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forty lashes minus one
This was a common expression for being whipped 39 times. In Jewish law the most they were allowed to whip a person at one time was forty lashes. So they commonly whipped a person thirty-nine times so that they would be guilty of whipping someone too many times if the accidentally counted wrong.
I was beaten with rods
This can be stated in active form. AT: "people beat me with wooden rods" (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive)
I was stoned
This can be stated in active form. AT: "people threw stones at me until they thought I was dead" (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive)
I have spent a night and a day on the open sea
Paul was referring to floating in the water after the ship he was on sank.
in danger from false brothers
The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. AT: "and in danger from people who claimed to be brothers in Christ, but who betrayed us" (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit)