and being “brought down” is a metaphor for being humbled or ashamed. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will bring down proud men” or “Yahweh will make proud people ashamed of themselves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 167 | 2:11 | f7iq | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | Yahweh alone will be exalted | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people will praise only Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 168 | 2:11 | akb4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | on that day | 0 | This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “on the day that Yahweh judges everyone” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
| 169 | 2:12 | u89l | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | General Information: | 0 | # General Information:\n\nIsaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
| 170 | 2:12 | ypp7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | who is proud and raised up | 0 | One who is “raised up” is proud and considers himself better than other people. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “who is proud and who raises himself above other people” or “who is proud and thinks that he is better than other people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 171 | 2:12 | ew97 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet | who is proud … who is arrogant | 0 | Someone who is arrogant speaks and acts as if he is better than other people. These two phrases have similar meanings and are used together to emphasize that Yahweh will punish them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) | |
| 172 | 2:12 | t5zf | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | he will be brought down | 0 | “every proud person will be brought down.” If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will humble him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 173 | 2:13 | icm3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | against all the cedars of Lebanon … against all the oaks of Bashan | 0 | The “day of Yahweh of Hosts” will be against the cedars and oaks. This could mean: (1) these trees are a metaphor for the proud people whom God will judge or (2) God will actually destroy these mighty trees. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 174 | 2:14 | d97m | against | 0 | In 2:14-16 Isaiah lists things that God will destroy. This could mean: (1) these refer to prideful people that God will humble or (2) God will actually destroy all these things in the list. | ||
| 175 | 2:14 | mud8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | mountains … hills | 0 | These words are metaphors for the pride of the Israelites. They also appear in [Isaiah 2:2](../02/02.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 176 | 2:14 | td8x | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | that are lifted up | 0 | This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “that are very high” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
| 177 | 2:15 | u56r | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | high tower … impregnable wall | 0 | These refer to things people would build around their cities so they could defend themselves against their enemies. They are a metaphor for the Israelites’ pride and belief that they had no need for Yahweh and could stand against any punishment Yahweh would mete out to them for their sins. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 178 | 2:15 | y975 | impregnable wall | 0 | Alternate translation: “wall that nothing can break down or go through” | ||
| 179 | 2:16 | ns89 | ships of Tarshish … beautiful sailing vessels | 0 | These refer to large boats that people used to travel far on the sea and bring back goods to the cities. | ||
| 180 | 2:16 | a8gz | ships of Tarshish | 0 | Alternate translation: “ships on which they go to Tarshish” | ||
| 181 | 2:17 | dx3l | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | The pride of man will be brought low | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “He will bring low every proud man” or “He will humiliate every proud man” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 182 | 2:17 | sjb9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | the haughtiness of men will fall | 0 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **haughtiness**, you can express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “those people who are haughty will stop being haughty” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 183 | 2:17 | ij1n | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | Yahweh alone will be exalted | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: “people will praise only Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 184 | 2:18 | t75w | The idols will completely pass away | 0 | Alternate translation: “All idols will disappear” or “There will be no more idols” | ||
| 185 | 2:19 | ii4y | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | Men will go … from the terror | 0 | The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “Men will go … to hide from the terror” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 186 | 2:19 | w4lw | the caves of the rocks | 0 | “the caves in the rocks.” These are large rocks, not small stones that can be held in the hand. | ||
| 187 | 2:19 | r7kz | from the terror of Yahweh, and from the glory of his majesty | 0 | See how you translated this in [Isaiah 2:10](../02/10.md). | ||
| 188 | 2:19 | ul48 | from the terror of Yahweh | 0 | because they are very afraid of Yahweh | ||
| 189 | 2:19 | dm1h | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys | the glory of his majesty | 0 | Here the word “glory” describes “majesty.” Alternate translation: “the beauty he has as king” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]]) | |
| 190 | 2:19 | p1ch | when he rises to terrify the earth | 0 | Alternate translation: “when Yahweh takes action and causes the people of the earth to be terribly afraid of him” | ||
| 191 | 2:20 | x4cz | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown | to the moles and bats | 0 | Moles are small animals that dig and live underground. Bats are small flying animals that sometimes live in caves. Alternate translation: “to the animals” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) | |
| 192 | 2:21 | hs4f | the crevices in the rocks … the clefts of the ragged rocks | 0 | If your language does not have two different words for “crevice” and “cleft,” the space that appears between the two parts of a rock when it splits, you can combine these two phrases into one. | ||
| 193 | 2:21 | ikz7 | from the terror of Yahweh | 0 | because they are very afraid of Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 2:19](../02/19.md). | ||
| 194 | 2:21 | rn5i | the glory of his majesty | 0 | “the great beauty and power he has as king” or “his royal majesty.” See how you translated this in [Isaiah 2:10](../02/10.md). | ||
| 195 | 2:21 | nz4j | when he rises to terrify the earth | 0 | “when Yahweh takes action and causes the people of the earth to be terribly afraid of him.” See how you translated this in [Isaiah 2:19](../02/19.md). | ||
| 196 | 2:22 | c4s2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | whose life-breath is in his nostrils | 0 | This describes how man is human and weak by emphasizing that he needs to breath to live. Alternate translation: “who is weak and will die” or “who needs the breath in his nose to live” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 197 | 2:22 | thr5 | nostrils | 0 | the holes in the nose through which people breathe | ||
| 198 | 2:22 | hw38 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | for what does he amount to? | 0 | Isaiah uses a question to remind the people of something they should already know. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “for man amounts to nothing!” or “for man is not worth anything!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
| 199 | 3:intro | bgn6 | 0 | # Isaiah 3 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter is a continuation of the material in the previous chapter. Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 3:1-26, which is a vision Isaiah receives. These are the words of Yahweh.\n\n### Judgment\n\nThis chapter is structured as a judgment against the Jews. God is acting as a judge reading the list of convictions against them and then he reads the judgment. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Exile\n\nWhile the previous part of the prophecy in chapter 2 discussed the last days, this part of the prophecy predicts the exile of Judah to Babylon. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]]) | |||
| 200 | 3:1 | li2r | See | 0 | The word “see” here adds emphasis to what follows. It can also be translated as “Listen” or “Indeed.” | ||
| 201 | 3:1 | b6ce | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | support and staff | 0 | Both of these words refer to a walking stick, on which someone leans for support. This idea here stands for the things that people need the most in order to live: food and water. Alternate translation: “everything that supports you” or “everything that you depend on” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 202 | 3:2 | c9rl | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun | the mighty man … the warrior … the judge … the prophet … the one who practices divination … the elder | 0 | This is a list of categories of people that others depend on. Since they do not refer to particular individuals, they can all be translated with plural nouns as in the UST. Alternate translation: “the mighty men … the warriors … the judges … the prophets … the ones who practices divination … the elders” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) | |
| 203 | 3:2 | zv6c | the one who practices divination | 0 | This is a person who claims that he can tell the future by looking at things like animal parts and leaves. See how you translated similar words in [Isaiah 2:6](../02/06.md). | ||
| 204 | 3:3 | q6s4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun | the captain of fifty … the respected citizen … the counselor … the expert craftsman … the skillful enchanter | 0 | This is a list of categories of people that others depend on. Since they do not refer to particular individuals, they can all be translated with plural nouns as in the UST. Alternate translation: “the captains of fifty … the respected citizens … the counselors … the expert craftsmen … the skillful enchanters” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) | |
| 205 | 3:3 | kui6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers | the captain of fifty | 0 | This could mean: (1) the word “fifty” represents the exact amount of soldiers that the captain led. Alternate translation: “the captains of 50 soldiers” or (2) the word translated as “fifty” does not represent an exact number, but is the name of a small military unit. Alternate translation: “the captain of a small military unit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) | |
| 206 | 3:3 | jms3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers | fifty | 0 | “50” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) | |
| 207 | 3:4 | y5ha | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | I will place mere youths as their leaders, and the young will rule over them | 0 | These phrases mean basically the same thing. This could mean: (1) “I will place young people as their leaders, and those young people will rule over them” or (2) “youths” is a metaphor for simple and foolish men. Alternate translation: “I will place over them leaders who are immature, like young people, and those bad leaders will rule over them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 208 | 3:4 | l2g7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | I will place | 0 | Here the word “I” refers to Yahweh. This can also be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “Yahweh says, ‘I will place” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 209 | 3:5 | f5ah | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | The people will be oppressed, every one by another, and every one by his neighbor | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Everyone will be cruel to others and will mistreat his neighbor” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 210 | 3:5 | rs6x | the degraded | 0 | Alternate translation: “the people who are without honor” or “the people whom no one respects” | ||
| 211 | 3:5 | c8vy | the honorable | 0 | Alternate translation: “the people with honor” or “the people whom everyone respects” | ||
| 212 | 3:6 | erd8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | let this ruin be in your hands | 0 | Here “hands” represents authority. Alternate translation: “take charge of this ruin” or “rule over this ruin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 213 | 3:6 | l4fv | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | this ruin | 0 | This could mean: (1) many or most of the buildings in the city of Jerusalem were destroyed or (2) the people in Jerusalem have no more prosperity or leadership. Alternate translation: “this city, which is now ruined” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 214 | 3:7 | p9fr | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | I will not be a healer | 0 | Solving the people’s troubles is spoken of as if it were healing them. Alternate translation: “No, I cannot fix this problem” or “No, I cannot help you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 215 | 3:8 | ze64 | Connecting Statement: | 0 | # Connecting Statement:\n\nThe prophet begins to comment on this situation. | ||
| 216 | 3:8 | un4e | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | Jerusalem has stumbled, and Judah has fallen | 0 | Disobeying God is spoken of as if it were stumbling and falling. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 217 | 3:8 | c8ii | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche | the eyes of his glory | 0 | Here “the eyes” stands for God himself, who is glorious. Alternate translation: “him who is glorious” or “Yahweh who is glorious” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) | |
| 218 | 3:9 | j4qh | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | The look on their faces witnesses against them | 0 | Expressions of arrogance on people’s faces are spoken of as if the expressions were persons who could testify against the proud people. Alternate translation: “The prideful looks on their faces show that they oppose Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
| 219 | 3:9 | iu71 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile | they tell of their sin like Sodom; they do not hide it | 0 | Here the people of Judah are said to be like the people of Sodom, because they openly boasted about their sins. Alternate translation: “like the people of Sodom, they talk about their sins and let everyone know about them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
| 220 | 3:9 | p1nv | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | For they have completed a catastrophe for themselves | 0 | The catastrophe is still coming, but the people have finished doing what will cause it to come. The catastrophe’s causes are spoken of here as if they were the catastrophe itself. Alternate translation: “For they have done everything that will cause a catastrophe to happen” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 221 | 3:10 | s8ek | Tell the righteous person that it will be well | 0 | Alternate translation: “Tell the one who is doing what is right that I will make things good for him” | ||
| 222 | 3:10 | yki9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun | the righteous person | 0 | This refers to righteous people in general. Alternate translation: “righteous people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) | |
| 223 | 3:10 | s5vz | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | for they will eat the fruit of their deeds | 0 | Deeds are spoken of as if they were trees giving fruit that can be eaten. The fruit stands for the reward for doing good deeds. Alternate translation: “for they will receive their reward for their good deeds” or “for they will receive their reward for the good things they have done” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 224 | 3:10 | i1nt | they will eat the fruit of their deeds | 0 | The Hebrew text has these plural pronouns here, but they refer to any righteous person. Translators can choose to translate them as singular: “he will eat the fruit of his deeds.” | ||
| 225 | 3:11 | ti8h | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | for the recompense of his hands will be done to him | 0 | Here “hands” stands for the deeds that the person has done. Alternate translation: “for what the wicked person has done to others will be done to him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 226 | 3:12 | yn5p | My people … My people | 0 | This could mean: (1) Isaiah is talking and “My” refers to Isaiah, or (2) Yahweh is talking and “My” refers to Yahweh. | ||
| 227 | 3:12 | zg6p | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | children are their oppressors | 0 | This could mean: (1) “young people have become their leaders and they oppress the people” or (2) “their leaders are immature like children and oppress the people.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 228 | 3:12 | j52r | women rule over them | 0 | This could mean: (1) “women rule over the people” or (2) “their leaders are weak like women.” | ||
| 229 | 3:12 | t5bp | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | those who guide you lead you astray and confuse the direction of your path | 0 | It was common in the Ancient Middle East to speak of a nation’s leaders as if they were shepherds. As shepherds lead the sheep along good paths to safety, leaders should teach the people the truth and help them do what is right. Judah’s leaders were not doing this. Alternate translation: “your leaders are like bad shepherds who lead you away from good paths and do not show you where to go” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 230 | 3:13 | c84g | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | Yahweh stands up for an accusation; he is standing to accuse the people | 0 | Isaiah speaks of Yahweh’s decision to harm the people as if Yahweh were bringing a legal accusation in a courtroom against the people of Israel. The second part of this line means the same thing as the first part, but it says it a little more completely. Alternate translation: “It is as though Yahweh had taken his place in a courtroom and were ready to accuse the people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
| 231 | 3:14 | exq5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | will come with judgment | 0 | Judgment is spoken of as if it were an object that one could bring to another person. Alternate translation: “will announce his judgment” or “will declare his judgment” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 232 | 3:14 | j6us | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you | You have ruined the vineyard | 0 | Here “you” refers to the elders and rulers. Yahweh is speaking of his people as if they were a vineyard. Like someone who fails to care for a vineyard so that the vines give no more grapes, the elders and leaders are discouraging the Israelites from serving God. Alternate translation: “My people are like a vineyard, and you have ruined it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 233 | 3:14 | cn9b | the plunder from the poor is in your houses | 0 | Alternate translation: “the things you have taken from the poor are in your houses” | ||
| 234 | 3:14 | k6ua | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj | the poor | 0 | This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “those who are poor” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) | |
| 235 | 3:15 | k4yw | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | Why do you crush my people and grind the faces of the poor? | 0 | Yahweh asks this question in order to accuse the leaders of the people. This accusation can be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: “I am angry with you evil men because you are crushing my people and grinding the faces of the poor!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
| 236 | 3:15 | jjf2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | crush my people | 0 | Making people suffer is spoken of as if it were crushing them with a very heavy weight. Alternate translation: “cruelly harm my people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 237 | 3:15 | df4t | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | grind the faces of the poor | 0 | Making people suffer is spoken of as if it were rubbing their faces into the ground. Alternate translation: “harm the poor and make them suffer” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 238 | 3:15 | a6jh | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person | This is the declaration of the Lord Yahweh of hosts | 0 | Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Alternate translation: “this is what the Lord Yahweh of hosts has declared” or “this is what I, the Lord Yahweh of hosts, have declared” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) | |
| 239 | 3:16 | u9pn | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | the daughters of Zion | 0 | Zion, meaning here the city of Jerusalem, is spoken of as if it were a woman with her daughters. Alternate translation: “the women of Zion” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 240 | 3:16 | hb7z | with their necks extended | 0 | Alternate translation: “in an arrogant way”” | ||
| 241 | 3:16 | fv4y | with flirting eyes | 0 | Looking at men in a way that makes the men think the women want sexual relations. | ||
| 242 | 3:16 | ip6r | walking with tiny steps as they go | 0 | This is how they would walk to attract men, possibly because the bracelets on their ankles were connected by chains decorated with bells so they could not take normal steps. | ||
| 243 | 3:18 | m577 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | the Lord will remove | 0 | Here what the Lord causes others to do is spoken of as the Lord doing it himself. Alternate translation: “the Lord will cause others to remove” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 244 | 3:18 | ify9 | ankle jewelry | 0 | a decoration that women wear on the ankle, just above the foot | ||
| 245 | 3:18 | r8vh | head bands | 0 | a decoration that women wear over the head and hair | ||
| 246 | 3:18 | kb3y | crescent ornaments | 0 | moon-shaped ornaments that people wear in the belief that they will protect the person from evil | ||
| 247 | 3:19 | hp8a | ear pendants | 0 | jewelry that hangs from the ear or over the ear | ||
| 248 | 3:19 | a5ha | bracelets | 0 | a decoration that women wear on the arm near the hands | ||
| 249 | 3:19 | wfq5 | veils | 0 | a very thin material used to cover a woman’s head and face | ||
| 250 | 3:20 | sa4a | headscarves | 0 | long, thin pieces of cloth that women tie around the head or hair | ||
| 251 | 3:20 | ny93 | ankle chains | 0 | These are decorations that women wear near the feet. Often the chains hang down to make a gentle noise. | ||
| 252 | 3:20 | tw31 | sashes | 0 | a piece of cloth that people wear around the waist or across the chest | ||
| 253 | 3:20 | jqq5 | perfume boxes | 0 | a small box or bag containing perfume that women wore on chains or strings around their necks so they smelled good | ||
| 254 | 3:20 | a1uq | lucky charms | 0 | jewelry that people wear in the belief that it will bring good luck | ||
| 255 | 3:21 | pg1c | rings | 0 | a decoration worn around the finger | ||
| 256 | 3:21 | f1fe | nose jewels | 0 | a decoration worn in or through the nose | ||
| 257 | 3:22 | l57q | festive robes | 0 | a long, loose garment with decorations that was worn over other clothes for everyone to see | ||
| 258 | 3:22 | i2i1 | mantles | 0 | a cloth worn over the shoulders on the outside of the clothes | ||
| 259 | 3:22 | a51r | veils | 0 | See how you translated this in [Isaiah 3:19](../03/19.md). | ||
| 260 | 3:22 | vtu3 | handbags | 0 | a bag to used to carry small things | ||
| 261 | 3:23 | la8f | hand mirrors | 0 | a small surface, held in one’s hand and used to see oneself | ||
| 262 | 3:23 | d2el | fine linen | 0 | a soft cloth worn by rich people | ||
| 263 | 3:23 | p3s4 | head pieces | 0 | a cloth or small hat worn over the hair | ||
| 264 | 3:23 | g51h | wraps | 0 | a decorative cloth that a woman would wrap around herself to make her beautiful | ||
| 265 | 3:24 | cn6w | sash | 0 | a piece of cloth that people wear around the waist or across the chest. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 3:20](../03/20.md). | ||
| 266 | 3:24 | b6ca | a rope | 0 | This may refer to a rope that enemies would tie on the people of Judah when they captured them. Or it might mean that Jerusalem’s women would have nothing to wear but rough clothing secured with ropes. | ||
| 267 | 3:24 | c3sv | well-arranged hair, baldness | 0 | Alternate translation: “pretty hair, their heads will be bald” | ||
| 268 | 3:25 | ng43 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | Your men will fall by the sword, and your strong men will fall in war | 0 | Falling represents being killed, and the sword represents battle. Alternate translation: “Your men will be killed in battle, and your strong men will be killed in war” or “Enemies will kill your soldiers in battle” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 269 | 3:26 | kz3l | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | Jerusalem’s gates will lament and mourn | 0 | Here the city gates represent the people who sit at the public places near the city gates. Alternate translation: “The people of Jerusalem will sit at the city gates and cry and mourn” (See:- [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 270 | 3:26 | qeu2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | she will be alone and sit upon the ground | 0 | Isaiah speaks of the people of Jerusalem, whom no one will save from their enemies, as if they were the city itself and as if they were a woman who sits on the ground because all her friends have deserted her. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 271 | 4:intro | xy1x | 0 | # Isaiah 4 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### More women than men\n\nThis chapter describes a time when there will be many more women than men in Judah. This is because so many of Judah’s fighting men will have died before the exile. Those who come through this difficult time will be a holy remnant. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/remnant]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Branch of Yahweh\n\nScholars are divided over the possible meaning of this metaphor. Some believe it is a reference to the Messiah, while others believe it is a reference to the faithful remnant. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]]) | |||
| 272 | 4:1 | ke3e | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | let us take your name | 0 | This phrase means “let us marry you.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
| 273 | 4:2 | ki64 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche | the branch of Yahweh will be beautiful | 0 | This could mean: (1) “branch” is a synecdoche that represents the crops Yahweh will cause to grow in the land of Israel. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will cause the crops in Israel to be beautiful” or (2) “branch” is a metaphor that refers to the Messiah. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 274 | 4:2 | egm3 | will be beautiful and glorious | 0 | Alternate translation: “will be full of beauty and glory” | ||
| 275 | 4:2 | ree3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | the fruit of the land will be tasty and delightful for those survivors in Israel | 0 | “Fruit” sometimes simply represents food produced in the land, and sometimes it represents spiritual blessings. This could mean: (1) God will cause the land to produce good food again. Alternate translation: “the people who are still in Israel will enjoy the best food from the land” or (2) the future Messiah will bring spiritual blessings to the people in the land. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 276 | 4:3 | z8mg | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | the one who is left in Zion and the one who remains in Jerusalem | 0 | Both of these statements mean the same thing. Here “the one who” does not refer to a specific person but to people in general who are still alive in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “everyone who remains in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) | |
| 277 | 4:3 | gb1i | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | will be called holy | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the Lord will call them holy” or “will belong to the Lord” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 278 | 4:3 | pe1n | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | everyone who is written down as living in Jerusalem | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “everyone whose name is on the list of the people who live in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 279 | 4:4 | af4y | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | when the Lord will have washed away the filth of the daughters of Zion | 0 | This expression speaks of sin as if it were physical dirt. Alternate translation: “after the Lord removes the sins of the daughters of Zion as someone washes away filth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 280 | 4:4 | idm2 | the daughters of Zion | 0 | This could mean: (1) the women of Jerusalem or (2) the people of Jerusalem. | ||
| 281 | 4:4 | el4d | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | will have cleansed the blood stains from Jerusalem’s midst | 0 | “Blood stains” here represents violence and murder. Alternate translation: “will have taken away those in Jerusalem who harm innocent people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 282 | 4:4 | i2xn | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | by means of the spirit of judgment and the spirit of flaming fire | 0 | This is how God would remove the sin from Jerusalem. Here “spirit” probably represents the activity of judging and burning. Alternate translation: “by judgment and flaming fire” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 283 | 4:4 | l3vm | spirit of judgment | 0 | This could mean: (1) Yahweh will punish the people or (2) Yahweh will declare the people guilty. | ||
| 284 | 4:4 | si1b | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | the spirit of flaming fire | 0 | This could mean: (1) this is a metaphor that means Yahweh will remove sinners from Zion like a fire removes impurities or (2) “flaming fire” is a metonym that represents the destruction in general of all the sinners. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 285 | 4:5 | yk4j | a canopy over all the glory | 0 | This could mean: (1) a canopy for protecting the glorious city, or (2) a canopy consisting of God’s glory that will protect the city. If the first meaning is followed, then it may further mean that the city is glorious because Yahweh is present in it. | ||
| 286 | 4:5 | h7ct | canopy | 0 | This is a cloth that is hung over something to cover it for protecton. | ||
| 287 | 5:intro | g25h | 0 | # Isaiah 5 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Woe\n\nThis chapter presents a series of woes, or judgments against those who are spoken against. Most of these judgements are due to the lack of justice in Judah. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/woe]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Allegory\n\nThis chapter begins as an allegory. An allegory is a story with a symbolic meaning. This allegory is meant to teach the Jews that they sinned against Yahweh and that there was nothing more he could have done for them. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])\n\n### Animals being present where people once lived\n\nVerse 17 (“Then the sheep will feed as in their own pasture, and in the ruins of the rich people, lambs will graze”) is an example of the Old Testament’s prophets’ habit of describing complete ruin and desolation in terms of a picture of animals--usually wild animals, but here sheep and lambs--living in or feeding in those places. Whether the picture is of flocks or wild animals, the purpose is to say that the human habitation has gone back to wild nature, and that this has happened because of God’s punishment on the people. | |||
| 288 | 5:1 | wd3z | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parables | General Information: | 0 | # General Information:\n\nIsaiah tells a parable about a farmer and his vineyard. The farmer represents God and the vineyard represents the people of Judah, the southern kingdom of the Israelites. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) | |
| 289 | 5:1 | csd3 | my well beloved | 0 | Alternate translation: “my dear friend” | ||
| 290 | 5:1 | y5t9 | on a very fertile hill | 0 | Alternate translation: “on a hill where very good crops could grow” | ||
| 291 | 5:2 | ac25 | He spaded it | 0 | “He prepared the soil.” This expresson refers to using a tool to dig into the ground to prepare it for planting. | ||
| 292 | 5:2 | qk26 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | He built a tower in the middle of it | 0 | “He made a tall building in the middle of the vineyard to watch over it.” Someone would stand at the top of the tower to watch the vineyard and make sure that no animals or people went into it. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 293 | 5:2 | qfu3 | built a winepress | 0 | “dug a pit to squeeze out the grape juice.” A winepress is a low place carved out of rock in the ground where workers step on the grapes to crush them with their feet, in order to remove the grape juice. | ||
| 294 | 5:2 | feu4 | wild grapes | 0 | Alternate translation: “worthless grapes” or “bad tasting grapes” | ||
| 295 | 5:3 | crw5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parables | General Information: | 0 | # General Information:\n\nIn Isaiah’s parable of the vineyard, the owner of the vineyard, who represents God, speaks to the people of Jerusalem and Judah about his vineyard. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) | |
| 296 | 5:3 | x6tw | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun | inhabitant of Jerusalem and man of Judah | 0 | These expressions refer in general to all people living in Jerusalem and Judah, so they can be translated with plural nouns. Alternate translation: “all of you who live in Jerusalem and Judah” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) | |
| 297 | 5:3 | v4cu | Jerusalem … Judah | 0 | “Judah” was the name of the southern kingdom of Israelites, and Jerusalem was the capital city. | ||
| 298 | 5:3 | c6vk | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | judge between me and my vineyard | 0 | The idea of a space separating two things is often used to express the idea of choosing one or the other of those things. Alternate translation: “decide who has acted right, I or my vineyard” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 299 | 5:4 | cy5z | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | What more could have been done for my vineyard, that I have not done for it? | 0 | The owner uses this question to make a statement about his vineyard. This rhetorical questions can be translated as a stataement. Alternate translation: “I have done all that I could do for my vineyard!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
| 300 | 5:4 | ka3q | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | When I looked for it to produce grapes, why did it produce wild grapes? | 0 | The owner uses a question to say that his vineyard should have produced good grapes. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “I wanted it to make good grapes, but it only produced worthless grapes” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
| 301 | 5:5 | d9l9 | remove the hedge | 0 | “take away the border of bushes.” A hedge is a row of bushes or small trees that have been planted in order to protect a garden or some other kind of area. Here “hedge” probably refers to the thorn bushes that were planted to grow on the stone wall surrounding the vineyard. | ||
| 302 | 5:5 | msh2 | I will turn it into a pasture | 0 | “I will allow animals to go there and eat.” This is a grassy place where animals feed. | ||
| 303 | 5:5 | b6y6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | it will be trampled down | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “animals will trample it down” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 304 | 5:6 | b9b1 | I will lay it waste | 0 | Alternate translation: “I will destroy it” | ||
| 305 | 5:6 | vvv3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | it will not be pruned nor hoed | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “no one will prune it or hoe it” or “no one will cut off the branches that are not needed, and no one will take care of the soil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 306 | 5:6 | e15p | rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage | briers and thorns will spring up | 0 | Briers and thorns are often used as symbols of ruined cities and land. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) | |
| 307 | 5:7 | ba1g | General Information: | 0 | # General Information:\n\nIsaiah explains the parable of the vineyard. | ||
| 308 | 5:7 | dnz9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parables | For the vineyard of Yahweh of hosts is the house of Israel | 0 | Isaiah states that the vineyard in the parable represents the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “For the vineyard of Yahweh of hosts represents the house of Israel” or “The people of Israel are like the vineyard of Yahweh, Lord of the angel armies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) | |
| 309 | 5:7 | l82n | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | the house of Israel | 0 | The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to the kingdom of Israel. Alternate translation: “Israel” or “the kingdom of Israel” or “the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 310 | 5:7 | rxv5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | the man of Judah his pleasant planting | 0 | The people of Judah are spoken of as if they are a vine that Yahweh planted. This can be stated as a simile. Alternate translation: “the people of Judah are like a vine that Yahweh planted for Yahweh’s pleasure” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
| 311 | 5:7 | kmz3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun | the man of Judah | 0 | Here “man” represents all the people of Judah. Alternate translation: “the people of Judah” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) | |
| 312 | 5:7 | ebr9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | he waited for justice, but instead, there was killing | 0 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **justice**, you can express the same idea with the verb “do what is fair.” If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **killing**, you can express the same idea with “killed one another.” Alternate translation: “Yahweh waited for the people to do what is fair, but instead they killed one another” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 313 | 5:7 | dtn9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis | for righteousness | 0 | The phrase “he waited” is understood from earlier in the verse. It can be repeated to make the meaning clear. Alternate translation: “He waited for righteousness” or “He waited for them to do what is right” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
| 314 | 5:7 | hhv8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis | instead, a shout for help | 0 | The words “there was” are understood from earlier in the verse. They can be repeated to make the meaning clear. The reason people shouted out for help can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “instead, there was a shout for help” or “instead, those who were weak shouted out for someone to help them because others were attacking them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 315 | 5:7 | s93f | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun | a shout | 0 | This expression probably stands for many shouts. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) | |
| 316 | 5:8 | cm7e | General Information: | 0 | # General Information:\n\nIsaiah announces God’s judgment. | ||
| 317 | 5:8 | m6ai | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | to those who join house to house, who join field to field | 0 | “to those who take more and more houses, and who take more and more fields.” Isaiah assumes that his audience knows that the law forbids someone from taking land from a family permanently. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 318 | 5:9 | tu9i | Yahweh of hosts | 0 | See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). | ||
| 319 | 5:9 | f6yx | without any inhabitant | 0 | Alternate translation: “without anyone living in it” | ||
| 320 | 5:10 | x1d1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | a ten-yoke vineyard | 0 | The size of the vineyard is represented by the number of pairs of oxen that could plow it in one day. Each pair of oxen would be connected by a yoke. Alternate translation: “a vineyard that is large enough for ten pairs of oxen to plow it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 321 | 5:10 | xm5c | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume | one bath | 0 | “one bath of wine” or “22 liters of wine” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]]) | |
| 322 | 5:10 | wyg4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume | one homer of seed will yield only an ephah | 0 | “220 liters of seed will produce only 22 liters of grain.” One homer equals ten ephahs. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]]) | |
| 323 | 5:11 | w596 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism | those who rise up early in the morning … who linger late into the night | 0 | This refers to people who do nothing all day but drink alcoholic drinks. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) | |
| 324 | 5:11 | e3cu | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | until wine inflames them | 0 | Here the power of wine to make its drinkers drunk is spoken of as if it were inflaming them, that is, setting them on fire. Alternate translation: “until they are drunk with wine” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 325 | 5:12 | uj2g | harp, lute, tambourine, flute, and wine | 0 | These musical instruments and the wine imply that the people enjoying these things are celebrating very much. | ||
| 326 | 5:12 | rum8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown | tambourine | 0 | A musical instrument with a head like a drum that can be beaten with the hand. It probably had pieces of metal around the side that sounded when the player shook it. The tambourine was small enough for the player to hold it and shake it with one hand. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) | |
| 327 | 5:12 | er4f | considered | 0 | thought seriously about | ||
| 328 | 5:12 | mpb9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | the doings of his hands | 0 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **doings**, you can express the same idea with the verb “done” or “created.” Alternate translation: “what he has done” or “what he has created” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 329 | 5:12 | d7ca | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche | the doings of his hands | 0 | Here the metonym “hands” represents the person who has done something. Alternate translation: “what Yahweh has done” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) | |
| 330 | 5:13 | sd2g | General Information: | 0 | # General Information:\n\nThese verses tell what will happen to the people because they have disobeyed God. | ||
| 331 | 5:13 | e8j7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture | my people have gone into captivity | 0 | In prophecy things that will happen in the future are often referred to as if they had already happened. This emphasizes that the prophecy will certainly come true. Alternate translation: “enemies from other countries will take my people, Israel, as slaves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) | |
| 332 | 5:13 | ek1f | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | for lack of understanding | 0 | What they do not understand can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “because they do not understand Yahweh or his law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 333 | 5:14 | lq6k | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | Sheol has made its appetite greater and has opened its mouth very wide | 0 | This phrase speaks of Sheol, which stands here for the grave, to an animal that is ready to eat other animals. It implies that many, many people will die. Alternate translation: “death is like a hungry animal that has opened its mouth wide to eat up many people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 334 | 5:14 | l95b | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture | their elite, the people, their leaders, and the revelers and those who are happy among them, descend into Sheol | 0 | The prophet speaks of the future as if it were happening now. Alternate translation: “Many people of Israel, their important people and common people, their leaders and those who enjoy wild parties, will go into Sheol” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) | |
| 335 | 5:15 | hv2s | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | Man will be forced to bend down, and mankind will be humbled | 0 | The phrases used together mean the same thing and are used together for emphasis. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. See how you translated similar words in [Isaiah 2:9](../02/09.md). Alternate translation: “God will make every person bow down and be humble” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 336 | 5:15 | kvv6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture | Man will be forced to bend down, and mankind will be humbled | 0 | Future events are spoken of as if they have already happened. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) | |
| 337 | 5:15 | bal8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction | Man will be forced to bend down | 0 | Bending down often symbolizes being humiliated. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) | |
| 338 | 5:15 | npg6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | the eyes of the lofty will be cast down | 0 | Looking down is often a sign of being ashamed. See how you translated similar words in [Isaiah 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: “the eyes of proud people will look down in shame” or “people who were proud are now ashamed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 339 | 5:15 | kj8c | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | the lofty | 0 | Here proud, arrogant people are spoken of as if they are high above other people. Alternate translation: “proud” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 340 | 5:16 | unu8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | Yahweh of hosts will be exalted in his justice | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “People will praise Yahweh of hosts because he is just” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 341 | 5:16 | b2ch | Yahweh of hosts | 0 | See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). | ||
| 342 | 5:16 | veu5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | will be exalted | 0 | Being honored is spoken of as if it were being lifted high. Alternate translation: “will be greatly honored” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 343 | 5:17 | s6dd | the sheep will feed as in their own pasture | 0 | Yahweh will destroy the city of Jerusalem, which was called a “vineyard” in [Isaiah 5:1](../05/01.md). It will become good for nothing except for sheep to eat grass there. | ||
| 344 | 5:17 | lv4d | graze | 0 | eat grass | ||
| 345 | 5:17 | cj7g | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile | in the ruins, lambs will graze as foreigners | 0 | That is, the lambs will graze there. The land will be worthless for any other use. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
| 346 | 5:18 | w5kt | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | Woe to those who pull along iniquity with useless cords and who pull along sin as if it were with a cart rope | 0 | These phrases mean basically the same thing. They speak of people who continue to sin on purpose as if they were using all their strength to pull a heavy cart along. God will punish them for their sin. Alternate translation: “Woe to those who work hard to sin as a person who drags a cart by a rope” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 347 | 5:19 | fje3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony | those who say | 0 | This refers to those who continue to sin (verse 18) and then mockingly challenge God to stop them. Alternate translation: “those mockers who say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) | |
| 348 | 5:19 | fg4f | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | let the plans of the Holy One of Israel come | 0 | God’s plans are spoken of as if they were objects that could come by themselves. Alternate translation: “let the Holy One of Israel accomplish his plans” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 349 | 5:19 | czd2 | the Holy One of Israel | 0 | Translate “the Holy One” as in [Isaiah 5:16](../05/16.md). | ||
| 350 | 5:20 | wfp3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | who represent darkness as light, and light as darkness … bitter as sweet, and sweet as bitter | 0 | Those who do these things are the same as those “who call evil good, and good evil.” These things are opposites and people know the difference between them, but some people lie and say that bad things are good. Alternate translation: “They are like people who call darkness light and light darkness. They are like people who call bitter things sweet and sweet things bitter” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 351 | 5:21 | ivi4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | to those who are wise in their own eyes | 0 | Here the metonym “eyes” refers to their thoughts. Alternate translation: “to those who consider themselves to be wise” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 352 | 5:21 | k28f | prudent in their own understanding | 0 | Alternate translation: “think they understand everything” | ||
| 353 | 5:23 | cpy5 | who acquit the wicked for payment | 0 | This passage is speaking about corrupt judges in courts of law. | ||
| 354 | 5:23 | zv59 | acquit the wicked | 0 | Alternate translation: “declare guilty people innocent” | ||
| 355 | 5:23 | x4u8 | deprive the innocent of his rights | 0 | Alternate translation: “do not treat innocent people fairly” | ||
| 356 | 5:24 | c3qz | tongue of fire | 0 | Alternate translation: “flame of fire” or “flame” | ||
| 357 | 5:24 | k429 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | as the tongue of fire devours stubble, and as the dry grass goes down in flame | 0 | These phrases mean basically the same thing. God will punish the people described in [Isaiah 5:18-23](./18.md). Alternate translation: “as a fire burns up stubble and grass” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
| 358 | 5:24 | ngz1 | stubble | 0 | The dry pieces of plants that are left in the ground after the stalks have been cut. | ||
| 359 | 5:24 | mbt4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | their root will rot, and their blossom will blow away like dust | 0 | Isaiah speaks of these people as if they were a dying plant. Alternate translation: “they will die like a plant whose roots have rotted and whose blossom has dried up and blown away in the wind” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 360 | 5:25 | pkf2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | the anger of Yahweh is kindled | 0 | Isaiah speaks of Yahweh’s anger as if it were a fire. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is very angry” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 361 | 5:25 | u4m4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture | He has reached out with his hand against them and has punished them | 0 | The prophet speaks of the future as if it had already happened. He does this to insist that the prophecy certainly will come about. Alternate translation: “he will punish them with his powerful hand” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) | |
| 362 | 5:25 | k8d7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | has reached out with his hand against them | 0 | Here “hand” refers to God’s power and control. Alternate translation: “has shown his power against them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 363 | 5:25 | vu7e | corpses | 0 | dead bodies | ||
| 364 | 5:25 | lyq9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile | their corpses are like garbage in the streets | 0 | The dead bodies are allowed to lie in the streets as if they were garbage. This implies that many will die but that no one will be there to bury them. The word “garbage” can also be translated as “refuse” or “manure.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
| 365 | 5:25 | sgw7 | In all these things, his anger does not subside; instead, his hand | 0 | Alternate translation: “Even though all these things have happened, he is still angry, and his hand” | ||
| 366 | 5:25 | b3v6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | his hand is still stretched out | 0 | Here “hand” represents God’s power and control. Isaiah speaks as if Yahweh were a person about to hit another person with his fist. This is a metaphor for Yahweh punishing Israel. Alternate translation: “he will still be ready to punish them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 367 | 5:26 | jin3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | He will lift up a signal flag for far away nations and will whistle for those at the end of the earth | 0 | Isaiah says the same thing in two different ways. God causing the armies of nations that are far away from Judah to come and attack is spoken of as if he would raise a flag and whistle to call them to Judah Alternate translation: “He will call for the armies of nations that are far away from Judah and tell them to come” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 368 | 5:26 | abj6 | whistle | 0 | a loud, high pitched noise a person makes with their mouth to call a person or animal that is far away | ||
| 369 | 5:26 | pqh3 | they will come | 0 | Alternate translation: “the enemy army will come” | ||
| 370 | 5:26 | i94d | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet | speedily and promptly | 0 | These words mean basically the same thing and emphasize how quickly they will come. Alternate translation: “very quickly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) | |
| 371 | 5:27 | q27w | tire … stumble … slumbers … sleeps | 0 | These four words progress from being tired from work to being unable to walk well, to being unable to stay awake, to full sleep, so all four should appear in the translation. | ||
| 372 | 5:27 | hac2 | Nor are their belts loose | 0 | The soldiers kept their clothes tight so it would easier to move and fight. | ||
| 373 | 5:27 | xx4t | the thongs of their sandals | 0 | Alternate translation: “the straps of their sandals” | ||
| 374 | 5:28 | j18k | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile | their horses’ hooves are like flint | 0 | “their hooves are like hard stone.” Isaiah compares the hard part of a horse’s foot to flint, which is a hard stone that can cause sparks when struck. This could mean: (1) Isaiah compares their hooves to flint so to describe the frightening image of their feet causing sparks as they run or (2) Isaiah compares their hooves to flint to emphasize how strong their hooves are which enables the horse to do whatever their master want them to do. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
| 375 | 5:28 | a4f3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile | their chariot wheels like storms | 0 | Isaiah compares the chariot wheels to storms in order to imply that they will destroy everything in their path. Alternate translation: “the wheels of the chariots will spin like a windstorm” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
| 376 | 5:28 | x4c6 | chariot wheels | 0 | These wheels often had sharp blades attached to them that would cut to pieces anyone the chariot passed close to. | ||
| 377 | 5:29 | dv1u | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | young lions | 0 | A young age is a metonym for strength. Alternate translation: “the strongest lions” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 378 | 5:29 | jhq5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | They will growl and seize the prey | 0 | Isaiah compares the enemy killing the people of Judah to a lion killing a weaker animal. This could mean: (1) lions make a sound not as loud as a roar just before they strike, or (2) the writer is using two words to mean the same thing. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) | |
| 379 | 5:29 | kw8f | prey | 0 | animals that another animal wants to catch and kill | ||
| 380 | 5:29 | ixb3 | with none to rescue | 0 | Alternate translation: “and no one will be able to save them” | ||
| 381 | 5:30 | x52f | will roar … sea roars | 0 | The word “roar” here is translated “growl” in verse 29. Use your language’s word for the sound of waves in a storm or heavy rain or some other frightening natural sound. | ||
| 382 | 5:30 | rw65 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | even the light will be made dark by the clouds | 0 | Here darkness represents suffering and disaster. This metaphor can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the dark clouds will completely block the light of the sun” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 383 | 6:intro | g9bq | 0 | # Isaiah 6 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 6:3-4,7, 9-13.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Heaven\n\nThis vision described in this chapter is probably a scene in heaven. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]])\n\n### Isaiah’s call\nThis chapter record Isaiah’s call to prophetic ministry. It recognizes the holiness of God and Isaiah recognizes his need for holiness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/call]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Inevitability\n\nThe way Yahweh speaks in this chapter shows the inevitability of the punishment of Yahweh against the people of Judah. The punishment must now come. It is too late for repentance. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]]) | |||
