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Fix conflicts, etc. (#431)
Fix unwanted trailing spaces Remove non-break spaces and some doubled spaces Prepare to publish v17 with conflicts fixed Repair conflicts and make double-nested block quotes consistent Co-authored-by: Robert Hunt <Freely.Given.org@gmail.com> Reviewed-on: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/pulls/431
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@ -22,12 +22,12 @@ dublin_core:
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description: 'A modular handbook that provides a condensed explanation of Bible translation and checking principles that the global Church has implicitly affirmed define trustworthy translations. It enables translators to learn how to create trustworthy translations of the Bible in their own language.'
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format: 'text/markdown'
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identifier: 'ta'
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issued: '2020-12-10'
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issued: '2020-12-14'
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language:
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identifier: 'en'
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title: 'English'
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direction: 'ltr'
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modified: '2020-12-10'
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modified: '2020-12-14'
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publisher: 'unfoldingWord®'
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relation:
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- 'en/ust'
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@ -39,11 +39,11 @@ dublin_core:
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-
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identifier: 'ta'
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language: 'en'
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version: '15'
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version: '16'
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subject: 'Translation Academy'
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title: 'unfoldingWord® Translation Academy'
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type: 'man'
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version: '16'
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version: '17'
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checking:
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checking_entity:
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@ -37,12 +37,12 @@ If a doublet would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consi
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(1) Translate only one of the words.
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> You have decided to prepare **false** and **deceptive** words. (Daniel 2:9b ULT)
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>> “You have decided to prepare **false** things to say.”
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> > “You have decided to prepare **false** things to say.”
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(2) If the doublet is used to intensify the meaning, translate one of the words and add a word that intensifies it such as “very” or “great” or “many.”
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> He has one people **scattered** and **dispersed** among the peoples (Esther 3:8 ULT)
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>> “He has one people **very spread out**.”
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> > “He has one people **very spread out**.”
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(3) If the doublet is used to intensify or emphasize the meaning, use one of your language’s ways of doing that.
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@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ An ellipsis occurs when a speaker or writer leaves out one or more words that no
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There is ellipsis in the second part because “nor sinners in the assembly of the righteous” is not a complete sentence. The speaker assumes that the hearer will understand what it is that sinners will not do in the assembly of the righteous by filling in the action from the previous clause. With the action filled in, the complete sentence would read:
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> > So the wicked will not stand in the judgment, nor **will** sinners **stand** in the assembly of the righteous.
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> > So the wicked will not stand in the judgment, nor **will** sinners **stand** in the assembly of the righteous.
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#### Two Types of Ellipsis
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@ -1 +1 @@
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What is ellipsis ? ([^1])
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What is ellipsis ? ([^1])
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@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ This is an exaggeration. It means that the enemies will completely destroy Jerus
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This hyperbole means that he had learned everything an Egyptian education could offer.
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#### Generalization
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#### Generalization
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This is a statement that is true most of the time or in most situations that it could apply to.
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@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ If the hyperbole or generalization would be natural and people would understand
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>
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> > **In general,** the one who ignores instruction will have poverty and shame
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>
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> When you pray, do not make useless repetitions as the **Gentiles do,** for they think that they will be heard because of their many words. (Matthew 6:7 ULT)
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> When you pray, do not make useless repetitions as the **Gentiles do,** for they think that they will be heard because of their many words. (Matthew 6:7 ULT)
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>
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> > And when you pray, do not make useless repetitions as the Gentiles **generally** do, for they think that they will be heard because of their many words.
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@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ A quotation may have a quote within it, and quotes that are inside of other quot
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#### Quotations with two layers
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> Jesus answered and said to them, “Be careful that no one leads you astray. For many will come in my name. They will say, ‘I am the Christ,’ and will lead many astray.” Matthew 24:4-5 ULT
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> Jesus answered and said to them, “Be careful that no one leads you astray. For many will come in my name. They will say, ‘I am the Christ,’ and will lead many astray.” Matthew 24:4-5 ULT
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The outermost layer is what Jesus said to his disciples. The second layer is what other people will say.
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@ -47,15 +47,15 @@ Some languages use only direct quotes. Other languages use a combination of dire
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(1) Translate all of the quotes as direct quotes. In the example below we have bolded the indirect quotes in the ULT and the quotes that we have changed to direct quotes below it.
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> Festus presented to the king the things concerning Paul, saying, “There is a certain man was left here as a prisoner by Felix. So I am uncertain about the things concerning this matter. I asked **if he was willing to go to Jerusalem and there to be judged concerning these things**. But when Paul appealed **to keep him in custody for the decision of the emperor**, I ordered him **to be held in custody until when I could send him to Caesar**.” (Acts 25:14b, 20-21 ULT)
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> Festus presented to the king the things concerning Paul, saying, “There is a certain man was left here as a prisoner by Felix. So I am uncertain about the things concerning this matter. I asked **if he was willing to go to Jerusalem and there to be judged concerning these things**. But when Paul appealed **to keep him in custody for the decision of the emperor**, I ordered him **to be held in custody until when I could send him to Caesar**.” (Acts 25:14b, 20-21 ULT)
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>
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> > Festus presented Paul’s case to the king. He said, “A certain man was left behind here by Felix as a prisoner. I was uncertain about the things concerning this matter. I asked him, **‘Will you go to Jerusalem to be judged there concerning these things?’** But when Paul said, **‘I want to be kept in custody for the emperor’s decision,’** I told the guard, **‘Keep him in custody until when I can send him to Caesar.’**”
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(2) Translate one or some of the quotes as indirect quotes. In English the word “that” can come before indirect quotes. It is bolded in the examples below. The pronouns that changed because of the indirect quote are also bolded.
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> And Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying, “I have heard the complaints of the sons of Israel. Speak to them and say, ‘During the evenings you will eat meat, and in the morning you will be satisfied with bread. And you will know that I am Yahweh your God.’” (Exodus 16:11-12 ULT)
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> And Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying, “I have heard the complaints of the sons of Israel. Speak to them and say, ‘During the evenings you will eat meat, and in the morning you will be satisfied with bread. And you will know that I am Yahweh your God.’” (Exodus 16:11-12 ULT)
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>
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> > And Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying, “I have heard the complaints of the sons of Israel. Tell them **that** during the evenings **they** will eat meat, and in the morning **they** will be satisfied with bread. And **they** will know that I am Yahweh **their** God.’”
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> > And Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying, “I have heard the complaints of the sons of Israel. Tell them **that** during the evenings **they** will eat meat, and in the morning **they** will be satisfied with bread. And **they** will know that I am Yahweh **their** God.’”
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>
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> They said to him, “A man came to meet us who said to us, ‘Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, “Yahweh says this: ‘Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal-Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.’”’” (2 Kings 1:6 ULT)
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>
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@ -19,10 +19,10 @@ A verb usually says something about someone or something. All of the example sen
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Sometimes there is another person or thing associated with the verb. In the examples below, the bolded word is the verb, and the quoted phrase is the **object**. In English the object usually comes after the verb.
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* He **ate** “lunch.”
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* He **sang** “a song.”
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* He **read** “a book.”
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* **He saw** “the book.”
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* He **ate** “lunch.”
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* He **sang** “a song.”
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* He **read** “a book.”
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* **He saw** “the book.”
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Some verbs never have an object.
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@ -47,6 +47,6 @@ There are two hypothetical conditions here: (1) If it is true that this plan is
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> > If the people obeyed these laws, **then** God promised he would bless them and protect them. But **if** they did not obey these laws, **then** God said that he would punish them.
