unfoldingWord_en_tn/en_tn_23-ISA.tsv

1	Book	Chapter	Verse	ID	SupportReference	OrigQuote	Occurrence	GLQuote	OccurrenceNote
2	ISA	front	intro	l9fr			0		# Introduction to Isaiah<br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of the Book of Isaiah<br><br>1. Yahweh judges his people but gives them hope (chapters 1–12)<br>1. Isaiah prophesies against many nations (13–23)<br>1. Universal judgment and promise of redemption (24–27)<br>1. The people of Yahweh judged (28–31)<br>1. The righteous kingdom (32–33)<br>1. The nations judged; the ransomed will be restored (34–35)<br>1. Hezekiah and Sennacherib (36–39)<br>1. Yahweh comforts his people and will restore them (40–45)<br>1. Prophecies against Babylon (46–48)<br>1. The servant of Yahweh (49–55)<br>1. Ethics of Yahweh’s kingdom (56–59)<br>1. Restored Jerusalem (60–66)<br><br><br>### What is the Book of Isaiah about?<br><br>The first part of the Book of Isaiah (chapters 1-39) contains many different prophecies. Some of Isaiah’s prophecies are about how God would send an army to destroy the southern kingdom of Judah. Some of the prophecies are about how God would punish other nations of the world. The end of the first part (chapters 36-39) tells how Isaiah helped King Hezekiah when the Assyrians were about to attack Jerusalem.<br><br>The second part of the Book of Isaiah (chapters 40-66) has prophecies about how God will comfort and restore his people. He will do this through his chosen servant. By the suffering of this servant, God will forgive his people (chapter 53). This servant will also cause Gentiles to worship Yahweh. The Book of Isaiah ends with a prophecy about God creating a new heavens and earth.<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>Translators can use the traditional title, “The Book of Isaiah” or just “Isaiah.” Or they may call it “The Book about Isaiah” or “The Sayings of Isaiah.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>### When was the Book of Isaiah written?<br><br>Isaiah prophesied around 740–700 B.C., when the Assyrian Empire was becoming more powerful. Isaiah spoke the prophecies from God to the people of Judah during the reigns of Kings Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah. The story of Isaiah helping King Hezekiah (chapters 36-39) is also found in 2 Kings 19–20.<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### What did Isaiah prophesy about the future Messiah of Israel?<br><br>Jews and Christians have interpreted many passages in Isaiah to be about the Messiah. In 9:1-7, Isaiah described a child being born who would rule over David’s kingdom. In chapter 11, Isaiah described a descendant of David who would have God’s spirit upon him. Several prophecies in chapters 40-66 are about “the servant.” This servant will comfort the people, rule righteously, and suffer so that God will forgive the people for sinning against him. The New Testament writers interpret these prophecies to be about Jesus Christ.<br><br>### What did Isaiah mean by the “last days”?<br><br>Isaiah prophesied of the “last days” (2:2) as some later or final period of time. The New Testament writers understood the “last days” to be the church age (Acts 2:17, Hebrews 1:2). The Book of Isaiah was one of the first books to include prophesies about the last days. Isaiah explained that in the last days there would be a future kingdom of Israel. Jerusalem would be its main city. And people from all over the world will go there to learn about Yahweh and worship him.<br><br>## Part 3: Important Translation Issues<br><br>### What is the meaning of the term “Israel”?<br><br>The name “Israel” is used in many different ways in the Bible. Jacob was the son of Isaac. God changed Jacob’s name to Israel. The descendants of Jacob became a nation also called Israel. Eventually, the nation of Israel split into two kingdoms. The northern kingdom was named Israel. The southern kingdom was named Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/israel]])<br><br>### What are some characteristics of prophetic literature in the Book of Isaiah?<br><br>Most of Isaiah’s prophecies are in poetic form. Many prophets in Israel used poetry when they spoke important messages that were meant to be remembered.<br><br>Sometimes Isaiah’s messages are hard to understand. He assumed his original hearers would know what he was talking about. But readers today do not always understand what he meant. However, Isaiah’s basic messages are still clear to us today. These messages are about how God’s people sinned against him, how he would punish them, and how he would eventually comfort and restore them.<br><br>Isaiah also speaks about the Servant of Yahweh, in four different poems that are today called the “Four Servant Songs.” Christians understand these very clearly as prophecies about Jesus Christ, the Messiah. These “songs” are in Isaiah 42:1-9; 49:1-7; 50:4-9; and 52:13-53:12. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])
3	ISA	1	intro	q326			0		# Isaiah 1 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 1:2-31, which is a vision Isaiah receives. These are the words of Yahweh.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Woe<br>The prophecy of this chapter serves as a warning to the people of the kingdom of Judah. If they do not change their evil ways, Yahweh will punish them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/woe]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Metaphors<br>There are many vivid metaphors used to describe Judah’s sin. Their sin is described as a sickness that spreads. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])<br><br>### Rhetorical Questions<br>Yahweh uses several rhetorical questions in this chapter. The purpose of these questions is to convince the people of Judah of their sin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
4	ISA	1	1	qur5			0	The vision of Isaiah … that he saw	Alternate translation: “This is the vision of Isaiah … that Yahweh showed him” or “This is what God showed Isaiah”
5	ISA	1	1	zfq5	translate-names		0	Amoz	Amoz was the father of Isaiah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
6	ISA	1	1	i66y	figs-metonymy		0	Judah and Jerusalem	“Judah” refers to the southern kingdom of Israel. “Jerusalem” was its most important city. The names of the places represent the people who live in them. Alternate translation: “those living in Judah and Jerusalem” or “the people of Judah and Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
7	ISA	1	1	qsh3	figs-idiom		0	in the days of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, kings of Judah	This is an idiom and refers to the time when each king reigned. They reigned one after the other, not all at the same time. Alternate translation: “when Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz and Hezekiah were kings of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
8	ISA	1	2	qju5	figs-parallelism		0	General Information:	Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
9	ISA	1	2	m42x	figs-apostrophe		0	Hear, heavens, and give ear, earth	Although these prophecies were meant for the people of Jerusalem and Judah to hear, Isaiah knows they will not listen. This could mean: (1) he speaks in apostrophe, as though the “heavens” and “earth” would be able to listen to what Yahweh said, or (2) the words “heavens” and “earth” are metonyms and a merism for all living beings everywhere. Alternate translation: “you who live in the heavens … you who live on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
10	ISA	1	2	v1jh			0	Yahweh	This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this.
11	ISA	1	2	q3lw			0	I have nourished and brought up children, but they have rebelled against me	Words that Yahweh spoke and which Isaiah is speaking to the Israelites for Yahweh.
12	ISA	1	2	nn1n	figs-metaphor		0	I have nourished and brought up children	Yahweh speaks as if his words were food and as if the Israelites were his children. Alternate translation: “I have taken care of the people living in Judah like they were my children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
13	ISA	1	3	hsf5			0	The ox knows … does not understand	Words that Yahweh spoke and which Isaiah is speaking to the Israelites for Yahweh.
14	ISA	1	3	k1dl	figs-ellipsis		0	the donkey his master’s feeding trough	You can make clear the understood information. Alternate translation: “the donkey knows his master’s feeding trough” or “the donkey knows where his master gives him food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
15	ISA	1	3	i9j2			0	but Israel does not know, Israel does not understand	This probably means “but the people of Israel do not know me, they do not understand that I am the one who cares for them.”
16	ISA	1	3	gxd1	figs-metonymy		0	Israel	This is a metonym for the people of Israel. Judah is part of what had been the nation of Israel. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
17	ISA	1	4	s8qu	figs-parallelism		0	General Information:	Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
18	ISA	1	4	blg2			0	Nation, sinners	This could mean: (1) Isaiah is saying two different things about them. Alternate translation: “Nation of Israel, you sinners” or (2) he is saying only one thing about them. Alternate translation: “Nation of sinners”
19	ISA	1	4	w37n	figs-metaphor		0	a people weighed down with iniquity	Something very heavy that a person might carry is a metaphor for their many sins. Alternate translation: “their sin is like a heavy bag on their shoulders that makes it hard for them to walk” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
20	ISA	1	4	j97s	figs-metaphor		0	offspring of evildoers	The word “offspring” is a metaphor for people who do what others have done. Alternate translation: “people who do the same evil they see others doing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
21	ISA	1	4	bwr8			0	act corruptly	do evil deeds
22	ISA	1	4	at1f			0	They have abandoned Yahweh	Alternate translation: “They have gone away from Yahweh”
23	ISA	1	4	na87			0	have despised	Alternate translation: “have refused to obey” or “have refused to respect”
24	ISA	1	4	z7gi			0	Israel	Judah is part of what had been the nation of Israel.
25	ISA	1	4	kv93			0	they have estranged themselves from him	Though at one time they were friends, they now treat him as though they do not know him.
26	ISA	1	5	epw9	figs-parallelism		0	General Information:	Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
27	ISA	1	5	xc8l	figs-rquestion		0	Why are you still being beaten? Why do you rebel more and more?	Isaiah uses these questions to scold the people of Judah. The questions can be translated as statements. This can also be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “You keep doing things that Yahweh has to punish you for. You continue to rebel against him.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
28	ISA	1	5	wax8	figs-you		0	you	Here the word “you” refers to the people who live in Judah and so is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
29	ISA	1	5	gh9d	figs-metaphor		0	The whole head is sick, the whole heart is weak	This metaphor compares the nation of Israel to a person who has been beaten. Alternate translation: “You are like someone whose head is wounded and whose heart is weak” or “You are like someone whose whole mind and heart are sick” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
30	ISA	1	6	v5ua	figs-doublenegatives		0	there is no part unharmed	This can be stated positively. It can also be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “every part of you has been harmed” or “someone has harmed every part of you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
31	ISA	1	6	txm6	figs-metaphor		0	they have not been closed, cleansed, bandaged, nor treated with oil	This metaphor compares the punishment God has given Israel to physical wounds. It can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one has closed, cleansed, bandaged, or treated them with oil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
32	ISA	1	7	ei5u	figs-parallelism		0	General Information:	Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
33	ISA	1	7	e6tr	figs-activepassive		0	Your country is ruined	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “They have ruined your country” or “Your enemies have ruined your country” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
34	ISA	1	7	gv8j	figs-activepassive		0	your cities are burned	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “they have burned your cities” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
35	ISA	1	7	r1um			0	your fields—in your presence, strangers are destroying them	Alternate translation: “people who are not from your own country steal the crops from your fields while you watch”
36	ISA	1	7	l3um	figs-abstractnouns		0	abandoned devastation	“empty and devastated.” This abstract noun phrase can be expressed as verbal phrases. Alternate translation: “they have destroyed the land and no one lives there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
37	ISA	1	7	ygn5	figs-activepassive		0	overthrown by strangers	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “strangers have overthrown your country” or “a foreign army has completely conquered it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
38	ISA	1	8	c1rf	figs-activepassive		0	The daughter of Zion is left	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I have left the daughter of Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
39	ISA	1	8	lkv3	figs-idiom		0	The daughter of Zion	The “daughter” of a city means the people of the city. Alternate translation: “The people of Zion” or “The people who live in Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
40	ISA	1	8	xl8k	figs-simile		0	is left like a hut in a vineyard, like a shed in a garden of cucumbers	This could mean: (1) “has become as small as a hut in a vineyard or a shed in a garden of cucumbers” or (2) “is left the way a farmer leaves a hut in a vineyard or a shed in a garden of cucumbers when he is finished with them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
41	ISA	1	8	qnb3			0	like … cucumbers, like a besieged city	Another possible meaning is “like … cucumbers. She is a besieged city”
42	ISA	1	9	cf1d	figs-parallelism		0	General Information:	Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
43	ISA	1	9	a3aq	figs-hypo		0	If Yahweh	This describes something that could have happened in the past but did not. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
44	ISA	1	9	cy37			0	a small remnant	Alternate translation: “a few survivors”
45	ISA	1	9	qe2a	figs-exclusive		0	us … we	Here these words refer to Isaiah and includes all the people of Judah and Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
46	ISA	1	9	y4cq	figs-explicit		0	we would have been like Sodom, we would have been like Gomorrah	How Judah would have been like Sodom and Gomorrah can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “God would have destroyed us, like he destroyed the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
47	ISA	1	10	p3g9	figs-parallelism		0	General Information:	Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
48	ISA	1	10	vtc9	figs-metaphor		0	you rulers of Sodom … you people of Gomorrah	Isaiah is comparing the people of Judah to Sodom and Gomorrah to emphasize how sinful they have become. Alternate translation: “you rulers who are as sinful as the people of Sodom … you people who are as wicked as those who lived in Gomorrah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
49	ISA	1	11	r739	figs-rquestion		0	What is the multitude of your sacrifices to me?	God is using a question to scold the people. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Your many sacrifices mean nothing to me!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
50	ISA	1	12	z32c	figs-parallelism		0	General Information:	Isaiah speaks Yahweh’s words to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
51	ISA	1	12	p91g	figs-rquestion		0	who has required this of you, to trample my courts?	The word “trample” means to step on and crush with one’s feet. God is using a question to scold the people who live in Judah. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “no one told you to stomp around in my courtyards!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
52	ISA	1	13	a4yw			0	Bring no more meaningless offerings	Alternate translation: “Do not bring me any more of your worthless gifts”
53	ISA	1	13	qg5t	figs-abstractnouns		0	incense is an abomination to me	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **abomination**, you could express the same idea with the verb “hate.” Alternate translation: “I hate the incense the priests burn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
54	ISA	1	13	y2mq			0	I cannot tolerate these wicked assemblies	This could mean: (1) “I cannot allow you to gather together because of the wicked things you do” or (2) “I cannot allow myself to watch you gather together because of the wicked things you do.”
55	ISA	1	14	x2u9	figs-parallelism		0	General Information:	Isaiah speaks Yahweh’s words to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
56	ISA	1	14	u5nj	figs-metonymy		0	your new moons and your appointed feasts	The words “new moons” are a metonym for the celebrations of the new moon. They are also a synecdoche for all regular celebrations. Alternate translation: “your celebrations of the new moon and your other regular feasts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
57	ISA	1	14	f4rl			0	new moons	A new moon is when the moon first shows light after having been dark.
58	ISA	1	14	v251	figs-metaphor		0	they are a burden to me; I am tired of enduring them	This compares how God feels about the people’s celebrations to carrying a heavy object. Alternate translation: “they are a heavy load that I am tired of carrying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
59	ISA	1	15	tc81	figs-idiom		0	I hide my eyes from you	This idiom is a way of saying “I will not look at you” or “I will not pay attention to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
60	ISA	1	15	l6q5	figs-metonymy		0	your hands are full of blood	This is the reason that God will not listen to their prayers. The blood likely refers to violence that they have done against people. Alternate translation: “because it is like your hands are covered with the blood of those you have harmed” or “because you are guilty of violence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
61	ISA	1	16	tc5d	figs-parallelism		0	General Information:	Isaiah speaks Yahweh’s words to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
62	ISA	1	16	kug1	figs-metaphor		0	Wash, cleanse yourselves	Here God compares a person who stops sinning with one who washes his body. Alternate translation: “Repent and wash the sin from your heart like you wash the dirt from your body” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
63	ISA	1	16	i5wc	figs-metaphor		0	remove the evil of your deeds from my sight	God was not telling them to do their evil deeds somewhere else, but to stop doing them. Alternate translation: “stop doing the evil deeds that I see you doing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
64	ISA	1	17	h8bt	figs-metaphor		0	make straight the oppression	God speaks of people who oppress others as if they had made crooked something that should be straight, and he calls on them to make that object straight again. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **oppression**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “make sure that those helpless people you have harmed no longer suffer from the bad things you have done to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
65	ISA	1	17	btn7			0	give justice to the fatherless	Alternate translation: “be fair to the children who do not have fathers”
66	ISA	1	17	q1c7			0	defend the widow	Alternate translation: “protect the women whose husbands have died”
67	ISA	1	18	nj1x			0	Come now, and let	Yahweh graciously and lovingly invites the people to listen to what he is about to say. “Please listen to me. Let” or “Pay attention; I want to help you. Let”
68	ISA	1	18	j1pw	figs-exclusive		0	let us reason together	“let us think about this together” or “we need to discuss this” or “what are we going to do?” Yahweh invites the people to discuss the future. Here the word “us” refers to Yahweh and includes the people of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
69	ISA	1	18	nf9s	figs-metaphor		0	though your sins are like scarlet, they will be white like snow; though they are red like crimson, they will be like wool	Isaiah is speaking of the people as if they were wearing clothes that were supposed to be white wool and of their sins as if they were red stains on the clothes. If Yahweh forgives their sins, it will be as if their clothes become white again. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
70	ISA	1	18	ep8f	figs-simile		0	like scarlet	Scarlet is a bright red color. Alternate translation: “bright red” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
71	ISA	1	18	yt5e	figs-simile		0	white like snow	White is often a symbol for holiness or purity. “Snow” refers to something like frozen rain that is very white. Since this simply describes something as very white, you could replace it with something else that is white: “white as a seashell” or “white as a dove.” This means that their sins will be forgiven. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
72	ISA	1	18	qe12	figs-simile		0	red like crimson	Crimson is a dark red color. Alternate translation: “dark red” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
73	ISA	1	18	e5qz	figs-explicit		0	like wool	Wool is the hair of a sheep or goat. How they will be like wool can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “white like wool” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
74	ISA	1	19	wgy5	figs-hendiadys		0	If you are willing and obedient	Here, “willing” and “obedient” are used together to express one idea. Alternate translation: “If you willingly obey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])
75	ISA	1	19	wz1z			0	you will eat the good of the land	Alternate translation: “the land will produce good food for you to eat”
76	ISA	1	20	e2cf			0	but if you refuse and rebel	Alternate translation: “but if you refuse to listen and instead disobey me”
77	ISA	1	20	qs1e	figs-metonymy		0	the sword will devour you	The word “sword” refers to Judah’s enemies. Also, the word “devour” compares Judah’s enemies coming to kill them to a wild animal that attacks and eats other animals. Alternate translation: “your enemies will kill you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
78	ISA	1	20	m82k	figs-synecdoche		0	the mouth of Yahweh has spoken it	The word “mouth” emphasizes that Yahweh has spoken and what he says will certainly happen. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has spoken” or “Yahweh has said that this will happen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
79	ISA	1	21	lhv6	figs-parallelism		0	General Information:	Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
80	ISA	1	21	bhm8	figs-metonymy		0	How the faithful city	This exclamation shows Isaiah’s anger and sadness about the people of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “See how the people of Jerusalem, who had been faithful to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
81	ISA	1	21	v446	figs-metaphor		0	has become a prostitute	Isaiah compared the people to a woman who is not loyal to her husband but who sleeps with other men for money. The people were no longer loyal to God but were worshiping false gods. Alternate translation: “acts like a prostitute” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
82	ISA	1	21	v25z	figs-metaphor		0	but now she is full of murderers	The word “she” refers to Jerusalem and its people. Those who wrote the Bible often refer to cities as women. Alternate translation: “but now the people of Jerusalem are murderers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
83	ISA	1	22	n46w	figs-metaphor		0	Your silver has become impure, your wine mixed with water	Possible meanings are that Isaiah uses silver and wine as metaphors for: (1) the people of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “You are like silver that is no longer pure, and like wine that is mixed with water” or (2) the good deeds that the people formerly did. Alternate translation: “You used to do good deeds, but now your bad deeds make your good deeds worthless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
84	ISA	1	22	tbh7			0	silver … impure	Someone needs to clean silver often or it will no longer shine brightly.
85	ISA	1	22	b14q			0	wine … water	Wine with water in it has little taste and so is no better than water.
86	ISA	1	23	jw4m	figs-parallelism		0	General Information:	Isaiah speaks Yahweh’s words to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
87	ISA	1	23	z59p			0	Your princes are rebels	Alternate translation: “Your leaders rebel against God”
88	ISA	1	23	r6i3			0	companions of thieves	Alternate translation: “they are friends with people who steal from others”
89	ISA	1	23	auk9			0	bribes … payoffs	People give “bribes” as gifts to dishonest rulers so the rulers will then act unjustly. Rulers receive “payoffs” as gifts from those who make profits from unjust laws that the ruler has passed.
90	ISA	1	23	q1cz	figs-metaphor		0	runs after payoffs	A person eagerly desiring for someone to give him a bribe is spoken of as if the payoff were running away and the person were running after it. Alternate translation: “everyone desires for someone to pay money to them to make dishonest decisions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
91	ISA	1	23	qzn3			0	They do not defend the fatherless	Alternate translation: “they do not protect those who do not have fathers”
92	ISA	1	23	yi82			0	nor does the widow’s legal plea come before them	Alternate translation: “nor do they listen when widows go to them for help against those who break the law” or “and they do not help widows who go to them for help against those who break the law”
93	ISA	1	24	ez3r	figs-parallelism		0	General Information:	Isaiah begins to speak Yahweh’s words to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
94	ISA	1	24	g1g2			0	Therefore	Alternate translation: “For that reason”
95	ISA	1	24	iza8	figs-123person		0	this is the declaration of the Lord Yahweh of hosts, the Mighty One of Israel	Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Alternate translation: “this is what the Lord Yahweh of hosts, the Mighty One of Israel, has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, the Mighty One of Israel, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
96	ISA	1	24	qk17	figs-parallelism		0	I will take vengeance against my adversaries, and avenge myself against my enemies	Both of these phrases mean basically the same thing. The words “take vengeance against my adversaries” speak more of Yahweh doing whatever he needs to do to those who work against him so he can be happy. The words “avenge myself against my enemies” speak more of Yahweh justly punishing his enemies. Alternate translation: “I will punish those who opposed me” or “I will do what pleases me to those who work against me, and I will justly punish my enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
97	ISA	1	25	f62p	figs-metonymy		0	I will turn my hand against you	Here “hand” refers to God’s power which he would use to punish his people. Alternate translation: “I will begin to use all my power against you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
98	ISA	1	25	z1i3	figs-metaphor		0	refine away your dross as with lye	Here the process in which God removes his people’s sin is spoken of as if her were separating metal from the bad things mixed with it. The words “as with lye” adds another metaphor, because lye is used in soap, not in refining metal. Alternate translation: “and like fire removing the dirt from silver, I will remove all the evil from among you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
99	ISA	1	25	iah6			0	dross	This is the dirt and other things that people remove from metals so the metal will be pure.
100	ISA	1	26	y8y2	figs-parallelism		0	General Information:	Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
101	ISA	1	26	usx1			0	at the first … at the beginning	These are two ways of speaking of the first part or beginning of Israel’s history, when Israel first became a nation.
102	ISA	1	26	i1s1	figs-activepassive		0	you will be called	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people will call you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
103	ISA	1	26	d4ji	figs-metonymy		0	the city of righteousness, a faithful town	Here “city” and “town” refer to the people living in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “the city where the people are righteous and loyal to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
104	ISA	1	27	glh4	figs-parallelism		0	General Information:	Isaiah speaks Yahweh’s words to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
105	ISA	1	27	qa1v	figs-activepassive		0	Zion will be redeemed by justice, and her repentant ones by righteousness	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. This could mean: (1) “Yahweh will redeem Zion because the people there do what is just, and he will redeem those who repent because they do what Yahweh says is right” or (2) “Yahweh will redeem Zion because he is just, and he will redeem those who repent because he is righteous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
106	ISA	1	27	z5g9	figs-metonymy		0	Zion	This is a metonym for the people who live on Mount Zion. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
107	ISA	1	28	fi96	figs-activepassive		0	Rebels and sinners will be crushed together	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God will destroy those who rebel and sin against him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
108	ISA	1	28	ekb3	figs-activepassive		0	those who abandon Yahweh will be done away with	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and Yahweh will completely do away with those who turn away from him” or “and Yahweh will kill all who reject him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
109	ISA	1	29	aa8s	figs-parallelism		0	General Information:	Isaiah speaks Yahweh’s words to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
110	ISA	1	29	rnp2			0	the sacred oak trees … gardens	These phrases refer to places where the people of Judah worshiped idols.
111	ISA	1	29	q2lw			0	you will be embarrassed by	Some versions read, “you will blush because of.” A person blushes when his face turns hot and red, often because he feels that he has done something wrong.
112	ISA	1	30	sp75	figs-simile		0	For you will be like an oak whose leaf fades, and like a garden that has no water	Water gives life to trees and gardens. The people have cut themselves off from Yahweh, who gives them life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
113	ISA	1	31	sh9k	figs-parallelism		0	General Information:	Isaiah speaks Yahweh’s words to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
114	ISA	1	31	mly5			0	The strong man	“The strong person” or “Whoever is powerful.” This may refer to people who are important and who influence other people.
115	ISA	1	31	lq77			0	tinder	dry material that burns easily
116	ISA	1	31	a5w2	figs-simile		0	his work like a spark	This compares the person’s deeds or evil works to a spark that falls on tinder and sets it on fire. Alternate translation: “his work will be like a spark that starts a fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
117	ISA	2	intro	pr4a			0		# Isaiah 2 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 2:2-22.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Latter days<br>This is probably a reference to the “last days.” This makes parts of this prophecy reference events near the end of this world. Most scholars expect these prophecies to be fulfilled by Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]])<br><br>### Idolatry<br>While the first prophecy of Isaiah concerned the lack of justice in Judah, this chapter focuses on the presence of idolatry in Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]])
118	ISA	2	1	tt88	figs-parallelism		0	General Information:	Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
119	ISA	2	1	p86l	figs-metonymy		0	Judah and Jerusalem	“Judah” and “Jerusalem” are metonyms for the people who live there. Alternate translation: “those living in Judah and Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
120	ISA	2	2	dw9n			0	in the last days	Alternate translation: “in the future”
121	ISA	2	2	f17l	figs-activepassive		0	the mountain of Yahweh’s house will be established	This can be stated (1) as a description. Alternate translation: “The mountain of Yahweh’s house will stand” or (2) in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will establish the mountain on which his temple is built” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
122	ISA	2	2	i5hb	figs-metaphor		0	as the highest of the mountains	Isaiah speaks of importance as if it were physical height. Alternate translation: “the most important of the mountains” or “the most important place in the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
123	ISA	2	2	h16p	figs-metaphor		0	it will be raised up above the hills	Isaiah speaks of honor in metaphor as if it were physical height. This can be stated (1) in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will honor it more than any other hill” or (2) as a metonym for the people who worship there. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will honor the people who worship there more than he honors any other people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
124	ISA	2	2	p88m	figs-metonymy		0	all the nations	Here “nations” is a metonym for the people of those nations. Alternate translation: “people from all the nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
125	ISA	2	2	p7rl	figs-metaphor		0	will flow to it	The people around the world going to the mountain of Yahweh is compared to how a river flows. This emphasizes that many people will come, not just a few people. Alternate translation: “will flow like a river to it” or “will go to it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
126	ISA	2	3	nl4z	figs-parallelism		0	General Information:	Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
127	ISA	2	3	f679			0	Jacob, so he may teach … and we may walk	Another possible meaning is “Jacob. He will teach … and we will walk”
128	ISA	2	3	u8i5	figs-parallelism		0	he may teach us some of his ways, and we may walk in his paths	The words “ways” and “paths” are metaphors for the way a person lives. If your language has only one word for the ground on which people walk, you may combine these phrases. Alternate translation: “he may teach us his will so that we may obey him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
129	ISA	2	3	qq6t	figs-parallelism		0	For out of Zion will go the law, and the word of Yahweh from Jerusalem	These phrases mean the same thing. Isaiah was emphasizing that all nations will understand that the truth is found in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “People in Zion will teach God’s law, and people in Jerusalem will teach the word of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
130	ISA	2	3	w2vd	figs-metaphor		0	For out of Zion will go the law	“For the law will go out from Zion.” Isaiah speaks as if the law were something like a river that moves without people doing anything. Alternate translation: “Those to whom they teach the law will go out from Zion” or “Yahweh will proclaim his law from Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
131	ISA	2	3	t76v	figs-metaphor		0	the word of Yahweh from Jerusalem	“the word of Yahweh will go out from Jerusalem.” Isaiah speaks as if the word of Yahweh were something like a river that moves without people doing anything. You can make clear the understood information. Alternate translation: “Those to whom they teach the word of Yahweh will go out from Jerusalem” or “Yahweh will proclaim his word from Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
132	ISA	2	4	u4wn	figs-parallelism		0	General Information:	Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
133	ISA	2	4	d9yw			0	He will judge	Alternate translation: “Yahweh will judge”
134	ISA	2	4	xfs3			0	will render decisions	Alternate translation: “will solve disputes”
135	ISA	2	4	htf9			0	they will hammer their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruning hooks	The people of the nations will turn their weapons of war into tools for farming.
136	ISA	2	4	j77g	figs-synecdoche		0	swords … spears … sword	These words are synecdoches for weapons of any kind. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
137	ISA	2	4	i5uh	figs-synecdoche		0	plowshares … pruning hooks	These words are synecdoches for tools of any kind that people use in peaceful activity. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
138	ISA	2	4	fq2w			0	they will hammer their swords into plowshares	“they will make their swords into tools for planting seeds.” A plowshare is a blade that people use to dig into soil so they can plant seeds there.
139	ISA	2	4	d586			0	their spears into pruning hooks	“they will hammer their spears into pruning hooks” or “they will make their spears into tools for caring for plants.” A pruning hook is a knife that people use to cut unwanted branches off of plants.
140	ISA	2	4	u818	figs-metonymy		0	nation will not lift up sword against nation	“no nation will lift up its sword against another nation.” The sword is a metonym for war. Alternate translation: “one nation will not fight wars against another nation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
141	ISA	2	4	fii3			0	nor will they train for war	“nor will they even train to fight wars.” The writer expects his reader to believe that those who fight wars train before they fight and that some who train do not fight.
142	ISA	2	5	i7e1	figs-parallelism		0	General Information:	In 2:5 Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah, and in 2:6 he speaks to Yahweh. Both times he speaks in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
143	ISA	2	5	rm7q	figs-metonymy		0	House of Jacob	“You descendants of Jacob.” The word “house” is a metonym for the people who live in the house, the family. Here “Jacob” represents the nation of Judah, but it would be best to use “Jacob” here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
144	ISA	2	5	jlm2			0	come	a gentle encouragement to do what the speaker is about to tell the hearer to do
145	ISA	2	5	h3c9	figs-metaphor		0	let us walk in the light of Yahweh	Isaiah speaks of people learning and then doing what Yahweh wants them to do as if they were walking at night with a lamp that Yahweh has provided so they can see the path. Alternate translation: “let us learn how Yahweh wants us to live and then live that way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
146	ISA	2	6	uvd9	figs-pronouns		0	For you have abandoned your people	“For you have left your people” and do not care what happens to them. Here the word “you” refers to Yahweh and so is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
147	ISA	2	6	uh4h	figs-metaphor		0	they are filled with customs from the east	Isaiah speaks as if the people were containers who were full of something from the east. Possible meanings are that he speaks of: (1) the deeds that the eastern peoples do. Alternate translation: “they do all the time the evil things the people who live in lands east of Israel do” or (2) people, specifically those who claim to speak to dead people, who have come from the east to do evil deeds. Alternate translation: “many diviners have come from the east and now live there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
148	ISA	2	6	n11d			0	they practice divination	they try to tell the future by looking at things like animal parts and leaves
149	ISA	2	6	n8bj	translate-symaction		0	they shake hands with sons of foreigners	Clasping hands together is the symbol of friendship and peace. Alternate translation: “they make peace and work together with people who are not from Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
150	ISA	2	7	fld8	figs-parallelism		0	General Information:	Isaiah speaks to Yahweh in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
151	ISA	2	7	t4r6	figs-metaphor		0	Their land is full of silver and gold … their land also is full of horses	Isaiah speaks as if the land were a container in which someone had placed silver, horses, and idols. The word “land” is a metonym for the people themselves, and the words “is full of” is a metaphor for the people possessing these items. Alternate translation: “They possess much silver and gold … they also possess many horses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
152	ISA	2	8	cyh2	figs-metaphor		0	Their land also is full of idols	Isaiah speaks as if the land were a container in which someone had placed silver, horses, and idols. The word “land” is a metonym for the people themselves, and the words “is full of” is a metaphor for the people possessing these items. Alternate translation: “They also possess many idols” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
153	ISA	2	8	zic5	figs-parallelism		0	the craftsmanship of their own hands, things that their own fingers have made	These two phrases mean almost the same thing and emphasize that these are not real gods. If your language has no general word for something someone has made, you can combine these two phrases into one. Alternate translation: “things that they themselves have made” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
154	ISA	2	8	au6k	figs-synecdoche		0	craftsmanship of their own hands	The word “hands” is a synecdoche for the people themselves. Alternate translation: “their own craftsmanship” or “their own work” or “things they have made with their hands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
155	ISA	2	8	sup5	figs-synecdoche		0	things that their own fingers have made	The word “fingers” is a synecdoche for the people themselves. Alternate translation: “things that they have made with their own fingers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
156	ISA	2	9	uqg2	figs-parallelism		0	General Information:	In 2:9 Isaiah finishes speaking to Yahweh. In 2:10-11 Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah. Both times he speaks in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
157	ISA	2	9	itw7	figs-metaphor		0	The people will be bowed down, and individuals will fall down	Here being low to the ground represents people who are completely humiliated because they realize all they trusted in is worthless, and they can do nothing to help themselves. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God will make the people ashamed, and they will realize that all they trusted in is worthless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
158	ISA	2	9	gq1x			0	The people	human beings, as opposed to animals
159	ISA	2	9	vjx5			0	individuals	Alternate translation: “each person”
160	ISA	2	9	rbg3	figs-metaphor		0	do not raise them up	The words “raise them up” are a metaphor for Yahweh forgiving the people. Alternate translation: “do not forgive them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
161	ISA	2	10	gxz3			0	Go into the rocky places	Possible meanings are the people should go into: (1) caves on steep hillsides or (2) places where there are many large rocks among which to hide.
162	ISA	2	10	y6bc			0	hide in the ground	Possible meanings are that the people should hide: (1) in natural holes in the ground or (2) in pits that they dig in the ground.
163	ISA	2	10	iv7d	figs-abstractnouns		0	from the terror of Yahweh	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **terror**, you could express the same idea with the verb “terrifying.” Alternate translation: “to get away from Yahweh’s terrifying presence” or “from Yahweh because you will be extremely afraid of him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
164	ISA	2	10	sf9n			0	the glory of his majesty	“the great beauty and power he has as king” or “his royal splendor.” See how you translated this in [Isaiah 2:10](../02/10.md).
165	ISA	2	11	hp3l	figs-metaphor		0	The lofty gaze of man will be brought low	“Yahweh will bring down the lofty gaze of man.” A man with a “lofty gaze” is looking above everyone to show them that he is better than they are. Here all people are guilty of thinking they are better than Yahweh, and the way they look at those who worship Yahweh, is a metonym for their pride. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will make ashamed all people because they think they are better than he is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
166	ISA	2	11	i99t	figs-metonymy		0	the pride of men will be brought down	“The pride of men” here is a metonym for proud people, and being “brought down” is a metaphor for being humbled or ashamed. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will bring down proud men” or “Yahweh will make proud people ashamed of themselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
167	ISA	2	11	f7iq	figs-activepassive		0	Yahweh alone will be exalted	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people will praise only Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
168	ISA	2	11	akb4	figs-idiom		0	on that day	This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “on the day that Yahweh judges everyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
169	ISA	2	12	u89l	figs-parallelism		0	General Information:	Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
170	ISA	2	12	ypp7	figs-activepassive		0	who is proud and raised up	One who is “raised up” is proud and considers himself better than other people. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “who is proud and who raises himself above other people” or “who is proud and thinks that he is better than other people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
171	ISA	2	12	ew97	figs-doublet		0	who is proud … who is arrogant	Someone who is arrogant speaks and acts as if he is better than other people. These two phrases have similar meanings and are used together to emphasize that Yahweh will punish them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
172	ISA	2	12	t5zf	figs-activepassive		0	he will be brought down	“every proud person will be brought down.” If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will humble him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
173	ISA	2	13	icm3	figs-metaphor		0	against all the cedars of Lebanon … against all the oaks of Bashan	The “day of Yahweh of Hosts” will be against the cedars and oaks. This could mean: (1) these trees are a metaphor for the proud people whom God will judge or (2) God will actually destroy these mighty trees. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
174	ISA	2	14	d97m			0	against	In 2:14-16 Isaiah lists things that God will destroy. This could mean: (1) these refer to prideful people that God will humble or (2) God will actually destroy all these things in the list.
175	ISA	2	14	mud8	figs-metaphor		0	mountains … hills	These words are metaphors for the pride of the Israelites. They also appear in [Isaiah 2:2](../02/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
176	ISA	2	14	td8x	figs-idiom		0	that are lifted up	This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “that are very high” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
177	ISA	2	15	u56r	figs-metaphor		0	high tower … impregnable wall	These refer to things people would build around their cities so they could defend themselves against their enemies. They are a metaphor for the Israelites’ pride and belief that they had no need for Yahweh and could stand against any punishment Yahweh would mete out to them for their sins. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
178	ISA	2	15	y975			0	impregnable wall	Alternate translation: “wall that nothing can break down or go through”
179	ISA	2	16	ns89			0	ships of Tarshish … beautiful sailing vessels	These refer to large boats that people used to travel far on the sea and bring back goods to the cities.
180	ISA	2	16	a8gz			0	ships of Tarshish	Alternate translation: “ships on which they go to Tarshish”
181	ISA	2	17	dx3l	figs-activepassive		0	The pride of man will be brought low	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “He will bring low every proud man” or “He will humiliate every proud man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
182	ISA	2	17	sjb9	figs-abstractnouns		0	the haughtiness of men will fall	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **haughtiness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “those people who are haughty will stop being haughty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
183	ISA	2	17	ij1n	figs-activepassive		0	Yahweh alone will be exalted	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: “people will praise only Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
184	ISA	2	18	t75w			0	The idols will completely pass away	Alternate translation: “All idols will disappear” or “There will be no more idols”
185	ISA	2	19	ii4y	figs-explicit		0	Men will go … from the terror	The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “Men will go … to hide from the terror” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
186	ISA	2	19	w4lw			0	the caves of the rocks	“the caves in the rocks.” These are large rocks, not small stones that can be held in the hand.
187	ISA	2	19	r7kz			0	from the terror of Yahweh, and from the glory of his majesty	See how you translated this in [Isaiah 2:10](../02/10.md).
188	ISA	2	19	ul48			0	from the terror of Yahweh	because they are very afraid of Yahweh
189	ISA	2	19	dm1h	figs-hendiadys		0	the glory of his majesty	Here the word “glory” describes “majesty.” Alternate translation: “the beauty he has as king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])
190	ISA	2	19	p1ch			0	when he rises to terrify the earth	Alternate translation: “when Yahweh takes action and causes the people of the earth to be terribly afraid of him”
191	ISA	2	20	x4cz	translate-unknown		0	to the moles and bats	Moles are small animals that dig and live underground. Bats are small flying animals that sometimes live in caves. Alternate translation: “to the animals” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
192	ISA	2	21	hs4f			0	the crevices in the rocks … the clefts of the ragged rocks	If your language does not have two different words for “crevice” and “cleft,” the space that appears between the two parts of a rock when it splits, you can combine these two phrases into one.
193	ISA	2	21	ikz7			0	from the terror of Yahweh	because they are very afraid of Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 2:19](../02/19.md).
194	ISA	2	21	rn5i			0	the glory of his majesty	“the great beauty and power he has as king” or “his royal majesty.” See how you translated this in [Isaiah 2:10](../02/10.md).
195	ISA	2	21	nz4j			0	when he rises to terrify the earth	“when Yahweh takes action and causes the people of the earth to be terribly afraid of him.” See how you translated this in [Isaiah 2:19](../02/19.md).
196	ISA	2	22	c4s2	figs-explicit		0	whose life-breath is in his nostrils	This describes how man is human and weak by emphasizing that he needs to breath to live. Alternate translation: “who is weak and will die” or “who needs the breath in his nose to live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
197	ISA	2	22	thr5			0	nostrils	the holes in the nose through which people breathe
198	ISA	2	22	hw38	figs-rquestion		0	for what does he amount to?	Isaiah uses a question to remind the people of something they should already know. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “for man amounts to nothing!” or “for man is not worth anything!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
199	ISA	3	intro	bgn6			0		# Isaiah 3 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter is a continuation of the material in the previous chapter. Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 3:1-26, which is a vision Isaiah receives. These are the words of Yahweh.<br><br>### Judgment<br>This chapter is structured as a judgment against the Jews. God is acting as a judge reading the list of convictions against them and then he reads the judgment. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Exile<br>While the previous part of the prophecy in chapter 2 discussed the last days, this part of the prophecy predicts the exile of Judah to Babylon. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]])
200	ISA	3	1	li2r			0	See	The word “see” here adds emphasis to what follows. It can also be translated as “Listen” or “Indeed.”
201	ISA	3	1	b6ce	figs-metaphor		0	support and staff	Both of these words refer to a walking stick, on which someone leans for support. This idea here stands for the things that people need the most in order to live: food and water. Alternate translation: “everything that supports you” or “everything that you depend on” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
202	ISA	3	2	c9rl	figs-genericnoun		0	the mighty man … the warrior … the judge … the prophet … the one who practices divination … the elder	This is a list of categories of people that others depend on. Since they do not refer to particular individuals, they can all be translated with plural nouns as in the UST. Alternate translation: “the mighty men … the warriors … the judges … the prophets … the ones who practices divination … the elders” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
203	ISA	3	2	zv6c			0	the one who practices divination	This is a person who claims that he can tell the future by looking at things like animal parts and leaves. See how you translated similar words in [Isaiah 2:6](../02/06.md).
204	ISA	3	3	q6s4	figs-genericnoun		0	the captain of fifty … the respected citizen … the counselor … the expert craftsman … the skillful enchanter	This is a list of categories of people that others depend on. Since they do not refer to particular individuals, they can all be translated with plural nouns as in the UST. Alternate translation: “the captains of fifty … the respected citizens … the counselors … the expert craftsmen … the skillful enchanters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
205	ISA	3	3	kui6	translate-numbers		0	the captain of fifty	This could mean: (1) the word “fifty” represents the exact amount of soldiers that the captain led. Alternate translation: “the captains of 50 soldiers” or (2) the word translated as “fifty” does not represent an exact number, but is the name of a small military unit. Alternate translation: “the captain of a small military unit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
206	ISA	3	3	jms3	translate-numbers		0	fifty	“50” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
207	ISA	3	4	y5ha	figs-parallelism		0	I will place mere youths as their leaders, and the young will rule over them	These phrases mean basically the same thing. This could mean: (1) “I will place young people as their leaders, and those young people will rule over them” or (2) “youths” is a metaphor for simple and foolish men. Alternate translation: “I will place over them leaders who are immature, like young people, and those bad leaders will rule over them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
208	ISA	3	4	l2g7	figs-explicit		0	I will place	Here the word “I” refers to Yahweh. This can also be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “Yahweh says, ‘I will place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
209	ISA	3	5	f5ah	figs-activepassive		0	The people will be oppressed, every one by another, and every one by his neighbor	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Everyone will be cruel to others and will mistreat his neighbor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
210	ISA	3	5	rs6x			0	the degraded	Alternate translation: “the people who are without honor” or “the people whom no one respects”
211	ISA	3	5	c8vy			0	the honorable	Alternate translation: “the people with honor” or “the people whom everyone respects”
212	ISA	3	6	erd8	figs-metaphor		0	let this ruin be in your hands	Here “hands” represents authority. Alternate translation: “take charge of this ruin” or “rule over this ruin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
213	ISA	3	6	l4fv	figs-metaphor		0	this ruin	This could mean: (1) many or most of the buildings in the city of Jerusalem were destroyed or (2) the people in Jerusalem have no more prosperity or leadership. Alternate translation: “this city, which is now ruined” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
214	ISA	3	7	p9fr	figs-metaphor		0	I will not be a healer	Solving the people’s troubles is spoken of as if it were healing them. Alternate translation: “No, I cannot fix this problem” or “No, I cannot help you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
215	ISA	3	8	ze64			0	Connecting Statement:	The prophet begins to comment on this situation.
216	ISA	3	8	un4e	figs-metaphor		0	Jerusalem has stumbled, and Judah has fallen	Disobeying God is spoken of as if it were stumbling and falling. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
217	ISA	3	8	c8ii	figs-synecdoche		0	the eyes of his glory	Here “the eyes” stands for God himself, who is glorious. Alternate translation: “him who is glorious” or “Yahweh who is glorious” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
218	ISA	3	9	j4qh	figs-personification		0	The look on their faces witnesses against them	Expressions of arrogance on people’s faces are spoken of as if the expressions were persons who could testify against the proud people. Alternate translation: “The prideful looks on their faces show that they oppose Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
219	ISA	3	9	iu71	figs-simile		0	they tell of their sin like Sodom; they do not hide it	Here the people of Judah are said to be like the people of Sodom, because they openly boasted about their sins. Alternate translation: “like the people of Sodom, they talk about their sins and let everyone know about them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
220	ISA	3	9	p1nv	figs-metonymy		0	For they have completed a catastrophe for themselves	The catastrophe is still coming, but the people have finished doing what will cause it to come. The catastrophe’s causes are spoken of here as if they were the catastrophe itself. Alternate translation: “For they have done everything that will cause a catastrophe to happen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
221	ISA	3	10	s8ek			0	Tell the righteous person that it will be well	Alternate translation: “Tell the one who is doing what is right that I will make things good for him”
222	ISA	3	10	yki9	figs-genericnoun		0	the righteous person	This refers to righteous people in general. Alternate translation: “righteous people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
223	ISA	3	10	s5vz	figs-metaphor		0	for they will eat the fruit of their deeds	Deeds are spoken of as if they were trees giving fruit that can be eaten. The fruit stands for the reward for doing good deeds. Alternate translation: “for they will receive their reward for their good deeds” or “for they will receive their reward for the good things they have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
224	ISA	3	10	i1nt			0	they will eat the fruit of their deeds	The Hebrew text has these plural pronouns here, but they refer to any righteous person. Translators can choose to translate them as singular: “he will eat the fruit of his deeds.”
225	ISA	3	11	ti8h	figs-metonymy		0	for the recompense of his hands will be done to him	Here “hands” stands for the deeds that the person has done. Alternate translation: “for what the wicked person has done to others will be done to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
226	ISA	3	12	yn5p			0	My people … My people	This could mean: (1) Isaiah is talking and “My” refers to Isaiah, or (2) Yahweh is talking and “My” refers to Yahweh.
227	ISA	3	12	zg6p	figs-metaphor		0	children are their oppressors	This could mean: (1) “young people have become their leaders and they oppress the people” or (2) “their leaders are immature like children and oppress the people.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
228	ISA	3	12	j52r			0	women rule over them	This could mean: (1) “women rule over the people” or (2) “their leaders are weak like women.”
229	ISA	3	12	t5bp	figs-metaphor		0	those who guide you lead you astray and confuse the direction of your path	It was common in the Ancient Middle East to speak of a nation’s leaders as if they were shepherds. As shepherds lead the sheep along good paths to safety, leaders should teach the people the truth and help them do what is right. Judah’s leaders were not doing this. Alternate translation: “your leaders are like bad shepherds who lead you away from good paths and do not show you where to go” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
230	ISA	3	13	c84g	figs-metaphor		0	Yahweh stands up for an accusation; he is standing to accuse the people	Isaiah speaks of Yahweh’s decision to harm the people as if Yahweh were bringing a legal accusation in a courtroom against the people of Israel. The second part of this line means the same thing as the first part, but it says it a little more completely. Alternate translation: “It is as though Yahweh had taken his place in a courtroom and were ready to accuse the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
231	ISA	3	14	exq5	figs-metaphor		0	will come with judgment	Judgment is spoken of as if it were an object that one could bring to another person. Alternate translation: “will announce his judgment” or “will declare his judgment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
232	ISA	3	14	j6us	figs-you		0	You have ruined the vineyard	Here “you” refers to the elders and rulers. Yahweh is speaking of his people as if they were a vineyard. Like someone who fails to care for a vineyard so that the vines give no more grapes, the elders and leaders are discouraging the Israelites from serving God. Alternate translation: “My people are like a vineyard, and you have ruined it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
233	ISA	3	14	cn9b			0	the plunder from the poor is in your houses	Alternate translation: “the things you have taken from the poor are in your houses”
234	ISA	3	14	k6ua	figs-nominaladj		0	the poor	This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “those who are poor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
235	ISA	3	15	k4yw	figs-rquestion		0	Why do you crush my people and grind the faces of the poor?	Yahweh asks this question in order to accuse the leaders of the people. This accusation can be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: “I am angry with you evil men because you are crushing my people and grinding the faces of the poor!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
236	ISA	3	15	jjf2	figs-metaphor		0	crush my people	Making people suffer is spoken of as if it were crushing them with a very heavy weight. Alternate translation: “cruelly harm my people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
237	ISA	3	15	df4t	figs-metaphor		0	grind the faces of the poor	Making people suffer is spoken of as if it were rubbing their faces into the ground. Alternate translation: “harm the poor and make them suffer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
238	ISA	3	15	a6jh	figs-123person		0	This is the declaration of the Lord Yahweh of hosts	Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Alternate translation: “this is what the Lord Yahweh of hosts has declared” or “this is what I, the Lord Yahweh of hosts, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
239	ISA	3	16	u9pn	figs-metaphor		0	the daughters of Zion	Zion, meaning here the city of Jerusalem, is spoken of as if it were a woman with her daughters. Alternate translation: “the women of Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
240	ISA	3	16	hb7z			0	with their necks extended	Alternate translation: “in an arrogant way””
241	ISA	3	16	fv4y			0	with flirting eyes	Looking at men in a way that makes the men think the women want sexual relations.
242	ISA	3	16	ip6r			0	walking with tiny steps as they go	This is how they would walk to attract men, possibly because the bracelets on their ankles were connected by chains decorated with bells so they could not take normal steps.
243	ISA	3	18	m577	figs-metonymy		0	the Lord will remove	Here what the Lord causes others to do is spoken of as the Lord doing it himself. Alternate translation: “the Lord will cause others to remove” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
244	ISA	3	18	ify9			0	ankle jewelry	a decoration that women wear on the ankle, just above the foot
245	ISA	3	18	r8vh			0	head bands	a decoration that women wear over the head and hair
246	ISA	3	18	kb3y			0	crescent ornaments	moon-shaped ornaments that people wear in the belief that they will protect the person from evil
247	ISA	3	19	hp8a			0	ear pendants	jewelry that hangs from the ear or over the ear
248	ISA	3	19	a5ha			0	bracelets	a decoration that women wear on the arm near the hands
249	ISA	3	19	wfq5			0	veils	a very thin material used to cover a woman’s head and face
250	ISA	3	20	sa4a			0	headscarves	long, thin pieces of cloth that women tie around the head or hair
251	ISA	3	20	ny93			0	ankle chains	These are decorations that women wear near the feet. Often the chains hang down to make a gentle noise.
252	ISA	3	20	tw31			0	sashes	a piece of cloth that people wear around the waist or across the chest
253	ISA	3	20	jqq5			0	perfume boxes	a small box or bag containing perfume that women wore on chains or strings around their necks so they smelled good
254	ISA	3	20	a1uq			0	lucky charms	jewelry that people wear in the belief that it will bring good luck
255	ISA	3	21	pg1c			0	rings	a decoration worn around the finger
256	ISA	3	21	f1fe			0	nose jewels	a decoration worn in or through the nose
257	ISA	3	22	l57q			0	festive robes	a long, loose garment with decorations that was worn over other clothes for everyone to see
258	ISA	3	22	i2i1			0	mantles	a cloth worn over the shoulders on the outside of the clothes
259	ISA	3	22	a51r			0	veils	See how you translated this in [Isaiah 3:19](../03/19.md).
260	ISA	3	22	vtu3			0	handbags	a bag to used to carry small things
261	ISA	3	23	la8f			0	hand mirrors	a small surface, held in one’s hand and used to see oneself
262	ISA	3	23	d2el			0	fine linen	a soft cloth worn by rich people
263	ISA	3	23	p3s4			0	head pieces	a cloth or small hat worn over the hair
264	ISA	3	23	g51h			0	wraps	a decorative cloth that a woman would wrap around herself to make her beautiful
265	ISA	3	24	cn6w			0	sash	a piece of cloth that people wear around the waist or across the chest. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 3:20](../03/20.md).
266	ISA	3	24	b6ca			0	a rope	This may refer to a rope that enemies would tie on the people of Judah when they captured them. Or it might mean that Jerusalem’s women would have nothing to wear but rough clothing secured with ropes.
267	ISA	3	24	c3sv			0	well-arranged hair, baldness	Alternate translation: “pretty hair, their heads will be bald”
268	ISA	3	25	ng43	figs-metonymy		0	Your men will fall by the sword, and your strong men will fall in war	Falling represents being killed, and the sword represents battle. Alternate translation: “Your men will be killed in battle, and your strong men will be killed in war” or “Enemies will kill your soldiers in battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
269	ISA	3	26	kz3l	figs-metonymy		0	Jerusalem’s gates will lament and mourn	Here the city gates represent the people who sit at the public places near the city gates. Alternate translation: “The people of Jerusalem will sit at the city gates and cry and mourn” (See:- [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
270	ISA	3	26	qeu2	figs-personification		0	she will be alone and sit upon the ground	Isaiah speaks of the people of Jerusalem, whom no one will save from their enemies, as if they were the city itself and as if they were a woman who sits on the ground because all her friends have deserted her. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
271	ISA	4	intro	xy1x			0		# Isaiah 4 General Notes<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### More women than men<br>This chapter describes a time when there will be many more women than men in Judah. This is because so many of Judah’s fighting men will have died before the exile. Those who come through this difficult time will be a holy remnant. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/remnant]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Branch of Yahweh<br>Scholars are divided over the possible meaning of this metaphor. Some believe it is a reference to the Messiah, while others believe it is a reference to the faithful remnant. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]])
272	ISA	4	1	ke3e	figs-idiom		0	let us take your name	This phrase means “let us marry you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
273	ISA	4	2	ki64	figs-synecdoche		0	the branch of Yahweh will be beautiful	This could mean: (1) “branch” is a synecdoche that represents the crops Yahweh will cause to grow in the land of Israel. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will cause the crops in Israel to be beautiful” or (2) “branch” is a metaphor that refers to the Messiah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
274	ISA	4	2	egm3			0	will be beautiful and glorious	Alternate translation: “will be full of beauty and glory”
275	ISA	4	2	ree3	figs-metaphor		0	the fruit of the land will be tasty and delightful for those survivors in Israel	“Fruit” sometimes simply represents food produced in the land, and sometimes it represents spiritual blessings. This could mean: (1) God will cause the land to produce good food again. Alternate translation: “the people who are still in Israel will enjoy the best food from the land” or (2) the future Messiah will bring spiritual blessings to the people in the land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
276	ISA	4	3	z8mg	figs-parallelism		0	the one who is left in Zion and the one who remains in Jerusalem	Both of these statements mean the same thing. Here “the one who” does not refer to a specific person but to people in general who are still alive in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “everyone who remains in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
277	ISA	4	3	gb1i	figs-activepassive		0	will be called holy	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the Lord will call them holy” or “will belong to the Lord” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
278	ISA	4	3	pe1n	figs-activepassive		0	everyone who is written down as living in Jerusalem	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “everyone whose name is on the list of the people who live in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
279	ISA	4	4	af4y	figs-metaphor		0	when the Lord will have washed away the filth of the daughters of Zion	This expression speaks of sin as if it were physical dirt. Alternate translation: “after the Lord removes the sins of the daughters of Zion as someone washes away filth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
280	ISA	4	4	idm2			0	the daughters of Zion	This could mean: (1) the women of Jerusalem or (2) the people of Jerusalem.
281	ISA	4	4	el4d	figs-metonymy		0	will have cleansed the blood stains from Jerusalem’s midst	“Blood stains” here represents violence and murder. Alternate translation: “will have taken away those in Jerusalem who harm innocent people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
282	ISA	4	4	i2xn	figs-metaphor		0	by means of the spirit of judgment and the spirit of flaming fire	This is how God would remove the sin from Jerusalem. Here “spirit” probably represents the activity of judging and burning. Alternate translation: “by judgment and flaming fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
283	ISA	4	4	l3vm			0	spirit of judgment	This could mean: (1) Yahweh will punish the people or (2) Yahweh will declare the people guilty.
284	ISA	4	4	si1b	figs-metaphor		0	the spirit of flaming fire	This could mean: (1) this is a metaphor that means Yahweh will remove sinners from Zion like a fire removes impurities or (2) “flaming fire” is a metonym that represents the destruction in general of all the sinners. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
285	ISA	4	5	yk4j			0	a canopy over all the glory	This could mean: (1) a canopy for protecting the glorious city, or (2) a canopy consisting of God’s glory that will protect the city. If the first meaning is followed, then it may further mean that the city is glorious because Yahweh is present in it.
286	ISA	4	5	h7ct			0	canopy	This is a cloth that is hung over something to cover it for protecton.
287	ISA	5	intro	g25h			0		# Isaiah 5 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Woe<br>This chapter presents a series of woes, or judgments against those who are spoken against. Most of these judgements are due to the lack of justice in Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/woe]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Allegory<br>This chapter begins as an allegory. An allegory is a story with a symbolic meaning. This allegory is meant to teach the Jews that they sinned against Yahweh and that there was nothing more he could have done for them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])<br><br>### Animals being present where people once lived<br><br>Verse 17 (“Then the sheep will feed as in their own pasture, and in the ruins of the rich people, lambs will graze”) is an example of the Old Testament’s prophets’ habit of describing complete ruin and desolation in terms of a picture of animals--usually wild animals, but here sheep and lambs--living in or feeding in those places. Whether the picture is of flocks or wild animals, the purpose is to say that the human habitation has gone back to wild nature, and that this has happened because of God’s punishment on the people.
288	ISA	5	1	wd3z	figs-parables		0	General Information:	Isaiah tells a parable about a farmer and his vineyard. The farmer represents God and the vineyard represents the people of Judah, the southern kingdom of the Israelites. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]])
289	ISA	5	1	csd3			0	my well beloved	Alternate translation: “my dear friend”
290	ISA	5	1	y5t9			0	on a very fertile hill	Alternate translation: “on a hill where very good crops could grow”
291	ISA	5	2	ac25			0	He spaded it	“He prepared the soil.” This expresson refers to using a tool to dig into the ground to prepare it for planting.
292	ISA	5	2	qk26	figs-explicit		0	He built a tower in the middle of it	“He made a tall building in the middle of the vineyard to watch over it.” Someone would stand at the top of the tower to watch the vineyard and make sure that no animals or people went into it. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
293	ISA	5	2	qfu3			0	built a winepress	“dug a pit to squeeze out the grape juice.” A winepress is a low place carved out of rock in the ground where workers step on the grapes to crush them with their feet, in order to remove the grape juice.
294	ISA	5	2	feu4			0	wild grapes	Alternate translation: “worthless grapes” or “bad tasting grapes”
295	ISA	5	3	crw5	figs-parables		0	General Information:	In Isaiah’s parable of the vineyard, the owner of the vineyard, who represents God, speaks to the people of Jerusalem and Judah about his vineyard. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]])
296	ISA	5	3	x6tw	figs-genericnoun		0	inhabitant of Jerusalem and man of Judah	These expressions refer in general to all people living in Jerusalem and Judah, so they can be translated with plural nouns. Alternate translation: “all of you who live in Jerusalem and Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
297	ISA	5	3	v4cu			0	Jerusalem … Judah	“Judah” was the name of the southern kingdom of Israelites, and Jerusalem was the capital city.
298	ISA	5	3	c6vk	figs-metaphor		0	judge between me and my vineyard	The idea of a space separating two things is often used to express the idea of choosing one or the other of those things. Alternate translation: “decide who has acted right, I or my vineyard” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
299	ISA	5	4	cy5z	figs-rquestion		0	What more could have been done for my vineyard, that I have not done for it?	The owner uses this question to make a statement about his vineyard. This rhetorical questions can be translated as a stataement. Alternate translation: “I have done all that I could do for my vineyard!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
300	ISA	5	4	ka3q	figs-rquestion		0	When I looked for it to produce grapes, why did it produce wild grapes?	The owner uses a question to say that his vineyard should have produced good grapes. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “I wanted it to make good grapes, but it only produced worthless grapes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
301	ISA	5	5	d9l9			0	remove the hedge	“take away the border of bushes.” A hedge is a row of bushes or small trees that have been planted in order to protect a garden or some other kind of area. Here “hedge” probably refers to the thorn bushes that were planted to grow on the stone wall surrounding the vineyard.
302	ISA	5	5	msh2			0	I will turn it into a pasture	“I will allow animals to go there and eat.” This is a grassy place where animals feed.
303	ISA	5	5	b6y6	figs-activepassive		0	it will be trampled down	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “animals will trample it down” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
304	ISA	5	6	b9b1			0	I will lay it waste	Alternate translation: “I will destroy it”
305	ISA	5	6	vvv3	figs-activepassive		0	it will not be pruned nor hoed	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “no one will prune it or hoe it” or “no one will cut off the branches that are not needed, and no one will take care of the soil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
306	ISA	5	6	e15p	writing-symlanguage		0	briers and thorns will spring up	Briers and thorns are often used as symbols of ruined cities and land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
307	ISA	5	7	ba1g			0	General Information:	Isaiah explains the parable of the vineyard.
308	ISA	5	7	dnz9	figs-parables		0	For the vineyard of Yahweh of hosts is the house of Israel	Isaiah states that the vineyard in the parable represents the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “For the vineyard of Yahweh of hosts represents the house of Israel” or “The people of Israel are like the vineyard of Yahweh, Lord of the angel armies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]])
309	ISA	5	7	l82n	figs-metonymy		0	the house of Israel	The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to the kingdom of Israel. Alternate translation: “Israel” or “the kingdom of Israel” or “the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
310	ISA	5	7	rxv5	figs-metaphor		0	the man of Judah his pleasant planting	The people of Judah are spoken of as if they are a vine that Yahweh planted. This can be stated as a simile. Alternate translation: “the people of Judah are like a vine that Yahweh planted for Yahweh’s pleasure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
311	ISA	5	7	kmz3	figs-genericnoun		0	the man of Judah	Here “man” represents all the people of Judah. Alternate translation: “the people of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
312	ISA	5	7	ebr9	figs-abstractnouns		0	he waited for justice, but instead, there was killing	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **justice**, you could express the same idea with the verb “do what is fair.” If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **killing**, you could express the same idea with “killed one another.” Alternate translation: “Yahweh waited for the people to do what is fair, but instead they killed one another” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
313	ISA	5	7	dtn9	figs-ellipsis		0	for righteousness	The phrase “he waited” is understood from earlier in the verse. It can be repeated to make the meaning clear. Alternate translation: “He waited for righteousness” or “He waited for them to do what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
314	ISA	5	7	hhv8	figs-ellipsis		0	instead, a shout for help	The words “there was” are understood from earlier in the verse. They can be repeated to make the meaning clear. The reason people shouted out for help can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “instead, there was a shout for help” or “instead, those who were weak shouted out for someone to help them because others were attacking them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
315	ISA	5	7	s93f	figs-genericnoun		0	a shout	This expression probably stands for many shouts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
316	ISA	5	8	cm7e			0	General Information:	Isaiah announces God’s judgment.
317	ISA	5	8	m6ai	figs-explicit		0	to those who join house to house, who join field to field	“to those who take more and more houses, and who take more and more fields.” Isaiah assumes that his audience knows that the law forbids someone from taking land from a family permanently. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
318	ISA	5	9	tu9i			0	Yahweh of hosts	See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md).
319	ISA	5	9	f6yx			0	without any inhabitant	Alternate translation: “without anyone living in it”
320	ISA	5	10	x1d1	figs-explicit		0	a ten-yoke vineyard	The size of the vineyard is represented by the number of pairs of oxen that could plow it in one day. Each pair of oxen would be connected by a yoke. Alternate translation: “a vineyard that is large enough for ten pairs of oxen to plow it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
321	ISA	5	10	xm5c	translate-bvolume		0	one bath	“one bath of wine” or “22 liters of wine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]])
322	ISA	5	10	wyg4	translate-bvolume		0	one homer of seed will yield only an ephah	“220 liters of seed will produce only 22 liters of grain.” One homer equals ten ephahs. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]])
323	ISA	5	11	w596	figs-merism		0	those who rise up early in the morning … who linger late into the night	This refers to people who do nothing all day but drink alcoholic drinks. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
324	ISA	5	11	e3cu	figs-metaphor		0	until wine inflames them	Here the power of wine to make its drinkers drunk is spoken of as if it were inflaming them, that is, setting them on fire. Alternate translation: “until they are drunk with wine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
325	ISA	5	12	uj2g			0	harp, lute, tambourine, flute, and wine	These musical instruments and the wine imply that the people enjoying these things are celebrating very much.
326	ISA	5	12	rum8	translate-unknown		0	tambourine	A musical instrument with a head like a drum that can be beaten with the hand. It probably had pieces of metal around the side that sounded when the player shook it. The tambourine was small enough for the player to hold it and shake it with one hand. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
327	ISA	5	12	er4f			0	considered	thought seriously about
328	ISA	5	12	mpb9	figs-abstractnouns		0	the doings of his hands	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **doings**, you could express the same idea with the verb “done” or “created.” Alternate translation: “what he has done” or “what he has created” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
329	ISA	5	12	d7ca	figs-synecdoche		0	the doings of his hands	Here the metonym “hands” represents the person who has done something. Alternate translation: “what Yahweh has done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
330	ISA	5	13	sd2g			0	General Information:	These verses tell what will happen to the people because they have disobeyed God.
331	ISA	5	13	e8j7	figs-pastforfuture		0	my people have gone into captivity	In prophecy things that will happen in the future are often referred to as if they had already happened. This emphasizes that the prophecy will certainly come true. Alternate translation: “enemies from other countries will take my people, Israel, as slaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
332	ISA	5	13	ek1f	figs-explicit		0	for lack of understanding	What they do not understand can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “because they do not understand Yahweh or his law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
333	ISA	5	14	lq6k	figs-metaphor		0	Sheol has made its appetite greater and has opened its mouth very wide	This phrase speaks of Sheol, which stands here for the grave, to an animal that is ready to eat other animals. It implies that many, many people will die. Alternate translation: “death is like a hungry animal that has opened its mouth wide to eat up many people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
334	ISA	5	14	l95b	figs-pastforfuture		0	their elite, the people, their leaders, and the revelers and those who are happy among them, descend into Sheol	The prophet speaks of the future as if it were happening now. Alternate translation: “Many people of Israel, their important people and common people, their leaders and those who enjoy wild parties, will go into Sheol” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
335	ISA	5	15	hv2s	figs-parallelism		0	Man will be forced to bend down, and mankind will be humbled	The phrases used together mean the same thing and are used together for emphasis. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. See how you translated similar words in [Isaiah 2:9](../02/09.md). Alternate translation: “God will make every person bow down and be humble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
336	ISA	5	15	kvv6	figs-pastforfuture		0	Man will be forced to bend down, and mankind will be humbled	Future events are spoken of as if they have already happened. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
337	ISA	5	15	bal8	translate-symaction		0	Man will be forced to bend down	Bending down often symbolizes being humiliated. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
338	ISA	5	15	npg6	figs-metonymy		0	the eyes of the lofty will be cast down	Looking down is often a sign of being ashamed. See how you translated similar words in [Isaiah 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: “the eyes of proud people will look down in shame” or “people who were proud are now ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
339	ISA	5	15	kj8c	figs-metaphor		0	the lofty	Here proud, arrogant people are spoken of as if they are high above other people. Alternate translation: “proud” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
340	ISA	5	16	unu8	figs-activepassive		0	Yahweh of hosts will be exalted in his justice	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “People will praise Yahweh of hosts because he is just” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
341	ISA	5	16	b2ch			0	Yahweh of hosts	See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md).
342	ISA	5	16	veu5	figs-metaphor		0	will be exalted	Being honored is spoken of as if it were being lifted high. Alternate translation: “will be greatly honored” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
343	ISA	5	17	s6dd			0	the sheep will feed as in their own pasture	Yahweh will destroy the city of Jerusalem, which was called a “vineyard” in [Isaiah 5:1](../05/01.md). It will become good for nothing except for sheep to eat grass there.
344	ISA	5	17	lv4d			0	graze	eat grass
345	ISA	5	17	cj7g	figs-simile		0	in the ruins, lambs will graze as foreigners	That is, the lambs will graze there. The land will be worthless for any other use. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
346	ISA	5	18	w5kt	figs-parallelism		0	Woe to those who pull along iniquity with useless cords and who pull along sin as if it were with a cart rope	These phrases mean basically the same thing. They speak of people who continue to sin on purpose as if they were using all their strength to pull a heavy cart along. God will punish them for their sin. Alternate translation: “Woe to those who work hard to sin as a person who drags a cart by a rope” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
347	ISA	5	19	fje3	figs-irony		0	those who say	This refers to those who continue to sin (verse 18) and then mockingly challenge God to stop them. Alternate translation: “those mockers who say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
348	ISA	5	19	fg4f	figs-metaphor		0	let the plans of the Holy One of Israel come	God’s plans are spoken of as if they were objects that could come by themselves. Alternate translation: “let the Holy One of Israel accomplish his plans” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
349	ISA	5	19	czd2			0	the Holy One of Israel	Translate “the Holy One” as in [Isaiah 5:16](../05/16.md).
350	ISA	5	20	wfp3	figs-metaphor		0	who represent darkness as light, and light as darkness … bitter as sweet, and sweet as bitter	Those who do these things are the same as those “who call evil good, and good evil.” These things are opposites and people know the difference between them, but some people lie and say that bad things are good. Alternate translation: “They are like people who call darkness light and light darkness. They are like people who call bitter things sweet and sweet things bitter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
351	ISA	5	21	ivi4	figs-metonymy		0	to those who are wise in their own eyes	Here the metonym “eyes” refers to their thoughts. Alternate translation: “to those who consider themselves to be wise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
352	ISA	5	21	k28f			0	prudent in their own understanding	Alternate translation: “think they understand everything”
353	ISA	5	23	cpy5			0	who acquit the wicked for payment	This passage is speaking about corrupt judges in courts of law.
354	ISA	5	23	zv59			0	acquit the wicked	Alternate translation: “declare guilty people innocent”
355	ISA	5	23	x4u8			0	deprive the innocent of his rights	Alternate translation: “do not treat innocent people fairly”
356	ISA	5	24	c3qz			0	tongue of fire	Alternate translation: “flame of fire” or “flame”
357	ISA	5	24	k429	figs-parallelism		0	as the tongue of fire devours stubble, and as the dry grass goes down in flame	These phrases mean basically the same thing. God will punish the people described in [Isaiah 5:18-23](./18.md). Alternate translation: “as a fire burns up stubble and grass” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
358	ISA	5	24	ngz1			0	stubble	The dry pieces of plants that are left in the ground after the stalks have been cut.
359	ISA	5	24	mbt4	figs-metaphor		0	their root will rot, and their blossom will blow away like dust	Isaiah speaks of these people as if they were a dying plant. Alternate translation: “they will die like a plant whose roots have rotted and whose blossom has dried up and blown away in the wind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
360	ISA	5	25	pkf2	figs-metaphor		0	the anger of Yahweh is kindled	Isaiah speaks of Yahweh’s anger as if it were a fire. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is very angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
361	ISA	5	25	u4m4	figs-pastforfuture		0	He has reached out with his hand against them and has punished them	The prophet speaks of the future as if it had already happened. He does this to insist that the prophecy certainly will come about. Alternate translation: “he will punish them with his powerful hand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
362	ISA	5	25	k8d7	figs-metonymy		0	has reached out with his hand against them	Here “hand” refers to God’s power and control. Alternate translation: “has shown his power against them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
363	ISA	5	25	vu7e			0	corpses	dead bodies
364	ISA	5	25	lyq9	figs-simile		0	their corpses are like garbage in the streets	The dead bodies are allowed to lie in the streets as if they were garbage. This implies that many will die but that no one will be there to bury them. The word “garbage” can also be translated as “refuse” or “manure.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
365	ISA	5	25	sgw7			0	In all these things, his anger does not subside; instead, his hand	Alternate translation: “Even though all these things have happened, he is still angry, and his hand”
366	ISA	5	25	b3v6	figs-metonymy		0	his hand is still stretched out	Here “hand” represents God’s power and control. Isaiah speaks as if Yahweh were a person about to hit another person with his fist. This is a metaphor for Yahweh punishing Israel. Alternate translation: “he will still be ready to punish them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
367	ISA	5	26	jin3	figs-parallelism		0	He will lift up a signal flag for far away nations and will whistle for those at the end of the earth	Isaiah says the same thing in two different ways. God causing the armies of nations that are far away from Judah to come and attack is spoken of as if he would raise a flag and whistle to call them to Judah Alternate translation: “He will call for the armies of nations that are far away from Judah and tell them to come” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
368	ISA	5	26	abj6			0	whistle	a loud, high pitched noise a person makes with their mouth to call a person or animal that is far away
369	ISA	5	26	pqh3			0	they will come	Alternate translation: “the enemy army will come”
370	ISA	5	26	i94d	figs-doublet		0	speedily and promptly	These words mean basically the same thing and emphasize how quickly they will come. Alternate translation: “very quickly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
371	ISA	5	27	q27w			0	tire … stumble … slumbers … sleeps	These four words progress from being tired from work to being unable to walk well, to being unable to stay awake, to full sleep, so all four should appear in the translation.
372	ISA	5	27	hac2			0	Nor are their belts loose	The soldiers kept their clothes tight so it would easier to move and fight.
373	ISA	5	27	xx4t			0	the thongs of their sandals	Alternate translation: “the straps of their sandals”
374	ISA	5	28	j18k	figs-simile		0	their horses’ hooves are like flint	“their hooves are like hard stone.” Isaiah compares the hard part of a horse’s foot to flint, which is a hard stone that can cause sparks when struck. This could mean: (1) Isaiah compares their hooves to flint so to describe the frightening image of their feet causing sparks as they run or (2) Isaiah compares their hooves to flint to emphasize how strong their hooves are which enables the horse to do whatever their master want them to do. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
375	ISA	5	28	a4f3	figs-simile		0	their chariot wheels like storms	Isaiah compares the chariot wheels to storms in order to imply that they will destroy everything in their path. Alternate translation: “the wheels of the chariots will spin like a windstorm” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
376	ISA	5	28	x4c6			0	chariot wheels	These wheels often had sharp blades attached to them that would cut to pieces anyone the chariot passed close to.
377	ISA	5	29	dv1u	figs-metonymy		0	young lions	A young age is a metonym for strength. Alternate translation: “the strongest lions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
378	ISA	5	29	jhq5	figs-metaphor		0	They will growl and seize the prey	Isaiah compares the enemy killing the people of Judah to a lion killing a weaker animal. This could mean: (1) lions make a sound not as loud as a roar just before they strike, or (2) the writer is using two words to mean the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
379	ISA	5	29	kw8f			0	prey	animals that another animal wants to catch and kill
380	ISA	5	29	ixb3			0	with none to rescue	Alternate translation: “and no one will be able to save them”
381	ISA	5	30	x52f			0	will roar … sea roars	The word “roar” here is translated “growl” in verse 29. Use your language’s word for the sound of waves in a storm or heavy rain or some other frightening natural sound.
382	ISA	5	30	rw65	figs-metaphor		0	even the light will be made dark by the clouds	Here darkness represents suffering and disaster. This metaphor can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the dark clouds will completely block the light of the sun” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
383	ISA	6	intro	g9bq			0		# Isaiah 6 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 6:3-4,7, 9-13.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Heaven<br>This vision described in this chapter is probably a scene in heaven. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]])<br><br>### Isaiah’s call<br>This chapter record Isaiah’s call to prophetic ministry. It recognizes the holiness of God and Isaiah recognizes his need for holiness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/call]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Inevitability<br>The way Yahweh speaks in this chapter shows the inevitability of the punishment of Yahweh against the people of Judah. The punishment must now come. It is too late for repentance. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]])
384	ISA	6	1	fpg5	figs-doublet		0	he was high and elevated	The words “high” and “elevated” emphasize that the throne was very high and above everything around it. The height of the throne represents how great and powerful the Lord is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
385	ISA	6	1	s9gi			0	filled the temple	“filled the palace.” The word used for temple here is often used to refer to the palace of kings.
386	ISA	6	2	rmg2			0	Above him were the seraphim	The word “seraphim” is the plural of seraph. This means the Lord was seated on the throne and the seraphim were standing or flying near the Lord ready to serve him.
387	ISA	6	2	rar1	translate-unknown		0	seraphim	This word suggests that the creatures might have a fiery appearance or resemble snakes. Because we do not know exactly what “seraphim” means, you could translate this as “winged creatures” or “winged living things.” Or, you can borrow the word and use it in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]])
388	ISA	6	2	x82m			0	each one had six wings	Alternate translation: “each seraph had six wings” or “each creature had six wings”
389	ISA	6	2	jct3	figs-ellipsis		0	with two each covered his face, and with two he covered his feet, and with two he flew	The words “wings” and “seraph” are understood. Alternate translation: “with two wings each seraph covered his face, and with two wings he covered his feet, and with two wings he flew” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
390	ISA	6	3	d6y7			0	Each one called to another and said	Alternate translation: “The seraphim called out to one another and said” or “The winged creatures proclaimed to one another”
391	ISA	6	3	vxd8			0	Holy, holy, holy, is Yahweh of hosts	Repeating the word “holy” three times indicates God is completely holy. Alternate translation: “Yahweh of hosts is holy beyond all else” or “Yahweh of hosts is completely holy”
392	ISA	6	3	m7tr	figs-metaphor		0	The whole earth is full of his glory	This speaks of the earth as if it were a container and glory were the contents in the container. Alternate translation: “Everything on the earth is evidence of God’s glory” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
393	ISA	6	4	dki2			0	The foundations of the thresholds shook at the voices of those who were crying out	Alternate translation: “When the seraphim called out, their voices shook the doorways and their foundations”
394	ISA	6	4	tz4y	figs-activepassive		0	the house was filled with smoke	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “smoke filled the temple” or “smoke filled the palace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
395	ISA	6	5	v2ty	figs-activepassive		0	Woe is me! For I am doomed	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I am in great trouble! Terrible things will happen to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
396	ISA	6	5	ws6z	figs-metonymy		0	of unclean lips	Here “lips” represent what a person speaks. And, people saying things that are unacceptable to God is spoken of as if their lips were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
397	ISA	6	5	a6sd			0	Yahweh, Yahweh of hosts	Yahweh, the ruler of the angel armies”
398	ISA	6	5	kz1b	figs-synecdoche		0	my eyes have seen	Here “eyes” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I have seen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
399	ISA	6	6	vk6r	translate-unknown		0	seraphim	This word suggests that the creatures might have a fiery appearance or resemble snakes. Because we do not know exactly what “seraphim” means, you could translate these as “creatures” or “living things” or “beings.” Or you can borrow the word and use it in your language. See how you translated this word in [Isaiah 6:2](../06/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]])
400	ISA	6	6	ah6e			0	tongs	a tool used for grabbing or holding objects
401	ISA	6	7	wf8i	figs-parallelism		0	your guilt has been taken away, and your sin atoned for	These two phrases say basically the same thing. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has taken away your guilt and has forgiven your sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
402	ISA	6	7	g4x1	figs-metaphor		0	your guilt has been taken away	Yahweh no longer considering a person to be guilty is spoken of as if “guilt” were an object that someone could take away from someone else. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
403	ISA	6	8	n956	figs-synecdoche		0	the voice of the Lord say	Here “voice” represents the Lord himself. Alternate translation: “the Lord say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
404	ISA	6	8	at9k	figs-explicit		0	Whom shall I send	It is implied that Yahweh will send someone to speak his message to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “Whom shall I send to be a messenger to my people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
405	ISA	6	8	ria2	figs-exclusive		0	who will go for us	It seems “us” refers to Yahweh and the members of his heavenly council to whom he is speaking. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
406	ISA	6	9	vja4			0	this people	Alternate translation: “the people of Israel”
407	ISA	6	9	iq3c	figs-imperative		0	Listen, but do not understand; see, but do not perceive	This could mean: (1) the imperatives “do not understand” and “do not perceive” express what God is causing to happen. Alternate translation: “You will listen, but Yahweh will not let you understand; you will look carefully, but Yahweh will not allow you to understand” or (2) the imperatives “Listen” and “see” express the idea of “if.” Alternate translation: “Even if you listen you will not understand; even if you look carefully, you will not understand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]])
408	ISA	6	9	m1yh	figs-ellipsis		0	Listen, but do not understand; see, but do not perceive	You can state clearly the understood information. Alternate translation: “Listen to Yahweh’s message, but do not understand what it means; look at what Yahweh is doing, but do not realize what it means” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
409	ISA	6	10	q3as	figs-metonymy		0	Make the heart of this people insensitive	Here “heart” represents a person’s mind. A person who does not think clearly and is unable to understand and care about what is happening is spoken of as if his heart were insensitive. Alternate translation: “Make these people unable to understand” or “Make the minds of these people dull” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
410	ISA	6	10	wd4q			0	Make the heart of this people	It may be more natural to translate “heart” and “this” as plurals. Alternate translation: “Make the hearts of these people”
411	ISA	6	10	ffe8			0	Make the heart … insensitive	This command means that Yahweh will use Isaiah’s message to cause the people to understand even less and to make them less sensitive to what Yahweh is doing.
412	ISA	6	10	pqr2	figs-metaphor		0	their ears dull, and blind their eyes	“make it so that they cannot hear, and make it so that they cannot see.” Isaiah making people to not understand Yahweh’s message or what he is doing is spoken of as if Isaiah were making them deaf and blind. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
413	ISA	6	10	qi8r	figs-metaphor		0	they might see with their eyes, hear with their ears	People being able to understand Yahweh’s message and what he is doing is spoken of as if the people were able physically to see and hear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
414	ISA	6	10	sbg9	figs-metonymy		0	understand with their heart	Here “heart” represents as person’s mind. Truly understanding something and caring about what is happening is spoken of as if the people were to understand with their hearts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
415	ISA	6	10	fs74	figs-metaphor		0	then turn	Repenting and starting to obey Yahweh is spoken of as if the people were physically to turn towards him. Alternate translation: “follow me again” or “then start trusting in me again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
416	ISA	6	10	h53y	figs-activepassive		0	be healed	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I would heal them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
417	ISA	6	11	wx9r			0	Until cities crash into ruins and are without inhabitants, and the houses are without people	Alternate translation: “Until all the cities and houses are ruined and no one lives there”
418	ISA	6	11	b56y	figs-idiom		0	the land falls into a desolate waste	Here “falls into” is an idiom that means to become something worse. Alternate translation: “the land becomes a desolate waste” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
419	ISA	6	12	wed8	figs-123person		0	until Yahweh has sent the people far away, and the solitude of the land is great	Here Yahweh speaks about himself in the third person. Alternate translation: “until I, Yahweh, have sent all the people far away from their land, so that no one is left” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
420	ISA	6	13	p7xa	figs-activepassive		0	it will again be destroyed	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “armies will again destroy the land of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
421	ISA	6	13	r74f	figs-simile		0	as a terebinth or an oak is cut down and whose trunk remains, the holy seed is in its stump	This simile means that even after Yahweh destroys Israel, he will still set apart people from among the Israelites to serve him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
422	ISA	6	13	h3vb	translate-unknown		0	terebinth	a kind of oak tree (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
423	ISA	6	13	tbt2			0	trunk … stump	A trunk is the thick main stem of a tree. A stump is the part of a tree that remains in the ground after the tree is cut down.
424	ISA	6	13	p9id	figs-metaphor		0	the holy seed	The people who will serve Yahweh after armies destroy Israel are spoken of as if they were set apart as a holy seed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
425	ISA	7	intro	kcq7			0		# Isaiah 7 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 7:7-9, 18-25.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### “Young woman”<br>Some translations choose to translate this as “virgin” and believe it is a reference to the Messiah being born of a virgin woman. This is only one possible translation, therefore most translations have avoided forcing this specific connotation into the meaning of the term. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Israel<br>In this chapter, Israel is a reference to the northern kingdom of Israel and not the nation as a whole. They are also called Ephraim in this chapter after its most prominent tribe.
426	ISA	7	1	u9lp	figs-idiom		0	During the days of Ahaz … king of Judah	“When Ahaz … was king of Judah” This was when the events happened. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
427	ISA	7	1	e4tt	translate-names		0	Rezin … Pekah … Remaliah	men’s names (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
428	ISA	7	1	vuv8	figs-synecdoche		0	Rezin … and Pekah … went up	The author speaks as if the kings were the armies they led. Alternate translation: “Rezin … and Pekah … led their armies up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
429	ISA	7	1	py2k	figs-metonymy		0	to war against it	The author speaks as if the city itself were the people who live in it. Alternate translation: “to war against the people of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
430	ISA	7	2	fs5m	figs-activepassive		0	It was reported to the house of David	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the house of David heard the report” or “someone reported to the house of David” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
431	ISA	7	2	lbv6	figs-metonymy		0	the house of David	The word “house” is a metonym for the family living in the house. Alternate translation: “King Ahaz and his counselors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
432	ISA	7	2	y882	figs-metonymy		0	that Aram was allied with Ephraim	Here “Aram” and “Ephraim” refer to their kings. Here “Ephraim” represents the whole northern kingdom of Israel. Alternate translation: “that Rezin, the king of Aram was helping Pekah, the king of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
433	ISA	7	2	k9yy	figs-simile		0	His heart trembled, and the heart of his people, as the trees of the forest shake in the wind	The trembling of their hearts at this news is compared to the way trees shake when the wind blows through them. Alternate translation: “Ahaz and his people were very afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
434	ISA	7	3	zh23			0	General Information:	Isaiah writes about what happened to him as if it had happened to someone else.
435	ISA	7	3	u3qa	translate-names		0	Shear-Jashub	Translators may also add a footnote that says, “The name Shear-Jashub means ‘a remnant will return.’” The meaning may have given hope to Ahaz. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
436	ISA	7	3	dcs8			0	at the end of the conduit of the upper pool	Alternate translation: “where the water flows out of the tunnel and enters the upper pool”
437	ISA	7	3	jx5e			0	conduit	man-made ditch or tunnel through which water flows
438	ISA	7	3	iiu7			0	road	If your language has a word for a road or path that people have made smooth by filling in the low places and lowering the high places, you can use it here.
439	ISA	7	3	v3uw	translate-names		0	Launderer’s Field	This could mean: (1) this is the proper name by which the people called the field or (2) this is the common noun that the people used to talk about the field, “the launderer’s field” or “the field where men wash wool” or “the field where women wash clothes.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
440	ISA	7	3	cts4	translate-names		0	Launderer’s Field	A launderer is either: (1) a man who washes wool that someone has cut from the sheep, “Wool Washer Field,” or (2) a woman who washes dirty clothes, “Clothes Washer Field.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
441	ISA	7	4	tuu2			0	Tell him	Alternate translation: “Tell Ahaz”
442	ISA	7	4	ze8i	figs-metaphor		0	do not be afraid or intimidated by these two smoldering firebrands, by the fierce anger of Rezin and Aram, and of Pekah son of Remaliah	God compares Rezin and Pekah to burning sticks whose fire has gone out and are making smoke now. God is emphasizing that they are not real threats to Judah. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “do not let Rezin and Pekah make you afraid; their fierce anger is like a burning stick whose fire has gone out and there is only smoke” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
443	ISA	7	4	uy6n	figs-doublet		0	afraid or intimidated	The words “afraid” and “intimidated” mean the same thing and can be translated as one word. Alternate translation: “afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
444	ISA	7	5	ss12	figs-metonymy		0	Aram, Ephraim, and the son of Remaliah	The words “Aram” and “Ephraim” refer to the kings of these lands. Also, “Ephraim” represents the northern kingdom of Israel. Alternate translation: “Rezin the king of Aram and Pekah the son of Remaliah, king of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
445	ISA	7	5	qp64			0	Remaliah	This is the name of a man. Translate his name as in [Isaiah 7:1](../07/01.md).
446	ISA	7	5	ysl6	figs-you		0	have planned evil against you	Here “you” is singular and refers to Ahaz. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
447	ISA	7	6	yu1t	translate-names		0	son of Tabeel	It is unknown who this man is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
448	ISA	7	8	vb6l	figs-metonymy		0	the head of Damascus is Rezin	Here “head” is a metonym for the most important part. It is implied that Rezin is only a man, and therefore cannot stop Yahweh’s plan. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “the king of Damascus is Rezin, who is only a man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
449	ISA	7	8	y681	translate-numbers		0	sixty-five years	“65 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
450	ISA	7	8	gc27	figs-activepassive		0	Ephraim will be shattered and will no longer be a people	Here “Ephraim” refers to all of the northern kingdom of Israel. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “an army will destroy Ephraim, and there will no longer be a people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
451	ISA	7	9	el5p	figs-explicit		0	the head of Samaria is Remaliah’s son	This means Pekah is the king of Samaria and all of Israel. Alternate translation: “the king of Samaria is Pekah, who is a weak man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
452	ISA	7	9	z477	figs-doublenegatives		0	If you do not remain firm in faith, surely you will not remain secure	This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “If you continue to believe in me, you will certainly remain safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
453	ISA	7	9	nt63			0	If you do not remain	Alternate translation: “Unless you remain”
454	ISA	7	11	f2n6	figs-merism		0	ask for it in the depths or in the height above	Yahweh uses the word “depths” and “height” to mean Ahaz could ask him for anything. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
455	ISA	7	11	li4c	figs-abstractnouns		0	depths … height	The abstract nouns “depths” and “height” can be translated with prepositions. “places far below you … places far above you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
456	ISA	7	12	cr1k			0	will not ask	Alternate translation: “will not ask Yahweh for a sign”
457	ISA	7	13	zw34	figs-metonymy		0	house of David	The word “house” is a metonym for the family living in the house. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 7:2](../07/02.md). Alternate translation: “King Ahaz, you and your counselors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
458	ISA	7	13	v36u	figs-rquestion		0	Is it not enough for you people to test the patience of people? Must you also test the patience of my God?	These questions emphasize that the king has sinned greatly. Alternate translation: “You test the patience of people! Now you even test the patience of my God!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
459	ISA	7	14	ecy9			0	the young woman will conceive	Some ancient versions and some contemporary versions translate, “the virgin will conceive,” while others translate “the young woman will conceive.”
460	ISA	7	14	s44h	translate-names		0	his name Immanuel	Translators may add a footnote that says: “The name Immanuel means ‘God with us.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
461	ISA	7	15	jl15	figs-explicit		0	He will eat curds and honey when he knows to refuse the evil and choose the good	This could mean: (1) “By the time that child is old enough to eat curds and honey, he will be able to reject what is evil and choose what is good.” This emphasizes that the child will be very young when he knows to choose what is right instead of wrong or (2) “By the time the child is old enough to reject what is evil and choose what is good, he will be eating curds and honey.” The people of Judah considered a child to be responsible for doing what is right when he was 12 years old. This emphasizes that within twelve years the people will be able to eat much curds and honey because most of the people of Israel will be killed or taken as captives. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
462	ISA	7	15	s9yg			0	curds	milk that people have treated to make it into a soft solid
463	ISA	7	15	di2m	figs-nominaladj		0	refuse the evil and choose the good	Here “the evil” and “the good” refer to evil and good things in general. Alternate translation: “refuse to do evil deeds and choose to do good deeds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
464	ISA	7	16	dht9	figs-nominaladj		0	refuse the evil and choose the good	Here “the evil” and “the good” refer to evil and good things in general. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 7:15](../07/15.md). Alternate translation: “refuse to do evil deeds and choose to do good deeds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
465	ISA	7	16	f8jq	figs-you		0	you dread	“you fear.” Here “you” is singular and refers to Ahaz. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
466	ISA	7	17	z85k			0	your people	This refers to the people of Judah.
467	ISA	7	18	nk5k			0	At that time	before the child knows to refuse the evil and choose the good ([Isaiah 7:15](../07/15.md))
468	ISA	7	18	n7m9			0	Yahweh will whistle for	Alternate translation: “Yahweh will call” or “Yahweh will summon”
469	ISA	7	18	qve8	figs-metaphor		0	for a fly from the distant streams of Egypt, and for a bee from the land of Assyria	Here the armies of Egypt and Assyria are spoken of as if they are insects that will invade the land of Israel. This can be stated as a simile. Alternate translation: “for the armies of Egypt and Assyria, and their soldiers will be everywhere like flies and bees” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
470	ISA	7	20	v8kp	figs-metaphor		0	the Lord will shave with a razor that was hired beyond the Euphrates River—the king of Assyria	The word “razor” is a metaphor for the king of Assyria and his army, and Yahweh speaks of the king as if the king were a man who would do Yahweh’s work and then receive money from Yahweh. Alternate translation: “the Lord will call the king of Assyria from beyond the Euphrates River to work for him to shave you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
471	ISA	7	20	d2rx	figs-activepassive		0	that was hired	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that he bought” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
472	ISA	7	20	yli5			0	the head … the hair of the legs … also … the beard	It was bad to have someone shave the top of the head; it was worse to have someone shave “the hair of the legs”; it was worst of all to have someone shave the beard.
