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2front:introhz6m0# Introduction to Haggai\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of Haggai\n\n1. The people must finish the temple for Yahweh to bless them again (1:1–15)\n1. This temple will be more glorious than the first temple (2:1–9)\n1. Yahweh will bless a defiled people (2:10–19)\n1. Yahweh will defeat the nations and establish his ruler (2:20–23)\n\n### What is the Book of Haggai about?\n\nThe people of Israel lacked food and warm clothes. The prophet Haggai told them it was because they were not obeying Yahweh. If they would listen to him and start rebuilding the temple, then Yahweh would send rain and bless them again. The people listened and began to work on the temple. Yahweh encouraged the people, the priests, and the leaders. He told them that he was with them and would bless them.\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nThis book traditionally has been titled “Haggai” or “The Book of Haggai.” Translators may decide to call it “The Sayings of Haggai.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n### Who wrote the Book of Haggai?\n\nThe prophet Haggai wrote this book. He wrote it after the exiles returned from Babylon. They returned during the reign of the Persian king Darius I. Haggai probably gave all the prophesies in this book during a four-month period of time.\n\nVery little is known about Haggai. He lived at the same time as the prophet Zechariah.\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### Did Haggai prophesy before Ezra and Nehemiah?\n\nIt is likely that Haggai prophesied before the time of Ezra and Nehemiah.\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### What does “consider your ways” mean?\n\nYahweh told the people to “consider your ways” several times in this book. This means that he wants them to think carefully about how they have lived and behaved.
31:intron84r0# Haggai 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Farming imagery\n\nScripture frequently uses the imagery of farming in reference to spiritual matters. The statement “You have sown much seed, but bring in little harvest” indicates that they had done a lot but have very little to show for it. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/seed]])
41:1qt5irc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinalIn the second year of Darius the king0“In the second year of the reign of Darius the king” or “After Darius had been king for more than a year”
51:1ha87rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-namesDarius … Haggai … Zerubbabel … Shealtiel … Joshua … Jehozadak0These are all names of men.
61:1y3eirc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonthsin the sixth month, on the first day of the month0“on the first day of the sixth month.” This is the sixth month of the Hebrew calendar. The first day is near the middle of August on Western calendars. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
71:1ria7rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiomthe word of Yahweh came0This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave a message” or “Yawheh spoke this message”
81:1fdv5Yahweh0This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this.
91:1wn8qrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdocheby the hand of Haggai0Here the word “hand” refers to Haggai himself. Yahweh used Haggai as the agent to deliver his command. See how you translated this in [Haggai 1:1](../01/01.md). Alternate translation: “through Haggai”
101:2cav8Yahweh’s house0the temple
111:3xs12rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiomthe word of Yahweh came0This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated this in [Haggai 1:1](../01/01.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave a message” or “Yawheh spoke this message”
121:3wk3brc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdocheby the hand of Haggai0Here the word “hand” refers to Haggai himself. Yahweh used Haggai as the agent to deliver his command. See how you translated this in [Haggai 1:1](../01/01.md). Alternate translation: “through Haggai”
131:4ms19rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestionIs it a time for you … ruined?0Yahweh is rebuking the people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “Now is not the time for you … ruined.”
141:4u9tfthis house0the temple of Yahweh
151:6rma3but cannot get drunk0There is not enough wine to satisfy the people’s thirst and not nearly enough for drunkenness. The reader should understand that the text is not calling drunkenness a good thing.
161:6aw8trc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorthe wage earner earns money only to put it into a bag full of holes0Not earning enough money to buy necessary goods is spoken of as if the person were losing the money that falls out through holes in the money bag. Alternate translation: “the money the worker earns is gone before he finishes buying everything he needs”
171:8qmi7rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdochebring timber0This represents only a part of what they needed to build the temple.
181:9yx8dbehold0Alternate translation: “look” or “listen” or “pay attention to what I am about to tell you”
191:9eb3arc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorI blew it away0The people not being able to find what they were looking for is spoken of as if Yahweh had blown on dust so it would go away. Alternate translation: “I made sure there was nothing there for you to find”
201:9g652rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123persondeclares Yahweh of hosts0Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared”
211:10suc8rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorthe heavens withhold the dew from you0The dew that appears at night is spoken of as if it formed in the sky and fell like rain. The sky is spoken of as if it were a person who refused to give a present or a parent who refused to feed his child. Alternate translation: “the sky does not allow the dew to fall” or “no dew forms”
221:11a7dsrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personificationI have summoned a drought upon the land0Rain not falling for a long time is spoken of as if Yahweh had told a person to come and make the land dry. Alternate translation: “I have kept the rain from falling on the land”
231:11v7pkrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyupon the new wine, upon the oil0“Wine” and “oil” are metonyms for grapes and olives.
241:11ird4rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnounsall the labor of your hands0If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **labor**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “work hard.” The labor that the hands perform is a metonym for the things that the labor produces. The hand is a metonym for the person. Alternate translation: “everything you have worked hard to make” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
251:12n5g8rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-namesZerubbabel … Shealtiel … Joshua … Jehozadak … Haggai0See how you translated these men’s names in [Haggai 1:1](../01/01.md).