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> … **if** this plan or this work is of men, it will be overthrown. But **if** it is of God, you will not be able to overthrow them; (Acts 5:38b-39a ULT)
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> … **if** this plan or this work is of men, it will be overthrown. But **if** it is of God, you will not be able to overthrow them; (Acts 5:38b-39a ULT)
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> > … **if** this plan or this work is of men, **then** it will be overthrown. But **if** it is of God, **then** you will not be able to overthrow them;
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> > … **if** this plan or this work is of men, **then** it will be overthrown. But **if** it is of God, **then** you will not be able to overthrow them;
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@ -29,14 +29,14 @@ If the way that Exceptional Clauses are marked in the source language is also cl
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(1) Very often, the exception in Part 2 contradicts something that was negated in Part 1. In this case, the translator can phrase the same idea without the contradiction by deleting the negative and using a word like “**only**.”
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> David attacked them from the twilight to the evening of the next day. \*\*Not a man escaped except for 400 young men\*\*, who rode on camels and fled. (1 Samuel 30:17 ULT)
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> David attacked them from the twilight to the evening of the next day. \*\*Not a man escaped except for 400 young men\*\*, who rode on camels and fled. (1 Samuel 30:17 ULT)
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* Part 1: (**Not** a man escaped)
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* Part 2: (**except for** 400 young men)
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> > David attacked them from the twilight to the evening of the next day. **Only** 400 young men escaped; they rode on camels and fled.
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> But if you will not redeem it, then tell me so that I may know, for there is **no one** to redeem it **besides** you, and I am after you.” (Ruth 4:4 ULT)
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> But if you will not redeem it, then tell me so that I may know, for there is **no one** to redeem it **besides** you, and I am after you.” (Ruth 4:4 ULT)
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>
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> > But if you will not redeem it, then tell me so that I may know, for **you are first in line to redeem it \[only you can redeem it\]**, and I am after you.”
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@ -54,6 +54,6 @@ If your language uses contrast relationships in the same way as in the text, the
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(3) If your language shows a contrast relationship in a different way, then use that way.
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> \[David\] found favor in the sight of God, and he asked if he might find a dwelling place for the house of Jacob. **However**, Solomon built the house for him. **But** the Most High does not live in houses made with hands. (Acts 7:46-48a ULT)
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> \[David\] found favor in the sight of God, and he asked if he might find a dwelling place for the house of Jacob. **However**, Solomon built the house for him. **But** the Most High does not live in houses made with hands. (Acts 7:46-48a ULT)
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>
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> > \[David\] found favor in the sight of God, and he asked if he might find a dwelling place for the house of Jacob. **But** it was, Solomon, **not David**, who built the house for God. **Even though Solomon built him a house**, the Most High does not live in houses made with hands.
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@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ The goal or purpose of Boaz instructing the men to pull out the grain from their
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The purpose of going to Bethlehem was to see the thing that had happened. Here the purpose is not marked and might be misunderstood.
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> “… if you want **to enter into life**, keep the commandments.” (Matthew 19:17b ULT)
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> “… if you want **to enter into life**, keep the commandments.” (Matthew 19:17b ULT)
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>
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>
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@ -59,13 +59,13 @@ If your language uses Goal or Purpose relationships in the same way as in the te
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(1) If the construction of the goal statement is unclear, change it to one that is more clear.
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> “Even be sure to pull some out from the bundles for her and leave it **for her to glean**, and do not rebuke her!” (Ruth 2:16 ULT)
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> “Even be sure to pull some out from the bundles for her and leave it **for her to glean**, and do not rebuke her!” (Ruth 2:16 ULT)
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>
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> > “Even be sure to pull some out from the bundles for her and leave it **so that she can glean it**, and do not rebuke her!”
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> The shepherds said to each other, “Let us indeed go over as far as Bethlehem, **and let us see this thing that has happened**, which the Lord has made known to us.” (Luke 2:15 ULT)
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> The shepherds said to each other, “Let us indeed go over as far as Bethlehem, **and let us see this thing that has happened**, which the Lord has made known to us.” (Luke 2:15 ULT)
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>
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> > The shepherds said to each other, “Let us indeed go over as far as Bethlehem **so that we can see this thing that has happened**, which the Lord has made known to us.”
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> > The shepherds said to each other, “Let us indeed go over as far as Bethlehem **so that we can see this thing that has happened**, which the Lord has made known to us.”
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(2) If the order of the statements makes the goal statement unclear or confusing for the reader, then change the order.
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@ -77,6 +77,6 @@ If your language uses Goal or Purpose relationships in the same way as in the te
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(1) and (2)
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> But when the vine growers saw the son, they said among themselves, ‘This is the heir. Come, let us kill him **and take over his inheritance**.’ So they took him, threw him out of the vineyard and killed him. (Matt 21:38-39 ULT)
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> But when the vine growers saw the son, they said among themselves, ‘This is the heir. Come, let us kill him **and take over his inheritance**.’ So they took him, threw him out of the vineyard and killed him. (Matt 21:38-39 ULT)
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> > But when the vine growers saw the son, they said among themselves, ‘This is the heir. Come, let us kill him **so that we can take over his inheritance**.’ So they took him, threw him out of the vineyard and killed him **so that they could take over his inheritance**.
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(3) Behold, **because** a great storm arose on the sea, the boat was covered with the waves.
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> **Since** he was not able to find out anything for certain because of the noise, he ordered that he be brought into the fortress. (Acts 21:34b ULT)
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> **Since** he was not able to find out anything for certain because of the noise, he ordered that he be brought into the fortress. (Acts 21:34b ULT)
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(1) The captain ordered that Paul be brought into the fortress, **because** he could not tell anything because of all the noise.
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#### Reason This Is a Translation Issue
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Languages indicate in many different ways that events occur simultaneously. These ways may vary based on whether or not something is causing the events to occur simultaneously. Connecting words that may indicate simultaneous events are words such as “while,” “as,” and “during.” Often the Bible does not state a relationship between the events but simply says they occurred at the same time. It is important that you (the translator) know when a time relationship is implied and when it is not implied so that you can communicate it clearly. A simultaneous clause communicates that events happened at the same time but it does not indicate that one event caused the other. That would be a reason-and-result relationship.
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Languages indicate in many different ways that events occur simultaneously. These ways may vary based on whether or not something is causing the events to occur simultaneously. Connecting words that may indicate simultaneous events are words such as “while,” “as,” and “during.” Often the Bible does not state a relationship between the events but simply says they occurred at the same time. It is important that you (the translator) know when a time relationship is implied and when it is not implied so that you can communicate it clearly. A simultaneous clause communicates that events happened at the same time but it does not indicate that one event caused the other. That would be a reason-and-result relationship.
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#### Examples From OBS and the Bible
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(2) And **while** they were looking intently into heaven **as** he was going up, suddenly, **at that same time** two men stood by them in white clothing.
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(3) They were looking intently into heaven; he was going up **when** they saw two men standing by them in white clothing.
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(3) They were looking intently into heaven; he was going up **when** they saw two men standing by them in white clothing.
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In the above example, the word **now** connects the two short chunks of text, showing the relationship between them. The speaker must change his clothes, drink hot tea, and warm himself because of something that happened earlier (that is, he got wet in the rain).
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Sometimes people might not use a connecting word because they expect the context to help the readers understand the relationship between the thoughts. Some languages do not use connecting words as much as other languages do. They might say:
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Sometimes people might not use a connecting word because they expect the context to help the readers understand the relationship between the thoughts. Some languages do not use connecting words as much as other languages do. They might say:
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* It was raining. I did not have an umbrella. I got very wet.
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### Examples from the Bible
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> I did not immediately consult with flesh and blood. I did not go up to Jerusalem to those who were apostles before me. **Instead**, I went to Arabia and then returned to Damascus. **Then** after three years, I went up to Jerusalem to visit Cephas, and I stayed with him 15 days. (Galatians 1:16b-18 ULT)
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> I did not immediately consult with flesh and blood. I did not go up to Jerusalem to those who were apostles before me. **Instead**, I went to Arabia and then returned to Damascus. **Then** after three years, I went up to Jerusalem to visit Cephas, and I stayed with him 15 days. (Galatians 1:16b-18 ULT)
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The word “instead” introduces something that contrasts with what was said before. The contrast here is between what Paul did not do and what he did do. The word “then” introduces a sequence of events. It introduces something that Paul did after he returned to Damascus.
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> > Therefore, whoever breaks the least one of these commandments, teaching others to do so as well, will be called least in the kingdom of heaven. Whoever keeps them and teaches them, that one will be called great in the kingdom of heaven.
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>
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> I did not immediately consult with flesh and blood. I did not go up to Jerusalem to those who were apostles before me. **Instead**, I went to Arabia and then returned to Damascus. **Then** after three years, I went up to Jerusalem to visit Cephas, and I stayed with him 15 days. (Galatians 1:16b-18 ULT) (Galatians 1:16-18 ULT)
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> I did not immediately consult with flesh and blood. I did not go up to Jerusalem to those who were apostles before me. **Instead**, I went to Arabia and then returned to Damascus. **Then** after three years, I went up to Jerusalem to visit Cephas, and I stayed with him 15 days. (Galatians 1:16b-18 ULT) (Galatians 1:16-18 ULT)
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Some languages might not need the words “instead” or “then” here. They might translate like this:
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### Church-Approved Translations
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A good translation must be **clear** (see [Create Clear Translations](../guidelines-clear/01.md)), **natural** (see [Create Natural Translations](../guidelines-natural/01.md)), and **accurate** (see [Create Accurate Translations](../guidelines-accurate/01.md)). All three of these qualities directly affect the words and phrases that are used in the translation. If a translation lacks one of these three qualities, simply changing or reordering the words that were used can often fix the problem. The fourth quality, **church-approved**, has less to do with the words used and more to do with the process that is used.
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A good translation must be **clear** (see [Create Clear Translations](../guidelines-clear/01.md)), **natural** (see [Create Natural Translations](../guidelines-natural/01.md)), and **accurate** (see [Create Accurate Translations](../guidelines-accurate/01.md)). All three of these qualities directly affect the words and phrases that are used in the translation. If a translation lacks one of these three qualities, simply changing or reordering the words that were used can often fix the problem. The fourth quality, **church-approved**, has less to do with the words used and more to do with the process that is used.
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### The Goal of Translation
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@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ Next you need to understand who is doing the action. A clear translation will id
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#### Clearly Express Event Ideas
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An event idea is an action most clearly expressed by a verb. Many event ideas may occur as nouns in the Gateway Language. A clear translation may need to express these event ideas as verbs. For example, “the wrath of God appeared” is clearer as “God was angry.” Instead of “Jesus is my Savior,” translate the event idea as “Jesus is the one who saves me.”
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An event idea is an action most clearly expressed by a verb. Many event ideas may occur as nouns in the Gateway Language. A clear translation may need to express these event ideas as verbs. For example, “the wrath of God appeared” is clearer as “God was angry.” Instead of “Jesus is my Savior,” translate the event idea as “Jesus is the one who saves me.”
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When preparing to translate, it is helpful to look for any event ideas in the passage, especially those which are expressed by some form other than a verb. See if you can re-express the meaning using a verb to express the event idea. If, however, your language also uses nouns to express event ideas and the event or action sounds more natural as a noun, then use the noun form. See [Abstract Nouns](../figs-abstractnouns/01.md).
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@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ An equal translation communicates any expressive meaning from the source languag
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#### Idioms
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**Description** – An idiom is a group of words that has a meaning that is different from what one would understand from the meanings of the individual words. Determine the meaning of idioms, proverbs, and figures of speech and translate them with expressions in your language that have the same meaning. Usually idioms cannot be translated literally into another language. The meaning of the idiom has to be expressed in a way that is natural in the Other Language.
|
||||
**Description** – An idiom is a group of words that has a meaning that is different from what one would understand from the meanings of the individual words. Determine the meaning of idioms, proverbs, and figures of speech and translate them with expressions in your language that have the same meaning. Usually idioms cannot be translated literally into another language. The meaning of the idiom has to be expressed in a way that is natural in the Other Language.
|
||||
|
||||
For example, these three translations all have the same meaning. See Acts 18:6:
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ These are all accusations of guilt. Some are using idioms with the word “blood
|
|||
|
||||
#### Figures of Speech
|
||||
|
||||
**Description** – A figure of speech is a special way of saying something in order to catch attention or express an emotion about what is said. The meaning of a figure of speech as a whole is different from the normal meaning of the individual words.
|
||||
**Description** – A figure of speech is a special way of saying something in order to catch attention or express an emotion about what is said. The meaning of a figure of speech as a whole is different from the normal meaning of the individual words.
|
||||
|
||||
Here are some examples:
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ It is the real meaning of the whole figure of speech that should be translated i
|
|||
|
||||
**Description** – Rhetorical questions are another way that the speaker captures the attention of the reader. Rhetorical questions are a type of question that does not expect an answer or ask for information. They usually express some kind of emotion and can be intended as a rebuke, a warning, and expression of surprise, or something else.
|
||||
|
||||
For example, see Matthew 3:7: “You offspring of vipers! Who warned you to flee from the wrath that is coming?” (ULT)
|
||||
For example, see Matthew 3:7: “You offspring of vipers! Who warned you to flee from the wrath that is coming?” (ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
Here, no answer is expected. The speaker is not asking for information; he is rebuking his hearers. It does no good to warn these people of God’s wrath because they refuse the only way to escape it: to repent of their sins.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ You may need to restate this rhetorical question as a statement when you transla
|
|||
|
||||
#### Exclamations
|
||||
|
||||
**Description** – Languages use exclamations to communicate emotion. Sometimes the exclamation word or words do not have meaning other than the expression of emotion, such as the words “alas” or “wow” in English.
|
||||
**Description** – Languages use exclamations to communicate emotion. Sometimes the exclamation word or words do not have meaning other than the expression of emotion, such as the words “alas” or “wow” in English.
|
||||
|
||||
For example, see 1 Samuel 4:8a: **Woe to us**! Who will protect us from the strength of these mighty gods? (ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -55,9 +55,9 @@ The Hebrew word translated as “woe” here expresses strong emotion about some
|
|||
|
||||
#### Poetry
|
||||
|
||||
**Description** – One of the purposes of poetry is to express emotion about something. Poetry expresses emotion through a variety of ways that can differ from one language to another. These ways can include everything discussed so far, such as figures of speech and exclamations. Poetry might also use grammar differently than ordinary speech, or use wordplays or words with similar sounds or certain rhythms to convey emotion.
|
||||
**Description** – One of the purposes of poetry is to express emotion about something. Poetry expresses emotion through a variety of ways that can differ from one language to another. These ways can include everything discussed so far, such as figures of speech and exclamations. Poetry might also use grammar differently than ordinary speech, or use wordplays or words with similar sounds or certain rhythms to convey emotion.
|
||||
|
||||
For example, see Psalm 36:5: **5** Your covenant faithfulness, Yahweh, reaches to the heavens; your loyalty reaches to the clouds. (ULT)
|
||||
For example, see Psalm 36:5: **5** Your covenant faithfulness, Yahweh, reaches to the heavens; your loyalty reaches to the clouds. (ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
This verse of poetry repeats a similar idea in two lines, which is good Hebrew poetic style. Also, there are no verbs in the Hebrew original, which is a different use of grammar than ordinary speech would use. Poetry in your language may have different things that mark it as poetry. When you are translating poetry, try to use the forms of your language that communicate to the reader that this is poetry, and that communicate the same emotions that the source poem is trying to communicate.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
|||
### Natural Translations
|
||||
|
||||
To translate the Bible so that it is natural means that the translation sounds like it was written by a member of the target group—not by a foreigner. Here are some ideas for making a natural translation.