| 384 | 6:1 | fpg5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet | he was high and elevated | 0 | The words “high” and “elevated” emphasize that the throne was very high and above everything around it. The height of the throne represents how great and powerful the Lord is. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) | |
| 385 | 6:1 | s9gi | filled the temple | 0 | “filled the palace.” The word used for temple here is often used to refer to the palace of kings. | ||
| 386 | 6:2 | rmg2 | Above him were the seraphim | 0 | The word “seraphim” is the plural of seraph. This means the Lord was seated on the throne and the seraphim were standing or flying near the Lord ready to serve him. | ||
| 387 | 6:2 | rar1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown | seraphim | 0 | This word suggests that the creatures might have a fiery appearance or resemble snakes. Because we do not know exactly what “seraphim” means, you could translate this as “winged creatures” or “winged living things.” Or, you can borrow the word and use it in your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]]) | |
| 388 | 6:2 | x82m | each one had six wings | 0 | Alternate translation: “each seraph had six wings” or “each creature had six wings” | ||
| 389 | 6:2 | jct3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis | with two each covered his face, and with two he covered his feet, and with two he flew | 0 | The words “wings” and “seraph” are understood. Alternate translation: “with two wings each seraph covered his face, and with two wings he covered his feet, and with two wings he flew” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
| 390 | 6:3 | d6y7 | Each one called to another and said | 0 | Alternate translation: “The seraphim called out to one another and said” or “The winged creatures proclaimed to one another” | ||
| 391 | 6:3 | vxd8 | Holy, holy, holy, is Yahweh of hosts | 0 | Repeating the word “holy” three times indicates God is completely holy. Alternate translation: “Yahweh of hosts is holy beyond all else” or “Yahweh of hosts is completely holy” | ||
| 392 | 6:3 | m7tr | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | The whole earth is full of his glory | 0 | This speaks of the earth as if it were a container and glory were the contents in the container. Alternate translation: “Everything on the earth is evidence of God’s glory” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 393 | 6:4 | dki2 | The foundations of the thresholds shook at the voices of those who were crying out | 0 | Alternate translation: “When the seraphim called out, their voices shook the doorways and their foundations” | ||
| 394 | 6:4 | tz4y | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | the house was filled with smoke | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “smoke filled the temple” or “smoke filled the palace” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 395 | 6:5 | v2ty | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | Woe is me! For I am doomed | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I am in great trouble! Terrible things will happen to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 396 | 6:5 | ws6z | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | of unclean lips | 0 | Here “lips” represent what a person speaks. And, people saying things that are unacceptable to God is spoken of as if their lips were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 397 | 6:5 | a6sd | Yahweh, Yahweh of hosts | 0 | Yahweh, the ruler of the angel armies” | ||
| 398 | 6:5 | kz1b | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche | my eyes have seen | 0 | Here “eyes” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I have seen” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) | |
| 399 | 6:6 | vk6r | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown | seraphim | 0 | This word suggests that the creatures might have a fiery appearance or resemble snakes. Because we do not know exactly what “seraphim” means, you could translate these as “creatures” or “living things” or “beings.” Or you can borrow the word and use it in your language. See how you translated this word in [Isaiah 6:2](../06/02.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]]) | |
| 400 | 6:6 | ah6e | tongs | 0 | a tool used for grabbing or holding objects | ||
| 401 | 6:7 | wf8i | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | your guilt has been taken away, and your sin atoned for | 0 | These two phrases say basically the same thing. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has taken away your guilt and has forgiven your sins” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 402 | 6:7 | g4x1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | your guilt has been taken away | 0 | Yahweh no longer considering a person to be guilty is spoken of as if “guilt” were an object that someone could take away from someone else. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 403 | 6:8 | n956 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche | the voice of the Lord say | 0 | Here “voice” represents the Lord himself. Alternate translation: “the Lord say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) | |
| 404 | 6:8 | at9k | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | Whom shall I send | 0 | It is implied that Yahweh will send someone to speak his message to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “Whom shall I send to be a messenger to my people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 405 | 6:8 | ria2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive | who will go for us | 0 | It seems “us” refers to Yahweh and the members of his heavenly council to whom he is speaking. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) | |
| 406 | 6:9 | vja4 | this people | 0 | Alternate translation: “the people of Israel” | ||
| 407 | 6:9 | iq3c | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative | Listen, but do not understand; see, but do not perceive | 0 | This could mean: (1) the imperatives “do not understand” and “do not perceive” express what God is causing to happen. Alternate translation: “You will listen, but Yahweh will not let you understand; you will look carefully, but Yahweh will not allow you to understand” or (2) the imperatives “Listen” and “see” express the idea of “if.” Alternate translation: “Even if you listen you will not understand; even if you look carefully, you will not understand” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]]) | |
| 408 | 6:9 | m1yh | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis | Listen, but do not understand; see, but do not perceive | 0 | You can state clearly the understood information. Alternate translation: “Listen to Yahweh’s message, but do not understand what it means; look at what Yahweh is doing, but do not realize what it means” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
| 409 | 6:10 | q3as | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | Make the heart of this people insensitive | 0 | Here “heart” represents a person’s mind. A person who does not think clearly and is unable to understand and care about what is happening is spoken of as if his heart were insensitive. Alternate translation: “Make these people unable to understand” or “Make the minds of these people dull” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 410 | 6:10 | wd4q | Make the heart of this people | 0 | It may be more natural to translate “heart” and “this” as plurals. Alternate translation: “Make the hearts of these people” | ||
| 411 | 6:10 | ffe8 | Make the heart … insensitive | 0 | This command means that Yahweh will use Isaiah’s message to cause the people to understand even less and to make them less sensitive to what Yahweh is doing. | ||
| 412 | 6:10 | pqr2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | their ears dull, and blind their eyes | 0 | “make it so that they cannot hear, and make it so that they cannot see.” Isaiah making people to not understand Yahweh’s message or what he is doing is spoken of as if Isaiah were making them deaf and blind. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 413 | 6:10 | qi8r | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | they might see with their eyes, hear with their ears | 0 | People being able to understand Yahweh’s message and what he is doing is spoken of as if the people were able physically to see and hear. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 414 | 6:10 | sbg9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | understand with their heart | 0 | Here “heart” represents as person’s mind. Truly understanding something and caring about what is happening is spoken of as if the people were to understand with their hearts. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 415 | 6:10 | fs74 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | then turn | 0 | Repenting and starting to obey Yahweh is spoken of as if the people were physically to turn towards him. Alternate translation: “follow me again” or “then start trusting in me again” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 416 | 6:10 | h53y | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | be healed | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I would heal them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 417 | 6:11 | wx9r | Until cities crash into ruins and are without inhabitants, and the houses are without people | 0 | Alternate translation: “Until all the cities and houses are ruined and no one lives there” | ||
| 418 | 6:11 | b56y | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | the land falls into a desolate waste | 0 | Here “falls into” is an idiom that means to become something worse. Alternate translation: “the land becomes a desolate waste” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
| 419 | 6:12 | wed8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person | until Yahweh has sent the people far away, and the solitude of the land is great | 0 | Here Yahweh speaks about himself in the third person. Alternate translation: “until I, Yahweh, have sent all the people far away from their land, so that no one is left” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) | |
| 420 | 6:13 | p7xa | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | it will again be destroyed | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “armies will again destroy the land of Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 421 | 6:13 | r74f | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile | as a terebinth or an oak is cut down and whose trunk remains, the holy seed is in its stump | 0 | This simile means that even after Yahweh destroys Israel, he will still set apart people from among the Israelites to serve him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
| 422 | 6:13 | h3vb | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown | terebinth | 0 | a kind of oak tree (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) | |
| 423 | 6:13 | tbt2 | trunk … stump | 0 | A trunk is the thick main stem of a tree. A stump is the part of a tree that remains in the ground after the tree is cut down. | ||
| 424 | 6:13 | p9id | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | the holy seed | 0 | The people who will serve Yahweh after armies destroy Israel are spoken of as if they were set apart as a holy seed. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 425 | 7:intro | kcq7 | 0 | # Isaiah 7 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 7:7-9, 18-25.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### “Young woman”\nSome translations choose to translate this as “virgin” and believe it is a reference to the Messiah being born of a virgin woman. This is only one possible translation, therefore most translations have avoided forcing this specific connotation into the meaning of the term. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Israel\n\nIn this chapter, Israel is a reference to the northern kingdom of Israel and not the nation as a whole. They are also called Ephraim in this chapter after its most prominent tribe. | |||
| 426 | 7:1 | u9lp | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | During the days of Ahaz … king of Judah | 0 | “When Ahaz … was king of Judah” This was when the events happened. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
| 427 | 7:1 | e4tt | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names | Rezin … Pekah … Remaliah | 0 | men’s names (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
| 428 | 7:1 | vuv8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche | Rezin … and Pekah … went up | 0 | The author speaks as if the kings were the armies they led. Alternate translation: “Rezin … and Pekah … led their armies up” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) | |
| 429 | 7:1 | py2k | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | to war against it | 0 | The author speaks as if the city itself were the people who live in it. Alternate translation: “to war against the people of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 430 | 7:2 | fs5m | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | It was reported to the house of David | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the house of David heard the report” or “someone reported to the house of David” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 431 | 7:2 | lbv6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | the house of David | 0 | The word “house” is a metonym for the family living in the house. Alternate translation: “King Ahaz and his counselors” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 432 | 7:2 | y882 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | that Aram was allied with Ephraim | 0 | Here “Aram” and “Ephraim” refer to their kings. Here “Ephraim” represents the whole northern kingdom of Israel. Alternate translation: “that Rezin, the king of Aram was helping Pekah, the king of Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) | |
| 433 | 7:2 | k9yy | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile | His heart trembled, and the heart of his people, as the trees of the forest shake in the wind | 0 | The trembling of their hearts at this news is compared to the way trees shake when the wind blows through them. Alternate translation: “Ahaz and his people were very afraid” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
| 434 | 7:3 | zh23 | General Information: | 0 | # General Information:\n\nIsaiah writes about what happened to him as if it had happened to someone else. | ||
| 435 | 7:3 | u3qa | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names | Shear-Jashub | 0 | Translators may also add a footnote that says, “The name Shear-Jashub means ‘a remnant will return.’” The meaning may have given hope to Ahaz. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
| 436 | 7:3 | dcs8 | at the end of the conduit of the upper pool | 0 | Alternate translation: “where the water flows out of the tunnel and enters the upper pool” | ||
| 437 | 7:3 | jx5e | conduit | 0 | man-made ditch or tunnel through which water flows | ||
| 438 | 7:3 | iiu7 | road | 0 | If your language has a word for a road or path that people have made smooth by filling in the low places and lowering the high places, you can use it here. | ||
| 439 | 7:3 | v3uw | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names | Launderer’s Field | 0 | This could mean: (1) this is the proper name by which the people called the field or (2) this is the common noun that the people used to talk about the field, “the launderer’s field” or “the field where men wash wool” or “the field where women wash clothes.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
| 440 | 7:3 | cts4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names | Launderer’s Field | 0 | A launderer is either: (1) a man who washes wool that someone has cut from the sheep, “Wool Washer Field,” or (2) a woman who washes dirty clothes, “Clothes Washer Field.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
| 441 | 7:4 | tuu2 | Tell him | 0 | Alternate translation: “Tell Ahaz” | ||
| 442 | 7:4 | ze8i | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | do not be afraid or intimidated by these two smoldering firebrands, by the fierce anger of Rezin and Aram, and of Pekah son of Remaliah | 0 | God compares Rezin and Pekah to burning sticks whose fire has gone out and are making smoke now. God is emphasizing that they are not real threats to Judah. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “do not let Rezin and Pekah make you afraid; their fierce anger is like a burning stick whose fire has gone out and there is only smoke” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 443 | 7:4 | uy6n | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet | afraid or intimidated | 0 | The words “afraid” and “intimidated” mean the same thing and can be translated as one word. Alternate translation: “afraid” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) | |
| 444 | 7:5 | ss12 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | Aram, Ephraim, and the son of Remaliah | 0 | The words “Aram” and “Ephraim” refer to the kings of these lands. Also, “Ephraim” represents the northern kingdom of Israel. Alternate translation: “Rezin the king of Aram and Pekah the son of Remaliah, king of Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) | |
| 445 | 7:5 | qp64 | Remaliah | 0 | This is the name of a man. Translate his name as in [Isaiah 7:1](../07/01.md). | ||
| 446 | 7:5 | ysl6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you | have planned evil against you | 0 | Here “you” is singular and refers to Ahaz. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) | |
| 447 | 7:6 | yu1t | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names | son of Tabeel | 0 | It is unknown who this man is. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
| 448 | 7:8 | vb6l | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | the head of Damascus is Rezin | 0 | Here “head” is a metonym for the most important part. It is implied that Rezin is only a man, and therefore cannot stop Yahweh’s plan. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “the king of Damascus is Rezin, who is only a man” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 449 | 7:8 | y681 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers | sixty-five years | 0 | “65 years” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) | |
| 450 | 7:8 | gc27 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | Ephraim will be shattered and will no longer be a people | 0 | Here “Ephraim” refers to all of the northern kingdom of Israel. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “an army will destroy Ephraim, and there will no longer be a people of Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 451 | 7:9 | el5p | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | the head of Samaria is Remaliah’s son | 0 | This means Pekah is the king of Samaria and all of Israel. Alternate translation: “the king of Samaria is Pekah, who is a weak man” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 452 | 7:9 | z477 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives | If you do not remain firm in faith, surely you will not remain secure | 0 | This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “If you continue to believe in me, you will certainly remain safe” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) | |
| 453 | 7:9 | nt63 | If you do not remain | 0 | Alternate translation: “Unless you remain” | ||
| 454 | 7:11 | f2n6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism | ask for it in the depths or in the height above | 0 | Yahweh uses the word “depths” and “height” to mean Ahaz could ask him for anything. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) | |
| 455 | 7:11 | li4c | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | depths … height | 0 | The abstract nouns “depths” and “height” can be translated with prepositions. “places far below you … places far above you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 456 | 7:12 | cr1k | will not ask | 0 | Alternate translation: “will not ask Yahweh for a sign” | ||
| 457 | 7:13 | zw34 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | house of David | 0 | The word “house” is a metonym for the family living in the house. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 7:2](../07/02.md). Alternate translation: “King Ahaz, you and your counselors” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 458 | 7:13 | v36u | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | Is it not enough for you people to test the patience of people? Must you also test the patience of my God? | 0 | These questions emphasize that the king has sinned greatly. Alternate translation: “You test the patience of people! Now you even test the patience of my God!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
| 459 | 7:14 | ecy9 | the young woman will conceive | 0 | Some ancient versions and some contemporary versions translate, “the virgin will conceive,” while others translate “the young woman will conceive.” | ||
| 460 | 7:14 | s44h | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names | his name Immanuel | 0 | Translators may add a footnote that says: “The name Immanuel means ‘God with us.’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
| 461 | 7:15 | jl15 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | He will eat curds and honey when he knows to refuse the evil and choose the good | 0 | This could mean: (1) “By the time that child is old enough to eat curds and honey, he will be able to reject what is evil and choose what is good.” This emphasizes that the child will be very young when he knows to choose what is right instead of wrong or (2) “By the time the child is old enough to reject what is evil and choose what is good, he will be eating curds and honey.” The people of Judah considered a child to be responsible for doing what is right when he was 12 years old. This emphasizes that within twelve years the people will be able to eat much curds and honey because most of the people of Israel will be killed or taken as captives. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 462 | 7:15 | s9yg | curds | 0 | milk that people have treated to make it into a soft solid | ||
| 463 | 7:15 | di2m | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj | refuse the evil and choose the good | 0 | Here “the evil” and “the good” refer to evil and good things in general. Alternate translation: “refuse to do evil deeds and choose to do good deeds” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) | |
| 464 | 7:16 | dht9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj | refuse the evil and choose the good | 0 | Here “the evil” and “the good” refer to evil and good things in general. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 7:15](../07/15.md). Alternate translation: “refuse to do evil deeds and choose to do good deeds” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) | |
| 465 | 7:16 | f8jq | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you | you dread | 0 | “you fear.” Here “you” is singular and refers to Ahaz. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) | |
| 466 | 7:17 | z85k | your people | 0 | This refers to the people of Judah. | ||
| 467 | 7:18 | nk5k | At that time | 0 | before the child knows to refuse the evil and choose the good ([Isaiah 7:15](../07/15.md)) | ||
| 468 | 7:18 | n7m9 | Yahweh will whistle for | 0 | Alternate translation: “Yahweh will call” or “Yahweh will summon” | ||
| 469 | 7:18 | qve8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | for a fly from the distant streams of Egypt, and for a bee from the land of Assyria | 0 | Here the armies of Egypt and Assyria are spoken of as if they are insects that will invade the land of Israel. This can be stated as a simile. Alternate translation: “for the armies of Egypt and Assyria, and their soldiers will be everywhere like flies and bees” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
| 470 | 7:20 | v8kp | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | the Lord will shave with a razor that was hired beyond the Euphrates River—the king of Assyria | 0 | The word “razor” is a metaphor for the king of Assyria and his army, and Yahweh speaks of the king as if the king were a man who would do Yahweh’s work and then receive money from Yahweh. Alternate translation: “the Lord will call the king of Assyria from beyond the Euphrates River to work for him to shave you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 471 | 7:20 | d2rx | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | that was hired | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that he bought” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 472 | 7:20 | yli5 | the head … the hair of the legs … also … the beard | 0 | It was bad to have someone shave the top of the head; it was worse to have someone shave “the hair of the legs”; it was worst of all to have someone shave the beard. | ||
| 473 | 7:20 | y3tv | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | the head … the hair of the legs … the beard | 0 | Isaiah does not say whose head, hair, and beard the Lord is going to shave, but Ahaz and the reader would understand that this is a man; the man is a metaphor for the people living in the land of Judah. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 474 | 7:20 | tyl9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | the head | 0 | Here “the head” represents the hair that grows on it. Alternate translation: “the hair on the head” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 475 | 7:20 | tkw6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism | the hair of the legs | 0 | This could mean: (1) this is a polite way to speak of the hair on the lower body or (2) this speaks of the hair on the legs. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) | |
| 476 | 7:20 | a1pl | it will also sweep | 0 | If your language requires a person to be the subject of “will … sweep,” you can say, “the Lord will also sweep.” Alternate translation: “the razor will also sweep” | ||
| 477 | 7:22 | tsx4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | because of the abundance of milk which they shall give | 0 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **abundance**, you can express the same idea with a clause. Alternate translation: “because they will give so much milk” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 478 | 7:23 | b3ry | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers | there were a thousand vines … briers and thorns | 0 | “there were 1,000 vines.” That is, when Isaiah wrote, there were vineyards, in some of which were 1,000 vines or more each. He says that these vineyards will become full of briers and thorns. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) | |
| 479 | 7:23 | y1fr | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers | a thousand silver shekels | 0 | “1,000 silver shekels.” A shekel is a silver coin worth 4 days wage. Alternate translation: “1,000 silver coins” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]]) | |
| 480 | 7:23 | hu8n | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet | briers and thorns | 0 | The words “briers” and “thorns” both refer to useless, thorny plants. It is not necessary to translate both words. Alternate translation: “thorn bushes” or “brier bushes” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) | |
| 481 | 7:24 | sr7t | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | because all the land will be briers and thorns | 0 | Why the hunters come to these lands can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “because there will be nothing in these lands but briers, thorns, and wild animals” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 482 | 7:25 | azm2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | They will stay away from all the hills that were cultivated with the hoe | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “People will stay away from the hills where they once prepared the soil to plant crops” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 483 | 8:intro | c8jg | 0 | # Isaiah 8 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 8:6-18, 21-22.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Trust in Yahweh\n\nIsrael will not trust in Yahweh. Instead, they will trust in their own power, their Gentile allies and the power of false gods. They will be punished because the power of Yahweh is greater than all of these. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) | |||
| 484 | 8:1 | kzi2 | Yahweh said to me | 0 | Here the word “me” refers to Isaiah. | ||
| 485 | 8:2 | x1fq | I will summon faithful witnesses to attest for me | 0 | This could mean: (1) Yahweh is speaking: “I will call honest men to be witnesses” or (2) Isaiah is speaking: “I called honest men to be witnesses” or (3) Yahweh is commanding Isaiah: “Call honest men to be witnesses.” | ||
| 486 | 8:3 | j2ld | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism | I went to the prophetess | 0 | It can be stated explicitly that Isaiah is married to the prophetess. Alternate translation: “I slept with my wife, the prophetess” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 487 | 8:4 | g5hy | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | the riches of Damascus and the plunder of Samaria will be carried away by the king of Assyria | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the king of Assyria will carry away all the treasures of Damascus and Samaria” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 488 | 8:6 | k9mk | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | Because this people has refused the gentle waters of Shiloah | 0 | The words “gentle waters” are a metaphor for the law of the Lord. Alternate translation: “Because this people has rejected Yahweh’s law, which is like the gentle waters of Shiloah” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
| 489 | 8:6 | x9t3 | this people | 0 | If your language needs a plural here, you can translate this phrase and the following verbs as “these people have refused … are happy.” Alternate translation: “this people group” | ||
| 490 | 8:6 | mbx4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | is happy over Rezin and Remaliah’s son | 0 | The full meaning can be made explicit. See how you translated these men’s names in [Isaiah 7:1](../07/01.md). Alternate translation: “is happy that the armies of Assyria have defeated Rezin, king of Aram, and Pekah, Remaliah’s son, king of Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 491 | 8:7 | l4ii | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns | therefore the Lord is | 0 | Yahweh speaks of himself as if he were someone else to remind the people of who he is. Alternate translation: “therefore I, the Lord, am” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) | |
| 492 | 8:7 | pbf5 | bring up on them | 0 | The verb is “bring up”; the adverb is “on them.” | ||
| 493 | 8:7 | ctu2 | on them | 0 | Alternate translation: “on the people of Judah” | ||
| 494 | 8:7 | t9mv | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | the waters of the River, mighty and many, the king of Assyria and all his glory | 0 | The river symbolizes the army of Assyria. Alternate translation: “the army from Assyria, which is powerful like a mighty river” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 495 | 8:7 | x441 | the River | 0 | the Euphrates River in Assyria | ||
| 496 | 8:8 | ye6u | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | The River will sweep onward into Judah, flooding and passing on, until it reaches to your neck | 0 | The army of Assyria is like a flood of water. Alternate translation: “More and more soldiers will come like a river rising up to your neck” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 497 | 8:8 | yl2k | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | The River | 0 | This refers to the Euphrates River in Assyria. This is a metonym for the Assyrian soldiers, who will come from their homes by the Euphrates River ([Isaiah 8:7](../08/07.md)). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 498 | 8:8 | w2iu | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | Its outstretched wings will fill | 0 | This could mean: (1) as “the River” in the metaphor rises, its “wings” flow over and cover what had been dry land or (2) Isaiah changes metaphors and now speaks of Yahweh as a bird who is protecting the land, “But his outstretched wings will cover.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 499 | 8:8 | j34k | Immanuel | 0 | Translators may add a footnote that says: “The name Immanuel means ‘God with us.’” See how you translated this in [Isaiah 7:14](../07/14.md). | ||
| 500 | 8:9 | qq71 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | You peoples will be broken to pieces | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I will break your armies to pieces” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 501 | 8:9 | qzg7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe | Listen, all you distant countries | 0 | Isaiah speaks as if people in other countries can hear him. Alternate translation: “Listen, all you people in far away places” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) | |
| 502 | 8:9 | rer3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | arm yourselves for war and be broken in pieces; arm yourselves and be broken in pieces | 0 | This is basically the same thing, stated twice for emphasis. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you can prepare yourselves for battle, but I will defeat you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 503 | 8:10 | q9aj | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | Form a plan, but it will not be carried out; issue the command, but it will not be carried out | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You can prepare to attack Judah, but you will not succeed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 504 | 8:10 | mfw3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | it will not be carried out … it will not be carried out | 0 | To “carry out” a plan or command is to do what the person who makes the plan or command wants the hearer to do. These clauses can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you will not be able to do what you plan to do … your soldiers will not be able to do what their commanders tell them to do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 505 | 8:11 | svz5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | Yahweh spoke to me, with his strong hand upon me | 0 | Here “his strong hand upon me” is an idiom that refers to Yahweh’s power. Alternate translation: “Yahweh spoke to me in a very powerful way” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
| 506 | 8:11 | pq3u | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations | warned me not to walk in the way of this people. | 0 | This is an indirect quote that ends in 8:17. Alternate translation: “warned me and said, ‘Do not act like this people.’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) | |
| 507 | 8:12 | zbg2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | Do not call conspiracy anything that this people calls conspiracy | 0 | The people imagine there are conspiracies, and it makes them anxious. Alternate translation: “Do not worry like this people who think someone is always trying to harm them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 508 | 8:13 | nnx7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations | It is Yahweh of hosts whom you will honor as holy; he is the one you must fear, and he is the one you must dread | 0 | If you translate this as a direct quote, you can also translate it with Yahweh speaking in the first person: “But you will consider me, Yahweh of Hosts, as holy. And you will fear and be in awe of me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) | |
| 509 | 8:14 | pdv3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | He will become a sanctuary | 0 | The word “sanctuary” is a metaphor for Yahweh keeping his people safe and protecting them. Alternate translation: “He will protect them when they go to him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 510 | 8:14 | w1mv | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet | he will be a trap and a snare to the people of Jerusalem | 0 | The words “trap” and “snare” mean almost the same thing and emphasize that when Yahweh decides to punish the people of Jerusalem they will not be able to escape. Alternate translation: “he will trap the people of Jerusalem so they cannot escape him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) | |
| 511 | 8:14 | su1n | trap | 0 | a device that catches a bird in a net or basket | ||
| 512 | 8:14 | uuy2 | snare | 0 | a trap that catches and holds an animal’s leg or nose | ||
| 513 | 8:15 | nj22 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | Many will stumble over it and fall and be broken, and be ensnared and captured | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Many people will stumble over the stone, and when they fall they will not get up. And many people will step into the trap, and they will not be able to get out” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 514 | 8:15 | q3r6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet | ensnared and captured | 0 | These two words mean basically the same thing and emphasize that they will be caught in the trap. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) | |
| 515 | 8:16 | uss4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | Bind up my testimony, seal the official record | 0 | These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “Close up tightly the scroll with this message written on it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
| 516 | 8:16 | qg84 | my testimony … my disciples | 0 | It is unclear to whom the word “my” refers. It could be Isaiah or Yahweh. It is best to leave the pronouns ambiguous if your language will allow it. | ||
| 517 | 8:17 | vl67 | I will wait for Yahweh | 0 | Here “I” refers to Isaiah. | ||
| 518 | 8:17 | y59u | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | who hides his face from the house of Jacob | 0 | Yahweh’s “face” is a metonym for his blessing or favor. Alternate translation: “who has taken away his blessing from the house of Jacob” or “who no longer looks with favor on the house of Jacob” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 519 | 8:17 | p16z | house of Jacob | 0 | people of Israel | ||
| 520 | 8:18 | b1mr | I and the sons whom Yahweh has given me are for signs and for wonders in Israel | 0 | “I and the sons Yahweh has given me are like signs to warn the people of Israel.” The sons are Shear-Jashub and Maher-shalal-hash-baz, whose names are a message to the people of Israel. (See: [Isaiah 7:3](../07/03.md) and [Isaiah 8:1](./01.md)) | ||
| 521 | 8:19 | vs7z | General Information: | 0 | # General Information:\n\nIsaiah is speaking. | ||
| 522 | 8:19 | ld5t | They will say to you, “Consult with those who speak with the dead and with spirits,” the ones who chirp and mutter incantations. But should a people not consult their God? Should they consult the dead on behalf of the living? | 0 | Other This could mean: (1) “They will say to you, ‘Consult with the mediums and spiritists, those who chirp and mutter incantations. Should a people not consult their gods? They should consult the dead on behalf of the living for teaching and for testimony.’” or (2) “When they say to you, ‘Consult with the mediums and spiritists, those who chirp and mutter incantations,’ should a people not consult their God? Should they consult the dead on behalf of the living? To the law and to the testimony!” | ||
| 523 | 8:19 | im2e | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you | They will say to you | 0 | The word “they” refers to those who do not trust Yahweh. The word “you” is plural and refers to those who trust Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) | |
| 524 | 8:19 | sx96 | the ones who chirp and mutter incantations | 0 | The words “chirp” and “mutter” refer to the sounds mediums and spiritists made when trying to speak to dead people. Alternate translation: “they people who whisper and mutter their magic words to try and speak to dead people” | ||
| 525 | 8:19 | n9lj | chirp | 0 | make sounds like birds | ||
| 526 | 8:19 | zsh8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | But should a people not consult their God? Should they consult the dead on behalf of the living? | 0 | These questions are to show that people should consult God instead of foolishly trying to talk to dead people. Alternate translation: “But people should ask Yahweh to guide them. They should not seek answers from those who have died.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
| 527 | 8:20 | i7kp | To the law and to the testimony | 0 | This could mean: (1) “Pay attention to God’s instructions and teaching” or (2) “Then you must remember the teaching and testimony I gave.” ([Isaiah 8:16](../08/16.md)). | ||
| 528 | 8:20 | fav3 | the law | 0 | This is the same word translated “official record” in [Isaiah 8:16](../08/16.md). | ||
| 529 | 8:20 | qpm5 | the testimony | 0 | See how you translated this in [Isaiah 8:16](../08/16.md). | ||
| 530 | 8:20 | i61u | If they do not say such things | 0 | Alternate translation: “If they do not speak of the law and the testimony” | ||
| 531 | 8:20 | vr4u | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | it is because they have no light of dawn | 0 | Isaiah speaks of people who do not know God as if they were people walking in darkness without any light. Alternate translation: “it is because they are like a person lost in the dark” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 532 | 8:22 | d61f | oppressive gloom | 0 | Alternate translation: “terrible sadness” | ||
| 533 | 8:22 | c4e1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | They will be driven into a land of darkness | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will drive them out into complete darkness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 534 | 9:intro | e336 | 0 | # Isaiah 9 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter begins with a prophecy that is a continuation of the prophecy concluding the previous chapter. Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 9:1-21. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Messiah\n\nThe prophecy in 9:1-7 is about the coming Messiah. Parts of this prophecy were fulfilled when he first came to earth. Other parts are to be fulfilled when he will return in glory to earth. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Fulfillment of prophecies\n\nSome of the prophecies in this chapter were fulfilled in Isaiah’s lifetime while others are fulfilled in the distant future. Some scholars believe that there can be multiple fulfillments of each of these prophecies, while others see only one complete fulfillment. | |||
| 535 | 9:1 | c7zh | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | The gloom will be dispelled from her who was in anguish | 0 | Isaiah speaks of people who are spiritually lost as if they were walking around in total darkness. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will remove the darkness from her who was in anguish” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 536 | 9:1 | c8yr | The gloom | 0 | This word means “partial or total darkness.” Translate as you translated “gloom” in [Isaiah 8:22](../08/22.md). | ||
| 537 | 9:1 | q9g1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | her who was in anguish | 0 | “her who was suffering great pain and sadness.” This is probably a metaphor for the people of Judah. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 538 | 9:1 | y275 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | In an earlier time he humiliated the land of Zebulun and the land of Naphtali | 0 | “Land” refers to the people who live in an area. Alternate translation: “In the past, the Lord humbled those living in Zebulun and Naphtali” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 539 | 9:1 | wtc7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | but in the later time he will make it glorious, the way to the sea, beyond the Jordan, Galilee of the nations | 0 | Here “it” refers to Galilee which represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “but in the future, the Lord will honor the people of Galilee of the nations, which is on the road between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 540 | 9:1 | rv6s | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | Galilee of the nations | 0 | Here “nations” represents the people from other nations that live in Galilee. Alternate translation: “Galilee, where many foreigners live” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 541 | 9:2 | emm3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | walked in darkness … lived in the land of the shadow of death | 0 | Isaiah speaks of the people living sinful lives and suffering because of it as if they had been walking in a dark or living in a land of shadow of death. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 542 | 9:2 | y2l2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | a great light … light has shone | 0 | Here “light” represents hope and deliverance. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 543 | 9:2 | x5ah | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | the land of the shadow of death | 0 | The phrase “shadow of death” is an idiom that means absolute darkness. Alternate translation: “the land of deepest darkness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
| 544 | 9:3 | fxk4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you | You have multiplied the nation; you have increased their joy | 0 | The word “you” refers to Yahweh. The word “their” refers to the people of Israel, but Isaiah includes himself as part of Israel. Alternate translation: “Lord, you will greatly increase our people and our joy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) | |
| 545 | 9:3 | i1jr | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile | They rejoice before you like the joy at harvest time, as men rejoice when they divide the plunder | 0 | The joy that Yahweh will give Israel is described as the same kind of joy people have when they bring in a harvest or divide valuable plunder. Alternate translation: “They will rejoice before you as people rejoice when they gather their crops or when a battle is over and soldiers divide what they took” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
| 546 | 9:4 | i6r4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | For the yoke of his burden … you have shattered as on the day of Midian | 0 | Isaiah speaks of the Israelites, who are the Assyrians’ slaves, as if they were an ox wearing a yoke. This will happen in the future, but he speaks as if it has already happened. Alternate translation: “For as on the day of Midian you will set the people of Israel free from being slaves to their oppressors like a person removes a yoke from the shoulders of an animal” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) | |
| 547 | 9:4 | k2hi | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | For the yoke of his burden … his shoulder … his oppressor | 0 | Isaiah speaks of the people of Israel as if they were one man. Alternate translation: “For the yoke of their burden … their shoulders … their oppressor” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 548 | 9:4 | eh66 | the beam across his shoulder | 0 | The beam is the part of the yoke that goes over the shoulders of the ox. | ||
| 549 | 9:4 | hfq6 | beam | 0 | Another possible meaning is “staff,” a long piece of wood that a person uses to beat the oxen so they will work and a symbol of one person’s power to rule other people. | ||
| 550 | 9:4 | d1k8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | the rod of his oppressor | 0 | Isaiah speaks of the power the oppressor has over the people of Judah as if it were the piece of wood used by a person to beat oxen so they will work. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 551 | 9:4 | egd7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | as on the day of Midian | 0 | The word “day” is an idiom that can refer to an event that takes more than one day to happen. Alternate translation: “as when you defeated the Midianites” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
| 552 | 9:5 | klu8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | every boot treading in the tumult and the garments rolled in blood will be burned | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you will burn the boots of the soldiers and their clothes, which are covered with blood” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 553 | 9:5 | py1z | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | burned, fuel for the fire | 0 | This can be made more explicit by translating it as a new sentence. Alternate translation: “burned. You will make the boots and the garments fuel for the fire” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 554 | 9:6 | h5x2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | For to us a child has been born, to us a son has been given | 0 | These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The word “us” refers to both the speaker and the hearer and so is inclusive. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “For the Lord will give to us a child” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 555 | 9:6 | g3lc | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | the rule will be on his shoulder | 0 | His authority to rule is spoken of as if it were the robe that is a symbol of his authority. Alternate translation: “he will wear his royal robe on his shoulder” or “he will have authority to rule as king.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 556 | 9:6 | r5cf | Counselor | 0 | one who advises kings | ||
| 557 | 9:7 | nq8j | Of the increase of his government and of peace there will be no end | 0 | Alternate translation: “As time passes he will rule over more and more people and enable them to live more and more peacefully” | ||
| 558 | 9:7 | yu3r | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | rules on the throne of David | 0 | Sitting on the “throne of David” is a metonym for having the right to rule; only David’s descendants could be king over Israel. Alternate translation: “has the right to rule as David’s descendant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 559 | 9:7 | k8w3 | his kingdom, to establish it and sustain it with justice and with righteousness | 0 | This can be translated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: “his kingdom. He will establish and protect his kingdom, and he will do what is fair and just” | ||
| 560 | 9:7 | ge32 | Yahweh of hosts | 0 | See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). | ||
| 561 | 9:8 | x9c9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | The Lord sent a word against Jacob, and it fell on Israel | 0 | “Send a word” means to speak. Alternate translation: “The Lord has spoken against the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
| 562 | 9:8 | nuf4 | Jacob … Israel | 0 | These names refer to the people of the northern kingdom of Israel. | ||
| 563 | 9:9 | w3k1 | Ephraim … Samaria | 0 | These names all refer to the people of the northern kingdom of Israel. | ||
| 564 | 9:9 | qbl6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | All the people will know, even Ephraim and the inhabitants of Samaria | 0 | What they will know can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “All the people will know that the Lord has judged them, even those in Ephraim and Samaria” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 565 | 9:10 | gj6i | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | The bricks have fallen, but we will rebuild with chiseled stone; the sycamores have been cut down, but we will put cedars in their place | 0 | The full meaning can be made explicit. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “We will replace the common bricks of our destroyed cities with expensive cut stone, and we will plant great cedar trees where ordinary sycamore trees grew” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 566 | 9:11 | f9f7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche | Therefore Yahweh will raise up against him Rezin, his adversary | 0 | Here “Rezin” represents himself and his army. Alternate translation: “Therefore, Yahweh will bring Rezin and his army against the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) | |
| 567 | 9:11 | imx9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names | Rezin | 0 | This is the name of a man. See how you translated Rezin in [Isaiah 7:1](../07/01.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
| 568 | 9:11 | hya1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | will stir up his enemies | 0 | The phrase “stir up” is an idiom that means to incite them to attack. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will cause Israel’s enemies to attack” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
| 569 | 9:12 | ju29 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | They will devour Israel with open mouth | 0 | “Devour” is how wild animals eat their prey. Alternate translation: “Like a wild beast eating its prey, the army of the enemy will destroy the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 570 | 9:12 | gk5w | In all these things, his anger does not subside; instead, his hand | 0 | “Even though all these things have happened, he is still angry, and his hand.” See how you translated this in [Isaiah 5:25](../05/25.md). | ||
| 571 | 9:12 | kxn9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | his hand is still stretched out | 0 | Isaiah speaks as if Yahweh were a person about to hit another person with his fist. This is a metaphor for Yahweh punishing Israel. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 5:25](../05/25.md). Alternate translation: “he will still be ready to punish them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 572 | 9:13 | f9al | Yahweh of hosts | 0 | See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). | ||
| 573 | 9:14 | in46 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | head and tail | 0 | Isaiah explains this metaphor in verse 15. The “head,” the part of an animal a person would want to be, is “the leader and the noble man,” and the “tail,” the dirty part of the animal, is “the prophet who teaches lies.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 574 | 9:14 | cj62 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | palm branch and reed | 0 | The “palm branch” grows high on the tree and is a metaphor for people who are important and rule others. The “reed” grows in shallow water and is a metaphor for people who are poor and unimportant and are ruled by others. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 575 | 9:16 | qp35 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | Those who lead this people lead them astray | 0 | The leaders causing people to disobey is spoken of as if the leaders led them on the wrong path. Alternate translation: “The leaders of Israel have caused the people to disobey God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 576 | 9:16 | ck73 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | those who are led by them are swallowed up | 0 | This is a metaphor that can be stated in active form. This could mean: (1) Alternate translation: “those that they lead become confused” or (2) Alternate translation: “Yahweh destroys those that they lead” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 577 | 9:17 | w5bb | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche | every mouth speaks foolish things | 0 | The word “mouth” refers to the person. Alternate translation: “every person speaks foolish things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) | |
| 578 | 9:17 | b4un | In all these things, his anger does not subside; instead, his hand | 0 | “Even though all these things have happened, he is still angry, and his hand.” See how you translated this in [Isaiah 5:25](../05/25.md). | ||
| 579 | 9:17 | v3li | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | his hand is still stretched out | 0 | Isaiah speaks as if Yahweh were a person about to hit another person with his fist. This is a metaphor for Yahweh punishing Israel. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 5:25](../05/25.md). Alternate translation: “he will still be ready to punish them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 580 | 9:18 | kf1q | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | Wickedness burns like a fire; it devours the briers and thorns; it even burns the thickets of the forest | 0 | The people’s evil deeds are spoken of as if they were a very destructive fire. This fire burns even the briers and thorns, plants that grow in places where people no longer live, and “the thickets of the forest” where no one has ever lived, because it has already destroyed the places where people were living. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 581 | 9:18 | ee5n | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet | briers … thorns | 0 | The words “briers” and “thorns” both refer to useless, thorny plants; they can be translated using one word. See how you translated these words in [Isaiah 7:23](../07/23.md). Alternate translation: “thorn bushes” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) | |
| 582 | 9:19 | ctw3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | Through the fury of Yahweh of hosts the land is scorched | 0 | Translate “Yahweh of hosts” as in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Like fire that scorches the land, the Lord’s intense anger will destroy the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 583 | 9:19 | bg78 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | No man spares his brother | 0 | To “spare” someone means to save them from harm. Alternate translation: “No one does anything to help his own brother escape” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