473	ISA	7	20	y3tv	figs-metaphor		0	the head … the hair of the legs … the beard	Isaiah does not say whose head, hair, and beard the Lord is going to shave, but Ahaz and the reader would understand that this is a man; the man is a metaphor for the people living in the land of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
474	ISA	7	20	tyl9	figs-metonymy		0	the head	Here “the head” represents the hair that grows on it. Alternate translation: “the hair on the head” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
475	ISA	7	20	tkw6	figs-euphemism		0	the hair of the legs	This could mean: (1) this is a polite way to speak of the hair on the lower body or (2) this speaks of the hair on the legs. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
476	ISA	7	20	a1pl			0	it will also sweep	If your language requires a person to be the subject of “will … sweep,” you can say, “the Lord will also sweep.” Alternate translation: “the razor will also sweep”
477	ISA	7	22	tsx4	figs-abstractnouns		0	because of the abundance of milk which they shall give	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **abundance**, you could express the same idea with a clause. Alternate translation: “because they will give so much milk” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
478	ISA	7	23	b3ry	translate-numbers		0	there were a thousand vines … briers and thorns	“there were 1,000 vines.” That is, when Isaiah wrote, there were vineyards, in some of which were 1,000 vines or more each. He says that these vineyards will become full of briers and thorns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
479	ISA	7	23	y1fr	translate-numbers		0	a thousand silver shekels	“1,000 silver shekels.” A shekel is a silver coin worth 4 days wage. Alternate translation: “1,000 silver coins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]])
480	ISA	7	23	hu8n	figs-doublet		0	briers and thorns	The words “briers” and “thorns” both refer to useless, thorny plants. It is not necessary to translate both words. Alternate translation: “thorn bushes” or “brier bushes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
481	ISA	7	24	sr7t	figs-explicit		0	because all the land will be briers and thorns	Why the hunters come to these lands can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “because there will be nothing in these lands but briers, thorns, and wild animals” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
482	ISA	7	25	azm2	figs-activepassive		0	They will stay away from all the hills that were cultivated with the hoe	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “People will stay away from the hills where they once prepared the soil to plant crops” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
483	ISA	8	intro	c8jg			0		# Isaiah 8 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 8:6-18, 21-22.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Trust in Yahweh<br>Israel will not trust in Yahweh. Instead, they will trust in their own power, their Gentile allies and the power of false gods. They will be punished because the power of Yahweh is greater than all of these. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]])
484	ISA	8	1	kzi2			0	Yahweh said to me	Here the word “me” refers to Isaiah.
485	ISA	8	2	x1fq			0	I will summon faithful witnesses to attest for me	This could mean: (1) Yahweh is speaking: “I will call honest men to be witnesses” or (2) Isaiah is speaking: “I called honest men to be witnesses” or (3) Yahweh is commanding Isaiah: “Call honest men to be witnesses.”
486	ISA	8	3	j2ld	figs-euphemism		0	I went to the prophetess	It can be stated explicitly that Isaiah is married to the prophetess. Alternate translation: “I slept with my wife, the prophetess” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
487	ISA	8	4	g5hy	figs-activepassive		0	the riches of Damascus and the plunder of Samaria will be carried away by the king of Assyria	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the king of Assyria will carry away all the treasures of Damascus and Samaria” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
488	ISA	8	6	k9mk	figs-metaphor		0	Because this people has refused the gentle waters of Shiloah	The words “gentle waters” are a metaphor for the law of the Lord. Alternate translation: “Because this people has rejected Yahweh’s law, which is like the gentle waters of Shiloah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
489	ISA	8	6	x9t3			0	this people	If your language needs a plural here, you can translate this phrase and the following verbs as “these people have refused … are happy.” Alternate translation: “this people group”
490	ISA	8	6	mbx4	figs-explicit		0	is happy over Rezin and Remaliah’s son	The full meaning can be made explicit. See how you translated these men’s names in [Isaiah 7:1](../07/01.md). Alternate translation: “is happy that the armies of Assyria have defeated Rezin, king of Aram, and Pekah, Remaliah’s son, king of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
491	ISA	8	7	l4ii	figs-pronouns		0	therefore the Lord is	Yahweh speaks of himself as if he were someone else to remind the people of who he is. Alternate translation: “therefore I, the Lord, am” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
492	ISA	8	7	pbf5			0	bring up on them	The verb is “bring up”; the adverb is “on them.”
493	ISA	8	7	ctu2			0	on them	Alternate translation: “on the people of Judah”
494	ISA	8	7	t9mv	figs-metaphor		0	the waters of the River, mighty and many, the king of Assyria and all his glory	The river symbolizes the army of Assyria. Alternate translation: “the army from Assyria, which is powerful like a mighty river” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
495	ISA	8	7	x441			0	the River	the Euphrates River in Assyria
496	ISA	8	8	ye6u	figs-metaphor		0	The River will sweep onward into Judah, flooding and passing on, until it reaches to your neck	The army of Assyria is like a flood of water. Alternate translation: “More and more soldiers will come like a river rising up to your neck” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
497	ISA	8	8	yl2k	figs-metonymy		0	The River	This refers to the Euphrates River in Assyria. This is a metonym for the Assyrian soldiers, who will come from their homes by the Euphrates River ([Isaiah 8:7](../08/07.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
498	ISA	8	8	w2iu	figs-metaphor		0	Its outstretched wings will fill	This could mean: (1) as “the River” in the metaphor rises, its “wings” flow over and cover what had been dry land or (2) Isaiah changes metaphors and now speaks of Yahweh as a bird who is protecting the land, “But his outstretched wings will cover.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
499	ISA	8	8	j34k			0	Immanuel	Translators may add a footnote that says: “The name Immanuel means ‘God with us.’” See how you translated this in [Isaiah 7:14](../07/14.md).
500	ISA	8	9	qq71	figs-activepassive		0	You peoples will be broken to pieces	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I will break your armies to pieces” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
501	ISA	8	9	qzg7	figs-apostrophe		0	Listen, all you distant countries	Isaiah speaks as if people in other countries can hear him. Alternate translation: “Listen, all you people in far away places” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
502	ISA	8	9	rer3	figs-parallelism		0	arm yourselves for war and be broken in pieces; arm yourselves and be broken in pieces	This is basically the same thing, stated twice for emphasis. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you can prepare yourselves for battle, but I will defeat you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
503	ISA	8	10	q9aj	figs-activepassive		0	Form a plan, but it will not be carried out; issue the command, but it will not be carried out	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You can prepare to attack Judah, but you will not succeed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
504	ISA	8	10	mfw3	figs-activepassive		0	it will not be carried out … it will not be carried out	To “carry out” a plan or command is to do what the person who makes the plan or command wants the hearer to do. These clauses can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you will not be able to do what you plan to do … your soldiers will not be able to do what their commanders tell them to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
505	ISA	8	11	svz5	figs-idiom		0	Yahweh spoke to me, with his strong hand upon me	Here “his strong hand upon me” is an idiom that refers to Yahweh’s power. Alternate translation: “Yahweh spoke to me in a very powerful way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
506	ISA	8	11	pq3u	figs-quotations		0	warned me not to walk in the way of this people.	This is an indirect quote that ends in 8:17. Alternate translation: “warned me and said, ‘Do not act like this people.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
507	ISA	8	12	zbg2	figs-explicit		0	Do not call conspiracy anything that this people calls conspiracy	The people imagine there are conspiracies, and it makes them anxious. Alternate translation: “Do not worry like this people who think someone is always trying to harm them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
508	ISA	8	13	nnx7	figs-quotations		0	It is Yahweh of hosts whom you will honor as holy; he is the one you must fear, and he is the one you must dread	If you translate this as a direct quote, you can also translate it with Yahweh speaking in the first person: “But you will consider me, Yahweh of Hosts, as holy. And you will fear and be in awe of me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
509	ISA	8	14	pdv3	figs-metaphor		0	He will become a sanctuary	The word “sanctuary” is a metaphor for Yahweh keeping his people safe and protecting them. Alternate translation: “He will protect them when they go to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
510	ISA	8	14	w1mv	figs-doublet		0	he will be a trap and a snare to the people of Jerusalem	The words “trap” and “snare” mean almost the same thing and emphasize that when Yahweh decides to punish the people of Jerusalem they will not be able to escape. Alternate translation: “he will trap the people of Jerusalem so they cannot escape him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
511	ISA	8	14	su1n			0	trap	a device that catches a bird in a net or basket
512	ISA	8	14	uuy2			0	snare	a trap that catches and holds an animal’s leg or nose
513	ISA	8	15	nj22	figs-activepassive		0	Many will stumble over it and fall and be broken, and be ensnared and captured	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Many people will stumble over the stone, and when they fall they will not get up. And many people will step into the trap, and they will not be able to get out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
514	ISA	8	15	q3r6	figs-doublet		0	ensnared and captured	These two words mean basically the same thing and emphasize that they will be caught in the trap. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
515	ISA	8	16	uss4	figs-parallelism		0	Bind up my testimony, seal the official record	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “Close up tightly the scroll with this message written on it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
516	ISA	8	16	qg84			0	my testimony … my disciples	It is unclear to whom the word “my” refers. It could be Isaiah or Yahweh. It is best to leave the pronouns ambiguous if your language will allow it.
517	ISA	8	17	vl67			0	I will wait for Yahweh	Here “I” refers to Isaiah.
518	ISA	8	17	y59u	figs-metonymy		0	who hides his face from the house of Jacob	Yahweh’s “face” is a metonym for his blessing or favor. Alternate translation: “who has taken away his blessing from the house of Jacob” or “who no longer looks with favor on the house of Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
519	ISA	8	17	p16z			0	house of Jacob	people of Israel
520	ISA	8	18	b1mr			0	I and the sons whom Yahweh has given me are for signs and for wonders in Israel	“I and the sons Yahweh has given me are like signs to warn the people of Israel.” The sons are Shear-Jashub and Maher-shalal-hash-baz, whose names are a message to the people of Israel. (See: [Isaiah 7:3](../07/03.md) and [Isaiah 8:1](./01.md))
521	ISA	8	19	vs7z			0	General Information:	Isaiah is speaking.
522	ISA	8	19	ld5t			0	They will say to you, “Consult with those who speak with the dead and with spirits,” the ones who chirp and mutter incantations. But should a people not consult their God? Should they consult the dead on behalf of the living?	Other This could mean: (1) “They will say to you, ‘Consult with the mediums and spiritists, those who chirp and mutter incantations. Should a people not consult their gods? They should consult the dead on behalf of the living for teaching and for testimony.’” or (2) “When they say to you, ‘Consult with the mediums and spiritists, those who chirp and mutter incantations,’ should a people not consult their God? Should they consult the dead on behalf of the living? To the law and to the testimony!”
523	ISA	8	19	im2e	figs-you		0	They will say to you	The word “they” refers to those who do not trust Yahweh. The word “you” is plural and refers to those who trust Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
524	ISA	8	19	sx96			0	the ones who chirp and mutter incantations	The words “chirp” and “mutter” refer to the sounds mediums and spiritists made when trying to speak to dead people. Alternate translation: “they people who whisper and mutter their magic words to try and speak to dead people”
525	ISA	8	19	n9lj			0	chirp	make sounds like birds
526	ISA	8	19	zsh8	figs-rquestion		0	But should a people not consult their God? Should they consult the dead on behalf of the living?	These questions are to show that people should consult God instead of foolishly trying to talk to dead people. Alternate translation: “But people should ask Yahweh to guide them. They should not seek answers from those who have died.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
527	ISA	8	20	i7kp			0	To the law and to the testimony	This could mean: (1) “Pay attention to God’s instructions and teaching” or (2) “Then you must remember the teaching and testimony I gave.” ([Isaiah 8:16](../08/16.md)).
528	ISA	8	20	fav3			0	the law	This is the same word translated “official record” in [Isaiah 8:16](../08/16.md).
529	ISA	8	20	qpm5			0	the testimony	See how you translated this in [Isaiah 8:16](../08/16.md).
530	ISA	8	20	i61u			0	If they do not say such things	Alternate translation: “If they do not speak of the law and the testimony”
531	ISA	8	20	vr4u	figs-metaphor		0	it is because they have no light of dawn	Isaiah speaks of people who do not know God as if they were people walking in darkness without any light. Alternate translation: “it is because they are like a person lost in the dark” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
532	ISA	8	22	d61f			0	oppressive gloom	Alternate translation: “terrible sadness”
533	ISA	8	22	c4e1	figs-activepassive		0	They will be driven into a land of darkness	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will drive them out into complete darkness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
534	ISA	9	intro	e336			0		# Isaiah 9 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter begins with a prophecy that is a continuation of the prophecy concluding the previous chapter. Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 9:1-21. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Messiah<br>The prophecy in 9:1-7 is about the coming Messiah. Parts of this prophecy were fulfilled when he first came to earth. Other parts are to be fulfilled when he will return in glory to earth. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Fulfillment of prophecies<br>Some of the prophecies in this chapter were fulfilled in Isaiah’s lifetime while others are fulfilled in the distant future. Some scholars believe that there can be multiple fulfillments of each of these prophecies, while others see only one complete fulfillment.
535	ISA	9	1	c7zh	figs-metaphor		0	The gloom will be dispelled from her who was in anguish	Isaiah speaks of people who are spiritually lost as if they were walking around in total darkness. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will remove the darkness from her who was in anguish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
536	ISA	9	1	c8yr			0	The gloom	This word means “partial or total darkness.” Translate as you translated “gloom” in [Isaiah 8:22](../08/22.md).
537	ISA	9	1	q9g1	figs-metaphor		0	her who was in anguish	“her who was suffering great pain and sadness.” This is probably a metaphor for the people of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
538	ISA	9	1	y275	figs-metonymy		0	In an earlier time he humiliated the land of Zebulun and the land of Naphtali	“Land” refers to the people who live in an area. Alternate translation: “In the past, the Lord humbled those living in Zebulun and Naphtali” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
539	ISA	9	1	wtc7	figs-metonymy		0	but in the later time he will make it glorious, the way to the sea, beyond the Jordan, Galilee of the nations	Here “it” refers to Galilee which represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “but in the future, the Lord will honor the people of Galilee of the nations, which is on the road between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
540	ISA	9	1	rv6s	figs-metonymy		0	Galilee of the nations	Here “nations” represents the people from other nations that live in Galilee. Alternate translation: “Galilee, where many foreigners live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
541	ISA	9	2	emm3	figs-metaphor		0	walked in darkness … lived in the land of the shadow of death	Isaiah speaks of the people living sinful lives and suffering because of it as if they had been walking in a dark or living in a land of shadow of death. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
542	ISA	9	2	y2l2	figs-metaphor		0	a great light … light has shone	Here “light” represents hope and deliverance. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
543	ISA	9	2	x5ah	figs-idiom		0	the land of the shadow of death	The phrase “shadow of death” is an idiom that means absolute darkness. Alternate translation: “the land of deepest darkness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
544	ISA	9	3	fxk4	figs-you		0	You have multiplied the nation; you have increased their joy	The word “you” refers to Yahweh. The word “their” refers to the people of Israel, but Isaiah includes himself as part of Israel. Alternate translation: “Lord, you will greatly increase our people and our joy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
545	ISA	9	3	i1jr	figs-simile		0	They rejoice before you like the joy at harvest time, as men rejoice when they divide the plunder	The joy that Yahweh will give Israel is described as the same kind of joy people have when they bring in a harvest or divide valuable plunder. Alternate translation: “They will rejoice before you as people rejoice when they gather their crops or when a battle is over and soldiers divide what they took” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
546	ISA	9	4	i6r4	figs-metaphor		0	For the yoke of his burden … you have shattered as on the day of Midian	Isaiah speaks of the Israelites, who are the Assyrians’ slaves, as if they were an ox wearing a yoke. This will happen in the future, but he speaks as if it has already happened. Alternate translation: “For as on the day of Midian you will set the people of Israel free from being slaves to their oppressors like a person removes a yoke from the shoulders of an animal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
547	ISA	9	4	k2hi	figs-metaphor		0	For the yoke of his burden … his shoulder … his oppressor	Isaiah speaks of the people of Israel as if they were one man. Alternate translation: “For the yoke of their burden … their shoulders … their oppressor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
548	ISA	9	4	eh66			0	the beam across his shoulder	The beam is the part of the yoke that goes over the shoulders of the ox.
549	ISA	9	4	hfq6			0	beam	Another possible meaning is “staff,” a long piece of wood that a person uses to beat the oxen so they will work and a symbol of one person’s power to rule other people.
550	ISA	9	4	d1k8	figs-metaphor		0	the rod of his oppressor	Isaiah speaks of the power the oppressor has over the people of Judah as if it were the piece of wood used by a person to beat oxen so they will work. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
551	ISA	9	4	egd7	figs-idiom		0	as on the day of Midian	The word “day” is an idiom that can refer to an event that takes more than one day to happen. Alternate translation: “as when you defeated the Midianites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
552	ISA	9	5	klu8	figs-activepassive		0	every boot treading in the tumult and the garments rolled in blood will be burned	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you will burn the boots of the soldiers and their clothes, which are covered with blood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
553	ISA	9	5	py1z	figs-explicit		0	burned, fuel for the fire	This can be made more explicit by translating it as a new sentence. Alternate translation: “burned. You will make the boots and the garments fuel for the fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
554	ISA	9	6	h5x2	figs-parallelism		0	For to us a child has been born, to us a son has been given	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The word “us” refers to both the speaker and the hearer and so is inclusive. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “For the Lord will give to us a child” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
555	ISA	9	6	g3lc	figs-metaphor		0	the rule will be on his shoulder	His authority to rule is spoken of as if it were the robe that is a symbol of his authority. Alternate translation: “he will wear his royal robe on his shoulder” or “he will have authority to rule as king.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
556	ISA	9	6	r5cf			0	Counselor	one who advises kings
557	ISA	9	7	nq8j			0	Of the increase of his government and of peace there will be no end	Alternate translation: “As time passes he will rule over more and more people and enable them to live more and more peacefully”
558	ISA	9	7	yu3r	figs-metonymy		0	rules on the throne of David	Sitting on the “throne of David” is a metonym for having the right to rule; only David’s descendants could be king over Israel. Alternate translation: “has the right to rule as David’s descendant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
559	ISA	9	7	k8w3			0	his kingdom, to establish it and sustain it with justice and with righteousness	This can be translated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: “his kingdom. He will establish and protect his kingdom, and he will do what is fair and just”
560	ISA	9	7	ge32			0	Yahweh of hosts	See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md).
561	ISA	9	8	x9c9	figs-idiom		0	The Lord sent a word against Jacob, and it fell on Israel	“Send a word” means to speak. Alternate translation: “The Lord has spoken against the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
562	ISA	9	8	nuf4			0	Jacob … Israel	These names refer to the people of the northern kingdom of Israel.
563	ISA	9	9	w3k1			0	Ephraim … Samaria	These names all refer to the people of the northern kingdom of Israel.
564	ISA	9	9	qbl6	figs-explicit		0	All the people will know, even Ephraim and the inhabitants of Samaria	What they will know can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “All the people will know that the Lord has judged them, even those in Ephraim and Samaria” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
565	ISA	9	10	gj6i	figs-explicit		0	The bricks have fallen, but we will rebuild with chiseled stone; the sycamores have been cut down, but we will put cedars in their place	The full meaning can be made explicit. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “We will replace the common bricks of our destroyed cities with expensive cut stone, and we will plant great cedar trees where ordinary sycamore trees grew” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
566	ISA	9	11	f9f7	figs-synecdoche		0	Therefore Yahweh will raise up against him Rezin, his adversary	Here “Rezin” represents himself and his army. Alternate translation: “Therefore, Yahweh will bring Rezin and his army against the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
567	ISA	9	11	imx9	translate-names		0	Rezin	This is the name of a man. See how you translated Rezin in [Isaiah 7:1](../07/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
568	ISA	9	11	hya1	figs-idiom		0	will stir up his enemies	The phrase “stir up” is an idiom that means to incite them to attack. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will cause Israel’s enemies to attack” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
569	ISA	9	12	ju29	figs-metaphor		0	They will devour Israel with open mouth	“Devour” is how wild animals eat their prey. Alternate translation: “Like a wild beast eating its prey, the army of the enemy will destroy the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
570	ISA	9	12	gk5w			0	In all these things, his anger does not subside; instead, his hand	“Even though all these things have happened, he is still angry, and his hand.” See how you translated this in [Isaiah 5:25](../05/25.md).
571	ISA	9	12	kxn9	figs-metaphor		0	his hand is still stretched out	Isaiah speaks as if Yahweh were a person about to hit another person with his fist. This is a metaphor for Yahweh punishing Israel. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 5:25](../05/25.md). Alternate translation: “he will still be ready to punish them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
572	ISA	9	13	f9al			0	Yahweh of hosts	See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md).
573	ISA	9	14	in46	figs-metaphor		0	head and tail	Isaiah explains this metaphor in verse 15. The “head,” the part of an animal a person would want to be, is “the leader and the noble man,” and the “tail,” the dirty part of the animal, is “the prophet who teaches lies.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
574	ISA	9	14	cj62	figs-metaphor		0	palm branch and reed	The “palm branch” grows high on the tree and is a metaphor for people who are important and rule others. The “reed” grows in shallow water and is a metaphor for people who are poor and unimportant and are ruled by others. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
575	ISA	9	16	qp35	figs-metaphor		0	Those who lead this people lead them astray	The leaders causing people to disobey is spoken of as if the leaders led them on the wrong path. Alternate translation: “The leaders of Israel have caused the people to disobey God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
576	ISA	9	16	ck73	figs-metaphor		0	those who are led by them are swallowed up	This is a metaphor that can be stated in active form. This could mean: (1) Alternate translation: “those that they lead become confused” or (2) Alternate translation: “Yahweh destroys those that they lead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
577	ISA	9	17	w5bb	figs-synecdoche		0	every mouth speaks foolish things	The word “mouth” refers to the person. Alternate translation: “every person speaks foolish things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
578	ISA	9	17	b4un			0	In all these things, his anger does not subside; instead, his hand	“Even though all these things have happened, he is still angry, and his hand.” See how you translated this in [Isaiah 5:25](../05/25.md).
579	ISA	9	17	v3li	figs-metaphor		0	his hand is still stretched out	Isaiah speaks as if Yahweh were a person about to hit another person with his fist. This is a metaphor for Yahweh punishing Israel. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 5:25](../05/25.md). Alternate translation: “he will still be ready to punish them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
580	ISA	9	18	kf1q	figs-metaphor		0	Wickedness burns like a fire; it devours the briers and thorns; it even burns the thickets of the forest	The people’s evil deeds are spoken of as if they were a very destructive fire. This fire burns even the briers and thorns, plants that grow in places where people no longer live, and “the thickets of the forest” where no one has ever lived, because it has already destroyed the places where people were living. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
581	ISA	9	18	ee5n	figs-doublet		0	briers … thorns	The words “briers” and “thorns” both refer to useless, thorny plants; they can be translated using one word. See how you translated these words in [Isaiah 7:23](../07/23.md). Alternate translation: “thorn bushes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
582	ISA	9	19	ctw3	figs-activepassive		0	Through the fury of Yahweh of hosts the land is scorched	Translate “Yahweh of hosts” as in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Like fire that scorches the land, the Lord’s intense anger will destroy the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
583	ISA	9	19	bg78	figs-idiom		0	No man spares his brother	To “spare” someone means to save them from harm. Alternate translation: “No one does anything to help his own brother escape” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
584	ISA	9	20	e6kn	figs-metonymy		0	They will grab food on the right hand … on the left hand	This expression means that the people will grab food wherever they can find it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
585	ISA	9	20	sl21	figs-metaphor		0	Each will even eat the flesh of his own arm	This could mean: (1) people will be so hungry that they will want to eat or will actually eat their own arms or (2) the word “arm” is a metaphor for the person’s neighbor. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
586	ISA	9	21	y7rj			0	In all these things, his anger does not subside; instead, his hand	“Even though all these things have happened, he is still angry, and his hand.” See how you translated this in [Isaiah 5:25](../05/25.md).
587	ISA	9	21	gxv7	figs-metaphor		0	his hand is still stretched out	Isaiah speaks as if Yahweh were a person about to hit another person with his fist. This is a metaphor for Yahweh punishing Israel. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 5:25](../05/25.md). Alternate translation: “he will still be ready to punish them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
588	ISA	10	intro	dc9a			0		# Isaiah 10 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter begins with a prophecy that is a continuation of the prophecy beginning in 8:21. Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 10:1-11, 13-14, 15-19, 27-34.<br>(See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s sovereignty<br>Yahweh has so much power and authority that he controls all of the nations. He even controls the nations who do not worship him. He uses Assyria to punish the kingdom of Israel.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Rhetorical Questions<br>There are many rhetorical questions in this chapter. Yahweh uses rhetorical questions to make statements about Israel’s sin. The Assyrians use rhetorical questions in order to boast in their pride. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
589	ISA	10	1	gwe8	figs-parallelism		0	to those who enact unjust laws and write unfair decrees	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “to those who make laws and decrees that are not fair to everyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
590	ISA	10	2	qr4b	figs-parallelism		0	They deprive the needy of justice, rob the poor of my people of their rights	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “They are unjust to the poor and needy among my people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
591	ISA	10	2	rlv2			0	the needy	Alternate translation: “poor people”
592	ISA	10	2	mv4z			0	plunder widows	Alternate translation: “take everything from women whose husbands have died”
593	ISA	10	2	w83u	figs-metaphor		0	make the fatherless their prey	Isaiah compares orphans to animals that other animals hunt and eat. This emphasizes that orphans are powerless and judges can easily harm them. Alternate translation: “harm children who do not have parents like an animal that goes after its prey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
594	ISA	10	2	jwk2			0	prey	Translated “prey” as in [Isaiah 5:29](../05/29.md).
595	ISA	10	3	gdt3	figs-rquestion		0	What will you do on judgment day … away?	Isaiah uses a question to scold those in Judah who harm the poor and weak people. Alternate translation: “You will be able to do nothing on judgment day … away!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
596	ISA	10	3	xh3w			0	judgment day	Alternate translation: “the day when Yahweh comes to judge you” or “the day when Yahweh punishes you”
597	ISA	10	3	u4fv	figs-rquestion		0	To whom will you flee for help, and where will you leave your wealth?	Isaiah uses a question to scold those in Judah who harm the poor and weak people. Alternate translation: “You have nowhere to run for help, and you will have nowhere to hide your riches!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
598	ISA	10	4	iw4t			0	Nothing remains, and you crouch	This could mean: (1) “None of your wealth remains as you crouch” or (2) “You can do nothing else but crouch.”
599	ISA	10	4	p3u9			0	you crouch among the prisoners or fall among the killed	Alternate translation: “your enemies will either take you as a prisoner or will kill you”
600	ISA	10	4	f4fy			0	In all these things, his anger does not subside	“Even though all these things have happened, he is still angry.” See how you translated this in [Isaiah 5:25](../05/25.md).
601	ISA	10	4	dg4p	figs-metaphor		0	his hand is still stretched out	Isaiah speaks as if Yahweh were a person about to hit another person with his fist. This is a metaphor for Yahweh punishing Israel. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 5:25](../05/25.md). Alternate translation: “he will still be ready to punish them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
602	ISA	10	5	fhx7			0	Woe	This word marks the beginning of God’s announcement about a severe punishment against Assyria.
603	ISA	10	5	e1zg			0	the Assyrian	This refers to the king of Assyria.
604	ISA	10	5	rrc2	figs-parallelism		0	the club of my anger, the rod by whom I wield my fury	Both of these phrases mean basically the same thing. Yahweh compares the king of Assyria to a weapon a person holds in his hand and hits other people with. It emphasizes that the king of Assyria and his army are a tool that Yahweh uses to punish Israel. Alternate translation: “who will be like a weapon in my hands that I will use to show my anger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
605	ISA	10	6	bn37	figs-synecdoche		0	I send him … I order him	The word “him” here also refers to the king of Assyria. But it does not mean God is only sending the king; he is sending with him the army of Assyria. Alternate translation: “I send the army of Assyria … I order them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
606	ISA	10	6	nvq3			0	against an arrogant nation and against the people who bear my overflowing wrath	Alternate translation: “to attack a nation full of proud people who have made me very angry”
607	ISA	10	6	i3fl	figs-metaphor		0	who bear my overflowing wrath	Yahweh speaks of his wrath as if it were more liquid than a container could hold; “the people” are trying to carry this container, but it is heavy, and Yahweh keeps pouring liquid in even after it starts to spill out. Alternate translation: “at whom I continue to be angry even after I have punished them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
608	ISA	10	6	tam5			0	to take the spoil	Alternate translation: “to take everything they have”
609	ISA	10	6	wy5h			0	to take the prey	to take the people like prey. See how you translated “prey” in [Isaiah 5:29](../05/29.md).
610	ISA	10	6	ay7c	figs-simile		0	trample them like mud	This could mean: (1) Yahweh compares the army of Assyria attacking Israel to people stomping through mud who do not care what happens to the mud. Alternate translation: “trample them until they become like mud” or (2) the people are stomping on other people so they are lying in the mud and unable to rise. This is a metaphor for completely defeating them. Alternate translation: “completely defeat them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
611	ISA	10	7	y94n	figs-explicit		0	But this is not what he intends, nor does he think this way	The meaning of “this” and “this way” can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “But the king of Assyria does not intend to do what I tell him, nor does he think that I am using him as my weapon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
612	ISA	10	7	qn96	figs-doublet		0	It is in his heart to destroy and eliminate many nations	The words “destroy” and “eliminate” mean basically the same thing. They are used for emphasis. Alternate translation: “He wants to completely destroy many nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
613	ISA	10	8	pc5q	figs-rquestion		0	Are not all my princes kings?	The king of Assyria uses a question to emphasize what he believes everyone should already know. Alternate translation: “I have made captains of my army kings over lands I have conquered!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
614	ISA	10	9	y1s2	figs-rquestion		0	Is not Kalno like Carchemish? Is not Hamath like Arpad? Is not Samaria like Damascus?	The king of Assyria uses these questions for emphasis. Alternate translation: “Kalno is no different from Carchemish. Hamath is no different from Arpad. Samaria is no different from Damascus. I have conquered them all!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
615	ISA	10	9	gl7w	translate-names		0	Kalno … Carchemish … Hamath … Arpad	These are all names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
616	ISA	10	10	nda6	figs-metonymy		0	As my hand has overcome	“Hand” here is a reference to military strength. Alternate translation: “As my powerful army has defeated” or “As I have conquered” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
617	ISA	10	10	tpk7			0	my	This refers to the king of Assyria.
618	ISA	10	10	zf5l			0	whose carved figures were greater	During this time people believed that the greatness of an idol showed how powerful the kingdom that had built it was. The king of Assyria is saying that because the idols in Jerusalem are not as great as the idols of the kingdoms he has defeated, Jerusalem would be less able to defeat him than they were.
619	ISA	10	11	g79t	figs-metonymy		0	just as I did to Samaria and her worthless idols	The word “Samaria” refers to the people who lived there, and “her” refers to the city of Samaria. Cities and nations were often spoken of as if they were women. Alternate translation: “just as I did to the people of Samaria and their worthless idols” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
620	ISA	10	11	y8en	figs-rquestion		0	will I not also do the same to Jerusalem and to her idols?	The king of Assyria used this question to emphasize the certainty that he will conquer the people of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “I will certainly do the same to Jerusalem and her idols!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
621	ISA	10	12	g3hp			0	When the Lord has finished his work on Mount Zion and on Jerusalem, I will punish	Yahweh speaks of himself as if he were someone else. “When I, the Lord, have finished my work on Mount Zion and on Jerusalem, I will punish”
622	ISA	10	12	yv7l			0	his work on … and on	his work of punishing. “punishing … and punishing”
623	ISA	10	12	ly8r			0	I will punish the speech of the arrogant heart of the king of Assyria and his prideful looks	Alternate translation: “I will punish the king of Assyria for the arrogant things he said and the look of pride on his face”
624	ISA	10	13	ty9n			0	For he says	Alternate translation: “For the king of Assyria says”
625	ISA	10	13	f9lx	figs-metonymy		0	I have removed … I have stolen	Here the word “I” refers to the king of Assyria. He was the leader of the Assyrian army and took credit for what the army did at his command. Alternate translation: “my army has removed … They have stolen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
626	ISA	10	13	bqh5	figs-simile		0	like a bull	“as strong as a bull.” Some ancient texts read, “like a mighty man.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
627	ISA	10	13	y4e1	figs-metaphor		0	I have brought down the inhabitants	This could mean: (1) the king of Assyria has shamed the people of the countries he conquered or (2) he has removed the kings of the nations so they no longer rule. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
628	ISA	10	13	l61t	figs-synecdoche		0	I have brought	Here the word “I” refers to the king of Assyria. He was the leader of the Assyrian army and took credit for what the army did at his command. Alternate translation: “I and my army have brought” or “we have brought (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
629	ISA	10	14	ni7r			0	General Information:	Yahweh is still quoting the king of Assyria ([Isaiah 10:13](../10/13.md)).
630	ISA	10	14	a1xa	figs-metonymy		0	My hand has seized	The hand is a metonym for either the king’s power or his army. Alternate translation: “In my power I have seized” or “My army has seized” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
631	ISA	10	14	ij25	figs-simile		0	My hand has seized, as from a nest, the wealth of nations	The king of Assyria compares taking the treasures from the nations to a person taking eggs out of a bird’s nest. This emphasizes how easy it was for him and his army to conquer these other kingdoms. Alternate translation: “My army has stolen the wealth from the nations just as easily as a man takes eggs from a nest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
632	ISA	10	14	au8g	figs-simile		0	as one gathers abandoned eggs, I gathered all the earth	The king of Assyria speaks of taking over nations as if he was gathering eggs. Alternate translation: “just as a person takes eggs from a nest when the bird is not there to protect them, my army has taken the treasures of every nation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
633	ISA	10	14	yer6	figs-simile		0	None fluttered their wings or opened their mouth or chirped	This compares the nations to a bird who sits quietly while her eggs are taken. This emphasizes that the nations did nothing while the army of Assyria took all of their possessions. Alternate translation: “And like a bird that does not make a sound or flap her wings when someone steals her eggs, the nations did nothing as we took their treasure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
634	ISA	10	15	kg69	figs-rquestion		0	Will the ax boast about itself against the one who wields it? Will the saw praise itself more than the one who cuts with it?	The speaker uses these questions to mock the king of Assyria. Alternate translation: “An ax cannot boast that it is better than the one who holds it. And a saw does not get more glory than the one who cuts with it.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
635	ISA	10	15	l68v			0	the saw	a sharp tool used for cutting wood
636	ISA	10	15	e8a7	figs-parallelism		0	It is as if a rod could lift up those who raise it, or as if a wooden club could lift up a person	These phrases mean basically the same thing and are used to strengthen the meaning of the two questions before it. This can be translated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: “And neither can a rod or staff lift the person who picks it up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
637	ISA	10	16	n3zs	figs-abstractnouns		0	Therefore the Lord Yahweh of hosts will send emaciation among his elite warriors	It is unclear whether Yahweh or Isaiah is speaking. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **emaciation**, you could express the same idea with the verb “make weak.” Alternate translation: “Therefore I, Lord Yahweh of hosts, will make the king’s strongest soldiers weak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
638	ISA	10	16	h9uv	figs-simile		0	under his glory there will be kindled a burning like fire	Yahweh compares his punishment to a fire. This emphasizes that his punishment will completely destroy all the splendor and greatness of the kingdom of Assyria. Alternate translation: “I will destroy his greatness as if I were starting a fire to burn everything he is proud of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
639	ISA	10	17	xf7a	figs-metaphor		0	The light of Israel will become a fire	The phrase “light of Israel” refers to Yahweh. It is unclear whether Yahweh or Isaiah is speaking. Alternate translation: “I, Yahweh, the light of Israel, will become like a fire, able to destroy everyone that does not honor me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
640	ISA	10	17	x81s			0	his Holy One a flame	“I, Yahweh, the Holy one of Israel, will become like a flame.” See how you translated “Holy One” in [Isaiah 1:4](../01/04.md).
641	ISA	10	17	nh6j	figs-metaphor		0	it will burn and devour his thorns and briers	“The fire will burn and devour the king of Assyria’s thorns and briars.” The speaker compares the king of Assyria’s army to thorns and briers. This emphasizes how easily God will destroy them. Alternate translation: “I will destroy the Assyrians like a fire burning thorns and briers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
642	ISA	10	17	a8i4	figs-doublet		0	thorns … briers	The words “briers” and “thorns” both refer to useless, thorny plants; they can be translated using one expression. See how you translated these words in [Isaiah 7:23](../07/23.md). Alternate translation: “thorn bushes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
643	ISA	10	18	e4pz	figs-metaphor		0	Yahweh will consume the glory of his forest and of his fruitful land	This could mean: (1) “Yahweh will destroy the great forests and farmlands in the nation of Assyria” or (2) “Yahweh will destroy the army of Assyria as a fire burns up great forests and farmlands.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
644	ISA	10	18	ice3	figs-merism		0	both soul and body	This could mean: (1) this emphasizes that God will completely destroy the forests and farmlands. Alternate translation: “completely” or (2) this means God will completely destroy the people of Assyria. The phrase “soul and body” refers to the spiritual part and the physical part of a person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
645	ISA	10	18	r1h9	figs-simile		0	it will be like when a sick man’s life wastes away	This compares either the forests and farmlands of Assyria or the army of Assyria to a sick man as he lies in bed dying. This emphasizes how something so great can become weak and dying. Alternate translation: “they will be like a sick man who grows weak and dies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
646	ISA	10	19	li2a			0	The remnant of the trees of his forest will be so few	Alternate translation: “What remains of the trees in the king’s forest will be so few”
647	ISA	10	20	whj2	figs-idiom		0	On that day	This refers to the time when God does the things that are described in [Isaiah 10:16-19](./16.md). Alternate translation: “At that time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
648	ISA	10	20	jx5m	figs-explicit		0	that has escaped	The meaning can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “that has escaped from the army of Assyria” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
649	ISA	10	20	t38g			0	will no longer rely on the one who defeated them	Alternate translation: “will no longer rely on the king of Assyria, who harmed them”
650	ISA	10	20	j4ug			0	Holy One	See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:4](../01/04.md).
651	ISA	10	22	l3hy	figs-you		0	your people, Israel, are	Here, **your** is singular. Possible meanings are: (1) God is speaking to Isaiah and “your” refers to Isaiah. Alternate translation: “your people Israel are” or (2) Isaiah or God is speaking to the nation of Israel and “your” refers to the nation. Alternate translation: “your people, O Israel, are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
652	ISA	10	22	tmc6	figs-simile		0	are like the sand of the seashore	This emphasizes that there were a great number of people of Israel. Alternate translation: “are too many to count, like the sand on the seashore” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
653	ISA	10	22	xt1x	figs-activepassive		0	Destruction is decreed	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has decreed that he will destroy most of those who live in Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
654	ISA	10	22	gb5g			0	as overflowing righteousness demands	This can be translated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: “This must be done for the sake of perfect righteousness” or “Yahweh must do this because he is completely righteous”
655	ISA	10	23	m3jr	figs-activepassive		0	carry out the destruction determined throughout the land	This can be translated in active form. This could mean: (1) Alternate translation: “destroy everything in the land just as he has determined to do” or (2) Alternate translation: “destroy the people in the land just as he has determined to do.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
656	ISA	10	23	b19q			0	determined	Alternate translation: “decided”
657	ISA	10	24	ww5n	figs-personification		0	the Assyrian	Isaiah speaks of the king of Assyria and his army as if he were one man. Alternate translation: “the king of Assyria and his army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
658	ISA	10	24	i2ep	figs-metaphor		0	He will strike you with the rod and raise his staff against you	The words “rod” and “staff” refer to pieces of wood that people use as clubs to beat animals and other people. Isaiah speaks of the way the Assyrians will rule over the Israelites as if the Assyrians were beating the Israelites with clubs. Alternate translation: “He will rule over you and make slaves of you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
659	ISA	10	24	an2d	figs-synecdoche		0	He will strike	The word “He” refers to “the Assyrian” which represents the king of Assyria and his army. Alternate translation: “He and his army will strike” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
660	ISA	10	24	l3xf	figs-explicit		0	as the Egyptians did	The full meaning can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “as the Egyptians ruled over your ancestors and made them slaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
661	ISA	10	25	w374	figs-abstractnouns		0	my anger will lead to his destruction	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **destruction**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “I will destroy him because I am angry with him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
662	ISA	10	26	h791			0	Yahweh of hosts	See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md).
663	ISA	10	26	fnc8	figs-metaphor		0	will wield a whip against them	“will beat the Assyrians with a whip.” God will not really use a whip. This refers to God’s power to punish the Assyrians severely. Alternate translation: “will punish the Assyrians severely as if with a whip” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
664	ISA	10	26	zpq7	translate-names		0	as when he defeated Midian at the rock of Oreb	This refers to when God helped a man named Gideon defeat the army of Midian. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
665	ISA	10	26	vx2h	figs-metaphor		0	He will raise his rod over the sea and lift it up as he did in Egypt	This speaks of God rescuing the people from the Assyrians as if they were the Egyptian army. This refers to when God caused the water of the Red Sea to split so the people of Israel could escape from the Egyptian army and so that the Egyptian army would drown in it. Alternate translation: “He will help you escape from the army of Assyria as he helped your ancestors escape the army of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
666	ISA	10	27	e1j7	figs-activepassive		0	his burden is lifted from your shoulder and his yoke from off your neck	“Yahweh will lift the burden that Assyria has put on your shoulder, and he will remove the yoke that they have put on your neck.” These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The words “burden” and “yoke” refer to slavery. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will remove the Assyrians who oppress you and will stop them from making you their slaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
667	ISA	10	27	x77u	figs-activepassive		0	the yoke will be destroyed because of fatness	This expression suggests that the neck of the animal that is wearing the yoke will become too fat to fit the yoke any longer. This is a metaphor for Israel becoming so strong that the Assyrians can no longer rule them. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “your neck will become so fat that it will break the yoke” or “you will become so strong that you will no longer be the Assyrians’ slaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
668	ISA	10	28	dh9d	figs-pastforfuture		0	has come … has passed … has stored	Isaiah speaks of these future events as though they have already happened. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
669	ISA	10	28	c6sg	translate-names		0	Aiath … Migron … Michmash	These are all cities and villages near Jerusalem that the army of Assyria went through and caused trouble in. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
670	ISA	10	29	nvp6	figs-pastforfuture		0	have crossed … lodge … trembles … has fled	Isaiah speaks of these future events as though they have already happened. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
671	ISA	10	29	fay6	translate-names		0	Geba … Ramah … Gibeah	These are all cities and villages near Jerusalem that the army of Assyria went through and caused trouble in. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
672	ISA	10	29	b3vg	figs-metonymy		0	Ramah trembles and Gibeah of Saul has fled	Here “Ramah” and “Gibeah of Saul” refer to the people who lived in those cities. Alternate translation: “The people of Ramah tremble and the people of Gibeah of Saul have fled” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
673	ISA	10	30	y4ej	figs-idiom		0	daughter of Gallim	The word “daughter” here refers to the people who live in the city. Alternate translation: “Gallim” or “people of Gallim” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
674	ISA	10	30	ybe1	figs-metonymy		0	Gallim … Laishah … Anathoth	These are names of more cities and villages near Jerusalem that the Assyrian army traveled through causing fear among the people. All of these refer to the people who live in these places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
675	ISA	10	31	dv9p	figs-metonymy		0	Madmenah … Gebim	These are names of more cities and villages near Jerusalem that the Assyrian army traveled through causing fear among the people. All of these refer to the people who live in these places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
676	ISA	10	32	dub4	figs-metonymy		0	Nob	This is the name of a village or city near Jerusalem that the Assyrian army traveled through causing fear among the people. It refers to the people who live in this place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
677	ISA	10	32	bf9q	figs-idiom		0	he will halt at Nob and shake his fist	Here “he” and “his” refer to the king of Assyria and his soldiers. People would shake their fists at people whom they were threatening. Alternate translation: “the army of Assyria will stop at Nob and threaten” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
678	ISA	10	32	crq2	figs-metonymy		0	the mountain of the daughter of Zion, the hill of Jerusalem	The words “mount” and “hill” are metonyms for the people who live on them. The words “mount of the daughter of Zion” mean almost the same thing as the words “hill of Jerusalem.” See how they are translated in [Isaiah 2:14](../02/14.md). Alternate translation: “the people of Mount Zion and the people living on the hill in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
679	ISA	10	33	fn7x			0	Behold	This can be translated as “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you.”
680	ISA	10	33	a8t9			0	Yahweh of hosts	See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md).
681	ISA	10	33	bh4r	figs-metaphor		0	will lop off the boughs … the lofty will be brought low	Isaiah speaks of the army of Assyria as if it were the tall trees in Lebanon. God will destroy the army like people cutting down the mighty trees of Lebanon. This emphasizes that though the army is strong, God has the power to destroy it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
682	ISA	10	33	qb4e	figs-metaphor		0	will lop off the boughs	“will cut off the big branches of the trees.” In order to make it clear that this refers to the army of Assyria, it can be translated as a simile: He will destroy the army of Assyria like strong men cutting off the big branches of trees. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
683	ISA	10	33	xxu4	figs-abstractnouns		0	with a terrifying crash	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **crash**, you could express the same idea with the verb “make a noise.” Alternate translation: “and the branches will crash down on the ground and make a terrifying noise” or “and the branches will fall to the ground with a very loud noise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
684	ISA	10	33	jg1h	figs-activepassive		0	the tallest trees will be cut down	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he will cut down the tallest trees” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
685	ISA	10	33	uza4	figs-metaphor		0	the tallest trees	This is a metaphor for “the strongest soldiers.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
686	ISA	10	33	n2ts	figs-activepassive		0	the lofty will be brought low	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he will bring down the lofty people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
687	ISA	10	33	bra5			0	lofty	proud
688	ISA	10	34	f4p6	figs-metaphor		0	He will chop down the thickets … and Lebanon in his majesty will fall	Isaiah speaks of the army of Assyria as if it were the tall trees in Lebanon. God will destroy the army like people cutting down the mighty trees of Lebanon. This emphasizes that though the army is strong, God has the power to destroy it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
689	ISA	10	34	xu8i	figs-metaphor		0	the thickets of the forest	“the dense shrubs in the forest.” This is possibly a metaphor for those people who are not well known. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
690	ISA	10	34	g78z	figs-metaphor		0	Lebanon in his majesty will fall	“the forests of Lebanon will no longer be so grand.” This is possibly a metaphor for the Assyrian army. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will defeat the army of Assyria, as mighty as it is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
691	ISA	11	intro	v1l2			0		# Isaiah 11 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Messiah<br>The prophecies of this chapter focus on the coming Messiah. Some of these prophecies concern the first coming of Jesus, while some reference a future day of restoration. The author transitions between these time periods without telling his reader. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Ambiguity<br>It is uncertain what period of time these prophecies refer to or who will fulfill them. The translator should allow this uncertainty and ambiguity to remain. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]])
692	ISA	11	1	fxf2	figs-parallelism		0	A shoot will sprout from the stump of Jesse … a branch out of his roots will bear fruit	Isaiah speaks of Jesse and his descendants as if they were a tree that had been cut down. Both of these phrases tell about a descendant of Jesse who would be king. Alternate translation: “As a shoot sprouts out of a tree stump, so a descendant of Jesse will become king over what remains of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
693	ISA	11	1	b412	figs-metaphor		0	the stump of Jesse	A stump is what remains of a tree after it is chopped down. The “stump of Jesse” represents what was left of the kingdom that Jesse’s son David was once king of. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
694	ISA	11	2	ptc5	figs-metaphor		0	The Spirit of Yahweh will rest upon him	Resting upon him represents being with him and helping him. The word “him” refers to the one who would become king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
695	ISA	11	2	jsu4	figs-metonymy		0	the Spirit of wisdom … the Spirit of instruction … the Spirit of knowledge … the fear of Yahweh	Here the word “Spirit” refers to an ability or quality that the Spirit of Yahweh would give him. Alternate translation: “and he will cause him to have wisdom and understanding, instruction and might, knowledge and the fear of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
696	ISA	11	3	dks6			0	Connecting Statement:	Isaiah continues to describe the king.
697	ISA	11	3	euz8	figs-explicit		0	he will not judge by what his eyes see	The phrase “what his eyes see” refers to seeing things that are not important for judging a person rightly. Alternate translation: “he will not judge a person simply by seeing what the person looks like” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
698	ISA	11	3	vff3	figs-explicit		0	nor decide by what his ears hear	“and he will not decide by what his ears hear.” The phrase “what his ears hear” refers to hearing what people say about someone. Alternate translation: “and he will not judge a person simply by hearing what others say about him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
699	ISA	11	4	qt3z	figs-nominaladj		0	the poor … the humble … the wicked	These phrases refer to people who have these qualities. Alternate translation: “poor people … humble people … wicked people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
700	ISA	11	4	i8ls	figs-parallelism		0	He will strike the earth with the rod of his mouth … with the breath of his lips he will slay the wicked	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
701	ISA	11	4	t6i4	figs-metonymy		0	He will strike the earth with the rod of his mouth	The word “earth” here represents the people on earth. Striking them with the rod of his mouth represents judging them, and that judgement will lead to punishment. Alternate translation: “He will judge the people of the earth, and they will be punished” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
702	ISA	11	4	ud4k	figs-metonymy		0	with the breath of his lips he will slay the wicked	The “breath of his lips” represents him judging them. Alternate translation: “he will judge wicked people, and they will be killed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
703	ISA	11	5	izw4			0	the belt of his waist … the belt around his hips	This could mean: (1) the belt is used to secure one’s clothes so he can work, or (2) the belt is an undergarment, or (3) the belt is a sash that a king wears to show his authority.