|
||||
To translate the Bible so that it is natural means that the translation sounds like it was written by a member of the target group—not by a foreigner. Here are some ideas for making a natural translation.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Use Short Sentences
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -15,9 +15,9 @@ In the New Testament:
|
|||
|
||||
#### The Old Testament begins to reveal God’s three persons.
|
||||
|
||||
> … **God** created the heavens …**The Spirit of God** was moving …“Let **us** make man in **our** image.”(from Genesis 1:1b,2b, 26b ULT)
|
||||
> … **God** created the heavens …**The Spirit of God** was moving …“Let **us** make man in **our** image.”(from Genesis 1:1b,2b, 26b ULT)
|
||||
>
|
||||
> God has spoken to us through a **Son** … through him, he also made the universe. He is the brightness of God’s glory and the exact representation of his being. But to the Son he says, “Your throne, God, is forever and ever. In the beginning, Lord, you laid earth’s foundation. The heavens are the work of your hands.” (Hebrews 1:2-3a, 8a,10 (ULT) quoting Psalm 102:25)
|
||||
> God has spoken to us through a **Son** … through him, he also made the universe. He is the brightness of God’s glory and the exact representation of his being. But to the Son he says, “Your throne, God, is forever and ever. In the beginning, Lord, you laid earth’s foundation. The heavens are the work of your hands.” (Hebrews 1:2-3a, 8a,10 (ULT) quoting Psalm 102:25)
|
||||
|
||||
#### The Church has always found it necessary to state what the New Testament says about God by affirming that he exists in three distinct persons: The Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ Each person of God is fully God and is called “God” in the Bible.
|
|||
>
|
||||
> Thomas answered and said to him, “My Lord and **my God**.” **Jesus** said to him, “Because you have seen me, you have believed. Blessed are those who have not seen, and believed.” (John 20:28-29 ULT)
|
||||
>
|
||||
> But Peter said, “Ananias, why has Satan filled your heart to lie to **the Holy Spirit** and to keep back from the price of the land? … You have not lied to men, but to **God**.” (Acts 5:3, 4b ULT)
|
||||
> But Peter said, “Ananias, why has Satan filled your heart to lie to **the Holy Spirit** and to keep back from the price of the land? … You have not lied to men, but to **God**.” (Acts 5:3, 4b ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
Each person is also distinct from the other two persons. All three persons can appear separately at the same time. In the verses below, God the Son is baptized while God the Spirit comes down and God the Father speaks from heaven.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ The Bible shows that God called Jesus his Son:
|
|||
|
||||
The Bible shows that Jesus called God his Father:
|
||||
|
||||
> Jesus … said, “I praise you **Father**, Lord of heaven and earth … no one knows the **Son** except the **Father**, and no one knows the **Father** except the **Son**” (Matthew 11:25a, 27b ULT) (See also: John 6:26-57)
|
||||
> Jesus … said, “I praise you **Father**, Lord of heaven and earth … no one knows the **Son** except the **Father**, and no one knows the **Father** except the **Son**” (Matthew 11:25a, 27b ULT) (See also: John 6:26-57)
|
||||
|
||||
Christians have found that “Father” and “Son” are the ideas that most essentially describe the eternal relationship of the First and Second Persons of the Trinity to each other. The Bible indeed refers to them in various ways, but no other terms reflect the eternal love and intimacy between these Persons, nor the interdependent eternal relationship between them.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ Jesus referred to God in the following terms:
|
|||
|
||||
> Baptize them into **the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit**. (Matthew 28:19b ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
The intimate, loving relationship between the Father and the Son is eternal, just as they are eternal. The Father **loves** the Son. (See John 3:35-36; 5:19-20 ULT)
|
||||
The intimate, loving relationship between the Father and the Son is eternal, just as they are eternal. The Father **loves** the Son. (See John 3:35-36; 5:19-20 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
> I **love** the Father, and just as the Father commanded me, thus I do. (John 14:31 ULT)
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
|
@ -27,9 +27,9 @@ The intimate, loving relationship between the Father and the Son is eternal, jus
|
|||
|
||||
The terms “Father” and “Son” also communicate that the Father and the Son are of the same essence; they are both eternal God.
|
||||
|
||||
> Jesus said, “Father, … glorify your Son so that the Son will glorify you … I glorified you on the earth … Now Father, glorify me … with the glory that **I had with you before the world was made**.” (John 17:1, 4a, 5 ULT)
|
||||
> Jesus said, “Father, … glorify your Son so that the Son will glorify you … I glorified you on the earth … Now Father, glorify me … with the glory that **I had with you before the world was made**.” (John 17:1, 4a, 5 ULT)
|
||||
>
|
||||
> But in these last days, he \[God the Father\] has spoken to us through a Son, whom he appointed to be the heir of all things. Through him, he also made the universe. He is the brightness of God’s glory and **the very exact representation of his being**. He holds everything together by the word of his power. (Hebrews 1:2-3a ULT)
|
||||
> But in these last days, he \[God the Father\] has spoken to us through a Son, whom he appointed to be the heir of all things. Through him, he also made the universe. He is the brightness of God’s glory and **the very exact representation of his being**. He holds everything together by the word of his power. (Hebrews 1:2-3a ULT)
|
||||
>
|
||||
> Jesus said to him, “I have been with you for so long and you still do not know me, Philip? **Whoever has seen me has seen the Father**. How can you say, ‘Show us the Father’? (John 14:9 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ Some purposes and examples of Alternate translations are:
|
|||
|
||||
**Making Implicit Information Clear**
|
||||
|
||||
> It is the law of the Medes and Persians, that **no decree or statute that the king issues can be changed**. (Daniel 6:15b ULT)
|
||||
> It is the law of the Medes and Persians, that **no decree or statute that the king issues can be changed**. (Daniel 6:15b ULT)
|
||||
>
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ The additional sentence shows what the speaker wanted the king to understand fro
|
|||
|
||||
> To the one who blasphemes against the Holy Spirit, **it will not be forgiven**. (Luke 12:10b ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
* **it will not be forgiven** – This can be expressed with an active verb. Alternate translation: God will not forgive him. This can also be expressed in a positive way using a verb that means the opposite of “forgive.” Alternate translation: “God will consider him guilty forever” (See: *Active Passive*)
|
||||
* **it will not be forgiven** – This can be expressed with an active verb. Alternate translation: God will not forgive him. This can also be expressed in a positive way using a verb that means the opposite of “forgive.” Alternate translation: “God will consider him guilty forever” (See: *Active Passive*)
|
||||
|
||||
This Note provides an example of how translators can translate this passive sentence if their languages do not use passive sentences.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -5,9 +5,9 @@ Sometimes a Note suggests a translation from the UST. In that case the text from
|
|||
|
||||
### Translation Notes Examples
|
||||
|
||||
> He who **sits in the heavens** will sneer at them. (Psalms 2:4a **ULT**)
|
||||
> He who **sits in the heavens** will sneer at them. (Psalms 2:4a **ULT**)
|
||||
|
||||
> But the one who **sits on his throne in heaven** laughs at them. (Psalms 2:4a **UST**)
|
||||
> But the one who **sits on his throne in heaven** laughs at them. (Psalms 2:4a **UST**)
|
||||
|
||||
The Note for this verse says:
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -15,9 +15,9 @@ The Note for this verse says:
|
|||
|
||||
Here there are two suggested translations for the phrase “sits in the heavens.” The first expresses clearly what “sits in the heavens” represents. The second gives a hint about the idea of ruling by stated clearly that he sits on his “throne.” This suggestion is from the UST.