| 584 | 9:20 | e6kn | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | They will grab food on the right hand … on the left hand | 0 | This expression means that the people will grab food wherever they can find it. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 585 | 9:20 | sl21 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | Each will even eat the flesh of his own arm | 0 | This could mean: (1) people will be so hungry that they will want to eat or will actually eat their own arms or (2) the word “arm” is a metaphor for the person’s neighbor. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 586 | 9:21 | y7rj | In all these things, his anger does not subside; instead, his hand | 0 | “Even though all these things have happened, he is still angry, and his hand.” See how you translated this in [Isaiah 5:25](../05/25.md). | ||
| 587 | 9:21 | gxv7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | his hand is still stretched out | 0 | Isaiah speaks as if Yahweh were a person about to hit another person with his fist. This is a metaphor for Yahweh punishing Israel. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 5:25](../05/25.md). Alternate translation: “he will still be ready to punish them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 588 | 10:intro | dc9a | 0 | # Isaiah 10 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter begins with a prophecy that is a continuation of the prophecy beginning in 8:21. Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 10:1-11, 13-14, 15-19, 27-34.\n(See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s sovereignty\nYahweh has so much power and authority that he controls all of the nations. He even controls the nations who do not worship him. He uses Assyria to punish the kingdom of Israel.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Rhetorical Questions\n\nThere are many rhetorical questions in this chapter. Yahweh uses rhetorical questions to make statements about Israel’s sin. The Assyrians use rhetorical questions in order to boast in their pride. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) | |||
| 589 | 10:1 | gwe8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | to those who enact unjust laws and write unfair decrees | 0 | These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “to those who make laws and decrees that are not fair to everyone” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
| 590 | 10:2 | qr4b | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | They deprive the needy of justice, rob the poor of my people of their rights | 0 | These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “They are unjust to the poor and needy among my people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
| 591 | 10:2 | rlv2 | the needy | 0 | Alternate translation: “poor people” | ||
| 592 | 10:2 | mv4z | plunder widows | 0 | Alternate translation: “take everything from women whose husbands have died” | ||
| 593 | 10:2 | w83u | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | make the fatherless their prey | 0 | Isaiah compares orphans to animals that other animals hunt and eat. This emphasizes that orphans are powerless and judges can easily harm them. Alternate translation: “harm children who do not have parents like an animal that goes after its prey” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 594 | 10:2 | jwk2 | prey | 0 | Translated “prey” as in [Isaiah 5:29](../05/29.md). | ||
| 595 | 10:3 | gdt3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | What will you do on judgment day … away? | 0 | Isaiah uses a question to scold those in Judah who harm the poor and weak people. Alternate translation: “You will be able to do nothing on judgment day … away!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
| 596 | 10:3 | xh3w | judgment day | 0 | Alternate translation: “the day when Yahweh comes to judge you” or “the day when Yahweh punishes you” | ||
| 597 | 10:3 | u4fv | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | To whom will you flee for help, and where will you leave your wealth? | 0 | Isaiah uses a question to scold those in Judah who harm the poor and weak people. Alternate translation: “You have nowhere to run for help, and you will have nowhere to hide your riches!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
| 598 | 10:4 | iw4t | Nothing remains, and you crouch | 0 | This could mean: (1) “None of your wealth remains as you crouch” or (2) “You can do nothing else but crouch.” | ||
| 599 | 10:4 | p3u9 | you crouch among the prisoners or fall among the killed | 0 | Alternate translation: “your enemies will either take you as a prisoner or will kill you” | ||
| 600 | 10:4 | f4fy | In all these things, his anger does not subside | 0 | “Even though all these things have happened, he is still angry.” See how you translated this in [Isaiah 5:25](../05/25.md). | ||
| 601 | 10:4 | dg4p | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | his hand is still stretched out | 0 | Isaiah speaks as if Yahweh were a person about to hit another person with his fist. This is a metaphor for Yahweh punishing Israel. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 5:25](../05/25.md). Alternate translation: “he will still be ready to punish them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 602 | 10:5 | fhx7 | Woe | 0 | This word marks the beginning of God’s announcement about a severe punishment against Assyria. | ||
| 603 | 10:5 | e1zg | the Assyrian | 0 | This refers to the king of Assyria. | ||
| 604 | 10:5 | rrc2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | the club of my anger, the rod by whom I wield my fury | 0 | Both of these phrases mean basically the same thing. Yahweh compares the king of Assyria to a weapon a person holds in his hand and hits other people with. It emphasizes that the king of Assyria and his army are a tool that Yahweh uses to punish Israel. Alternate translation: “who will be like a weapon in my hands that I will use to show my anger” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 605 | 10:6 | bn37 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche | I send him … I order him | 0 | The word “him” here also refers to the king of Assyria. But it does not mean God is only sending the king; he is sending with him the army of Assyria. Alternate translation: “I send the army of Assyria … I order them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) | |
| 606 | 10:6 | nvq3 | against an arrogant nation and against the people who bear my overflowing wrath | 0 | Alternate translation: “to attack a nation full of proud people who have made me very angry” | ||
| 607 | 10:6 | i3fl | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | who bear my overflowing wrath | 0 | Yahweh speaks of his wrath as if it were more liquid than a container could hold; “the people” are trying to carry this container, but it is heavy, and Yahweh keeps pouring liquid in even after it starts to spill out. Alternate translation: “at whom I continue to be angry even after I have punished them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 608 | 10:6 | tam5 | to take the spoil | 0 | Alternate translation: “to take everything they have” | ||
| 609 | 10:6 | wy5h | to take the prey | 0 | to take the people like prey. See how you translated “prey” in [Isaiah 5:29](../05/29.md). | ||
| 610 | 10:6 | ay7c | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile | trample them like mud | 0 | This could mean: (1) Yahweh compares the army of Assyria attacking Israel to people stomping through mud who do not care what happens to the mud. Alternate translation: “trample them until they become like mud” or (2) the people are stomping on other people so they are lying in the mud and unable to rise. This is a metaphor for completely defeating them. Alternate translation: “completely defeat them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 611 | 10:7 | y94n | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | But this is not what he intends, nor does he think this way | 0 | The meaning of “this” and “this way” can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “But the king of Assyria does not intend to do what I tell him, nor does he think that I am using him as my weapon” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 612 | 10:7 | qn96 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet | It is in his heart to destroy and eliminate many nations | 0 | The words “destroy” and “eliminate” mean basically the same thing. They are used for emphasis. Alternate translation: “He wants to completely destroy many nations” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) | |
| 613 | 10:8 | pc5q | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | Are not all my princes kings? | 0 | The king of Assyria uses a question to emphasize what he believes everyone should already know. Alternate translation: “I have made captains of my army kings over lands I have conquered!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
| 614 | 10:9 | y1s2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | Is not Kalno like Carchemish? Is not Hamath like Arpad? Is not Samaria like Damascus? | 0 | The king of Assyria uses these questions for emphasis. Alternate translation: “Kalno is no different from Carchemish. Hamath is no different from Arpad. Samaria is no different from Damascus. I have conquered them all!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
| 615 | 10:9 | gl7w | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names | Kalno … Carchemish … Hamath … Arpad | 0 | These are all names of cities. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
| 616 | 10:10 | nda6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | As my hand has overcome | 0 | “Hand” here is a reference to military strength. Alternate translation: “As my powerful army has defeated” or “As I have conquered” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 617 | 10:10 | tpk7 | my | 0 | This refers to the king of Assyria. | ||
| 618 | 10:10 | zf5l | whose carved figures were greater | 0 | During this time people believed that the greatness of an idol showed how powerful the kingdom that had built it was. The king of Assyria is saying that because the idols in Jerusalem are not as great as the idols of the kingdoms he has defeated, Jerusalem would be less able to defeat him than they were. | ||
| 619 | 10:11 | g79t | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | just as I did to Samaria and her worthless idols | 0 | The word “Samaria” refers to the people who lived there, and “her” refers to the city of Samaria. Cities and nations were often spoken of as if they were women. Alternate translation: “just as I did to the people of Samaria and their worthless idols” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 620 | 10:11 | y8en | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | will I not also do the same to Jerusalem and to her idols? | 0 | The king of Assyria used this question to emphasize the certainty that he will conquer the people of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “I will certainly do the same to Jerusalem and her idols!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
| 621 | 10:12 | g3hp | When the Lord has finished his work on Mount Zion and on Jerusalem, I will punish | 0 | Yahweh speaks of himself as if he were someone else. “When I, the Lord, have finished my work on Mount Zion and on Jerusalem, I will punish” | ||
| 622 | 10:12 | yv7l | his work on … and on | 0 | his work of punishing. “punishing … and punishing” | ||
| 623 | 10:12 | ly8r | I will punish the speech of the arrogant heart of the king of Assyria and his prideful looks | 0 | Alternate translation: “I will punish the king of Assyria for the arrogant things he said and the look of pride on his face” | ||
| 624 | 10:13 | ty9n | For he says | 0 | Alternate translation: “For the king of Assyria says” | ||
| 625 | 10:13 | f9lx | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | I have removed … I have stolen | 0 | Here the word “I” refers to the king of Assyria. He was the leader of the Assyrian army and took credit for what the army did at his command. Alternate translation: “my army has removed … They have stolen” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 626 | 10:13 | bqh5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile | like a bull | 0 | “as strong as a bull.” Some ancient texts read, “like a mighty man.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
| 627 | 10:13 | y4e1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | I have brought down the inhabitants | 0 | This could mean: (1) the king of Assyria has shamed the people of the countries he conquered or (2) he has removed the kings of the nations so they no longer rule. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 628 | 10:13 | l61t | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche | I have brought | 0 | Here the word “I” refers to the king of Assyria. He was the leader of the Assyrian army and took credit for what the army did at his command. Alternate translation: “I and my army have brought” or “we have brought (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) | |
| 629 | 10:14 | ni7r | General Information: | 0 | # General Information:\n\nYahweh is still quoting the king of Assyria ([Isaiah 10:13](../10/13.md)). | ||
| 630 | 10:14 | a1xa | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | My hand has seized | 0 | The hand is a metonym for either the king’s power or his army. Alternate translation: “In my power I have seized” or “My army has seized” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 631 | 10:14 | ij25 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile | My hand has seized, as from a nest, the wealth of nations | 0 | The king of Assyria compares taking the treasures from the nations to a person taking eggs out of a bird’s nest. This emphasizes how easy it was for him and his army to conquer these other kingdoms. Alternate translation: “My army has stolen the wealth from the nations just as easily as a man takes eggs from a nest” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
| 632 | 10:14 | au8g | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile | as one gathers abandoned eggs, I gathered all the earth | 0 | The king of Assyria speaks of taking over nations as if he was gathering eggs. Alternate translation: “just as a person takes eggs from a nest when the bird is not there to protect them, my army has taken the treasures of every nation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
| 633 | 10:14 | yer6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile | None fluttered their wings or opened their mouth or chirped | 0 | This compares the nations to a bird who sits quietly while her eggs are taken. This emphasizes that the nations did nothing while the army of Assyria took all of their possessions. Alternate translation: “And like a bird that does not make a sound or flap her wings when someone steals her eggs, the nations did nothing as we took their treasure” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
| 634 | 10:15 | kg69 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | Will the ax boast about itself against the one who wields it? Will the saw praise itself more than the one who cuts with it? | 0 | The speaker uses these questions to mock the king of Assyria. Alternate translation: “An ax cannot boast that it is better than the one who holds it. And a saw does not get more glory than the one who cuts with it.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
| 635 | 10:15 | l68v | the saw | 0 | a sharp tool used for cutting wood | ||
| 636 | 10:15 | e8a7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | It is as if a rod could lift up those who raise it, or as if a wooden club could lift up a person | 0 | These phrases mean basically the same thing and are used to strengthen the meaning of the two questions before it. This can be translated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: “And neither can a rod or staff lift the person who picks it up” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
| 637 | 10:16 | n3zs | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | Therefore the Lord Yahweh of hosts will send emaciation among his elite warriors | 0 | It is unclear whether Yahweh or Isaiah is speaking. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **emaciation**, you can express the same idea with the verb “make weak.” Alternate translation: “Therefore I, Lord Yahweh of hosts, will make the king’s strongest soldiers weak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 638 | 10:16 | h9uv | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile | under his glory there will be kindled a burning like fire | 0 | Yahweh compares his punishment to a fire. This emphasizes that his punishment will completely destroy all the splendor and greatness of the kingdom of Assyria. Alternate translation: “I will destroy his greatness as if I were starting a fire to burn everything he is proud of” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
| 639 | 10:17 | xf7a | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | The light of Israel will become a fire | 0 | The phrase “light of Israel” refers to Yahweh. It is unclear whether Yahweh or Isaiah is speaking. Alternate translation: “I, Yahweh, the light of Israel, will become like a fire, able to destroy everyone that does not honor me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 640 | 10:17 | x81s | his Holy One a flame | 0 | “I, Yahweh, the Holy one of Israel, will become like a flame.” See how you translated “Holy One” in [Isaiah 1:4](../01/04.md). | ||
| 641 | 10:17 | nh6j | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | it will burn and devour his thorns and briers | 0 | “The fire will burn and devour the king of Assyria’s thorns and briars.” The speaker compares the king of Assyria’s army to thorns and briers. This emphasizes how easily God will destroy them. Alternate translation: “I will destroy the Assyrians like a fire burning thorns and briers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 642 | 10:17 | a8i4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet | thorns … briers | 0 | The words “briers” and “thorns” both refer to useless, thorny plants; they can be translated using one expression. See how you translated these words in [Isaiah 7:23](../07/23.md). Alternate translation: “thorn bushes” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) | |
| 643 | 10:18 | e4pz | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | Yahweh will consume the glory of his forest and of his fruitful land | 0 | This could mean: (1) “Yahweh will destroy the great forests and farmlands in the nation of Assyria” or (2) “Yahweh will destroy the army of Assyria as a fire burns up great forests and farmlands.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 644 | 10:18 | ice3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism | both soul and body | 0 | This could mean: (1) this emphasizes that God will completely destroy the forests and farmlands. Alternate translation: “completely” or (2) this means God will completely destroy the people of Assyria. The phrase “soul and body” refers to the spiritual part and the physical part of a person. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) | |
| 645 | 10:18 | r1h9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile | it will be like when a sick man’s life wastes away | 0 | This compares either the forests and farmlands of Assyria or the army of Assyria to a sick man as he lies in bed dying. This emphasizes how something so great can become weak and dying. Alternate translation: “they will be like a sick man who grows weak and dies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
| 646 | 10:19 | li2a | The remnant of the trees of his forest will be so few | 0 | Alternate translation: “What remains of the trees in the king’s forest will be so few” | ||
| 647 | 10:20 | whj2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | On that day | 0 | This refers to the time when God does the things that are described in [Isaiah 10:16-19](./16.md). Alternate translation: “At that time” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
| 648 | 10:20 | jx5m | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | that has escaped | 0 | The meaning can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “that has escaped from the army of Assyria” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 649 | 10:20 | t38g | will no longer rely on the one who defeated them | 0 | Alternate translation: “will no longer rely on the king of Assyria, who harmed them” | ||
| 650 | 10:20 | j4ug | Holy One | 0 | See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:4](../01/04.md). | ||
| 651 | 10:22 | l3hy | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you | your people, Israel, are | 0 | Here, **your** is singular. Possible meanings are: (1) God is speaking to Isaiah and “your” refers to Isaiah. Alternate translation: “your people Israel are” or (2) Isaiah or God is speaking to the nation of Israel and “your” refers to the nation. Alternate translation: “your people, O Israel, are” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) | |
| 652 | 10:22 | tmc6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile | are like the sand of the seashore | 0 | This emphasizes that there were a great number of people of Israel. Alternate translation: “are too many to count, like the sand on the seashore” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
| 653 | 10:22 | xt1x | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | Destruction is decreed | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has decreed that he will destroy most of those who live in Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 654 | 10:22 | gb5g | as overflowing righteousness demands | 0 | This can be translated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: “This must be done for the sake of perfect righteousness” or “Yahweh must do this because he is completely righteous” | ||
| 655 | 10:23 | m3jr | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | carry out the destruction determined throughout the land | 0 | This can be translated in active form. This could mean: (1) Alternate translation: “destroy everything in the land just as he has determined to do” or (2) Alternate translation: “destroy the people in the land just as he has determined to do.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 656 | 10:23 | b19q | determined | 0 | Alternate translation: “decided” | ||
| 657 | 10:24 | ww5n | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | the Assyrian | 0 | Isaiah speaks of the king of Assyria and his army as if he were one man. Alternate translation: “the king of Assyria and his army” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
| 658 | 10:24 | i2ep | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | He will strike you with the rod and raise his staff against you | 0 | The words “rod” and “staff” refer to pieces of wood that people use as clubs to beat animals and other people. Isaiah speaks of the way the Assyrians will rule over the Israelites as if the Assyrians were beating the Israelites with clubs. Alternate translation: “He will rule over you and make slaves of you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 659 | 10:24 | an2d | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche | He will strike | 0 | The word “He” refers to “the Assyrian” which represents the king of Assyria and his army. Alternate translation: “He and his army will strike” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) | |
| 660 | 10:24 | l3xf | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | as the Egyptians did | 0 | The full meaning can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “as the Egyptians ruled over your ancestors and made them slaves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 661 | 10:25 | w374 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | my anger will lead to his destruction | 0 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **destruction**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “I will destroy him because I am angry with him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 662 | 10:26 | h791 | Yahweh of hosts | 0 | See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). | ||
| 663 | 10:26 | fnc8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | will wield a whip against them | 0 | “will beat the Assyrians with a whip.” God will not really use a whip. This refers to God’s power to punish the Assyrians severely. Alternate translation: “will punish the Assyrians severely as if with a whip” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 664 | 10:26 | zpq7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names | as when he defeated Midian at the rock of Oreb | 0 | This refers to when God helped a man named Gideon defeat the army of Midian. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
| 665 | 10:26 | vx2h | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | He will raise his rod over the sea and lift it up as he did in Egypt | 0 | This speaks of God rescuing the people from the Assyrians as if they were the Egyptian army. This refers to when God caused the water of the Red Sea to split so the people of Israel could escape from the Egyptian army and so that the Egyptian army would drown in it. Alternate translation: “He will help you escape from the army of Assyria as he helped your ancestors escape the army of Egypt” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 666 | 10:27 | e1j7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | his burden is lifted from your shoulder and his yoke from off your neck | 0 | “Yahweh will lift the burden that Assyria has put on your shoulder, and he will remove the yoke that they have put on your neck.” These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The words “burden” and “yoke” refer to slavery. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will remove the Assyrians who oppress you and will stop them from making you their slaves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 667 | 10:27 | x77u | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | the yoke will be destroyed because of fatness | 0 | This expression suggests that the neck of the animal that is wearing the yoke will become too fat to fit the yoke any longer. This is a metaphor for Israel becoming so strong that the Assyrians can no longer rule them. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “your neck will become so fat that it will break the yoke” or “you will become so strong that you will no longer be the Assyrians’ slaves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 668 | 10:28 | dh9d | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture | has come … has passed … has stored | 0 | Isaiah speaks of these future events as though they have already happened. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) | |
| 669 | 10:28 | c6sg | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names | Aiath … Migron … Michmash | 0 | These are all cities and villages near Jerusalem that the army of Assyria went through and caused trouble in. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
| 670 | 10:29 | nvp6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture | have crossed … lodge … trembles … has fled | 0 | Isaiah speaks of these future events as though they have already happened. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) | |
| 671 | 10:29 | fay6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names | Geba … Ramah … Gibeah | 0 | These are all cities and villages near Jerusalem that the army of Assyria went through and caused trouble in. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
| 672 | 10:29 | b3vg | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | Ramah trembles and Gibeah of Saul has fled | 0 | Here “Ramah” and “Gibeah of Saul” refer to the people who lived in those cities. Alternate translation: “The people of Ramah tremble and the people of Gibeah of Saul have fled” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 673 | 10:30 | y4ej | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | daughter of Gallim | 0 | The word “daughter” here refers to the people who live in the city. Alternate translation: “Gallim” or “people of Gallim” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
| 674 | 10:30 | ybe1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | Gallim … Laishah … Anathoth | 0 | These are names of more cities and villages near Jerusalem that the Assyrian army traveled through causing fear among the people. All of these refer to the people who live in these places. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
| 675 | 10:31 | dv9p | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | Madmenah … Gebim | 0 | These are names of more cities and villages near Jerusalem that the Assyrian army traveled through causing fear among the people. All of these refer to the people who live in these places. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
| 676 | 10:32 | dub4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | Nob | 0 | This is the name of a village or city near Jerusalem that the Assyrian army traveled through causing fear among the people. It refers to the people who live in this place. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
| 677 | 10:32 | bf9q | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | he will halt at Nob and shake his fist | 0 | Here “he” and “his” refer to the king of Assyria and his soldiers. People would shake their fists at people whom they were threatening. Alternate translation: “the army of Assyria will stop at Nob and threaten” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
| 678 | 10:32 | crq2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | the mountain of the daughter of Zion, the hill of Jerusalem | 0 | The words “mount” and “hill” are metonyms for the people who live on them. The words “mount of the daughter of Zion” mean almost the same thing as the words “hill of Jerusalem.” See how they are translated in [Isaiah 2:14](../02/14.md). Alternate translation: “the people of Mount Zion and the people living on the hill in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) | |
| 679 | 10:33 | fn7x | Behold | 0 | This can be translated as “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you.” | ||
| 680 | 10:33 | a8t9 | Yahweh of hosts | 0 | See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). | ||
| 681 | 10:33 | bh4r | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | will lop off the boughs … the lofty will be brought low | 0 | Isaiah speaks of the army of Assyria as if it were the tall trees in Lebanon. God will destroy the army like people cutting down the mighty trees of Lebanon. This emphasizes that though the army is strong, God has the power to destroy it. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 682 | 10:33 | qb4e | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | will lop off the boughs | 0 | “will cut off the big branches of the trees.” In order to make it clear that this refers to the army of Assyria, it can be translated as a simile: He will destroy the army of Assyria like strong men cutting off the big branches of trees. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 683 | 10:33 | xxu4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | with a terrifying crash | 0 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **crash**, you can express the same idea with the verb “make a noise.” Alternate translation: “and the branches will crash down on the ground and make a terrifying noise” or “and the branches will fall to the ground with a very loud noise” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 684 | 10:33 | jg1h | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | the tallest trees will be cut down | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he will cut down the tallest trees” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 685 | 10:33 | uza4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | the tallest trees | 0 | This is a metaphor for “the strongest soldiers.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 686 | 10:33 | n2ts | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | the lofty will be brought low | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he will bring down the lofty people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 687 | 10:33 | bra5 | lofty | 0 | proud | ||
| 688 | 10:34 | f4p6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | He will chop down the thickets … and Lebanon in his majesty will fall | 0 | Isaiah speaks of the army of Assyria as if it were the tall trees in Lebanon. God will destroy the army like people cutting down the mighty trees of Lebanon. This emphasizes that though the army is strong, God has the power to destroy it. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 689 | 10:34 | xu8i | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | the thickets of the forest | 0 | “the dense shrubs in the forest.” This is possibly a metaphor for those people who are not well known. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 690 | 10:34 | g78z | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | Lebanon in his majesty will fall | 0 | “the forests of Lebanon will no longer be so grand.” This is possibly a metaphor for the Assyrian army. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will defeat the army of Assyria, as mighty as it is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 691 | 11:intro | v1l2 | 0 | # Isaiah 11 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Messiah\n\nThe prophecies of this chapter focus on the coming Messiah. Some of these prophecies concern the first coming of Jesus, while some reference a future day of restoration. The author transitions between these time periods without telling his reader. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Ambiguity\n\nIt is uncertain what period of time these prophecies refer to or who will fulfill them. The translator should allow this uncertainty and ambiguity to remain. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) | |||
| 692 | 11:1 | fxf2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | A shoot will sprout from the stump of Jesse … a branch out of his roots will bear fruit | 0 | Isaiah speaks of Jesse and his descendants as if they were a tree that had been cut down. Both of these phrases tell about a descendant of Jesse who would be king. Alternate translation: “As a shoot sprouts out of a tree stump, so a descendant of Jesse will become king over what remains of Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 693 | 11:1 | b412 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | the stump of Jesse | 0 | A stump is what remains of a tree after it is chopped down. The “stump of Jesse” represents what was left of the kingdom that Jesse’s son David was once king of. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 694 | 11:2 | ptc5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | The Spirit of Yahweh will rest upon him | 0 | Resting upon him represents being with him and helping him. The word “him” refers to the one who would become king. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 695 | 11:2 | jsu4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | the Spirit of wisdom … the Spirit of instruction … the Spirit of knowledge … the fear of Yahweh | 0 | Here the word “Spirit” refers to an ability or quality that the Spirit of Yahweh would give him. Alternate translation: “and he will cause him to have wisdom and understanding, instruction and might, knowledge and the fear of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 696 | 11:3 | dks6 | Connecting Statement: | 0 | # Connecting Statement:\n\nIsaiah continues to describe the king. | ||
| 697 | 11:3 | euz8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | he will not judge by what his eyes see | 0 | The phrase “what his eyes see” refers to seeing things that are not important for judging a person rightly. Alternate translation: “he will not judge a person simply by seeing what the person looks like” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 698 | 11:3 | vff3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | nor decide by what his ears hear | 0 | “and he will not decide by what his ears hear.” The phrase “what his ears hear” refers to hearing what people say about someone. Alternate translation: “and he will not judge a person simply by hearing what others say about him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 699 | 11:4 | qt3z | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj | the poor … the humble … the wicked | 0 | These phrases refer to people who have these qualities. Alternate translation: “poor people … humble people … wicked people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) | |
| 700 | 11:4 | i8ls | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | He will strike the earth with the rod of his mouth … with the breath of his lips he will slay the wicked | 0 | These two phrases mean basically the same thing. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
| 701 | 11:4 | t6i4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | He will strike the earth with the rod of his mouth | 0 | The word “earth” here represents the people on earth. Striking them with the rod of his mouth represents judging them, and that judgement will lead to punishment. Alternate translation: “He will judge the people of the earth, and they will be punished” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 702 | 11:4 | ud4k | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | with the breath of his lips he will slay the wicked | 0 | The “breath of his lips” represents him judging them. Alternate translation: “he will judge wicked people, and they will be killed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 703 | 11:5 | izw4 | the belt of his waist … the belt around his hips | 0 | This could mean: (1) the belt is used to secure one’s clothes so he can work, or (2) the belt is an undergarment, or (3) the belt is a sash that a king wears to show his authority. | ||
| 704 | 11:5 | d2b4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | Righteousness will be the belt of his waist | 0 | Wearing righteousness like a belt represents being righteous. This could mean: (1) the king’s righteousness will enable him to rule. Alternate translation: “His righteousness will be a like a belt around his waist” or (2) the king’s righteousness would show his authority to rule. Alternate translation: “He will rule righteously” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 705 | 11:5 | xpa4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis | faithfulness the belt around his hips | 0 | The words “will be” are understood in this phrase. Alternate translation: “faithfulness will be the belt around his hips” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
| 706 | 11:5 | z7kt | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | faithfulness the belt around his hips | 0 | Wearing faithfulness like a belt represents being faithful. This could mean: (1) the king’s faithfulness will enable him to rule, or (2) the king’s faithfulness will show his authority to rule. Alternate translation: “his faithfulness will be a like a belt around his hips” or “he will rule faithfully” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 707 | 11:6 | x4db | General Information: | 0 | # General Information:\n\nIsaiah describes what the world will be like when the king rules. There will be complete peace in the world. This is shown by the peace that there will be even among animals. Animals that normally kill other animals will not kill them, and they will all be safe together. | ||
| 708 | 11:6 | vib1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun | The wolf … the leopard … the young lion | 0 | These phrases refer to these animals in general, not to a specific wolf or leopard. These are all strong animals that attack and eat other animals. Alternate translation: “Wolves … leopards … young lions” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) | |
| 709 | 11:6 | ns1s | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun | the lamb … the young goat … the calf … the fattened calf | 0 | The phrases refer to these animals in general, not to a specific lamb or goat. These are all animals that eat grass and straw. Other animals sometimes attack and eat them. Alternate translation: “lambs … young goats … calves … fattened calves … Cows … oxen” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) | |
| 710 | 11:6 | uz7p | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown | leopard | 0 | a large cat with yellow fur and black spots that kills and eats other animals (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) | |
| 711 | 11:6 | z3nc | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis | the calf, the young lion and the fattened calf, together | 0 | The phrase “will be” is understood. Alternate translation: “the calf, the lion, and the fattened calf will be together” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
| 712 | 11:6 | z96c | A little child will lead them | 0 | A child will take care of them and lead them to good places to drink water and eat grass or hay. | ||
| 713 | 11:7 | u4nf | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun | the bear … The lion | 0 | These phrases refer to these animals in general, not to a specific wolf or leopard. These are all strong animals that attack and eat other animals. Alternate translation: “Wolves … leopards … young lions … bears … Lions” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) | |
| 714 | 11:7 | i5nr | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun | The cow … the ox | 0 | The phrases refer to these animals in general, not to a specific lamb or goat. These are all animals that eat grass and straw. Other animals sometimes attack and eat them. Alternate translation: “lambs … young goats … calves … fattened calves … Cows … oxen” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) | |
| 715 | 11:7 | u76u | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown | bear | 0 | a very large animal with thick hair and sharp claws that kills and eats other animals (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) | |
| 716 | 11:7 | jf3m | will graze together | 0 | Alternate translation: “will eat grass together” | ||
| 717 | 11:7 | shd9 | their young | 0 | This refers to the animals’ offspring shortly after they are born. | ||
| 718 | 11:8 | bkr7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | A baby will play over the hole of the snake | 0 | It can be stated clearly that the baby will be safe because the snake will not bite it. Alternate translation: “Babies will play safely over the hole of the snake” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 719 | 11:8 | nmp6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun | the snake … the serpent’s den | 0 | These phrases refer to poisonous snakes in general. Alternate translation: “snakes … serpents’ dens” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) | |
| 720 | 11:8 | c4md | the weaned child | 0 | a child who no longer drinks its mother’s milk | ||
| 721 | 11:9 | czb2 | on all my holy mountain | 0 | The “holy mountain” is Mount Zion, in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “on all of Yahweh’s holy mountain” | ||
| 722 | 11:9 | zv3a | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | the earth will be full of knowledge of Yahweh | 0 | The phrase “knowledge of Yahweh” represents people who know Yahweh. Alternate translation: “the earth will be full of those who know Yahweh” or “those who know Yahweh will cover the earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 723 | 11:9 | asy7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile | as the waters cover the sea | 0 | This phrase is used to show how full the earth will be of people who know Yahweh. You may want to help your readers to understand that it does this by using words that are similar to the words in the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “as the seas are full of water” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
| 724 | 11:10 | b699 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | the root of Jesse | 0 | This refers to Jesse’s and King David’s descendant who would become the king that was told about in [Isaiah 1:1](../01/01.md). Alternate translation: “Jesse’s descendant king” or “the king descended from Jesse” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 725 | 11:10 | x6gn | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile | will stand as a banner for the peoples | 0 | A banner is a flag that a king would raise as a sign for people to see it and come to him. Alternate translation: “will be like a sign for the peoples” or “will attract the peoples to come to him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
| 726 | 11:10 | e7wp | The nations | 0 | Alternate translation: “The people of the nations” | ||
| 727 | 11:11 | g27p | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | the Lord will again extend his hand to recover the remnant of his people | 0 | The hand is a reference to God’s power. Alternate translation: “the Lord will again use his power to bring back the remnant of his people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 728 | 11:11 | nr2i | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names | Pathros … Elam … Hamath | 0 | These are names of places. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
| 729 | 11:12 | f68i | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | He will set up a banner for the nations | 0 | This could mean: (1) “The Lord will set up the king as a banner for the nations” or (2) “The king will set up a banner for the nations” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 730 | 11:12 | n5uv | a banner for the nations | 0 | Alternate translation: “a flag for the nations to see” or “a flag to call the nations to himself” | ||
| 731 | 11:12 | wg94 | the dispersed of Judah | 0 | Alternate translation: “the people of Judah who had been scattered around the world” | ||
| 732 | 11:12 | n4s1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche | from the four corners of the earth | 0 | The earth is pictured as if it has four corners, and those corners are its most distant places. This refers to everywhere on earth where those people might be. Alternate translation: “from even the most distant places of the earth” or “from all over the earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) | |
| 733 | 11:13 | tv6k | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | He will turn aside the envy of Ephraim | 0 | Ephraim here refers to the descendants of the northern kingdom of Israel. The noun “envy” can be expressed as an adjective. Alternate translation: “He will stop the people of Ephraim from being envious” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 734 | 11:13 | f12r | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | Judah will no longer be hostile to Ephraim | 0 | Judah here refers to the descendants of the southern kingdom. This phrase can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he will stop the people of Judah from being hostile” or “he will stop the people of Judah from hating” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 735 | 11:14 | j77a | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | they will swoop down on the Philistine hills | 0 | The people of Israel and Judah are pictured as if they were birds that fly down quickly to attack a person or animal. Alternate translation: “they will go quickly to the Philistine hills to attack the people there” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 736 | 11:15 | cx6x | the gulf of the Sea of Egypt | 0 | A “gulf” is a large area of water that land partly surrounds. | ||
| 737 | 11:15 | u6da | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | With his scorching wind he will wave his hand over the Euphrates River | 0 | Waving his hand over something represents his power to change it. Alternate translation: “By his power he will cause a scorching wind to blow on the Euphrates River” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 738 | 11:15 | k4y5 | his scorching wind | 0 | This is a strong or hot wind that causes some of the water in rivers to dry up. | ||
| 739 | 11:15 | hj6s | so it can be crossed over in sandals | 0 | Alternate translation: “so that people can cross over it even while wearing their sandals” | ||
| 740 | 11:16 | e52k | There will be a highway | 0 | A highway is a large road that many people can travel on. “Yahweh will make a road” | ||
| 741 | 11:16 | b1xk | in their coming up from the land of Egypt | 0 | Alternate translation: “when they came up from the land of Egypt” | ||
| 742 | 12:intro | x9cy | 0 | # Isaiah 12 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### “That day”\nThe time of this day is unclear. It may be a time in the near future for Isaiah, or a time in the distant future for him. In the latter case, it would reference the last days. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Tense\n\nExtra care must be taken in translating the tense of this chapter. The author talks about the future, but frequently changes to speak in the present tense. Some languages will have difficulty speaking in this way. | |||
| 743 | 12:1 | b681 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | On that day | 0 | It can be stated clearly what time is being referred to. Alternate translation: “At that time” or “When the king rules” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 744 | 12:1 | cgh8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | your wrath has turned away | 0 | God’s wrath is spoken of as if it were a person that could turn away and leave. It means that God has stopped being angry. Alternate translation: “You are no longer angry with me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
| 745 | 12:2 | il35 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | God is my salvation | 0 | God causing someone’s salvation is spoken of as if God were that salvation. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **salvation**, you can express the same idea with the noun “savior” or the verb “save.” Alternate translation: “God causes my salvation” or “God is my savior” or “God is the one who saves me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 746 | 12:2 | g2h1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | Yahweh is my strength | 0 | God causing someone to be strong is spoken of as if Yahweh were their strength. Alternate translation: “Yahweh makes me strong” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 747 | 12:2 | d9eg | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | song | 0 | The word “song” here represents what a person sings about. Alternate translation: “the one I joyfully sing about” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 748 | 12:2 | bt8a | He has become my salvation | 0 | Alternate translation: “He has saved me” | ||
| 749 | 12:3 | ig6e | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | With joy you will draw water from the wells of salvation | 0 | Isaiah speaks of people being saved as if they were getting salvation the way people get water out of well. Alternate translation: “you will rejoice when he saves you, as people rejoice when they draw water from a well” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 750 | 12:4 | ut6u | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | call upon his name | 0 | Here “his name” refers to Yahweh. Calling on him represents either praising him or asking him for help. Alternate translation: “praise him loudly” or “call to him to help you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 751 | 12:4 | jq63 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | declare his deeds among the peoples | 0 | The noun “deeds” can be expressed with the phrase “what he has done.” Alternate translation: “Tell the peoples about the great things he has done” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 752 | 12:4 | wi1x | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | proclaim that his name is exalted | 0 | Here “his name” refers to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “proclaim that he is exalted” or “proclaim that he is great” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 753 | 12:6 | b2j7 | for great in your midst is the Holy One of Israel | 0 | Alternate translation: “because the Holy One of Israel, who lives among you, is mighty” or “because the Holy One of Israel is mighty and he lives among you” | ||
| 754 | 13:intro | qak7 | 0 | # Isaiah 13 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Prophecies\n\nIt is unclear who is addressed by these prophecies. At times, it appears to be the people of Judah, while at other times it seems to reference the last days. This ambiguity should remain in translation. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]]) | |||
| 755 | 13:1 | ifl8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | about Babylon | 0 | The name of the city stands for the people of Babylon. Alternate translation: “about the people of Babylon” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 756 | 13:1 | t34a | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names | Amoz | 0 | Amoz was the father of Isaiah. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:1](../01/01.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
| 757 | 13:2 | she6 | cry aloud to them | 0 | The word “them” refers to soldiers from another country. | ||
| 758 | 13:2 | dkx5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | the gates of the nobles | 0 | This could mean: (1) “the gates of Babylon where the nobles live” or (2) “the gates of the nobles’ large houses” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 759 | 13:2 | tsg1 | the nobles | 0 | Alternate translation: “the respected people” or “the rulers” | ||
| 760 | 13:3 | tw9g | my holy ones | 0 | Alternate translation: “the ones I have set apart for myself” or “the army that I have set apart for myself” | ||
| 761 | 13:3 | mlu4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | I have called my mighty men to execute my anger | 0 | Executing God’s anger represents punishing people because of God’s anger. Alternate translation: “I have called my mighty soldiers to punish the people of Babylon because they have made me angry” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 762 | 13:3 | ye22 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | even my proudly exulting ones | 0 | “even those who proudly exult.” Why they proudly exult can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “even my people who proudly exult because of the great things I do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 763 | 13:4 | pl8f | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis | The noise of a multitude in the mountains, as of many people | 0 | The words “there is” are understood. The phrases “multitude” and “many people” mean the same thing. Alternate translation: “There is the noise of many people in the mountains” or “There is the noise of a great crowd of people in the mountains” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
| 764 | 13:4 | gi1h | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis | The noise of a tumult of the kingdoms like many nations gathered together | 0 | The words “there is” are understood. The words “kingdoms” and “nations” here refer to the same thing. Alternate translation: “There is the noisy commotion of many kingdoms gathered together” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
| 765 | 13:4 | h5sg | is mustering | 0 | Alternate translation: “is gathering” | ||
| 766 | 13:5 | d44z | from way over the horizon | 0 | Alternate translation: “from places far beyond the horizon” or “from very distant places” | ||
| 767 | 13:5 | dlj9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | his instruments of judgment | 0 | The soldiers that God is sending to attack Babylon are spoken of as if they were weapons. “Judgment” represents punishment because God has judged Babylon. Alternate translation: “the army that he will use to punish Babylon” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 768 | 13:6 | qux3 | Howl | 0 | cry out loud. The word is usually used of an animal making a sound because it is in pain. | ||
| 769 | 13:6 | dff2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | the day of Yahweh is near | 0 | Something that is about to happen soon is spoken of as if it is coming near. Alternate translation: “the day of Yahweh will happen soon” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 770 | 13:6 | x1dx | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | it comes with destruction from the Almighty | 0 | The word “it” refers to the day of Yahweh. “It comes with destruction” means that destruction will happen on that day. “Destruction from the Almighty” means that the Almighty will destroy them. Alternate translation: “on that day, the Almighty God will destroy them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 771 | 13:7 | cd7a | all hands hang limp | 0 | This shows that all the people are very weak and unable to do anything. | ||
| 772 | 13:7 | zbv6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | every heart melts | 0 | People being terribly afraid is spoken of as if their hearts melt. Alternate translation: “everyone is terribly afraid” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 773 | 13:8 | cx1n | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | pain and agony will seize them | 0 | People suddenly feeling terrible pain and sorrow is spoken of as if the pains and sorrows were people who grab them. Alternate translation: “they will suddenly feel terrible pain and agony” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
| 774 | 13:8 | f5tf | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | like a woman in labor | 0 | Being in labor represents giving birth to a baby. Alternate translation: “like a woman giving birth to a baby” or “like the pain of a woman who is giving birth to a baby” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 775 | 13:8 | ixg7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | their faces will be aflame | 0 | Their faces being hot and red is spoken of as if they were burning. Possible reasons for their faces being hot are: (1) the people are very afraid or (2) the people feel ashamed or (3) the people cry. Alternate translation: “their faces will be hot and red” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 776 | 13:9 | wx9a | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | the day of Yahweh comes with cruel wrath and overflowing anger | 0 | The day coming with wrath and anger means that there will be wrath and anger on that day. The abstract nouns “wrath” and “anger” can be expressed with the adjectives “furious” and “angry.” Alternate translation: “on the day of Yahweh, he will be furious and extremely angry” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 777 | 13:9 | g4nq | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | overflowing anger | 0 | Anger here is spoken of as if the one who is angry is a container filled with anger. Overflowing anger means that he is extremely angry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 778 | 13:9 | i8e4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | to make the land a desolation | 0 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **desolation**, you can express the same idea with the verb “ruin.” Alternate translation: “to ruin the land” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 779 | 13:10 | d93q | The stars of heaven and the constellations | 0 | Alternate translation: “The stars in the sky” | ||