704	ISA	11	5	d2b4	figs-metaphor		0	Righteousness will be the belt of his waist	Wearing righteousness like a belt represents being righteous. This could mean: (1) the king’s righteousness will enable him to rule. Alternate translation: “His righteousness will be a like a belt around his waist” or (2) the king’s righteousness would show his authority to rule. Alternate translation: “He will rule righteously” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
705	ISA	11	5	xpa4	figs-ellipsis		0	faithfulness the belt around his hips	The words “will be” are understood in this phrase. Alternate translation: “faithfulness will be the belt around his hips” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
706	ISA	11	5	z7kt	figs-metaphor		0	faithfulness the belt around his hips	Wearing faithfulness like a belt represents being faithful. This could mean: (1) the king’s faithfulness will enable him to rule, or (2) the king’s faithfulness will show his authority to rule. Alternate translation: “his faithfulness will be a like a belt around his hips” or “he will rule faithfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
707	ISA	11	6	x4db			0	General Information:	Isaiah describes what the world will be like when the king rules. There will be complete peace in the world. This is shown by the peace that there will be even among animals. Animals that normally kill other animals will not kill them, and they will all be safe together.
708	ISA	11	6	vib1	figs-genericnoun		0	The wolf … the leopard … the young lion	These phrases refer to these animals in general, not to a specific wolf or leopard. These are all strong animals that attack and eat other animals. Alternate translation: “Wolves … leopards … young lions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
709	ISA	11	6	ns1s	figs-genericnoun		0	the lamb … the young goat … the calf … the fattened calf	The phrases refer to these animals in general, not to a specific lamb or goat. These are all animals that eat grass and straw. Other animals sometimes attack and eat them. Alternate translation: “lambs … young goats … calves … fattened calves … Cows … oxen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
710	ISA	11	6	uz7p	translate-unknown		0	leopard	a large cat with yellow fur and black spots that kills and eats other animals (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
711	ISA	11	6	z3nc	figs-ellipsis		0	the calf, the young lion and the fattened calf, together	The phrase “will be” is understood. Alternate translation: “the calf, the lion, and the fattened calf will be together” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
712	ISA	11	6	z96c			0	A little child will lead them	A child will take care of them and lead them to good places to drink water and eat grass or hay.
713	ISA	11	7	u4nf	figs-genericnoun		0	the bear … The lion	These phrases refer to these animals in general, not to a specific wolf or leopard. These are all strong animals that attack and eat other animals. Alternate translation: “Wolves … leopards … young lions … bears … Lions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
714	ISA	11	7	i5nr	figs-genericnoun		0	The cow … the ox	The phrases refer to these animals in general, not to a specific lamb or goat. These are all animals that eat grass and straw. Other animals sometimes attack and eat them. Alternate translation: “lambs … young goats … calves … fattened calves … Cows … oxen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
715	ISA	11	7	u76u	translate-unknown		0	bear	a very large animal with thick hair and sharp claws that kills and eats other animals (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
716	ISA	11	7	jf3m			0	will graze together	Alternate translation: “will eat grass together”
717	ISA	11	7	shd9			0	their young	This refers to the animals’ offspring shortly after they are born.
718	ISA	11	8	bkr7	figs-explicit		0	A baby will play over the hole of the snake	It can be stated clearly that the baby will be safe because the snake will not bite it. Alternate translation: “Babies will play safely over the hole of the snake” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
719	ISA	11	8	nmp6	figs-genericnoun		0	the snake … the serpent’s den	These phrases refer to poisonous snakes in general. Alternate translation: “snakes … serpents’ dens” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
720	ISA	11	8	c4md			0	the weaned child	a child who no longer drinks its mother’s milk
721	ISA	11	9	czb2			0	on all my holy mountain	The “holy mountain” is Mount Zion, in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “on all of Yahweh’s holy mountain”
722	ISA	11	9	zv3a	figs-metonymy		0	the earth will be full of knowledge of Yahweh	The phrase “knowledge of Yahweh” represents people who know Yahweh. Alternate translation: “the earth will be full of those who know Yahweh” or “those who know Yahweh will cover the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
723	ISA	11	9	asy7	figs-simile		0	as the waters cover the sea	This phrase is used to show how full the earth will be of people who know Yahweh. You may want to help your readers to understand that it does this by using words that are similar to the words in the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “as the seas are full of water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
724	ISA	11	10	b699	figs-metonymy		0	the root of Jesse	This refers to Jesse’s and King David’s descendant who would become the king that was told about in [Isaiah 1:1](../01/01.md). Alternate translation: “Jesse’s descendant king” or “the king descended from Jesse” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
725	ISA	11	10	x6gn	figs-simile		0	will stand as a banner for the peoples	A banner is a flag that a king would raise as a sign for people to see it and come to him. Alternate translation: “will be like a sign for the peoples” or “will attract the peoples to come to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
726	ISA	11	10	e7wp			0	The nations	Alternate translation: “The people of the nations”
727	ISA	11	11	g27p	figs-metonymy		0	the Lord will again extend his hand to recover the remnant of his people	The hand is a reference to God’s power. Alternate translation: “the Lord will again use his power to bring back the remnant of his people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
728	ISA	11	11	nr2i	translate-names		0	Pathros … Elam … Hamath	These are names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
729	ISA	11	12	f68i	figs-metaphor		0	He will set up a banner for the nations	This could mean: (1) “The Lord will set up the king as a banner for the nations” or (2) “The king will set up a banner for the nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
730	ISA	11	12	n5uv			0	a banner for the nations	Alternate translation: “a flag for the nations to see” or “a flag to call the nations to himself”
731	ISA	11	12	wg94			0	the dispersed of Judah	Alternate translation: “the people of Judah who had been scattered around the world”
732	ISA	11	12	n4s1	figs-synecdoche		0	from the four corners of the earth	The earth is pictured as if it has four corners, and those corners are its most distant places. This refers to everywhere on earth where those people might be. Alternate translation: “from even the most distant places of the earth” or “from all over the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
733	ISA	11	13	tv6k	figs-abstractnouns		0	He will turn aside the envy of Ephraim	Ephraim here refers to the descendants of the northern kingdom of Israel. The noun “envy” can be expressed as an adjective. Alternate translation: “He will stop the people of Ephraim from being envious” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
734	ISA	11	13	f12r	figs-activepassive		0	Judah will no longer be hostile to Ephraim	Judah here refers to the descendants of the southern kingdom. This phrase can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he will stop the people of Judah from being hostile” or “he will stop the people of Judah from hating” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
735	ISA	11	14	j77a	figs-metaphor		0	they will swoop down on the Philistine hills	The people of Israel and Judah are pictured as if they were birds that fly down quickly to attack a person or animal. Alternate translation: “they will go quickly to the Philistine hills to attack the people there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
736	ISA	11	15	cx6x			0	the gulf of the Sea of Egypt	A “gulf” is a large area of water that land partly surrounds.
737	ISA	11	15	u6da	figs-metaphor		0	With his scorching wind he will wave his hand over the Euphrates River	Waving his hand over something represents his power to change it. Alternate translation: “By his power he will cause a scorching wind to blow on the Euphrates River” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
738	ISA	11	15	k4y5			0	his scorching wind	This is a strong or hot wind that causes some of the water in rivers to dry up.
739	ISA	11	15	hj6s			0	so it can be crossed over in sandals	Alternate translation: “so that people can cross over it even while wearing their sandals”
740	ISA	11	16	e52k			0	There will be a highway	A highway is a large road that many people can travel on. “Yahweh will make a road”
741	ISA	11	16	b1xk			0	in their coming up from the land of Egypt	Alternate translation: “when they came up from the land of Egypt”
742	ISA	12	intro	x9cy			0		# Isaiah 12 General Notes<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### “That day”<br>The time of this day is unclear. It may be a time in the near future for Isaiah, or a time in the distant future for him. In the latter case, it would reference the last days. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Tense<br>Extra care must be taken in translating the tense of this chapter. The author talks about the future, but frequently changes to speak in the present tense. Some languages will have difficulty speaking in this way.
743	ISA	12	1	b681	figs-explicit		0	On that day	It can be stated clearly what time is being referred to. Alternate translation: “At that time” or “When the king rules” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
744	ISA	12	1	cgh8	figs-personification		0	your wrath has turned away	God’s wrath is spoken of as if it were a person that could turn away and leave. It means that God has stopped being angry. Alternate translation: “You are no longer angry with me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
745	ISA	12	2	il35	figs-metaphor		0	God is my salvation	God causing someone’s salvation is spoken of as if God were that salvation. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **salvation**, you could express the same idea with the noun “savior” or the verb “save.” Alternate translation: “God causes my salvation” or “God is my savior” or “God is the one who saves me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
746	ISA	12	2	g2h1	figs-metaphor		0	Yahweh is my strength	God causing someone to be strong is spoken of as if Yahweh were their strength. Alternate translation: “Yahweh makes me strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
747	ISA	12	2	d9eg	figs-metaphor		0	song	The word “song” here represents what a person sings about. Alternate translation: “the one I joyfully sing about” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
748	ISA	12	2	bt8a			0	He has become my salvation	Alternate translation: “He has saved me”
749	ISA	12	3	ig6e	figs-metaphor		0	With joy you will draw water from the wells of salvation	Isaiah speaks of people being saved as if they were getting salvation the way people get water out of well. Alternate translation: “you will rejoice when he saves you, as people rejoice when they draw water from a well” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
750	ISA	12	4	ut6u	figs-metonymy		0	call upon his name	Here “his name” refers to Yahweh. Calling on him represents either praising him or asking him for help. Alternate translation: “praise him loudly” or “call to him to help you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
751	ISA	12	4	jq63	figs-abstractnouns		0	declare his deeds among the peoples	The noun “deeds” can be expressed with the phrase “what he has done.” Alternate translation: “Tell the peoples about the great things he has done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
752	ISA	12	4	wi1x	figs-metonymy		0	proclaim that his name is exalted	Here “his name” refers to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “proclaim that he is exalted” or “proclaim that he is great” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
753	ISA	12	6	b2j7			0	for great in your midst is the Holy One of Israel	Alternate translation: “because the Holy One of Israel, who lives among you, is mighty” or “because the Holy One of Israel is mighty and he lives among you”
754	ISA	13	intro	qak7			0		# Isaiah 13 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Prophecies<br>It is unclear who is addressed by these prophecies. At times, it appears to be the people of Judah, while at other times it seems to reference the last days. This ambiguity should remain in translation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]])
755	ISA	13	1	ifl8	figs-metonymy		0	about Babylon	The name of the city stands for the people of Babylon. Alternate translation: “about the people of Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
756	ISA	13	1	t34a	translate-names		0	Amoz	Amoz was the father of Isaiah. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:1](../01/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
757	ISA	13	2	she6			0	cry aloud to them	The word “them” refers to soldiers from another country.
758	ISA	13	2	dkx5	figs-metonymy		0	the gates of the nobles	This could mean: (1) “the gates of Babylon where the nobles live” or (2) “the gates of the nobles’ large houses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
759	ISA	13	2	tsg1			0	the nobles	Alternate translation: “the respected people” or “the rulers”
760	ISA	13	3	tw9g			0	my holy ones	Alternate translation: “the ones I have set apart for myself” or “the army that I have set apart for myself”
761	ISA	13	3	mlu4	figs-metonymy		0	I have called my mighty men to execute my anger	Executing God’s anger represents punishing people because of God’s anger. Alternate translation: “I have called my mighty soldiers to punish the people of Babylon because they have made me angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
762	ISA	13	3	ye22	figs-explicit		0	even my proudly exulting ones	“even those who proudly exult.” Why they proudly exult can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “even my people who proudly exult because of the great things I do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
763	ISA	13	4	pl8f	figs-ellipsis		0	The noise of a multitude in the mountains, as of many people	The words “there is” are understood. The phrases “multitude” and “many people” mean the same thing. Alternate translation: “There is the noise of many people in the mountains” or “There is the noise of a great crowd of people in the mountains” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
764	ISA	13	4	gi1h	figs-ellipsis		0	The noise of a tumult of the kingdoms like many nations gathered together	The words “there is” are understood. The words “kingdoms” and “nations” here refer to the same thing. Alternate translation: “There is the noisy commotion of many kingdoms gathered together” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
765	ISA	13	4	h5sg			0	is mustering	Alternate translation: “is gathering”
766	ISA	13	5	d44z			0	from way over the horizon	Alternate translation: “from places far beyond the horizon” or “from very distant places”
767	ISA	13	5	dlj9	figs-metaphor		0	his instruments of judgment	The soldiers that God is sending to attack Babylon are spoken of as if they were weapons. “Judgment” represents punishment because God has judged Babylon. Alternate translation: “the army that he will use to punish Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
768	ISA	13	6	qux3			0	Howl	cry out loud. The word is usually used of an animal making a sound because it is in pain.
769	ISA	13	6	dff2	figs-metaphor		0	the day of Yahweh is near	Something that is about to happen soon is spoken of as if it is coming near. Alternate translation: “the day of Yahweh will happen soon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
770	ISA	13	6	x1dx	figs-metaphor		0	it comes with destruction from the Almighty	The word “it” refers to the day of Yahweh. “It comes with destruction” means that destruction will happen on that day. “Destruction from the Almighty” means that the Almighty will destroy them. Alternate translation: “on that day, the Almighty God will destroy them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
771	ISA	13	7	cd7a			0	all hands hang limp	This shows that all the people are very weak and unable to do anything.
772	ISA	13	7	zbv6	figs-metaphor		0	every heart melts	People being terribly afraid is spoken of as if their hearts melt. Alternate translation: “everyone is terribly afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
773	ISA	13	8	cx1n	figs-personification		0	pain and agony will seize them	People suddenly feeling terrible pain and sorrow is spoken of as if the pains and sorrows were people who grab them. Alternate translation: “they will suddenly feel terrible pain and agony” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
774	ISA	13	8	f5tf	figs-metaphor		0	like a woman in labor	Being in labor represents giving birth to a baby. Alternate translation: “like a woman giving birth to a baby” or “like the pain of a woman who is giving birth to a baby” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
775	ISA	13	8	ixg7	figs-metaphor		0	their faces will be aflame	Their faces being hot and red is spoken of as if they were burning. Possible reasons for their faces being hot are: (1) the people are very afraid or (2) the people feel ashamed or (3) the people cry. Alternate translation: “their faces will be hot and red” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
776	ISA	13	9	wx9a	figs-metaphor		0	the day of Yahweh comes with cruel wrath and overflowing anger	The day coming with wrath and anger means that there will be wrath and anger on that day. The abstract nouns “wrath” and “anger” can be expressed with the adjectives “furious” and “angry.” Alternate translation: “on the day of Yahweh, he will be furious and extremely angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
777	ISA	13	9	g4nq	figs-metaphor		0	overflowing anger	Anger here is spoken of as if the one who is angry is a container filled with anger. Overflowing anger means that he is extremely angry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
778	ISA	13	9	i8e4	figs-abstractnouns		0	to make the land a desolation	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **desolation**, you could express the same idea with the verb “ruin.” Alternate translation: “to ruin the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
779	ISA	13	10	d93q			0	The stars of heaven and the constellations	Alternate translation: “The stars in the sky”
780	ISA	13	10	njr5	figs-idiom		0	will not give their light	Giving light represents “shining.” Alternate translation: “will not shine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
781	ISA	13	10	mgq5	figs-activepassive		0	The sun will be darkened	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will darken the sun” or “The sun will be dark” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
782	ISA	13	11	s3b1			0	Connecting Statement:	Yahweh continues to talk about what he will do on the day of Yahweh.
783	ISA	13	11	n1em	figs-metonymy		0	the world	This refers to people. Alternate translation: “the people of the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
784	ISA	13	11	e48c	figs-nominaladj		0	the wicked … the proud … the ruthless	These phrases refer to people who have these qualities. Alternate translation: “wicked people … proud people … ruthless people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
785	ISA	13	11	d1ab			0	the ruthless	Alternate translation: “cruel people”
786	ISA	13	11	j6vq	figs-metaphor		0	will bring down the arrogance of the ruthless	Being low often represents being humble. Bringing down people’s arrogance represents making them humble. Alternate translation: “will humble the ruthless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
787	ISA	13	12	myy1	figs-explicit		0	I will make men more rare than fine gold	Why there will be so few people can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “I will cause so many people to die that living people will be more rare than fine gold” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
788	ISA	13	12	fe8w	figs-parallelism		0	men more rare than fine gold … mankind harder to find than the pure gold of Ophir	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
789	ISA	13	12	bwf1	translate-names		0	pure gold of Ophir	Ophir was the name of a place where there was pure gold. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
790	ISA	13	14	d26d	translate-unknown		0	Like a hunted gazelle or like a sheep with no shepherd	Yahweh speaks of the defenseless people of Israel as if they were a gazelle or a sheep that was being chased by hunters or wild animals. Alternate translation: “Like gazelles that run away swiftly when people hunt them, and like sheep that have no shepherd run away from wild animals” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
791	ISA	13	14	mn88	translate-unknown		0	gazelle	an animal that is similar to a deer. People hunt them, and wild animals sometimes attack and kill them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
792	ISA	13	14	x7hp			0	like a sheep with no shepherd	Sheep that have no shepherd have no one to protect them from wild animals that attack and kill them.
793	ISA	13	15	e18y	figs-parallelism		0	Every one who is found will be killed … every one who is captured will die by the sword	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The enemy will kill with the sword everyone they find” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
794	ISA	13	16	zj38	figs-activepassive		0	Their infants also will be dashed in pieces	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The enemy will also dash their infants to pieces” or “The enemy will beat their infants until they die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
795	ISA	13	16	hv3v	figs-explicit		0	before their eyes	Here the people are represented by their “eyes” to emphasize what they see. It can be stated clearly that the parents are unable to help their infants. Alternate translation: “in front of them” or “while their parents helplessly watch” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
796	ISA	13	16	j6pn	figs-activepassive		0	Their houses will be plundered	This means that everything valuable will be stolen from their houses. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The enemy will plunder the people’s houses” or “The enemy will steal everything valuable from the people’s houses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
797	ISA	13	16	tfy7	figs-ellipsis		0	their wives raped	This means that the enemies will attack the women and force them to have sex with them. The words “will be” are understood. This can also be expressed with an active form. Alternate translation: “their wives will be raped” or “their enemies will rape their wives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
798	ISA	13	17	q8ne			0	Connecting Statement:	Yahweh continues speaking.
799	ISA	13	17	nqb5	figs-metaphor		0	I am about to stir up the Medes to attack them	Making people want to do something is spoken of as stirring them up. Alternate translation: “I am about to make the Medes want to attack them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
800	ISA	13	18	xh97	figs-metonymy		0	Their bows will strike down	Here “their bows” is a metonym for the soldiers who use the bows. Alternate translation: “Their soldiers will use bows and arrows to kill” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
801	ISA	13	19	fu8y			0	Connecting Statement:	Yahweh continues speaking.
802	ISA	13	19	cz67	figs-activepassive		0	the most admired of kingdoms	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the kingdom that people most admire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
803	ISA	13	19	z4ui	figs-activepassive		0	Then Babylon … will be overthrown by God	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Then God will destroy Babylon, the most admired of kingdoms, the splendor of Chaldean pride, as he destroyed Sodom and Gomorrah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
804	ISA	13	19	qt9e	figs-abstractnouns		0	the splendor of Chaldean pride	The abstract nouns “splendor” and “pride” can be translated with adjectives. The word “splendor” refers to the beautiful appearance of Babylon. Alternate translation: “the beautiful city that the Chaldeans are so proud of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
805	ISA	13	20	lb19	figs-doublet		0	It will not be inhabited or lived in	The two verbs mean basically the same thing. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “No one will live in it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
806	ISA	13	20	zgq2	figs-idiom		0	from generation to generation	The phrase “generation to generation” refers to all generations of people who will live in the future. Alternate translation: “for ever” or “ever again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
807	ISA	13	20	vjg1	figs-genericnoun		0	The Arab	This refers to Arab people in general, not one person. Alternate translation: “Arabs” or “Arab people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
808	ISA	13	21	aq3d			0	Connecting Statement:	Yahweh continues speaking about what will happen to Babylon.
809	ISA	13	21	t272			0	will lie there	Alternate translation: “will lie in Babylon”
810	ISA	13	21	ym5w			0	Their houses	Alternate translation: “The people’s houses”
811	ISA	13	21	a5fz	translate-unknown		0	owls	Owls are wild birds that hunt at night. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
812	ISA	13	21	tw7k	translate-unknown		0	ostriches	Ostriches are large wild birds that run fast and cannot fly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
813	ISA	13	22	r81d	translate-unknown		0	Hyenas	Hyenas are large wild animals that look like dogs and eat dead animals. Their loud cry sounds like a person laughing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
814	ISA	13	22	inv9	figs-ellipsis		0	jackals in the beautiful palaces	The words “will cry” are understood. Alternate translation: “jackals will cry in the beautiful palaces” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
815	ISA	13	22	ly2k	translate-unknown		0	jackals	wild dogs (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
816	ISA	13	22	wym1	figs-parallelism		0	Her time is near, and her days will not be delayed	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. “Her time” and “her days” both refer to the time that God has chosen for Babylon to be destroyed. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The time that all of this will happen to the people of Babylon is near, and nothing will stop it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
817	ISA	14	intro	k7wp			0		# Isaiah 14 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 14:4-27, 29-32.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Satan<br>It is believed that this chapter references Satan. It describes Satan as a star fallen from heaven. There are five important statements beginning with the words “I will” which appear to show the essence of Satan’s sin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/satan]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br><br>### Babylon<br>This is the name of the kingdom that conquered Judah, but it is also the name representing Satan’s kingdom in prophecies. They were not yet a world power when these words were spoken. It should be translated as “Babylon,” but translators should be aware of its dual meaning.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Israel<br>The use of Israel in this chapter is in reference to the nation or people group of Israel. It is this Israel who will be restored and not the kingdom of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]])
818	ISA	14	1	i59z	figs-metonymy		0	Yahweh will have compassion on Jacob	Here “Jacob” refers to the descendants of Jacob. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will have mercy on the descendants of Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
819	ISA	14	1	i2au	figs-metonymy		0	attach themselves to the house of Jacob	The house of Jacob refers to the descendants of Jacob, the Israelites. Alternate translation: “unite with the descendants of Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
820	ISA	14	2	s7ge			0	The nations will bring them to their own place	Alternate translation: “The nations will bring the descendants of Jacob back to the land of Israel”
821	ISA	14	2	v647	figs-metonymy		0	the house of Israel	This refers to the Israelites, the descendants of Israel. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
822	ISA	14	2	v5tj			0	They will take captive those who had captured them	Alternate translation: “The Israelite soldiers will take as captives those who had captured Israelites”
823	ISA	14	3	alz7	figs-you		0	from your suffering and anguish	The word “your” is singular, but it refers to the people of Israel. Also, “suffering” and “anguish” mean basically the same thing and are used together for emphasis. Alternate translation: “from the things that have caused you to suffer greatly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
824	ISA	14	4	nfw3			0	How the oppressor has come to an end	“The oppressor has come to an end.” This is an exclamation.
825	ISA	14	4	bb3j	figs-ellipsis		0	the proud fury ended	The words “how and “has” are understood. Alternate translation: “how the proud fury has ended” or “his pride and fury have ended” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
826	ISA	14	4	a26w	figs-metonymy		0	the proud fury ended	The “proud fury” refers to the king of Babylon being proud and treating other nations cruelly. Alternate translation: “his cruelty has ended” or “he can no longer oppress people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
827	ISA	14	5	v7xw			0	Connecting Statement:	This is part of the taunt song that the Israelites will sing to the king of Babylon.
828	ISA	14	5	gb7c	figs-metonymy		0	Yahweh has broken the staff of the wicked	The staff of the wicked probably refers to a stick that wicked people would hit other people with. Breaking that stick represents destroying their power to treat people cruelly. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has destroyed the power of the wicked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
829	ISA	14	5	bz1k	figs-metonymy		0	the scepter of those rulers	A scepter represents a ruler’s power to rule. Breaking the scepter represents destroying the ruler’s power. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has destroyed the power of the wicked rulers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
830	ISA	14	6	yr4l			0	that struck the peoples	“who struck the peoples.” Wicked people struck the peoples with their staff.
831	ISA	14	6	u5vx			0	with unceasing blows	Alternate translation: “without stopping” or “again and again”
832	ISA	14	6	te29			0	that ruled the nations	Alternate translation: “who conquered other nations”
833	ISA	14	6	xy5f			0	with an attack that was unrestrained	Alternate translation: “attacking them without stopping”
834	ISA	14	7	efq4			0	Connecting Statement:	This is part of the taunt song that the Israelites will sing to the king of Babylon.
835	ISA	14	7	sk3p	figs-metonymy		0	The whole earth	This refers to everyone on earth. Alternate translation: “everyone on earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
836	ISA	14	8	w8ty	figs-personification		0	Even the cypress trees rejoice over you with the cedars of Lebanon	Isaiah speaks of the trees as if they were people who could rejoice. This emphasizes that it is such a great thing that God has stopped the king of Babylon that even nature would rejoice if it could. Alternate translation: “It will be as if even the cyprus trees and the cedars of Lebanon rejoice over you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
837	ISA	14	8	qr3b	figs-explicit		0	rejoice over you	Why they rejoice can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “rejoice that God has made you powerless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
838	ISA	14	8	a29a	figs-metaphor		0	Since you are laid low	Being laid low represents being made powerless and unimportant. Alternate translation: “Since you have become powerless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
839	ISA	14	9	k8jm	figs-personification		0	Sheol below is eager to meet you	Sheol is spoken of as if it were a person who is eager to meet his guests. This implies that the king dies. Alternate translation: “Sheol is like a host eager to meet you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
840	ISA	14	9	hb56	figs-personification		0	It arouses the dead for you, all the kings of the earth	“it wakes up the dead for you, all the kings of the earth.” Sheol is spoken of as if it were a person that could wake up those who are in it. Alternate translation: “All the dead kings of the earth in Sheol wake up to greet you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
841	ISA	14	10	m71x			0	Connecting Statement:	This is part of the taunt song that the Israelites will sing to the king of Babylon. Here they sing about what the dead kings in Sheol will say to him.
842	ISA	14	10	ykp8			0	They all will speak and say to you	The word “they” refers to the dead kings in Sheol, and the word “you” refers to the king of Babylon.
843	ISA	14	11	d9xe	figs-metaphor		0	Your pomp has been brought down to Sheol	The dead kings will speak of the king of Babylon having no more splendor as if his splendor had gone down to Sheol. Alternate translation: “Your splendor ended when God sent you here to Sheol” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
844	ISA	14	11	lm34	figs-metaphor		0	with the sound of your string instruments	People would make music on string instruments to honor the king. The dead kings will speak of people no longer honoring the king of Babylon with music as if the music went to Sheol. Alternate translation: “along with the sound of people playing music to honor you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
845	ISA	14	11	x7m3	figs-metaphor		0	Maggots are spread under you	The maggots under his dead body are spoken of as if they were a mat or bed. Alternate translation: “You lie on a bed of maggots” or “You lie on many maggots” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
846	ISA	14	11	bsu7	figs-metaphor		0	worms cover you	The worms all over his body are spoken of as if they were covering him like a blanket. Alternate translation: “Worms cover you like a blanket” or “There are worms all over your body” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
847	ISA	14	12	ecp6			0	Connecting Statement:	This is part of the taunt song that the Israelites will sing to the king of Babylon.
848	ISA	14	12	g41s	figs-metaphor		0	How you are fallen from heaven, daystar, son of the morning	The daystar is a bright star that rises just before morning. The people of Israel will refer to the king of Babylon in terms of this star in order to imply that he once was great, but now he was not. Alternate translation: “You were like the bright morning star, but you have fallen from the sky” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
849	ISA	14	12	tms3	figs-metaphor		0	How you are cut down to the ground	The people of Israel will speak of the king of Babylon as if he were a tree that was cut down. Alternate translation: “You are defeated like a tree that someone has cut down to the ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
850	ISA	14	13	fum9	figs-explicit		0	I will sit on the mount of assembly	This alludes to the myth that many people in the Ancient Near East knew, that the Canaanite gods met in council on the top of a mountain in the northern part of Syria. Sitting on the mountain represents ruling with the gods. Alternate translation: “I will rule on the mountain where the gods assemble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
851	ISA	14	13	fr5j			0	in the far reaches of the north	The mountain in the north was apparently called Zaphon. Some modern versions say “far away on the sides of Zaphon.” Alternate translation: “in the most northern places”
852	ISA	14	15	ytw5			0	Connecting Statement:	This is part of the taunt song that the Israelites will sing to the king of Babylon.
853	ISA	14	15	lyk7	figs-activepassive		0	Yet you are now brought down to Sheol	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “But now God has sent you down to Sheol” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
854	ISA	14	16	ne9m	figs-rquestion		0	Is this the man	The people will use this question either to mock the king of Babylon, or to express their shock at what has happened to him. Alternate translation: “Surely, this is not the man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
855	ISA	14	16	uu7r	figs-metonymy		0	who made the earth tremble	This could mean: (1) the earth trembled as the king’s army marched to conquer people, or (2) this refers to the people of the earth trembling in fear of him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
856	ISA	14	16	i1pd	figs-metaphor		0	shook kingdoms	This could mean: (1) this is a metaphor for “conquered kingdoms” or (2) this is metonymy for “terrified the people of kingdoms.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
857	ISA	14	17	n2f9			0	who made the world like a wilderness	Alternate translation: “who made the places where people lived into a wilderness”
858	ISA	14	18	hj9m			0	Connecting Statement:	This is the end of the taunt song that the Israelites will sing to the king of Babylon.
859	ISA	14	18	k97g	figs-explicit		0	all of them lie down in honor	This means that their bodies were buried in an honorable way. Alternate translation: “all the kings who have died are buried in an honorable way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
860	ISA	14	19	s2s8	figs-metaphor		0	But you are cast out of your grave	Being thrown out of the grave represents not being buried. Alternate translation: “But you are not buried. Your body is left on the ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
861	ISA	14	19	a19s	figs-simile		0	like a branch thrown away	A branch thrown away represents something worthless. Alternate translation: “like a worthless branch that is tossed aside” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
862	ISA	14	19	zn4w	figs-simile		0	The dead cover you like a garment	This represents many dead bodies being on top of his body. Alternate translation: “The bodies of dead people completely cover your body” or “The bodies of dead soldiers are piled on top of your body” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
863	ISA	14	19	s24w	figs-metonymy		0	those pierced by the sword	This describes “the dead” spoken of at the beginning of this sentence. Being pierced by the sword represents being killed in battle. Alternate translation: “those who were killed in battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
864	ISA	14	19	vwg8			0	who go down to the stones of the pit	The pit refers either to hell, or to a large hole in the ground where many dead bodies are simply dumped.
865	ISA	14	20	p1jq	figs-metaphor		0	You will not join them in burial	The word “them” refers to the other kings who died and were buried properly. Joining them in burial represents being buried as they were. Alternate translation: “you will never be buried as other kings were buried” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
866	ISA	14	20	dax2	figs-activepassive		0	The offspring of evildoers will never be mentioned again	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “no one will ever speak again about the descendants of evildoers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
867	ISA	14	21	m117	figs-abstractnouns		0	Prepare your slaughter for his children	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **slaughter**, you could express the same idea with the verb “kill.” Alternate translation: “Get ready to kill the children of the king of Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
868	ISA	14	21	usu5	figs-abstractnouns		0	for the iniquity of their ancestors	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **iniquity**, you could express the same idea with the verb “sinned greatly.” Alternate translation: “because their forefathers have sinned greatly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
869	ISA	14	21	dsj6	figs-metonymy		0	so they will not rise up	Here “rise up” represents either becoming powerful or attacking. Alternate translation: “so they will not become powerful” or “so they will not attack” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
870	ISA	14	21	urm2	figs-metaphor		0	possess the earth	This represents taking control of the people on the earth, in this case by conquering them. Alternate translation: “take control of the peoples on the earth” or “conquer the peoples on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
871	ISA	14	21	pdw1	figs-metaphor		0	fill the whole world with cities	This represents causing the world to have many cities on it. Alternate translation: “build cities all over the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
872	ISA	14	22	sk3n	figs-123person		0	this is the declaration of Yahweh of hosts	Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh of hosts has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh of hosts, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
873	ISA	14	22	hv7k			0	Yahweh of hosts	See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md).
874	ISA	14	23	nzb4	figs-personification		0	I will also make her	The word “her” refers to the city of Babylon. Cities were often spoken of as if they were women. Alternate translation: “I will also make it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
875	ISA	14	23	s45f	figs-metaphor		0	a possession of owls	This represents wild animals living in the city because there are no people there. Alternate translation: “a place where owls live” or “a place where wild animals live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
876	ISA	14	23	kg27	figs-metaphor		0	into pools of water	Causing there to be swamps or ponds of stagnant water where the city was is spoken of as making the city into those things. Alternate translation: “into a place where there are stagnant ponds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
877	ISA	14	24	b41x			0	Yahweh of hosts	See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md).
878	ISA	14	24	ff86	figs-parallelism		0	as I have intended, so it will come about; and as I have purposed, so it will be	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “the things that I have planned will surely happen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
879	ISA	14	25	x38v	figs-metaphor		0	I will break the Assyrian in my land	Breaking represents defeating. Alternate translation: “I will defeat the Assyrian in my land” or “I will cause the Assyrian in my land to be defeated” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
880	ISA	14	25	bf5r	figs-synecdoche		0	the Assyrian	This represents the Assyrian king and his army. Alternate translation: “the king of Assyria and his army” or “the Assyrian army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
881	ISA	14	25	w75i	figs-metaphor		0	trample him underfoot	This represents completely defeating him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
882	ISA	14	25	a5nv	figs-activepassive		0	Then his yoke will be lifted from off them and his burden from off their shoulder	This can be expressed with an active verb. Alternate translation: “Then I will lift his yoke from them and his burden from their shoulder” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
883	ISA	14	25	tr41	figs-parallelism		0	Then his yoke will be lifted from off them and his burden from off their shoulder	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Lifting the yoke and burden represents setting people free from slavery. Alternate translation: “Then I will set the Israelites free from slavery to Assyria like removing a heavy burden from their shoulder” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
884	ISA	14	25	zbe7			0	his yoke … his burden	The word “his” refers to Assyria.
885	ISA	14	25	un4r			0	from off them … from off their shoulder	The words “them” and “their” refer to the people of Israel.
886	ISA	14	26	e4pl			0	General Information:	This may be Isaiah speaking or it may be Yahweh speaking.
887	ISA	14	26	zf8b	figs-activepassive		0	This is the plan that is intended for the whole earth	The idea of “is intended” can be expressed with an active verb. Alternate translation: “This is the plan that God intends for the whole earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
888	ISA	14	26	vlj3	figs-metaphor		0	this is the hand that is raised over all the nations	God being ready to punish the nations is spoken of as if he raised his hand in order to hit them. The word “hand” may also represent his power. Alternate translation: “this is Yahweh’s power to punish all the nations” or “this is how Yahweh will punish the nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
889	ISA	14	27	m56z	figs-rquestion		0	who will stop him?	This question emphasizes that no one can stop Yahweh. Alternate translation: “there is no one who can stop him.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
890	ISA	14	27	q2yi			0	Yahweh of hosts	See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md).
891	ISA	14	27	g997	figs-metaphor		0	His hand is raised	This represents Yahweh being ready to punish the nations. Alternate translation: “He is ready to punish them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
892	ISA	14	27	s25e	figs-rquestion		0	who will turn it back?	This question is used to say that no one can turn back God’s hand. Turning back his hand represents stopping him from punishing the nations. Alternate translation: “no one can turn it back.” or “no one can stop him from punishing them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
893	ISA	14	29	erk5	figs-metaphor		0	the rod that struck you is broken	The rod that struck Philistia represents a king who sent his army to attack them. Being broken represents either being dead or being defeated. Alternate translation: “the king that sent his army against you is dead” or “the army that attacked you is defeated” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
894	ISA	14	29	f3g7	figs-parallelism		0	For out of the serpent’s root will grow out an adder … his offspring will be a fiery flying serpent	These two phrases are both the image of a serpent’s offspring being even more harmful than the serpent. They represent a king’s successor being more powerful and cruel than the first king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
895	ISA	14	29	pl9y			0	an adder	a kind of poisonous snake
896	ISA	14	29	i1ui	figs-metaphor		0	a fiery flying serpent	Here the word “fiery” probably refers to the serpent’s poisonous bite, and the word “flying” refers to its quick movements. Alternate translation: “a quickly moving poisonous snake” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
897	ISA	14	30	c4km	figs-metaphor		0	The firstborn of the poor	This represents the poorest people. Alternate translation: “The poorest people” or “The poorest of my people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
898	ISA	14	30	nhy1	figs-metaphor		0	I will kill your root with famine that will put to death all your survivors	Here “your root” refers to the people of Philistia. Alternate translation: “I will kill your people with famine that will put to death all your survivors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
899	ISA	14	31	i9fx	figs-metonymy		0	Howl, gate; cry, city	Here “gate” and “city” represent the people at the city gates and in the cities. “Howl, you people at the city gates; cry, you people in the cities” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
900	ISA	14	31	t4fi	figs-metaphor		0	you will melt away	Melting away represents becoming weak because of fear. Alternate translation: “you will grow weak with fear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
901	ISA	14	31	re77	figs-explicit		0	For out of the north comes a cloud of smoke	This implies that a large army is coming from the north. Alternate translation: “For from the north comes a large army with a cloud of smoke” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
902	ISA	14	31	m73z	figs-metaphor		0	a cloud of smoke	This could mean: (1) this represents a cloud of dust that the army stirs up as they travel on dry dirt roads. Alternate translation: “a cloud of dust” or (2) there is a lot of smoke because of all the things that the army destroys and burns. Alternate translation: “much smoke” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
903	ISA	14	31	az3q			0	there is no straggler in his ranks	Alternate translation: “no one in his ranks walks slowly behind the others”
904	ISA	14	32	ld7h	figs-rquestion		0	How will they respond to the messengers of that nation?	The author uses this question to introduce his instruction about how the Israelites should speak to the messengers. Alternate translation: “This is how we will answer the messengers of Philistia.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
905	ISA	14	32	geq9			0	Yahweh has founded Zion	Alternate translation: “Yahweh started Zion”
906	ISA	14	32	q7h8			0	in her	Alternate translation: “in Jerusalem” or “there”
907	ISA	14	32	k8ir			0	the afflicted of his people	Alternate translation: “those of his people who have been afflicted”
908	ISA	15	intro	u6k8			0		# Isaiah 15 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>This chapter shifts from discussing Judah to the nation of Moab. Moab is punished by Yahweh, even though he is not a god they worship. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/god]])
909	ISA	15	1	ss3j	figs-pastforfuture		0	General Information:	Often in prophecy events that will happen in future are described as happening now or in the past. This emphasizes that the event will certainly happen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
910	ISA	15	1	y2ws			0	A declaration	Alternate translation: “This is what Yahweh declares” or “This is a message from Yahweh”
911	ISA	15	1	y4g4	translate-names		0	Ar … Kir	These are names of cities and towns in Moab. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
912	ISA	15	1	x1z2	figs-doublet		0	Ar of Moab is laid waste and destroyed	The words “laid waste” and “destroyed” mean the same thing and emphasize that the city was completely ruined. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Enemy armies will completely destroy Ar of Moab” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
913	ISA	15	2	z4py	translate-names		0	Dibon … Nebo … Medeba	These are names of cities and towns in Moab. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
914	ISA	15	2	bsv6	figs-idiom		0	went up to the heights to weep	Here “up to the heights” refers to a temple or altar that was built on high ground like a hill or mountain side. Alternate translation: “went up to the temple on the hilltop to weep” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
915	ISA	15	2	kq2g	figs-metonymy		0	Moab laments over Nebo and over Medeba	These place names refer to the people who live there. Alternate translation: “the people of Moab will weep because of what happened to the cities of Nebo and Medeba” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
916	ISA	15	2	w2hx	translate-symaction		0	All their heads are shaved bare and all their beards are cut off	They do this to show their extreme sadness. AT” “They will all shave their heads and cut off their beards and grieve” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
917	ISA	15	3	xag9	translate-symaction		0	they wear sackcloth	They do this to show their extreme sadness. Alternate translation: “they wear sackcloth and mourn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
918	ISA	15	4	ad56	translate-names		0	Heshbon … Elealeh … Jahaz	These are names of cities and towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
919	ISA	15	4	hfj7	figs-metonymy		0	Heshbon and Elealeh call out	These city names represent the people of these cities. “The people of Heshbon and Elealeh call out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
920	ISA	15	4	e3i9	figs-metonymy		0	they tremble within themselves	Physical trembling is a symptom of fear and represents fear. Alternate translation: “they will be completely filled with fear” or “they tremble with fear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
921	ISA	15	5	k79u	figs-synecdoche		0	My heart cries out for Moab	Here God is represented by his “heart” which emphasizes his emotions. God speaks of his great sadness as if his heart cried out. Alternate translation: “I am extremely sad about what is happening to Moab” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] or [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
922	ISA	15	5	ubi2			0	her fugitives flee	“the fugitives from Moab will flee.” A fugitive is a person who runs away so that his enemy will not capture him.