261:12c4herc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyobeyed the voice of Yahweh … the words of Haggai0The voice and the words are metonyms for the persons. Alternate translation: “obeyed Yahweh and Haggai”
271:12e9slrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdochethe people feared the face of Yahweh0This could mean: (1) the face could be a synecdoche for the person. Alternate translation: “the people feared Yahweh” or (2) the face could be a metonym for the person’s presence. Alternate translation: “the people were afraid to be in Yahweh’s presence” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
281:13dtj5this is Yahweh’s declaration0Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared”
291:14n1e7rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyYahweh stirred up the spirit of the governor of Judah, Zerubbabel son of Shealtiel, and the spirit of the high priest Joshua son of Jehozadak, and the spirit of all the remnant of the people0Stirring the spirit is a metonym for making someone want to act. Alternate translation: “Yahweh made the governor of Judah, Zerubbabel son of Shealtiel, and the high priest Joshua son of Jehozadak, and all the remnant of the people want to act”
301:14iax3remnant0people who were still alive after being captive in Babylon and had returned to Jerusalem
311:15vp6zrc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonthsin the twenty-fourth day of the sixth month0This is just 23 days after he received the vision. This is the sixth month of the Hebrew calendar. The twenty-fourth day is near the middle of September on Western calendars. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
321:15cx2urc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinalthe second year of Darius the king0“second year of the reign of Darius the king” or “after Darius had been king for more than one year”
332:introieh70# Haggai 2 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 2:3–9, 21–23.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Unclean\n\nHaggai uses an extended metaphor in this chapter related to ritual cleanliness. While the Jews were not unclean by nature as the Gentiles were, their actions made them unclean. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]])
342:1v31vrc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonthsIn the seventh month on the twenty-first day of the month0This is the seventh month of the Hebrew calendar. The twenty-first day is near the middle of October on Western calendars. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
352:1fm14rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiomthe word of Yahweh came0This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated this in [Haggai 1:1](../01/01.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave a message” or “Yawheh spoke this message”
362:1t1usrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdocheby the hand of Haggai0Here the word “hand” refers to Haggai himself. Yahweh used Haggai as the agent to deliver his command. See how you translated this in [Haggai 1:1](../01/01.md). Alternate translation: “through Haggai”
372:1hz54rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-namesHaggai0See how you translated this man’s name in [Haggai 1:1](../01/01.md).
382:2q56prc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-namesZerubbabel … Shealtiel … Joshua … Jehozadak0See how you translated these men’s names in [Haggai 1:1](../01/01.md).
392:3wy320# General Information:\n\nYahweh speaks to the people about the new temple they are building. They are building it on the same place their ancestors built the former temple, which Nebuchadnezzar completely destroyed. This new temple is much smaller than the former temple.
402:3m1jrrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestionWho is left among you who saw this house in its former glory?0Yahweh speaks of the new temple as if it were the same building as the old temple. He is telling those who had seen the former temple to pay attention. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “I want those among you who saw this house in its former glory to pay attention.” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
412:3x5q5rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestionHow do you see it now?0Yahweh is telling them that he knows what they are thinking about the new temple. He speaks of the new temple as if it were the same building as the old temple. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “I know what you think of this new temple.” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
422:3tsx7rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestionIs it not like nothing in your eyes?0Yahweh is telling the people that he understands that they are disappointed because the new temple is so small. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “I know that you think it is not important at all.” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
432:4y2v9Now, be strong0Alternate translation: “From now on, be strong”
442:4x8wvrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123personthis is the declaration of Yahweh of hosts0Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Haggai 1:9](../01/09.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh of hosts has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh of hosts, have declared”
452:6e2qqrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorI will … shake the heavens … the earth … the sea … the dry land0The words “I will shake the earth” could be translated as “I will cause an earthquake,” and that earthquake would shake “the sea” as well as “the dry land,” a merism for the entire earth. Yahweh speaks of the heavens and every nation as if they also were solid objects that he could shake. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
462:6l2sjshake0Use the verb you usually use for pushing trees back and forth to get fruit or other objects to fall from them.
472:7hre1rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorI will shake every nation0The metaphor that begins with the words “I will … shake the heavens” in verse 6 ends here. Yahweh speaks of every nation as if they also were solid objects that he could shake. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
482:7u8qxrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorI will fill this house with glory0Yahweh speaks of glory as if it were a solid or liquid that could be put into a container, the temple. This could mean: (1) the temple will become very beautiful. Alternate translation: “I will make this house very beautiful” or (2) the “precious things” that “every nation will bring” include much silver and gold and other forms of wealth. Alternate translation: “I will have people bring many beautiful things into this house”
492:8f56drc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123personthis is the declaration of Yahweh of hosts0Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Haggai 1:9](../01/09.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh of hosts has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh of hosts, have declared”
502:10wc9prc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonthsOn the twenty-fourth day of the ninth month0This is the ninth month of the Hebrew calendar. The twenty-fourth day is near the middle of December on Western calendars. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
512:10if92rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinalin the second year of Darius0“in the second year of the reign of Darius” or “when Darius had been king for more than one year”
522:10i4pyrc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-namesDarius … Haggai0See how you translated these men’s names in [Haggai 1:1](../01/01.md).