|
||||
|
||||
> And he saw Jesus, **fell on his face**, and begged him. (Luke 5:12b **ULT**)
|
||||
> And he saw Jesus, **fell on his face**, and begged him. (Luke 5:12b **ULT**)
|
||||
|
||||
> When he saw Jesus, **he bowed down to the ground**. (Luke 5:12b **UST**)
|
||||
> When he saw Jesus, **he bowed down to the ground**. (Luke 5:12b **UST**)
|
||||
|
||||
The Note for this verse says:
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ This Note alerts you to the beginning of a new part of a story and gives you a l
|
|||
|
||||
#### Who is speaking
|
||||
|
||||
> <sup> 17</sup> For he was numbered with us and received his share of this ministry. <sup> 18</sup> (Now indeed this man bought a field with the earnings from his wickedness, and he fell headfirst, and his belly burst open, and all his inward parts poured out. <sup> 19 </sup> It became known to all those living in Jerusalem, so they called that field in their own language “Akeldama,” that is, “Field of Blood.”) (Acts 1:17-19 ULT)
|
||||
> <sup> 17</sup> For he was numbered with us and received his share of this ministry. <sup> 18</sup> (Now indeed this man bought a field with the earnings from his wickedness, and he fell headfirst, and his belly burst open, and all his inward parts poured out. <sup> 19 </sup> It became known to all those living in Jerusalem, so they called that field in their own language “Akeldama,” that is, “Field of Blood.”) (Acts 1:17-19 ULT)
|
||||
>
|
||||
> * **Connecting Statement:** – Peter continues his speech to the believers that he began in Acts 1:16.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -5,11 +5,11 @@ Sometimes there are notes for a phrase and separate notes for portions of that p
|
|||
|
||||
### Translation Notes Examples
|
||||
|
||||
> **But it is to the extent of your hardness and unrepentant heart** that you are storing up for yourself wrath in the day of wrath. (Romans 2:5a ULT)
|
||||
> **But it is to the extent of your hardness and unrepentant heart** that you are storing up for yourself wrath in the day of wrath. (Romans 2:5a ULT)
|
||||
>
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
* **But it is to the extent of your hardness and unrepentant heart** – Paul uses a metaphor to compare a person who refuses to obey God to something hard, like a stone. He also uses the metonym “heart” to represent the whole person. Alternate translation: “it is because you refuse to listen and repent” (See: *Metaphor* and *Metonymy*)
|
||||
* **hardness and unrepentant heart** – The phrase “unrepentant heart” explains the word “hardness” (See: *Doublet*)
|
||||
* **hardness and unrepentant heart** – The phrase “unrepentant heart” explains the word “hardness” (See: *Doublet*)
|
||||
|
||||
In this example the first note explains the metaphor and the metonym in the longer phrase as a whole, and the second note explains the doublet within the longer phrase.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -11,9 +11,9 @@ Sometimes Bible scholars do not know for sure, or do not agree on, what a partic
|
|||
|
||||
When many scholars say that a word or phrase means one thing, and many others say that it means other things, we show the most common meanings that they give. Our notes for these situations begin with “Possible meanings are” and then give a **numbered list**. We recommend that you use the first meaning given. However, if people in your community have access to another Bible that uses one of the other possible meanings, you may decide that it is better to use that meaning.
|
||||
|
||||
> But when Simon Peter saw it, he **fell down at the knees of Jesus**, saying, “Depart from me, for I am a sinful man, Lord.” (Luke 5:8 ULT)
|
||||
> But when Simon Peter saw it, he **fell down at the knees of Jesus**, saying, “Depart from me, for I am a sinful man, Lord.” (Luke 5:8 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
* **fell down at the knees of Jesus** – Possible meanings are: (1) “knelt down before Jesus” or (2) “bowed down at Jesus feet” or (3) “lay down on the ground at Jesus feet.” Peter did not fall accidentally. He did this as a sign of humility and respect for Jesus.
|
||||
* **fell down at the knees of Jesus** – Possible meanings are: (1) “knelt down before Jesus” or (2) “bowed down at Jesus feet” or (3) “lay down on the ground at Jesus feet.” Peter did not fall accidentally. He did this as a sign of humility and respect for Jesus.
|
||||
|
||||
### Translation Strategies
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
|||
As a translator, it is your duty to do your best to make sure that each Bible passage you translate has the meaning that the writer of that Bible passage intended it to communicate. In order to do this, you will need to study translation helps prepared by Bible scholars, including the translationQuestions.
|
||||
|
||||
The translationQuestions (tQ) are based on the text of the ULT, but they can be used to check any Bible translation. They ask questions about the content of the Bible. This content should not change as it is translated into different languages. Along with each question, tQ provides a suggested answer for that question. You can use these sets of questions and answers as a way to check the accuracy of your translation, and you can also use them with members of the language community.
|
||||
The translationQuestions (tQ) are based on the text of the ULT, but they can be used to check any Bible translation. They ask questions about the content of the Bible. This content should not change as it is translated into different languages. Along with each question, tQ provides a suggested answer for that question. You can use these sets of questions and answers as a way to check the accuracy of your translation, and you can also use them with members of the language community.
|
||||
|
||||
Using tQ during community checks will help the translator to know if the target language translation is clearly communicating the right thing. If the community member cannot correctly answer the questions after hearing the translation of the Bible chapter, then the translation is not clear or not accurate at those places and probably needs to be improved.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ Some Notes provide a translation suggestion (“Alternate translation”) that c
|
|||
|
||||
In this example, the words “the path” or the words “the road” can replace the words “the way” found in the ULT. You can decide whether it is natural to say “way,” “path,” or “road” in your language.
|
||||
|
||||
> **Likewise, deacons** must be dignified, not double-talkers. (1 Timothy 3:8a ULT)
|
||||
> **Likewise, deacons** must be dignified, not double-talkers. (1 Timothy 3:8a ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
* **Deacons, likewise** – “In the same way, deacons” or “Deacons, like overseers”
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
|
|||
|
||||
### A translator is like a hunter
|
||||
|
||||
A translator is like a hunter. He must aim his weapon at an animal if he wants to hit it. He must know the kind of animal he is hunting because a hunter does not always use the same kind of weapon for every animal. For example, a hunter will use a very different kind of spear when hunting fish than when hunting a very large animal such as a tiger or an elephant.
|
||||
A translator is like a hunter. He must aim his weapon at an animal if he wants to hit it. He must know the kind of animal he is hunting because a hunter does not always use the same kind of weapon for every animal. For example, a hunter will use a very different kind of spear when hunting fish than when hunting a very large animal such as a tiger or an elephant.
|
||||
|
||||
It is the same when we speak to other people. We do not speak to young children with exactly the same words that we would say to an adult. Neither do we speak to our friends in exactly the same way we would speak to the president or ruler of our country.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -69,10 +69,5 @@ The footnotes would look like:
|
|||
|
||||
The footnotes would look like:
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< HEAD
|
||||
>> <sup> [1]</sup> two and a half cubits
|
||||
>> <sup> [2]</sup> one cubit and a half
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> > <sup> [1]</sup> two and a half cubits
|
||||
> > <sup> [2]</sup> one cubit and a half
|
||||
>>>>>>> master
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ When we refer to verses that are not next to each other, we use commas to separa
|
|||
|
||||
After the chapter and verse numbers, we put the abbreviation for the translation of the Bible that we used. In the example below, “ULT” stands for the *unfoldingWord® Literal Text*.
|
||||
|
||||
In unfoldingWord® Translation Academy, we use this system to tell where portions of Scripture come from. If the whole verse or set of verses is not shown, we indicate that with letter “a” or “b” after the verse number. A letter “a” indicates that the beginning is shown but the ending of the verse is not shown. A letter “b” indicates that the beginning of the verse is not shown. The letter “b” means that the Scripture quotation starts somewhere after the beginning of the verse. It may or may not include all of the rest of the verse.
|
||||
In unfoldingWord® Translation Academy, we use this system to tell where portions of Scripture come from. If the whole verse or set of verses is not shown, we indicate that with letter “a” or “b” after the verse number. A letter “a” indicates that the beginning is shown but the ending of the verse is not shown. A letter “b” indicates that the beginning of the verse is not shown. The letter “b” means that the Scripture quotation starts somewhere after the beginning of the verse. It may or may not include all of the rest of the verse.