923	ISA	15	5	nqe8	translate-names		0	Zoar … Eglath Shelishiyah … Luhith … Horonaim	These are names of cities and towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
924	ISA	15	5	y7d7	figs-abstractnouns		0	over their destruction	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **destruction**, you could express the same idea with the verb “destroyed.” Alternate translation: “because their city is destroyed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
925	ISA	15	6	yr4r	translate-names		0	Nimrim	This is the name of a city or town. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
926	ISA	15	7	t1qa			0	The abundance	Alternate translation: “Everything”
927	ISA	15	7	cqq1			0	brook of the poplars	This may refer to the river at the southern border of Moab.
928	ISA	15	8	me26	figs-metaphor		0	The cry has gone around the territory of Moab	People’s crying out and others hearing it is spoken of as if the cry had gone out. Alternate translation: “People all over the territory of Moab cry out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
929	ISA	15	8	teq6			0	the wailing as far as Eglaim and Beer Elim	The words “has gone” are understood. People’s wailing and others hearing it is spoken of as if the wailing had gone as far away as these two places. Alternate translation: “the wailing has gone as far as Egalim and Beer Elim” or “people even as far away as Elaim and Beer Elim wail”
930	ISA	15	8	sc3g	translate-names		0	Eglaim … Beer Elim	These are names of cities and towns. Dimon was the principal city of the country of Moab. Several modern versions have “Dibon” instead of “Dimon.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
931	ISA	15	9	fd7d	translate-names		0	Dimon	This is the name of a city or town. Dimon was the principal city of the country of Moab. Several modern versions have “Dibon” instead of “Dimon.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
932	ISA	15	9	i5we	figs-metonymy		0	but I will bring even more upon Dimon	Here “I” refers to Yahweh. Also, “Dimon” refers to the people who live there. Alternate translation: “but I will cause even more trouble for the people of Dimon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
933	ISA	16	intro	ww5p			0		# Isaiah 16 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter is a continuation of the previous chapter and is a prophecy against the nation of Moab. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 16:1-12.
934	ISA	16	1	tn1s	translate-symaction		0	Send rams to the ruler of the land	The Moabites will send rams to the king of Judah so that he might protect them from the enemy army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
935	ISA	16	1	yi43	translate-names		0	Selah	This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
936	ISA	16	1	g19r	figs-idiom		0	the daughter of Zion	The “daughter” of a city means the people of the city. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “the people of Zion” or “the people who live in Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
937	ISA	16	2	teb4	figs-simile		0	As wandering birds, as a scattered nest, so the women of Moab are at the fords of the Arnon River	All the people of Moab, which includes the women, are forced to flee from their homes. Alternate translation: “Like birds without a home, the women of Moab will flee across the river to another land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
938	ISA	16	2	r8tb	figs-doublet		0	As wandering birds, as a scattered nest	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
939	ISA	16	3	sm3j	figs-metaphor		0	provide some shade like night in the middle of the day	The heat of the middle of the day represents the Moabites’ suffering from their enemies, and shade represents protection from their enemies. Comparing the shade to night shows that they want strong protection. Alternate translation: “protect us completely from our enemies as a large shadow protects people from the hot sun” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
940	ISA	16	4	kq3e			0	Let them live among you, the refugees from Moab	“Allow the refugees from Moab to live with you.” Here “you” refers to the people of Judah.
941	ISA	16	4	q1sn	figs-metaphor		0	be a hiding place for them from the destroyer	Providing a hiding place is spoken of as being a hiding place. Alternate translation: “give them a place to hide from those who are trying to destroy them” or “hide them from those who want to destroy them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
942	ISA	16	5	uvx1	figs-metonymy		0	A throne will be established in covenant faithfulness	Here “throne” refers to the power to rule as king. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “faithful.” If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will be faithful to the covenant and he will appoint a king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
943	ISA	16	5	v5l7	figs-metonymy		0	one from David’s tent will faithfully sit there	Here “David’s tent” represents David’s family, including his descendants. Sitting on the throne represents ruling. Alternate translation: “a descendant of David will rule faithfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
944	ISA	16	5	e78m	figs-metaphor		0	as he seeks justice	Seeking justice represents wanting to do what is just. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
945	ISA	16	6	k39y	figs-metonymy		0	We have heard of Moab’s pride, his arrogance, his boasting, and his anger	The words “Moab’s” and “his” refer to the people of Moab. Alternate translation: “We have heard that the people of Moab are proud and arrogant, boastful and angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
946	ISA	16	6	w42t			0	We have heard	Possible meanings are that: (1) Isaiah is speaking and “We” refers to him and the people of Judah, or (2) God is speaking and “We” refers to God.
947	ISA	16	6	h6ze			0	But his boastings are empty words	Alternate translation: “But what they say about themselves means nothing” or “But what they boast about is not true”
948	ISA	16	7	p8b8	figs-metonymy		0	So Moab wails for Moab—they all wail	“Moab” represents the people of Moab. “So all the people of Moab will cry out loud over what has happened to their cities” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
949	ISA	16	7	pea5			0	for the raisin cakes of Kir Hareseth	Alternate translation: “because there are no raisin cakes in Kir Hareseth”
950	ISA	16	7	hn3v			0	raisin cakes	The Hebrew word used here means either “raisin cakes” or “men.”
951	ISA	16	7	u3tz	translate-names		0	Kir Hareseth	“Kir Hareseth” is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
952	ISA	16	8	tyy8			0	Heshbon	Translate the name of this city as you did in [Isaiah 15:4](../15/04.md).
953	ISA	16	8	ce7l	translate-names		0	Sibmah … Jazer	These are names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
954	ISA	16	8	h33k	figs-metaphor		0	The rulers of the nations have trampled the choice vines	The land of Moab was known for its vineyards. Here God describes the land of Moab as one large vineyard. This emphasizes that the rulers, which refers to the armies, completely destroyed everything in Moab. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
955	ISA	16	9	b6jh			0	Indeed I will weep	In 16:9-10 the word “I” refers to Yahweh.
956	ISA	16	9	r1yu	figs-metaphor		0	I will water you with my tears	God speaks of his deep sorrow for these places as if he would cry much and his many tears would fall on them. Alternate translation: “I will cry much for you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
957	ISA	16	9	c583			0	Jazer … Sibmah	Translate the names of these cities as you did in [Isaiah 16:8](../16/08.md).
958	ISA	16	9	l7qj			0	Heshbon … Elealeh	Translate the names of these cities as you did in [Isaiah 15:4](../15/04.md).
959	ISA	16	9	uuj5	figs-metonymy		0	For on your fields of summer fruits and harvest I have ended the shouts of joy	The “shouts of joy” represent people shouting for joy about the harvest of their fruit trees. Alternate translation: “Because of what I will do, you will no longer shout for joy when you harvest your fields of summer fruit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
960	ISA	16	10	zu17	figs-metonymy		0	I have put an end to the shouts of the one who treads	Here “the shouts” refers to the joy of the people who tread the grapes to produce the wine. Alternate translation: “therefore the people who tread the grapes do not shout with joy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
961	ISA	16	11	yx3n	figs-synecdoche		0	So my heart sighs like a harp for Moab	The phrase “my heart” represents Yahweh and his sad feelings. He compares his sigh to the sound of a sad song played on a harp. Alternate translation: “So I sigh like a sad song on a harp” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
962	ISA	16	11	bc51	figs-metonymy		0	Moab	This refer to the people of Moab. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
963	ISA	16	11	r8w1	figs-ellipsis		0	my inward being for Kir Hareseth	The phrase “my inward being” represents Yahweh. The word “sighs” is understood from the previous phrase. See how you translated Kir Hareseth in [Isaiah 16:7](../16/07.md). Alternate translation: “my inward being sighs for Kir Hareseth” or “I am very sad for the people of Kir Hareseth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
964	ISA	16	11	q54t	figs-metonymy		0	Kir Hareseth	This is a metonym for the people of the city. Alternate translation: “the people of Kir Hareseth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
965	ISA	16	12	r3gm	figs-metonymy		0	Moab … himself … his	All of these words refer to the people of Moab. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
966	ISA	16	12	i9ei			0	his prayers will accomplish nothing	Alternate translation: “his prayers will not be answered”
967	ISA	16	13	q3qj			0	This is the word	“This is the message.” This refers to all he said in 15:1-16:12.
968	ISA	16	13	t123	figs-metonymy		0	concerning Moab	The word “Moab” refers to the people of Moab. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
969	ISA	16	14	ubw7			0	the glory of Moab will disappear	Alternate translation: “The country of Moab will no longer be glorious”
970	ISA	17	intro	uhu9			0		# Isaiah 17 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>The ULT sets the lines in 17:1-6, 9-14 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because they are part of a long quotation.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Damascus<br>This chapter prophesies destruction against the people of Damascus. Damascus was the capital of Aram. The people of Damascus worship gods other than Yahweh and have fought Yahweh’s people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Ephraim<br>This chapter prophesied destruction against the kingdom of Israel. They are also called Ephraim in this chapter. Both the northern kingdom of Israel and Aram were conquered at about the same time in history.
971	ISA	17	1	c1yu	translate-names		0	about Damascus	Damascus is the name of a city. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 7:8](../07/08.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
972	ISA	17	2	ez1z	figs-activepassive		0	The cities of Aroer will be abandoned	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. “All the people will abandon the cities of Aroer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
973	ISA	17	2	h23p			0	no one will frighten them	The word “them” refers to the sheep.
974	ISA	17	3	c462	figs-synecdoche		0	Fortified cities will disappear from Ephraim	Ephraim was the largest tribe in Israel. Here it represents the entire northern kingdom of Israel. Alternate translation: “Strong cities will disappear from Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
975	ISA	17	3	rk8g			0	will disappear	This does not mean that they will vanish, but that the cities will be destroyed.
976	ISA	17	3	iyi9	figs-ellipsis		0	the kingdom from Damascus	The words “will disappear” are understood from the previous phrase. Damascus was where the king of Aram ruled from. The kingdom disappearing represents the king no longer having royal power. Alternate translation: “the kingdom will disappear from Damascus” or “there will be no royal power in Damascus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
977	ISA	17	3	p2wt	figs-123person		0	this is the declaration of Yahweh of hosts	Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Translate as in [Isaiah 14:22](../14/22.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh of hosts has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh of hosts, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
978	ISA	17	4	d7vw			0	It will come about	This phrase is used here to mark an important event that will happen. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here.
979	ISA	17	4	zp66	figs-metonymy		0	the glory of Jacob will become thin, and the fatness of his flesh will become lean	Here “Jacob” refers to the kingdom of Israel. Israel would no longer be glorious. Rather it would be weak and poor. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
980	ISA	17	5	xe3f	figs-simile		0	It will be as when a harvester gathers the standing grain … in the Valley of Rephaim	There will be nothing left in the land after God punishes the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
981	ISA	17	5	m9mp	translate-names		0	the Valley of Rephaim	This is a valley where people normally grew and harvested much food. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
982	ISA	17	6	l99v	figs-metaphor		0	Gleanings will be left	The word “Gleanings” here represents the people who will still live in Israel. Alternate translation: “But there will be a few people left in Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
983	ISA	17	6	jq39	figs-simile		0	as when the olive tree is shaken	People harvested olive trees by shaking them so that the olives would fall out. Alternate translation: “like the few olives that remain on the olive trees after people harvest them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
984	ISA	17	6	ghf6	figs-ellipsis		0	four or five	The word “olives” is understood from the phrase before this. Alternate translation: “four or five olives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
985	ISA	17	6	j9w2	figs-123person		0	this is the declaration of Yahweh, the God of Israel	Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh, the God of Israel, has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, the God of Israel, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
986	ISA	17	7	srr9	figs-idiom		0	men will look toward their Maker … will look to the Holy One of Israel	Looking toward God here represents hoping that he will help them. Alternate translation: “men will hope that their Maker, the Holy One of Israel, will help them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
987	ISA	17	7	yg6i	figs-synecdoche		0	men will look	The word “men” represents people in general. Alternate translation: “people will look” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
988	ISA	17	7	ab45	figs-synecdoche		0	their eyes will look	Here “eyes” represents the people who look. Alternate translation: “they will look” or “the people will look” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
989	ISA	17	7	wn3u			0	Holy One of Israel	See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:4](../01/04.md).
990	ISA	17	8	ci52	figs-metonymy		0	They will not look to the altars	Looking to the altars represents worshiping idols with the hope that the idols will help them. Alternate translation: “They will not worship idols at their altars” or “The people of Israel will not go to their altars and ask their idols to help them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
991	ISA	17	8	gg5j	figs-synecdoche		0	the work of their hands	Here the people are represented by their “hands” to emphasize that they made the altars or idols. Alternate translation: “that they made with their hands” or “which they themselves built” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
992	ISA	17	8	g7l9	figs-metonymy		0	what their fingers have made … the Asherah poles or the sun images	The second phrase identifies the things that the people made. Speaking of the fingers here emphasizes that the people made them, so these things are not real gods. Alternate translation: “the Asherah poles or the sun images, which they themselves made” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
993	ISA	17	9	c6p6	figs-explicit		0	that were forsaken because of the people of Israel	It can be made explicit who left these lands. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that the Hivites and Amorites left after the people of Israel came” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
994	ISA	17	10	y72p			0	For you have forgotten	Here “you” refers to the people of Israel. The word “forgotten” does not mean they have no memory of God. It means they no longer obey him. Alternate translation: “For you no longer obey”
995	ISA	17	10	y983			0	the God of your salvation	Alternate translation: “the God who saves you”
996	ISA	17	10	s6lq	figs-metaphor		0	have ignored the rock of your strength	This compares God to a large rock which people could climb on to get away from their enemies or hide behind. Alternate translation: “have ignored God, who is like a rock that protects you” or “have ignored the one who protects you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
997	ISA	17	11	mec4			0	the harvest will fail	Alternate translation: “there will not be much fruit for you to harvest”
998	ISA	17	12	kh1i	figs-simile		0	The uproar of many peoples, that roar like the roaring of the seas	An uproar is a very loud noise. Alternate translation: “The sound of many people, that is very loud like the seas” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
999	ISA	17	12	cbz3	figs-simile		0	the rushing of nations, that rush like the rushing of mighty waters	The enemy armies appear to be a powerful force that no one can stop. Alternate translation: “the nations come rushing in like the mighty waters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1000	ISA	17	12	u4ze	figs-synecdoche		0	the rushing of nations	The word “nations” refers to the armies of those nations. Alternate translation: “the rushing of the enemy armies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
1001	ISA	17	13	ls6k	figs-parallelism		0	before the wind like chaff on the mountains … like weeds whirling before a storm	These two phrases mean the same thing. The enemy armies seem powerful but God will easily stop them and send them away. Alternate translation: “like chaff on the mountains that the wind blows away … like weeds that whirl and blow away as a storm approaches” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1002	ISA	17	14	jpf9	figs-metaphor		0	This is the portion of those	What happens to them is spoken of as if it is a portion that they inherit. Alternate translation: “This is what happens to those” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1003	ISA	17	14	i9ms			0	loot us … rob us	The word “us” refers to Isaiah and the people of Judah.
1004	ISA	18	intro	qz72			0		# Isaiah 18 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Cush<br>This chapter records prophecies against the nation of Cush. They are being punished by Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Metaphors<br>This chapter uses many metaphors to describe the destruction coming to the people of Cush. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1005	ISA	18	1	w55y	figs-metaphor		0	Woe to the land of the rustling of wings, which is along the rivers of Cush	Here, the phrase **the rustling of wings** could mean (1) the boats that have sails are spoken of as having wings. Alternate translation: “Woe to those who live in the land beyond the rivers of Cush, whose many ships look like insects on the water” or (2) the rustling of wings refers to the noise of insects that have wings, perhaps locusts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1006	ISA	18	2	fa3r	figs-metaphor		0	by the sea	The Nile River was very wide, and people in Egypt and Cush referred to it as “the sea.” Alternate translation: “on the great river” or “along the Nile River” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1007	ISA	18	2	na6w	translate-unknown		0	vessels of papyrus	Papyrus is a tall plant that grows along the side of the Nile River. People bound together papyrus bundles to make boats. Alternate translation: “papyrus boats” or “boats made of reeds” or (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
1008	ISA	18	2	v2kg			0	a nation tall and smooth … a people feared far and near … a nation strong and trampling down, whose land the rivers divide	These phrases all describe the people of one nation.
1009	ISA	18	2	zul8	figs-metonymy		0	a nation tall and smooth	The word “nation” here refers to the people of that nation. Alternate translation: “a nation whose people are tall and have smooth skin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1010	ISA	18	2	x6y2	figs-merism		0	a people feared far and near	The words “far” and “near” are used together to mean “everywhere.” Alternate translation: “a people who are feared everywhere” or “a people that everyone in the earth fears” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
1011	ISA	18	2	s5qq	figs-metonymy		0	a nation strong and trampling down	Trampling down represents conquering other nations. Alternate translation: “a nation that is strong and conquers other nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1012	ISA	18	2	r4hc			0	the rivers divide	This probably refers to many rivers that flow through the nation so they divide it into different parts.
1013	ISA	18	3	mj1l			0	Connecting Statement:	Verse 3 tells what the messengers in [Isaiah 18:2](../18/02.md) must say to the people of the world.
1014	ISA	18	3	bil8	figs-parallelism		0	All you inhabitants of the world … you who live on the earth	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “All you people on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
1015	ISA	18	3	ru4b			0	when a signal is lifted up on the mountains, look; and when the trumpet is blown, listen	The signal and trumpet were to call people to battle. The commands to look and listen are commands to pay attention and prepare for battle. Alternate translation: “pay attention when the signal is lifted up on the mountains and the trumpet is blown”
1016	ISA	18	3	fd8p	figs-explicit		0	when a signal is lifted up on the mountains, look	The signal was a flag used to call people to battle. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “pay attention when you see the battle flag on the mountains” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1017	ISA	18	3	art9	figs-explicit		0	when the trumpet is blown, listen	The trumpets were used to call people to battle. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “pay attention when you hear the sound of the battle trumpets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1018	ISA	18	4	d5k5			0	General Information:	God uses a parable about a farmer in a vineyard in order to describe how he will punish a certain nation. That nation is either Ethiopia or Ethiopia’s enemy.
1019	ISA	18	4	r5kj			0	This is what Yahweh said to me	“Yahweh said to me.” Here the word “me” refers to Isaiah.
1020	ISA	18	4	b3dz	figs-explicit		0	I will quietly observe from my home	What God will observe can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “I will quietly observe that nation from my home” or “From my home, I will quietly watch what the people of that nation do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1021	ISA	18	4	xwg1	figs-simile		0	like the simmering heat in sunshine, like a cloud of mist in the heat of harvest	These phrases show how quietly God will watch the nation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1022	ISA	18	5	uxf1	figs-explicit		0	Before the harvest	This is a harvest of grapes. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “Before the grape harvest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1023	ISA	18	5	he2s	figs-explicit		0	when the blossoming is over	It can be stated clearly that this refers to blossoms on grape vines. Alternate translation: “when flowers have finished growing on the grape vines” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1024	ISA	18	5	i3wm	figs-explicit		0	he will cut off the sprigs with pruning hooks	Yahweh will cut off the branches before the grapes can ripen. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will cut off the branches with knives before their produce fruit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1025	ISA	18	5	p7u7			0	pruning hooks	A pruning hook is a knife that people use to cut branches off of vines or other plants.
1026	ISA	18	5	pg5q			0	he will cut down and take away the spreading branches	Yahweh will throw away the branches in judgment.
1027	ISA	18	6	dev6	figs-parables		0	They will be left together	God seems to change from telling the parable to speaking more directly about the nation. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “Those who are killed will be left together” or “Like branches that are cut off and thrown away, the bodies of those who are killed will be left on the ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]])
1028	ISA	18	6	f1vz			0	The birds will summer on them	“The birds will eat them during the summer.” The word “birds” refers to birds that eat the flesh of dead bodies.
1029	ISA	18	6	dh75			0	all the animals of the earth	Alternate translation: “all kinds of wild animals”
1030	ISA	18	6	lpf3			0	will winter on them	Alternate translation: “will eat them in the winter”
1031	ISA	18	7	y8hc			0	a people tall and smooth … a people feared far and near … a nation strong and trampling down, whose land the rivers divide	These phrases all describe the people of one nation. See how you translated these phrases in [Isaiah 18:2](../18/02.md).
1032	ISA	18	7	ggw4			0	a people tall and smooth	Alternate translation: “a people who are tall and have smooth skin”
1033	ISA	18	7	gc7i	figs-merism		0	a people feared far and near	The words “far” and “near” are used together to mean “everywhere.” Alternate translation: “a people who are feared everywhere” or “a people that everyone in the earth fears” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
1034	ISA	18	7	n6h8	figs-metonymy		0	a nation strong and trampling down	Trampling down represents conquering other nations. Alternate translation: “a nation that is strong and conquers other nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1035	ISA	18	7	wrg1	figs-metonymy		0	to the place of the name of Yahweh of hosts, to Mount Zion	The word “name” refers to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “to Mount Zion, where Yahweh of hosts dwells” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1036	ISA	19	intro	y3c4			0		# Isaiah 19 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 19:1-18.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Egypt<br><br>This chapter prophesied destruction against the nation of Egypt. Their destruction will come from internal division instead of being conquered by another nation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Imagery<br><br>Some of the imagery used in this chapter may be connected to the worship of specific false gods. One important god the people of Canaan worshiped was Baal, the god of rain or storms. One of the important gods the Egyptians worshiped was Ra, the god of the sun. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “In that day”<br>This changes the reference from the time when Assyria comes to dominate the world and looks to a more distant future day.
1037	ISA	19	1	iz8p			0	See	Alternate translation: “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you”
1038	ISA	19	1	pi3g	figs-metaphor		0	Yahweh rides on a swift cloud	Yahweh seems to be pictured here as riding on a cloud as if he was riding in a chariot. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1039	ISA	19	1	st7u	figs-personification		0	the idols of Egypt quake before him	The idols are described as having feelings of fear as Yahweh approaches. Alternate translation: “the idols of Egypt tremble in fear before Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
1040	ISA	19	1	qi24	figs-metaphor		0	the hearts of the Egyptians melt within themselves	The heart melting represents losing their courage. Alternate translation: “the Egyptians have no more courage” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1041	ISA	19	2	k6cl	figs-ellipsis		0	a man against his neighbor	The words “will fight” are understood from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “a man will fight against his neighbor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
1042	ISA	19	2	v5rq	figs-metonymy		0	city will be against city	The word “city” represents the people of the city. Alternate translation: “people of one city will fight against people of another city” or “people from different cities will fight against one another” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1043	ISA	19	2	k42s	figs-ellipsis		0	kingdom against kingdom	The words “will be” or “will fight” are understood from the previous phrases. Alternate translation: “kingdom will be against kingdom” or “kingdom will fight against kingdom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
1044	ISA	19	2	usw7	figs-metonymy		0	kingdom against kingdom	The word “kingdom” refers to a smaller kingdom within Egypt. It may also be called a province. It represents the people of that kingdom or province. Alternate translation: “the people of one province will be against the people of another province” or “people from different provinces will fight against one another” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1045	ISA	19	3	k6nj	figs-personification		0	The spirit of Egypt will be weakened from within. I will destroy his advice	The nation of Egypt is spoken of here as if it was a person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
1046	ISA	19	3	h9az	figs-activepassive		0	The spirit of Egypt will be weakened from within	This can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “I will weaken the spirit of Egypt from within” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1047	ISA	19	3	t2yv			0	I will destroy his advice, though they sought the advice of … spiritualists	Alternate translation: “They sought the advice of … spiritualists, but that will do them no good. It will not stop me from destroying his advice”
1048	ISA	19	3	j1kh	figs-abstractnouns		0	I will destroy his advice	This could mean: (1) Yahweh will cause the advice that he gives to be ineffective or (2) Yahweh will cause him to be unable to give any advice. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **advice**, you could express the same idea with the verb “advise.” Alternate translation: “I will confuse those who advise the king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1049	ISA	19	3	cz3n			0	mediums … spiritualists	These are people who claim to speak with those who have died.
1050	ISA	19	4	e7zd	figs-metonymy		0	I will give the Egyptians into the hand of a harsh master	Here “hand” refers to power or control. Alternate translation: “I will give the Egyptians over to the control of a harsh master” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1051	ISA	19	4	f37v	figs-123person		0	this is the declaration of the Lord Yahweh of hosts	Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Translate as in [Isaiah 3:15](../03/15.md). Alternate translation: “this is what the Lord Yahweh of hosts has declared” or “this is what I, the Lord Yahweh of hosts, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
1052	ISA	19	5	buc6	figs-parallelism		0	The waters of the sea will dry up, and the river will dry up and become empty	Egyptians referred to the Nile River as “the sea.” These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “The Nile River will completely dry up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
1053	ISA	19	6	mqq8			0	become foul	Alternate translation: “become foul-smelling” or “stink”
1054	ISA	19	6	v3vr			0	will dwindle	Alternate translation: “become smaller and smaller”
1055	ISA	19	6	by1b			0	the reeds and flags will wither away	Here, **reeds** and **flags** refer to two similar kinds of water plants. Alternate translation: “the plants along the river will die and decay”
1056	ISA	19	7	tkv1			0	every sown field beside the Nile	Alternate translation: “the fields near the Nile where people have planted crops”
1057	ISA	19	8	wx4h	figs-explicit		0	The fishermen will wail and mourn, and all who cast a hook into the Nile will mourn, and those who spread nets on the waters will grieve	These three phrases mean basically the same thing. If necessary, the reason they will grieve can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “The fishermen who catch fish with hooks or nets will cry in despair because the fish in the Nile have died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
1058	ISA	19	8	u2jx	translate-unknown		0	cast a hook into the Nile	In order to catch fish, some people put a little food on a hook, tie the hook to a string, and throw the hook into the water. When a fish tries to eat the food, its mouth gets stuck on the hook, and the person pulls the fish out of the water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
1059	ISA	19	8	meh3			0	cast	throw
1060	ISA	19	8	u1tx	translate-unknown		0	spread nets on the waters	In order to catch fish, some people toss a net on the water. When fish get caught in it, they pull the net with the fish out of the water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
1061	ISA	19	9	dnw4			0	The workers in combed flax	Alternate translation: “Those who work with combed flax”
1062	ISA	19	9	ram5	translate-unknown		0	combed flax	Flax is a plant that grows along the Nile River. People comb its fibers in order to separate them, and use them to make thread for linen cloth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
1063	ISA	19	9	kjj4			0	will turn pale	Alternate translation: “will be ashamed”
1064	ISA	19	10	h4de			0	The cloth workers of Egypt	Alternate translation: “The people of Egypt who make cloth”
1065	ISA	19	10	m3g2	figs-metaphor		0	will be crushed	Being crushed represents being discouraged. Alternate translation: “will be discouraged” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1066	ISA	19	10	fl3d			0	work for hire	Alternate translation: “work for pay”
1067	ISA	19	10	mg9w			0	will be grieved within themselves	Alternate translation: “will feel very sad”
1068	ISA	19	11	tj8g	figs-parallelism		0	The princes of Zoan are completely foolish. The advice of the wisest advisors of Pharaoh has become senseless	These two phrases are similar in meaning. Either the princes of Zoan are also the wisest advisors or Pharaoh, or they are another group of people that also are shown to be foolish. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
1069	ISA	19	11	ut1b	translate-names		0	Zoan	This is a city in northern Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
1070	ISA	19	11	hg6z	figs-rquestion		0	How can you say to Pharaoh … kings?	Isaiah uses a question to mock those in Egypt who claim to be wise. Alternate translation: “You foolishly say to Pharaoh … kings.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1071	ISA	19	12	vn7v	figs-rquestion		0	Where then are your wise men?	Isaiah uses a question to mock the wise men. The word “your” refers to Pharaoh. Alternate translation: “You do not have any wise men.” or “Your wise men are fools.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1072	ISA	19	12	yi3f	figs-irony		0	Let them tell you and make known what Yahweh of hosts plans concerning Egypt	Isaiah is implying that wise men should be able to understand God’s plans, but Isaiah does not really believe they are wise. Alternate translation: “If they were really wise, they would be able to tell you what Yahweh of hosts plans concerning Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
1073	ISA	19	13	xcx6	figs-metaphor		0	they have made Egypt go astray, who are the cornerstones of her tribes	The princes of Zoan and Memphis are spoken of as if they are the cornerstones of buildings because they are an important part of the community. Alternate translation: “the leaders have made Egypt go astray” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1074	ISA	19	13	i9nc			0	princes of Zoan	Zoan is a city in northern Egypt. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 19:11](../19/11.md).
1075	ISA	19	13	ws7v	translate-names		0	Memphis	This is a city in the northern part of Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
1076	ISA	19	13	wv4n	figs-metonymy		0	made Egypt go astray	The word “Egypt” represents the people of Egypt. Going astray represents doing what is wrong. Alternate translation: “made the people of Egypt go astray” or “made the people of Egypt do what is wrong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1077	ISA	19	14	djx6	figs-metaphor		0	Yahweh has mixed a spirit of distortion into her midst	Isaiah speaks of Yahweh’s judgment as if Egypt was a cup of wine. He speaks of Yahweh causing the leaders’ thoughts to be distorted as if their distorted thoughts were a liquid that Yahweh mixed in with the wine. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has judged them by distorting their thoughts” or “Yahweh has judged Egypt by distorting its leaders’ thoughts, as intoxicating drinks confuse people’s thoughts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1078	ISA	19	14	i24q			0	distortion	Alternate translation: “perverseness” or “confusion”
1079	ISA	19	14	d2iu	figs-personification		0	into her midst	Here “her” refers to Egypt. Nations are sometimes spoken of as if they were women. Alternate translation: “within Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
1080	ISA	19	14	pf3i	figs-metonymy		0	they have led Egypt astray	Here, “they” refers to the leaders described in the previous verses. The word “Egypt” represents the people of Egypt. Alternate translation: “the princes have led the people of Egypt astray” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1081	ISA	19	14	veh2	figs-metaphor		0	have led Egypt astray	Leading people astray represents influencing them to do what is wrong. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1082	ISA	19	14	yj4b	figs-simile		0	like a drunk staggering in his vomit	Isaiah speaks of the people of Egypt doing what is wrong as if they were made to wander about like a drunken person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1083	ISA	19	15	h1pl	figs-metaphor		0	whether head or tail	The “head,” the part of an animal a person would want to be, represents the leader. The “tail” is the opposite and represents people who follow. Alternate translation: “whether leader or follower” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1084	ISA	19	15	h6vu	figs-metaphor		0	palm branch or reed	The “palm branch” grows high on the tree and represents people who are wealthy and important. The “reed” grows in shallow water and represents people who are poor and unimportant. See how you translated similar phrases in [Isaiah 9:14](../09/14.md). Alternate translation: “whether they are important or unimportant” or “whether rich or poor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1085	ISA	19	16	yjs8	figs-simile		0	Egyptians will be like women	This emphasizes that the people of Egypt will be afraid and helpless when God punishes them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1086	ISA	19	16	q4i9	figs-metonymy		0	because of the upraised hand of Yahweh of hosts that he raises over them	Here “hand” refers to God’s power, and raising the hand against them represents punishing them. Alternate translation: “because Yahweh of hosts has raised his powerful hand to punish them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1087	ISA	19	17	zin3	figs-metonymy		0	The land of Judah will become a cause of staggering to Egypt	The “land of Judah” and “Egypt” refer to the people in those places. The Egyptians will stagger because they are afraid. Alternate translation: “The people of Judah will cause the Egyptians to stagger” or “The people of Judah will cause the Egyptians to be terribly afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1088	ISA	19	17	ad9e			0	Whenever anyone reminds them of her, they will be afraid	Here, “them” and “they” refer to the Egyptians and “her” refers to the people of Judah. Alternate translation: “Whenever anyone reminds the Egyptians of the people of Judah, the Egyptians will be afraid”
1089	ISA	19	18	n3bi	figs-metonymy		0	there will be five cities in the land of Egypt that speak	This refers to the people of those cities. Alternate translation: “the people in five Egyptian cities will speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1090	ISA	19	18	p6li	figs-metonymy		0	the language of Canaan	This refers to Hebrew, the language of the people of God living in the land of Canaan. Here Canaan represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “the language of the people of Canaan” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1091	ISA	19	18	w9p7			0	swear allegiance	Alternate translation: “promise to be loyal”
1092	ISA	19	18	hr4a	figs-activepassive		0	One of these will be called	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. “People will call one of these cities” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1093	ISA	19	18	qu9b	translate-textvariants		0	called The City of the Sun	It is not clear whether the Hebrew word translated “Sun” here means “sun” or “destruction.” It is also not clear what the name tells us about the city. Alternate translation: “the city called Sun City” or “the city called Destruction City” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])
1094	ISA	19	19	mnu1	figs-explicit		0	a stone pillar at the border to Yahweh	The phrase “the border” refers to the border of Egypt. Alternate translation: “a stone pillar to Yahweh at the border of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1095	ISA	19	20	vgv1	figs-abstractnouns		0	It will be as a sign and a witness to Yahweh of hosts in the land of Egypt	The abstract nouns “sign” and “witness” can be expressed with the verbs “show” and prove.” Alternate translation: “The altar will show and prove that Yahweh of hosts is in the land of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1096	ISA	19	20	w4gy	figs-explicit		0	to Yahweh of hosts in the land of Egypt	Yahweh being in the land of Egypt represents the people of Egypt worshiping him. Alternate translation: “that the people in the land of Egypt worship Yahweh of hosts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1097	ISA	19	20	c365			0	When they cry	Alternate translation: “When the Egyptians cry”
1098	ISA	19	20	bp9e			0	because of oppressors	Alternate translation: “because people are treating them harshly” or “because others are causing them to suffer”
1099	ISA	19	20	e9e2			0	he will send them a savior and a defender	Alternate translation: “Yahweh will send someone to save and defend the Egyptians”
1100	ISA	19	20	knh3	figs-explicit		0	he will deliver them	Who Yahweh will deliver them from can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will deliver the Egyptians from their oppressors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1101	ISA	19	21	rad5	figs-metonymy		0	Yahweh will become known to Egypt	Here “Egypt” refers to the people of Egypt. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will make the people of Egypt know him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1102	ISA	19	21	wc2k			0	will acknowledge Yahweh	Alternate translation: “will accept the truth about Yahweh” or “will agree to the truth about Yahweh”
1103	ISA	19	21	r2vl	figs-explicit		0	They will worship	The object of their worship can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “They will worship Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1104	ISA	19	21	bcm9			0	will make vows to Yahweh and fulfill them	Alternate translation: “will make promises to Yahweh and keep them” or “they will make promises to Yahweh and they will do what they have promised to do”
1105	ISA	19	22	pvf9	figs-metonymy		0	Yahweh will afflict Egypt	Here, “Egypt” refers to the people of Egypt. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will afflict the people of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1106	ISA	19	22	v3uj			0	afflict	Alternate translation: “strike” or “punish”
1107	ISA	19	22	u4gc	figs-ellipsis		0	afflicting and healing	The word “them” is understood in this phrase. Alternate translation: “afflicting them and healing them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
1108	ISA	19	22	i7ek			0	afflicting and healing	How this phrase relates to the phrase before it can be made clear with the words “after” and “also.” Alternate translation: “and after he afflicts them, he will also heal them”
1109	ISA	19	23	g1ca			0	there will be a highway	A highway is a large road on which many people can travel.
1110	ISA	19	23	s63v	figs-genericnoun		0	the Assyrian will come	“the Assyrian” refers to a person from Assyria, but represents anyone from Assyria who comes to Egypt. Alternate translation: “Assyrians will come” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
1111	ISA	19	23	h5zp	figs-ellipsis		0	the Egyptian to Assyria	The words “will come” are understood. Alternate translation: “the Egyptian will come to Assyria” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
1112	ISA	19	23	vjm5	figs-genericnoun		0	the Egyptian	This refers to a person from Egypt, but represents anyone from Egypt who comes to Assyria. Alternate translation: “Egyptians” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
1113	ISA	19	23	vdk8	figs-explicit		0	the Egyptians will worship with the Assyrians	The object of their worship can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “the Egyptians and Assyrians will worship Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1114	ISA	19	24	x4sx	figs-metonymy		0	Israel will be the third with Egypt and Assyria	The names of the three nations represent the people of those nations. Alternate translation: “the Israelites will be the third with the Egyptians and Assyrians” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1115	ISA	19	24	d63v	translate-ordinal		0	be the third with	This could mean: (1) “join together with” or (2) “be the third blessing with” or (3) “be equal to.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
1116	ISA	19	25	ial4	figs-metonymy		0	Blessed be Egypt, my people; Assyria, the work of my hands; and Israel, my inheritance	The names of the three nations refer to the people of those nations. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I have blessed you, people of Egypt, because you are my people; and I have blessed you, people of Assyria, because I created you; and I have blessed you, people of Israel, because I securely possess you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1117	ISA	19	25	hd4u	figs-metonymy		0	the work of my hands	Here “hands” refers to God’s power and action. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1118	ISA	20	intro	qqp3			0		# Isaiah 20 General Notes<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Naked and barefoot<br>This is an image used in this chapter to describe Assyria’s victory over Egypt and Ethiopia. While they will be defeated, they will not be totally destroyed. Instead, they will be left with nothing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1119	ISA	20	1	cw3v	translate-names		0	Tartan	the name of the chief commander of the armies of Assyria (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
1120	ISA	20	1	q4u1			0	Sargon	the name of the king of Assyria
1121	ISA	20	1	g7u8	figs-metonymy		0	he fought against Ashdod and took it	Ashdod refers to the army of Ashdod. Alternate translation: “he fought against the army of Ashdod and defeated it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1122	ISA	20	2	xk5u			0	walking naked and barefoot	“walking around without clothes and without sandals.” Here the word “naked” probably refers to wearing only his undergarments.
1123	ISA	20	3	mig7			0	an omen	Alternate translation: “a warning”
1124	ISA	20	4	k9su	figs-metonymy		0	the king of Assyria will lead away the captives	The king orders his army to do this task. Alternate translation: “the king of Assyria will have his army lead away the captives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1125	ISA	20	4	y6cb	figs-explicit		0	will lead away the captives of Egypt, and the exiles of Cush	It can be stated clearly that they will first attack and capture people. Alternate translation: “will attack Egypt and Cush and capture their people and lead them away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1126	ISA	20	4	j58w	figs-metonymy		0	to the shame of Egypt	Egypt refers to the people of Egypt. Alternate translation: “which will bring shame on the people of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1127	ISA	20	5	csg5			0	dismayed and ashamed	Alternate translation: “afraid and put to shame”
1128	ISA	20	5	x6ix	figs-metonymy		0	because of Cush their hope and of Egypt their glory	Hope and glory refer to their trust in the military power of these countries. Alternate translation: “because they had trusted in the power of the armies of Cush and Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1129	ISA	20	6	ppe5			0	The inhabitants of these coasts	the people who lived in the lands bordering the Mediterranean Sea
1130	ISA	20	6	a114	figs-activepassive		0	where we fled for help to be rescued	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “where we fled to so they would rescue us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1131	ISA	20	6	ul8x	figs-rquestion		0	now, how can we escape?	The author uses this question to emphasize how hopeless their situation was. Alternate translation: “now there is no way for us to escape!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1132	ISA	21	intro	b7ty			0		# Isaiah 21 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 21:1-10, 13-17.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Cush<br>Dumah and Seir are places in Edom. Part of this chapter is a prophecy against Cush. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### The desert by the sea<br>This is a metaphor for an unknown nation. Scholars are divided over the proper identity of this nation, but it is probably Babylon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])<br><br>### Mystery<br>The fulfillment of this chapter is very mysterious. It is unknown who is truly being addressed and how this is to be fulfilled in history. The translator should not attempt to give the reader insight into this prophecy’s fulfillment. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]])
1133	ISA	21	1	c5lv			0	A declaration	Alternate translation: “This is what Yahweh declares” or “This is Yahweh’s message”
1134	ISA	21	1	x48q	figs-metonymy		0	about the desert by the sea	This refers to the people who live in Babylon as being a desert, even though God has not made it into a desert yet. This event will certainly happen. Alternate translation: “about the people who live in a land that soon will be a desert” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
1135	ISA	21	1	x94u	figs-simile		0	Like stormwinds sweeping through the Negev	Isaiah compares the army that will attack the people to a storm with strong winds. They will be quick and powerful. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1136	ISA	21	1	k1uh	figs-explicit		0	from the wilderness	Here “wilderness” refers to the wilderness of Judea. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1137	ISA	21	1	chs7			0	from a terrible land	The army is from a people that cause great fear.
1138	ISA	21	2	gk1g	figs-activepassive		0	A distressing vision has been given to me	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh showed me a troubling vision” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1139	ISA	21	2	rpn1			0	the treacherous man deals treacherously	Alternate translation: “those who deceive will deceive”
1140	ISA	21	2	ue2c			0	the destroyer destroys	Alternate translation: “those who destroy will destroy”
1141	ISA	21	2	y49p	figs-apostrophe		0	Go up and attack, Elam; besiege, Media	In the vision given to Isaiah, Yahweh speaks to the armies of Elam and Media as if they are there listening to him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
1142	ISA	21	2	n5ct	figs-ellipsis		0	Go up and attack, Elam; besiege, Media	It is understood that they are to attack the Babylonians. Alternate translation: “Go up and attack the Babylonians, you soldiers of Elam; go and besiege the Babylonians, you soldiers of Media” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
1143	ISA	21	2	x1bk	figs-metonymy		0	Elam … Media	Here “Elam” and “Media” represent the soldiers from these places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1144	ISA	21	2	ic7h	figs-metonymy		0	I will stop all her groaning	Here “her” represents all the people who are suffering because of the Babylonians. Yahweh will cause them to stop groaning when he sends the armies of Elam and Media to destroy the Babylonians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1145	ISA	21	3	sy98			0	my loins are filled with pain	The vision that Isaiah sees is so troubling it causes him physical pain. Here he describes the pain and cramping in the middle part of his body.
1146	ISA	21	3	lm8g	figs-simile		0	pains like the pains of a woman in labor have taken hold of me	Isaiah compares his pain to the pain of a woman giving birth. This emphasizes the great pain he is feeling. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1147	ISA	21	3	dv2a	figs-activepassive		0	I am bowed down by what I heard	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “What I heard has caused me to bend over in pain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1148	ISA	21	3	eaj7	figs-activepassive		0	I am disturbed by what I saw	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “what I saw has greatly troubled me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1149	ISA	21	4	b8pe			0	My heart pounds; I shake with fear	Alternate translation: “My heart beats fast and I am shaking”
1150	ISA	21	5	y2mh			0	They prepare	Here “They” refers to the leaders of Babylon.
1151	ISA	21	5	isa5	figs-metonymy		0	prepare the table	Here “table” represents the food that people will eat at the feast. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1152	ISA	21	5	t2uh			0	arise, princes	Here “princes” refers in general to men with authority and not necessarily to sons of kings.
1153	ISA	21	5	v634	figs-explicit		0	anoint your shields with oil	Soldiers would put oil on their leather shields so they would stay soft and not crack during battle. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1154	ISA	21	6	m5sh			0	post a watchman	Alternate translation: “tell a watchman to stand on the wall of Jerusalem”
1155	ISA	21	7	qai9			0	a chariot, a pair of horsemen	Alternate translation: “a soldier riding in a chariot, a pair of horses pulling it”
1156	ISA	21	8	v2w1			0	Lord, on the watchtower I stand	Here “Lord” refers to the person with authority that commanded the watchman to stand on the wall of Jerusalem.
1157	ISA	21	9	x4x6	figs-metaphor		0	Babylon has fallen, fallen	Babylon being completely defeated by their enemies is spoken of as if Babylon has fallen. Here “Babylon” is a metonym that represents the people of Babylon. Alternate translation: “The people of Babylon are completely defeated” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1158	ISA	21	9	udx7			0	fallen, fallen	The word “fallen” is repeated to emphasize that the people of Babylon were completely defeated by their enemies.
1159	ISA	21	10	yv9c	figs-metaphor		0	My threshed and winnowed ones, children of my threshing floor	The people of Israel suffering because of the Babylonians is spoken of as if the people were grain that was threshed and winnowed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1160	ISA	21	10	wdg3			0	My threshed	The word “my” refers to Isaiah.
1161	ISA	21	10	nn8k			0	Yahweh of hosts	See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md).
1162	ISA	21	11	qk1a			0	A declaration	Alternate translation: “This is what Yahweh declares” or “This is a message from Yahweh”
1163	ISA	21	11	f2ac	translate-names		0	about Dumah	This is another name for Edom. Here “Dumah” represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “about the people of Dumah” or “about the people of Edom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1164	ISA	21	11	z3e8			0	One calls to me	Here “me” refers to Isaiah.
1165	ISA	21	11	z8pb	translate-names		0	Seir	This is the name of mountains west of Edom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
1166	ISA	21	11	fhv6	figs-parallelism		0	Watchman, what is left of the night? Watchman, what is left of the night?	This is repeated to emphasize that the person asking the question is worried and nervous. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
1167	ISA	21	12	h8eg			0	If you want to ask, then ask; and come back again	Alternate translation: “Ask me now what you want to know, but also come back later and ask again”
1168	ISA	21	13	qlh5			0	A declaration	Alternate translation: “This is what Yahweh declares” or “This is the message of Yahweh”
1169	ISA	21	13	bs2m	figs-metonymy		0	about Arabia	Arabia refers to the population of Arabia. Alternate translation: “about the people of Arabia” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1170	ISA	21	13	q4gt	figs-explicit		0	In the wilderness of Arabia	Arabia does not have a forest. Alternate translation: “Far off from the road in Arabia” or “Out in the bushes of Arabia” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1171	ISA	21	13	wxn6			0	caravans	a group of people traveling together
1172	ISA	21	13	a76p	translate-names		0	Dedanites	This is a people group that lived in Arabia. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
1173	ISA	21	14	yz13	translate-names		0	land of Tema	This is the name of a city in Arabia. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
1174	ISA	21	14	ck51			0	fugitives	A fugitive is a person who runs away so that his enemy will not capture him. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 15:5](../15/05.md).