| 780 | 13:10 | njr5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | will not give their light | 0 | Giving light represents “shining.” Alternate translation: “will not shine” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
| 781 | 13:10 | mgq5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | The sun will be darkened | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will darken the sun” or “The sun will be dark” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 782 | 13:11 | s3b1 | Connecting Statement: | 0 | # Connecting Statement:\n\nYahweh continues to talk about what he will do on the day of Yahweh. | ||
| 783 | 13:11 | n1em | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | the world | 0 | This refers to people. Alternate translation: “the people of the world” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 784 | 13:11 | e48c | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj | the wicked … the proud … the ruthless | 0 | These phrases refer to people who have these qualities. Alternate translation: “wicked people … proud people … ruthless people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) | |
| 785 | 13:11 | d1ab | the ruthless | 0 | Alternate translation: “cruel people” | ||
| 786 | 13:11 | j6vq | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | will bring down the arrogance of the ruthless | 0 | Being low often represents being humble. Bringing down people’s arrogance represents making them humble. Alternate translation: “will humble the ruthless” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 787 | 13:12 | myy1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | I will make men more rare than fine gold | 0 | Why there will be so few people can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “I will cause so many people to die that living people will be more rare than fine gold” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 788 | 13:12 | fe8w | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | men more rare than fine gold … mankind harder to find than the pure gold of Ophir | 0 | These two phrases mean basically the same thing. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
| 789 | 13:12 | bwf1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names | pure gold of Ophir | 0 | Ophir was the name of a place where there was pure gold. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
| 790 | 13:14 | d26d | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown | Like a hunted gazelle or like a sheep with no shepherd | 0 | Yahweh speaks of the defenseless people of Israel as if they were a gazelle or a sheep that was being chased by hunters or wild animals. Alternate translation: “Like gazelles that run away swiftly when people hunt them, and like sheep that have no shepherd run away from wild animals” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
| 791 | 13:14 | mn88 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown | gazelle | 0 | an animal that is similar to a deer. People hunt them, and wild animals sometimes attack and kill them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) | |
| 792 | 13:14 | x7hp | like a sheep with no shepherd | 0 | Sheep that have no shepherd have no one to protect them from wild animals that attack and kill them. | ||
| 793 | 13:15 | e18y | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | Every one who is found will be killed … every one who is captured will die by the sword | 0 | These two phrases mean basically the same thing. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The enemy will kill with the sword everyone they find” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 794 | 13:16 | zj38 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | Their infants also will be dashed in pieces | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The enemy will also dash their infants to pieces” or “The enemy will beat their infants until they die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 795 | 13:16 | hv3v | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | before their eyes | 0 | Here the people are represented by their “eyes” to emphasize what they see. It can be stated clearly that the parents are unable to help their infants. Alternate translation: “in front of them” or “while their parents helplessly watch” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) | |
| 796 | 13:16 | j6pn | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | Their houses will be plundered | 0 | This means that everything valuable will be stolen from their houses. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The enemy will plunder the people’s houses” or “The enemy will steal everything valuable from the people’s houses” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 797 | 13:16 | tfy7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis | their wives raped | 0 | This means that the enemies will attack the women and force them to have sex with them. The words “will be” are understood. This can also be expressed with an active form. Alternate translation: “their wives will be raped” or “their enemies will rape their wives” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 798 | 13:17 | q8ne | Connecting Statement: | 0 | # Connecting Statement:\n\nYahweh continues speaking. | ||
| 799 | 13:17 | nqb5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | I am about to stir up the Medes to attack them | 0 | Making people want to do something is spoken of as stirring them up. Alternate translation: “I am about to make the Medes want to attack them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 800 | 13:18 | xh97 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | Their bows will strike down | 0 | Here “their bows” is a metonym for the soldiers who use the bows. Alternate translation: “Their soldiers will use bows and arrows to kill” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 801 | 13:19 | fu8y | Connecting Statement: | 0 | # Connecting Statement:\n\nYahweh continues speaking. | ||
| 802 | 13:19 | cz67 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | the most admired of kingdoms | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the kingdom that people most admire” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 803 | 13:19 | z4ui | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | Then Babylon … will be overthrown by God | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Then God will destroy Babylon, the most admired of kingdoms, the splendor of Chaldean pride, as he destroyed Sodom and Gomorrah” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 804 | 13:19 | qt9e | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | the splendor of Chaldean pride | 0 | The abstract nouns “splendor” and “pride” can be translated with adjectives. The word “splendor” refers to the beautiful appearance of Babylon. Alternate translation: “the beautiful city that the Chaldeans are so proud of” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 805 | 13:20 | lb19 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet | It will not be inhabited or lived in | 0 | The two verbs mean basically the same thing. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “No one will live in it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 806 | 13:20 | zgq2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | from generation to generation | 0 | The phrase “generation to generation” refers to all generations of people who will live in the future. Alternate translation: “for ever” or “ever again” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
| 807 | 13:20 | vjg1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun | The Arab | 0 | This refers to Arab people in general, not one person. Alternate translation: “Arabs” or “Arab people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) | |
| 808 | 13:21 | aq3d | Connecting Statement: | 0 | # Connecting Statement:\n\nYahweh continues speaking about what will happen to Babylon. | ||
| 809 | 13:21 | t272 | will lie there | 0 | Alternate translation: “will lie in Babylon” | ||
| 810 | 13:21 | ym5w | Their houses | 0 | Alternate translation: “The people’s houses” | ||
| 811 | 13:21 | a5fz | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown | owls | 0 | Owls are wild birds that hunt at night. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) | |
| 812 | 13:21 | tw7k | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown | ostriches | 0 | Ostriches are large wild birds that run fast and cannot fly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) | |
| 813 | 13:22 | r81d | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown | Hyenas | 0 | Hyenas are large wild animals that look like dogs and eat dead animals. Their loud cry sounds like a person laughing. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) | |
| 814 | 13:22 | inv9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis | jackals in the beautiful palaces | 0 | The words “will cry” are understood. Alternate translation: “jackals will cry in the beautiful palaces” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
| 815 | 13:22 | ly2k | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown | jackals | 0 | wild dogs (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) | |
| 816 | 13:22 | wym1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | Her time is near, and her days will not be delayed | 0 | These two phrases mean basically the same thing. “Her time” and “her days” both refer to the time that God has chosen for Babylon to be destroyed. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The time that all of this will happen to the people of Babylon is near, and nothing will stop it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 817 | 14:intro | k7wp | 0 | # Isaiah 14 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 14:4-27, 29-32.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Satan\n\nIt is believed that this chapter references Satan. It describes Satan as a star fallen from heaven. There are five important statements beginning with the words “I will” which appear to show the essence of Satan’s sin. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/satan]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])\n\n### Babylon\n\nThis is the name of the kingdom that conquered Judah, but it is also the name representing Satan’s kingdom in prophecies. They were not yet a world power when these words were spoken. It should be translated as “Babylon,” but translators should be aware of its dual meaning.\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Israel\n\nThe use of Israel in this chapter is in reference to the nation or people group of Israel. It is this Israel who will be restored and not the kingdom of Israel. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]]) | |||
| 818 | 14:1 | i59z | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | Yahweh will have compassion on Jacob | 0 | Here “Jacob” refers to the descendants of Jacob. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will have mercy on the descendants of Jacob” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 819 | 14:1 | i2au | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | attach themselves to the house of Jacob | 0 | The house of Jacob refers to the descendants of Jacob, the Israelites. Alternate translation: “unite with the descendants of Jacob” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 820 | 14:2 | s7ge | The nations will bring them to their own place | 0 | Alternate translation: “The nations will bring the descendants of Jacob back to the land of Israel” | ||
| 821 | 14:2 | v647 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | the house of Israel | 0 | This refers to the Israelites, the descendants of Israel. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 822 | 14:2 | v5tj | They will take captive those who had captured them | 0 | Alternate translation: “The Israelite soldiers will take as captives those who had captured Israelites” | ||
| 823 | 14:3 | alz7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you | from your suffering and anguish | 0 | The word “your” is singular, but it refers to the people of Israel. Also, “suffering” and “anguish” mean basically the same thing and are used together for emphasis. Alternate translation: “from the things that have caused you to suffer greatly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) | |
| 824 | 14:4 | nfw3 | How the oppressor has come to an end | 0 | “The oppressor has come to an end.” This is an exclamation. | ||
| 825 | 14:4 | bb3j | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis | the proud fury ended | 0 | The words “how and “has” are understood. Alternate translation: “how the proud fury has ended” or “his pride and fury have ended” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
| 826 | 14:4 | a26w | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | the proud fury ended | 0 | The “proud fury” refers to the king of Babylon being proud and treating other nations cruelly. Alternate translation: “his cruelty has ended” or “he can no longer oppress people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 827 | 14:5 | v7xw | Connecting Statement: | 0 | # Connecting Statement:\n\nThis is part of the taunt song that the Israelites will sing to the king of Babylon. | ||
| 828 | 14:5 | gb7c | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | Yahweh has broken the staff of the wicked | 0 | The staff of the wicked probably refers to a stick that wicked people would hit other people with. Breaking that stick represents destroying their power to treat people cruelly. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has destroyed the power of the wicked” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 829 | 14:5 | bz1k | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | the scepter of those rulers | 0 | A scepter represents a ruler’s power to rule. Breaking the scepter represents destroying the ruler’s power. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has destroyed the power of the wicked rulers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 830 | 14:6 | yr4l | that struck the peoples | 0 | “who struck the peoples.” Wicked people struck the peoples with their staff. | ||
| 831 | 14:6 | u5vx | with unceasing blows | 0 | Alternate translation: “without stopping” or “again and again” | ||
| 832 | 14:6 | te29 | that ruled the nations | 0 | Alternate translation: “who conquered other nations” | ||
| 833 | 14:6 | xy5f | with an attack that was unrestrained | 0 | Alternate translation: “attacking them without stopping” | ||
| 834 | 14:7 | efq4 | Connecting Statement: | 0 | # Connecting Statement:\n\nThis is part of the taunt song that the Israelites will sing to the king of Babylon. | ||
| 835 | 14:7 | sk3p | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | The whole earth | 0 | This refers to everyone on earth. Alternate translation: “everyone on earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 836 | 14:8 | w8ty | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | Even the cypress trees rejoice over you with the cedars of Lebanon | 0 | Isaiah speaks of the trees as if they were people who could rejoice. This emphasizes that it is such a great thing that God has stopped the king of Babylon that even nature would rejoice if it could. Alternate translation: “It will be as if even the cyprus trees and the cedars of Lebanon rejoice over you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
| 837 | 14:8 | qr3b | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | rejoice over you | 0 | Why they rejoice can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “rejoice that God has made you powerless” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 838 | 14:8 | a29a | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | Since you are laid low | 0 | Being laid low represents being made powerless and unimportant. Alternate translation: “Since you have become powerless” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 839 | 14:9 | k8jm | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | Sheol below is eager to meet you | 0 | Sheol is spoken of as if it were a person who is eager to meet his guests. This implies that the king dies. Alternate translation: “Sheol is like a host eager to meet you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
| 840 | 14:9 | hb56 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | It arouses the dead for you, all the kings of the earth | 0 | “it wakes up the dead for you, all the kings of the earth.” Sheol is spoken of as if it were a person that could wake up those who are in it. Alternate translation: “All the dead kings of the earth in Sheol wake up to greet you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
| 841 | 14:10 | m71x | Connecting Statement: | 0 | # Connecting Statement:\n\nThis is part of the taunt song that the Israelites will sing to the king of Babylon. Here they sing about what the dead kings in Sheol will say to him. | ||
| 842 | 14:10 | ykp8 | They all will speak and say to you | 0 | The word “they” refers to the dead kings in Sheol, and the word “you” refers to the king of Babylon. | ||
| 843 | 14:11 | d9xe | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | Your pomp has been brought down to Sheol | 0 | The dead kings will speak of the king of Babylon having no more splendor as if his splendor had gone down to Sheol. Alternate translation: “Your splendor ended when God sent you here to Sheol” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 844 | 14:11 | lm34 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | with the sound of your string instruments | 0 | People would make music on string instruments to honor the king. The dead kings will speak of people no longer honoring the king of Babylon with music as if the music went to Sheol. Alternate translation: “along with the sound of people playing music to honor you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 845 | 14:11 | x7m3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | Maggots are spread under you | 0 | The maggots under his dead body are spoken of as if they were a mat or bed. Alternate translation: “You lie on a bed of maggots” or “You lie on many maggots” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 846 | 14:11 | bsu7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | worms cover you | 0 | The worms all over his body are spoken of as if they were covering him like a blanket. Alternate translation: “Worms cover you like a blanket” or “There are worms all over your body” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 847 | 14:12 | ecp6 | Connecting Statement: | 0 | # Connecting Statement:\n\nThis is part of the taunt song that the Israelites will sing to the king of Babylon. | ||
| 848 | 14:12 | g41s | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | How you are fallen from heaven, daystar, son of the morning | 0 | The daystar is a bright star that rises just before morning. The people of Israel will refer to the king of Babylon in terms of this star in order to imply that he once was great, but now he was not. Alternate translation: “You were like the bright morning star, but you have fallen from the sky” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 849 | 14:12 | tms3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | How you are cut down to the ground | 0 | The people of Israel will speak of the king of Babylon as if he were a tree that was cut down. Alternate translation: “You are defeated like a tree that someone has cut down to the ground” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 850 | 14:13 | fum9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | I will sit on the mount of assembly | 0 | This alludes to the myth that many people in the Ancient Near East knew, that the Canaanite gods met in council on the top of a mountain in the northern part of Syria. Sitting on the mountain represents ruling with the gods. Alternate translation: “I will rule on the mountain where the gods assemble” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 851 | 14:13 | fr5j | in the far reaches of the north | 0 | The mountain in the north was apparently called Zaphon. Some modern versions say “far away on the sides of Zaphon.” Alternate translation: “in the most northern places” | ||
| 852 | 14:15 | ytw5 | Connecting Statement: | 0 | # Connecting Statement:\n\nThis is part of the taunt song that the Israelites will sing to the king of Babylon. | ||
| 853 | 14:15 | lyk7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | Yet you are now brought down to Sheol | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “But now God has sent you down to Sheol” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 854 | 14:16 | ne9m | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | Is this the man | 0 | The people will use this question either to mock the king of Babylon, or to express their shock at what has happened to him. Alternate translation: “Surely, this is not the man” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
| 855 | 14:16 | uu7r | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | who made the earth tremble | 0 | This could mean: (1) the earth trembled as the king’s army marched to conquer people, or (2) this refers to the people of the earth trembling in fear of him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 856 | 14:16 | i1pd | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | shook kingdoms | 0 | This could mean: (1) this is a metaphor for “conquered kingdoms” or (2) this is metonymy for “terrified the people of kingdoms.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 857 | 14:17 | n2f9 | who made the world like a wilderness | 0 | Alternate translation: “who made the places where people lived into a wilderness” | ||
| 858 | 14:18 | hj9m | Connecting Statement: | 0 | # Connecting Statement:\n\nThis is the end of the taunt song that the Israelites will sing to the king of Babylon. | ||
| 859 | 14:18 | k97g | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | all of them lie down in honor | 0 | This means that their bodies were buried in an honorable way. Alternate translation: “all the kings who have died are buried in an honorable way” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 860 | 14:19 | s2s8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | But you are cast out of your grave | 0 | Being thrown out of the grave represents not being buried. Alternate translation: “But you are not buried. Your body is left on the ground” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 861 | 14:19 | a19s | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile | like a branch thrown away | 0 | A branch thrown away represents something worthless. Alternate translation: “like a worthless branch that is tossed aside” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
| 862 | 14:19 | zn4w | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile | The dead cover you like a garment | 0 | This represents many dead bodies being on top of his body. Alternate translation: “The bodies of dead people completely cover your body” or “The bodies of dead soldiers are piled on top of your body” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
| 863 | 14:19 | s24w | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | those pierced by the sword | 0 | This describes “the dead” spoken of at the beginning of this sentence. Being pierced by the sword represents being killed in battle. Alternate translation: “those who were killed in battle” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 864 | 14:19 | vwg8 | who go down to the stones of the pit | 0 | The pit refers either to hell, or to a large hole in the ground where many dead bodies are simply dumped. | ||
| 865 | 14:20 | p1jq | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | You will not join them in burial | 0 | The word “them” refers to the other kings who died and were buried properly. Joining them in burial represents being buried as they were. Alternate translation: “you will never be buried as other kings were buried” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 866 | 14:20 | dax2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | The offspring of evildoers will never be mentioned again | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “no one will ever speak again about the descendants of evildoers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 867 | 14:21 | m117 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | Prepare your slaughter for his children | 0 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **slaughter**, you can express the same idea with the verb “kill.” Alternate translation: “Get ready to kill the children of the king of Babylon” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 868 | 14:21 | usu5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | for the iniquity of their ancestors | 0 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **iniquity**, you can express the same idea with the verb “sinned greatly.” Alternate translation: “because their forefathers have sinned greatly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 869 | 14:21 | dsj6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | so they will not rise up | 0 | Here “rise up” represents either becoming powerful or attacking. Alternate translation: “so they will not become powerful” or “so they will not attack” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 870 | 14:21 | urm2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | possess the earth | 0 | This represents taking control of the people on the earth, in this case by conquering them. Alternate translation: “take control of the peoples on the earth” or “conquer the peoples on the earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 871 | 14:21 | pdw1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | fill the whole world with cities | 0 | This represents causing the world to have many cities on it. Alternate translation: “build cities all over the world” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 872 | 14:22 | sk3n | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person | this is the declaration of Yahweh of hosts | 0 | Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh of hosts has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh of hosts, have declared” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) | |
| 873 | 14:22 | hv7k | Yahweh of hosts | 0 | See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). | ||
| 874 | 14:23 | nzb4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | I will also make her | 0 | The word “her” refers to the city of Babylon. Cities were often spoken of as if they were women. Alternate translation: “I will also make it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
| 875 | 14:23 | s45f | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | a possession of owls | 0 | This represents wild animals living in the city because there are no people there. Alternate translation: “a place where owls live” or “a place where wild animals live” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 876 | 14:23 | kg27 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | into pools of water | 0 | Causing there to be swamps or ponds of stagnant water where the city was is spoken of as making the city into those things. Alternate translation: “into a place where there are stagnant ponds” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 877 | 14:24 | b41x | Yahweh of hosts | 0 | See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). | ||
| 878 | 14:24 | ff86 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | as I have intended, so it will come about; and as I have purposed, so it will be | 0 | These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “the things that I have planned will surely happen” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
| 879 | 14:25 | x38v | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | I will break the Assyrian in my land | 0 | Breaking represents defeating. Alternate translation: “I will defeat the Assyrian in my land” or “I will cause the Assyrian in my land to be defeated” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 880 | 14:25 | bf5r | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche | the Assyrian | 0 | This represents the Assyrian king and his army. Alternate translation: “the king of Assyria and his army” or “the Assyrian army” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) | |
| 881 | 14:25 | w75i | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | trample him underfoot | 0 | This represents completely defeating him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 882 | 14:25 | a5nv | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | Then his yoke will be lifted from off them and his burden from off their shoulder | 0 | This can be expressed with an active verb. Alternate translation: “Then I will lift his yoke from them and his burden from their shoulder” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 883 | 14:25 | tr41 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | Then his yoke will be lifted from off them and his burden from off their shoulder | 0 | These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Lifting the yoke and burden represents setting people free from slavery. Alternate translation: “Then I will set the Israelites free from slavery to Assyria like removing a heavy burden from their shoulder” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 884 | 14:25 | zbe7 | his yoke … his burden | 0 | The word “his” refers to Assyria. | ||
| 885 | 14:25 | un4r | from off them … from off their shoulder | 0 | The words “them” and “their” refer to the people of Israel. | ||
| 886 | 14:26 | e4pl | General Information: | 0 | # General Information:\n\nThis may be Isaiah speaking or it may be Yahweh speaking. | ||
| 887 | 14:26 | zf8b | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | This is the plan that is intended for the whole earth | 0 | The idea of “is intended” can be expressed with an active verb. Alternate translation: “This is the plan that God intends for the whole earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 888 | 14:26 | vlj3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | this is the hand that is raised over all the nations | 0 | God being ready to punish the nations is spoken of as if he raised his hand in order to hit them. The word “hand” may also represent his power. Alternate translation: “this is Yahweh’s power to punish all the nations” or “this is how Yahweh will punish the nations” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 889 | 14:27 | m56z | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | who will stop him? | 0 | This question emphasizes that no one can stop Yahweh. Alternate translation: “there is no one who can stop him.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
| 890 | 14:27 | q2yi | Yahweh of hosts | 0 | See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). | ||
| 891 | 14:27 | g997 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | His hand is raised | 0 | This represents Yahweh being ready to punish the nations. Alternate translation: “He is ready to punish them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 892 | 14:27 | s25e | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | who will turn it back? | 0 | This question is used to say that no one can turn back God’s hand. Turning back his hand represents stopping him from punishing the nations. Alternate translation: “no one can turn it back.” or “no one can stop him from punishing them.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 893 | 14:29 | erk5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | the rod that struck you is broken | 0 | The rod that struck Philistia represents a king who sent his army to attack them. Being broken represents either being dead or being defeated. Alternate translation: “the king that sent his army against you is dead” or “the army that attacked you is defeated” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 894 | 14:29 | f3g7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | For out of the serpent’s root will grow out an adder … his offspring will be a fiery flying serpent | 0 | These two phrases are both the image of a serpent’s offspring being even more harmful than the serpent. They represent a king’s successor being more powerful and cruel than the first king. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 895 | 14:29 | pl9y | an adder | 0 | a kind of poisonous snake | ||
| 896 | 14:29 | i1ui | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | a fiery flying serpent | 0 | Here the word “fiery” probably refers to the serpent’s poisonous bite, and the word “flying” refers to its quick movements. Alternate translation: “a quickly moving poisonous snake” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 897 | 14:30 | c4km | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | The firstborn of the poor | 0 | This represents the poorest people. Alternate translation: “The poorest people” or “The poorest of my people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 898 | 14:30 | nhy1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | I will kill your root with famine that will put to death all your survivors | 0 | Here “your root” refers to the people of Philistia. Alternate translation: “I will kill your people with famine that will put to death all your survivors” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 899 | 14:31 | i9fx | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | Howl, gate; cry, city | 0 | Here “gate” and “city” represent the people at the city gates and in the cities. “Howl, you people at the city gates; cry, you people in the cities” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 900 | 14:31 | t4fi | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | you will melt away | 0 | Melting away represents becoming weak because of fear. Alternate translation: “you will grow weak with fear” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 901 | 14:31 | re77 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | For out of the north comes a cloud of smoke | 0 | This implies that a large army is coming from the north. Alternate translation: “For from the north comes a large army with a cloud of smoke” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 902 | 14:31 | m73z | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | a cloud of smoke | 0 | This could mean: (1) this represents a cloud of dust that the army stirs up as they travel on dry dirt roads. Alternate translation: “a cloud of dust” or (2) there is a lot of smoke because of all the things that the army destroys and burns. Alternate translation: “much smoke” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 903 | 14:31 | az3q | there is no straggler in his ranks | 0 | Alternate translation: “no one in his ranks walks slowly behind the others” | ||
| 904 | 14:32 | ld7h | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | How will they respond to the messengers of that nation? | 0 | The author uses this question to introduce his instruction about how the Israelites should speak to the messengers. Alternate translation: “This is how we will answer the messengers of Philistia.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
| 905 | 14:32 | geq9 | Yahweh has founded Zion | 0 | Alternate translation: “Yahweh started Zion” | ||
| 906 | 14:32 | q7h8 | in her | 0 | Alternate translation: “in Jerusalem” or “there” | ||
| 907 | 14:32 | k8ir | the afflicted of his people | 0 | Alternate translation: “those of his people who have been afflicted” | ||
| 908 | 15:intro | u6k8 | 0 | # Isaiah 15 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.\n\nThis chapter shifts from discussing Judah to the nation of Moab. Moab is punished by Yahweh, even though he is not a god they worship. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/god]]) | |||
| 909 | 15:1 | ss3j | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture | General Information: | 0 | # General Information:\n\nOften in prophecy events that will happen in future are described as happening now or in the past. This emphasizes that the event will certainly happen. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) | |
| 910 | 15:1 | y2ws | A declaration | 0 | Alternate translation: “This is what Yahweh declares” or “This is a message from Yahweh” | ||
| 911 | 15:1 | y4g4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names | Ar … Kir | 0 | These are names of cities and towns in Moab. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
| 912 | 15:1 | x1z2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet | Ar of Moab is laid waste and destroyed | 0 | The words “laid waste” and “destroyed” mean the same thing and emphasize that the city was completely ruined. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Enemy armies will completely destroy Ar of Moab” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 913 | 15:2 | z4py | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names | Dibon … Nebo … Medeba | 0 | These are names of cities and towns in Moab. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
| 914 | 15:2 | bsv6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | went up to the heights to weep | 0 | Here “up to the heights” refers to a temple or altar that was built on high ground like a hill or mountain side. Alternate translation: “went up to the temple on the hilltop to weep” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
| 915 | 15:2 | kq2g | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | Moab laments over Nebo and over Medeba | 0 | These place names refer to the people who live there. Alternate translation: “the people of Moab will weep because of what happened to the cities of Nebo and Medeba” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 916 | 15:2 | w2hx | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction | All their heads are shaved bare and all their beards are cut off | 0 | They do this to show their extreme sadness. AT” “They will all shave their heads and cut off their beards and grieve” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) | |
| 917 | 15:3 | xag9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction | they wear sackcloth | 0 | They do this to show their extreme sadness. Alternate translation: “they wear sackcloth and mourn” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) | |
| 918 | 15:4 | ad56 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names | Heshbon … Elealeh … Jahaz | 0 | These are names of cities and towns. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
| 919 | 15:4 | hfj7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | Heshbon and Elealeh call out | 0 | These city names represent the people of these cities. “The people of Heshbon and Elealeh call out” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 920 | 15:4 | e3i9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | they tremble within themselves | 0 | Physical trembling is a symptom of fear and represents fear. Alternate translation: “they will be completely filled with fear” or “they tremble with fear” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 921 | 15:5 | k79u | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche | My heart cries out for Moab | 0 | Here God is represented by his “heart” which emphasizes his emotions. God speaks of his great sadness as if his heart cried out. Alternate translation: “I am extremely sad about what is happening to Moab” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] or [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 922 | 15:5 | ubi2 | her fugitives flee | 0 | “the fugitives from Moab will flee.” A fugitive is a person who runs away so that his enemy will not capture him. | ||
| 923 | 15:5 | nqe8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names | Zoar … Eglath Shelishiyah … Luhith … Horonaim | 0 | These are names of cities and towns. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
| 924 | 15:5 | y7d7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | over their destruction | 0 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **destruction**, you can express the same idea with the verb “destroyed.” Alternate translation: “because their city is destroyed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 925 | 15:6 | yr4r | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names | Nimrim | 0 | This is the name of a city or town. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
| 926 | 15:7 | t1qa | The abundance | 0 | Alternate translation: “Everything” | ||
| 927 | 15:7 | cqq1 | brook of the poplars | 0 | This may refer to the river at the southern border of Moab. | ||
| 928 | 15:8 | me26 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | The cry has gone around the territory of Moab | 0 | People’s crying out and others hearing it is spoken of as if the cry had gone out. Alternate translation: “People all over the territory of Moab cry out” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 929 | 15:8 | teq6 | the wailing as far as Eglaim and Beer Elim | 0 | The words “has gone” are understood. People’s wailing and others hearing it is spoken of as if the wailing had gone as far away as these two places. Alternate translation: “the wailing has gone as far as Egalim and Beer Elim” or “people even as far away as Elaim and Beer Elim wail” | ||
| 930 | 15:8 | sc3g | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names | Eglaim … Beer Elim | 0 | These are names of cities and towns. Dimon was the principal city of the country of Moab. Several modern versions have “Dibon” instead of “Dimon.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
| 931 | 15:9 | fd7d | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names | Dimon | 0 | This is the name of a city or town. Dimon was the principal city of the country of Moab. Several modern versions have “Dibon” instead of “Dimon.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
| 932 | 15:9 | i5we | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | but I will bring even more upon Dimon | 0 | Here “I” refers to Yahweh. Also, “Dimon” refers to the people who live there. Alternate translation: “but I will cause even more trouble for the people of Dimon” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 933 | 16:intro | ww5p | 0 | # Isaiah 16 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter is a continuation of the previous chapter and is a prophecy against the nation of Moab. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 16:1-12. | |||
| 934 | 16:1 | tn1s | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction | Send rams to the ruler of the land | 0 | The Moabites will send rams to the king of Judah so that he might protect them from the enemy army. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) | |
| 935 | 16:1 | yi43 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names | Selah | 0 | This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
| 936 | 16:1 | g19r | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | the daughter of Zion | 0 | The “daughter” of a city means the people of the city. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “the people of Zion” or “the people who live in Zion” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
| 937 | 16:2 | teb4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile | As wandering birds, as a scattered nest, so the women of Moab are at the fords of the Arnon River | 0 | All the people of Moab, which includes the women, are forced to flee from their homes. Alternate translation: “Like birds without a home, the women of Moab will flee across the river to another land” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
| 938 | 16:2 | r8tb | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet | As wandering birds, as a scattered nest | 0 | These two phrases mean basically the same thing. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) | |
| 939 | 16:3 | sm3j | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | provide some shade like night in the middle of the day | 0 | The heat of the middle of the day represents the Moabites’ suffering from their enemies, and shade represents protection from their enemies. Comparing the shade to night shows that they want strong protection. Alternate translation: “protect us completely from our enemies as a large shadow protects people from the hot sun” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
| 940 | 16:4 | kq3e | Let them live among you, the refugees from Moab | 0 | “Allow the refugees from Moab to live with you.” Here “you” refers to the people of Judah. | ||
| 941 | 16:4 | q1sn | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | be a hiding place for them from the destroyer | 0 | Providing a hiding place is spoken of as being a hiding place. Alternate translation: “give them a place to hide from those who are trying to destroy them” or “hide them from those who want to destroy them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 942 | 16:5 | uvx1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | A throne will be established in covenant faithfulness | 0 | Here “throne” refers to the power to rule as king. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “faithful.” If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will be faithful to the covenant and he will appoint a king” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 943 | 16:5 | v5l7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | one from David’s tent will faithfully sit there | 0 | Here “David’s tent” represents David’s family, including his descendants. Sitting on the throne represents ruling. Alternate translation: “a descendant of David will rule faithfully” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 944 | 16:5 | e78m | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | as he seeks justice | 0 | Seeking justice represents wanting to do what is just. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 945 | 16:6 | k39y | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | We have heard of Moab’s pride, his arrogance, his boasting, and his anger | 0 | The words “Moab’s” and “his” refer to the people of Moab. Alternate translation: “We have heard that the people of Moab are proud and arrogant, boastful and angry” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 946 | 16:6 | w42t | We have heard | 0 | Possible meanings are that: (1) Isaiah is speaking and “We” refers to him and the people of Judah, or (2) God is speaking and “We” refers to God. | ||
| 947 | 16:6 | h6ze | But his boastings are empty words | 0 | Alternate translation: “But what they say about themselves means nothing” or “But what they boast about is not true” | ||
| 948 | 16:7 | p8b8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | So Moab wails for Moab—they all wail | 0 | “Moab” represents the people of Moab. “So all the people of Moab will cry out loud over what has happened to their cities” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 949 | 16:7 | pea5 | for the raisin cakes of Kir Hareseth | 0 | Alternate translation: “because there are no raisin cakes in Kir Hareseth” | ||
| 950 | 16:7 | hn3v | raisin cakes | 0 | The Hebrew word used here means either “raisin cakes” or “men.” | ||
| 951 | 16:7 | u3tz | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names | Kir Hareseth | 0 | “Kir Hareseth” is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
| 952 | 16:8 | tyy8 | Heshbon | 0 | Translate the name of this city as you did in [Isaiah 15:4](../15/04.md). | ||
| 953 | 16:8 | ce7l | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names | Sibmah … Jazer | 0 | These are names of cities. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
| 954 | 16:8 | h33k | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | The rulers of the nations have trampled the choice vines | 0 | The land of Moab was known for its vineyards. Here God describes the land of Moab as one large vineyard. This emphasizes that the rulers, which refers to the armies, completely destroyed everything in Moab. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 955 | 16:9 | b6jh | Indeed I will weep | 0 | In 16:9-10 the word “I” refers to Yahweh. | ||
| 956 | 16:9 | r1yu | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | I will water you with my tears | 0 | God speaks of his deep sorrow for these places as if he would cry much and his many tears would fall on them. Alternate translation: “I will cry much for you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 957 | 16:9 | c583 | Jazer … Sibmah | 0 | Translate the names of these cities as you did in [Isaiah 16:8](../16/08.md). | ||
| 958 | 16:9 | l7qj | Heshbon … Elealeh | 0 | Translate the names of these cities as you did in [Isaiah 15:4](../15/04.md). | ||
| 959 | 16:9 | uuj5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | For on your fields of summer fruits and harvest I have ended the shouts of joy | 0 | The “shouts of joy” represent people shouting for joy about the harvest of their fruit trees. Alternate translation: “Because of what I will do, you will no longer shout for joy when you harvest your fields of summer fruit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 960 | 16:10 | zu17 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | I have put an end to the shouts of the one who treads | 0 | Here “the shouts” refers to the joy of the people who tread the grapes to produce the wine. Alternate translation: “therefore the people who tread the grapes do not shout with joy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 961 | 16:11 | yx3n | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche | So my heart sighs like a harp for Moab | 0 | The phrase “my heart” represents Yahweh and his sad feelings. He compares his sigh to the sound of a sad song played on a harp. Alternate translation: “So I sigh like a sad song on a harp” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
| 962 | 16:11 | bc51 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | Moab | 0 | This refer to the people of Moab. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 963 | 16:11 | r8w1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis | my inward being for Kir Hareseth | 0 | The phrase “my inward being” represents Yahweh. The word “sighs” is understood from the previous phrase. See how you translated Kir Hareseth in [Isaiah 16:7](../16/07.md). Alternate translation: “my inward being sighs for Kir Hareseth” or “I am very sad for the people of Kir Hareseth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
| 964 | 16:11 | q54t | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | Kir Hareseth | 0 | This is a metonym for the people of the city. Alternate translation: “the people of Kir Hareseth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 965 | 16:12 | r3gm | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | Moab … himself … his | 0 | All of these words refer to the people of Moab. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 966 | 16:12 | i9ei | his prayers will accomplish nothing | 0 | Alternate translation: “his prayers will not be answered” | ||
| 967 | 16:13 | q3qj | This is the word | 0 | “This is the message.” This refers to all he said in 15:1-16:12. | ||
| 968 | 16:13 | t123 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | concerning Moab | 0 | The word “Moab” refers to the people of Moab. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 969 | 16:14 | ubw7 | the glory of Moab will disappear | 0 | Alternate translation: “The country of Moab will no longer be glorious” | ||
| 970 | 17:intro | uhu9 | 0 | # Isaiah 17 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.\n\nThe ULT sets the lines in 17:1-6, 9-14 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because they are part of a long quotation.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Damascus\n\nThis chapter prophesies destruction against the people of Damascus. Damascus was the capital of Aram. The people of Damascus worship gods other than Yahweh and have fought Yahweh’s people. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Ephraim\n\nThis chapter prophesied destruction against the kingdom of Israel. They are also called Ephraim in this chapter. Both the northern kingdom of Israel and Aram were conquered at about the same time in history. | |||
| 971 | 17:1 | c1yu | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names | about Damascus | 0 | Damascus is the name of a city. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 7:8](../07/08.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
| 972 | 17:2 | ez1z | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | The cities of Aroer will be abandoned | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. “All the people will abandon the cities of Aroer” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
| 973 | 17:2 | h23p | no one will frighten them | 0 | The word “them” refers to the sheep. | ||
| 974 | 17:3 | c462 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche | Fortified cities will disappear from Ephraim | 0 | Ephraim was the largest tribe in Israel. Here it represents the entire northern kingdom of Israel. Alternate translation: “Strong cities will disappear from Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) | |
| 975 | 17:3 | rk8g | will disappear | 0 | This does not mean that they will vanish, but that the cities will be destroyed. | ||
| 976 | 17:3 | iyi9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis | the kingdom from Damascus | 0 | The words “will disappear” are understood from the previous phrase. Damascus was where the king of Aram ruled from. The kingdom disappearing represents the king no longer having royal power. Alternate translation: “the kingdom will disappear from Damascus” or “there will be no royal power in Damascus” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 977 | 17:3 | p2wt | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person | this is the declaration of Yahweh of hosts | 0 | Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Translate as in [Isaiah 14:22](../14/22.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh of hosts has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh of hosts, have declared” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) | |
| 978 | 17:4 | d7vw | It will come about | 0 | This phrase is used here to mark an important event that will happen. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. | ||
| 979 | 17:4 | zp66 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | the glory of Jacob will become thin, and the fatness of his flesh will become lean | 0 | Here “Jacob” refers to the kingdom of Israel. Israel would no longer be glorious. Rather it would be weak and poor. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 980 | 17:5 | xe3f | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile | It will be as when a harvester gathers the standing grain … in the Valley of Rephaim | 0 | There will be nothing left in the land after God punishes the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
| 981 | 17:5 | m9mp | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names | the Valley of Rephaim | 0 | This is a valley where people normally grew and harvested much food. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
| 982 | 17:6 | l99v | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | Gleanings will be left | 0 | The word “Gleanings” here represents the people who will still live in Israel. Alternate translation: “But there will be a few people left in Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 983 | 17:6 | jq39 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile | as when the olive tree is shaken | 0 | People harvested olive trees by shaking them so that the olives would fall out. Alternate translation: “like the few olives that remain on the olive trees after people harvest them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
| 984 | 17:6 | ghf6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis | four or five | 0 | The word “olives” is understood from the phrase before this. Alternate translation: “four or five olives” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
| 985 | 17:6 | j9w2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person | this is the declaration of Yahweh, the God of Israel | 0 | Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh, the God of Israel, has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, the God of Israel, have declared” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) | |
| 986 | 17:7 | srr9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | men will look toward their Maker … will look to the Holy One of Israel | 0 | Looking toward God here represents hoping that he will help them. Alternate translation: “men will hope that their Maker, the Holy One of Israel, will help them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
| 987 | 17:7 | yg6i | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche | men will look | 0 | The word “men” represents people in general. Alternate translation: “people will look” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) | |
| 988 | 17:7 | ab45 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche | their eyes will look | 0 | Here “eyes” represents the people who look. Alternate translation: “they will look” or “the people will look” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) | |
| 989 | 17:7 | wn3u | Holy One of Israel | 0 | See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:4](../01/04.md). | ||
| 990 | 17:8 | ci52 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | They will not look to the altars | 0 | Looking to the altars represents worshiping idols with the hope that the idols will help them. Alternate translation: “They will not worship idols at their altars” or “The people of Israel will not go to their altars and ask their idols to help them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 991 | 17:8 | gg5j | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche | the work of their hands | 0 | Here the people are represented by their “hands” to emphasize that they made the altars or idols. Alternate translation: “that they made with their hands” or “which they themselves built” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) | |