|
||||
|
||||
The text below comes from the book of Judges chapter 6 verse 28, but it is not the entire verse. The verse has more at the end. In unfoldingWord® Translation Academy, we only show the part of the verse that we want to talk about.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -41,15 +41,15 @@ The translations strategies are all applied to Luke 7:41 below.
|
|||
|
||||
1. Use the Bible term and spell it in a way that is similar to the way it sounds. (See [Copy or Borrow Words](../translate-transliterate/01.md).)
|
||||
|
||||
> > “The one owed **500 denali**, and the other, **50**.”
|
||||
> > “The one owed **500 denali**, and the other, **50**.”
|
||||
|
||||
2. Describe the value of the money in terms of what kind of metal it was made of and how many pieces or coins were used.
|
||||
|
||||
> > “The one owed **500 silver coins**, and the other, **50**.”
|
||||
> > “The one owed **500 silver coins**, and the other, **50**.”
|
||||
|
||||
(3) Describe the value of the money in terms of what people in Bible times could earn in one day of work.
|
||||
|
||||
> > “The one owed **500 days’ wages**, and the other, **50**.”
|
||||
> > “The one owed **500 days’ wages**, and the other, **50**.”
|
||||
|
||||
(4) Use the Bible term and give the equivalent amount in the text or a footnote.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -61,10 +61,6 @@ The footnotes would look like:
|
|||
|
||||
(5) Use the Bible term and explain it in a footnote.
|
||||
|
||||
> > “The one owed **500 denarii**,1 and the other, **50**.” (Luke 7:41 ULT)
|
||||
> > “The one owed **500 denarii**,1 and the other, **50**.” (Luke 7:41 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< HEAD
|
||||
>> <sup> [1]</sup> A denarius was the amount of silver that people could earn in one day of work.
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> > <sup> [1]</sup> A denarius was the amount of silver that people could earn in one day of work.
|
||||
>>>>>>> master
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ The footnotes would look like:
|
|||
|
||||
Sometimes the Hebrew does not specify a particular unit of volume but only uses a number. In these cases, many English versions, including the ULT and UST, add the word “measure.”
|
||||
|
||||
> When you came to a heap of **20 measures** of grain, there were only **ten**, and when you came to the wine vat to draw out **50 measures** of wine, there were only 20. (Haggai 2:16 ULT)
|
||||
> When you came to a heap of **20 measures** of grain, there were only **ten**, and when you came to the wine vat to draw out **50 measures** of wine, there were only 20. (Haggai 2:16 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
### Translation Strategies
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ Sometimes the Hebrew does not specify a particular unit of volume but only uses
|
|||
|
||||
The strategies are all applied to Haggai 2:16 below.
|
||||
|
||||
> When you came to a heap of **20 measures** of grain, there were only **ten**, and when you came to the wine vat to draw out **fifty measures** of wine, there were only **20**. (Haggai 2:16 ULT)
|
||||
> When you came to a heap of **20 measures** of grain, there were only **ten**, and when you came to the wine vat to draw out **fifty measures** of wine, there were only **20**. (Haggai 2:16 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
(1) Translate literally by using the number without a unit.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -98,12 +98,8 @@ The strategies are all applied to Haggai 2:16 below.
|
|||
|
||||
(3) Use the name of an appropriate container, such as “basket” for grain or “jar” for wine.
|
||||
|
||||
> > When you came to a heap of **20 baskets** of grain, there were only **ten**, and when you came to the wine vat to draw out **50 jars** of wine, there were only **20**.
|
||||
> > When you came to a heap of **20 baskets** of grain, there were only **ten**, and when you came to the wine vat to draw out **50 jars** of wine, there were only **20**.
|
||||
|
||||
(4) Use a unit of measure that you are already using in your translation.
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< HEAD
|
||||
>> When you came to a heap for **20 liters** of grain, there were only **ten liters**, and when you came to the wine vat to draw out **50 liters** of wine, there were only **20 liters**.
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> > When you came to a heap for **20 liters** of grain, there were only **ten liters**, and when you came to the wine vat to draw out **50 liters** of wine, there were only **20 liters**.
|
||||
>>>>>>> master
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ Let’s consider an example from normal life. Suppose a friend sent you the note
|
|||
|
||||
Why do you think the friend sent this note? Just to tell you about his week? Probably not. His true intention was more likely to tell you: “I would like you to give me money.”
|
||||
|
||||
That is the primary **meaning** of the note that the sender wanted to communicate to you. It is not a report but a request. However, it would be rude in some cultures to ask for money so directly, even from a friend. Therefore, he adjusted the **form** of the note to fill out the request and help you to understand his need. He wrote in a culturally acceptable way that presented his need for money but did not obligate you to respond. He explained why he had no money (his sick mother), that his need was only temporary (until he is paid), and that his situation was desperate (no food). In other cultures, a more direct form of request might be more appropriate to communicate this meaning.
|
||||
That is the primary **meaning** of the note that the sender wanted to communicate to you. It is not a report but a request. However, it would be rude in some cultures to ask for money so directly, even from a friend. Therefore, he adjusted the **form** of the note to fill out the request and help you to understand his need. He wrote in a culturally acceptable way that presented his need for money but did not obligate you to respond. He explained why he had no money (his sick mother), that his need was only temporary (until he is paid), and that his situation was desperate (no food). In other cultures, a more direct form of request might be more appropriate to communicate this meaning.
|
||||
|
||||
#### The Form
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ Look also at the form of 2 Samuel 18:33b in the New International Version.
|
|||
|
||||
Someone might say that the meaning contained in this part of the verse is, “I wish that I had died instead of my son Absalom.” This does summarize the meaning contained in the words. But the form communicates much more than just that content. The repetition of “my son” so many times, the repetition of the name “Absalom,” the expression “O,” the wish form “If only …” all communicate a strong emotion of deep anguish on the part of a father who has lost a son. As a translator, you need to translate not just the meaning of the words, but also the meaning of the form. For 2 Samuel 18:33b, it is important that you use a form that communicates the same emotion as contained in the original language.
|
||||
|
||||
So when you translate, you need to examine the form of the biblical text and ask yourself why it has that form and not some other one. What attitude or emotion is it communicating? Consider these questions that might help you to understand the meaning of the form.
|
||||
So when you translate, you need to examine the form of the biblical text and ask yourself why it has that form and not some other one. What attitude or emotion is it communicating? Consider these questions that might help you to understand the meaning of the form.
|
||||
|
||||
* Who wrote it?
|
||||
* Who received it?
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
|||
### Description
|
||||
|
||||
A fraction is a number that represents part of a whole. When an item is divided into several equal parts, a fraction refers to one or more of those parts.
|
||||
A fraction is a number that represents part of a whole. When an item is divided into several equal parts, a fraction refers to one or more of those parts.
|
||||
|
||||
For the drink offering, you must offer **a third** of a hin of wine. (Numbers 15:7a ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -25,11 +25,11 @@ Some languages do not use fractions. They may simply talk about parts or groups,
|
|||
### Examples From the Bible
|
||||
|
||||
> Now to the **half-tribe** of Manasseh, Moses had given a possession in Bashan, but to the other **half**, Joshua gave a possession among their brothers across the Jordan on the west. (Joshua 22:7 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The tribe of Manasseh divided into two groups. The phrase “the half-tribe of Manasseh” refers one of those groups. The phrase “the other half” refers to the other group.
|
||||
|
||||
> So the four angels who had been prepared for that hour, that day, that month, and that year, were released so that they would kill **a third** of mankind. (Revelation 9:15 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
If all the people in the world were to be divided into three equal groups, then the number of people in one group would be killed.
|
||||
|
|
@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ If a fraction in your language would give the right meaning, consider using it.
|
|||
>
|
||||
> > It was like they **divided** the ocean **into three parts**, and **one part** of the ocean became blood.
|
||||
>
|
||||
> Then you must offer with the bull a grain offering of **three-tenths** of an ephah of fine flour mixed with **half a hin** of oil. (Numbers 15:9 ULT)
|
||||
> Then you must offer with the bull a grain offering of **three-tenths** of an ephah of fine flour mixed with **half a hin** of oil. (Numbers 15:9 ULT)
|
||||
>
|
||||
> > … then you must **divide** an ephah of fine flour **into ten parts** and **divide** a hin of oil **into two parts**. Then mix **three of those parts** of the flour with **one of the parts** of oil. Then you must offer that grain offering along with the bull.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ You may need to make some information about the months explicit. (See [Assumed K
|
|||
|
||||
The examples below use these two verses.
|
||||
|
||||
> At that time, you will appear before me in **the month of Aviv**, which is fixed for this purpose. It was in this month that you came out from Egypt. (Exodus 23:15b ULT)
|
||||
> At that time, you will appear before me in **the month of Aviv**, which is fixed for this purpose. It was in this month that you came out from Egypt. (Exodus 23:15b ULT)
|
||||
>
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -83,8 +83,4 @@ The examples below use these two verses.
|
|||
|
||||
The footnote would look like:
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< HEAD
|
||||
>> <sup> [1]</sup> The Hebrew says, “the seventh month, on the tenth day of the month.”