1175	ISA	21	14	b4b7	figs-synecdoche		0	with bread	Here “bread” represents food in general. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
1176	ISA	21	15	y9if	figs-metonymy		0	from the sword, from the drawn sword, from the bent bow	Here “sword” and “bow” represents the soldiers who attack the inhabitants of Tema. Alternate translation: “from their enemies who attack them with swords and bows” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1177	ISA	21	15	tnx9	figs-metaphor		0	from the weight of war	The terror and suffering that is experienced during war is spoken of as if war were a heavy weight on people. Alternate translation: “from the horrors of war” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1178	ISA	21	16	y8lk	figs-explicit		0	as a laborer hired for a year would see it	“as a hired laborer would count the days of a year.” A hired worker is careful to count the days so that he works exactly the amount of time he is paid to work. This means Kedar will be defeated in exactly one year. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1179	ISA	21	16	z33f	translate-names		0	of Kedar	This is a region in Arabia. Kedar represents the population of Kedar. Alternate translation: “of the people of Kedar” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1180	ISA	22	intro	j95f			0		# Isaiah 22 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Repentance<br>On this day of judgment, Judah should be repenting of their sin. Instead, they are celebrating it. Although Judah avoids Yahweh’s punishment through the Assyrians, their punishment will still come. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “Valley of Visions”<br>This is a metaphor used in this prophecy against the nation of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])
1181	ISA	22	1	k9gg			0	A declaration	Alternate translation: “This is what Yahweh declares” or “This is Yahweh’s message”
1182	ISA	22	1	r9lq	figs-metonymy		0	about the Valley of Vision	Here “Valley” refers to those who live in the valley, that is, Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “about those who live in the Valley of Vision” or “about those who live in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1183	ISA	22	1	eln4	figs-rquestion		0	What is the reason that you have all gone up to the housetops?	Isaiah uses a question to scold the people of Judah. Alternate translation: “You should not go and stand on the tops of your houses.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1184	ISA	22	2	y1ul			0	a town full of revelry	Alternate translation: “a town full of people celebrating”
1185	ISA	22	2	l5a8	figs-activepassive		0	Your dead were not killed with the sword	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Enemy soldiers did not kill your people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1186	ISA	22	2	g7up	figs-metonymy		0	with the sword	Here “sword” represents the soldiers who fight in battle. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1187	ISA	22	3	sd8r	figs-activepassive		0	but they were captured without using a bow	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “but the enemy captured your rulers who were not even carrying a bow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1188	ISA	22	3	geh4	figs-activepassive		0	all of them were captured together	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the enemy captured all of them together” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1189	ISA	22	4	ud7n			0	Therefore I said	Here “I” refers to Isaiah.
1190	ISA	22	4	yy7y	figs-metonymy		0	of the daughter of my people	Here “daughter” represents the people and may imply Isaiah’s feeling of love for them. Alternate translation: “of my people whom I love” or “of my people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1191	ISA	22	5	mv8s			0	For there is a day	Alternate translation: “For there will be a time”
1192	ISA	22	5	b51a			0	of tumult, treading down, and confusion for the Lord Yahweh of hosts	Alternate translation: “when the Lord Yahweh of hosts will cause panic, treading down, and confusion”
1193	ISA	22	5	p1ny			0	treading down	This could mean: (1) this refers to soldiers marching or (2) people in general are running in panic and not sure where to go.
1194	ISA	22	5	nbr9			0	in the Valley of Vision	This refers to Jerusalem. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 22:1](../22/01.md).
1195	ISA	22	5	q2i2			0	people crying out to the mountains	This could mean: (1) “people in the mountains will hear their cries” or (2) “the people’s cries will echo off the mountains”
1196	ISA	22	6	qte5	figs-metonymy		0	Elam takes up the quiver	The quiver is a bag to carry arrows and represents the archer’s weapons. Alternate translation: “The soldiers of Elam take their bows and arrows” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1197	ISA	22	6	v2pq	figs-metonymy		0	Kir lays the shield bare	Here “Kir” represents the soldiers. Alternate translation: “the soldiers of Kir will take their shields out of their covers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1198	ISA	22	6	x6a2	translate-names		0	Kir	Kir is a city in Media. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
1199	ISA	22	7	hn61			0	your choicest valleys	Here “your” refers to the people of Jerusalem. Isaiah does include himself as one of the people of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “our best valleys”
1200	ISA	22	8	yr3v	figs-abstractnouns		0	He took away the protection of Judah	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **protection**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will take away everything that has protected the people of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1201	ISA	22	8	a1h5	figs-idiom		0	you looked in that day to the weapons	Here the phrase “to look to” means to trust in something. Alternate translation: “to defend yourselves you will get the weapons” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1202	ISA	22	8	mz5j			0	Palace of the Forest	This was a part of the temple in Jerusalem where they stored their weapons.
1203	ISA	22	9	b84f	figs-explicit		0	you collected the water of the lower pool	The people will store water so that they will have enough to drink while their enemies surround the city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1204	ISA	22	10	ypg7			0	You counted the houses	Here “counted” means they inspected the houses to find material to help them rebuild the city wall.
1205	ISA	22	11	by9j			0	You made a reservoir	Alternate translation: “You made a storage place”
1206	ISA	22	11	jt97			0	between the two walls	It is unclear what two walls Isaiah meant. The main point is that they built the reservoir within the city walls.
1207	ISA	22	11	a66l			0	the city’s maker	This could mean: (1) this refers to the original human builder of the city or (2) this refers to Yahweh.
1208	ISA	22	12	x4ws			0	Yahweh of hosts	See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md).
1209	ISA	22	12	h6es	translate-symaction		0	for shaved heads	This was a sign of mourning and repenting. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
1210	ISA	22	13	ct44	figs-metonymy		0	let us eat and drink, for tomorrow we will die	Here “eat and drink” represents having a party and over indulging in food and wine. Alternate translation: “we may as well have fun now by eating and drinking all we want, for we will die soon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1211	ISA	22	14	f7iw	figs-synecdoche		0	This was revealed in my ears by Yahweh of hosts	Here “ears” represents Isaiah as a whole. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh of hosts revealed this to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1212	ISA	22	14	g3sh	figs-activepassive		0	Surely this iniquity will not be forgiven you, even when you die	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Surely I will not forgive you for these sinful things you have done, even when you die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1213	ISA	22	14	bmu5			0	even when you die	This could mean: (1) Yahweh will never forgive them, even after they die or (2) Yahweh will not forgive them until they die.
1214	ISA	22	15	v7mw	translate-names		0	Shebna	This is the name of the manager of the king’s palace in Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
1215	ISA	22	15	lkg6	figs-metonymy		0	who is over the house	Here “house” represents those in the king’s palace. Alternate translation: “who is in charge of all those who work in the palace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1216	ISA	22	16	ly8w	figs-rquestion		0	What are you doing here and who gave you permission … in the rock?	Yahweh uses this question to scold Shebna. Alternate translation: “You have no right … in the rock!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1217	ISA	22	16	kv47	figs-parallelism		0	cut out a tomb … hewing out a grave … carving out a resting place	These three phrases all refer to making a burial tomb. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
1218	ISA	22	16	ux5x	figs-explicit		0	on the heights	The most important people in Israel had tombs in the highest places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1219	ISA	22	18	g81e	figs-metaphor		0	He will surely wind you round and round, and toss you like a ball into a vast country	The enemy soldiers coming and taking Shebna as a captive to a foreign land is spoken of as if Yahweh were throwing him like a ball into another land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1220	ISA	22	18	i1nz	figs-metonymy		0	you will be the shame of your master’s house	Here “house” represents the people who work in the king’s palace. Alternate translation: “you will cause shame for all those in your master’s palace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1221	ISA	22	19	jhf3	figs-metaphor		0	I will thrust you from your office and from your station. You will be pulled down	Yahweh causing Shebna to no longer work in the king’s palace is spoken of as if Yahweh will throw him to the ground. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1222	ISA	22	19	gg54	figs-activepassive		0	You will be pulled down	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I will bring you down from your honored position” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1223	ISA	22	20	pfi1			0	It will come about on that day	Alternate translation: “It will happen at that time”
1224	ISA	22	20	t9nz	translate-names		0	Eliakim … Hilkiah	These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
1225	ISA	22	21	hnw8	figs-metaphor		0	I will clothe him with your tunic and put on him your sash	Yahweh causing Eliakim to take Shebna’s place in the king’s palace is spoken of as if Yahweh will dress Eliakim in Shebna’s clothes that represent his authority in the king’s palace. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1226	ISA	22	21	rpb7	figs-metonymy		0	your tunic … your sash	Here the tunic and sash represent authority in the king’s palace. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1227	ISA	22	21	e26e			0	sash	This is a piece of cloth that people wear around the waist or across the chest. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 3:20](../03/20.md).
1228	ISA	22	21	xz46	figs-metonymy		0	into his hand	Here “hand” represents power or control. Alternate translation: “to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1229	ISA	22	21	h2he	figs-metaphor		0	He will be a father	Eliakim caring for and protecting the people of Judah is spoken of as if he would be their father. Alternate translation: “He will be like a father” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1230	ISA	22	21	y2lj	figs-metonymy		0	to the house of Judah	Here “house” represents the people. Alternate translation: “to the people of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1231	ISA	22	22	q3km	figs-metonymy		0	I will place the key of the house of David on his shoulder … none will open	Here “key” represents authority. This speaks of Eliakim having authority that no one can oppose as if he had the key to the palace and no one else could lock or unlock the door. Alternate translation: “I will put him in charge of those who work in the king’s palace, and when he makes a decision no one will be able to oppose him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1232	ISA	22	23	h3j8	figs-metaphor		0	I will fasten him, a peg in a secure place	Yahweh causing Eliakim’s authority to be strong and secure in the king’s palace is spoken of as if Eliakim were a peg and Yahweh will set him firmly in the palace wall. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1233	ISA	22	23	re2x	figs-metonymy		0	he will become a seat of glory for his father’s house	Here “seat of glory” represents a place of honor. Alternate translation: “Eliakim will bring honor to his family” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1234	ISA	22	23	vm1p	figs-metonymy		0	his father’s house	Here “house” represents family. Alternate translation: “his father’s family” or “his family” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1235	ISA	22	24	gzh4	figs-metaphor		0	They will hang on him all the glory of his father’s house	Yahweh causing Eliakim’s whole family to be honored because of Eliakim is spoken of as if Eliakim were a peg in the wall and his family were something that hangs on the peg. Alternate translation: “They will give honor to his whole family because of him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1236	ISA	22	24	p4as	figs-metaphor		0	every small container from the cups to all the jugs	This continues to speak of Eliakim as a peg. His offspring will be like cups that hang on the peg. This means his descendants will be honored because of him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1237	ISA	22	24	y52b			0	the cups to all the jugs	A cup is a small container that holds water. A jug is a larger container that holds water.
1238	ISA	22	25	tll3	figs-metaphor		0	the peg driven in a firm place … will be cut off	Yahweh causing Shebna to lose his authority in the king’s palace is spoken of as if Shebna were a peg in the wall that breaks off and falls to the ground. This emphasizes that Shebna thought his authority was secure but God will remove him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1239	ISA	22	25	l3m8	figs-metonymy		0	the weight that was on it will be cut off	Here “weight” represents Shebna’s power and authority. It is spoken of as if it were an object hanging on the peg that represents Shebna. Yahweh causing Shebna to lose his power and authority is spoken of as if someone were to cut off the object that was hanging on the peg. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1240	ISA	23	intro	zw88			0		# Isaiah 23 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Phoenicia<br>This chapter prophesies destruction against several cities in Phoenicia as well as in Tarshish. The exact location of Tarshish is unknown. Because of the locations mentioned in this chapter, it appears that the Assyrians will conquer many of the nations on the Mediterranean Sea. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])
1241	ISA	23	1	p3kt			0	A declaration about Tyre	Alternate translation: “This is what Yahweh declares about Tyre”
1242	ISA	23	1	fmd1	figs-metonymy		0	Howl, you ships of Tarshish	Here “ships” represents the men on the ships. Isaiah speaks to the men on the ships of Tarshish as if they could hear him. Alternate translation: “Cry out in despair you men on the ships of Tarshish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
1243	ISA	23	1	ggd2			0	harbor	an area of the sea that is near land and safe for ships
1244	ISA	23	1	vu39	translate-names		0	from the land of Cyprus it has been revealed to them	This phrase can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the men heard about Tyre when they were in the land of Cyprus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1245	ISA	23	2	h8zu	figs-apostrophe		0	Be silent, you inhabitants of the coast	Isaiah speaks to the people who live on the coast as if they could hear him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
1246	ISA	23	2	b9vq	figs-idiom		0	Be silent	This is an idiom. Here silence is meant to signal shock and amazement. Alternate translation: “Be shocked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1247	ISA	23	2	e3zr			0	of the coast	The “coast” is the land near or around the sea or ocean. Here it refers to the people who live in Phoenicia which borders the Mediterranean sea.
1248	ISA	23	2	x6g6	figs-genericnoun		0	the merchant of Sidon, who travels over the sea, has filled you	Here “merchant” means “many merchants.” Alternate translation: “the merchants of Sidon, who travel over the sea, have made you rich” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
1249	ISA	23	3	z18x	translate-names		0	Upon the great waters was the grain of Shihor	Shihor was the name of a valley near the Nile River in Egypt known for its production of grain. Alternate translation: “The men traveled on the large sea to transport the grain from Shihor in Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
1250	ISA	23	3	jsl4	figs-possession		0	the harvest of the Nile was her produce	The “harvest of the Nile” refers to the grain that was harvested near the Nile River and transported on the river and then to Phoenicia. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
1251	ISA	23	3	yvg2			0	her produce	Alternate translation: “its produce.” It was common to refer to the river as “her.”
1252	ISA	23	3	hf67	figs-metonymy		0	it became the commerce of the nations	Commerce is the activity of buying and selling goods. Here “nations” represents the people. Alternate translation: “you were where people from other nations came to buy and sell goods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1253	ISA	23	4	er55	figs-personification		0	for the sea has spoken, the mighty one of the sea … nor brought up young women	This could mean: (1) Yahweh describes the city of Tyre as a mother who speaks about the people who live in the city as her children, or (2) Yahweh is describing the Mediterranean Sea as speaking. The people of Tyre considered the sea their god and father. In either meaning the speaker mourns because its children are destroyed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
1254	ISA	23	6	bk9d			0	Cross over to Tarshish	“Make your way to Tarshish.” Tarshish was the farthest land the people of Tyre traveled to do business. It will be the only place of safety for those who escape from Tyre.
1255	ISA	23	7	m498	figs-rquestion		0	Has this happened to you, the joyful city, whose origin is from ancient times … to settle?	Yahweh uses a question to mock Tyre. This rhetorical questions can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “This has indeed happened to you who were full of joy in the ancient city of Tyre … to settle.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1256	ISA	23	7	md2c	figs-metonymy		0	the joyful city	Here “city” represents the people. Alternate translation: “the joyful people who live in the city of Tyre” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1257	ISA	23	7	qlk4	figs-synecdoche		0	whose feet carried her far away to foreign places to settle	Here “feet” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “who went to distant places to live and make money” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
1258	ISA	23	7	ws35	figs-metonymy		0	her far away	Here “her” refers to the city of Tyre which represents the people of Tyre. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1259	ISA	23	8	q8gu	figs-rquestion		0	Who has planned this against Tyre … of the earth?	Isaiah uses a question to mock Tyre. The word “this” refers to God’s plans to destroy Tyre which Isaiah described in 23:1-7. Also, “Tyre” refers to the people who live in Tyre. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “It was Yahweh who has planned to destroy the people of Tyre … of the earth.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1260	ISA	23	8	lz33	figs-metonymy		0	the giver of crowns	Here “crown” refers to the power a person has as a ruler over people. Alternate translation: “who gives people power to rule over others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1261	ISA	23	8	irz8	figs-metaphor		0	whose merchants are princes	The merchants are compared to princes to emphasize how much power they had when they went to different lands. Alternate translation: “whose merchants are like princes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1262	ISA	23	8	qwj2	figs-activepassive		0	whose traders are the honored ones of the earth	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “whose traders the people of the earth give the highest honors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1263	ISA	23	9	h693			0	to dishonor her pride and all her glory	Alternate translation: “to dishonor them because they were proud of their own glory”
1264	ISA	23	9	fxa3	figs-metonymy		0	her pride … her glory … her honored ones	Here “her” refers to the city of Tyre which represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “their pride … their glory … their honored one” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1265	ISA	23	10	h9st	figs-simile		0	Plow your land, as one plows the Nile, daughter of Tarshish. There is no longer a marketplace in Tyre	This could mean: (1) Isaiah is telling the people of Tarshish to start planting crops since they can no longer trade with Tyre or (2) Isaiah is telling the people of Tarshish they are free from Tyre’s control. Alternate translation: “Pass through your land like a river, daughter of Tarshish. The people of Tyre no longer have any power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1266	ISA	23	10	kfi3	figs-metonymy		0	daughter of Tarshish	The “daughter” of a city represents the people of the city. Alternate translation: “the people of Tarshish” or “the people who live in Tarshish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1267	ISA	23	11	tv4t	figs-metaphor		0	Yahweh has reached out with his hand over the sea, and he has shaken the kingdoms	Yahweh using his power to control the sea and the people of mighty kingdoms is spoken of as if Yahweh reached out his hand and shook kingdoms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1268	ISA	23	11	vi8e	figs-metonymy		0	has reached out with his hand over the sea	Here “hand” refers to God’s power and control. Alternate translation: “has shown his power over the sea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1269	ISA	23	12	rx71	figs-metonymy		0	oppressed virgin daughter of Sidon	Here “virgin daughter” represents the people of Sidon. Alternate translation: “people of Sidon, because other people will oppress you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1270	ISA	23	13	ns9f			0	See the land of the Chaldeans	Here, **Chaldeans** here is another name for Babylonians. Alternate translation: “See what happened to the land of the Babylonians” or “See what has happened to Babylonia”
1271	ISA	23	13	y57n			0	siege towers	Soldiers built towers or dirt ramps to attack over the walls of a city.
1272	ISA	23	14	vas5	figs-metonymy		0	Howl, you ships of Tarshish	Here “ships” represents the men on the ships. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 23:1](../23/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1273	ISA	23	14	mrm4	figs-activepassive		0	for your refuge has been destroyed	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “for enemies have destroyed your refuge” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1274	ISA	23	15	bg5c			0	In that day	Alternate translation: “At that time” or “Then”
1275	ISA	23	15	j3vb	figs-activepassive		0	Tyre will be forgotten for seventy years	Since people will no longer go to Tyre to buy or sell goods, it will be like they have forgotten about the city. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “for seventy years it will be like the people have forgotten about Tyre” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1276	ISA	23	15	sm6g	translate-numbers		0	for seventy years	“for 70 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
1277	ISA	23	15	eq3d			0	like the days of a king	Alternate translation: “like the years of a king” or “which is about as long as a king lives”
1278	ISA	23	15	y1ei	figs-metaphor		0	like in the song of the prostitute	This speaks about the people of Tyre as if they were a prostitute. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1279	ISA	23	16	q76p	figs-metaphor		0	Take a harp, go about the city, you forgotten prostitute … so that you may be remembered	This speaks about the people of Tyre as if they were a prostitute (verse 15). Just as a prostitute who is no longer popular may sing in the streets to regain her former lovers, the people of Tyre will try to get people from other nations to return to them to continue trading so that the people of Tyre will be rich and powerful again. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1280	ISA	23	16	sp8f	figs-activepassive		0	so that you may be remembered	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “so that people remember you” or “so that people return to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1281	ISA	23	17	ri8p			0	It will come about that	This phrase is used here to mark an important event that will happen. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here.
1282	ISA	23	17	b4c1	translate-numbers		0	seventy years	“70 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
1283	ISA	23	17	bpr9	figs-metonymy		0	Yahweh will help Tyre	Here “Tyre” represents the people who live in Tyre. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will help the people of Tyre” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1284	ISA	23	17	au66	figs-metaphor		0	she will start making money again by doing the work of a prostitute … of the earth	Isaiah compares the people of Tyre with a prostitute. Just as the prostitute sells herself for money to any man, the people of Tyre will again buy and sell to all kingdoms. Alternate translation: “And like a prostitute they will buy and sell will all the kingdoms of the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1285	ISA	23	18	jdj2	figs-activepassive		0	They will not be stored up or kept	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The merchants will not store away their money” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1286	ISA	23	18	if24			0	those who live in Yahweh’s presence	Alternate translation: “those who obey and serve Yahweh”
1287	ISA	23	18	y9rb			0	to supply them with abundant food	Alternate translation: “so they will have enough food to eat”
1288	ISA	24	intro	a6m4			0		# Isaiah 24 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>While it appears that this chapter is a continuation of the prophecy from the previous chapter, it actually looks at the whole of the Assyrian conquest as Yahweh’s punishment on the world. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Covenant<br>The mention of an “everlasting covenant” in this chapter is probably not to a specific covenant with Abraham or Moses. Instead, it is an expectation that mankind would obey Yahweh. Some consider this to be a covenant Yahweh made with Adam. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Reign of Yahweh<br>This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. This chapter pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator should not add explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])
1289	ISA	24	1	itu1			0	to empty the earth	Alternate translation: “to make the earth desolate” or “to destroy everything on the earth”
1290	ISA	24	2	v1j9			0	It will come about that	This phrase marks an important event. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here.
1291	ISA	24	2	b89l	figs-ellipsis		0	as with … so with	What Yahweh will do is not stated here, but it is understood. This shows that God will treat all people the same way. Alternate translation: “as Yahweh scatters … so he will scatter”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
1292	ISA	24	2	h3vp	figs-genericnoun		0	the priest … the giver of interest	In 24:2 Isaiah lists several classes of people. They can be expressed as plural nouns as in the UST. Alternate translation: “the priests … those who give interest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
1293	ISA	24	2	bb46			0	the receiver of interest	“the one who owes money.” The word “interest” means the extra money someone has to pay so that he may borrow money.
1294	ISA	24	2	i24e			0	the giver of interest	Alternate translation: “the one who is owed money”
1295	ISA	24	3	w1xb	figs-activepassive		0	The earth will be completely devastated and completely stripped	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will completely devastate the earth and he will remove everything with value” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1296	ISA	24	3	ie7i			0	Yahweh has spoken this word	Alternate translation: “Yahweh has said he would”
1297	ISA	24	3	fpt4	figs-metonymy		0	The earth	everything that is on the earth (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1298	ISA	24	4	br27	figs-parallelism		0	The earth dries up and withers, the world shrivels up and fades away	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “Everything on earth will dry up and die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
1299	ISA	24	4	hpm9	figs-metonymy		0	The earth … the world	Both of these represent everything that is on the earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1300	ISA	24	5	me5f	figs-metaphor		0	The earth is polluted by its inhabitants	The people sinning and making the earth unacceptable to God is spoken of as if the people made the earth physically unclean. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The people have polluted the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1301	ISA	24	5	mw6f			0	they have transgressed the laws, violated the statutes, and broken the everlasting covenant	Alternate translation: “they have not obeyed God’s laws and statutes, and they have broken God’s eternal covenant”
1302	ISA	24	6	kcu7	figs-metaphor		0	a curse devours the earth	Yahweh cursing the earth and destroying it is spoken of as if a curse were either a wild animal that completely eats the earth or a fire that completely burns up the earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1303	ISA	24	6	an7c	figs-activepassive		0	its inhabitants are found guilty	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will declare that the people are guilty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1304	ISA	24	8	bpd3			0	tambourines … lyre	These are musical instruments. See how you translated these in [Isaiah 5:12](../05/12.md).
1305	ISA	24	10	nje8	figs-activepassive		0	The city of chaos has been broken down	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will break down the city of chaos” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1306	ISA	24	10	q3a5			0	The city of chaos	This could mean: (1) the city was in chaos before the Lord breaks it down; the people did not obey God, the government was corrupt, and the city was full of drinking and parties, or (2) the city will be in chaos after God breaks it down. The walls and buildings that were once built strong and tall are now in ruins on the ground. With either meaning it does not mean one city. It refers to cities in general.
1307	ISA	24	10	rk9d	figs-activepassive		0	every house is closed up and empty	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the people will close up their houses and leave them empty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1308	ISA	24	11	s8c8			0	because of the wine	Alternate translation: “because there is no wine”
1309	ISA	24	11	wxr1	figs-parallelism		0	all joy is darkened, the gladness of the land has disappeared	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “all joy will be gone from the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
1310	ISA	24	11	y34e	figs-metonymy		0	gladness of the land	Here “land” represents the people of the earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1311	ISA	24	12	dme3	figs-abstractnouns		0	In the city is left a desolation	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **desolation**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “desolate” or “empty.” Alternate translation: “The city is desolate” or “The city is left empty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1312	ISA	24	12	zs7r	figs-genericnoun		0	In the city	This is not a specific city but cities in general. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
1313	ISA	24	13	j5j7	figs-simile		0	as when an olive tree is beaten, as the gleanings when the grape harvest is done	This compares the nations after Yahweh devastates the land to trees and vines after their fruit has been picked. This means there will be very few people left in the land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1314	ISA	24	14	zd27	figs-idiom		0	They will lift up their voices and shout the majesty of Yahweh	The phrase “lift up their voices” is an idiom that means to speak loudly. Alternate translation: “They will sing and shout about the majesty of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1315	ISA	24	14	z4qy			0	They will	Here “They” refers to those who are still alive after Yahweh devastates the earth.
1316	ISA	24	14	h3vk	figs-explicit		0	and will joyfully shout from the sea	Here “the sea” refers to the Mediterranean Sea which is west of Israel. Alternate translation: “and those in the west towards the sea will shout with joy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1317	ISA	24	15	l9zj	figs-metonymy		0	Therefore in the east glorify Yahweh	The phrase “in the east” represents the people living east of Israel. Isaiah is commanding these people as if they were there with him. But, he is talking to the people in the future after God devastates the earth. Alternate translation: “Therefore everyone from distant lands in the east will glorify Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
1318	ISA	24	15	w2f4	figs-metonymy		0	in the isles of the sea give glory	Isaiah is commanding the people who live on the islands in the Mediterranean sea as if they were there with him. But, he is talking to the people in the future after God devastates the earth. Alternate translation: “everyone in the islands will give glory” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
1319	ISA	24	15	ip1j	figs-metonymy		0	to the name of Yahweh	Here “name” represents Yahweh. Alternate translation: “to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1320	ISA	24	16	zwk3	figs-exclusive		0	we have heard	Here “we” refers to Isaiah and the people of Israel. Isaiah is describing something in the future as if it has already happened. Alternate translation: “we will hear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
1321	ISA	24	16	zy21	figs-parallelism		0	I have wasted away, I have wasted away	Isaiah repeats this phrase to emphasize his anguish. He was very concerned because he saw people who deceived others and did not do what they promised to do. Alternate translation: “I have become very weak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
1322	ISA	24	16	u7aa	figs-parallelism		0	The treacherous have dealt treacherously; yes, the treacherous have dealt very treacherously	Isaiah repeats this phrase to emphasize his anguish. Alternate translation: “Indeed, those who deceive are now deceiving others” or “Indeed, the deceivers have acted deceitfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
1323	ISA	24	17	ec2n			0	Terror, the pit, and the snare are upon you, inhabitants of the earth	Alternate translation: “You people of the earth will experience terror, the pit, and the snare”
1324	ISA	24	17	f3ea	figs-synecdoche		0	the pit, and the snare	Here “pit” and “snare” represent all the different bad things that will happen to people. People will run away to escape one bad thing but they will just experience another bad thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
1325	ISA	24	18	gix7	figs-synecdoche		0	caught in the snare	Here the “snare” represents all the different bad things that will happen to people. People will run away to escape one bad thing but they will just experience another bad thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
1326	ISA	24	18	y2vm			0	the sound of terror	Alternate translation: “the terrifying sound”
1327	ISA	24	18	v3vg	figs-activepassive		0	will be caught in the snare	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the snare will catch him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1328	ISA	24	18	h1cr	figs-metaphor		0	The windows of the heavens will be opened	This speaks of large amounts of rain falling from the sky as if Yahweh opened a window in the sky and let the water pour through. Alternate translation: “The sky will split open and torrents of rain will fall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1329	ISA	24	18	irf6			0	the foundations of the earth will shake	The word “foundation” normally refers to a stone structure that gives support to a building from underneath. Here it describes a similar structure that was thought to support and hold the earth in place. Isaiah says even the structure that holds the earth will shake. Alternate translation: “the earth will shake terribly” or “there will be a terrible earthquake”
1330	ISA	24	19	r4mc	figs-activepassive		0	The earth will be completely broken, the earth ripped apart; the earth will be violently shaken	These passive clauses can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The earth will break and split apart; the earth will shake violently” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1331	ISA	24	20	gqx5	figs-simile		0	The earth will stagger like a drunken man and it will sway back and forth like a hut	These similes emphasize how the earth will shake back and forth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1332	ISA	24	20	j3i5	figs-metaphor		0	Its sin will be heavy on it and it will fall and never rise again	This speaks of the earth as if it were a person and transgressions were a heavy object. The person tries to carry the heavy weight but the weight causes the person to fall and not be able to stand back up. Here the earth represents the people of the earth who cause Yahweh to destroy the earth because of their sins. Alternate translation: “The sins of the people are many and so Yahweh will destroy the earth, and the earth will be like a person who falls and cannot get back up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1333	ISA	24	21	dsm9			0	On that day	Alternate translation: “At that time”
1334	ISA	24	21	l4tv	figs-explicit		0	the host of the heaven	A host is an army. Here “the host of the heaven” refers to the many powerful spirits in the heavens. It can be stated clearly that they are evil. Alternate translation: “the powerful beings” or “the evil spiritual beings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1335	ISA	24	21	vwu5			0	in the heavens	Alternate translation: “in the sky”
1336	ISA	24	22	m1h2	figs-activepassive		0	They will be gathered together, prisoners in a pit, and will be shut up in a prison	Here “pit” refers to a dark room or hole in a prison. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will gather them together as his prisoners and lock them in the dungeon of a prison” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1337	ISA	24	22	a1hh	figs-activepassive		0	they will be punished	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will punish them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1338	ISA	24	23	jhu9	figs-personification		0	Then the moon will be ashamed, and the sun disgraced	The sun and the moon are described as a person who is ashamed of being in front of someone with greater power. In the presence of Yahweh, the light of the moon and sun will seem less bright. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
1339	ISA	25	intro	p6t1			0		# Isaiah 25 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>This chapter shifts from being a prophecy against the nations to the personal praises of Isaiah. He praises Yahweh for the deliverance of his people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Reign of the Messiah<br>This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. This chapter pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator should not add explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])
1340	ISA	25	1	fw3y	figs-metonymy		0	praise your name	Here “name” represents Yahweh. Alternate translation: “praise you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1341	ISA	25	1	e938	figs-activepassive		0	things planned long ago	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “things you planned long ago” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1342	ISA	25	1	th82	figs-abstractnouns		0	in perfect faithfulness	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “faithful.” Alternate translation: “because you are perfectly faithful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1343	ISA	25	2	a6p6	figs-genericnoun		0	the city	This is not referring to a certain city. It means cities in general. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
1344	ISA	25	2	f62g			0	a fortress of strangers	Alternate translation: “a fortress belonging to foreigners”
1345	ISA	25	3	s2dv	figs-metonymy		0	a city of ruthless nations	Here “city” and “nations” represent the people who live there. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1346	ISA	25	4	c6es	figs-metaphor		0	you have been a place of safety … a shelter … a shelter from the storm … a shade from the heat	Yahweh protecting his people is spoken of as if he were a place that the people could go to be safe and comforted. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1347	ISA	25	4	n142	figs-simile		0	When the breath of the ruthless was like a storm against a wall	Ruthless people oppressing the people of God is spoken of as if they were a storm beating against a wall. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1348	ISA	25	4	nhn3			0	When the breath	Alternate translation: “When the wind” or “When the blast”
1349	ISA	25	4	y8cs	figs-nominaladj		0	the ruthless	This is a nominal adjective. Alternate translation: “ruthless people” or “those who are ruthless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
1350	ISA	25	5	bf3r	figs-simile		0	like heat in a dry land	This compares the enemies of God’s people to the heat that dries up the land. This emphasizes how much the enemies cause the people of God to suffer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1351	ISA	25	5	t81k	figs-simile		0	as the heat is subdued … ruthless ones is answered	Yahweh stopping ruthless people from singing and boasting is compared to a cloud providing shade on a hot day. This emphasizes that Yahweh comforts his people by stopping those who cause them to suffer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1352	ISA	25	5	pqi6	figs-activepassive		0	as the heat is subdued by the shade of a cloud	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “just like when a cloud passes overhead and subdues the heat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1353	ISA	25	5	adv7	figs-activepassive		0	the song of the ruthless ones is answered	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you will stop the ruthless people from singing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1354	ISA	25	6	gbd9			0	On this mountain	This refers to Jerusalem or Mount Zion.
1355	ISA	25	6	rt19			0	Yahweh of hosts	See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md).
1356	ISA	25	6	jlw1			0	a feast of fat things	Here “fat things” means the best food.
1357	ISA	25	6	vv56			0	a feast on the lees	“the oldest wine.” This means the best wine.
1358	ISA	25	7	m1ll	figs-metaphor		0	the covering over all peoples, the web woven over all the nations	Death, suffering, and sadness are spoken of as if they were a dark cloud or web that covers everyone on the earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
1359	ISA	25	8	n8s2	figs-metaphor		0	He will swallow up death forever	Yahweh causing people to live forever is spoken of as if he would swallow death. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1360	ISA	25	8	p3ey	figs-metaphor		0	the disgrace of his people he will take away from all the earth	Yahweh causing the people to never be ashamed again is spoken of as if disgrace were an object that Yahweh would take away. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1361	ISA	25	9	bh2b	figs-activepassive		0	It will be said	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “People will say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1362	ISA	25	9	g6gj			0	on that day	Alternate translation: “at that time”
1363	ISA	25	10	d1jb	figs-metonymy		0	For on this mountain the hand of Yahweh will rest	The “hand” represents God’s power. For Yahweh’s hand to rest on “this mountain” means he will protect his people Alternate translation: “The power of Yahweh will be on this mountain” or “For on Mount Zion Yahweh will protect his people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1364	ISA	25	10	zd1u	figs-metaphor		0	Moab will be trampled down in his place, even as straw is trampled down in a pit filled with manure	Yahweh destroying the people of Moab is spoken of as if he would step on them and crush them. This is compared to how people trampled on straw to mix it with manure. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1365	ISA	25	10	liv7	figs-metonymy		0	Moab will be trampled down in his place	Here Moab represents the people of Moab. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will trample the people in the land of Moab” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1366	ISA	25	11	dsp1	figs-simile		0	They will spread their hands … his hands to swim	This simile emphasizes how badly Yahweh will humiliate the people of Moab. They will spread their hands in dung like a swimmer spreads his hands in water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1367	ISA	25	11	y282			0	They will spread their hands in the midst of it	Alternate translation: “The people of Moab will push their hands through the dung”
1368	ISA	25	11	zg36			0	as a swimmer spreads his hands to swim	Alternate translation: “as if they were swimming”
1369	ISA	25	11	kk8y	figs-metaphor		0	will bring down their pride	Yahweh humiliating a proud person is spoken of as if pride were something high and Yahweh would cause it to be low. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1370	ISA	25	11	cmz8	figs-metonymy		0	in spite of the skill of their hands	Here “hands” represents the power to do or make something. Alternate translation: “in spite of the great things they have built” or “in spite of the great things they have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1371	ISA	25	12	i3tb	figs-metonymy		0	Your high fortress walls he will bring down to the ground, to the dust	This speaks of Yahweh causing armies to bring down the walls as if he himself were going to bring them down. Alternate translation: “He will send an army to bring your high fortress walls to the ground, to the dust” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1372	ISA	25	12	m6re	figs-123person		0	Your high fortress	Here “Your” refers to the people of Moab. It can be stated in third person to be consistent with the previous verse. Alternate translation: “Their high fortress” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
1373	ISA	26	intro	im4d			0		# Isaiah 26 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “That day”<br>This is a common phrase in this section of Isaiah. This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. This chapter pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator should not add explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]])
1374	ISA	26	1	u2d5			0	In that day	Alternate translation: “At that time”
1375	ISA	26	1	p5n8	figs-activepassive		0	this song will be sung in the land of Judah	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the people in the land of Judah will sing this song” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1376	ISA	26	1	u7ja			0	We have a strong city	This refers to the city of Jerusalem.
1377	ISA	26	1	vc1e	figs-metaphor		0	God has made salvation its walls and ramparts	God’s power to protect and save his people is spoken of as if his salvation were walls around a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1378	ISA	26	2	q8p1	figs-metonymy		0	the righteous nation that keeps faith	Here “nation” represents the people. Alternate translation: “the righteous and faithful people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1379	ISA	26	3	x8wp	figs-metonymy		0	The mind that is stayed on you	Here “mind” represents a person’s thoughts. Also “you” refers to Yahweh. The phrase “stayed on you” is an idiom. Alternate translation: “The person who continually thinks about you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1380	ISA	26	4	rlm9			0	Yah, Yahweh	Yah is another name for Yahweh.
1381	ISA	26	4	k4ey	figs-metaphor		0	Yahweh, is an everlasting rock	Yahweh having the power to protect his people is spoken of as if he were a tall rock where people could go to escape from their enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1382	ISA	26	5	vry8	figs-metaphor		0	he will bring down those who live proudly	Yahweh humiliating those who are proud is spoken of as if proud people were up high and he would cause them to come down low. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1383	ISA	26	5	lh5m	figs-genericnoun		0	the fortified city	This means fortified cities in general not a specific city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
1384	ISA	26	5	mc9n	figs-metonymy		0	he will lay low … he will level	Yahweh causing an army to destroy fortified cities is spoken of as if Yahweh would do it himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1385	ISA	26	6	uu7e	figs-parallelism		0	It will be trampled down by the feet of the poor and the treading of the needy	Both statements mean the same thing. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The poor and oppressed people will trample on the ruins of the city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1386	ISA	26	7	a6cq	figs-parallelism		0	The path of the righteous is level … the path of the righteous you make straight	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. People obeying Yahweh is spoken of as if they were walking on his path. Yahweh ensuring the people that what they do is right is spoken of as if he were making the path level and straight for them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1387	ISA	26	8	xz29	figs-metaphor		0	in the path of your judgments, Yahweh, we wait for you	Doing what Yahweh judged to be right is spoken of walking on his path. Alternate translation: “we wait for you, Yahweh, as we continue to do what you judged to be right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1388	ISA	26	8	xu1v			0	of your judgments	Alternate translation: “of your laws” or “of your teachings”
1389	ISA	26	8	xk92	figs-exclusive		0	we wait	Here “we” refers to Isaiah and all righteous people who are speaking to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
1390	ISA	26	8	cn7i	figs-metonymy		0	your name and your reputation are our desire	Here “name” and “reputation” represent Yahweh’s character which represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “our only desire is to honor you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1391	ISA	26	9	uq9i	figs-metaphor		0	my spirit within me seeks you earnestly	Wanting to know Yahweh and his laws better is spoken of as if the person were seeking to find Yahweh. Alternate translation: “I earnestly want to know you better” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1392	ISA	26	9	psm8	figs-synecdoche		0	my spirit within me seeks you earnestly	Here “spirit” represents the speaker as a whole. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
1393	ISA	26	10	yd2r	figs-activepassive		0	Let favor be shown to the wicked one, but he will not learn righteousness	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Even if Yahweh is kind to wicked people, they still do not learn to do what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1394	ISA	26	10	v6id	figs-genericnoun		0	the wicked one	This means wicked people in general. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
1395	ISA	26	10	we5i	figs-metonymy		0	In the land of uprightness	Here “land” represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “In the land where the people do what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1396	ISA	26	10	cl5a	figs-metonymy		0	does not see the majesty of Yahweh	Here “see” represents realizing something. Alternate translation: “does not realize that Yahweh is great” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1397	ISA	26	11	nvi7	figs-metaphor		0	your hand is lifted up	Yahweh preparing to punish wicked people is spoken of as if his hand were raised and about to hit the wicked people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1398	ISA	26	11	izk8			0	but they do not notice	Alternate translation: “but the wicked people do not notice”
1399	ISA	26	11	c1n1	figs-metonymy		0	they will see your zeal for the people	Here “see” represents realizing something. Alternate translation: “they will realize that you are eager to bless your people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1400	ISA	26	11	q4xz	figs-activepassive		0	be put to shame	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “they will be ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1401	ISA	26	11	bh8p	figs-metaphor		0	fire of your adversaries will devour them	Yahweh punishing and completely destroying his adversaries is spoken of as if he would send a fire that will completely burn them up. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1402	ISA	26	11	b1pq			0	fire of your adversaries	Here “of” does not mean the fire belongs to the adversaries but that the fire is intended to be used against the adversaries. Alternate translation: “your fire will completely burn them up”
1403	ISA	26	12	f2jb	figs-exclusive		0	for us	Here “us” refers to Isaiah and includes all the righteous people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
1404	ISA	26	13	pb5l	figs-metonymy		0	but we praise your name alone	Here “name” represents the person of God. Alternate translation: “but we praise you alone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1405	ISA	26	14	uj52			0	they will not arise	Alternate translation: “they will not come back to life”
1406	ISA	26	14	yt3t	figs-metaphor		0	made every memory of them to perish	Yahweh causing people to no longer remember those he destroyed is spoken of as if Yahweh made their memory perish or die. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1407	ISA	26	15	mic5	figs-parallelism		0	You have increased the nation, Yahweh, you have increased the nation	This clause is repeated for emphasis. Here “nation” represents the people. Alternate translation: “You have greatly increased the number of people in our nation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1408	ISA	26	16	m26y	figs-123person		0	they looked to you	Here “they” refers to the people of Israel. This would include Isaiah. Alternate translation: “we looked to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
1409	ISA	26	16	vn3a	figs-idiom		0	looked to you	This idiom means they asked Yahweh for help. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1410	ISA	26	16	q3db	figs-abstractnouns		0	when your discipline was on them	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **discipline**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “when you disciplined them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1411	ISA	26	17	w2a9	figs-simile		0	As a pregnant woman … cries out in her labor pains	This compares the people to a woman giving birth. This emphasizes their suffering and crying when Yahweh disciplined them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1412	ISA	26	18	j8g2	figs-simile		0	but it is as if we have only given birth to wind	“but it is as if we have only given birth to air” or “it is like we gave birth to nothing.” This is a simile that emphasizes that the people’s suffering resulted in nothing. Alternate translation: “but nothing good resulted from it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1413	ISA	26	18	qd8n	figs-metonymy		0	We have not brought salvation to the earth, and the inhabitants of the world have not fallen	Here “earth” represents the people who live on the earth. The meaning is unclear, but it seems to mean that the people of Israel have not been able to save themselves or other people by defeating their enemy in battle. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1414	ISA	26	18	v5pe	figs-abstractnouns		0	We have not brought salvation to the earth	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **salvation**, you could express the same idea with the verb “save.” Alternate translation: “We have not saved the inhabitants of the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1415	ISA	26	18	il5k			0	and the inhabitants of the world have not fallen	Alternate translation: “nor have we caused the wicked people of the world to fall in battle”
1416	ISA	26	19	tuj5	figs-nominaladj		0	Your dead will live	This can be reworded so that the nominal adjective “dead” is expressed as the verb “have died.” Alternate translation: “Your people who have died will live again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
1417	ISA	26	19	ak1f			0	Your dead	This could mean: (1) “Your” refers to Yahweh or (2) “Your” refers to the people of Israel. If you choose option two you could translate it as “Our dead.”
1418	ISA	26	19	d48t	figs-metaphor		0	Awake	This speaks of dead people coming back to life as if they were waking up from sleep. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1419	ISA	26	19	cvc4	figs-euphemism		0	you who live in the dust	This is a polite way of referring to those who have died. Alternate translation: “those who are dead and buried” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
1420	ISA	26	19	zv5y	figs-metaphor		0	for your dew is the dew of light	Yahweh acting kindly towards his people and bringing them back to life is spoken of as if it were the dew that causes the plants to live. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1421	ISA	26	19	gnz9			0	for your dew	This could mean: (1) “your” refers to Yahweh and this is the dew that Yahweh gives or (2) “your” refers to the people of Israel and this is the dew they receive from Yahweh.
1422	ISA	26	19	m8v6			0	dew of light	This could mean: (1) “light” refers to Yahweh’s power to make dead people alive again. Alternate translation: “dew from Yahweh” or (2) “light” refers to the morning time when dew is on the plants. Alternate translation: “dew in the morning”
1423	ISA	26	19	gb4p	figs-metaphor		0	the earth will bring forth its dead	“the earth will give birth to those who died.” Yahweh causing dead people to come back to life is spoken of as if the earth would give birth to those who have died. Alternate translation: “and Yahweh will cause those who have died to rise from the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1424	ISA	26	20	z699			0	my people	Here “my” refers to Isaiah. Also “people” refers to the people of Israel.
1425	ISA	26	20	k2ad	figs-abstractnouns		0	until the indignation has passed by	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **indignation**, you could express the same idea with the adjective “angry.” Alternate translation: “until Yahweh is no longer angry with us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1426	ISA	26	21	rcq2	figs-personification		0	the earth will uncover her bloodshed, and will no longer conceal her slain	Yahweh revealing all murders that have happened on the earth so that he can punish the murderers is spoken of as if the earth itself will reveal everyone who has been murdered. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
1427	ISA	27	intro	p2zg			0		# Isaiah 27 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Leviathan<br>This was an ancient type of dragon or serpent. It is possible that this is a reference to Satan, who is also described as a serpent and a dragon. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/satan]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “That day”<br>This is a common phrase in this section of Isaiah. This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. This chapter pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator should not add explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]])
1428	ISA	27	1	u82j			0	On that day	Alternate translation: “At that time”
1429	ISA	27	1	zm2d	figs-metaphor		0	Yahweh with his hard, great and fierce sword will punish	Yahweh having the power to destroy his enemies is spoken of as if he had strong, large sword. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1430	ISA	27	1	tj3b			0	the monster that is in the sea	This refers to Leviathan.
1431	ISA	27	2	w1yf	figs-metaphor		0	A vineyard of wine, sing of it	“Sing about the vineyard of wine.” This speaks about the people of Israel as if they were a vineyard that produced fruit. Alternate translation: “Sing about the people of Israel as if they were a vineyard that produced grapes for wine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1432	ISA	27	3	cy2e			0	I, Yahweh, am its protector	Alternate translation: “I, Yahweh, protect the vineyard”
1433	ISA	27	3	rpd8	figs-merism		0	night and day	The words “night” and “day” are combined here to mean “all the time.” Alternate translation: “all the time” or “continually” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
1434	ISA	27	4	av5d			0	Connecting Statement:	This continues to speak about the people of Israel as if they were a vineyard ([Isaiah 27:2-3](./02.md)).