| 992 | 17:8 | g7l9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | what their fingers have made … the Asherah poles or the sun images | 0 | The second phrase identifies the things that the people made. Speaking of the fingers here emphasizes that the people made them, so these things are not real gods. Alternate translation: “the Asherah poles or the sun images, which they themselves made” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 993 | 17:9 | c6p6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | that were forsaken because of the people of Israel | 0 | It can be made explicit who left these lands. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that the Hivites and Amorites left after the people of Israel came” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 994 | 17:10 | y72p | For you have forgotten | 0 | Here “you” refers to the people of Israel. The word “forgotten” does not mean they have no memory of God. It means they no longer obey him. Alternate translation: “For you no longer obey” | ||
| 995 | 17:10 | y983 | the God of your salvation | 0 | Alternate translation: “the God who saves you” | ||
| 996 | 17:10 | s6lq | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | have ignored the rock of your strength | 0 | This compares God to a large rock which people could climb on to get away from their enemies or hide behind. Alternate translation: “have ignored God, who is like a rock that protects you” or “have ignored the one who protects you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 997 | 17:11 | mec4 | the harvest will fail | 0 | Alternate translation: “there will not be much fruit for you to harvest” | ||
| 998 | 17:12 | kh1i | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile | The uproar of many peoples, that roar like the roaring of the seas | 0 | An uproar is a very loud noise. Alternate translation: “The sound of many people, that is very loud like the seas” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
| 999 | 17:12 | cbz3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile | the rushing of nations, that rush like the rushing of mighty waters | 0 | The enemy armies appear to be a powerful force that no one can stop. Alternate translation: “the nations come rushing in like the mighty waters” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
| 1000 | 17:12 | u4ze | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche | the rushing of nations | 0 | The word “nations” refers to the armies of those nations. Alternate translation: “the rushing of the enemy armies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) | |
| 1001 | 17:13 | ls6k | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | before the wind like chaff on the mountains … like weeds whirling before a storm | 0 | These two phrases mean the same thing. The enemy armies seem powerful but God will easily stop them and send them away. Alternate translation: “like chaff on the mountains that the wind blows away … like weeds that whirl and blow away as a storm approaches” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
| 1002 | 17:14 | jpf9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | This is the portion of those | 0 | What happens to them is spoken of as if it is a portion that they inherit. Alternate translation: “This is what happens to those” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1003 | 17:14 | i9ms | loot us … rob us | 0 | The word “us” refers to Isaiah and the people of Judah. | ||
| 1004 | 18:intro | qz72 | 0 | # Isaiah 18 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Cush\n\nThis chapter records prophecies against the nation of Cush. They are being punished by Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Metaphors\n\nThis chapter uses many metaphors to describe the destruction coming to the people of Cush. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |||
| 1005 | 18:1 | w55y | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | Woe to the land of the rustling of wings, which is along the rivers of Cush | 0 | Here, the phrase **the rustling of wings** could mean (1) the boats that have sails are spoken of as having wings. Alternate translation: “Woe to those who live in the land beyond the rivers of Cush, whose many ships look like insects on the water” or (2) the rustling of wings refers to the noise of insects that have wings, perhaps locusts. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1006 | 18:2 | fa3r | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | by the sea | 0 | The Nile River was very wide, and people in Egypt and Cush referred to it as “the sea.” Alternate translation: “on the great river” or “along the Nile River” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1007 | 18:2 | na6w | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown | vessels of papyrus | 0 | Papyrus is a tall plant that grows along the side of the Nile River. People bound together papyrus bundles to make boats. Alternate translation: “papyrus boats” or “boats made of reeds” or (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) | |
| 1008 | 18:2 | v2kg | a nation tall and smooth … a people feared far and near … a nation strong and trampling down, whose land the rivers divide | 0 | These phrases all describe the people of one nation. | ||
| 1009 | 18:2 | zul8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | a nation tall and smooth | 0 | The word “nation” here refers to the people of that nation. Alternate translation: “a nation whose people are tall and have smooth skin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1010 | 18:2 | x6y2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism | a people feared far and near | 0 | The words “far” and “near” are used together to mean “everywhere.” Alternate translation: “a people who are feared everywhere” or “a people that everyone in the earth fears” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) | |
| 1011 | 18:2 | s5qq | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | a nation strong and trampling down | 0 | Trampling down represents conquering other nations. Alternate translation: “a nation that is strong and conquers other nations” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1012 | 18:2 | r4hc | the rivers divide | 0 | This probably refers to many rivers that flow through the nation so they divide it into different parts. | ||
| 1013 | 18:3 | mj1l | Connecting Statement: | 0 | # Connecting Statement:\n\nVerse 3 tells what the messengers in [Isaiah 18:2](../18/02.md) must say to the people of the world. | ||
| 1014 | 18:3 | bil8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | All you inhabitants of the world … you who live on the earth | 0 | These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “All you people on the earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
| 1015 | 18:3 | ru4b | when a signal is lifted up on the mountains, look; and when the trumpet is blown, listen | 0 | The signal and trumpet were to call people to battle. The commands to look and listen are commands to pay attention and prepare for battle. Alternate translation: “pay attention when the signal is lifted up on the mountains and the trumpet is blown” | ||
| 1016 | 18:3 | fd8p | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | when a signal is lifted up on the mountains, look | 0 | The signal was a flag used to call people to battle. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “pay attention when you see the battle flag on the mountains” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1017 | 18:3 | art9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | when the trumpet is blown, listen | 0 | The trumpets were used to call people to battle. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “pay attention when you hear the sound of the battle trumpets” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1018 | 18:4 | d5k5 | General Information: | 0 | # General Information:\n\nGod uses a parable about a farmer in a vineyard in order to describe how he will punish a certain nation. That nation is either Ethiopia or Ethiopia’s enemy. | ||
| 1019 | 18:4 | r5kj | This is what Yahweh said to me | 0 | “Yahweh said to me.” Here the word “me” refers to Isaiah. | ||
| 1020 | 18:4 | b3dz | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | I will quietly observe from my home | 0 | What God will observe can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “I will quietly observe that nation from my home” or “From my home, I will quietly watch what the people of that nation do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 1021 | 18:4 | xwg1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile | like the simmering heat in sunshine, like a cloud of mist in the heat of harvest | 0 | These phrases show how quietly God will watch the nation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
| 1022 | 18:5 | uxf1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | Before the harvest | 0 | This is a harvest of grapes. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “Before the grape harvest” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 1023 | 18:5 | he2s | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | when the blossoming is over | 0 | It can be stated clearly that this refers to blossoms on grape vines. Alternate translation: “when flowers have finished growing on the grape vines” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 1024 | 18:5 | i3wm | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | he will cut off the sprigs with pruning hooks | 0 | Yahweh will cut off the branches before the grapes can ripen. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will cut off the branches with knives before their produce fruit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 1025 | 18:5 | p7u7 | pruning hooks | 0 | A pruning hook is a knife that people use to cut branches off of vines or other plants. | ||
| 1026 | 18:5 | pg5q | he will cut down and take away the spreading branches | 0 | Yahweh will throw away the branches in judgment. | ||
| 1027 | 18:6 | dev6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parables | They will be left together | 0 | God seems to change from telling the parable to speaking more directly about the nation. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “Those who are killed will be left together” or “Like branches that are cut off and thrown away, the bodies of those who are killed will be left on the ground” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) | |
| 1028 | 18:6 | f1vz | The birds will summer on them | 0 | “The birds will eat them during the summer.” The word “birds” refers to birds that eat the flesh of dead bodies. | ||
| 1029 | 18:6 | dh75 | all the animals of the earth | 0 | Alternate translation: “all kinds of wild animals” | ||
| 1030 | 18:6 | lpf3 | will winter on them | 0 | Alternate translation: “will eat them in the winter” | ||
| 1031 | 18:7 | y8hc | a people tall and smooth … a people feared far and near … a nation strong and trampling down, whose land the rivers divide | 0 | These phrases all describe the people of one nation. See how you translated these phrases in [Isaiah 18:2](../18/02.md). | ||
| 1032 | 18:7 | ggw4 | a people tall and smooth | 0 | Alternate translation: “a people who are tall and have smooth skin” | ||
| 1033 | 18:7 | gc7i | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism | a people feared far and near | 0 | The words “far” and “near” are used together to mean “everywhere.” Alternate translation: “a people who are feared everywhere” or “a people that everyone in the earth fears” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) | |
| 1034 | 18:7 | n6h8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | a nation strong and trampling down | 0 | Trampling down represents conquering other nations. Alternate translation: “a nation that is strong and conquers other nations” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1035 | 18:7 | wrg1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | to the place of the name of Yahweh of hosts, to Mount Zion | 0 | The word “name” refers to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “to Mount Zion, where Yahweh of hosts dwells” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1036 | 19:intro | y3c4 | 0 | # Isaiah 19 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 19:1-18.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Egypt\n\nThis chapter prophesied destruction against the nation of Egypt. Their destruction will come from internal division instead of being conquered by another nation. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Imagery\n\nSome of the imagery used in this chapter may be connected to the worship of specific false gods. One important god the people of Canaan worshiped was Baal, the god of rain or storms. One of the important gods the Egyptians worshiped was Ra, the god of the sun. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### “In that day”\nThis changes the reference from the time when Assyria comes to dominate the world and looks to a more distant future day. | |||
| 1037 | 19:1 | iz8p | See | 0 | Alternate translation: “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you” | ||
| 1038 | 19:1 | pi3g | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | Yahweh rides on a swift cloud | 0 | Yahweh seems to be pictured here as riding on a cloud as if he was riding in a chariot. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1039 | 19:1 | st7u | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | the idols of Egypt quake before him | 0 | The idols are described as having feelings of fear as Yahweh approaches. Alternate translation: “the idols of Egypt tremble in fear before Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
| 1040 | 19:1 | qi24 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | the hearts of the Egyptians melt within themselves | 0 | The heart melting represents losing their courage. Alternate translation: “the Egyptians have no more courage” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1041 | 19:2 | k6cl | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis | a man against his neighbor | 0 | The words “will fight” are understood from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “a man will fight against his neighbor” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
| 1042 | 19:2 | v5rq | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | city will be against city | 0 | The word “city” represents the people of the city. Alternate translation: “people of one city will fight against people of another city” or “people from different cities will fight against one another” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1043 | 19:2 | k42s | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis | kingdom against kingdom | 0 | The words “will be” or “will fight” are understood from the previous phrases. Alternate translation: “kingdom will be against kingdom” or “kingdom will fight against kingdom” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
| 1044 | 19:2 | usw7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | kingdom against kingdom | 0 | The word “kingdom” refers to a smaller kingdom within Egypt. It may also be called a province. It represents the people of that kingdom or province. Alternate translation: “the people of one province will be against the people of another province” or “people from different provinces will fight against one another” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1045 | 19:3 | k6nj | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | The spirit of Egypt will be weakened from within. I will destroy his advice | 0 | The nation of Egypt is spoken of here as if it was a person. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
| 1046 | 19:3 | h9az | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | The spirit of Egypt will be weakened from within | 0 | This can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “I will weaken the spirit of Egypt from within” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1047 | 19:3 | t2yv | I will destroy his advice, though they sought the advice of … spiritualists | 0 | Alternate translation: “They sought the advice of … spiritualists, but that will do them no good. It will not stop me from destroying his advice” | ||
| 1048 | 19:3 | j1kh | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | I will destroy his advice | 0 | This could mean: (1) Yahweh will cause the advice that he gives to be ineffective or (2) Yahweh will cause him to be unable to give any advice. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **advice**, you can express the same idea with the verb “advise.” Alternate translation: “I will confuse those who advise the king” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 1049 | 19:3 | cz3n | mediums … spiritualists | 0 | These are people who claim to speak with those who have died. | ||
| 1050 | 19:4 | e7zd | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | I will give the Egyptians into the hand of a harsh master | 0 | Here “hand” refers to power or control. Alternate translation: “I will give the Egyptians over to the control of a harsh master” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1051 | 19:4 | f37v | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person | this is the declaration of the Lord Yahweh of hosts | 0 | Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Translate as in [Isaiah 3:15](../03/15.md). Alternate translation: “this is what the Lord Yahweh of hosts has declared” or “this is what I, the Lord Yahweh of hosts, have declared” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) | |
| 1052 | 19:5 | buc6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | The waters of the sea will dry up, and the river will dry up and become empty | 0 | Egyptians referred to the Nile River as “the sea.” These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “The Nile River will completely dry up” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
| 1053 | 19:6 | mqq8 | become foul | 0 | Alternate translation: “become foul-smelling” or “stink” | ||
| 1054 | 19:6 | v3vr | will dwindle | 0 | Alternate translation: “become smaller and smaller” | ||
| 1055 | 19:6 | by1b | the reeds and flags will wither away | 0 | Here, **reeds** and **flags** refer to two similar kinds of water plants. Alternate translation: “the plants along the river will die and decay” | ||
| 1056 | 19:7 | tkv1 | every sown field beside the Nile | 0 | Alternate translation: “the fields near the Nile where people have planted crops” | ||
| 1057 | 19:8 | wx4h | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | The fishermen will wail and mourn, and all who cast a hook into the Nile will mourn, and those who spread nets on the waters will grieve | 0 | These three phrases mean basically the same thing. If necessary, the reason they will grieve can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “The fishermen who catch fish with hooks or nets will cry in despair because the fish in the Nile have died” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
| 1058 | 19:8 | u2jx | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown | cast a hook into the Nile | 0 | In order to catch fish, some people put a little food on a hook, tie the hook to a string, and throw the hook into the water. When a fish tries to eat the food, its mouth gets stuck on the hook, and the person pulls the fish out of the water. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) | |
| 1059 | 19:8 | meh3 | cast | 0 | throw | ||
| 1060 | 19:8 | u1tx | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown | spread nets on the waters | 0 | In order to catch fish, some people toss a net on the water. When fish get caught in it, they pull the net with the fish out of the water. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) | |
| 1061 | 19:9 | dnw4 | The workers in combed flax | 0 | Alternate translation: “Those who work with combed flax” | ||
| 1062 | 19:9 | ram5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown | combed flax | 0 | Flax is a plant that grows along the Nile River. People comb its fibers in order to separate them, and use them to make thread for linen cloth. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) | |
| 1063 | 19:9 | kjj4 | will turn pale | 0 | Alternate translation: “will be ashamed” | ||
| 1064 | 19:10 | h4de | The cloth workers of Egypt | 0 | Alternate translation: “The people of Egypt who make cloth” | ||
| 1065 | 19:10 | m3g2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | will be crushed | 0 | Being crushed represents being discouraged. Alternate translation: “will be discouraged” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1066 | 19:10 | fl3d | work for hire | 0 | Alternate translation: “work for pay” | ||
| 1067 | 19:10 | mg9w | will be grieved within themselves | 0 | Alternate translation: “will feel very sad” | ||
| 1068 | 19:11 | tj8g | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | The princes of Zoan are completely foolish. The advice of the wisest advisors of Pharaoh has become senseless | 0 | These two phrases are similar in meaning. Either the princes of Zoan are also the wisest advisors or Pharaoh, or they are another group of people that also are shown to be foolish. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
| 1069 | 19:11 | ut1b | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names | Zoan | 0 | This is a city in northern Egypt. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
| 1070 | 19:11 | hg6z | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | How can you say to Pharaoh … kings? | 0 | Isaiah uses a question to mock those in Egypt who claim to be wise. Alternate translation: “You foolishly say to Pharaoh … kings.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
| 1071 | 19:12 | vn7v | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | Where then are your wise men? | 0 | Isaiah uses a question to mock the wise men. The word “your” refers to Pharaoh. Alternate translation: “You do not have any wise men.” or “Your wise men are fools.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
| 1072 | 19:12 | yi3f | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony | Let them tell you and make known what Yahweh of hosts plans concerning Egypt | 0 | Isaiah is implying that wise men should be able to understand God’s plans, but Isaiah does not really believe they are wise. Alternate translation: “If they were really wise, they would be able to tell you what Yahweh of hosts plans concerning Egypt” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) | |
| 1073 | 19:13 | xcx6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | they have made Egypt go astray, who are the cornerstones of her tribes | 0 | The princes of Zoan and Memphis are spoken of as if they are the cornerstones of buildings because they are an important part of the community. Alternate translation: “the leaders have made Egypt go astray” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1074 | 19:13 | i9nc | princes of Zoan | 0 | Zoan is a city in northern Egypt. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 19:11](../19/11.md). | ||
| 1075 | 19:13 | ws7v | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names | Memphis | 0 | This is a city in the northern part of Egypt. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
| 1076 | 19:13 | wv4n | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | made Egypt go astray | 0 | The word “Egypt” represents the people of Egypt. Going astray represents doing what is wrong. Alternate translation: “made the people of Egypt go astray” or “made the people of Egypt do what is wrong” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1077 | 19:14 | djx6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | Yahweh has mixed a spirit of distortion into her midst | 0 | Isaiah speaks of Yahweh’s judgment as if Egypt was a cup of wine. He speaks of Yahweh causing the leaders’ thoughts to be distorted as if their distorted thoughts were a liquid that Yahweh mixed in with the wine. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has judged them by distorting their thoughts” or “Yahweh has judged Egypt by distorting its leaders’ thoughts, as intoxicating drinks confuse people’s thoughts” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1078 | 19:14 | i24q | distortion | 0 | Alternate translation: “perverseness” or “confusion” | ||
| 1079 | 19:14 | d2iu | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | into her midst | 0 | Here “her” refers to Egypt. Nations are sometimes spoken of as if they were women. Alternate translation: “within Egypt” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
| 1080 | 19:14 | pf3i | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | they have led Egypt astray | 0 | Here, “they” refers to the leaders described in the previous verses. The word “Egypt” represents the people of Egypt. Alternate translation: “the princes have led the people of Egypt astray” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1081 | 19:14 | veh2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | have led Egypt astray | 0 | Leading people astray represents influencing them to do what is wrong. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1082 | 19:14 | yj4b | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile | like a drunk staggering in his vomit | 0 | Isaiah speaks of the people of Egypt doing what is wrong as if they were made to wander about like a drunken person. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
| 1083 | 19:15 | h1pl | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | whether head or tail | 0 | The “head,” the part of an animal a person would want to be, represents the leader. The “tail” is the opposite and represents people who follow. Alternate translation: “whether leader or follower” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1084 | 19:15 | h6vu | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | palm branch or reed | 0 | The “palm branch” grows high on the tree and represents people who are wealthy and important. The “reed” grows in shallow water and represents people who are poor and unimportant. See how you translated similar phrases in [Isaiah 9:14](../09/14.md). Alternate translation: “whether they are important or unimportant” or “whether rich or poor” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1085 | 19:16 | yjs8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile | Egyptians will be like women | 0 | This emphasizes that the people of Egypt will be afraid and helpless when God punishes them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
| 1086 | 19:16 | q4i9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | because of the upraised hand of Yahweh of hosts that he raises over them | 0 | Here “hand” refers to God’s power, and raising the hand against them represents punishing them. Alternate translation: “because Yahweh of hosts has raised his powerful hand to punish them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1087 | 19:17 | zin3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | The land of Judah will become a cause of staggering to Egypt | 0 | The “land of Judah” and “Egypt” refer to the people in those places. The Egyptians will stagger because they are afraid. Alternate translation: “The people of Judah will cause the Egyptians to stagger” or “The people of Judah will cause the Egyptians to be terribly afraid” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1088 | 19:17 | ad9e | Whenever anyone reminds them of her, they will be afraid | 0 | Here, “them” and “they” refer to the Egyptians and “her” refers to the people of Judah. Alternate translation: “Whenever anyone reminds the Egyptians of the people of Judah, the Egyptians will be afraid” | ||
| 1089 | 19:18 | n3bi | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | there will be five cities in the land of Egypt that speak | 0 | This refers to the people of those cities. Alternate translation: “the people in five Egyptian cities will speak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1090 | 19:18 | p6li | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | the language of Canaan | 0 | This refers to Hebrew, the language of the people of God living in the land of Canaan. Here Canaan represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “the language of the people of Canaan” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1091 | 19:18 | w9p7 | swear allegiance | 0 | Alternate translation: “promise to be loyal” | ||
| 1092 | 19:18 | hr4a | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | One of these will be called | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. “People will call one of these cities” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1093 | 19:18 | qu9b | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants | called The City of the Sun | 0 | It is not clear whether the Hebrew word translated “Sun” here means “sun” or “destruction.” It is also not clear what the name tells us about the city. Alternate translation: “the city called Sun City” or “the city called Destruction City” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]]) | |
| 1094 | 19:19 | mnu1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | a stone pillar at the border to Yahweh | 0 | The phrase “the border” refers to the border of Egypt. Alternate translation: “a stone pillar to Yahweh at the border of Egypt” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 1095 | 19:20 | vgv1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | It will be as a sign and a witness to Yahweh of hosts in the land of Egypt | 0 | The abstract nouns “sign” and “witness” can be expressed with the verbs “show” and prove.” Alternate translation: “The altar will show and prove that Yahweh of hosts is in the land of Egypt” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 1096 | 19:20 | w4gy | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | to Yahweh of hosts in the land of Egypt | 0 | Yahweh being in the land of Egypt represents the people of Egypt worshiping him. Alternate translation: “that the people in the land of Egypt worship Yahweh of hosts” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 1097 | 19:20 | c365 | When they cry | 0 | Alternate translation: “When the Egyptians cry” | ||
| 1098 | 19:20 | bp9e | because of oppressors | 0 | Alternate translation: “because people are treating them harshly” or “because others are causing them to suffer” | ||
| 1099 | 19:20 | e9e2 | he will send them a savior and a defender | 0 | Alternate translation: “Yahweh will send someone to save and defend the Egyptians” | ||
| 1100 | 19:20 | knh3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | he will deliver them | 0 | Who Yahweh will deliver them from can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will deliver the Egyptians from their oppressors” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 1101 | 19:21 | rad5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | Yahweh will become known to Egypt | 0 | Here “Egypt” refers to the people of Egypt. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will make the people of Egypt know him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1102 | 19:21 | wc2k | will acknowledge Yahweh | 0 | Alternate translation: “will accept the truth about Yahweh” or “will agree to the truth about Yahweh” | ||
| 1103 | 19:21 | r2vl | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | They will worship | 0 | The object of their worship can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “They will worship Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 1104 | 19:21 | bcm9 | will make vows to Yahweh and fulfill them | 0 | Alternate translation: “will make promises to Yahweh and keep them” or “they will make promises to Yahweh and they will do what they have promised to do” | ||
| 1105 | 19:22 | pvf9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | Yahweh will afflict Egypt | 0 | Here, “Egypt” refers to the people of Egypt. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will afflict the people of Egypt” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1106 | 19:22 | v3uj | afflict | 0 | Alternate translation: “strike” or “punish” | ||
| 1107 | 19:22 | u4gc | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis | afflicting and healing | 0 | The word “them” is understood in this phrase. Alternate translation: “afflicting them and healing them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
| 1108 | 19:22 | i7ek | afflicting and healing | 0 | How this phrase relates to the phrase before it can be made clear with the words “after” and “also.” Alternate translation: “and after he afflicts them, he will also heal them” | ||
| 1109 | 19:23 | g1ca | there will be a highway | 0 | A highway is a large road on which many people can travel. | ||
| 1110 | 19:23 | s63v | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun | the Assyrian will come | 0 | “the Assyrian” refers to a person from Assyria, but represents anyone from Assyria who comes to Egypt. Alternate translation: “Assyrians will come” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) | |
| 1111 | 19:23 | h5zp | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis | the Egyptian to Assyria | 0 | The words “will come” are understood. Alternate translation: “the Egyptian will come to Assyria” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
| 1112 | 19:23 | vjm5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun | the Egyptian | 0 | This refers to a person from Egypt, but represents anyone from Egypt who comes to Assyria. Alternate translation: “Egyptians” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) | |
| 1113 | 19:23 | vdk8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | the Egyptians will worship with the Assyrians | 0 | The object of their worship can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “the Egyptians and Assyrians will worship Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 1114 | 19:24 | x4sx | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | Israel will be the third with Egypt and Assyria | 0 | The names of the three nations represent the people of those nations. Alternate translation: “the Israelites will be the third with the Egyptians and Assyrians” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1115 | 19:24 | d63v | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal | be the third with | 0 | This could mean: (1) “join together with” or (2) “be the third blessing with” or (3) “be equal to.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) | |
| 1116 | 19:25 | ial4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | Blessed be Egypt, my people; Assyria, the work of my hands; and Israel, my inheritance | 0 | The names of the three nations refer to the people of those nations. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I have blessed you, people of Egypt, because you are my people; and I have blessed you, people of Assyria, because I created you; and I have blessed you, people of Israel, because I securely possess you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1117 | 19:25 | hd4u | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | the work of my hands | 0 | Here “hands” refers to God’s power and action. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1118 | 20:intro | qqp3 | 0 | # Isaiah 20 General Notes\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Naked and barefoot\n\nThis is an image used in this chapter to describe Assyria’s victory over Egypt and Ethiopia. While they will be defeated, they will not be totally destroyed. Instead, they will be left with nothing. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |||
| 1119 | 20:1 | cw3v | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names | Tartan | 0 | the name of the chief commander of the armies of Assyria (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
| 1120 | 20:1 | q4u1 | Sargon | 0 | the name of the king of Assyria | ||
| 1121 | 20:1 | g7u8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | he fought against Ashdod and took it | 0 | Ashdod refers to the army of Ashdod. Alternate translation: “he fought against the army of Ashdod and defeated it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1122 | 20:2 | xk5u | walking naked and barefoot | 0 | “walking around without clothes and without sandals.” Here the word “naked” probably refers to wearing only his undergarments. | ||
| 1123 | 20:3 | mig7 | an omen | 0 | Alternate translation: “a warning” | ||
| 1124 | 20:4 | k9su | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | the king of Assyria will lead away the captives | 0 | The king orders his army to do this task. Alternate translation: “the king of Assyria will have his army lead away the captives” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1125 | 20:4 | y6cb | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | will lead away the captives of Egypt, and the exiles of Cush | 0 | It can be stated clearly that they will first attack and capture people. Alternate translation: “will attack Egypt and Cush and capture their people and lead them away” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 1126 | 20:4 | j58w | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | to the shame of Egypt | 0 | Egypt refers to the people of Egypt. Alternate translation: “which will bring shame on the people of Egypt” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1127 | 20:5 | csg5 | dismayed and ashamed | 0 | Alternate translation: “afraid and put to shame” | ||
| 1128 | 20:5 | x6ix | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | because of Cush their hope and of Egypt their glory | 0 | Hope and glory refer to their trust in the military power of these countries. Alternate translation: “because they had trusted in the power of the armies of Cush and Egypt” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1129 | 20:6 | ppe5 | The inhabitants of these coasts | 0 | the people who lived in the lands bordering the Mediterranean Sea | ||
| 1130 | 20:6 | a114 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | where we fled for help to be rescued | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “where we fled to so they would rescue us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1131 | 20:6 | ul8x | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | now, how can we escape? | 0 | The author uses this question to emphasize how hopeless their situation was. Alternate translation: “now there is no way for us to escape!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
| 1132 | 21:intro | b7ty | 0 | # Isaiah 21 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 21:1-10, 13-17.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Cush\n\nDumah and Seir are places in Edom. Part of this chapter is a prophecy against Cush. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### The desert by the sea\n\nThis is a metaphor for an unknown nation. Scholars are divided over the proper identity of this nation, but it is probably Babylon. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n### Mystery\n\nThe fulfillment of this chapter is very mysterious. It is unknown who is truly being addressed and how this is to be fulfilled in history. The translator should not attempt to give the reader insight into this prophecy’s fulfillment. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) | |||
| 1133 | 21:1 | c5lv | A declaration | 0 | Alternate translation: “This is what Yahweh declares” or “This is Yahweh’s message” | ||
| 1134 | 21:1 | x48q | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | about the desert by the sea | 0 | This refers to the people who live in Babylon as being a desert, even though God has not made it into a desert yet. This event will certainly happen. Alternate translation: “about the people who live in a land that soon will be a desert” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) | |
| 1135 | 21:1 | x94u | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile | Like stormwinds sweeping through the Negev | 0 | Isaiah compares the army that will attack the people to a storm with strong winds. They will be quick and powerful. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
| 1136 | 21:1 | k1uh | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | from the wilderness | 0 | Here “wilderness” refers to the wilderness of Judea. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 1137 | 21:1 | chs7 | from a terrible land | 0 | The army is from a people that cause great fear. | ||
| 1138 | 21:2 | gk1g | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | A distressing vision has been given to me | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh showed me a troubling vision” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1139 | 21:2 | rpn1 | the treacherous man deals treacherously | 0 | Alternate translation: “those who deceive will deceive” | ||
| 1140 | 21:2 | ue2c | the destroyer destroys | 0 | Alternate translation: “those who destroy will destroy” | ||
| 1141 | 21:2 | y49p | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe | Go up and attack, Elam; besiege, Media | 0 | In the vision given to Isaiah, Yahweh speaks to the armies of Elam and Media as if they are there listening to him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) | |
| 1142 | 21:2 | n5ct | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis | Go up and attack, Elam; besiege, Media | 0 | It is understood that they are to attack the Babylonians. Alternate translation: “Go up and attack the Babylonians, you soldiers of Elam; go and besiege the Babylonians, you soldiers of Media” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
| 1143 | 21:2 | x1bk | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | Elam … Media | 0 | Here “Elam” and “Media” represent the soldiers from these places. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1144 | 21:2 | ic7h | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | I will stop all her groaning | 0 | Here “her” represents all the people who are suffering because of the Babylonians. Yahweh will cause them to stop groaning when he sends the armies of Elam and Media to destroy the Babylonians. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1145 | 21:3 | sy98 | my loins are filled with pain | 0 | The vision that Isaiah sees is so troubling it causes him physical pain. Here he describes the pain and cramping in the middle part of his body. | ||
| 1146 | 21:3 | lm8g | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile | pains like the pains of a woman in labor have taken hold of me | 0 | Isaiah compares his pain to the pain of a woman giving birth. This emphasizes the great pain he is feeling. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
| 1147 | 21:3 | dv2a | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | I am bowed down by what I heard | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “What I heard has caused me to bend over in pain” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1148 | 21:3 | eaj7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | I am disturbed by what I saw | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “what I saw has greatly troubled me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1149 | 21:4 | b8pe | My heart pounds; I shake with fear | 0 | Alternate translation: “My heart beats fast and I am shaking” | ||
| 1150 | 21:5 | y2mh | They prepare | 0 | Here “They” refers to the leaders of Babylon. | ||
| 1151 | 21:5 | isa5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | prepare the table | 0 | Here “table” represents the food that people will eat at the feast. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1152 | 21:5 | t2uh | arise, princes | 0 | Here “princes” refers in general to men with authority and not necessarily to sons of kings. | ||
| 1153 | 21:5 | v634 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | anoint your shields with oil | 0 | Soldiers would put oil on their leather shields so they would stay soft and not crack during battle. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 1154 | 21:6 | m5sh | post a watchman | 0 | Alternate translation: “tell a watchman to stand on the wall of Jerusalem” | ||
| 1155 | 21:7 | qai9 | a chariot, a pair of horsemen | 0 | Alternate translation: “a soldier riding in a chariot, a pair of horses pulling it” | ||
| 1156 | 21:8 | v2w1 | Lord, on the watchtower I stand | 0 | Here “Lord” refers to the person with authority that commanded the watchman to stand on the wall of Jerusalem. | ||
| 1157 | 21:9 | x4x6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | Babylon has fallen, fallen | 0 | Babylon being completely defeated by their enemies is spoken of as if Babylon has fallen. Here “Babylon” is a metonym that represents the people of Babylon. Alternate translation: “The people of Babylon are completely defeated” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1158 | 21:9 | udx7 | fallen, fallen | 0 | The word “fallen” is repeated to emphasize that the people of Babylon were completely defeated by their enemies. | ||
| 1159 | 21:10 | yv9c | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | My threshed and winnowed ones, children of my threshing floor | 0 | The people of Israel suffering because of the Babylonians is spoken of as if the people were grain that was threshed and winnowed. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1160 | 21:10 | wdg3 | My threshed | 0 | The word “my” refers to Isaiah. | ||
| 1161 | 21:10 | nn8k | Yahweh of hosts | 0 | See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). | ||
| 1162 | 21:11 | qk1a | A declaration | 0 | Alternate translation: “This is what Yahweh declares” or “This is a message from Yahweh” | ||
| 1163 | 21:11 | f2ac | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names | about Dumah | 0 | This is another name for Edom. Here “Dumah” represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “about the people of Dumah” or “about the people of Edom” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1164 | 21:11 | z3e8 | One calls to me | 0 | Here “me” refers to Isaiah. | ||
| 1165 | 21:11 | z8pb | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names | Seir | 0 | This is the name of mountains west of Edom. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
| 1166 | 21:11 | fhv6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | Watchman, what is left of the night? Watchman, what is left of the night? | 0 | This is repeated to emphasize that the person asking the question is worried and nervous. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
| 1167 | 21:12 | h8eg | If you want to ask, then ask; and come back again | 0 | Alternate translation: “Ask me now what you want to know, but also come back later and ask again” | ||
| 1168 | 21:13 | qlh5 | A declaration | 0 | Alternate translation: “This is what Yahweh declares” or “This is the message of Yahweh” | ||
| 1169 | 21:13 | bs2m | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | about Arabia | 0 | Arabia refers to the population of Arabia. Alternate translation: “about the people of Arabia” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1170 | 21:13 | q4gt | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | In the wilderness of Arabia | 0 | Arabia does not have a forest. Alternate translation: “Far off from the road in Arabia” or “Out in the bushes of Arabia” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 1171 | 21:13 | wxn6 | caravans | 0 | a group of people traveling together | ||
| 1172 | 21:13 | a76p | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names | Dedanites | 0 | This is a people group that lived in Arabia. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
| 1173 | 21:14 | yz13 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names | land of Tema | 0 | This is the name of a city in Arabia. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
| 1174 | 21:14 | ck51 | fugitives | 0 | A fugitive is a person who runs away so that his enemy will not capture him. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 15:5](../15/05.md). | ||
| 1175 | 21:14 | b4b7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche | with bread | 0 | Here “bread” represents food in general. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) | |
| 1176 | 21:15 | y9if | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | from the sword, from the drawn sword, from the bent bow | 0 | Here “sword” and “bow” represents the soldiers who attack the inhabitants of Tema. Alternate translation: “from their enemies who attack them with swords and bows” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1177 | 21:15 | tnx9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | from the weight of war | 0 | The terror and suffering that is experienced during war is spoken of as if war were a heavy weight on people. Alternate translation: “from the horrors of war” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1178 | 21:16 | y8lk | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | as a laborer hired for a year would see it | 0 | “as a hired laborer would count the days of a year.” A hired worker is careful to count the days so that he works exactly the amount of time he is paid to work. This means Kedar will be defeated in exactly one year. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 1179 | 21:16 | z33f | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names | of Kedar | 0 | This is a region in Arabia. Kedar represents the population of Kedar. Alternate translation: “of the people of Kedar” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1180 | 22:intro | j95f | 0 | # Isaiah 22 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Repentance\n\nOn this day of judgment, Judah should be repenting of their sin. Instead, they are celebrating it. Although Judah avoids Yahweh’s punishment through the Assyrians, their punishment will still come. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### “Valley of Visions”\nThis is a metaphor used in this prophecy against the nation of Judah. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) | |||
| 1181 | 22:1 | k9gg | A declaration | 0 | Alternate translation: “This is what Yahweh declares” or “This is Yahweh’s message” | ||
| 1182 | 22:1 | r9lq | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | about the Valley of Vision | 0 | Here “Valley” refers to those who live in the valley, that is, Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “about those who live in the Valley of Vision” or “about those who live in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1183 | 22:1 | eln4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | What is the reason that you have all gone up to the housetops? | 0 | Isaiah uses a question to scold the people of Judah. Alternate translation: “You should not go and stand on the tops of your houses.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
| 1184 | 22:2 | y1ul | a town full of revelry | 0 | Alternate translation: “a town full of people celebrating” | ||
| 1185 | 22:2 | l5a8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | Your dead were not killed with the sword | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Enemy soldiers did not kill your people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1186 | 22:2 | g7up | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | with the sword | 0 | Here “sword” represents the soldiers who fight in battle. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1187 | 22:3 | sd8r | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | but they were captured without using a bow | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “but the enemy captured your rulers who were not even carrying a bow” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1188 | 22:3 | geh4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | all of them were captured together | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the enemy captured all of them together” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1189 | 22:4 | ud7n | Therefore I said | 0 | Here “I” refers to Isaiah. | ||
| 1190 | 22:4 | yy7y | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | of the daughter of my people | 0 | Here “daughter” represents the people and may imply Isaiah’s feeling of love for them. Alternate translation: “of my people whom I love” or “of my people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 1191 | 22:5 | mv8s | For there is a day | 0 | Alternate translation: “For there will be a time” | ||
| 1192 | 22:5 | b51a | of tumult, treading down, and confusion for the Lord Yahweh of hosts | 0 | Alternate translation: “when the Lord Yahweh of hosts will cause panic, treading down, and confusion” | ||
| 1193 | 22:5 | p1ny | treading down | 0 | This could mean: (1) this refers to soldiers marching or (2) people in general are running in panic and not sure where to go. | ||
| 1194 | 22:5 | nbr9 | in the Valley of Vision | 0 | This refers to Jerusalem. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 22:1](../22/01.md). | ||
| 1195 | 22:5 | q2i2 | people crying out to the mountains | 0 | This could mean: (1) “people in the mountains will hear their cries” or (2) “the people’s cries will echo off the mountains” | ||
| 1196 | 22:6 | qte5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | Elam takes up the quiver | 0 | The quiver is a bag to carry arrows and represents the archer’s weapons. Alternate translation: “The soldiers of Elam take their bows and arrows” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1197 | 22:6 | v2pq | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | Kir lays the shield bare | 0 | Here “Kir” represents the soldiers. Alternate translation: “the soldiers of Kir will take their shields out of their covers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1198 | 22:6 | x6a2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names | Kir | 0 | Kir is a city in Media. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
| 1199 | 22:7 | hn61 | your choicest valleys | 0 | Here “your” refers to the people of Jerusalem. Isaiah does include himself as one of the people of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “our best valleys” | ||
| 1200 | 22:8 | yr3v | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | He took away the protection of Judah | 0 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **protection**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will take away everything that has protected the people of Judah” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 1201 | 22:8 | a1h5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | you looked in that day to the weapons | 0 | Here the phrase “to look to” means to trust in something. Alternate translation: “to defend yourselves you will get the weapons” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
| 1202 | 22:8 | mz5j | Palace of the Forest | 0 | This was a part of the temple in Jerusalem where they stored their weapons. | ||
| 1203 | 22:9 | b84f | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | you collected the water of the lower pool | 0 | The people will store water so that they will have enough to drink while their enemies surround the city. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 1204 | 22:10 | ypg7 | You counted the houses | 0 | Here “counted” means they inspected the houses to find material to help them rebuild the city wall. | ||
| 1205 | 22:11 | by9j | You made a reservoir | 0 | Alternate translation: “You made a storage place” | ||
| 1206 | 22:11 | jt97 | between the two walls | 0 | It is unclear what two walls Isaiah meant. The main point is that they built the reservoir within the city walls. | ||
| 1207 | 22:11 | a66l | the city’s maker | 0 | This could mean: (1) this refers to the original human builder of the city or (2) this refers to Yahweh. | ||
| 1208 | 22:12 | x4ws | Yahweh of hosts | 0 | See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). | ||
| 1209 | 22:12 | h6es | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction | for shaved heads | 0 | This was a sign of mourning and repenting. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) | |
| 1210 | 22:13 | ct44 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | let us eat and drink, for tomorrow we will die | 0 | Here “eat and drink” represents having a party and over indulging in food and wine. Alternate translation: “we may as well have fun now by eating and drinking all we want, for we will die soon” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1211 | 22:14 | f7iw | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche | This was revealed in my ears by Yahweh of hosts | 0 | Here “ears” represents Isaiah as a whole. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh of hosts revealed this to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1212 | 22:14 | g3sh | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | Surely this iniquity will not be forgiven you, even when you die | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Surely I will not forgive you for these sinful things you have done, even when you die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1213 | 22:14 | bmu5 | even when you die | 0 | This could mean: (1) Yahweh will never forgive them, even after they die or (2) Yahweh will not forgive them until they die. | ||
| 1214 | 22:15 | v7mw | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names | Shebna | 0 | This is the name of the manager of the king’s palace in Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
| 1215 | 22:15 | lkg6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | who is over the house | 0 | Here “house” represents those in the king’s palace. Alternate translation: “who is in charge of all those who work in the palace” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1216 | 22:16 | ly8w | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | What are you doing here and who gave you permission … in the rock? | 0 | Yahweh uses this question to scold Shebna. Alternate translation: “You have no right … in the rock!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
| 1217 | 22:16 | kv47 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | cut out a tomb … hewing out a grave … carving out a resting place | 0 | These three phrases all refer to making a burial tomb. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
| 1218 | 22:16 | ux5x | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | on the heights | 0 | The most important people in Israel had tombs in the highest places. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 1219 | 22:18 | g81e | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | He will surely wind you round and round, and toss you like a ball into a vast country | 0 | The enemy soldiers coming and taking Shebna as a captive to a foreign land is spoken of as if Yahweh were throwing him like a ball into another land. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1220 | 22:18 | i1nz | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | you will be the shame of your master’s house | 0 | Here “house” represents the people who work in the king’s palace. Alternate translation: “you will cause shame for all those in your master’s palace” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1221 | 22:19 | jhf3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | I will thrust you from your office and from your station. You will be pulled down | 0 | Yahweh causing Shebna to no longer work in the king’s palace is spoken of as if Yahweh will throw him to the ground. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1222 | 22:19 | gg54 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | You will be pulled down | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I will bring you down from your honored position” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1223 | 22:20 | pfi1 | It will come about on that day | 0 | Alternate translation: “It will happen at that time” | ||
| 1224 | 22:20 | t9nz | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names | Eliakim … Hilkiah | 0 | These are names of men. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
| 1225 | 22:21 | hnw8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | I will clothe him with your tunic and put on him your sash | 0 | Yahweh causing Eliakim to take Shebna’s place in the king’s palace is spoken of as if Yahweh will dress Eliakim in Shebna’s clothes that represent his authority in the king’s palace. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1226 | 22:21 | rpb7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | your tunic … your sash | 0 | Here the tunic and sash represent authority in the king’s palace. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1227 | 22:21 | e26e | sash | 0 | This is a piece of cloth that people wear around the waist or across the chest. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 3:20](../03/20.md). | ||
| 1228 | 22:21 | xz46 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | into his hand | 0 | Here “hand” represents power or control. Alternate translation: “to him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1229 | 22:21 | h2he | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | He will be a father | 0 | Eliakim caring for and protecting the people of Judah is spoken of as if he would be their father. Alternate translation: “He will be like a father” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1230 | 22:21 | y2lj | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | to the house of Judah | 0 | Here “house” represents the people. Alternate translation: “to the people of Judah” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1231 | 22:22 | q3km | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | I will place the key of the house of David on his shoulder … none will open | 0 | Here “key” represents authority. This speaks of Eliakim having authority that no one can oppose as if he had the key to the palace and no one else could lock or unlock the door. Alternate translation: “I will put him in charge of those who work in the king’s palace, and when he makes a decision no one will be able to oppose him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1232 | 22:23 | h3j8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | I will fasten him, a peg in a secure place | 0 | Yahweh causing Eliakim’s authority to be strong and secure in the king’s palace is spoken of as if Eliakim were a peg and Yahweh will set him firmly in the palace wall. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1233 | 22:23 | re2x | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | he will become a seat of glory for his father’s house | 0 | Here “seat of glory” represents a place of honor. Alternate translation: “Eliakim will bring honor to his family” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1234 | 22:23 | vm1p | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | his father’s house | 0 | Here “house” represents family. Alternate translation: “his father’s family” or “his family” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1235 | 22:24 | gzh4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | They will hang on him all the glory of his father’s house | 0 | Yahweh causing Eliakim’s whole family to be honored because of Eliakim is spoken of as if Eliakim were a peg in the wall and his family were something that hangs on the peg. Alternate translation: “They will give honor to his whole family because of him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1236 | 22:24 | p4as | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | every small container from the cups to all the jugs | 0 | This continues to speak of Eliakim as a peg. His offspring will be like cups that hang on the peg. This means his descendants will be honored because of him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1237 | 22:24 | y52b | the cups to all the jugs | 0 | A cup is a small container that holds water. A jug is a larger container that holds water. | ||
| 1238 | 22:25 | tll3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | the peg driven in a firm place … will be cut off | 0 | Yahweh causing Shebna to lose his authority in the king’s palace is spoken of as if Shebna were a peg in the wall that breaks off and falls to the ground. This emphasizes that Shebna thought his authority was secure but God will remove him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1239 | 22:25 | l3m8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | the weight that was on it will be cut off | 0 | Here “weight” represents Shebna’s power and authority. It is spoken of as if it were an object hanging on the peg that represents Shebna. Yahweh causing Shebna to lose his power and authority is spoken of as if someone were to cut off the object that was hanging on the peg. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1240 | 23:intro | zw88 | 0 | # Isaiah 23 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Phoenicia\n\nThis chapter prophesies destruction against several cities in Phoenicia as well as in Tarshish. The exact location of Tarshish is unknown. Because of the locations mentioned in this chapter, it appears that the Assyrians will conquer many of the nations on the Mediterranean Sea. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) | |||
| 1241 | 23:1 | p3kt | A declaration about Tyre | 0 | Alternate translation: “This is what Yahweh declares about Tyre” | ||
| 1242 | 23:1 | fmd1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | Howl, you ships of Tarshish | 0 | Here “ships” represents the men on the ships. Isaiah speaks to the men on the ships of Tarshish as if they could hear him. Alternate translation: “Cry out in despair you men on the ships of Tarshish” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) | |
| 1243 | 23:1 | ggd2 | harbor | 0 | an area of the sea that is near land and safe for ships | ||
| 1244 | 23:1 | vu39 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names | from the land of Cyprus it has been revealed to them | 0 | This phrase can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the men heard about Tyre when they were in the land of Cyprus” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1245 | 23:2 | h8zu | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe | Be silent, you inhabitants of the coast | 0 | Isaiah speaks to the people who live on the coast as if they could hear him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) | |
| 1246 | 23:2 | b9vq | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | Be silent | 0 | This is an idiom. Here silence is meant to signal shock and amazement. Alternate translation: “Be shocked” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
| 1247 | 23:2 | e3zr | of the coast | 0 | The “coast” is the land near or around the sea or ocean. Here it refers to the people who live in Phoenicia which borders the Mediterranean sea. | ||
| 1248 | 23:2 | x6g6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun | the merchant of Sidon, who travels over the sea, has filled you | 0 | Here “merchant” means “many merchants.” Alternate translation: “the merchants of Sidon, who travel over the sea, have made you rich” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) | |
| 1249 | 23:3 | z18x | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names | Upon the great waters was the grain of Shihor | 0 | Shihor was the name of a valley near the Nile River in Egypt known for its production of grain. Alternate translation: “The men traveled on the large sea to transport the grain from Shihor in Egypt” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
| 1250 | 23:3 | jsl4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | the harvest of the Nile was her produce | 0 | The “harvest of the Nile” refers to the grain that was harvested near the Nile River and transported on the river and then to Phoenicia. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
| 1251 | 23:3 | yvg2 | her produce | 0 | Alternate translation: “its produce.” It was common to refer to the river as “her.” | ||
| 1252 | 23:3 | hf67 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | it became the commerce of the nations | 0 | Commerce is the activity of buying and selling goods. Here “nations” represents the people. Alternate translation: “you were where people from other nations came to buy and sell goods” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1253 | 23:4 | er55 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | for the sea has spoken, the mighty one of the sea … nor brought up young women | 0 | This could mean: (1) Yahweh describes the city of Tyre as a mother who speaks about the people who live in the city as her children, or (2) Yahweh is describing the Mediterranean Sea as speaking. The people of Tyre considered the sea their god and father. In either meaning the speaker mourns because its children are destroyed. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
| 1254 | 23:6 | bk9d | Cross over to Tarshish | 0 | “Make your way to Tarshish.” Tarshish was the farthest land the people of Tyre traveled to do business. It will be the only place of safety for those who escape from Tyre. | ||
| 1255 | 23:7 | m498 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | Has this happened to you, the joyful city, whose origin is from ancient times … to settle? | 0 | Yahweh uses a question to mock Tyre. This rhetorical questions can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “This has indeed happened to you who were full of joy in the ancient city of Tyre … to settle.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
| 1256 | 23:7 | md2c | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | the joyful city | 0 | Here “city” represents the people. Alternate translation: “the joyful people who live in the city of Tyre” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1257 | 23:7 | qlk4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche | whose feet carried her far away to foreign places to settle | 0 | Here “feet” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “who went to distant places to live and make money” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) | |
| 1258 | 23:7 | ws35 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | her far away | 0 | Here “her” refers to the city of Tyre which represents the people of Tyre. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1259 | 23:8 | q8gu | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | Who has planned this against Tyre … of the earth? | 0 | Isaiah uses a question to mock Tyre. The word “this” refers to God’s plans to destroy Tyre which Isaiah described in 23:1-7. Also, “Tyre” refers to the people who live in Tyre. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “It was Yahweh who has planned to destroy the people of Tyre … of the earth.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1260 | 23:8 | lz33 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | the giver of crowns | 0 | Here “crown” refers to the power a person has as a ruler over people. Alternate translation: “who gives people power to rule over others” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1261 | 23:8 | irz8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | whose merchants are princes | 0 | The merchants are compared to princes to emphasize how much power they had when they went to different lands. Alternate translation: “whose merchants are like princes” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1262 | 23:8 | qwj2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | whose traders are the honored ones of the earth | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “whose traders the people of the earth give the highest honors” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1263 | 23:9 | h693 | to dishonor her pride and all her glory | 0 | Alternate translation: “to dishonor them because they were proud of their own glory” | ||
| 1264 | 23:9 | fxa3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | her pride … her glory … her honored ones | 0 | Here “her” refers to the city of Tyre which represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “their pride … their glory … their honored one” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1265 | 23:10 | h9st | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile | Plow your land, as one plows the Nile, daughter of Tarshish. There is no longer a marketplace in Tyre | 0 | This could mean: (1) Isaiah is telling the people of Tarshish to start planting crops since they can no longer trade with Tyre or (2) Isaiah is telling the people of Tarshish they are free from Tyre’s control. Alternate translation: “Pass through your land like a river, daughter of Tarshish. The people of Tyre no longer have any power” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
| 1266 | 23:10 | kfi3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | daughter of Tarshish | 0 | The “daughter” of a city represents the people of the city. Alternate translation: “the people of Tarshish” or “the people who live in Tarshish” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1267 | 23:11 | tv4t | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | Yahweh has reached out with his hand over the sea, and he has shaken the kingdoms | 0 | Yahweh using his power to control the sea and the people of mighty kingdoms is spoken of as if Yahweh reached out his hand and shook kingdoms. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1268 | 23:11 | vi8e | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | has reached out with his hand over the sea | 0 | Here “hand” refers to God’s power and control. Alternate translation: “has shown his power over the sea” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1269 | 23:12 | rx71 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | oppressed virgin daughter of Sidon | 0 | Here “virgin daughter” represents the people of Sidon. Alternate translation: “people of Sidon, because other people will oppress you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1270 | 23:13 | ns9f | See the land of the Chaldeans | 0 | Here, **Chaldeans** here is another name for Babylonians. Alternate translation: “See what happened to the land of the Babylonians” or “See what has happened to Babylonia” | ||
| 1271 | 23:13 | y57n | siege towers | 0 | Soldiers built towers or dirt ramps to attack over the walls of a city. | ||
| 1272 | 23:14 | vas5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | Howl, you ships of Tarshish | 0 | Here “ships” represents the men on the ships. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 23:1](../23/01.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1273 | 23:14 | mrm4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | for your refuge has been destroyed | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “for enemies have destroyed your refuge” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1274 | 23:15 | bg5c | In that day | 0 | Alternate translation: “At that time” or “Then” | ||
| 1275 | 23:15 | j3vb | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | Tyre will be forgotten for seventy years | 0 | Since people will no longer go to Tyre to buy or sell goods, it will be like they have forgotten about the city. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “for seventy years it will be like the people have forgotten about Tyre” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1276 | 23:15 | sm6g | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers | for seventy years | 0 | “for 70 years” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) | |
| 1277 | 23:15 | eq3d | like the days of a king | 0 | Alternate translation: “like the years of a king” or “which is about as long as a king lives” | ||
| 1278 | 23:15 | y1ei | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | like in the song of the prostitute | 0 | This speaks about the people of Tyre as if they were a prostitute. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1279 | 23:16 | q76p | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | Take a harp, go about the city, you forgotten prostitute … so that you may be remembered | 0 | This speaks about the people of Tyre as if they were a prostitute (verse 15). Just as a prostitute who is no longer popular may sing in the streets to regain her former lovers, the people of Tyre will try to get people from other nations to return to them to continue trading so that the people of Tyre will be rich and powerful again. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1280 | 23:16 | sp8f | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | so that you may be remembered | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “so that people remember you” or “so that people return to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1281 | 23:17 | ri8p | It will come about that | 0 | This phrase is used here to mark an important event that will happen. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. | ||
| 1282 | 23:17 | b4c1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers | seventy years | 0 | “70 years” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) | |
| 1283 | 23:17 | bpr9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | Yahweh will help Tyre | 0 | Here “Tyre” represents the people who live in Tyre. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will help the people of Tyre” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1284 | 23:17 | au66 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | she will start making money again by doing the work of a prostitute … of the earth | 0 | Isaiah compares the people of Tyre with a prostitute. Just as the prostitute sells herself for money to any man, the people of Tyre will again buy and sell to all kingdoms. Alternate translation: “And like a prostitute they will buy and sell will all the kingdoms of the earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1285 | 23:18 | jdj2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | They will not be stored up or kept | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The merchants will not store away their money” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1286 | 23:18 | if24 | those who live in Yahweh’s presence | 0 | Alternate translation: “those who obey and serve Yahweh” | ||
| 1287 | 23:18 | y9rb | to supply them with abundant food | 0 | Alternate translation: “so they will have enough food to eat” | ||
| 1288 | 24:intro | a6m4 | 0 | # Isaiah 24 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.\n\nWhile it appears that this chapter is a continuation of the prophecy from the previous chapter, it actually looks at the whole of the Assyrian conquest as Yahweh’s punishment on the world. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Covenant\n\nThe mention of an “everlasting covenant” in this chapter is probably not to a specific covenant with Abraham or Moses. Instead, it is an expectation that mankind would obey Yahweh. Some consider this to be a covenant Yahweh made with Adam. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Reign of Yahweh\n\nThis chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. This chapter pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator should not add explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) | |||
| 1289 | 24:1 | itu1 | to empty the earth | 0 | Alternate translation: “to make the earth desolate” or “to destroy everything on the earth” | ||
| 1290 | 24:2 | v1j9 | It will come about that | 0 | This phrase marks an important event. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. | ||
| 1291 | 24:2 | b89l | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis | as with … so with | 0 | What Yahweh will do is not stated here, but it is understood. This shows that God will treat all people the same way. Alternate translation: “as Yahweh scatters … so he will scatter”(See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
| 1292 | 24:2 | h3vp | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun | the priest … the giver of interest | 0 | In 24:2 Isaiah lists several classes of people. They can be expressed as plural nouns as in the UST. Alternate translation: “the priests … those who give interest” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) | |
| 1293 | 24:2 | bb46 | the receiver of interest | 0 | “the one who owes money.” The word “interest” means the extra money someone has to pay so that he may borrow money. | ||
| 1294 | 24:2 | i24e | the giver of interest | 0 | Alternate translation: “the one who is owed money” | ||
| 1295 | 24:3 | w1xb | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | The earth will be completely devastated and completely stripped | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will completely devastate the earth and he will remove everything with value” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1296 | 24:3 | ie7i | Yahweh has spoken this word | 0 | Alternate translation: “Yahweh has said he would” | ||
| 1297 | 24:3 | fpt4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | The earth | 0 | everything that is on the earth (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1298 | 24:4 | br27 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | The earth dries up and withers, the world shrivels up and fades away | 0 | These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “Everything on earth will dry up and die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
| 1299 | 24:4 | hpm9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | The earth … the world | 0 | Both of these represent everything that is on the earth. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1300 | 24:5 | me5f | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | The earth is polluted by its inhabitants | 0 | The people sinning and making the earth unacceptable to God is spoken of as if the people made the earth physically unclean. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The people have polluted the earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1301 | 24:5 | mw6f | they have transgressed the laws, violated the statutes, and broken the everlasting covenant | 0 | Alternate translation: “they have not obeyed God’s laws and statutes, and they have broken God’s eternal covenant” | ||
| 1302 | 24:6 | kcu7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | a curse devours the earth | 0 | Yahweh cursing the earth and destroying it is spoken of as if a curse were either a wild animal that completely eats the earth or a fire that completely burns up the earth. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1303 | 24:6 | an7c | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | its inhabitants are found guilty | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will declare that the people are guilty” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1304 | 24:8 | bpd3 | tambourines … lyre | 0 | These are musical instruments. See how you translated these in [Isaiah 5:12](../05/12.md). | ||
| 1305 | 24:10 | nje8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | The city of chaos has been broken down | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will break down the city of chaos” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1306 | 24:10 | q3a5 | The city of chaos | 0 | This could mean: (1) the city was in chaos before the Lord breaks it down; the people did not obey God, the government was corrupt, and the city was full of drinking and parties, or (2) the city will be in chaos after God breaks it down. The walls and buildings that were once built strong and tall are now in ruins on the ground. With either meaning it does not mean one city. It refers to cities in general. | ||
| 1307 | 24:10 | rk9d | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | every house is closed up and empty | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the people will close up their houses and leave them empty” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1308 | 24:11 | s8c8 | because of the wine | 0 | Alternate translation: “because there is no wine” | ||
| 1309 | 24:11 | wxr1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | all joy is darkened, the gladness of the land has disappeared | 0 | These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “all joy will be gone from the earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
| 1310 | 24:11 | y34e | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | gladness of the land | 0 | Here “land” represents the people of the earth. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1311 | 24:12 | dme3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | In the city is left a desolation | 0 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **desolation**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “desolate” or “empty.” Alternate translation: “The city is desolate” or “The city is left empty” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 1312 | 24:12 | zs7r | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun | In the city | 0 | This is not a specific city but cities in general. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) | |
| 1313 | 24:13 | j5j7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile | as when an olive tree is beaten, as the gleanings when the grape harvest is done | 0 | This compares the nations after Yahweh devastates the land to trees and vines after their fruit has been picked. This means there will be very few people left in the land. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
| 1314 | 24:14 | zd27 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | They will lift up their voices and shout the majesty of Yahweh | 0 | The phrase “lift up their voices” is an idiom that means to speak loudly. Alternate translation: “They will sing and shout about the majesty of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
| 1315 | 24:14 | z4qy | They will | 0 | Here “They” refers to those who are still alive after Yahweh devastates the earth. | ||
| 1316 | 24:14 | h3vk | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | and will joyfully shout from the sea | 0 | Here “the sea” refers to the Mediterranean Sea which is west of Israel. Alternate translation: “and those in the west towards the sea will shout with joy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 1317 | 24:15 | l9zj | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | Therefore in the east glorify Yahweh | 0 | The phrase “in the east” represents the people living east of Israel. Isaiah is commanding these people as if they were there with him. But, he is talking to the people in the future after God devastates the earth. Alternate translation: “Therefore everyone from distant lands in the east will glorify Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) | |
| 1318 | 24:15 | w2f4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | in the isles of the sea give glory | 0 | Isaiah is commanding the people who live on the islands in the Mediterranean sea as if they were there with him. But, he is talking to the people in the future after God devastates the earth. Alternate translation: “everyone in the islands will give glory” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) | |
| 1319 | 24:15 | ip1j | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | to the name of Yahweh | 0 | Here “name” represents Yahweh. Alternate translation: “to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1320 | 24:16 | zwk3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive | we have heard | 0 | Here “we” refers to Isaiah and the people of Israel. Isaiah is describing something in the future as if it has already happened. Alternate translation: “we will hear” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) | |
| 1321 | 24:16 | zy21 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | I have wasted away, I have wasted away | 0 | Isaiah repeats this phrase to emphasize his anguish. He was very concerned because he saw people who deceived others and did not do what they promised to do. Alternate translation: “I have become very weak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
| 1322 | 24:16 | u7aa | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | The treacherous have dealt treacherously; yes, the treacherous have dealt very treacherously | 0 | Isaiah repeats this phrase to emphasize his anguish. Alternate translation: “Indeed, those who deceive are now deceiving others” or “Indeed, the deceivers have acted deceitfully” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
| 1323 | 24:17 | ec2n | Terror, the pit, and the snare are upon you, inhabitants of the earth | 0 | Alternate translation: “You people of the earth will experience terror, the pit, and the snare” | ||
| 1324 | 24:17 | f3ea | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche | the pit, and the snare | 0 | Here “pit” and “snare” represent all the different bad things that will happen to people. People will run away to escape one bad thing but they will just experience another bad thing. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) | |
| 1325 | 24:18 | gix7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche | caught in the snare | 0 | Here the “snare” represents all the different bad things that will happen to people. People will run away to escape one bad thing but they will just experience another bad thing. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) | |
| 1326 | 24:18 | y2vm | the sound of terror | 0 | Alternate translation: “the terrifying sound” | ||
| 1327 | 24:18 | v3vg | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | will be caught in the snare | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the snare will catch him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1328 | 24:18 | h1cr | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | The windows of the heavens will be opened | 0 | This speaks of large amounts of rain falling from the sky as if Yahweh opened a window in the sky and let the water pour through. Alternate translation: “The sky will split open and torrents of rain will fall” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1329 | 24:18 | irf6 | the foundations of the earth will shake | 0 | The word “foundation” normally refers to a stone structure that gives support to a building from underneath. Here it describes a similar structure that was thought to support and hold the earth in place. Isaiah says even the structure that holds the earth will shake. Alternate translation: “the earth will shake terribly” or “there will be a terrible earthquake” | ||
| 1330 | 24:19 | r4mc | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | The earth will be completely broken, the earth ripped apart; the earth will be violently shaken | 0 | These passive clauses can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The earth will break and split apart; the earth will shake violently” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1331 | 24:20 | gqx5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile | The earth will stagger like a drunken man and it will sway back and forth like a hut | 0 | These similes emphasize how the earth will shake back and forth. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
| 1332 | 24:20 | j3i5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | Its sin will be heavy on it and it will fall and never rise again | 0 | This speaks of the earth as if it were a person and transgressions were a heavy object. The person tries to carry the heavy weight but the weight causes the person to fall and not be able to stand back up. Here the earth represents the people of the earth who cause Yahweh to destroy the earth because of their sins. Alternate translation: “The sins of the people are many and so Yahweh will destroy the earth, and the earth will be like a person who falls and cannot get back up” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1333 | 24:21 | dsm9 | On that day | 0 | Alternate translation: “At that time” | ||
| 1334 | 24:21 | l4tv | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | the host of the heaven | 0 | A host is an army. Here “the host of the heaven” refers to the many powerful spirits in the heavens. It can be stated clearly that they are evil. Alternate translation: “the powerful beings” or “the evil spiritual beings” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 1335 | 24:21 | vwu5 | in the heavens | 0 | Alternate translation: “in the sky” | ||
| 1336 | 24:22 | m1h2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | They will be gathered together, prisoners in a pit, and will be shut up in a prison | 0 | Here “pit” refers to a dark room or hole in a prison. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will gather them together as his prisoners and lock them in the dungeon of a prison” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1337 | 24:22 | a1hh | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | they will be punished | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will punish them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1338 | 24:23 | jhu9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | Then the moon will be ashamed, and the sun disgraced | 0 | The sun and the moon are described as a person who is ashamed of being in front of someone with greater power. In the presence of Yahweh, the light of the moon and sun will seem less bright. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
| 1339 | 25:intro | p6t1 | 0 | # Isaiah 25 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.\n\nThis chapter shifts from being a prophecy against the nations to the personal praises of Isaiah. He praises Yahweh for the deliverance of his people. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Reign of the Messiah\n\nThis chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. This chapter pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator should not add explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) | |||
| 1340 | 25:1 | fw3y | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | praise your name | 0 | Here “name” represents Yahweh. Alternate translation: “praise you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1341 | 25:1 | e938 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | things planned long ago | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “things you planned long ago” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1342 | 25:1 | th82 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | in perfect faithfulness | 0 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “faithful.” Alternate translation: “because you are perfectly faithful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 1343 | 25:2 | a6p6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun | the city | 0 | This is not referring to a certain city. It means cities in general. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) | |
| 1344 | 25:2 | f62g | a fortress of strangers | 0 | Alternate translation: “a fortress belonging to foreigners” | ||
| 1345 | 25:3 | s2dv | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | a city of ruthless nations | 0 | Here “city” and “nations” represent the people who live there. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1346 | 25:4 | c6es | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | you have been a place of safety … a shelter … a shelter from the storm … a shade from the heat | 0 | Yahweh protecting his people is spoken of as if he were a place that the people could go to be safe and comforted. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1347 | 25:4 | n142 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile | When the breath of the ruthless was like a storm against a wall | 0 | Ruthless people oppressing the people of God is spoken of as if they were a storm beating against a wall. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
| 1348 | 25:4 | nhn3 | When the breath | 0 | Alternate translation: “When the wind” or “When the blast” | ||
| 1349 | 25:4 | y8cs | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj | the ruthless | 0 | This is a nominal adjective. Alternate translation: “ruthless people” or “those who are ruthless” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) | |
| 1350 | 25:5 | bf3r | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile | like heat in a dry land | 0 | This compares the enemies of God’s people to the heat that dries up the land. This emphasizes how much the enemies cause the people of God to suffer. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
| 1351 | 25:5 | t81k | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile | as the heat is subdued … ruthless ones is answered | 0 | Yahweh stopping ruthless people from singing and boasting is compared to a cloud providing shade on a hot day. This emphasizes that Yahweh comforts his people by stopping those who cause them to suffer. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
| 1352 | 25:5 | pqi6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | as the heat is subdued by the shade of a cloud | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “just like when a cloud passes overhead and subdues the heat” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1353 | 25:5 | adv7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | the song of the ruthless ones is answered | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you will stop the ruthless people from singing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1354 | 25:6 | gbd9 | On this mountain | 0 | This refers to Jerusalem or Mount Zion. | ||
| 1355 | 25:6 | rt19 | Yahweh of hosts | 0 | See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). | ||
| 1356 | 25:6 | jlw1 | a feast of fat things | 0 | Here “fat things” means the best food. | ||
| 1357 | 25:6 | vv56 | a feast on the lees | 0 | “the oldest wine.” This means the best wine. | ||
| 1358 | 25:7 | m1ll | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | the covering over all peoples, the web woven over all the nations | 0 | Death, suffering, and sadness are spoken of as if they were a dark cloud or web that covers everyone on the earth. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
| 1359 | 25:8 | n8s2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | He will swallow up death forever | 0 | Yahweh causing people to live forever is spoken of as if he would swallow death. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1360 | 25:8 | p3ey | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | the disgrace of his people he will take away from all the earth | 0 | Yahweh causing the people to never be ashamed again is spoken of as if disgrace were an object that Yahweh would take away. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1361 | 25:9 | bh2b | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | It will be said | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “People will say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1362 | 25:9 | g6gj | on that day | 0 | Alternate translation: “at that time” | ||
| 1363 | 25:10 | d1jb | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | For on this mountain the hand of Yahweh will rest | 0 | The “hand” represents God’s power. For Yahweh’s hand to rest on “this mountain” means he will protect his people Alternate translation: “The power of Yahweh will be on this mountain” or “For on Mount Zion Yahweh will protect his people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
| 1364 | 25:10 | zd1u | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | Moab will be trampled down in his place, even as straw is trampled down in a pit filled with manure | 0 | Yahweh destroying the people of Moab is spoken of as if he would step on them and crush them. This is compared to how people trampled on straw to mix it with manure. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
| 1365 | 25:10 | liv7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | Moab will be trampled down in his place | 0 | Here Moab represents the people of Moab. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will trample the people in the land of Moab” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1366 | 25:11 | dsp1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile | They will spread their hands … his hands to swim | 0 | This simile emphasizes how badly Yahweh will humiliate the people of Moab. They will spread their hands in dung like a swimmer spreads his hands in water. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
| 1367 | 25:11 | y282 | They will spread their hands in the midst of it | 0 | Alternate translation: “The people of Moab will push their hands through the dung” | ||
| 1368 | 25:11 | zg36 | as a swimmer spreads his hands to swim | 0 | Alternate translation: “as if they were swimming” | ||
| 1369 | 25:11 | kk8y | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | will bring down their pride | 0 | Yahweh humiliating a proud person is spoken of as if pride were something high and Yahweh would cause it to be low. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1370 | 25:11 | cmz8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | in spite of the skill of their hands | 0 | Here “hands” represents the power to do or make something. Alternate translation: “in spite of the great things they have built” or “in spite of the great things they have done” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1371 | 25:12 | i3tb | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | Your high fortress walls he will bring down to the ground, to the dust | 0 | This speaks of Yahweh causing armies to bring down the walls as if he himself were going to bring them down. Alternate translation: “He will send an army to bring your high fortress walls to the ground, to the dust” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1372 | 25:12 | m6re | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person | Your high fortress | 0 | Here “Your” refers to the people of Moab. It can be stated in third person to be consistent with the previous verse. Alternate translation: “Their high fortress” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) | |
| 1373 | 26:intro | im4d | 0 | # Isaiah 26 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### “That day”\nThis is a common phrase in this section of Isaiah. This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. This chapter pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator should not add explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) | |||
| 1374 | 26:1 | u2d5 | In that day | 0 | Alternate translation: “At that time” | ||
| 1375 | 26:1 | p5n8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | this song will be sung in the land of Judah | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the people in the land of Judah will sing this song” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1376 | 26:1 | u7ja | We have a strong city | 0 | This refers to the city of Jerusalem. | ||
| 1377 | 26:1 | vc1e | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | God has made salvation its walls and ramparts | 0 | God’s power to protect and save his people is spoken of as if his salvation were walls around a city. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1378 | 26:2 | q8p1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | the righteous nation that keeps faith | 0 | Here “nation” represents the people. Alternate translation: “the righteous and faithful people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1379 | 26:3 | x8wp | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | The mind that is stayed on you | 0 | Here “mind” represents a person’s thoughts. Also “you” refers to Yahweh. The phrase “stayed on you” is an idiom. Alternate translation: “The person who continually thinks about you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
| 1380 | 26:4 | rlm9 | Yah, Yahweh | 0 | Yah is another name for Yahweh. | ||
| 1381 | 26:4 | k4ey | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | Yahweh, is an everlasting rock | 0 | Yahweh having the power to protect his people is spoken of as if he were a tall rock where people could go to escape from their enemies. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1382 | 26:5 | vry8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | he will bring down those who live proudly | 0 | Yahweh humiliating those who are proud is spoken of as if proud people were up high and he would cause them to come down low. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1383 | 26:5 | lh5m | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun | the fortified city | 0 | This means fortified cities in general not a specific city. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) | |
| 1384 | 26:5 | mc9n | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | he will lay low … he will level | 0 | Yahweh causing an army to destroy fortified cities is spoken of as if Yahweh would do it himself. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1385 | 26:6 | uu7e | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | It will be trampled down by the feet of the poor and the treading of the needy | 0 | Both statements mean the same thing. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The poor and oppressed people will trample on the ruins of the city” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1386 | 26:7 | a6cq | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | The path of the righteous is level … the path of the righteous you make straight | 0 | These two phrases mean basically the same thing. People obeying Yahweh is spoken of as if they were walking on his path. Yahweh ensuring the people that what they do is right is spoken of as if he were making the path level and straight for them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1387 | 26:8 | xz29 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | in the path of your judgments, Yahweh, we wait for you | 0 | Doing what Yahweh judged to be right is spoken of walking on his path. Alternate translation: “we wait for you, Yahweh, as we continue to do what you judged to be right” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1388 | 26:8 | xu1v | of your judgments | 0 | Alternate translation: “of your laws” or “of your teachings” | ||
| 1389 | 26:8 | xk92 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive | we wait | 0 | Here “we” refers to Isaiah and all righteous people who are speaking to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) | |
| 1390 | 26:8 | cn7i | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | your name and your reputation are our desire | 0 | Here “name” and “reputation” represent Yahweh’s character which represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “our only desire is to honor you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1391 | 26:9 | uq9i | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | my spirit within me seeks you earnestly | 0 | Wanting to know Yahweh and his laws better is spoken of as if the person were seeking to find Yahweh. Alternate translation: “I earnestly want to know you better” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1392 | 26:9 | psm8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche | my spirit within me seeks you earnestly | 0 | Here “spirit” represents the speaker as a whole. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) | |
| 1393 | 26:10 | yd2r | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | Let favor be shown to the wicked one, but he will not learn righteousness | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Even if Yahweh is kind to wicked people, they still do not learn to do what is right” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1394 | 26:10 | v6id | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun | the wicked one | 0 | This means wicked people in general. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) | |
| 1395 | 26:10 | we5i | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | In the land of uprightness | 0 | Here “land” represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “In the land where the people do what is right” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1396 | 26:10 | cl5a | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | does not see the majesty of Yahweh | 0 | Here “see” represents realizing something. Alternate translation: “does not realize that Yahweh is great” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1397 | 26:11 | nvi7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | your hand is lifted up | 0 | Yahweh preparing to punish wicked people is spoken of as if his hand were raised and about to hit the wicked people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1398 | 26:11 | izk8 | but they do not notice | 0 | Alternate translation: “but the wicked people do not notice” | ||
| 1399 | 26:11 | c1n1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | they will see your zeal for the people | 0 | Here “see” represents realizing something. Alternate translation: “they will realize that you are eager to bless your people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1400 | 26:11 | q4xz | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | be put to shame | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “they will be ashamed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1401 | 26:11 | bh8p | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | fire of your adversaries will devour them | 0 | Yahweh punishing and completely destroying his adversaries is spoken of as if he would send a fire that will completely burn them up. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1402 | 26:11 | b1pq | fire of your adversaries | 0 | Here “of” does not mean the fire belongs to the adversaries but that the fire is intended to be used against the adversaries. Alternate translation: “your fire will completely burn them up” | ||
| 1403 | 26:12 | f2jb | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive | for us | 0 | Here “us” refers to Isaiah and includes all the righteous people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) | |
| 1404 | 26:13 | pb5l | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | but we praise your name alone | 0 | Here “name” represents the person of God. Alternate translation: “but we praise you alone” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1405 | 26:14 | uj52 | they will not arise | 0 | Alternate translation: “they will not come back to life” | ||
| 1406 | 26:14 | yt3t | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | made every memory of them to perish | 0 | Yahweh causing people to no longer remember those he destroyed is spoken of as if Yahweh made their memory perish or die. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1407 | 26:15 | mic5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | You have increased the nation, Yahweh, you have increased the nation | 0 | This clause is repeated for emphasis. Here “nation” represents the people. Alternate translation: “You have greatly increased the number of people in our nation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1408 | 26:16 | m26y | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person | they looked to you | 0 | Here “they” refers to the people of Israel. This would include Isaiah. Alternate translation: “we looked to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) | |
| 1409 | 26:16 | vn3a | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | looked to you | 0 | This idiom means they asked Yahweh for help. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
| 1410 | 26:16 | q3db | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | when your discipline was on them | 0 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **discipline**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “when you disciplined them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 1411 | 26:17 | w2a9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile | As a pregnant woman … cries out in her labor pains | 0 | This compares the people to a woman giving birth. This emphasizes their suffering and crying when Yahweh disciplined them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
| 1412 | 26:18 | j8g2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile | but it is as if we have only given birth to wind | 0 | “but it is as if we have only given birth to air” or “it is like we gave birth to nothing.” This is a simile that emphasizes that the people’s suffering resulted in nothing. Alternate translation: “but nothing good resulted from it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
| 1413 | 26:18 | qd8n | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | We have not brought salvation to the earth, and the inhabitants of the world have not fallen | 0 | Here “earth” represents the people who live on the earth. The meaning is unclear, but it seems to mean that the people of Israel have not been able to save themselves or other people by defeating their enemy in battle. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 1414 | 26:18 | v5pe | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | We have not brought salvation to the earth | 0 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **salvation**, you can express the same idea with the verb “save.” Alternate translation: “We have not saved the inhabitants of the earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 1415 | 26:18 | il5k | and the inhabitants of the world have not fallen | 0 | Alternate translation: “nor have we caused the wicked people of the world to fall in battle” | ||
| 1416 | 26:19 | tuj5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj | Your dead will live | 0 | This can be reworded so that the nominal adjective “dead” is expressed as the verb “have died.” Alternate translation: “Your people who have died will live again” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) | |
| 1417 | 26:19 | ak1f | Your dead | 0 | This could mean: (1) “Your” refers to Yahweh or (2) “Your” refers to the people of Israel. If you choose option two you could translate it as “Our dead.” | ||
| 1418 | 26:19 | d48t | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | Awake | 0 | This speaks of dead people coming back to life as if they were waking up from sleep. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1419 | 26:19 | cvc4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism | you who live in the dust | 0 | This is a polite way of referring to those who have died. Alternate translation: “those who are dead and buried” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) | |
| 1420 | 26:19 | zv5y | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | for your dew is the dew of light | 0 | Yahweh acting kindly towards his people and bringing them back to life is spoken of as if it were the dew that causes the plants to live. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1421 | 26:19 | gnz9 | for your dew | 0 | This could mean: (1) “your” refers to Yahweh and this is the dew that Yahweh gives or (2) “your” refers to the people of Israel and this is the dew they receive from Yahweh. | ||
| 1422 | 26:19 | m8v6 | dew of light | 0 | This could mean: (1) “light” refers to Yahweh’s power to make dead people alive again. Alternate translation: “dew from Yahweh” or (2) “light” refers to the morning time when dew is on the plants. Alternate translation: “dew in the morning” | ||
| 1423 | 26:19 | gb4p | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | the earth will bring forth its dead | 0 | “the earth will give birth to those who died.” Yahweh causing dead people to come back to life is spoken of as if the earth would give birth to those who have died. Alternate translation: “and Yahweh will cause those who have died to rise from the earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1424 | 26:20 | z699 | my people | 0 | Here “my” refers to Isaiah. Also “people” refers to the people of Israel. | ||
| 1425 | 26:20 | k2ad | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | until the indignation has passed by | 0 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **indignation**, you can express the same idea with the adjective “angry.” Alternate translation: “until Yahweh is no longer angry with us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 1426 | 26:21 | rcq2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | the earth will uncover her bloodshed, and will no longer conceal her slain | 0 | Yahweh revealing all murders that have happened on the earth so that he can punish the murderers is spoken of as if the earth itself will reveal everyone who has been murdered. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
| 1427 | 27:intro | p2zg | 0 | # Isaiah 27 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Leviathan\n\nThis was an ancient type of dragon or serpent. It is possible that this is a reference to Satan, who is also described as a serpent and a dragon. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/satan]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### “That day”\nThis is a common phrase in this section of Isaiah. This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. This chapter pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator should not add explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) | |||
| 1428 | 27:1 | u82j | On that day | 0 | Alternate translation: “At that time” | ||