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> > <sup> [1]</sup> The Hebrew says, “the seventh month, on the tenth day of the month.”
|
||||
>>>>>>> master
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ Readers may not know that the names Saul and Paul refer to the same person.
|
|||
|
||||
(1) If readers cannot easily understand from the context what kind of a thing a name refers to, you can add a word to clarify it.
|
||||
|
||||
> Then you crossed over the **Jordan** and came to **Jericho**, and the men of Jericho, and the **Amorites** … fought against you, but I gave them into your hand. (Joshua 24:11 ULT)
|
||||
> Then you crossed over the **Jordan** and came to **Jericho**, and the men of Jericho, and the **Amorites** … fought against you, but I gave them into your hand. (Joshua 24:11 ULT)
|
||||
>
|
||||
> > You went over the **Jordan River** and came to the **city of Jericho**. The men of Jericho fought against you, along with **the tribe of the Amorites.**
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
|
@ -64,13 +64,13 @@ Readers may not know that the names Saul and Paul refer to the same person.
|
|||
|
||||
(2) If readers need to understand the meaning of a name in order to understand what is said about it, copy the name and tell about its meaning either in the text or in a footnote.
|
||||
|
||||
> And she called his name **Moses** and she said, “For out of the water I drew him.” (Exodus 2:10b ULT)
|
||||
> And she called his name **Moses** and she said, “For out of the water I drew him.” (Exodus 2:10b ULT)
|
||||
>
|
||||
> > She called his name **Moses (which sounds like ‘drawn out’),** and she said, “For out of the water I drew him.”
|
||||
> > She called his name **Moses (which sounds like ‘drawn out’),** and she said, “For out of the water I drew him.”
|
||||
|
||||
(3) Or if readers need to understand the meaning of a name in order to understand what is said about it, and that name is used only once, translate the meaning of the name instead of copying the name.
|
||||
|
||||
> She said, “Do I really continue to see, even after he has seen me?” Therefore, the well was called **Beer Lahai Roi**. (Genesis 16:13b-14a ULT)
|
||||
> She said, “Do I really continue to see, even after he has seen me?” Therefore, the well was called **Beer Lahai Roi**. (Genesis 16:13b-14a ULT)
|
||||
>
|
||||
> > She said, “Do I really continue to see, even after he has seen me?” Therefore, the well was called **Well of the Living One who sees me**.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -114,9 +114,4 @@ Then after the story has explained the name change, you could translate this way
|
|||
|
||||
The footnote would look like:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< HEAD
|
||||
>> <sup> [1]</sup> This is the same man who was called Saul before Acts 13.
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> > <sup> [1]</sup> This is the same man who was called Saul before Acts 13.
|
||||
>>>>>>> master
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -55,9 +55,9 @@ If your language has ordinal numbers and using them would give the right meaning
|
|||
|
||||
> The first lot went to Jehoiarib, the second to Jedaiah, the third to Harim, the fourth to Seorim … the twenty-third to Delaiah, and the twenty-fourth to Maaziah. (1 Chronicles 24:7-18 ULT)
|
||||
>
|
||||
> > There were **24** lots. **One lot** went to Jehoiarib, **another** to Jedaiah, **another** to Harim … **another** to Delaiah, **and the last** went to Maaziah.
|
||||
> > There were **24** lots. **One lot** went to Jehoiarib, **another** to Jedaiah, **another** to Harim … **another** to Delaiah, **and the last** went to Maaziah.
|
||||
> >
|
||||
> > There were **24** lots. **One lot** went to Jehoiarib, **the next** to Jedaiah, **the next** to Harim … **the next** to Delaiah, **and the last** went to Maaziah.
|
||||
> > There were **24** lots. **One lot** went to Jehoiarib, **the next** to Jedaiah, **the next** to Harim … **the next** to Delaiah, **and the last** went to Maaziah.
|
||||
|
||||
> A river went out of Eden to water the garden. From there it divided and became **four** rivers. The name of **the first** is Pishon. It is the one which flows throughout the whole land of Havilah, where there is gold. The gold of that land is good. There is also bdellium and the onyx stone there. The name of **the second** river is Gihon. This one flows throughout the whole land of Cush. The name of **the third** river is Tigris, which flows east of Asshur. **The fourth** river is the Euphrates. (Genesis 2:10-14 ULT)
|
||||
> > A river went out of Eden to water the garden. From there it divided and became **four** rivers. The name of **one** is Pishon. It is the one which flows throughout the whole land of Havilah, where there is gold. The gold of that land is good. There is also bdellium and the onyx stone there. The name of **the next** river is Gihon. This one flows throughout the whole land of Cush. The name of **the next** river is Tigris, which flows east of Asshur. The **last** river is the Euphrates.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
|||
### The Text In the Original Language Is the Most Accurate
|
||||
|
||||
**Description** – The original language is the language in which a Bible text was first written. The original language of the New Testament is Greek. The original language of most of the Old Testament is Hebrew. However, Aramaic is the original language of some parts of the books of Daniel and Ezra. The original language is always the most accurate language from which to translate a passage.
|
||||
**Description** – The original language is the language in which a Bible text was first written. The original language of the New Testament is Greek. The original language of most of the Old Testament is Hebrew. However, Aramaic is the original language of some parts of the books of Daniel and Ezra. The original language is always the most accurate language from which to translate a passage.
|
||||
|
||||
The source language is the language from which the translation is being made. If a translator is translating the Bible from the original languages, then the original language and the source language for his translation are the same. However, only people who have spent many years studying the original languages understand them and can use them as a source language. For that reason, most translators use Bibles that have been translated into a language of wider communication as their source language text.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
|
|||
|
||||
### Why Is It Important?
|
||||
|
||||
When choosing a source text from which to do a translation, there are two reasons why it is important to consider the copyright and licensing issues. First, if you translate from a copyrighted work without prior permission, you are breaking the law because translation is a right reserved for the owner of the content. In some places, copyright infringement is a criminal offense and may be prosecuted by the government without the copyright holder’s consent! Second, when a translation is done from a copyrighted work, the translation is the intellectual property of the copyright holder of the source text. They maintain all the rights of the translation just as they do with the source text. For these and other reasons, unfoldingWord will only distribute translations that are not in violation of copyright law.
|
||||
When choosing a source text from which to do a translation, there are two reasons why it is important to consider the copyright and licensing issues. First, if you translate from a copyrighted work without prior permission, you are breaking the law because translation is a right reserved for the owner of the content. In some places, copyright infringement is a criminal offense and may be prosecuted by the government without the copyright holder’s consent! Second, when a translation is done from a copyrighted work, the translation is the intellectual property of the copyright holder of the source text. They maintain all the rights of the translation just as they do with the source text. For these and other reasons, unfoldingWord will only distribute translations that are not in violation of copyright law.