1435	ISA	27	4	s3xp			0	I am not angry, Oh, that there were briers and thorns! In battle I would march against them	Alternate translation: “I am not angry. If there were briers and thorns I would march against them in battle”
1436	ISA	27	4	z6jj	figs-ellipsis		0	I am not angry	It is understood that Yahweh is not angry with his people any longer. Alternate translation: “I am not angry with my people any longer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
1437	ISA	27	4	v9e5	figs-metaphor		0	that there were briers and thorns	The enemies of the people of Israel are spoken of as if they were briers and thorns growing in the vineyard. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1438	ISA	27	4	tw3t			0	briers and thorns	See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 5:6](../05/06.md).
1439	ISA	27	4	bic8	figs-metaphor		0	In battle I would march against them	Yahweh fighting his enemies is spoken of as if he were a warrior in an army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1440	ISA	27	4	ij4d	figs-metaphor		0	I would march against them; I would burn them all together	Here Isaiah combines different images to speak of Yahweh’s enemies. He speaks of them as if they are briers and thorns but also as soldiers in an army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1441	ISA	27	5	j31l	figs-abstractnouns		0	unless they grasp my protection	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **protection**, you could express the same idea with the verb “protect.” Alternate translation: “unless they ask me to protect them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1442	ISA	27	5	je5d			0	make peace with me; let them make peace with me	Alternate translation: “they ask to live peacefully with me; I want them to live peacefully with me”
1443	ISA	27	6	cx3i	figs-metaphor		0	In the coming day	This speaks about a day as if it travels and arrives somewhere. Alternate translation: “In the future” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1444	ISA	27	6	f8jg	figs-metaphor		0	Jacob will take root; Israel will blossom and bud	Yahweh blessing the people of Israel and causing them to prosper is spoken of as if they were a vine that grows roots and blossoms. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Israel will prosper like a vine that has taken root and blossomed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1445	ISA	27	6	jk11	figs-metonymy		0	Jacob … Israel	Here “Jacob” and “Israel” are metonyms that represent the descendants of Jacob. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1446	ISA	27	6	eia2	figs-metaphor		0	they will fill the surface of the ground with fruit	Yahweh causing the people of Israel to prosper greatly so that they can help other people is spoken of as if they were a vine that grows so much fruit that it would cover the earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1447	ISA	27	7	am12	figs-rquestion		0	Has Yahweh attacked Jacob and Israel as he attacked those nations who attacked them?	The question is used to contrast the severity of God’s punishment. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has certainly punished the enemy nations more severely than he punished the people of Israel.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1448	ISA	27	7	r118	figs-metonymy		0	Jacob … Israel	These represent the descendants of Jacob. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1449	ISA	27	7	ukm8	figs-activepassive		0	Have Jacob and Israel been killed as in the slaughter of those nations that were killed by them?	This question too is used to contrast the severity of God’s punishment. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has not killed the people of Israel like they killed their enemies from other nations.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1450	ISA	27	8	f4he	figs-you		0	In exact measure you have contended	Here “you” refers to God. Yahweh punishing his people as much as they needed is spoken of as if God’s punishment were something that could be measured. Alternate translation: “But you did punish them as much as was needed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1451	ISA	27	8	kfc2	figs-metonymy		0	sending Jacob and Israel away	This represents the descendants of Jacob. Alternate translation: “sending the Israelites away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1452	ISA	27	8	rqg2	figs-metaphor		0	he drove them away with his fierce breath in the day of the east wind	Yahweh’s power to send his people away to a foreign country is spoken of as if Yahweh used his breath to blow them to a foreign country. Alternate translation: “the power of Yahweh drove them out like a fierce wind from the east” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1453	ISA	27	9	nf4r			0	So in this way	This could mean: (1) “this” refers to Yahweh sending the people into exile as Isaiah mentioned in the previous verse or (2) “this” refers to the actions that Isaiah will mention in the next part of verse 9.
1454	ISA	27	9	l9b7	figs-activepassive		0	the iniquity of Jacob will be atoned for	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will purge the sin from the Israelites” or “Yahweh will forgive the sins of the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1455	ISA	27	9	yjh1	figs-metonymy		0	iniquity of Jacob … removal of his sin	Here “Jacob” represents the descendants of Jacob. Alternate translation: “iniquity of the Israelites … removal of their sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1456	ISA	27	9	mn35			0	for this will be	Here “this” refers to the actions that Isaiah will describe in the next part of verse 9.
1457	ISA	27	9	zy5g	figs-metaphor		0	the full fruit	This speaks of the results of an action as if it were the fruit that grows as on a tree or vine. Alternate translation: “the result” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1458	ISA	27	9	x5ca	figs-metonymy		0	he will make all the altar stones as chalk and crushed to pieces, and no Asherah poles or incense altars will remain standing	Here “he” refers to Jacob who represents his descendants. Alternate translation: “They will completely destroy all the altars on which they sacrifice to false gods, and they will remove all the Asherah idols and the altars on which they burn incense to false gods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1459	ISA	27	10	fw6l	figs-pastforfuture		0	For the fortified city is … consumes its branches	Here Isaiah describes an event that will happen in the future as if it already happened. This emphasizes that it certainly will happen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
1460	ISA	27	10	na1y	figs-activepassive		0	For the fortified city is desolate, the habitation is deserted and forsaken like the wilderness	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The cities that were strong and had many people living in them will become empty like a desert” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1461	ISA	27	10	b7hh	figs-genericnoun		0	the fortified city … the habitation	This does not refer to a specific city or habitation but to cities and habitations in general. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
1462	ISA	27	10	mv1s	figs-genericnoun		0	a calf feeds, and there he lies down and consumes	Here “calf” represents calves or cattle in general. Alternate translation: “calves feed, and there they lie down and consume” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
1463	ISA	27	11	k9fn	figs-metaphor		0	When the boughs … not a people of understanding	The people becoming so weak because they disobey Yahweh so that enemies can easily destroy them is spoken of as if they are dry branches that women break off of a tree. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1464	ISA	27	11	k85z	figs-activepassive		0	When the boughs are withered, they will be broken off. Women will come and make fires with them	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “When the branches wither, women will come and break them off and make fires with them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1465	ISA	27	11	pi5e	figs-explicit		0	this is not a people of understanding	This can be made more explicit. Alternate translation: “this is not a people who understands Yahweh or his law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1466	ISA	27	11	js5n			0	a people	This could mean: (1) “people” refers to the people of Israel or (2) “people” refers the people of foreign nations who oppress the people of Israel.
1467	ISA	27	11	v3yx	figs-parallelism		0	Therefore their Maker will not have compassion on them, and he who made them will not be merciful to them	Both clauses mean the same thing. Alternate translation: “Because they do not understand, Yahweh, the one who made them, will not be merciful to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
1468	ISA	27	12	f19u			0	It will come about	This phrase marks an important event that will happen.
1469	ISA	27	12	g87l			0	on that day	Alternate translation: “at that time”
1470	ISA	27	12	n43h	figs-metaphor		0	Yahweh will thresh	Yahweh gathering his people to bring them back from the foreign nations to the land of Israel is spoken of as if he were threshing wheat to separate the grain from the chaff. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1471	ISA	27	12	nx3t			0	from the Euphrates River to the Wadi of Egypt	Isaiah mentions the Euphrates River and the Wadi of Egypt to mean that Yahweh will bring back the people of Israel who were exiled in lands near those waters, that is, Assyria and Egypt. The Euphrates River is northeast of Israel, and the Wadi of Egypt is southwest of Israel.
1472	ISA	27	12	v8t2			0	the Wadi of Egypt	Alternate translation: “the brook of Egypt”
1473	ISA	27	12	gz3e	figs-activepassive		0	you … will be gathered together one by one	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will gather you together one by one” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1474	ISA	27	13	i56v	figs-activepassive		0	a great trumpet will be blown	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “someone will blow a trumpet loudly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1475	ISA	27	13	qs1g	figs-ellipsis		0	the perishing ones in the land of Assyria will come, and the outcasts in the land of Egypt	The understood information can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “those who are in exile and dying in the land of Assyria and the land of Egypt will return to the land of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
1476	ISA	27	13	bdq2			0	holy mountain	The “holy mountain” is Mount Zion, in Jerusalem. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 11:9](../11/09.md).
1477	ISA	28	intro	np8h			0		# Isaiah 28 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Metaphors<br>There are many metaphors used to describe Yahweh’s punishment as well as the sin of the people of Ephraim. In one such metaphor, they are described as being drunk. Construction and weather metaphors are also used in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “That day”<br>This is a common phrase in this section of Isaiah. This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. This chapter pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]])
1478	ISA	28	1	j6gg	figs-metaphor		0	Woe to the proud garland … on the head of the lush Valley of those who are overcome with wine	A “garland” is a crown made of flowers. Here it represents the city of Samaria, the capital of Israel, which sits above a fertile valley. Samaria and its people being destroyed is spoken of as if the flowers in the garland will grow old and stop being beautiful. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1479	ISA	28	1	i15u			0	who are overcome with wine	Alternate translation: “who are drunk with wine”
1480	ISA	28	2	yjl9			0	Behold	Alternate translation: “Listen” or “Pay attention”
1481	ISA	28	2	s6hx	figs-synecdoche		0	the Lord sends one who is mighty and strong	Here “one” refers to a mighty king who also represents his powerful army. Alternate translation: “the Lord sends a king with his powerful army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
1482	ISA	28	2	xf11	figs-simile		0	storm of hail	A “storm of hail” or hailstorm happens when hard pieces of ice fall from the sky. Here it is a simile that refers to the enemy army that Yahweh will send to destroy the people of Samaria. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1483	ISA	28	2	ew8c	figs-metaphor		0	he will throw each garland crown down to the ground	The king and his powerful army destroying the people of Samaria and their city is spoken of as if the king will throw the people’s garlands onto the ground. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1484	ISA	28	3	pp4k	figs-activepassive		0	The proud garland of the drunkards of Ephraim will be trodden underfoot	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The enemy army will crush the proud drunkards of Samaria as if they were crushing flowers under their feet” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1485	ISA	28	3	wtt6	figs-metaphor		0	proud garland … of Ephraim	A “garland” is a crown made of flowers. Here it represents the city of Samaria, the capital of Israel, which sits above a fertile valley. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1486	ISA	28	4	qq5i	figs-metaphor		0	that is on the head of the rich valley	The city of Samaria, the capital of Israel, sits above a fertile valley. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1487	ISA	28	4	yw2k	figs-simile		0	will be as the first ripe fig … gulps it down	This speaks of the enemy soldiers seeing the beauty of Samaria and quickly plundering it as if they were a person who sees the first fig of the season and quickly eats it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1488	ISA	28	5	s84s			0	Yahweh of hosts	See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md).
1489	ISA	28	5	twb7	figs-metaphor		0	will become a beautiful crown and a diadem of beauty	Yahweh is spoken of as if he were to become a beautiful crown that the people who honor him as their true king would wear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1490	ISA	28	5	llj8	figs-doublet		0	a beautiful crown and a diadem of beauty	These mean the same thing. Alternate translation: “a beautiful crown” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
1491	ISA	28	6	mx85	figs-abstractnouns		0	a spirit of justice for him who sits in judgment, and strength for those who	This can be reworded so that the abstract nouns “justice” and “strength” are expressed as adjectives. These words can begin a new sentence. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will cause the judges to be just and will cause to be strong those who” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1492	ISA	28	6	bay6	figs-idiom		0	a spirit of justice	A person who has a “spirit of justice” is someone who has the characteristic of justice and is a just person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1493	ISA	28	6	sak7	figs-idiom		0	sits in judgment	This idiom means the person has the authority to judge. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1494	ISA	28	6	t37f	figs-idiom		0	strength for those who turn back their enemies at their gates	Here “to turn back” is an idiom that means to defeat in battle. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will cause the soldiers to be strong so that they defeat their enemies when the enemies attack their city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1495	ISA	28	7	jcw4			0	But even these	Alternate translation: “But even the leaders”
1496	ISA	28	7	a7gn	figs-genericnoun		0	The priest and the prophet	This does not mean a specific priest or prophet. It refers to priests and prophets in general. Alternate translation: “The priests and the prophets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
1497	ISA	28	7	lfv9	figs-parallelism		0	reel with wine, and stagger with strong drink	These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that the priests and the prophets cannot do their job because they are very drunk. Alternate translation: “stumble around because they are drunk” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
1498	ISA	28	7	v8we	figs-metaphor		0	they are swallowed up by wine	Their drinking so much that they can no longer think properly is spoken of as if the wine swallowed them. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the wine is causing them to be confused” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1499	ISA	28	7	d4bm			0	staggering in vision and reeling in decision	Just like they are too drunk to walk correctly, they are too drunk to understand the visions God gives them or to make good decisions.
1500	ISA	28	9	ny13	figs-rquestion		0	To whom will he teach knowledge, and to whom will he explain the message?	The drunk prophets and priests use a question to criticize Isaiah, who is trying to correct them. Alternate translation: “The drunk prophets and priests say, ‘Isaiah should not be trying to teach us about Yahweh’s message!’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1501	ISA	28	9	t6vi	figs-rquestion		0	To those who are weaned from milk or to those just taken from the breasts?	The drunk prophets and priests use a question to criticize Isaiah, because they feel that he is treating them like babies. Alternate translation: “He should not treat us like babies!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1502	ISA	28	10	fb5v			0	For it is command upon command, command upon command; rule upon rule, rule upon rule; here a little, there a little	The drunk prophets and priests criticize Isaiah because they feel that Isaiah is repeating simple commands as if he were talking to a child.
1503	ISA	28	11	hfl6	figs-synecdoche		0	with mocking lips and a foreign tongue he will speak to this people	Here “lips” and “tongue” represent the foreigners who speak a different language than the Israelites do. It is implied that this refers to the Assyrian army that will attack Israel. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will speak to this people through enemy soldiers who will speak a foreign language” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1504	ISA	28	11	kb8u			0	mocking lips	Alternate translation: “stammering lips”
1505	ISA	28	12	gkx1	figs-abstractnouns		0	This is the rest	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **rest**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “This is the resting place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1506	ISA	28	12	se68	figs-abstractnouns		0	give rest to him who is weary	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **rest**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “let whoever is tired come and rest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1507	ISA	28	12	v7ew	figs-abstractnouns		0	this is the refreshing	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **refreshing**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “this is the place where you can be refreshed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1508	ISA	28	13	z6r4			0	So the word of Yahweh	Alternate translation: “So Yahweh’s message”
1509	ISA	28	13	ds6z			0	command upon command, command upon command; rule upon rule, rule upon rule; here a little, there a little	These are the words that the drunk priests and prophets used to criticize how Isaiah teaches them. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 28:10](../28/10.md).
1510	ISA	28	13	i6sd	figs-activepassive		0	so that they may go and fall backward, and be broken, ensnared, and captured	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “in order that the army of Assyria will come and defeat them and take them as captives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1511	ISA	28	13	b7le	figs-metaphor		0	go and fall backward, and be broken	People losing in battle to the enemy army is spoken of as if the people will fall down and break. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1512	ISA	28	13	c32b	figs-metaphor		0	ensnared	The enemy soldiers capturing the people of Israel is spoken of as if they were hunters that catch an animal in a snare. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1513	ISA	28	14	y37t			0	So listen to the word of Yahweh	Alternate translation: “So listen to Yahweh’s message”
1514	ISA	28	15	u1bd	figs-parallelism		0	We have made a covenant with death, and with Sheol we have reached an agreement	Both of these statements mean basically the same thing. This could mean: (1) the leaders of Jerusalem have used magic or sorcery to try to make an agreement with the gods of the place of the dead so that these gods would protect them from dying or (2) this is a metaphor that speaks of the leaders having made an agreement with the leaders of Egypt. The leaders of Jerusalem were so confident that the Egyptians would protect that it was like they had made an agreement with the gods of the place of the dead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1515	ISA	28	15	x2p3	figs-metaphor		0	So when the overwhelming whip passes through, it will not reach us	This speaks of Yahweh’s judgment and punishment as if it were a whip that would strike the people. And the whip is spoken of as if it were a flood that would pass through Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “As a result, when everyone else is suffering and dying, nothing will harm us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1516	ISA	28	15	r8ix	figs-parallelism		0	For we have made a lie our refuge, and taken shelter in falsehood	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. A “lie” and “falsehood” are spoken of as if they were places where a person could go to hide. The leaders in Jerusalem would not have said they trust in a lie. They believed they were truly safe. But Isaiah knows they are not safe, because they trust in lies. Alternate translation: “For lies and falsehoods have become like a place where we can hide from danger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1517	ISA	28	15	ux1b			0	a lie our refuge … taken shelter in falsehood	This could mean: (1) the leaders trust in their own lies that they have said in order to protect themselves or (2) the leaders trust that the covenant they have made with the false gods of the place of the dead will keep them safe or (3) the leaders trust that the agreement they have made with the Egyptians will keep them safe.
1518	ISA	28	16	ff3c			0	See	Alternate translation: “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you.”
1519	ISA	28	16	tf5e	figs-metaphor		0	I will lay in Zion a foundation stone … sure foundation	Yahweh sending a strong person to help the people of Israel is spoken of as if Yahweh is constructing a strong foundation for a building. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1520	ISA	28	16	js3j			0	a tried stone	Alternate translation: “a stone that is solid”
1521	ISA	28	16	mc8y			0	a sure foundation	Alternate translation: “a firm support”
1522	ISA	28	16	pkf8			0	He who believes will not be ashamed	Alternate translation: “Anyone who trusts in this foundation stone will not be sorry”
1523	ISA	28	17	yd66	figs-metaphor		0	I will make justice the measuring stick, and righteousness the plumbline	Yahweh testing according to his justice and righteousness to determine if the people are just and righteous is spoken of as if he were a builder using tools to determine that something is the correct length and perfectly level. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1524	ISA	28	17	xhn1			0	the measuring stick	A builder uses a measuring stick to determine if something is the correct length.
1525	ISA	28	17	l2vf			0	the plumbline	A builder uses a plumbline to determine if something is straight and level.
1526	ISA	28	17	xg82	figs-metaphor		0	Hail will sweep away	Yahweh causing a large amount of hail to fall is spoken of as if it would be an overwhelming flood. Alternate translation: “Hailstorms will destroy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1527	ISA	28	17	gv6t	figs-synecdoche		0	Hail … the floodwaters	This could mean: (1) these are a synecdoche representing anything in general that will cause destruction or (2) these are a metaphor referring to the enemy army that Yahweh will send to destroy the people of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1528	ISA	28	17	hi3p			0	Hail	hard pieces of ice that fall from the sky
1529	ISA	28	17	adc4	figs-metaphor		0	the refuge of lies … the hiding place	This speaks about “lies” as if they were a place a person could go to hide. They represent what the leaders of Jerusalem trusted in to keep them safe from Yahweh’s punishment. This could mean: (1) the leaders trust in their own lies that they have said in order to protect themselves or (2) the leaders trust that the covenant they have made with the false gods of the place of the dead will keep them safe or (3) the leaders trust that the agreement they have made with the Egyptians will keep them safe. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Isaiah 28:15](../28/15.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1530	ISA	28	18	ah82	figs-activepassive		0	Your covenant with death will be dissolved, and your agreement with Sheol will not stand	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I will cancel the covenant you have with death, and I will cancel the agreement you have with Sheol” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1531	ISA	28	18	fvw2	figs-metaphor		0	covenant with death … agreement with Sheol	This could mean: (1) the leaders of Jerusalem had used magic or sorcery to try to make an agreement with the gods of the place of the dead so that these gods would protect them from dying or (2) this is a metaphor that speaks of the leaders having made an agreement with the leaders of Egypt. The leaders of Jerusalem were so confident that the Egyptians would protect that it was like they had made an agreement with the gods of the place of the dead. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 28:15](../28/15.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1532	ISA	28	18	n9he			0	will not stand	Alternate translation: “will not last”
1533	ISA	28	18	mry1	figs-synecdoche		0	When the raging flood passes through	This could mean: (1) “flood” is a synecdoche that represents anything in general that will cause destruction or (2) “flood” is a metaphor referring to the enemy army that Yahweh will send to destroy the people of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1534	ISA	28	18	var2	figs-activepassive		0	you will be overwhelmed by it	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “it will overwhelm you” or “it will destroy you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1535	ISA	28	19	g9nc	figs-idiom		0	morning by morning	This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “every day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1536	ISA	28	19	g4wk	figs-merism		0	by day and night	This means “throughout the entire day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
1537	ISA	28	20	ex86	writing-proverbs		0	For the bed is too short for a man to stretch out on, and the blanket too narrow for him to wrap himself in	This was probably a proverb that the people knew at the time. It means that what they believe will keep them safe from Yahweh’s punishment will disappoint them like a bed that is too short or a blanket that is too narrow. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs]])
1538	ISA	28	21	pp9n	figs-idiom		0	Yahweh will rise up	Yahweh preparing to act is spoken of as if he were sitting and then rising up. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1539	ISA	28	21	e2cw	figs-explicit		0	Mount Perazim … Valley of Gibeon	These refer to places where God miraculously defeated enemy armies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
1540	ISA	28	21	l5tw			0	he will rouse himself	Alternate translation: “he will become very angry”
1541	ISA	28	21	l963	figs-doublet		0	his strange work … his strange deed	These two phrases mean the same thing. This work is strange because God is using a foreign army to defeat the people of Jerusalem rather than helping the people of Jerusalem defeat their enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
1542	ISA	28	22	w3au			0	Now	This does not mean “at this moment,” but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows.
1543	ISA	28	22	upp3	figs-metaphor		0	your bonds will be tightened	Yahweh punishing the people even more severely is spoken of as if he would tighten their bonds. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will tighten your bonds” or “Yahweh will punish you even more severely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1544	ISA	28	22	tpu3			0	Yahweh of hosts	See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md).
1545	ISA	28	22	fdu9	figs-abstractnouns		0	a decree of destruction on the earth	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **destruction**, you could express the same idea with the verb “destroy.” Alternate translation: “that he is going to destroy people throughout the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1546	ISA	28	23	bjv1	figs-parables		0	General Information:	This begins a parable that ends in 28:29. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]])
1547	ISA	28	23	twz5	figs-parallelism		0	Pay attention and listen to my voice; be attentive and listen to my words	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second phrase is used to strengthen the first. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
1548	ISA	28	23	lsh4	figs-metonymy		0	to my voice	Here “voice” represents what Isaiah says. Alternate translation: “to what I say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1549	ISA	28	23	s1kf			0	to my words	Alternate translation: “to my message”
1550	ISA	28	24	nvu3	figs-rquestion		0	Does a farmer who plows all day to sow, only plow the ground? Does he continually break up and harrow the field?	Isaiah uses rhetorical questions to make the people think deeply. Alternate translation: “A farmer does not plow the ground over and over and continually work the soil without ever sowing seed.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1551	ISA	28	25	uq3a			0	When he has prepared the ground	Alternate translation: “When the farmer has plowed the soil”
1552	ISA	28	25	fsr6	figs-rquestion		0	does he not scatter caraway seed, sow the cumin, put in the wheat in rows and the barley in the right place, and the spelt at its edges?	Isaiah uses a question to make the people of Jerusalem think deeply. If your language does not have a word for each of these seeds, they can be stated more generally. Alternate translation: “he will certainly plant each kind of seed in the correct way and in the proper places.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1553	ISA	28	25	pd1v	translate-unknown		0	caraway … cumin	These are names of plants that are spices. Translators may represent them in general as seeds of spices used to spice food. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
1554	ISA	28	25	v8fq	translate-unknown		0	wheat … barley … spelt	These are all names of plants that are grains. Translators may represent them in general as seeds of grains. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
1555	ISA	28	26	x6gc	figs-parallelism		0	His God instructs him; he teaches him wisely	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “Yahweh helps the farmer know how to care for each kind of plant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
1556	ISA	28	27	w7aj	figs-activepassive		0	the caraway seed is not threshed with a sledge	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the farmer does not separate the caraway seed from the plant with a heavy club” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1557	ISA	28	27	p8si			0	caraway	See how you translated this in [Isaiah 28:25](../28/25.md).
1558	ISA	28	27	j2hy	figs-activepassive		0	nor is a cartwheel rolled over the cumin	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “nor does he roll a heavy wheel over the cumin seed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1559	ISA	28	27	g75f			0	cumin	See how you translated this in [Isaiah 28:25](../28/25.md).
1560	ISA	28	27	r6a8	figs-activepassive		0	but caraway is beaten with a stick, and cumin with a rod	Isaiah describes the correct way for a farmer to separate the seed from the plant. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “but he beats the caraway with a stick, and he beats cumin with a rod” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1561	ISA	28	28	zb1a	figs-activepassive		0	Grain is ground for bread but not too finely	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The farmer grinds the grain for bread but not so that it is too small” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1562	ISA	28	29	vw1a	figs-explicit		0	This too comes … excellent in wisdom	This concludes the parable started in [Isaiah 28:23](../28/23.md). The implied lesson of the parable is that farmers are wise enough to listen to Yahweh’s instructions about planting and threshing. But the leaders of Jerusalem are foolish for not listening to Yahweh’s instructions that he is speaking through Isaiah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1563	ISA	28	29	fh5n			0	Yahweh of hosts	See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md).
1564	ISA	29	intro	e58i			0		# Isaiah 29 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>This chapter begins a series of “woes” against specific nations. It presents judgments against the kingdoms of Ephraim and eventually Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/woe]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Ariel<br>This is another name for Jerusalem. It is an uncommon name.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Prophecies<br>This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. It pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]])
1565	ISA	29	1	p34x	figs-metonymy		0	Woe to Ariel	Here “Ariel” represents the people who live in the city of Ariel. Alternate translation: “How terrible it will be for the people of Ariel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1566	ISA	29	1	kp7k	translate-names		0	Ariel	This is another name for Jerusalem, and it means “altar.” If possible translate this as “Ariel” rather than “Jerusalem” since the meaning of “Ariel” is important in 29:2. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
1567	ISA	29	1	bhl8			0	David encamped	Alternate translation: “David dwelled” or “David lived”
1568	ISA	29	1	wh6s	figs-irony		0	Add year to year; let the festivals come round	“Keep celebrating your festival year after year.” This is an ironic statement. Yahweh tells the people to keep celebrating their festivals where they sacrifice to him, but he knows it will not prevent him from destroying them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
1569	ISA	29	2	rhv8	figs-metonymy		0	But I will besiege	The word “I” refers to Yahweh. This represents Yahweh causing an enemy army to besiege Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1570	ISA	29	2	fh77	figs-metonymy		0	she will	Here “she” refers to Ariel, which represents the people of Ariel. Alternate translation: “the people of Ariel will” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1571	ISA	29	2	w19k	figs-doublet		0	mourning and lamenting	The words “mourning” and “lamenting” mean basically the same thing and emphasize the intensity of mourning. Alternate translation: “they will mourn deeply” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
1572	ISA	29	2	uey1	figs-simile		0	like Ariel	Translators may add a footnote that says, “The name Ariel means ‘altar.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1573	ISA	29	3	aqb4	figs-metonymy		0	I will encamp against you	The word “I” refers to Yahweh. This represents Yahweh causing an enemy army to surround Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “I will command the army of your enemies to surround you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1574	ISA	29	3	z8vg	translate-unknown		0	palisade … siege works	A “palisade” is a tower armies would build to attack cities with high walls. Also “siege works” refers to other various weapons armies would build to attack cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
1575	ISA	29	4	xp4f	figs-activepassive		0	You will be brought down	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Your enemy will bring you down” or “Your enemy will humble you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1576	ISA	29	4	ak9b	figs-simile		0	will speak from the ground; your speech will be low from the dust. Your voice will sound like a spirit that speaks from the ground, and out of the dust your speech will whisper	All of these statements mean basically the same thing. They emphasize that the people who once spoke with proud words will be weak and grieving after the enemy defeats them. Alternate translation: “you will only be able to speak with weak whispers like a spirit speaking from where dead people dwell” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
1577	ISA	29	5	ei77	figs-simile		0	The great number of your invaders will become like fine dust, and the multitude of the ruthless ones as chaff that passes away	This emphasizes how weak and insignificant the invading army is before God. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will easily remove the horde of your invaders and the multitude of the ruthless ones”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1578	ISA	29	5	w2d7			0	great number of your invaders	Alternate translation: “many soldiers that will attack you”
1579	ISA	29	5	vl7f	figs-ellipsis		0	the ruthless ones as chaff	The translator can supply the verb “will become.” Alternate translation: “the soldiers who show you no mercy will become as chaff” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
1580	ISA	29	6	gh4q	figs-you		0	Yahweh of hosts will come to you	The word “you” refers to the people of Jerusalem. This could mean: (1) “Yahweh of hosts will come to help you” or (2) “Yahweh of hosts will come to punish you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
1581	ISA	29	7	th7g	figs-doublet		0	It will be like a dream, a vision of the night	The phrase “a vision of the night” is the same thing as “a dream.” The two phrases emphasize that soon it will be like the invading army was never there. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1582	ISA	29	7	l4s8			0	A horde of all the nations	Alternate translation: “Large armies from all the nations”
1583	ISA	29	7	t56e	figs-metonymy		0	fight against Ariel	The name “Ariel” is another name for Jerusalem, and it represents the people who live there. See how you translated “Ariel” in [Isaiah 29:1](../29/01.md). Alternate translation: “fight against the people of Ariel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1584	ISA	29	7	h99v	figs-metonymy		0	her stronghold. They will attack her and her fortifications to press upon her	The word “her” refers to Ariel which represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “their stronghold. They will attack the city of Ariel and its defenses and cause the people to be in great distress” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1585	ISA	29	8	ncq1	figs-simile		0	It will be like when a hungry man dreams he is eating … his thirst not quenched	These similes mean that the enemy will expect victory but they will fail because God will not allow them to conquer Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1586	ISA	29	8	b3vv	figs-metonymy		0	Yes, so will be the great number of nations that fights against Mount Zion	Here “Mount Zion” represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “Yes, this will be what happens to the armies from the nations who fight against the people who live on Mount Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1587	ISA	29	9	thb7	figs-explicit		0	Astonish yourselves and be astonished	The word “yourselves” refers to the people of Jerusalem. Why they are astonished can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “Be astonished at what I am telling you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
1588	ISA	29	9	un3a	figs-metaphor		0	blind yourselves and be blind	The people ignoring what Yahweh says is spoken of as if they would make themselves blind. Alternate translation: “keep being ignorant and spiritually blind to what I am showing you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1589	ISA	29	9	h71h	figs-metaphor		0	Be drunk, but not with wine; stagger, but not with beer	The people being senseless and not understanding what Yahweh is doing is spoken of as if they were drunk. Alternate translation: “Be senseless like a drunk person, but it is not because you have drank too much wine or beer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1590	ISA	29	10	g6xx	figs-metaphor		0	For Yahweh has poured out on you the spirit of deep sleep	Here “the spirit of” means “to have the characteristic of” being asleep. Yahweh causing the people to be asleep is spoken of as if “the spirit” were a liquid that he poured out on the people. Also “deep sleep” is a metaphor that means the people are senseless and cannot understand what Yahweh is doing. Alternate translation: “The reason you are senseless is because Yahweh has caused you to be spiritually asleep” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1591	ISA	29	10	u6aj	figs-metaphor		0	He has closed your eyes, the prophets, and has covered your heads, the seers	Yahweh causing the people to be senseless and not to understand what he is doing is spoken of as if he closed their eyes and covered their heads so they could not see. Alternate translation: “It is as though Yahweh has closed the eyes of the prophets and covered the heads of the seers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1592	ISA	29	11	jvz4	figs-simile		0	All revelation has become to you as the words of a book that is sealed	The other prophets in Jerusalem are unable to hear or understand God’s message. Alternate translation: “All that Yahweh has revealed is to you like a sealed book” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1593	ISA	29	11	vii8			0	is sealed, which men might give to one who is learned	This can be stated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: “is sealed. A person may take the sealed book to someone who can read”
1594	ISA	29	12	z14w	figs-activepassive		0	If the book is given to one who cannot read	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “If a person takes the book to someone who cannot read” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1595	ISA	29	13	hp14	figs-metonymy		0	This people comes close to me with their mouths and honors me with their lips	The words “mouths” and “lips” represent what people say. Here it also represents saying something but not truly meaning it. Alternate translation: “The people of Jerusalem pretend to worship me and honor me with what they say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1596	ISA	29	13	z6q5	figs-metonymy		0	but their heart is far from me	Here “heart” is a metonym that represents a person’s thoughts and emotions. The people not being truly devoted to Yahweh is spoken of as if their hearts were far away from him. Alternate translation: “but they do not honor me in their thoughts” or “but they are not truly devoted to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1597	ISA	29	13	u7h6	figs-activepassive		0	Their honor for me is only a commandment of men that has been taught	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “They honor me only because that is what people tell them to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1598	ISA	29	14	ya7e			0	Therefore, see, I will proceed to do a marvelous thing among this people, wonder after wonder	Alternate translation: “Therefore, look and see! I am going to do wonderful and marvelous things among you that you will not be able to explain”
1599	ISA	29	14	cb9j	figs-parallelism		0	The wisdom of their wise men will perish, and the understanding of their prudent men will disappear	Both of these statements mean the same thing. Yahweh showing that the wise people cannot understand or explain what Yahweh does is spoken of as if their wisdom and understanding will vanish. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1600	ISA	29	15	n74m			0	General Information:	This may be Isaiah speaking or it may continue Yahweh’s speech in 29:13-14.
1601	ISA	29	15	a41v	figs-metaphor		0	who deeply hide their plans from Yahweh	People trying to make plans without Yahweh knowing about it is spoken of as if they hide their plans in a deep place where Yahweh cannot see. Alternate translation: “who try to hide their plans from Yahweh” or “who try to keep Yahweh from finding out what they are planning to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1602	ISA	29	15	yh8d	figs-explicit		0	whose deeds are in darkness	It is implied that they are secretly doing evil things. Alternate translation: “who do evil things in the dark so no one can see them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1603	ISA	29	15	mt4k	figs-rquestion		0	Who sees us, and who knows us?	They use a question to emphasize that they believe no one knows what they are doing. Alternate translation: “No one, not even Yahweh, sees us or knows what we are doing!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1604	ISA	29	16	tt3j	figs-idiom		0	You turn things upside down	This is an idiom that means to distort what is true. Alternate translation: “You make things opposite of the way they should be” or “You distort the truth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1605	ISA	29	16	ak5f	figs-metaphor		0	Should the potter be considered like clay, so that the thing that is made should say about him who made it…“He does not understand”?	Yahweh who created humans is spoken of as if he were a potter and humans were the clay. This metaphor emphasizes that it is foolish for humans to reject or criticize the one who created them. Alternate translation: “Should you consider me, your maker, to be like the clay rather than the potter? It is as if a potter created something, and that thing said about the potter, ‘He did not make me,’ or ‘He does not understand.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1606	ISA	29	16	m1ba	figs-rquestion		0	Should the potter be considered like clay…“He does not understand”?	This question is used to scold the people of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “Obviously, the potter should not be considered like clay…‘He does not understand.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1607	ISA	29	17	vcq7	figs-metaphor		0	Lebanon will be turned into a field, and the field will become a forest	This could mean: (1) this is literal and Yahweh will cause the places where trees grew wild in Lebanon to become fruitful fields or (2) this is a metaphor and the large forests of Lebanon represent powerful oppressors, and the crops that grow in the field and become a forest are the common people who are suffering. This means Yahweh will humble those who are powerful, but he will honor those who are suffering. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1608	ISA	29	17	p68s	figs-metonymy		0	Lebanon will be turned into a field	Here “Lebanon” represents the large cedar forests in Lebanon. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God will turn the mighty forests of Lebanon into a field” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1609	ISA	29	18	q8r1	figs-metaphor		0	the deaf will hear the words of a book, and the eyes of the blind will see out of the deep darkness	This could mean: (1) this is literal and Yahweh will cause deaf people to hear and blind people to see or (2) this is a metaphor that means Yahweh will enable the people to hear and understand his message or (3) it may mean both options 1 and 2. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1610	ISA	29	18	d7au	figs-synecdoche		0	the eyes of the blind	Here “eyes” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “those who are blind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
1611	ISA	29	19	y383	figs-parallelism		0	The oppressed will again rejoice in Yahweh, and the poor among men will rejoice in the Holy One of Israel	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “The poor and oppressed people will again be happy because of what Yahweh, the Holy One of Israel, has done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
1612	ISA	29	20	st9w	figs-nominaladj		0	For the ruthless will cease	The nominal adjective “the ruthless” can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “For the ruthless people will cease” or “For there will no longer be cruel people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
1613	ISA	29	20	m2ji	figs-nominaladj		0	the scoffer will vanish	The nominal adjective “the scoffer” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “those who scoff will vanish” or “the people who mock will disappear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
1614	ISA	29	20	i5cr	figs-activepassive		0	All those who love to do evil will be eliminated	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will eliminate all those who love to do evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1615	ISA	29	21	zp8p	figs-explicit		0	who by a word make a man out to be an offender	This refers to giving testimony in court against someone. Alternate translation: “who testify against a man and make him out to be an offender” or “who say in court that an innocent man is guilty of doing something wrong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1616	ISA	29	21	wl2h	figs-metaphor		0	They lay a snare for him who seeks justice at the gate and put the righteous down with empty lies	The evil people doing anything they can to stop a good person is spoken of as if the evil people set a trap like a hunter catching his prey. Alternate translation: “They lie and try to stop those who want to do what is fair and right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1617	ISA	29	21	vb33			0	who seeks justice at the gate	The city gate was often the place where the city leaders made official decisions.
1618	ISA	29	22	i8ii	figs-explicit		0	who redeemed Abraham	This possibly refers to when Yahweh called Abraham from his home country and sent him to the promised land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1619	ISA	29	22	v978	figs-metonymy		0	Jacob will no longer … his face	Here “Jacob” represents his descendants. Alternate translation: “Jacob’s descendants will no longer … their faces” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1620	ISA	29	22	a47e	figs-idiom		0	nor will his face be pale	This is an idiom that means he will no longer be afraid. Alternate translation: “nor will he be afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1621	ISA	29	23	j9rv	figs-metonymy		0	he sees his children	The words “he” and “his” speak of Jacob (verse 22) and represent his descendants. Alternate translation: “Jacob’s descendants will no longer … their faces … they see their children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1622	ISA	29	23	ri6z	figs-metonymy		0	But when he sees his children, the work of my hands	Here “hands” represents Yahweh’s power and action. Alternate translation: “When they see all the children I have given them and all that I have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1623	ISA	29	23	m7l3	figs-metonymy		0	they will make my name holy	Here “name” represents Yahweh. Alternate translation: “they will honor me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1624	ISA	29	23	k7hc	figs-metonymy		0	They will make holy the name of the Holy One of Jacob	Here “name” represents Yahweh. Yahweh refers to himself as “the Holy One of Jacob.” Alternate translation: “They will honor me, the Holy One of Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
1625	ISA	29	23	hf61	figs-123person		0	of the God of Israel	Yahweh refers to himself as “the God of Israel.” Alternate translation: “of me, the God of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
1626	ISA	29	24	ajl7	figs-metonymy		0	Those who err in spirit	Here “spirit” represents a person’s inner being. Alternate translation: “Those who are wrong in what they think” or “Those who are wrong in their attitude” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1627	ISA	29	24	ly72	figs-explicit		0	will gain understanding	This can be made more explicit to explain what they will understand. Alternate translation: “will begin to understand Yahweh and his laws” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1628	ISA	29	24	uc4z	figs-explicit		0	complainers will learn knowledge	This can be made more explicit to explain what knowledge they will learn. Alternate translation: “those who complain will begin to know that what Yahweh teaches them is true” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1629	ISA	30	intro	e211			0		# Isaiah 30 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>This chapter continues the series of “woes” against specific nations. It presents judgments against the people of Ephraim and Judah when they desired to make an alliance with Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/woe]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Negev<br>This is an area between Egypt and Judah. The people would have had to travel though it in order to get to Egypt. No one really lived in this area and it was known to be very dangerous.<br><br>### Trust<br>The people were to trust in Yahweh. Only he could provide them with protection. The people were punished for their lack of trust when they were in trouble, but Yahweh only required that they trust him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “That day”<br>This is a common phrase in this section of Isaiah. The chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. It pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]])
1630	ISA	30	1	e6vd	figs-metaphor		0	the rebellious children	Yahweh speaks about his people as if they were his children. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1631	ISA	30	1	dq2r	figs-123person		0	this is Yahweh’s declaration	Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
1632	ISA	30	1	cu63	figs-abstractnouns		0	They make plans, but not from me	This can be reworded so that If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **plans**, you could express the same idea with the verb “plan.” Alternate translation: “They plan to do things, but they do not ask me what I want them to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1633	ISA	30	1	vep2	figs-activepassive		0	but they were not directed by my Spirit	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “but my Spirit did not direct them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1634	ISA	30	1	sdp8	figs-metaphor		0	they add sin to sin	Continuing to sin is spoken of as if sins were objects that could be stacked on one another. Alternate translation: “they continue to sin more and more” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1635	ISA	30	2	ed8h	figs-abstractnouns		0	They seek protection from Pharaoh	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **protection**, you could express the same idea with the verb “protect.” Alternate translation: “They ask Pharaoh to protect them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1636	ISA	30	2	k8ag	figs-metaphor		0	take refuge in the shadow of Egypt	Egypt’s protection from enemy armies is spoken of as if it were a shadow that protects someone from the burning heat of the sun. Alternate translation: “they rely on the Egyptians to keep them safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1637	ISA	30	3	frg3	figs-abstractnouns		0	Therefore Pharaoh’s protection will be your shame, and the refuge in Egypt’s shade, your humiliation	This can be reworded so that the abstract nouns “protection,” “shame,” and “humiliation” are expressed as adjectives or verbs. Alternate translation: “Therefore you will be ashamed because you relied on Pharaoh to protect you; you will be humiliated because you relied on the Egyptians to keep you safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1638	ISA	30	3	z473	figs-metaphor		0	the refuge in Egypt’s shade	Egypt’s protection from enemy armies is spoken of as if it were a shadow that protects someone from the burning heat of the sun. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1639	ISA	30	4	l5kf			0	their princes	Here “princes” mean an official or ambassador, not necessarily sons of the king.
1640	ISA	30	4	ax9t			0	their … their	belonging to the people of Judah
1641	ISA	30	4	c3ut	translate-names		0	Zoan … Hanes	These were cities in the northern part of Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
1642	ISA	30	4	apn6	figs-go		0	have come to Hanes	Here “come” can be stated as “gone.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
1643	ISA	30	5	vs3d			0	They … them	These words refer to the people of Judah.
1644	ISA	30	5	pp3g			0	because of a people	Alternate translation: “because of the people of Egypt”
1645	ISA	30	6	i8pw			0	A declaration	Alternate translation: “This is what Yahweh declares”
1646	ISA	30	6	h1jl	figs-genericnoun		0	of the lioness and the lion, the viper and fiery flying serpent	This refers to these types of animals in general. Alternate translation: “where lionesses and lions dwell, and where there are vipers and serpents” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
1647	ISA	30	6	ian2			0	fiery flying serpent	Here the word “fiery” probably refers to the serpent’s poisonous bite and the word “flying” refers to its quick movements. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 14:29](../14/29.md).
1648	ISA	30	6	rmj1			0	they carry their riches	Alternate translation: “the people of Judah carry their riches”
1649	ISA	30	7	x8ua	translate-names		0	I have called her Rahab, who sits still	There were popular stories about a sea monster named Rahab. The name Rahab means “strength” or “arrogance.” Alternate translation: “I call Egypt a loud boaster who does nothing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
1650	ISA	30	8	umq8			0	Now	This word is used here to mark a break in Yahweh’s declaration about Judah. Here he tells Isaiah to do something.
1651	ISA	30	8	uql1			0	in their presence	Alternate translation: “in the presence of the people of Judah”
1652	ISA	30	8	x97k	figs-metaphor		0	for the time to come	This speaks of time as if it travels and arrives somewhere. Alternate translation: “for a future time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1653	ISA	30	9	v3bl	figs-metaphor		0	lying children, children who will not hear the instruction of Yahweh	This speaks of Yahweh’s people as if they were his children. This can be translated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: “They behave like children who lie and do not listen to what Yahweh commands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1654	ISA	30	11	x6bb	figs-metaphor		0	Turn aside from the way, stray off the path	How Yahweh wants his people to behave is spoken of as if it were a way or path on which to walk. To disobey Yahweh is spoken of as if the person strays away from Yahweh’s path. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1655	ISA	30	11	s3c9			0	Holy One of Israel	See how you translated this name in [Isaiah 1:4](../01/04.md).
1656	ISA	30	12	c9xs			0	Holy One of Israel	See how you translated this name in [Isaiah 1:4](../01/04.md).
1657	ISA	30	12	q3x7			0	you reject this word	Alternate translation: “you reject this message”
1658	ISA	30	12	hd23	figs-metonymy		0	trust in oppression and deceit and lean on it	This could mean: (1) the leaders of Judah are trusting in the Egyptian leaders who rule by oppressing and deceiving others or (2) the leaders of Judah have oppressed and deceived their own people in order to take their money and send it to the Egyptians leaders as payment for protection. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1659	ISA	30	12	t871	figs-123person		0	lean on it	Here the word “it” refers to “oppression and deceit.” Alternate translation: “lean on them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
1660	ISA	30	12	km37	figs-idiom		0	lean on	This is an idiom that means to trust or rely on something. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1661	ISA	30	13	f58j	figs-simile		0	so this sin will be to you like a broken part … in an instant	This simile means that God will destroy the people of Judah suddenly because of their sin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1662	ISA	30	13	rwu8	figs-ellipsis		0	like a broken part ready to fall	It is understood that this is a broken part of a wall. Alternate translation: “like a broken part of a wall that is ready to fall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
1663	ISA	30	13	c7k8	figs-abstractnouns		0	whose fall will happen suddenly	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **fall**, you could express the same idea with the verb “fall.” Alternate translation: “that will suddenly fall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1664	ISA	30	13	m5ka	figs-doublet		0	suddenly, in an instant	These mean the same thing and emphasize how quickly the wall will fall. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
1665	ISA	30	14	b2im			0	General Information:	Isaiah describes how Yahweh will destroy the people of Judah ([Isaiah 30:12-13](./12.md)).