| 1429 | 27:1 | zm2d | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | Yahweh with his hard, great and fierce sword will punish | 0 | Yahweh having the power to destroy his enemies is spoken of as if he had strong, large sword. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1430 | 27:1 | tj3b | the monster that is in the sea | 0 | This refers to Leviathan. | ||
| 1431 | 27:2 | w1yf | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | A vineyard of wine, sing of it | 0 | “Sing about the vineyard of wine.” This speaks about the people of Israel as if they were a vineyard that produced fruit. Alternate translation: “Sing about the people of Israel as if they were a vineyard that produced grapes for wine” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1432 | 27:3 | cy2e | I, Yahweh, am its protector | 0 | Alternate translation: “I, Yahweh, protect the vineyard” | ||
| 1433 | 27:3 | rpd8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism | night and day | 0 | The words “night” and “day” are combined here to mean “all the time.” Alternate translation: “all the time” or “continually” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) | |
| 1434 | 27:4 | av5d | Connecting Statement: | 0 | # Connecting Statement:\n\nThis continues to speak about the people of Israel as if they were a vineyard ([Isaiah 27:2-3](./02.md)). | ||
| 1435 | 27:4 | s3xp | I am not angry, Oh, that there were briers and thorns! In battle I would march against them | 0 | Alternate translation: “I am not angry. If there were briers and thorns I would march against them in battle” | ||
| 1436 | 27:4 | z6jj | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis | I am not angry | 0 | It is understood that Yahweh is not angry with his people any longer. Alternate translation: “I am not angry with my people any longer” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
| 1437 | 27:4 | v9e5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | that there were briers and thorns | 0 | The enemies of the people of Israel are spoken of as if they were briers and thorns growing in the vineyard. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1438 | 27:4 | tw3t | briers and thorns | 0 | See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 5:6](../05/06.md). | ||
| 1439 | 27:4 | bic8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | In battle I would march against them | 0 | Yahweh fighting his enemies is spoken of as if he were a warrior in an army. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1440 | 27:4 | ij4d | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | I would march against them; I would burn them all together | 0 | Here Isaiah combines different images to speak of Yahweh’s enemies. He speaks of them as if they are briers and thorns but also as soldiers in an army. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1441 | 27:5 | j31l | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | unless they grasp my protection | 0 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **protection**, you can express the same idea with the verb “protect.” Alternate translation: “unless they ask me to protect them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 1442 | 27:5 | je5d | make peace with me; let them make peace with me | 0 | Alternate translation: “they ask to live peacefully with me; I want them to live peacefully with me” | ||
| 1443 | 27:6 | cx3i | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | In the coming day | 0 | This speaks about a day as if it travels and arrives somewhere. Alternate translation: “In the future” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1444 | 27:6 | f8jg | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | Jacob will take root; Israel will blossom and bud | 0 | Yahweh blessing the people of Israel and causing them to prosper is spoken of as if they were a vine that grows roots and blossoms. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Israel will prosper like a vine that has taken root and blossomed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1445 | 27:6 | jk11 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | Jacob … Israel | 0 | Here “Jacob” and “Israel” are metonyms that represent the descendants of Jacob. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1446 | 27:6 | eia2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | they will fill the surface of the ground with fruit | 0 | Yahweh causing the people of Israel to prosper greatly so that they can help other people is spoken of as if they were a vine that grows so much fruit that it would cover the earth. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1447 | 27:7 | am12 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | Has Yahweh attacked Jacob and Israel as he attacked those nations who attacked them? | 0 | The question is used to contrast the severity of God’s punishment. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has certainly punished the enemy nations more severely than he punished the people of Israel.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
| 1448 | 27:7 | r118 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | Jacob … Israel | 0 | These represent the descendants of Jacob. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1449 | 27:7 | ukm8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | Have Jacob and Israel been killed as in the slaughter of those nations that were killed by them? | 0 | This question too is used to contrast the severity of God’s punishment. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has not killed the people of Israel like they killed their enemies from other nations.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
| 1450 | 27:8 | f4he | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you | In exact measure you have contended | 0 | Here “you” refers to God. Yahweh punishing his people as much as they needed is spoken of as if God’s punishment were something that could be measured. Alternate translation: “But you did punish them as much as was needed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1451 | 27:8 | kfc2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | sending Jacob and Israel away | 0 | This represents the descendants of Jacob. Alternate translation: “sending the Israelites away” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1452 | 27:8 | rqg2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | he drove them away with his fierce breath in the day of the east wind | 0 | Yahweh’s power to send his people away to a foreign country is spoken of as if Yahweh used his breath to blow them to a foreign country. Alternate translation: “the power of Yahweh drove them out like a fierce wind from the east” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1453 | 27:9 | nf4r | So in this way | 0 | This could mean: (1) “this” refers to Yahweh sending the people into exile as Isaiah mentioned in the previous verse or (2) “this” refers to the actions that Isaiah will mention in the next part of verse 9. | ||
| 1454 | 27:9 | l9b7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | the iniquity of Jacob will be atoned for | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will purge the sin from the Israelites” or “Yahweh will forgive the sins of the Israelites” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1455 | 27:9 | yjh1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | iniquity of Jacob … removal of his sin | 0 | Here “Jacob” represents the descendants of Jacob. Alternate translation: “iniquity of the Israelites … removal of their sins” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1456 | 27:9 | mn35 | for this will be | 0 | Here “this” refers to the actions that Isaiah will describe in the next part of verse 9. | ||
| 1457 | 27:9 | zy5g | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | the full fruit | 0 | This speaks of the results of an action as if it were the fruit that grows as on a tree or vine. Alternate translation: “the result” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1458 | 27:9 | x5ca | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | he will make all the altar stones as chalk and crushed to pieces, and no Asherah poles or incense altars will remain standing | 0 | Here “he” refers to Jacob who represents his descendants. Alternate translation: “They will completely destroy all the altars on which they sacrifice to false gods, and they will remove all the Asherah idols and the altars on which they burn incense to false gods” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1459 | 27:10 | fw6l | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture | For the fortified city is … consumes its branches | 0 | Here Isaiah describes an event that will happen in the future as if it already happened. This emphasizes that it certainly will happen. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) | |
| 1460 | 27:10 | na1y | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | For the fortified city is desolate, the habitation is deserted and forsaken like the wilderness | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The cities that were strong and had many people living in them will become empty like a desert” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1461 | 27:10 | b7hh | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun | the fortified city … the habitation | 0 | This does not refer to a specific city or habitation but to cities and habitations in general. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) | |
| 1462 | 27:10 | mv1s | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun | a calf feeds, and there he lies down and consumes | 0 | Here “calf” represents calves or cattle in general. Alternate translation: “calves feed, and there they lie down and consume” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) | |
| 1463 | 27:11 | k9fn | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | When the boughs … not a people of understanding | 0 | The people becoming so weak because they disobey Yahweh so that enemies can easily destroy them is spoken of as if they are dry branches that women break off of a tree. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1464 | 27:11 | k85z | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | When the boughs are withered, they will be broken off. Women will come and make fires with them | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “When the branches wither, women will come and break them off and make fires with them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1465 | 27:11 | pi5e | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | this is not a people of understanding | 0 | This can be made more explicit. Alternate translation: “this is not a people who understands Yahweh or his law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 1466 | 27:11 | js5n | a people | 0 | This could mean: (1) “people” refers to the people of Israel or (2) “people” refers the people of foreign nations who oppress the people of Israel. | ||
| 1467 | 27:11 | v3yx | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | Therefore their Maker will not have compassion on them, and he who made them will not be merciful to them | 0 | Both clauses mean the same thing. Alternate translation: “Because they do not understand, Yahweh, the one who made them, will not be merciful to them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
| 1468 | 27:12 | f19u | It will come about | 0 | This phrase marks an important event that will happen. | ||
| 1469 | 27:12 | g87l | on that day | 0 | Alternate translation: “at that time” | ||
| 1470 | 27:12 | n43h | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | Yahweh will thresh | 0 | Yahweh gathering his people to bring them back from the foreign nations to the land of Israel is spoken of as if he were threshing wheat to separate the grain from the chaff. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1471 | 27:12 | nx3t | from the Euphrates River to the Wadi of Egypt | 0 | Isaiah mentions the Euphrates River and the Wadi of Egypt to mean that Yahweh will bring back the people of Israel who were exiled in lands near those waters, that is, Assyria and Egypt. The Euphrates River is northeast of Israel, and the Wadi of Egypt is southwest of Israel. | ||
| 1472 | 27:12 | v8t2 | the Wadi of Egypt | 0 | Alternate translation: “the brook of Egypt” | ||
| 1473 | 27:12 | gz3e | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | you … will be gathered together one by one | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will gather you together one by one” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1474 | 27:13 | i56v | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | a great trumpet will be blown | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “someone will blow a trumpet loudly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1475 | 27:13 | qs1g | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis | the perishing ones in the land of Assyria will come, and the outcasts in the land of Egypt | 0 | The understood information can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “those who are in exile and dying in the land of Assyria and the land of Egypt will return to the land of Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
| 1476 | 27:13 | bdq2 | holy mountain | 0 | The “holy mountain” is Mount Zion, in Jerusalem. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 11:9](../11/09.md). | ||
| 1477 | 28:intro | np8h | 0 | # Isaiah 28 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Metaphors\n\nThere are many metaphors used to describe Yahweh’s punishment as well as the sin of the people of Ephraim. In one such metaphor, they are described as being drunk. Construction and weather metaphors are also used in this chapter. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### “That day”\nThis is a common phrase in this section of Isaiah. This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. This chapter pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) | |||
| 1478 | 28:1 | j6gg | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | Woe to the proud garland … on the head of the lush Valley of those who are overcome with wine | 0 | A “garland” is a crown made of flowers. Here it represents the city of Samaria, the capital of Israel, which sits above a fertile valley. Samaria and its people being destroyed is spoken of as if the flowers in the garland will grow old and stop being beautiful. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1479 | 28:1 | i15u | who are overcome with wine | 0 | Alternate translation: “who are drunk with wine” | ||
| 1480 | 28:2 | yjl9 | Behold | 0 | Alternate translation: “Listen” or “Pay attention” | ||
| 1481 | 28:2 | s6hx | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche | the Lord sends one who is mighty and strong | 0 | Here “one” refers to a mighty king who also represents his powerful army. Alternate translation: “the Lord sends a king with his powerful army” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) | |
| 1482 | 28:2 | xf11 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile | storm of hail | 0 | A “storm of hail” or hailstorm happens when hard pieces of ice fall from the sky. Here it is a simile that refers to the enemy army that Yahweh will send to destroy the people of Samaria. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
| 1483 | 28:2 | ew8c | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | he will throw each garland crown down to the ground | 0 | The king and his powerful army destroying the people of Samaria and their city is spoken of as if the king will throw the people’s garlands onto the ground. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1484 | 28:3 | pp4k | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | The proud garland of the drunkards of Ephraim will be trodden underfoot | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The enemy army will crush the proud drunkards of Samaria as if they were crushing flowers under their feet” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1485 | 28:3 | wtt6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | proud garland … of Ephraim | 0 | A “garland” is a crown made of flowers. Here it represents the city of Samaria, the capital of Israel, which sits above a fertile valley. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1486 | 28:4 | qq5i | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | that is on the head of the rich valley | 0 | The city of Samaria, the capital of Israel, sits above a fertile valley. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1487 | 28:4 | yw2k | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile | will be as the first ripe fig … gulps it down | 0 | This speaks of the enemy soldiers seeing the beauty of Samaria and quickly plundering it as if they were a person who sees the first fig of the season and quickly eats it. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
| 1488 | 28:5 | s84s | Yahweh of hosts | 0 | See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). | ||
| 1489 | 28:5 | twb7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | will become a beautiful crown and a diadem of beauty | 0 | Yahweh is spoken of as if he were to become a beautiful crown that the people who honor him as their true king would wear. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1490 | 28:5 | llj8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet | a beautiful crown and a diadem of beauty | 0 | These mean the same thing. Alternate translation: “a beautiful crown” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) | |
| 1491 | 28:6 | mx85 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | a spirit of justice for him who sits in judgment, and strength for those who | 0 | This can be reworded so that the abstract nouns “justice” and “strength” are expressed as adjectives. These words can begin a new sentence. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will cause the judges to be just and will cause to be strong those who” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 1492 | 28:6 | bay6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | a spirit of justice | 0 | A person who has a “spirit of justice” is someone who has the characteristic of justice and is a just person. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
| 1493 | 28:6 | sak7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | sits in judgment | 0 | This idiom means the person has the authority to judge. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
| 1494 | 28:6 | t37f | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | strength for those who turn back their enemies at their gates | 0 | Here “to turn back” is an idiom that means to defeat in battle. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will cause the soldiers to be strong so that they defeat their enemies when the enemies attack their city” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
| 1495 | 28:7 | jcw4 | But even these | 0 | Alternate translation: “But even the leaders” | ||
| 1496 | 28:7 | a7gn | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun | The priest and the prophet | 0 | This does not mean a specific priest or prophet. It refers to priests and prophets in general. Alternate translation: “The priests and the prophets” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) | |
| 1497 | 28:7 | lfv9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | reel with wine, and stagger with strong drink | 0 | These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that the priests and the prophets cannot do their job because they are very drunk. Alternate translation: “stumble around because they are drunk” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
| 1498 | 28:7 | v8we | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | they are swallowed up by wine | 0 | Their drinking so much that they can no longer think properly is spoken of as if the wine swallowed them. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the wine is causing them to be confused” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1499 | 28:7 | d4bm | staggering in vision and reeling in decision | 0 | Just like they are too drunk to walk correctly, they are too drunk to understand the visions God gives them or to make good decisions. | ||
| 1500 | 28:9 | ny13 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | To whom will he teach knowledge, and to whom will he explain the message? | 0 | The drunk prophets and priests use a question to criticize Isaiah, who is trying to correct them. Alternate translation: “The drunk prophets and priests say, ‘Isaiah should not be trying to teach us about Yahweh’s message!’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
| 1501 | 28:9 | t6vi | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | To those who are weaned from milk or to those just taken from the breasts? | 0 | The drunk prophets and priests use a question to criticize Isaiah, because they feel that he is treating them like babies. Alternate translation: “He should not treat us like babies!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1502 | 28:10 | fb5v | For it is command upon command, command upon command; rule upon rule, rule upon rule; here a little, there a little | 0 | The drunk prophets and priests criticize Isaiah because they feel that Isaiah is repeating simple commands as if he were talking to a child. | ||
| 1503 | 28:11 | hfl6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche | with mocking lips and a foreign tongue he will speak to this people | 0 | Here “lips” and “tongue” represent the foreigners who speak a different language than the Israelites do. It is implied that this refers to the Assyrian army that will attack Israel. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will speak to this people through enemy soldiers who will speak a foreign language” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1504 | 28:11 | kb8u | mocking lips | 0 | Alternate translation: “stammering lips” | ||
| 1505 | 28:12 | gkx1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | This is the rest | 0 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **rest**, you can express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “This is the resting place” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 1506 | 28:12 | se68 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | give rest to him who is weary | 0 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **rest**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “let whoever is tired come and rest” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 1507 | 28:12 | v7ew | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | this is the refreshing | 0 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **refreshing**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “this is the place where you can be refreshed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 1508 | 28:13 | z6r4 | So the word of Yahweh | 0 | Alternate translation: “So Yahweh’s message” | ||
| 1509 | 28:13 | ds6z | command upon command, command upon command; rule upon rule, rule upon rule; here a little, there a little | 0 | These are the words that the drunk priests and prophets used to criticize how Isaiah teaches them. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 28:10](../28/10.md). | ||
| 1510 | 28:13 | i6sd | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | so that they may go and fall backward, and be broken, ensnared, and captured | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “in order that the army of Assyria will come and defeat them and take them as captives” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1511 | 28:13 | b7le | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | go and fall backward, and be broken | 0 | People losing in battle to the enemy army is spoken of as if the people will fall down and break. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1512 | 28:13 | c32b | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | ensnared | 0 | The enemy soldiers capturing the people of Israel is spoken of as if they were hunters that catch an animal in a snare. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1513 | 28:14 | y37t | So listen to the word of Yahweh | 0 | Alternate translation: “So listen to Yahweh’s message” | ||
| 1514 | 28:15 | u1bd | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | We have made a covenant with death, and with Sheol we have reached an agreement | 0 | Both of these statements mean basically the same thing. This could mean: (1) the leaders of Jerusalem have used magic or sorcery to try to make an agreement with the gods of the place of the dead so that these gods would protect them from dying or (2) this is a metaphor that speaks of the leaders having made an agreement with the leaders of Egypt. The leaders of Jerusalem were so confident that the Egyptians would protect that it was like they had made an agreement with the gods of the place of the dead. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1515 | 28:15 | x2p3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | So when the overwhelming whip passes through, it will not reach us | 0 | This speaks of Yahweh’s judgment and punishment as if it were a whip that would strike the people. And the whip is spoken of as if it were a flood that would pass through Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “As a result, when everyone else is suffering and dying, nothing will harm us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1516 | 28:15 | r8ix | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | For we have made a lie our refuge, and taken shelter in falsehood | 0 | These two phrases mean basically the same thing. A “lie” and “falsehood” are spoken of as if they were places where a person could go to hide. The leaders in Jerusalem would not have said they trust in a lie. They believed they were truly safe. But Isaiah knows they are not safe, because they trust in lies. Alternate translation: “For lies and falsehoods have become like a place where we can hide from danger” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1517 | 28:15 | ux1b | a lie our refuge … taken shelter in falsehood | 0 | This could mean: (1) the leaders trust in their own lies that they have said in order to protect themselves or (2) the leaders trust that the covenant they have made with the false gods of the place of the dead will keep them safe or (3) the leaders trust that the agreement they have made with the Egyptians will keep them safe. | ||
| 1518 | 28:16 | ff3c | See | 0 | Alternate translation: “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you.” | ||
| 1519 | 28:16 | tf5e | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | I will lay in Zion a foundation stone … sure foundation | 0 | Yahweh sending a strong person to help the people of Israel is spoken of as if Yahweh is constructing a strong foundation for a building. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1520 | 28:16 | js3j | a tried stone | 0 | Alternate translation: “a stone that is solid” | ||
| 1521 | 28:16 | mc8y | a sure foundation | 0 | Alternate translation: “a firm support” | ||
| 1522 | 28:16 | pkf8 | He who believes will not be ashamed | 0 | Alternate translation: “Anyone who trusts in this foundation stone will not be sorry” | ||
| 1523 | 28:17 | yd66 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | I will make justice the measuring stick, and righteousness the plumbline | 0 | Yahweh testing according to his justice and righteousness to determine if the people are just and righteous is spoken of as if he were a builder using tools to determine that something is the correct length and perfectly level. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1524 | 28:17 | xhn1 | the measuring stick | 0 | A builder uses a measuring stick to determine if something is the correct length. | ||
| 1525 | 28:17 | l2vf | the plumbline | 0 | A builder uses a plumbline to determine if something is straight and level. | ||
| 1526 | 28:17 | xg82 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | Hail will sweep away | 0 | Yahweh causing a large amount of hail to fall is spoken of as if it would be an overwhelming flood. Alternate translation: “Hailstorms will destroy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1527 | 28:17 | gv6t | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche | Hail … the floodwaters | 0 | This could mean: (1) these are a synecdoche representing anything in general that will cause destruction or (2) these are a metaphor referring to the enemy army that Yahweh will send to destroy the people of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1528 | 28:17 | hi3p | Hail | 0 | hard pieces of ice that fall from the sky | ||
| 1529 | 28:17 | adc4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | the refuge of lies … the hiding place | 0 | This speaks about “lies” as if they were a place a person could go to hide. They represent what the leaders of Jerusalem trusted in to keep them safe from Yahweh’s punishment. This could mean: (1) the leaders trust in their own lies that they have said in order to protect themselves or (2) the leaders trust that the covenant they have made with the false gods of the place of the dead will keep them safe or (3) the leaders trust that the agreement they have made with the Egyptians will keep them safe. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Isaiah 28:15](../28/15.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 1530 | 28:18 | ah82 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | Your covenant with death will be dissolved, and your agreement with Sheol will not stand | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I will cancel the covenant you have with death, and I will cancel the agreement you have with Sheol” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1531 | 28:18 | fvw2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | covenant with death … agreement with Sheol | 0 | This could mean: (1) the leaders of Jerusalem had used magic or sorcery to try to make an agreement with the gods of the place of the dead so that these gods would protect them from dying or (2) this is a metaphor that speaks of the leaders having made an agreement with the leaders of Egypt. The leaders of Jerusalem were so confident that the Egyptians would protect that it was like they had made an agreement with the gods of the place of the dead. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 28:15](../28/15.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1532 | 28:18 | n9he | will not stand | 0 | Alternate translation: “will not last” | ||
| 1533 | 28:18 | mry1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche | When the raging flood passes through | 0 | This could mean: (1) “flood” is a synecdoche that represents anything in general that will cause destruction or (2) “flood” is a metaphor referring to the enemy army that Yahweh will send to destroy the people of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1534 | 28:18 | var2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | you will be overwhelmed by it | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “it will overwhelm you” or “it will destroy you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1535 | 28:19 | g9nc | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | morning by morning | 0 | This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “every day” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
| 1536 | 28:19 | g4wk | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism | by day and night | 0 | This means “throughout the entire day” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) | |
| 1537 | 28:20 | ex86 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs | For the bed is too short for a man to stretch out on, and the blanket too narrow for him to wrap himself in | 0 | This was probably a proverb that the people knew at the time. It means that what they believe will keep them safe from Yahweh’s punishment will disappoint them like a bed that is too short or a blanket that is too narrow. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs]]) | |
| 1538 | 28:21 | pp9n | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | Yahweh will rise up | 0 | Yahweh preparing to act is spoken of as if he were sitting and then rising up. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
| 1539 | 28:21 | e2cw | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | Mount Perazim … Valley of Gibeon | 0 | These refer to places where God miraculously defeated enemy armies. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
| 1540 | 28:21 | l5tw | he will rouse himself | 0 | Alternate translation: “he will become very angry” | ||
| 1541 | 28:21 | l963 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet | his strange work … his strange deed | 0 | These two phrases mean the same thing. This work is strange because God is using a foreign army to defeat the people of Jerusalem rather than helping the people of Jerusalem defeat their enemies. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) | |
| 1542 | 28:22 | w3au | Now | 0 | This does not mean “at this moment,” but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows. | ||
| 1543 | 28:22 | upp3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | your bonds will be tightened | 0 | Yahweh punishing the people even more severely is spoken of as if he would tighten their bonds. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will tighten your bonds” or “Yahweh will punish you even more severely” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1544 | 28:22 | tpu3 | Yahweh of hosts | 0 | See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). | ||
| 1545 | 28:22 | fdu9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | a decree of destruction on the earth | 0 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **destruction**, you can express the same idea with the verb “destroy.” Alternate translation: “that he is going to destroy people throughout the land” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 1546 | 28:23 | bjv1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parables | General Information: | 0 | # General Information:\n\nThis begins a parable that ends in 28:29. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) | |
| 1547 | 28:23 | twz5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | Pay attention and listen to my voice; be attentive and listen to my words | 0 | These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second phrase is used to strengthen the first. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
| 1548 | 28:23 | lsh4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | to my voice | 0 | Here “voice” represents what Isaiah says. Alternate translation: “to what I say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1549 | 28:23 | s1kf | to my words | 0 | Alternate translation: “to my message” | ||
| 1550 | 28:24 | nvu3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | Does a farmer who plows all day to sow, only plow the ground? Does he continually break up and harrow the field? | 0 | Isaiah uses rhetorical questions to make the people think deeply. Alternate translation: “A farmer does not plow the ground over and over and continually work the soil without ever sowing seed.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
| 1551 | 28:25 | uq3a | When he has prepared the ground | 0 | Alternate translation: “When the farmer has plowed the soil” | ||
| 1552 | 28:25 | fsr6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | does he not scatter caraway seed, sow the cumin, put in the wheat in rows and the barley in the right place, and the spelt at its edges? | 0 | Isaiah uses a question to make the people of Jerusalem think deeply. If your language does not have a word for each of these seeds, they can be stated more generally. Alternate translation: “he will certainly plant each kind of seed in the correct way and in the proper places.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
| 1553 | 28:25 | pd1v | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown | caraway … cumin | 0 | These are names of plants that are spices. Translators may represent them in general as seeds of spices used to spice food. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) | |
| 1554 | 28:25 | v8fq | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown | wheat … barley … spelt | 0 | These are all names of plants that are grains. Translators may represent them in general as seeds of grains. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) | |
| 1555 | 28:26 | x6gc | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | His God instructs him; he teaches him wisely | 0 | These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “Yahweh helps the farmer know how to care for each kind of plant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
| 1556 | 28:27 | w7aj | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | the caraway seed is not threshed with a sledge | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the farmer does not separate the caraway seed from the plant with a heavy club” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1557 | 28:27 | p8si | caraway | 0 | See how you translated this in [Isaiah 28:25](../28/25.md). | ||
| 1558 | 28:27 | j2hy | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | nor is a cartwheel rolled over the cumin | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “nor does he roll a heavy wheel over the cumin seed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1559 | 28:27 | g75f | cumin | 0 | See how you translated this in [Isaiah 28:25](../28/25.md). | ||
| 1560 | 28:27 | r6a8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | but caraway is beaten with a stick, and cumin with a rod | 0 | Isaiah describes the correct way for a farmer to separate the seed from the plant. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “but he beats the caraway with a stick, and he beats cumin with a rod” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1561 | 28:28 | zb1a | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | Grain is ground for bread but not too finely | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The farmer grinds the grain for bread but not so that it is too small” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1562 | 28:29 | vw1a | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | This too comes … excellent in wisdom | 0 | This concludes the parable started in [Isaiah 28:23](../28/23.md). The implied lesson of the parable is that farmers are wise enough to listen to Yahweh’s instructions about planting and threshing. But the leaders of Jerusalem are foolish for not listening to Yahweh’s instructions that he is speaking through Isaiah. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 1563 | 28:29 | fh5n | Yahweh of hosts | 0 | See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). | ||
| 1564 | 29:intro | e58i | 0 | # Isaiah 29 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.\n\nThis chapter begins a series of “woes” against specific nations. It presents judgments against the kingdoms of Ephraim and eventually Judah. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/woe]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Ariel\n\nThis is another name for Jerusalem. It is an uncommon name.\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Prophecies\n\nThis chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. It pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) | |||
| 1565 | 29:1 | p34x | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | Woe to Ariel | 0 | Here “Ariel” represents the people who live in the city of Ariel. Alternate translation: “How terrible it will be for the people of Ariel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1566 | 29:1 | kp7k | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names | Ariel | 0 | This is another name for Jerusalem, and it means “altar.” If possible translate this as “Ariel” rather than “Jerusalem” since the meaning of “Ariel” is important in 29:2. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
| 1567 | 29:1 | bhl8 | David encamped | 0 | Alternate translation: “David dwelled” or “David lived” | ||
| 1568 | 29:1 | wh6s | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony | Add year to year; let the festivals come round | 0 | “Keep celebrating your festival year after year.” This is an ironic statement. Yahweh tells the people to keep celebrating their festivals where they sacrifice to him, but he knows it will not prevent him from destroying them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) | |
| 1569 | 29:2 | rhv8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | But I will besiege | 0 | The word “I” refers to Yahweh. This represents Yahweh causing an enemy army to besiege Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1570 | 29:2 | fh77 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | she will | 0 | Here “she” refers to Ariel, which represents the people of Ariel. Alternate translation: “the people of Ariel will” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1571 | 29:2 | w19k | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet | mourning and lamenting | 0 | The words “mourning” and “lamenting” mean basically the same thing and emphasize the intensity of mourning. Alternate translation: “they will mourn deeply” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) | |
| 1572 | 29:2 | uey1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile | like Ariel | 0 | Translators may add a footnote that says, “The name Ariel means ‘altar.’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
| 1573 | 29:3 | aqb4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | I will encamp against you | 0 | The word “I” refers to Yahweh. This represents Yahweh causing an enemy army to surround Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “I will command the army of your enemies to surround you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1574 | 29:3 | z8vg | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown | palisade … siege works | 0 | A “palisade” is a tower armies would build to attack cities with high walls. Also “siege works” refers to other various weapons armies would build to attack cities. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) | |
| 1575 | 29:4 | xp4f | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | You will be brought down | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Your enemy will bring you down” or “Your enemy will humble you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1576 | 29:4 | ak9b | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile | will speak from the ground; your speech will be low from the dust. Your voice will sound like a spirit that speaks from the ground, and out of the dust your speech will whisper | 0 | All of these statements mean basically the same thing. They emphasize that the people who once spoke with proud words will be weak and grieving after the enemy defeats them. Alternate translation: “you will only be able to speak with weak whispers like a spirit speaking from where dead people dwell” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
| 1577 | 29:5 | ei77 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile | The great number of your invaders will become like fine dust, and the multitude of the ruthless ones as chaff that passes away | 0 | This emphasizes how weak and insignificant the invading army is before God. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will easily remove the horde of your invaders and the multitude of the ruthless ones”(See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
| 1578 | 29:5 | w2d7 | great number of your invaders | 0 | Alternate translation: “many soldiers that will attack you” | ||
| 1579 | 29:5 | vl7f | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis | the ruthless ones as chaff | 0 | The translator can supply the verb “will become.” Alternate translation: “the soldiers who show you no mercy will become as chaff” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
| 1580 | 29:6 | gh4q | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you | Yahweh of hosts will come to you | 0 | The word “you” refers to the people of Jerusalem. This could mean: (1) “Yahweh of hosts will come to help you” or (2) “Yahweh of hosts will come to punish you.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) | |
| 1581 | 29:7 | th7g | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet | It will be like a dream, a vision of the night | 0 | The phrase “a vision of the night” is the same thing as “a dream.” The two phrases emphasize that soon it will be like the invading army was never there. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
| 1582 | 29:7 | l4s8 | A horde of all the nations | 0 | Alternate translation: “Large armies from all the nations” | ||
| 1583 | 29:7 | t56e | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | fight against Ariel | 0 | The name “Ariel” is another name for Jerusalem, and it represents the people who live there. See how you translated “Ariel” in [Isaiah 29:1](../29/01.md). Alternate translation: “fight against the people of Ariel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1584 | 29:7 | h99v | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | her stronghold. They will attack her and her fortifications to press upon her | 0 | The word “her” refers to Ariel which represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “their stronghold. They will attack the city of Ariel and its defenses and cause the people to be in great distress” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1585 | 29:8 | ncq1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile | It will be like when a hungry man dreams he is eating … his thirst not quenched | 0 | These similes mean that the enemy will expect victory but they will fail because God will not allow them to conquer Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
| 1586 | 29:8 | b3vv | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | Yes, so will be the great number of nations that fights against Mount Zion | 0 | Here “Mount Zion” represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “Yes, this will be what happens to the armies from the nations who fight against the people who live on Mount Zion” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1587 | 29:9 | thb7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | Astonish yourselves and be astonished | 0 | The word “yourselves” refers to the people of Jerusalem. Why they are astonished can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “Be astonished at what I am telling you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) | |
| 1588 | 29:9 | un3a | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | blind yourselves and be blind | 0 | The people ignoring what Yahweh says is spoken of as if they would make themselves blind. Alternate translation: “keep being ignorant and spiritually blind to what I am showing you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1589 | 29:9 | h71h | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | Be drunk, but not with wine; stagger, but not with beer | 0 | The people being senseless and not understanding what Yahweh is doing is spoken of as if they were drunk. Alternate translation: “Be senseless like a drunk person, but it is not because you have drank too much wine or beer” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1590 | 29:10 | g6xx | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | For Yahweh has poured out on you the spirit of deep sleep | 0 | Here “the spirit of” means “to have the characteristic of” being asleep. Yahweh causing the people to be asleep is spoken of as if “the spirit” were a liquid that he poured out on the people. Also “deep sleep” is a metaphor that means the people are senseless and cannot understand what Yahweh is doing. Alternate translation: “The reason you are senseless is because Yahweh has caused you to be spiritually asleep” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1591 | 29:10 | u6aj | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | He has closed your eyes, the prophets, and has covered your heads, the seers | 0 | Yahweh causing the people to be senseless and not to understand what he is doing is spoken of as if he closed their eyes and covered their heads so they could not see. Alternate translation: “It is as though Yahweh has closed the eyes of the prophets and covered the heads of the seers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1592 | 29:11 | jvz4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile | All revelation has become to you as the words of a book that is sealed | 0 | The other prophets in Jerusalem are unable to hear or understand God’s message. Alternate translation: “All that Yahweh has revealed is to you like a sealed book” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
| 1593 | 29:11 | vii8 | is sealed, which men might give to one who is learned | 0 | This can be stated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: “is sealed. A person may take the sealed book to someone who can read” | ||
| 1594 | 29:12 | z14w | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | If the book is given to one who cannot read | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “If a person takes the book to someone who cannot read” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1595 | 29:13 | hp14 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | This people comes close to me with their mouths and honors me with their lips | 0 | The words “mouths” and “lips” represent what people say. Here it also represents saying something but not truly meaning it. Alternate translation: “The people of Jerusalem pretend to worship me and honor me with what they say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1596 | 29:13 | z6q5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | but their heart is far from me | 0 | Here “heart” is a metonym that represents a person’s thoughts and emotions. The people not being truly devoted to Yahweh is spoken of as if their hearts were far away from him. Alternate translation: “but they do not honor me in their thoughts” or “but they are not truly devoted to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1597 | 29:13 | u7h6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | Their honor for me is only a commandment of men that has been taught | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “They honor me only because that is what people tell them to do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1598 | 29:14 | ya7e | Therefore, see, I will proceed to do a marvelous thing among this people, wonder after wonder | 0 | Alternate translation: “Therefore, look and see! I am going to do wonderful and marvelous things among you that you will not be able to explain” | ||
| 1599 | 29:14 | cb9j | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | The wisdom of their wise men will perish, and the understanding of their prudent men will disappear | 0 | Both of these statements mean the same thing. Yahweh showing that the wise people cannot understand or explain what Yahweh does is spoken of as if their wisdom and understanding will vanish. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1600 | 29:15 | n74m | General Information: | 0 | # General Information:\n\nThis may be Isaiah speaking or it may continue Yahweh’s speech in 29:13-14. | ||
| 1601 | 29:15 | a41v | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | who deeply hide their plans from Yahweh | 0 | People trying to make plans without Yahweh knowing about it is spoken of as if they hide their plans in a deep place where Yahweh cannot see. Alternate translation: “who try to hide their plans from Yahweh” or “who try to keep Yahweh from finding out what they are planning to do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1602 | 29:15 | yh8d | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | whose deeds are in darkness | 0 | It is implied that they are secretly doing evil things. Alternate translation: “who do evil things in the dark so no one can see them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 1603 | 29:15 | mt4k | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | Who sees us, and who knows us? | 0 | They use a question to emphasize that they believe no one knows what they are doing. Alternate translation: “No one, not even Yahweh, sees us or knows what we are doing!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
| 1604 | 29:16 | tt3j | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | You turn things upside down | 0 | This is an idiom that means to distort what is true. Alternate translation: “You make things opposite of the way they should be” or “You distort the truth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
| 1605 | 29:16 | ak5f | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | Should the potter be considered like clay, so that the thing that is made should say about him who made it & “He does not understand”? | 0 | Yahweh who created humans is spoken of as if he were a potter and humans were the clay. This metaphor emphasizes that it is foolish for humans to reject or criticize the one who created them. Alternate translation: “Should you consider me, your maker, to be like the clay rather than the potter? It is as if a potter created something, and that thing said about the potter, ‘He did not make me,’ or ‘He does not understand.’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1606 | 29:16 | m1ba | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | Should the potter be considered like clay & “He does not understand”? | 0 | This question is used to scold the people of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “Obviously, the potter should not be considered like clay … ‘He does not understand.’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
| 1607 | 29:17 | vcq7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | Lebanon will be turned into a field, and the field will become a forest | 0 | This could mean: (1) this is literal and Yahweh will cause the places where trees grew wild in Lebanon to become fruitful fields or (2) this is a metaphor and the large forests of Lebanon represent powerful oppressors, and the crops that grow in the field and become a forest are the common people who are suffering. This means Yahweh will humble those who are powerful, but he will honor those who are suffering. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1608 | 29:17 | p68s | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | Lebanon will be turned into a field | 0 | Here “Lebanon” represents the large cedar forests in Lebanon. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God will turn the mighty forests of Lebanon into a field” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1609 | 29:18 | q8r1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | the deaf will hear the words of a book, and the eyes of the blind will see out of the deep darkness | 0 | This could mean: (1) this is literal and Yahweh will cause deaf people to hear and blind people to see or (2) this is a metaphor that means Yahweh will enable the people to hear and understand his message or (3) it may mean both options 1 and 2. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1610 | 29:18 | d7au | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche | the eyes of the blind | 0 | Here “eyes” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “those who are blind” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) | |
| 1611 | 29:19 | y383 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | The oppressed will again rejoice in Yahweh, and the poor among men will rejoice in the Holy One of Israel | 0 | These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “The poor and oppressed people will again be happy because of what Yahweh, the Holy One of Israel, has done” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
| 1612 | 29:20 | st9w | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj | For the ruthless will cease | 0 | The nominal adjective “the ruthless” can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “For the ruthless people will cease” or “For there will no longer be cruel people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) | |
| 1613 | 29:20 | m2ji | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj | the scoffer will vanish | 0 | The nominal adjective “the scoffer” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “those who scoff will vanish” or “the people who mock will disappear” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) | |
| 1614 | 29:20 | i5cr | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | All those who love to do evil will be eliminated | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will eliminate all those who love to do evil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1615 | 29:21 | zp8p | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | who by a word make a man out to be an offender | 0 | This refers to giving testimony in court against someone. Alternate translation: “who testify against a man and make him out to be an offender” or “who say in court that an innocent man is guilty of doing something wrong” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 1616 | 29:21 | wl2h | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | They lay a snare for him who seeks justice at the gate and put the righteous down with empty lies | 0 | The evil people doing anything they can to stop a good person is spoken of as if the evil people set a trap like a hunter catching his prey. Alternate translation: “They lie and try to stop those who want to do what is fair and right” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1617 | 29:21 | vb33 | who seeks justice at the gate | 0 | The city gate was often the place where the city leaders made official decisions. | ||
| 1618 | 29:22 | i8ii | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | who redeemed Abraham | 0 | This possibly refers to when Yahweh called Abraham from his home country and sent him to the promised land. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 1619 | 29:22 | v978 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | Jacob will no longer … his face | 0 | Here “Jacob” represents his descendants. Alternate translation: “Jacob’s descendants will no longer … their faces” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1620 | 29:22 | a47e | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | nor will his face be pale | 0 | This is an idiom that means he will no longer be afraid. Alternate translation: “nor will he be afraid” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