532:10s26vrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiomthe word of Yahweh came0This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated this in [Haggai 1:1](../01/01.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave a message” or “Yawheh spoke this message”
542:12x84umeat that is set apart to Yahweh … holy0The words “that is set apart to Yahweh” and the word “holy” translate the same Hebrew word. “holy meat … holy”
552:13bg3qbecause of death0Alternate translation: “because he has touched a dead body”
562:14q5p8So Haggai answered and said, “So it is … is unclean0Haggai answers the priests with the words that Yahweh told Haggai to tell the priests. Alternate translation: “So Haggai answered and told them Yahweh’s words: ‘So it is … is unclean”
572:14dv6pSo it is with this people and this nation before me0“I look at this people and this nation the same way.” Yahweh reminds the priests that a clean thing that touches an unclean thing becomes unclean. He then reminds them that he thinks of them as unclean because they have been worshiping idols, and so everything they touch and make becomes unclean.
582:14ua4frc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123personthis is Yahweh’s declaration0Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Haggai 1:9](../01/09.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared”
592:15l2scrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassiveBefore stone was placed upon stone in the temple0This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Before you laid the first stones for the temple”
602:16zx3crc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numberstwenty measures0“20 measures.” A “measure” is an unknown amount. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]])
612:16ply4rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbersfifty measures0“50 measures.” A “measure” is an unknown amount. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]])
622:17p7cxall the work of your hands0Alternate translation: “everything you made” or “your crops”
632:17bk6nrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123personthis is Yahweh’s declaration0Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Haggai 1:9](../01/09.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared”
642:18zyq1rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonthsthe twenty-fourth day of the ninth month0This is the ninth month of the Hebrew calendar. The twenty-fourth day is near the middle of December on Western calendars. See how you translated this in [Haggai 2:10](../02/10.md). (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
652:18pcm4rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassivethe day that the foundation of Yahweh’s temple was laid0This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the day that you laid the foundation of Yahweh’s temple”
662:19mx58rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestionIs there still seed in the storehouse?0Yahweh is preparing the people for the promise he is about to give them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “you could see that there is no seed in the storehouse.”
672:19ld7rThe vine, the fig tree, the pomegranate, and the olive tree0Alternate translation: “Your grape vines, fig trees, pomegranate trees, and olive trees”
682:19g2gcrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitthe pomegranate0This is a type of sweet fruit. You may need to make explicit that the tree is being spoken of. Alternate translation: “the pomegranate tree” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
692:20l5pyrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiomthe word of Yahweh came0This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated this in [Haggai 1:1](../01/01.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave a message” or “Yawheh spoke this message”
702:20hwk9rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-namesHaggai0This is the name of a man. See how you translated this in [Haggai 1:1](../01/01.md).
712:20rru4rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonthson the twenty-fourth day of the month0You may need to make explicit which month is spoken of. Alternate translation: “on the twenty-fourth day of the ninth month” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
722:21ac9qrc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-namesZerubbabel0This is the name of a man. See how you translated this in [Haggai 1:1](../01/01.md).
732:21w9i2rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorI will shake the heavens and the earth0The words “I will shake the earth” could be translated as “I will cause an earthquake.” Yahweh speaks of the heavens as if they also were solid objects that he could shake. See how these ideas are translated in [Haggai 2:6](../02/06.md).
742:21v17hshake0Use the verb you usually use for pushing trees back and forth to get fruit or other objects to fall from them. See how you translated this in [Haggai 2:6](../02/06.md).
752:21fbc6rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merismthe heavens and the earth0This is a merism for “the whole universe” or “everything that exists.”
762:22ni5irc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyI will overthrow the throne of kingdoms0The throne is a metonym for the person sitting on the throne. Alternate translation: “I will take kings off of their thrones”
772:22sv3nrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymythe throne of kingdoms0Here “throne” is a metonym for the king who sits on it. Alternate translation: “government ruled by kings”
782:22gza6rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitI will … destroy the strength of the kingdoms of the nations0You may need to make explicit that “the nations” are Israel’s enemies. Alternate translation: “I will make it so the kingdoms of the nations that are Israel’s enemies are no longer strong”
792:22js5mrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyeach one because of his brother’s sword0The sword here is a metonym for violent death. Alternate translation: “each one because his brother has killed him”
802:23p75jrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123personthis is the declaration of Yahweh of hosts0Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Haggai 1:9](../01/09.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh of hosts has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh of hosts, have declared”
812:23p3wwrc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-namesZerubbabel … Shealtiel0See how you translated these men’s names in [Haggai 1:1](../01/01.md).
822:23itg1rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123personthis is Yahweh’s declaration0Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Haggai 1:9](../01/09.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared”
832:23h7nzrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simileI will make you like a signet ring0Kings used a signet ring to seal documents to show that they truly had his authority. Zerubbabel would have authority from Yahweh because he would speak Yahweh’s words.