1666	ISA	30	14	amd2	figs-metaphor		0	He will break it	Here “it” refers to the part in the wall that is about to fall. The part in the wall is a metaphor that represents the people of Judah and their sin mentioned in [Isaiah 30:12-13](./12.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1667	ISA	30	14	id9b	figs-simile		0	as a potter’s vessel is broken	This simile means that the piece of wall will break as quickly and completely as a clay jar that falls to the ground. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1668	ISA	30	14	dbk1			0	potter	A potter is a person who makes pots and jars out of clay.
1669	ISA	30	14	k6fi	figs-activepassive		0	there will not be found	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “no one will be able to find” or “there will not be” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1670	ISA	30	14	c129			0	a shard with which to scrape	Alternate translation: “a shard big enough to scrape”
1671	ISA	30	14	gs9n	figs-metonymy		0	fire from the hearth	The word “fire” here refers here to ashes. Alternate translation: “ashes from the fireplace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1672	ISA	30	15	fd1v			0	Holy One of Israel	See how you translated this name in [Isaiah 1:4](../01/04.md).
1673	ISA	30	15	jh13	figs-metaphor		0	In returning and resting you will be saved	Repenting is spoken of as if it were physically returning to Yahweh. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I will save you from your enemies if you will repent and rest knowing that I will take care of you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1674	ISA	30	15	zs7v	figs-explicit		0	resting	It is implied that the people rest because they trust that Yahweh will take care of them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1675	ISA	30	15	am9c	figs-explicit		0	in quietness and in trust will be your strength	Quietness here refers to not being anxious and worried. It is implied that they are not worried because they trust in Yahweh. Alternate translation: “You will be strong if you are quiet and trust in me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1676	ISA	30	16	x48z	figs-explicit		0	we will flee on horses	Apparently these are horses that the people of Judah received from the Egyptians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1677	ISA	30	17	cy2g	figs-ellipsis		0	One thousand will flee at the threat of one; at the threat of five you will flee	The word “solider” is understood. Alternate translation: “One thousand soldiers will flee at the threat of one enemy soldier; at the threat of five enemy soldiers all of your soldiers will flee” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
1678	ISA	30	17	l2rt	translate-numbers		0	One thousand	“1,000” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
1679	ISA	30	17	g8ks	figs-simile		0	until your remnant will be like a flagstaff on the top of a mountain, or like a flag on a hill	This simile means there will be so few people left that they will be like a single flag on top of a hill. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1680	ISA	30	19	nsp6			0	you will … to you … answer you	Here “you” refers to the people who will live in Zion.
1681	ISA	30	19	k2dh			0	he will answer you	Alternate translation: “he will help you”
1682	ISA	30	20	s89h	figs-metonymy		0	the bread of adversity and the water of affliction	Here “bread” and “water” make up the diet of a very poor person. The whole phrase represents the hard times and poverty of the people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1683	ISA	30	20	j37h			0	your teacher	This refers to Yahweh.
1684	ISA	30	20	m8au	figs-synecdoche		0	you will see your teacher with your own eyes	Here “eyes” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “you yourselves will see your teacher” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
1685	ISA	30	21	yk8d	figs-synecdoche		0	Your ears will hear	Here “ears” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “You will hear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
1686	ISA	30	21	gx8s			0	a word behind you saying	Alternate translation: “him speaking behind you saying”
1687	ISA	30	21	n9ys	figs-metaphor		0	This is the way, walk in it	How Yahweh wants his people to behave is spoken of as if it were a way or path. To obey Yahweh is spoken of as if it were a person walking on his path. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1688	ISA	30	21	day3	figs-metaphor		0	when you turn to the right or when you turn to the left	Disobeying Yahweh is spoken of as if the person turned left or right off of Yahweh’s path. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1689	ISA	30	22	z2re	figs-simile		0	You will throw them away like a menstrual rag	This simile means they will throw away their idols like they were garbage. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1690	ISA	30	22	n2zf	figs-personification		0	You will say to them, “Get out of here.”	This speaks of the idols as if they could hear and get up and leave a place. Yahweh means that the people will no longer need or want the idols. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
1691	ISA	30	23	w7ij			0	He will give	Alternate translation: “Yahweh will give”
1692	ISA	30	23	hjh1	figs-synecdoche		0	bread with abundance from the ground	Here “bread” represents food in general. Alternate translation: “he will cause the ground to produce plenty of food for you to eat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
1693	ISA	30	23	llp6			0	In that day	Alternate translation: “At that time”
1694	ISA	30	24	e7ff	figs-activepassive		0	that has been winnowed with a shovel and a fork	Shovels and forks were used to throw the grain in the air so the wind would blow away the chaff, leaving only the part that could be eaten. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that you have winnowed with a shovel and a pitchfork” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1695	ISA	30	25	n5xk			0	On every high mountain … every high hill	Isaiah describes what will be an ideal situation after Yahweh rescues his people. Although the language may be exaggerated, you should translate this just as Isaiah described it.
1696	ISA	30	25	lg8s			0	in the day of the great slaughter when the towers fall	Alternate translation: “when Yahweh slaughters your enemies and causes their strong towers to fall”
1697	ISA	30	25	k7p7			0	in the day	Alternate translation: “at the time”
1698	ISA	30	26	bbc3			0	The light of the moon will be like the light of the sun, and the light of the sun will be seven times brighter, like the sunlight of seven days	Isaiah describes what will be an ideal situation after Yahweh rescues his people. Although the language may be exaggerated, you should translate this just as Isaiah described it.
1699	ISA	30	26	vup8			0	the light of the sun will be seven times brighter, like the sunlight of seven days	Alternate translation: “the sun will shine as bright as seven suns” or “the sun will give as much light in one day as it normally does in seven days”
1700	ISA	30	26	s1jc	figs-metaphor		0	Yahweh will bind up the breaking of his people and heal the bruises of his wounding them	Yahweh comforting his people and causing their suffering to end is spoken of as if he would put bandages on their wounds. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1701	ISA	30	27	q2s3	figs-metaphor		0	the name of Yahweh … like a devouring fire	Yahweh being extremely angry is spoken of as if he were a large fire. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1702	ISA	30	27	vs12	figs-metonymy		0	the name of Yahweh comes	Here “name” represents Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Yahweh comes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1703	ISA	30	27	yjg9	figs-synecdoche		0	His lips are full of fury, and his tongue is like a devouring fire	Here “lips” and “tongue” are metonyms that represent Yahweh speaking. And, Yahweh speaks with so much anger and power that it is spoken of as if his tongue were a fire. Alternate translation: “When he speaks his fury is like a fire that destroys everything” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1704	ISA	30	28	n6lp	figs-simile		0	His breath is like an overflowing torrent	This compares the air coming out of Yahweh’s mouth to a flood to emphasize its power to destroy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1705	ISA	30	28	r2gf	figs-metaphor		0	to sift the nations with the sieve of destruction	Yahweh separating the people of the nations and destroying the wicked people is spoken of as if Yahweh puts the nations in a sieve. This can be translated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will separate and destroy the wicked people of the nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1706	ISA	30	28	wqj9	figs-metaphor		0	His breath is a bridle in the jaws of the peoples to cause them to wander away	Yahweh having the power to cause people’s plans to fail or causing them to be destroyed is spoken of as if his breath were a bridle that steers people off the correct path. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1707	ISA	30	28	rhf2	translate-unknown		0	a bridle in the jaws of the peoples	A “bridle” is a device that people put over a horse’s head to guide it. The bridle contains a small piece called a “bit” that goes in the horse’s mouth. Alternate translation: “a bridle on the heads of the peoples” or “a bit in the jaws of the peoples” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
1708	ISA	30	29	kpk6			0	You will have a song	This can be reworded so the noun “song” is stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “You will sing”
1709	ISA	30	29	m8dh	figs-simile		0	as in the night when a holy feast is observed	This simile emphasizes how happy the people will be. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1710	ISA	30	29	x78j	figs-activepassive		0	when a holy feast is observed	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “when you observe a holy feast” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1711	ISA	30	29	guu5	figs-metonymy		0	gladness of heart	Here “heart” represents a person’s inner being. Alternate translation: “you will be glad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1712	ISA	30	29	esh8	figs-simile		0	as when one goes … Rock of Israel	This simile emphasizes how happy the people will be. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1713	ISA	30	29	u4kf	figs-metaphor		0	to the Rock of Israel	Yahweh having the power to protect his people is spoken of as if he were a rock on which the people could climb and escape from enemies. Alternate translation: “to Israel’s protective rock” or “which is like a protective rock for Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1714	ISA	30	30	h7qb	figs-metonymy		0	show the motion of his arm	Here “arm” represents the power of God. It is implied that Yahweh will show his power by destroying his people’s enemies. Alternate translation: “show that he is powerful by destroying your enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1715	ISA	30	30	mr74	figs-metaphor		0	in storming anger and flames of fire	Yahweh’s anger is spoken of as if it were a storm or a fire. Alternate translation: “in anger that is like a storm and flames of fire” or “in great anger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1716	ISA	30	30	d2cp			0	with windstorm, rainstorm, and hailstones	Alternate translation: “with storms full of wind, rain, and hail”
1717	ISA	30	30	ty89			0	hailstones	hard pieces of ice that fall from the sky like rain
1718	ISA	30	31	aq83	figs-activepassive		0	For at the voice of Yahweh, Assyria will be shattered	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “For when Yahweh speaks he will shatter the soldiers of Assyria” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1719	ISA	30	31	x1az	figs-metaphor		0	Assyria will be shattered	Isaiah speaks of Assyria’s fear as if Assyria is an object that Yahweh’s voice shatters. Alternate translation: “Assyria will be terrified” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1720	ISA	30	31	h8gw	figs-metonymy		0	Assyria	Here this represents the soldiers of Assyria. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1721	ISA	30	32	w9ms	figs-metaphor		0	Every stroke of the appointed rod that Yahweh will lay on them	Yahweh causing an army to defeat the Assyrians is spoken of as if Yahweh would hit the Assyrians with a rod. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1722	ISA	30	32	wu2h	figs-activepassive		0	will be accompanied	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the people of Judah will accompany it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1723	ISA	30	32	d8x2			0	tambourines	This is a musical instrument with a head like a drum that can be hit and with pieces of metal around the side that sound when the instrument is shaken. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 5:12](../05/12.md).
1724	ISA	30	32	vj9i	figs-metaphor		0	he battles and fights with them	Yahweh causing the enemy army to defeat the Assyrians is spoken of as if Yahweh were a warrior who would fight along with the enemy army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1725	ISA	30	33	z2rq	figs-activepassive		0	For a place of burning was prepared long ago	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “For long ago Yahweh prepared a place for burning” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1726	ISA	30	33	ry8p	figs-explicit		0	a place of burning	This phrase is the meaning of the word “Topheth.” Topheth is a place in the Hinnom Valley, south of Jerusalem, where at one time people burned their children as sacrifices to a false god. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1727	ISA	30	33	lpk7	figs-explicit		0	it is prepared for the king	It is implied that this refers to the king of Assyria. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh prepared it for the king of Assyria” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1728	ISA	30	33	nue1			0	The pile is ready with a fire and much wood	Alternate translation: “The pile is ready with much wood to make a fire”
1729	ISA	30	33	dbe3	figs-simile		0	The breath of Yahweh, like a stream of brimstone, will set it on fire	This speaks of Yahweh’s breath as if it were a river of fire that will set the pile on fire. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1730	ISA	31	intro	a5pj			0		# Isaiah 31 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>This chapter continues the series of “woes” against specific nations. It presents judgments against the people of Ephraim and Judah when they desired to make an alliance with Egypt. It also prophesies the destruction of Assyria. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/woe]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Trust<br>The people were to trust in Yahweh. Only he could provide them with protection. They were punished for their lack of trust when they were in trouble, but Yahweh only required that they trust him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “That day”<br>This is a common phrase in this section of Isaiah. This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. It pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]])<br><br>### Israel<br>The use of the term “Israel” in this chapter is in reference to the northern kingdom of Israel exclusively.
1731	ISA	31	1	mn6p			0	go down to Egypt	The phrase “go down” is used here because Egypt is lower in Elevation than Jerusalem.
1732	ISA	31	1	u5k2			0	those who go down	Alternate translation: “those people of Judah who go down”
1733	ISA	31	1	fq71	figs-metaphor		0	lean on horses	This speaks about people relying on their horses to help them as if they were leaning on their horses. Alternate translation: “rely on their horses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1734	ISA	31	1	lv3b			0	Holy One of Israel	See how you translated this name in [Isaiah 1:4](../01/04.md).
1735	ISA	31	1	p83a			0	nor do they seek Yahweh	Alternate translation: “nor do they ask Yahweh to help them”
1736	ISA	31	2	rf4c	figs-idiom		0	he will bring disaster	Here the word “bring” means to “cause.” Alternate translation: “he will cause disasters to happen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1737	ISA	31	2	uq3q	figs-metaphor		0	will not retract his words	The phrase “retract his words” speaks of a person not fulfilling what they said they will do as if the words that he had said were something that he could pull back to himself. Here it says that Yahweh will not do this, meaning he will fulfill what he has said. Alternate translation: “he will do what he said he would do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1738	ISA	31	2	wni6			0	arise against	Alternate translation: “punish”
1739	ISA	31	2	ncg3	figs-metonymy		0	evil house	This refers to evil people who live there. Alternate translation: “all who do evil things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1740	ISA	31	3	qmy9	figs-metonymy		0	Egypt is a man	Here Egypt refers to the soldiers of Egypt. Alternate translation: “The soldiers of Egypt are men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1741	ISA	31	3	al1h	figs-explicit		0	their horses flesh and not spirit	This means that their horses are only horses and not spiritual beings. Alternate translation: “their horses are only horses; they are not powerful spirits” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1742	ISA	31	3	ee2s	figs-metonymy		0	When Yahweh reaches out with his hand	The term “hand” is often used in reference to God’s power and action. Alternate translation: “When Yahweh uses his power against them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1743	ISA	31	3	b7mw	figs-activepassive		0	both the one who helps will stumble, and the one who is helped will fall	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Stumbling and falling are metaphors of failing. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “these two things will happen: I will destroy Egypt, who helps you, and I will destroy you, whom Egypt helps” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
1744	ISA	31	3	mv55	figs-activepassive		0	the one who is helped	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the one who is seeking help” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1745	ISA	31	4	t89b			0	General Information:	Yahweh speaks to Isaiah.
1746	ISA	31	4	bfb4	figs-simile		0	As a lion … thus Yahweh of hosts	“A lion … in the same way Yahweh of hosts.” Here Yahweh speaks of how he will defend the people who belong to him and not be scared away by comparing himself to a lion who guards it’s prey. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1747	ISA	31	4	j6qt			0	thus Yahweh of hosts will descend … that hill	It may be more clear if you move the last line to before the first line: “Yahweh of hosts will descend to fight on Mount Zion, on that hill, as a lion, even a young lion”
1748	ISA	31	4	cwq4	figs-doublet		0	a lion, even a young lion	“a female lion or killer lion.” This is a doublet with both phrase referring to a fierce lion. Alternate translation: “a lion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
1749	ISA	31	4	e9kr			0	growls	warns others to stay away
1750	ISA	31	4	vef8	figs-idiom		0	when a group of shepherds is called out against it	The phrase “called out against it” means to be sent out to chase the lion away. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “when someone sends shepherds to chase the lion away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] or [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1751	ISA	31	4	i5s6	figs-explicit		0	from their sound	The shepherds would make loud noises to try and chase away the lion. Alternate translation: “from the loud noises that they make” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1752	ISA	31	4	jrv6	figs-explicit		0	will descend	“will come down.” This refers to descending from heaven. Alternate translation: “will come down from heaven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1753	ISA	31	4	wv7p	figs-parallelism		0	on Mount Zion, on that hill	Both of the phrases refer to Mount Zion. Alternate translation: “on Mount Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
1754	ISA	31	5	yn4w	figs-simile		0	Like birds in flight, so Yahweh of hosts will protect Jerusalem	Here the way that Yahweh protects Jerusalem is compared to the way that a mother bird protects her baby birds in their nest. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1755	ISA	31	5	s9xj	figs-metaphor		0	he will protect and rescue as he passes over it and preserves it	This speaks of how Yahweh protects and rescues Jerusalem, describing him as a bird that flies over the city. Alternate translation: “he will protect and rescue the city from it’s enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1756	ISA	31	5	q5mx			0	Yahweh of hosts	See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md).
1757	ISA	31	5	hd1t	figs-metonymy		0	Jerusalem	This refers to the people who live there. Alternate translation: “the people of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1758	ISA	31	6	puw5			0	Return to him from whom you have deeply turned away	Alternate translation: “Return to the one against whom you have rebelled”
1759	ISA	31	7	f2zn	figs-synecdoche		0	that your own hands have sinfully made	Here the people are referred to by their “hands” the emphasize that they made something with their hands. Alternate translation: “that you have sinned by making with you own hands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
1760	ISA	31	8	vll3	figs-metonymy		0	Assyria will fall by the sword; a sword not wielded by man will consume him	“Sword” refers to military might. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God’s sword, and not a man’s sword, will destroy the Assyrian army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1761	ISA	31	8	f6pa			0	He will flee	Alternate translation: “The Assyrians will flee”
1762	ISA	31	8	ib91	figs-activepassive		0	his young men will be forced to do hard labor	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “enemies will capture their young men and force them to do hard labor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1763	ISA	31	9	cb3x	figs-abstractnouns		0	They will lose all confidence because of terror	The word “confidence” can be expressed with the adjective “confident.” The word “terror” can be expressed with the adjective “terrified.” Alternate translation: “They will no longer be confident because they are so terrified” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1764	ISA	31	9	eqd6			0	his princes	Alternate translation: “their leaders”
1765	ISA	31	9	awn7	figs-parallelism		0	whose fire is in Zion and whose firepot is in Jerusalem	Both of these clauses mean the same thing and are used together for emphasis. Here God’s presence and his power to judge and destroy are spoken of as if they were a fire. Alternate translation: “whose powerful presence is in Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1766	ISA	32	intro	qg44			0		# Isaiah 32 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Reign of the Messiah<br>This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. It pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]])
1767	ISA	32	1	bfx3			0	Look	This word is used here to draw peoples’ attention to what is said next. Alternate translation: “Listen”
1768	ISA	32	2	he1m	figs-simile		0	Each one will be like a shelter from the wind and a refuge from the storm	This compares the king and princes who protect the people to a shelter. Alternate translation: “the rulers will protect the people like a shelter does in a storm” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1769	ISA	32	2	i91q	figs-simile		0	like streams of water in a dry place	This is another comparison that means that the rulers will provide for the needs of the people. Alternate translation: “they will provide for the people like streams of water in a dry place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1770	ISA	32	2	vxn9	figs-simile		0	like the shade of a great rock in a land of weariness	This is another comparison that means that the rulers will provide comfort and rest for the people. Alternate translation: “they will provide rest for the people like a huge rock gives shade to weary people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1771	ISA	32	3	d51u	figs-metaphor		0	Then the eyes … attentively	Both of these phrases emphasize that the leaders will enable the people to understand God’s truth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1772	ISA	32	3	ile5			0	will not be dim	Alternate translation: “will see clearly”
1773	ISA	32	4	byg3	figs-nominaladj		0	The rash … the stutterer	This refers to people who act rashly and people who stutter. Alternate translation: “The rash person … the stuttering person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
1774	ISA	32	5	dap4	figs-activepassive		0	The fool will no longer be called honorable	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “No one will give honor to the fool” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1775	ISA	32	5	zlq8	figs-activepassive		0	nor the deceiver called principled	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. “The deceiver” refers to a person who is deceptive. Alternate translation: “nor will anyone show respect to the person who deceives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
1776	ISA	32	6	zh17	figs-nominaladj		0	For the fool speaks folly, and his heart plans evil	“The fool” refers to foolish people. Also, “folly” and “evil” may be expressed as adjectives. Alternate translation: “For the foolish person says foolish things and his heart plans evil things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1777	ISA	32	6	z5gt	figs-synecdoche		0	his heart plans evil	Here the foolish person is referred to by his heart to emphasize his inner thoughts. Alternate translation: “he plans evil things in his heart” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
1778	ISA	32	6	vd59			0	He makes	The word “he” refers to the foolish person.
1779	ISA	32	6	y9ue	figs-nominaladj		0	the hungry empty	“The hungry” refers to hungry people. They are hungry because they have empty stomachs. Alternate translation: “the hungry person have an empty stomach” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1780	ISA	32	6	b6mz	figs-nominaladj		0	the thirsty he causes to lack drink	“The thirsty” refers to people who are thirsty. Alternate translation: “he causes the thirsty person to have nothing to drink” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
1781	ISA	32	7	br91	figs-nominaladj		0	The deceiver’s	This refers to a person who deceives others. Alternate translation: “The deceptive person’s” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
1782	ISA	32	7	fwx8	figs-nominaladj		0	to ruin the poor with lies	“The poor” refers to poor people. Also, the phrase “to ruin” does not means to kill them but to harm them by telling lies about them. Alternate translation: “to harm the poor people by telling lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
1783	ISA	32	8	em4r	figs-idiom		0	he will stand	This means that he will be successful. Alternate translation: “he will be successful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1784	ISA	32	9	ut5j			0	Rise up	Alternate translation: “Stand up” or “Pay attention”
1785	ISA	32	9	a31y			0	at ease	Alternate translation: “secure” or “carefree”
1786	ISA	32	9	yi6d	figs-metonymy		0	my voice	Isaiah refers to himself by his voice to emphasize what he says. Alternate translation: “me speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1787	ISA	32	10	g6m5	figs-activepassive		0	your confidence will be broken	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Also, Isaiah speaks of them no longer being confident as if their confidence were a physical object that is broken. Alternate translation: “you will no longer be confident” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1788	ISA	32	10	t219	figs-explicit		0	the grape harvest will fail	This means that there would not be good grapes to harvest. Alternate translation: “there will be no grapes for you to harvest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1789	ISA	32	10	d5c3			0	the ingathering will not come	Alternate translation: “the time for gathering crops will not happen”
1790	ISA	32	11	aq71			0	Tremble	shake from fear
1791	ISA	32	11	m37x			0	at ease	Alternate translation: “secure” or “carefree”
1792	ISA	32	11	suv5	figs-explicit		0	take off your fine clothes and make yourselves bare	Here “bare” does not necessarily mean naked, but to wear minimal covering such as undergarments. Alternate translation: “take off you fine clothes and make yourself unclothed” or “take off your fancy clothes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1793	ISA	32	11	dhb7	translate-symaction		0	put on sackcloth around your waists	This is an act of grieving or mourning. Alternate translation: “put sackcloth around waists as you grieve” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
1794	ISA	32	12	n8hm	figs-explicit		0	You will wail for the pleasant fields, for the fruitful vines	This means that they will cry out loudly as they grieve what happens to their fruitful fields and vines. Alternate translation: “You will wail because of what happens to your pleasant fields and fruitful vines” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1795	ISA	32	13	t131			0	thorns and briers	See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 5:6](../05/06.md).
1796	ISA	32	13	prc1	figs-personification		0	the once joyful houses	Here the houses are described as joyful because of the joyful people in them. Alternate translation: “your houses where you were once joyful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
1797	ISA	32	13	az82			0	the city of revelry	“your joyful city.” The word “revelry” means celebrating and partying.
1798	ISA	32	14	ftk1	figs-activepassive		0	For the palace will be forsaken, the crowded city will be deserted	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “For the people will forsake the palace and the crowds will abandon the city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1799	ISA	32	14	ut34	figs-metonymy		0	the hill	This refers to the fort built on the top of the hill. Alternate translation: “the fort on the hill” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1800	ISA	32	14	l4wz	figs-explicit		0	the hill and the watchtower will become caves	This speaks of the fort and the watchtower being abandoned as if they became caves. Alternate translation: “the hill and the watchtower will become abandoned and empty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1801	ISA	32	14	g5yl	figs-explicit		0	a joy of wild donkeys, a pasture of flocks	This means the these animals will enjoy the grass that grows among the abandon fort and watchtower. Alternate translation: “the wild donkeys and the flocks of sheep will eat the grass there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1802	ISA	32	14	x8t3	figs-hyperbole		0	forever	This is an exaggeration for a very long time. Alternate translation: “an extremely long time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
1803	ISA	32	15	ai5k	figs-activepassive		0	until the Spirit is poured	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “until Yahweh pours the Spirit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1804	ISA	32	15	m9lm	figs-metaphor		0	the Spirit is poured on us	This speaks of Yahweh giving him Spirit to his people as if his Spirit were a liquid that he would pour on them. Alternate translation: “the Spirit is given to us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1805	ISA	32	15	f3x2	figs-metonymy		0	from on high	Here heaven is referred to as “on high.” Alternate translation: “from heaven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1806	ISA	32	15	i9yh	figs-activepassive		0	the fruitful field is considered as a forest	This can be written in active form. This compares how overly bountiful the fruitful fields are by comparing them to a thick, dense forest. Alternate translation: “people will say that the fruitful fields have grown thick like a forest” or “the fruitful fields will be overly bountiful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1807	ISA	32	16	uzl5	figs-personification		0	justice will reside … righteousness will live	Isaiah describes “justice” and “righteousness” as a person who lives in these places. This means the people who live in these places will do what is just and right. Alternate translation: “people will act justly in the wilderness and people will act righteously in the fertile fields (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
1808	ISA	32	17	w4zs	figs-parallelism		0	The work of righteousness will be peace; and the result of righteousness, quietness and confidence forever	These two phrases are parallel and both give results of righteousness. These can be combined. Alternate translation: “The result of people acting righteously is that there will be peace, and quietness, and confidence forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
1809	ISA	32	18	q9gf			0	habitation	place where people live
1810	ISA	32	19	xzc9			0	hails	See how you translated this in [Isaiah 28:2](../28/02.md).
1811	ISA	32	19	stg9	figs-activepassive		0	the forest is destroyed, and the city is completely annihilated	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “it destroys the forest and completely destroys the city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1812	ISA	32	20	wd7c	figs-activepassive		0	you who sow beside all the streams will be blessed, you who send out your ox and donkey to graze	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. This refers to Yahweh blessing all of his people and speaks of the things that are normal for his people to do. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will bless you, as you plant your crops in fields alongside the streams and as you send out your ox and donkey to graze in the pasture” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1813	ISA	33	intro	bx2g			0		# Isaiah 33 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>This chapter continues the series of “woes.” It speaks against ungodly or evil people in general. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/woe]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])
1814	ISA	33	1	uq8j	figs-parallelism		0	General Information:	Isaiah speaks in poetry for Yahweh to the Assyrians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
1815	ISA	33	1	vi89	figs-activepassive		0	who has not been destroyed	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “whom others have not destroyed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1816	ISA	33	1	uz7b	figs-activepassive		0	you will be destroyed	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “others will destroy you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1817	ISA	33	1	t9ig			0	they will betray	Alternate translation: “others will betray”
1818	ISA	33	2	ktn1	figs-metonymy		0	be our arm	Here Yahweh’s arm refers to his strength. This speaks of Yahweh strengthening them as if Yahweh would use his strength to act for them. Alternate translation: “give us strength” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1819	ISA	33	2	k72t	figs-synecdoche		0	every morning	This refers to the whole day, not just the morning. Alternate translation: “every day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
1820	ISA	33	2	zfi5	figs-ellipsis		0	our salvation	This understood verb “be” may be supplied. Also, the word “salvation” may be expressed with the verb “save.” Alternate translation: “be our salvation” or “save us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1821	ISA	33	2	vt7m	figs-possession		0	in the time of trouble	This refers to the times when they are experiencing trouble. Alternate translation: ““when we have troubles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
1822	ISA	33	3	bxw1	figs-explicit		0	At the loud noise the peoples flee	Possible meanings of **the loud noise** are: (1) it refers to Yahweh’s voice. Alternate translation: “The peoples flee at the sound of your loud voice” or (2) it refers the loud sounds of Yahweh’s army. Alternate translation: “The people flee at the sound of your army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1823	ISA	33	3	mt58	figs-idiom		0	arise	This means to begin doing something. Alternate translation: “begin acting” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1824	ISA	33	3	bws5	figs-activepassive		0	the nations are scattered	This can be written in active form. Alternate translation: “the nations scatter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1825	ISA	33	4	jx3k	figs-simile		0	Your spoil is gathered as the locusts gather; as locusts leap, men leap on it	This compares how quick and eager Yahweh’s people are when they gather the spoils from their enemies to the eagerness of locusts when they gather food. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Your people gather spoils from your enemies with the same fierceness as the locusts have who devour green plants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1826	ISA	33	5	bu33			0	General Information:	Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah.
1827	ISA	33	5	f7z4	figs-activepassive		0	Yahweh is exalted	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is greater than anyone else” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1828	ISA	33	5	gk4n	figs-metaphor		0	He will fill Zion with justice and righteousness	This speaks of Yahweh ruling Zion with his justice and righteousness as if he were filling Zion with justice and righteousness. Alternate translation: “He will rule Zion with justice and righteousness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1829	ISA	33	6	gy6i	figs-metaphor		0	He will be the stability in your times	This speaks of Yahweh causing his people to be secure as if he were the stability himself. The phrase “your times” refers to their lives. Alternate translation: “He will make you secure all your lives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1830	ISA	33	6	fe6y	figs-ellipsis		0	abundance of salvation, wisdom, and knowledge	This refers to the things that Yahweh will give to them. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **salvation**, you could express the same idea with the verb “save.” The abstract nouns “wisdom” and “knowledge” can be expressed with adjectives. Alternate translation: “and he will give you an abundance of salvation, wisdom, and knowledge” or “he will save you and cause you to be very wise and knowledgeable” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1831	ISA	33	6	p3md	figs-metaphor		0	the fear of Yahweh is his treasure	This speaks of fearing Yahweh as if it were a treasure that Yahweh gives his people. Alternate translation: “revering Yahweh will be like a valuable treasure that he will give to you” or “to fear Yahweh will be as valuable to you as a treasure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1832	ISA	33	7	f6lb			0	Look	This word is used here to draw peoples’ attention to what is said next. It is also used here to mark a new section in the book. Alternate translation: “Listen”
1833	ISA	33	7	e9rq			0	envoys	messengers
1834	ISA	33	7	m76k	figs-explicit		0	the diplomats hoping for peace weep bitterly	This means they weep because they do not succeed in making peace. Alternate translation: “the diplomats hope for peace but they do not succeed and so they weep bitterly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1835	ISA	33	8	pf64	figs-parallelism		0	The highways are deserted; there are no more travelers	Both of the phrases emphasize that there are no travelers on the highways. These can be combined and stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People no longer travel on the highways” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1836	ISA	33	8	ftm2	figs-activepassive		0	Covenants are broken, witnesses are despised, and mankind is not respected	This passage may refer to general conditions of corruption in Israel, or it may refer to the nation’s inability to make reliable peace treaties with Assyria. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “People break covenants that they have made, people ignore the testimony of witnesses, and people do not respect one another” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1837	ISA	33	9	czb9	figs-personification		0	The land mourns and withers away	This speaks of the land becoming dry as if it were a person mourning. Alternate translation: “The land becomes dry and its plants wither away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
1838	ISA	33	9	na5c	figs-metonymy		0	Lebanon is ashamed and withers away	Here “Lebanon” represents Lebanon’s trees. This speaks of the trees withering and decaying as if they were a person who is ashamed. Alternate translation: “Lebanon’s trees wither and decay” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
1839	ISA	33	9	d8ct			0	Sharon … Bashan … Carmel	Many trees and flowers once grew in these places.
1840	ISA	33	9	dj2w	figs-simile		0	Sharon is like a desert plain	This compares how dry Sharon is to a desert plain. Alternate translation: “Sharon is as dry as a desert plain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1841	ISA	33	9	aiz6	figs-synecdoche		0	Bashan and Carmel shake off their leaves	Here Bashan and Carmel are represented by their trees. Alternate translation: “there are no more leaves on the trees in Bashan and Carmel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
1842	ISA	33	10	d6gh	figs-metaphor		0	will I arise	To arise or stand up is a metaphor for no longer watching and thinking and instead beginning to act. Alternate translation: “will I begin to act” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1843	ISA	33	10	gmq4	figs-activepassive		0	now I will be lifted up; now I will be elevated	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. These two phrases have basically the same meaning and emphasize Yahweh being exalted. Alternate translation: “now I will exalt myself and show that I deserve for everyone to honor me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
1844	ISA	33	11	il71	figs-metaphor		0	You conceive chaff, and you give birth to stubble	This speaks of the Assyrians making plans as if they were conceiving and giving birth to their plans as a mother gives birth to a baby. This speaks of their plans being useless by comparing them to chaff. Alternate translation: “You make plans that are as useless as chaff and straw” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1845	ISA	33	11	m839			0	stubble	The dry pieces of plants that are left in the ground after the stalks have been cut.
1846	ISA	33	11	f2w8	figs-metonymy		0	your breath is a fire that will consume you	Here the Assyrians’ plans are referred to as their “breath.” This speaks of their plans causing them to die as if their plans would literally burn up their bodies. Alternate translation: “your plans will cause you to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1847	ISA	33	12	q832	figs-simile		0	The peoples will be burned to lime, as thornbushes are cut down and are burned	This compares how the peoples’ dead bodies will be burned to the way thornbushes are burned. Also, If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Fire will burn the peoples’ bodies to lime in the same way that a farmer cuts down thornbushes and burns them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1848	ISA	33	12	k121			0	lime	the ashes from burned bones
1849	ISA	33	13	qf2k	figs-merism		0	You who are far away, hear what I have done; and, you who are near, acknowledge my might	Yahweh uses the words “far away” and “near” to mean all people. The word “might” can be expressed with the adjective “mighty.” Alternate translation: “All people everywhere hear what I have done and acknowledge that I am mighty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1850	ISA	33	14	hr7p	figs-personification		0	trembling has seized the godless ones	This speaks of the godless people trembling as if their trembling were an enemy that had seized them. Alternate translation: “the godless ones are overwhelmed with trembling” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
1851	ISA	33	14	l4yq	figs-explicit		0	Who among us … burnings?	It is implied that the sinners in Zion ask these questions. Alternate translation: “They say, ‘Who among us … burnings?’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1852	ISA	33	14	p2p3	figs-rquestion		0	Who among us can sojourn with a raging fire? Who among us can sojourn with everlasting burnings?	These rhetorial questions have basically the same meaning and emphasize that no one can live with fire. Here fire represents Yahweh’s judgment. Alternate translation: “No one can live with raging fire! No one can live with everylasting burns!” or “No one can live bearing Yahweh’s judgment, it is like an everlasting fire!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1853	ISA	33	14	n2zl			0	sojourn	live in a place that is not one’s home
1854	ISA	33	15	a3sk	figs-idiom		0	He who walks	Here walking refers to living. Alternate translation: “He who lives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1855	ISA	33	15	kmw5	figs-abstractnouns		0	who despises the gain of oppression	The noun phrase “the gain of oppression” can be expressed as a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “who hates the riches that come from harming other people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1856	ISA	33	16	jr9e	figs-metaphor		0	this is the man who will dwell on the heights, his place of defense will be the fortress among the cliffs	This speaks of the man being safe as if he lived in a home on a high hill. These two phrase are parallel and the second phrase describes the place where the man lives. Alternate translation: “he will be safe, like a man who home is built on a high hill, in a rocky place that is easy to defend” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
1857	ISA	33	16	t3ae	figs-metonymy		0	the heights	This refers to a high hill or mountainside. Alternate translation: “the high hill” or “the mountainside” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1858	ISA	33	16	p4zt	figs-metaphor		0	the fortress among the cliffs	This speaks of rocky areas that are easy to defend as if they were actually fortresses. Alternate translation: “the large piles of rocks” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1859	ISA	33	16	v96k			0	will be in steady supply	Alternate translation: “will always be available”
1860	ISA	33	17	vd1r	figs-synecdoche		0	Your eyes will see … they will see	This refers the audience by their “eyes.” Alternate translation: “You will see … you will see” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
1861	ISA	33	17	d8s5	figs-metonymy		0	the king in his beauty	The king’s royal robes are referred to as “his beauty.” Alternate translation: “the king in his beautiful robes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1862	ISA	33	18	h85u	figs-synecdoche		0	Your heart will recall the terror	This refers to the audience by their “hearts.” “The terror” refers to their war with the Assyrians. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “You will remember the terror that the Assyrians caused you when they attacked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1863	ISA	33	18	m1ib	figs-rquestion		0	where is the scribe, where is he who weighed the money? Where is he who counted the towers?	These rhetorical question are asked to emphasize that the Assyrian officials are gone. These questions may be written as statements. Alternate translation: “The officers of Assyria who counted the tax money that we were forced to pay to them have disappeared! Those men who counted our towers are gone!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1864	ISA	33	18	v7nn			0	weighed the money	Money was valuable metal; its value was determined by its weight.
1865	ISA	33	19	b6t2			0	the defiant people, a people of a strange language that you do not understand	Alternate translation: “a fierce people who speak a language that you do not understand”
1866	ISA	33	20	ex3i	figs-possession		0	the city of our feasts	This means that they have their festival and feasts at this city. Alternate translation: “the city where we have our feasts” or “they city where we celebrate our festivals” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
1867	ISA	33	20	gq29	figs-synecdoche		0	your eyes will see	The people are referred to by their “eyes” to emphasize what they are seeing. Alternate translation: “you will see” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
1868	ISA	33	20	tj7h	figs-metaphor		0	a tent that will not be removed	This speaks of Zion being secure and well establish as if it were secure tent. This can be stated in active form and written as a new sentence. Alternate translation: “it will be secure, like a tent that no one will ever remove” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1869	ISA	33	20	z75i	figs-metaphor		0	whose stakes will never be pulled up nor will any of its cords be broken	This is part of the metaphor that compares Zion to a secure tent. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “whose stakes no one will ever pull up and whose cords no one will ever break” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1870	ISA	33	21	js4c	figs-exclusive		0	Yahweh in majesty will be with us, in a place of broad rivers and streams	Here “us” refers to Isaiah and includes the people of Judah. This speaks of the safety of living with Yahweh as if it were a place that has rivers around it so that enemies cannot attack it. Alternate translation: “Yahweh who is majestic will be with us, and we will be safe as if we were in a place surrounded by broad rivers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1871	ISA	33	21	z6si			0	will travel it	Alternate translation: “will travel the river”
1872	ISA	33	22	x9zc	figs-exclusive		0	our … us	This refers to Isaiah and includes the people of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
1873	ISA	33	23	er96	figs-metaphor		0	Your riggings are slack; they cannot hold the mast in place; they cannot spread the sail	This could mean: (1) The Assyrian army is like a boat that is unable to move through the water: the ropes that support the mast and sail have come loose and no longer support the mast, so the sail is useless ([Isaiah 33:1](../33/01.md)) or (2) the people of Judah are no longer at war: “You have loosened the cords that supported your flagpole; the flag no longer flies” ([Isaiah 33:17](./17.md)-[Isaiah 22](./22.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1874	ISA	33	23	b3bn			0	mast	tall poles that support the sail
1875	ISA	33	23	l3q9			0	sail	a large cloth that fills with wind and moves a boat through the water
1876	ISA	33	23	a64j	figs-activepassive		0	when the great spoil is divided	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “when they divide the treasure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1877	ISA	33	23	tx7c	figs-nominaladj		0	the lame	This refers to people who are cannot walk. Alternate translation: “those who are lame” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
1878	ISA	33	24	brw9	figs-activepassive		0	the people who live there will be forgiven for their iniquity	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will forgive the sins of the people who live there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1879	ISA	34	intro	rp2m			0		# Isaiah 34 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Destruction<br>There are many images used in this chapter which describe destruction. Here each of these metaphors describes complete destruction. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Prophecy<br><br>This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. It pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]])
1880	ISA	34	1	l8gx	figs-parallelism		0	General Information:	Yahweh is speaking in poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
1881	ISA	34	1	xx72	figs-personification		0	The earth and all that fills it must listen, the world, and all things that come from it	Here the earth is spoken of as being required to listen to Yahweh to emphasize that it is under Yahweh’s authority. These two parallel phrases are metonyms for all the people who live in the world. Alternate translation: “In all places everywhere on earth, everyone must listen to what I say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1882	ISA	34	1	q1g4	figs-ellipsis		0	the world, and all things that come from it	This is the second of two parallel phrases. The understood words may be supplied in this phrase. Alternate translation: “the world, and all things that come from it must listen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
1883	ISA	34	2	maf7	figs-pastforfuture		0	he has completely destroyed them, he has handed them over to the slaughter	Often prophets speak of things that will happen in the future as if they have already happened. This emphasizes the event will certainly happen. Alternate translation: “he will completely destroy them, he will give them over to the slaughter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
1884	ISA	34	3	g8nr	figs-activepassive		0	The bodies of their dead will be thrown out	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “No one will bury their dead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1885	ISA	34	3	kc9q	figs-nominaladj		0	their dead	This refers to the dead people. Alternate translation: “those who died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
1886	ISA	34	3	alg3			0	the mountains will soak up their blood	Alternate translation: “the mountains will be covered in their blood”
1887	ISA	34	4	ta5s	figs-activepassive		0	the sky will be rolled up like a scroll	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. This compares what Yahweh will do to the sky to a person rolling up a scroll. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will roll up the sky in the same way that a person rolls up a scroll” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1888	ISA	34	4	g3vj	figs-simile		0	all their stars will fade away, as the leaf fades from off the vine, and as the overripe figs from the fig tree	This emphasizes even the things in the sky that people thought would be there forever will fall as easily as a leaf. Alternate translation: “all the stars will fall from the sky like a leaf falls from a vine or a fig falls from a tree” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1889	ISA	34	5	zep4	figs-metaphor		0	when my sword will have drunk its fill in heaven	Yahweh describes himself as a warrior bearing a sword. The phrase “drunk its fill” speaks of Yahweh’s sword as if it were a person who has eaten and become satisfied. Yahweh uses this imagery to emphasize that there will be a lot of destruction in heaven and to state its completion. Alternate translation: “when I am finished destroying things in heaven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
1890	ISA	34	5	zs1y			0	look	This word is used here to draw the listener’s attention and to have them imagine the things being said. Alternate translation: “listen” or “and then”
1891	ISA	34	5	dh31	figs-metaphor		0	it will now come down on Edom, on the people I am setting apart for destruction	The word “it” refers to Yahweh’s sword. This continues the metaphor about Yahweh destroying things with a sword. Alternate translation: “I will come to punish the people of Edom, the people whom I have set aside for me to destroy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1892	ISA	34	5	n7uq	figs-metonymy		0	on Edom	Edom refers to the people who live there. Alternate translation: “on the people of Edom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1893	ISA	34	6	z82l	figs-metaphor		0	The sword of Yahweh is dripping with blood and covered with fat … of rams	This speaks of Yahweh killing the people as if he were a priest sacrificing animals. He does this by describing the sword of a priest. Alternate translation: “Yahweh sacrifices them as a priest sacrifices animals, whose sword drips with the blood and fat of lambs, goats, and rams” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1894	ISA	34	6	e9tg	figs-abstractnouns		0	For Yahweh has a sacrifice in Bozrah and a great slaughter in the land of Edom	The words “sacrifice” and “slaughter” may be expressed here as verbs. Alternate translation: “For Yahweh will sacrifice many people in Bozrah and kill many people in the land of Edom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1895	ISA	34	6	hx1f	translate-names		0	Bozrah	This is an important city in Edom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
1896	ISA	34	7	ruc9			0	will fall	Alternate translation: “will die”
1897	ISA	34	7	x9xv	figs-personification		0	Their land will be drunk with blood	This describes the amount of blood that will soak into the ground by comparing the land to a drunk person. Alternate translation: “Their land will be soaked with blood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
1898	ISA	34	7	cw9p	figs-personification		0	their dust made fat with fatness	Here “dust” means the dirt on the ground. This describes the amount of fat that will soak into the dirt by comparing it to a person that has become fat from eating so much animal fat. Alternate translation: “the dirt will be full of the fat of the animals” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
1899	ISA	34	8	ypt1	figs-idiom		0	it will be a day of vengeance for Yahweh	Here “day” is an idiom for a point in time; it is not a literal “day.” Alternate translation: “it will be the time when Yahweh gets revenge” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1900	ISA	34	8	f6ru	figs-explicit		0	he will pay them back for the cause of Zion	This means that he will take revenge on them for how they had previously waged war against the people of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “he will give them the punishment they deserve for what they had done to the people of Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1901	ISA	34	9	b8cq	figs-metaphor		0	The streams of Edom will be turned into pitch … become burning pitch	The water and land becoming useless for drinking or growing food because it is burnt and covered in pitch and sulfur is spoken of as if their streams and land will actually become pitch and sulfur. Alternate translation: “The streams in Edom will be full of pitch and the ground will be covered with burning sulfur and burning pitch” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1902	ISA	34	9	yfh4			0	her dust … her land	Alternate translation: “Edom’s dust … Edom’s land”
1903	ISA	34	9	fd7g			0	pitch	a thick, black substance that burns for a long time
1904	ISA	34	10	smi7	figs-merism		0	It will burn night and day	This means all of the time. Alternate translation: “It will burn throughout the night and the day” or “It will burn constantly, all night and all day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
1905	ISA	34	10	tvh4	figs-idiom		0	from generation to generation	The phrase “generation to generation” refers to all generations of people who will live in the future. See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 13:20](../13/20.md). Alternate translation: “forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1906	ISA	34	11	yd3v			0	will live there	Alternate translation: “will live in the land of Edom”
1907	ISA	34	11	drt9			0	owl	See how you translated this in [Isaiah 13:21](../13/21.md).
1908	ISA	34	11	q1gl			0	raven	This is a large black bird. It is difficult to identify some of the precise kinds of birds mentioned in this passage. However, they were all birds that preferred to live in places where there were no people, so they symbolize deserted places.
1909	ISA	34	11	p68y			0	in it	“there.” This refers to Edom.

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