| 1621 | 29:23 | j9rv | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | he sees his children | 0 | The words “he” and “his” speak of Jacob (verse 22) and represent his descendants. Alternate translation: “Jacob’s descendants will no longer … their faces … they see their children” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1622 | 29:23 | ri6z | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | But when he sees his children, the work of my hands | 0 | Here “hands” represents Yahweh’s power and action. Alternate translation: “When they see all the children I have given them and all that I have done” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1623 | 29:23 | m7l3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | they will make my name holy | 0 | Here “name” represents Yahweh. Alternate translation: “they will honor me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1624 | 29:23 | k7hc | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | They will make holy the name of the Holy One of Jacob | 0 | Here “name” represents Yahweh. Yahweh refers to himself as “the Holy One of Jacob.” Alternate translation: “They will honor me, the Holy One of Jacob” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) | |
| 1625 | 29:23 | hf61 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person | of the God of Israel | 0 | Yahweh refers to himself as “the God of Israel.” Alternate translation: “of me, the God of Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) | |
| 1626 | 29:24 | ajl7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | Those who err in spirit | 0 | Here “spirit” represents a person’s inner being. Alternate translation: “Those who are wrong in what they think” or “Those who are wrong in their attitude” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1627 | 29:24 | ly72 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | will gain understanding | 0 | This can be made more explicit to explain what they will understand. Alternate translation: “will begin to understand Yahweh and his laws” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 1628 | 29:24 | uc4z | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | complainers will learn knowledge | 0 | This can be made more explicit to explain what knowledge they will learn. Alternate translation: “those who complain will begin to know that what Yahweh teaches them is true” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 1629 | 30:intro | e211 | 0 | # Isaiah 30 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.\n\nThis chapter continues the series of “woes” against specific nations. It presents judgments against the people of Ephraim and Judah when they desired to make an alliance with Egypt. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/woe]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Negev\n\nThis is an area between Egypt and Judah. The people would have had to travel though it in order to get to Egypt. No one really lived in this area and it was known to be very dangerous.\n\n### Trust\n\nThe people were to trust in Yahweh. Only he could provide them with protection. The people were punished for their lack of trust when they were in trouble, but Yahweh only required that they trust him. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### “That day”\nThis is a common phrase in this section of Isaiah. The chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. It pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) | |||
| 1630 | 30:1 | e6vd | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | the rebellious children | 0 | Yahweh speaks about his people as if they were his children. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1631 | 30:1 | dq2r | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person | this is Yahweh’s declaration | 0 | Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) | |
| 1632 | 30:1 | cu63 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | They make plans, but not from me | 0 | This can be reworded so that If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **plans**, you can express the same idea with the verb “plan.” Alternate translation: “They plan to do things, but they do not ask me what I want them to do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 1633 | 30:1 | vep2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | but they were not directed by my Spirit | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “but my Spirit did not direct them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1634 | 30:1 | sdp8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | they add sin to sin | 0 | Continuing to sin is spoken of as if sins were objects that could be stacked on one another. Alternate translation: “they continue to sin more and more” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1635 | 30:2 | ed8h | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | They seek protection from Pharaoh | 0 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **protection**, you can express the same idea with the verb “protect.” Alternate translation: “They ask Pharaoh to protect them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 1636 | 30:2 | k8ag | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | take refuge in the shadow of Egypt | 0 | Egypt’s protection from enemy armies is spoken of as if it were a shadow that protects someone from the burning heat of the sun. Alternate translation: “they rely on the Egyptians to keep them safe” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1637 | 30:3 | frg3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | Therefore Pharaoh’s protection will be your shame, and the refuge in Egypt’s shade, your humiliation | 0 | This can be reworded so that the abstract nouns “protection,” “shame,” and “humiliation” are expressed as adjectives or verbs. Alternate translation: “Therefore you will be ashamed because you relied on Pharaoh to protect you; you will be humiliated because you relied on the Egyptians to keep you safe” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 1638 | 30:3 | z473 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | the refuge in Egypt’s shade | 0 | Egypt’s protection from enemy armies is spoken of as if it were a shadow that protects someone from the burning heat of the sun. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1639 | 30:4 | l5kf | their princes | 0 | Here “princes” mean an official or ambassador, not necessarily sons of the king. | ||
| 1640 | 30:4 | ax9t | their … their | 0 | belonging to the people of Judah | ||
| 1641 | 30:4 | c3ut | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names | Zoan … Hanes | 0 | These were cities in the northern part of Egypt. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
| 1642 | 30:4 | apn6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go | have come to Hanes | 0 | Here “come” can be stated as “gone.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) | |
| 1643 | 30:5 | vs3d | They … them | 0 | These words refer to the people of Judah. | ||
| 1644 | 30:5 | pp3g | because of a people | 0 | Alternate translation: “because of the people of Egypt” | ||
| 1645 | 30:6 | i8pw | A declaration | 0 | Alternate translation: “This is what Yahweh declares” | ||
| 1646 | 30:6 | h1jl | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun | of the lioness and the lion, the viper and fiery flying serpent | 0 | This refers to these types of animals in general. Alternate translation: “where lionesses and lions dwell, and where there are vipers and serpents” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) | |
| 1647 | 30:6 | ian2 | fiery flying serpent | 0 | Here the word “fiery” probably refers to the serpent’s poisonous bite and the word “flying” refers to its quick movements. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 14:29](../14/29.md). | ||
| 1648 | 30:6 | rmj1 | they carry their riches | 0 | Alternate translation: “the people of Judah carry their riches” | ||
| 1649 | 30:7 | x8ua | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names | I have called her Rahab, who sits still | 0 | There were popular stories about a sea monster named Rahab. The name Rahab means “strength” or “arrogance.” Alternate translation: “I call Egypt a loud boaster who does nothing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
| 1650 | 30:8 | umq8 | Now | 0 | This word is used here to mark a break in Yahweh’s declaration about Judah. Here he tells Isaiah to do something. | ||
| 1651 | 30:8 | uql1 | in their presence | 0 | Alternate translation: “in the presence of the people of Judah” | ||
| 1652 | 30:8 | x97k | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | for the time to come | 0 | This speaks of time as if it travels and arrives somewhere. Alternate translation: “for a future time” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1653 | 30:9 | v3bl | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | lying children, children who will not hear the instruction of Yahweh | 0 | This speaks of Yahweh’s people as if they were his children. This can be translated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: “They behave like children who lie and do not listen to what Yahweh commands” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1654 | 30:11 | x6bb | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | Turn aside from the way, stray off the path | 0 | How Yahweh wants his people to behave is spoken of as if it were a way or path on which to walk. To disobey Yahweh is spoken of as if the person strays away from Yahweh’s path. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1655 | 30:11 | s3c9 | Holy One of Israel | 0 | See how you translated this name in [Isaiah 1:4](../01/04.md). | ||
| 1656 | 30:12 | c9xs | Holy One of Israel | 0 | See how you translated this name in [Isaiah 1:4](../01/04.md). | ||
| 1657 | 30:12 | q3x7 | you reject this word | 0 | Alternate translation: “you reject this message” | ||
| 1658 | 30:12 | hd23 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | trust in oppression and deceit and lean on it | 0 | This could mean: (1) the leaders of Judah are trusting in the Egyptian leaders who rule by oppressing and deceiving others or (2) the leaders of Judah have oppressed and deceived their own people in order to take their money and send it to the Egyptians leaders as payment for protection. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1659 | 30:12 | t871 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person | lean on it | 0 | Here the word “it” refers to “oppression and deceit.” Alternate translation: “lean on them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) | |
| 1660 | 30:12 | km37 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | lean on | 0 | This is an idiom that means to trust or rely on something. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
| 1661 | 30:13 | f58j | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile | so this sin will be to you like a broken part … in an instant | 0 | This simile means that God will destroy the people of Judah suddenly because of their sin. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
| 1662 | 30:13 | rwu8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis | like a broken part ready to fall | 0 | It is understood that this is a broken part of a wall. Alternate translation: “like a broken part of a wall that is ready to fall” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
| 1663 | 30:13 | c7k8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | whose fall will happen suddenly | 0 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **fall**, you can express the same idea with the verb “fall.” Alternate translation: “that will suddenly fall” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 1664 | 30:13 | m5ka | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet | suddenly, in an instant | 0 | These mean the same thing and emphasize how quickly the wall will fall. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) | |
| 1665 | 30:14 | b2im | General Information: | 0 | # General Information:\n\nIsaiah describes how Yahweh will destroy the people of Judah ([Isaiah 30:12-13](./12.md)). | ||
| 1666 | 30:14 | amd2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | He will break it | 0 | Here “it” refers to the part in the wall that is about to fall. The part in the wall is a metaphor that represents the people of Judah and their sin mentioned in [Isaiah 30:12-13](./12.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1667 | 30:14 | id9b | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile | as a potter’s vessel is broken | 0 | This simile means that the piece of wall will break as quickly and completely as a clay jar that falls to the ground. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
| 1668 | 30:14 | dbk1 | potter | 0 | A potter is a person who makes pots and jars out of clay. | ||
| 1669 | 30:14 | k6fi | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | there will not be found | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “no one will be able to find” or “there will not be” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1670 | 30:14 | c129 | a shard with which to scrape | 0 | Alternate translation: “a shard big enough to scrape” | ||
| 1671 | 30:14 | gs9n | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | fire from the hearth | 0 | The word “fire” here refers here to ashes. Alternate translation: “ashes from the fireplace” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1672 | 30:15 | fd1v | Holy One of Israel | 0 | See how you translated this name in [Isaiah 1:4](../01/04.md). | ||
| 1673 | 30:15 | jh13 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | In returning and resting you will be saved | 0 | Repenting is spoken of as if it were physically returning to Yahweh. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I will save you from your enemies if you will repent and rest knowing that I will take care of you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1674 | 30:15 | zs7v | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | resting | 0 | It is implied that the people rest because they trust that Yahweh will take care of them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 1675 | 30:15 | am9c | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | in quietness and in trust will be your strength | 0 | Quietness here refers to not being anxious and worried. It is implied that they are not worried because they trust in Yahweh. Alternate translation: “You will be strong if you are quiet and trust in me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 1676 | 30:16 | x48z | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | we will flee on horses | 0 | Apparently these are horses that the people of Judah received from the Egyptians. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 1677 | 30:17 | cy2g | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis | One thousand will flee at the threat of one; at the threat of five you will flee | 0 | The word “solider” is understood. Alternate translation: “One thousand soldiers will flee at the threat of one enemy soldier; at the threat of five enemy soldiers all of your soldiers will flee” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
| 1678 | 30:17 | l2rt | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers | One thousand | 0 | “1,000” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) | |
| 1679 | 30:17 | g8ks | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile | until your remnant will be like a flagstaff on the top of a mountain, or like a flag on a hill | 0 | This simile means there will be so few people left that they will be like a single flag on top of a hill. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
| 1680 | 30:19 | nsp6 | you will … to you … answer you | 0 | Here “you” refers to the people who will live in Zion. | ||
| 1681 | 30:19 | k2dh | he will answer you | 0 | Alternate translation: “he will help you” | ||
| 1682 | 30:20 | s89h | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | the bread of adversity and the water of affliction | 0 | Here “bread” and “water” make up the diet of a very poor person. The whole phrase represents the hard times and poverty of the people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1683 | 30:20 | j37h | your teacher | 0 | This refers to Yahweh. | ||
| 1684 | 30:20 | m8au | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche | you will see your teacher with your own eyes | 0 | Here “eyes” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “you yourselves will see your teacher” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) | |
| 1685 | 30:21 | yk8d | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche | Your ears will hear | 0 | Here “ears” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “You will hear” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) | |
| 1686 | 30:21 | gx8s | a word behind you saying | 0 | Alternate translation: “him speaking behind you saying” | ||
| 1687 | 30:21 | n9ys | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | This is the way, walk in it | 0 | How Yahweh wants his people to behave is spoken of as if it were a way or path. To obey Yahweh is spoken of as if it were a person walking on his path. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1688 | 30:21 | day3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | when you turn to the right or when you turn to the left | 0 | Disobeying Yahweh is spoken of as if the person turned left or right off of Yahweh’s path. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1689 | 30:22 | z2re | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile | You will throw them away like a menstrual rag | 0 | This simile means they will throw away their idols like they were garbage. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
| 1690 | 30:22 | n2zf | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | You will say to them, “Get out of here.” | 0 | This speaks of the idols as if they could hear and get up and leave a place. Yahweh means that the people will no longer need or want the idols. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
| 1691 | 30:23 | w7ij | He will give | 0 | Alternate translation: “Yahweh will give” | ||
| 1692 | 30:23 | hjh1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche | bread with abundance from the ground | 0 | Here “bread” represents food in general. Alternate translation: “he will cause the ground to produce plenty of food for you to eat” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) | |
| 1693 | 30:23 | llp6 | In that day | 0 | Alternate translation: “At that time” | ||
| 1694 | 30:24 | e7ff | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | that has been winnowed with a shovel and a fork | 0 | Shovels and forks were used to throw the grain in the air so the wind would blow away the chaff, leaving only the part that could be eaten. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that you have winnowed with a shovel and a pitchfork” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1695 | 30:25 | n5xk | On every high mountain … every high hill | 0 | Isaiah describes what will be an ideal situation after Yahweh rescues his people. Although the language may be exaggerated, you should translate this just as Isaiah described it. | ||
| 1696 | 30:25 | lg8s | in the day of the great slaughter when the towers fall | 0 | Alternate translation: “when Yahweh slaughters your enemies and causes their strong towers to fall” | ||
| 1697 | 30:25 | k7p7 | in the day | 0 | Alternate translation: “at the time” | ||
| 1698 | 30:26 | bbc3 | The light of the moon will be like the light of the sun, and the light of the sun will be seven times brighter, like the sunlight of seven days | 0 | Isaiah describes what will be an ideal situation after Yahweh rescues his people. Although the language may be exaggerated, you should translate this just as Isaiah described it. | ||
| 1699 | 30:26 | vup8 | the light of the sun will be seven times brighter, like the sunlight of seven days | 0 | Alternate translation: “the sun will shine as bright as seven suns” or “the sun will give as much light in one day as it normally does in seven days” | ||
| 1700 | 30:26 | s1jc | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | Yahweh will bind up the breaking of his people and heal the bruises of his wounding them | 0 | Yahweh comforting his people and causing their suffering to end is spoken of as if he would put bandages on their wounds. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1701 | 30:27 | q2s3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | the name of Yahweh … like a devouring fire | 0 | Yahweh being extremely angry is spoken of as if he were a large fire. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1702 | 30:27 | vs12 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | the name of Yahweh comes | 0 | Here “name” represents Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Yahweh comes” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1703 | 30:27 | yjg9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche | His lips are full of fury, and his tongue is like a devouring fire | 0 | Here “lips” and “tongue” are metonyms that represent Yahweh speaking. And, Yahweh speaks with so much anger and power that it is spoken of as if his tongue were a fire. Alternate translation: “When he speaks his fury is like a fire that destroys everything” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
| 1704 | 30:28 | n6lp | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile | His breath is like an overflowing torrent | 0 | This compares the air coming out of Yahweh’s mouth to a flood to emphasize its power to destroy. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
| 1705 | 30:28 | r2gf | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | to sift the nations with the sieve of destruction | 0 | Yahweh separating the people of the nations and destroying the wicked people is spoken of as if Yahweh puts the nations in a sieve. This can be translated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will separate and destroy the wicked people of the nations” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1706 | 30:28 | wqj9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | His breath is a bridle in the jaws of the peoples to cause them to wander away | 0 | Yahweh having the power to cause people’s plans to fail or causing them to be destroyed is spoken of as if his breath were a bridle that steers people off the correct path. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1707 | 30:28 | rhf2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown | a bridle in the jaws of the peoples | 0 | A “bridle” is a device that people put over a horse’s head to guide it. The bridle contains a small piece called a “bit” that goes in the horse’s mouth. Alternate translation: “a bridle on the heads of the peoples” or “a bit in the jaws of the peoples” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) | |
| 1708 | 30:29 | kpk6 | You will have a song | 0 | This can be reworded so the noun “song” is stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “You will sing” | ||
| 1709 | 30:29 | m8dh | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile | as in the night when a holy feast is observed | 0 | This simile emphasizes how happy the people will be. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
| 1710 | 30:29 | x78j | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | when a holy feast is observed | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “when you observe a holy feast” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1711 | 30:29 | guu5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | gladness of heart | 0 | Here “heart” represents a person’s inner being. Alternate translation: “you will be glad” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1712 | 30:29 | esh8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile | as when one goes … Rock of Israel | 0 | This simile emphasizes how happy the people will be. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
| 1713 | 30:29 | u4kf | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | to the Rock of Israel | 0 | Yahweh having the power to protect his people is spoken of as if he were a rock on which the people could climb and escape from enemies. Alternate translation: “to Israel’s protective rock” or “which is like a protective rock for Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1714 | 30:30 | h7qb | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | show the motion of his arm | 0 | Here “arm” represents the power of God. It is implied that Yahweh will show his power by destroying his people’s enemies. Alternate translation: “show that he is powerful by destroying your enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 1715 | 30:30 | mr74 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | in storming anger and flames of fire | 0 | Yahweh’s anger is spoken of as if it were a storm or a fire. Alternate translation: “in anger that is like a storm and flames of fire” or “in great anger” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1716 | 30:30 | d2cp | with windstorm, rainstorm, and hailstones | 0 | Alternate translation: “with storms full of wind, rain, and hail” | ||
| 1717 | 30:30 | ty89 | hailstones | 0 | hard pieces of ice that fall from the sky like rain | ||
| 1718 | 30:31 | aq83 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | For at the voice of Yahweh, Assyria will be shattered | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “For when Yahweh speaks he will shatter the soldiers of Assyria” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1719 | 30:31 | x1az | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | Assyria will be shattered | 0 | Isaiah speaks of Assyria’s fear as if Assyria is an object that Yahweh’s voice shatters. Alternate translation: “Assyria will be terrified” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1720 | 30:31 | h8gw | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | Assyria | 0 | Here this represents the soldiers of Assyria. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1721 | 30:32 | w9ms | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | Every stroke of the appointed rod that Yahweh will lay on them | 0 | Yahweh causing an army to defeat the Assyrians is spoken of as if Yahweh would hit the Assyrians with a rod. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1722 | 30:32 | wu2h | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | will be accompanied | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the people of Judah will accompany it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1723 | 30:32 | d8x2 | tambourines | 0 | This is a musical instrument with a head like a drum that can be hit and with pieces of metal around the side that sound when the instrument is shaken. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 5:12](../05/12.md). | ||
| 1724 | 30:32 | vj9i | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | he battles and fights with them | 0 | Yahweh causing the enemy army to defeat the Assyrians is spoken of as if Yahweh were a warrior who would fight along with the enemy army. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1725 | 30:33 | z2rq | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | For a place of burning was prepared long ago | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “For long ago Yahweh prepared a place for burning” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1726 | 30:33 | ry8p | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | a place of burning | 0 | This phrase is the meaning of the word “Topheth.” Topheth is a place in the Hinnom Valley, south of Jerusalem, where at one time people burned their children as sacrifices to a false god. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 1727 | 30:33 | lpk7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | it is prepared for the king | 0 | It is implied that this refers to the king of Assyria. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh prepared it for the king of Assyria” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1728 | 30:33 | nue1 | The pile is ready with a fire and much wood | 0 | Alternate translation: “The pile is ready with much wood to make a fire” | ||
| 1729 | 30:33 | dbe3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile | The breath of Yahweh, like a stream of brimstone, will set it on fire | 0 | This speaks of Yahweh’s breath as if it were a river of fire that will set the pile on fire. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
| 1730 | 31:intro | a5pj | 0 | # Isaiah 31 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.\n\nThis chapter continues the series of “woes” against specific nations. It presents judgments against the people of Ephraim and Judah when they desired to make an alliance with Egypt. It also prophesies the destruction of Assyria. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/woe]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Trust\n\nThe people were to trust in Yahweh. Only he could provide them with protection. They were punished for their lack of trust when they were in trouble, but Yahweh only required that they trust him. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### “That day”\nThis is a common phrase in this section of Isaiah. This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. It pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]])\n\n### Israel\n\nThe use of the term “Israel” in this chapter is in reference to the northern kingdom of Israel exclusively. | |||
| 1731 | 31:1 | mn6p | go down to Egypt | 0 | The phrase “go down” is used here because Egypt is lower in Elevation than Jerusalem. | ||
| 1732 | 31:1 | u5k2 | those who go down | 0 | Alternate translation: “those people of Judah who go down” | ||
| 1733 | 31:1 | fq71 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | lean on horses | 0 | This speaks about people relying on their horses to help them as if they were leaning on their horses. Alternate translation: “rely on their horses” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1734 | 31:1 | lv3b | Holy One of Israel | 0 | See how you translated this name in [Isaiah 1:4](../01/04.md). | ||
| 1735 | 31:1 | p83a | nor do they seek Yahweh | 0 | Alternate translation: “nor do they ask Yahweh to help them” | ||
| 1736 | 31:2 | rf4c | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | he will bring disaster | 0 | Here the word “bring” means to “cause.” Alternate translation: “he will cause disasters to happen” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
| 1737 | 31:2 | uq3q | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | will not retract his words | 0 | The phrase “retract his words” speaks of a person not fulfilling what they said they will do as if the words that he had said were something that he could pull back to himself. Here it says that Yahweh will not do this, meaning he will fulfill what he has said. Alternate translation: “he will do what he said he would do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1738 | 31:2 | wni6 | arise against | 0 | Alternate translation: “punish” | ||
| 1739 | 31:2 | ncg3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | evil house | 0 | This refers to evil people who live there. Alternate translation: “all who do evil things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1740 | 31:3 | qmy9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | Egypt is a man | 0 | Here Egypt refers to the soldiers of Egypt. Alternate translation: “The soldiers of Egypt are men” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1741 | 31:3 | al1h | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | their horses flesh and not spirit | 0 | This means that their horses are only horses and not spiritual beings. Alternate translation: “their horses are only horses; they are not powerful spirits” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 1742 | 31:3 | ee2s | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | When Yahweh reaches out with his hand | 0 | The term “hand” is often used in reference to God’s power and action. Alternate translation: “When Yahweh uses his power against them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1743 | 31:3 | b7mw | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | both the one who helps will stumble, and the one who is helped will fall | 0 | These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Stumbling and falling are metaphors of failing. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “these two things will happen: I will destroy Egypt, who helps you, and I will destroy you, whom Egypt helps” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
| 1744 | 31:3 | mv55 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | the one who is helped | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the one who is seeking help” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1745 | 31:4 | t89b | General Information: | 0 | # General Information:\n\nYahweh speaks to Isaiah. | ||
| 1746 | 31:4 | bfb4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile | As a lion … thus Yahweh of hosts | 0 | “A lion … in the same way Yahweh of hosts.” Here Yahweh speaks of how he will defend the people who belong to him and not be scared away by comparing himself to a lion who guards it’s prey. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
| 1747 | 31:4 | j6qt | thus Yahweh of hosts will descend … that hill | 0 | It may be more clear if you move the last line to before the first line: “Yahweh of hosts will descend to fight on Mount Zion, on that hill, as a lion, even a young lion” | ||
| 1748 | 31:4 | cwq4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet | a lion, even a young lion | 0 | “a female lion or killer lion.” This is a doublet with both phrase referring to a fierce lion. Alternate translation: “a lion” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) | |
| 1749 | 31:4 | e9kr | growls | 0 | warns others to stay away | ||
| 1750 | 31:4 | vef8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | when a group of shepherds is called out against it | 0 | The phrase “called out against it” means to be sent out to chase the lion away. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “when someone sends shepherds to chase the lion away” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] or [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1751 | 31:4 | i5s6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | from their sound | 0 | The shepherds would make loud noises to try and chase away the lion. Alternate translation: “from the loud noises that they make” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 1752 | 31:4 | jrv6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | will descend | 0 | “will come down.” This refers to descending from heaven. Alternate translation: “will come down from heaven” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 1753 | 31:4 | wv7p | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | on Mount Zion, on that hill | 0 | Both of the phrases refer to Mount Zion. Alternate translation: “on Mount Zion” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
| 1754 | 31:5 | yn4w | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile | Like birds in flight, so Yahweh of hosts will protect Jerusalem | 0 | Here the way that Yahweh protects Jerusalem is compared to the way that a mother bird protects her baby birds in their nest. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
| 1755 | 31:5 | s9xj | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | he will protect and rescue as he passes over it and preserves it | 0 | This speaks of how Yahweh protects and rescues Jerusalem, describing him as a bird that flies over the city. Alternate translation: “he will protect and rescue the city from it’s enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1756 | 31:5 | q5mx | Yahweh of hosts | 0 | See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). | ||
| 1757 | 31:5 | hd1t | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | Jerusalem | 0 | This refers to the people who live there. Alternate translation: “the people of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1758 | 31:6 | puw5 | Return to him from whom you have deeply turned away | 0 | Alternate translation: “Return to the one against whom you have rebelled” | ||
| 1759 | 31:7 | f2zn | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche | that your own hands have sinfully made | 0 | Here the people are referred to by their “hands” the emphasize that they made something with their hands. Alternate translation: “that you have sinned by making with you own hands” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) | |
| 1760 | 31:8 | vll3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | Assyria will fall by the sword; a sword not wielded by man will consume him | 0 | “Sword” refers to military might. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God’s sword, and not a man’s sword, will destroy the Assyrian army” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1761 | 31:8 | f6pa | He will flee | 0 | Alternate translation: “The Assyrians will flee” | ||
| 1762 | 31:8 | ib91 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | his young men will be forced to do hard labor | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “enemies will capture their young men and force them to do hard labor” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1763 | 31:9 | cb3x | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | They will lose all confidence because of terror | 0 | The word “confidence” can be expressed with the adjective “confident.” The word “terror” can be expressed with the adjective “terrified.” Alternate translation: “They will no longer be confident because they are so terrified” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 1764 | 31:9 | eqd6 | his princes | 0 | Alternate translation: “their leaders” | ||
| 1765 | 31:9 | awn7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | whose fire is in Zion and whose firepot is in Jerusalem | 0 | Both of these clauses mean the same thing and are used together for emphasis. Here God’s presence and his power to judge and destroy are spoken of as if they were a fire. Alternate translation: “whose powerful presence is in Zion” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1766 | 32:intro | qg44 | 0 | # Isaiah 32 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Reign of the Messiah\n\nThis chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. It pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) | |||
| 1767 | 32:1 | bfx3 | Look | 0 | This word is used here to draw peoples’ attention to what is said next. Alternate translation: “Listen” | ||
| 1768 | 32:2 | he1m | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile | Each one will be like a shelter from the wind and a refuge from the storm | 0 | This compares the king and princes who protect the people to a shelter. Alternate translation: “the rulers will protect the people like a shelter does in a storm” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
| 1769 | 32:2 | i91q | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile | like streams of water in a dry place | 0 | This is another comparison that means that the rulers will provide for the needs of the people. Alternate translation: “they will provide for the people like streams of water in a dry place” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
| 1770 | 32:2 | vxn9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile | like the shade of a great rock in a land of weariness | 0 | This is another comparison that means that the rulers will provide comfort and rest for the people. Alternate translation: “they will provide rest for the people like a huge rock gives shade to weary people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
| 1771 | 32:3 | d51u | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | Then the eyes … attentively | 0 | Both of these phrases emphasize that the leaders will enable the people to understand God’s truth. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1772 | 32:3 | ile5 | will not be dim | 0 | Alternate translation: “will see clearly” | ||
| 1773 | 32:4 | byg3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj | The rash … the stutterer | 0 | This refers to people who act rashly and people who stutter. Alternate translation: “The rash person … the stuttering person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) | |
| 1774 | 32:5 | dap4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | The fool will no longer be called honorable | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “No one will give honor to the fool” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1775 | 32:5 | zlq8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | nor the deceiver called principled | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. “The deceiver” refers to a person who is deceptive. Alternate translation: “nor will anyone show respect to the person who deceives” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) | |
| 1776 | 32:6 | zh17 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj | For the fool speaks folly, and his heart plans evil | 0 | “The fool” refers to foolish people. Also, “folly” and “evil” may be expressed as adjectives. Alternate translation: “For the foolish person says foolish things and his heart plans evil things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 1777 | 32:6 | z5gt | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche | his heart plans evil | 0 | Here the foolish person is referred to by his heart to emphasize his inner thoughts. Alternate translation: “he plans evil things in his heart” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) | |
| 1778 | 32:6 | vd59 | He makes | 0 | The word “he” refers to the foolish person. | ||
| 1779 | 32:6 | y9ue | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj | the hungry empty | 0 | “The hungry” refers to hungry people. They are hungry because they have empty stomachs. Alternate translation: “the hungry person have an empty stomach” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 1780 | 32:6 | b6mz | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj | the thirsty he causes to lack drink | 0 | “The thirsty” refers to people who are thirsty. Alternate translation: “he causes the thirsty person to have nothing to drink” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) | |
| 1781 | 32:7 | br91 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj | The deceiver’s | 0 | This refers to a person who deceives others. Alternate translation: “The deceptive person’s” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) | |
| 1782 | 32:7 | fwx8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj | to ruin the poor with lies | 0 | “The poor” refers to poor people. Also, the phrase “to ruin” does not means to kill them but to harm them by telling lies about them. Alternate translation: “to harm the poor people by telling lies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) | |
| 1783 | 32:8 | em4r | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | he will stand | 0 | This means that he will be successful. Alternate translation: “he will be successful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
| 1784 | 32:9 | ut5j | Rise up | 0 | Alternate translation: “Stand up” or “Pay attention” | ||
| 1785 | 32:9 | a31y | at ease | 0 | Alternate translation: “secure” or “carefree” | ||
| 1786 | 32:9 | yi6d | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | my voice | 0 | Isaiah refers to himself by his voice to emphasize what he says. Alternate translation: “me speak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1787 | 32:10 | g6m5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | your confidence will be broken | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Also, Isaiah speaks of them no longer being confident as if their confidence were a physical object that is broken. Alternate translation: “you will no longer be confident” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1788 | 32:10 | t219 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | the grape harvest will fail | 0 | This means that there would not be good grapes to harvest. Alternate translation: “there will be no grapes for you to harvest” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 1789 | 32:10 | d5c3 | the ingathering will not come | 0 | Alternate translation: “the time for gathering crops will not happen” | ||
| 1790 | 32:11 | aq71 | Tremble | 0 | shake from fear | ||
| 1791 | 32:11 | m37x | at ease | 0 | Alternate translation: “secure” or “carefree” | ||
| 1792 | 32:11 | suv5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | take off your fine clothes and make yourselves bare | 0 | Here “bare” does not necessarily mean naked, but to wear minimal covering such as undergarments. Alternate translation: “take off you fine clothes and make yourself unclothed” or “take off your fancy clothes” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 1793 | 32:11 | dhb7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction | put on sackcloth around your waists | 0 | This is an act of grieving or mourning. Alternate translation: “put sackcloth around waists as you grieve” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) | |
| 1794 | 32:12 | n8hm | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | You will wail for the pleasant fields, for the fruitful vines | 0 | This means that they will cry out loudly as they grieve what happens to their fruitful fields and vines. Alternate translation: “You will wail because of what happens to your pleasant fields and fruitful vines” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 1795 | 32:13 | t131 | thorns and briers | 0 | See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 5:6](../05/06.md). | ||
| 1796 | 32:13 | prc1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | the once joyful houses | 0 | Here the houses are described as joyful because of the joyful people in them. Alternate translation: “your houses where you were once joyful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
| 1797 | 32:13 | az82 | the city of revelry | 0 | “your joyful city.” The word “revelry” means celebrating and partying. | ||
| 1798 | 32:14 | ftk1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | For the palace will be forsaken, the crowded city will be deserted | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “For the people will forsake the palace and the crowds will abandon the city” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1799 | 32:14 | ut34 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | the hill | 0 | This refers to the fort built on the top of the hill. Alternate translation: “the fort on the hill” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1800 | 32:14 | l4wz | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | the hill and the watchtower will become caves | 0 | This speaks of the fort and the watchtower being abandoned as if they became caves. Alternate translation: “the hill and the watchtower will become abandoned and empty” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 1801 | 32:14 | g5yl | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | a joy of wild donkeys, a pasture of flocks | 0 | This means the these animals will enjoy the grass that grows among the abandon fort and watchtower. Alternate translation: “the wild donkeys and the flocks of sheep will eat the grass there” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 1802 | 32:14 | x8t3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole | forever | 0 | This is an exaggeration for a very long time. Alternate translation: “an extremely long time” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) | |
| 1803 | 32:15 | ai5k | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | until the Spirit is poured | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “until Yahweh pours the Spirit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1804 | 32:15 | m9lm | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | the Spirit is poured on us | 0 | This speaks of Yahweh giving him Spirit to his people as if his Spirit were a liquid that he would pour on them. Alternate translation: “the Spirit is given to us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1805 | 32:15 | f3x2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | from on high | 0 | Here heaven is referred to as “on high.” Alternate translation: “from heaven” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1806 | 32:15 | i9yh | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | the fruitful field is considered as a forest | 0 | This can be written in active form. This compares how overly bountiful the fruitful fields are by comparing them to a thick, dense forest. Alternate translation: “people will say that the fruitful fields have grown thick like a forest” or “the fruitful fields will be overly bountiful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
| 1807 | 32:16 | uzl5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | justice will reside … righteousness will live | 0 | Isaiah describes “justice” and “righteousness” as a person who lives in these places. This means the people who live in these places will do what is just and right. Alternate translation: “people will act justly in the wilderness and people will act righteously in the fertile fields (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
| 1808 | 32:17 | w4zs | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | The work of righteousness will be peace; and the result of righteousness, quietness and confidence forever | 0 | These two phrases are parallel and both give results of righteousness. These can be combined. Alternate translation: “The result of people acting righteously is that there will be peace, and quietness, and confidence forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
| 1809 | 32:18 | q9gf | habitation | 0 | place where people live | ||
| 1810 | 32:19 | xzc9 | hails | 0 | See how you translated this in [Isaiah 28:2](../28/02.md). | ||
| 1811 | 32:19 | stg9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | the forest is destroyed, and the city is completely annihilated | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “it destroys the forest and completely destroys the city” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1812 | 32:20 | wd7c | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | you who sow beside all the streams will be blessed, you who send out your ox and donkey to graze | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. This refers to Yahweh blessing all of his people and speaks of the things that are normal for his people to do. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will bless you, as you plant your crops in fields alongside the streams and as you send out your ox and donkey to graze in the pasture” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 1813 | 33:intro | bx2g | 0 | # Isaiah 33 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.\n\nThis chapter continues the series of “woes.” It speaks against ungodly or evil people in general. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/woe]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) | |||
| 1814 | 33:1 | uq8j | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | General Information: | 0 | # General Information:\n\nIsaiah speaks in poetry for Yahweh to the Assyrians. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
| 1815 | 33:1 | vi89 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | who has not been destroyed | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “whom others have not destroyed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1816 | 33:1 | uz7b | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | you will be destroyed | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “others will destroy you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1817 | 33:1 | t9ig | they will betray | 0 | Alternate translation: “others will betray” | ||
| 1818 | 33:2 | ktn1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | be our arm | 0 | Here Yahweh’s arm refers to his strength. This speaks of Yahweh strengthening them as if Yahweh would use his strength to act for them. Alternate translation: “give us strength” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1819 | 33:2 | k72t | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche | every morning | 0 | This refers to the whole day, not just the morning. Alternate translation: “every day” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) | |
| 1820 | 33:2 | zfi5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis | our salvation | 0 | This understood verb “be” may be supplied. Also, the word “salvation” may be expressed with the verb “save.” Alternate translation: “be our salvation” or “save us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 1821 | 33:2 | vt7m | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | in the time of trouble | 0 | This refers to the times when they are experiencing trouble. Alternate translation: ““when we have troubles” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
| 1822 | 33:3 | bxw1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | At the loud noise the peoples flee | 0 | Possible meanings of **the loud noise** are: (1) it refers to Yahweh’s voice. Alternate translation: “The peoples flee at the sound of your loud voice” or (2) it refers the loud sounds of Yahweh’s army. Alternate translation: “The people flee at the sound of your army” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 1823 | 33:3 | mt58 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | arise | 0 | This means to begin doing something. Alternate translation: “begin acting” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
| 1824 | 33:3 | bws5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | the nations are scattered | 0 | This can be written in active form. Alternate translation: “the nations scatter” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1825 | 33:4 | jx3k | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile | Your spoil is gathered as the locusts gather; as locusts leap, men leap on it | 0 | This compares how quick and eager Yahweh’s people are when they gather the spoils from their enemies to the eagerness of locusts when they gather food. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Your people gather spoils from your enemies with the same fierceness as the locusts have who devour green plants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1826 | 33:5 | bu33 | General Information: | 0 | # General Information:\n\nIsaiah speaks to the people of Judah. | ||
| 1827 | 33:5 | f7z4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | Yahweh is exalted | 0 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is greater than anyone else” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1828 | 33:5 | gk4n | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | He will fill Zion with justice and righteousness | 0 | This speaks of Yahweh ruling Zion with his justice and righteousness as if he were filling Zion with justice and righteousness. Alternate translation: “He will rule Zion with justice and righteousness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1829 | 33:6 | gy6i | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | He will be the stability in your times | 0 | This speaks of Yahweh causing his people to be secure as if he were the stability himself. The phrase “your times” refers to their lives. Alternate translation: “He will make you secure all your lives” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1830 | 33:6 | fe6y | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis | abundance of salvation, wisdom, and knowledge | 0 | This refers to the things that Yahweh will give to them. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **salvation**, you can express the same idea with the verb “save.” The abstract nouns “wisdom” and “knowledge” can be expressed with adjectives. Alternate translation: “and he will give you an abundance of salvation, wisdom, and knowledge” or “he will save you and cause you to be very wise and knowledgeable” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 1831 | 33:6 | p3md | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | the fear of Yahweh is his treasure | 0 | This speaks of fearing Yahweh as if it were a treasure that Yahweh gives his people. Alternate translation: “revering Yahweh will be like a valuable treasure that he will give to you” or “to fear Yahweh will be as valuable to you as a treasure” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1832 | 33:7 | f6lb | Look | 0 | This word is used here to draw peoples’ attention to what is said next. It is also used here to mark a new section in the book. Alternate translation: “Listen” | ||
| 1833 | 33:7 | e9rq | envoys | 0 | messengers | ||
| 1834 | 33:7 | m76k | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | the diplomats hoping for peace weep bitterly | 0 | This means they weep because they do not succeed in making peace. Alternate translation: “the diplomats hope for peace but they do not succeed and so they weep bitterly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 1835 | 33:8 | pf64 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | The highways are deserted; there are no more travelers | 0 | Both of the phrases emphasize that there are no travelers on the highways. These can be combined and stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People no longer travel on the highways” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1836 | 33:8 | ftm2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | Covenants are broken, witnesses are despised, and mankind is not respected | 0 | This passage may refer to general conditions of corruption in Israel, or it may refer to the nation’s inability to make reliable peace treaties with Assyria. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “People break covenants that they have made, people ignore the testimony of witnesses, and people do not respect one another” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1837 | 33:9 | czb9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification | The land mourns and withers away | 0 | This speaks of the land becoming dry as if it were a person mourning. Alternate translation: “The land becomes dry and its plants wither away” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
| 1838 | 33:9 | na5c | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | Lebanon is ashamed and withers away | 0 | Here “Lebanon” repr |
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