|
||||
|
||||
### What License Do We Use?
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ You (the translator) need to understand what people in the Bible meant when they
|
|||
|
||||
Meaning of symbolic action: He did this to show great respect to Jesus.
|
||||
|
||||
> Look, I am standing at the door and am knocking. If anyone hears my voice and opens the door, I will come into him and will eat with him, and he with me. (Revelation 3:20 ULT)
|
||||
> Look, I am standing at the door and am knocking. If anyone hears my voice and opens the door, I will come into him and will eat with him, and he with me. (Revelation 3:20 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
Meaning of symbolic action: When people wanted someone to welcome them into their home, they stood at the door and knocked on it.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ If people would correctly understand what a symbolic action meant to the people
|
|||
|
||||
(1) Tell what the person did and why he did it.
|
||||
|
||||
> And **falling at the feet of Jesus** (Luke 8:41 ULT)
|
||||
> And **falling at the feet of Jesus** (Luke 8:41 ULT)
|
||||
>
|
||||
> > Jairus fell down at Jesus’ feet in order to show that he greatly respected him.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -47,18 +47,18 @@ If people would correctly understand what a symbolic action meant to the people
|
|||
|
||||
(2) Do not tell what the person did, but tell what he meant.
|
||||
|
||||
> And **falling at the feet of Jesus** (Luke 8:41 ULT)
|
||||
> And **falling at the feet of Jesus** (Luke 8:41 ULT)
|
||||
>
|
||||
> > Jairus showed Jesus great respect.
|
||||
|
||||
> Look, I am **standing at the door and am knocking**. (Revelation 3:20 ULT)
|
||||
> Look, I am **standing at the door and am knocking**. (Revelation 3:20 ULT)
|
||||
>
|
||||
> > Look, I stand at the door and ask you to let me in.
|
||||
|
||||
(3) Use an action from your own culture that has the same meaning.
|
||||
|
||||
> And **falling at the feet of Jesus** (Luke 8:41 ULT) – Since Jairus actually did this, you should not substitute an action from your own culture.
|
||||
> And **falling at the feet of Jesus** (Luke 8:41 ULT) – Since Jairus actually did this, you should not substitute an action from your own culture.
|
||||
|
||||
> Look, I am **standing at the door and am knocking**. (Revelation 3:20 ULT) – Jesus was not standing at a real door. Rather he was speaking about wanting to have a relationship with people. So in cultures where it is polite to clear one’s throat when wanting to be let into a house, you could use that.
|
||||
> Look, I am **standing at the door and am knocking**. (Revelation 3:20 ULT) – Jesus was not standing at a real door. Rather he was speaking about wanting to have a relationship with people. So in cultures where it is polite to clear one’s throat when wanting to be let into a house, you could use that.
|
||||
>
|
||||
> > Look, I stand at the door and clear my throat.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
|
|||
|
||||
**Form** – The structure of the language as it appears on the page or as it is spoken. Form refers to the way that the language is arranged, including the words, the word order, the grammar, idioms, and any other features of the structure of the text.
|
||||
|
||||
**Grammar** – The way that sentences are put together in a language. This has to do with the order of the various parts, such as whether the verb goes first or last or in the middle.
|
||||
**Grammar** – The way that sentences are put together in a language. This has to do with the order of the various parts, such as whether the verb goes first or last or in the middle.
|
||||
|
||||
**Noun** – A kind of word that refers to a person, place, or thing. A proper noun is the name of a person or place. An abstract noun is a thing that we cannot see or touch, like “peace” or “unity.” It refers to an idea or a state of being. Some languages do not use abstract nouns.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -49,7 +49,7 @@
|
|||
|
||||
**Gateway Language** – A Gateway Language (GL) is a language of wider communication that we have identified as being one of the languages into which we will translate all of our translation tools. The set of Gateway Languages is the smallest number of languages through which content can be delivered to every Other Language of the world through translation by bilingual speakers.
|
||||
|
||||
**Other Language** – The Other Languages (OLs) are all of the languages of the world that are not Gateway Languages. The unfoldingWord strategy is to translate our Bible translation tools into the Gateway Languages so that people can use those tools to translate the Bible into the Other Languages.
|
||||
**Other Language** – The Other Languages (OLs) are all of the languages of the world that are not Gateway Languages. The unfoldingWord strategy is to translate our Bible translation tools into the Gateway Languages so that people can use those tools to translate the Bible into the Other Languages.
|
||||
|
||||
**End-user Bible** – This is a Bible that people have translated so that it speaks in a natural way in the target language. It is meant to be used in churches and homes. In contrast, the ULT and UST are Bibles that are translation tools. They do not speak naturally in any language because the ULT is a literal translation and the UST avoids using idioms and figures of speech which a natural translation would use. Using these translation tools, a translator can produce an end-user Bible.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ John 7:53-8:11 is not in the best earliest manuscripts. It has been included in
|
|||
|
||||
> <sup>53</sup> [Then everyone went to his own house.… <sup> 11</sup> She said, “No one, Lord.” Jesus said, “Neither do I condemn you. Go and sin no more.”] <sup> [2]</sup>
|
||||
>
|
||||
> <sup> [2]</sup> Some ancient manuscripts include John 7:53-8:11
|
||||
> <sup> [2]</sup> Some ancient manuscripts include John 7:53-8:11
|
||||
|
||||
### Translation Strategies
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ When that happens you can “borrow” the word from the Bible in a familiar lan
|
|||
|
||||
### Examples From the Bible
|
||||
|
||||
> Seeing one fig tree along the roadside, he went to it. (Matthew 21:19a ULT)
|
||||
> Seeing one fig tree along the roadside, he went to it. (Matthew 21:19a ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
If there are no fig trees where your language is spoken, there might not be a name for this kind of tree in your language.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -52,8 +52,4 @@ There are several ways to borrow a word.
|
|||
|
||||
> > “Sefanaia”
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< HEAD
|
||||
>> “Sefanaya”
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> > “Sefanaya”
|
||||
>>>>>>> master
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ While working to translate the Bible, you (the translator) might find yourself a
|
|||
|
||||
Unknowns are things that occur in the source text that are not known to the people of your culture. The unfoldingWord® Translation Words pages and the unfoldingWord® Translation Notes will help you understand what they are. After you understand them, you will need to find ways to refer to those things so that people who read your translation will understand what they are.
|
||||
|
||||
> They said to him, “We have nothing here except five loaves of **bread** and two fish.” (Matthew 14:17 ULT)
|
||||
> They said to him, “We have nothing here except five loaves of **bread** and two fish.” (Matthew 14:17 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
Bread is a particular food made by mixing finely crushed grains with oil, and then cooking the mixture so that it is dry. (Grains are the seeds of a kind of grass.) In some cultures people do not have bread and do not know what it is.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ Bread is a particular food made by mixing finely crushed grains with oil, and th
|
|||
|
||||
### Examples From the Bible
|
||||
|
||||
> So I will turn Jerusalem into piles of ruins, a hideout for **jackals**. (Jeremiah 9:11a ULT)
|
||||
> So I will turn Jerusalem into piles of ruins, a hideout for **jackals**. (Jeremiah 9:11a ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
Jackals are wild animals like dogs that live in only a few parts of the world. So they are not known in many places.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ If wolves do not live where the translation will be read, the readers may not un
|
|||
|
||||
People may not know what myrrh is and that it was used as a medicine.
|
||||
|
||||
> … to him who made **great lights** … (Psalm 136:7a ULT)
|
||||
> … to him who made **great lights** … (Psalm 136:7a ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
Some languages have terms for things that give light, like the sun and fire, but they have no general term for lights.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ Here are ways you might translate a term that is not known in your language:
|
|||
|
||||
“Ravenous wolves” is part of a metaphor here, so the reader needs to know that they are very dangerous to sheep in order to understand this metaphor. (If sheep are also unknown, then you will need to also use one of the translation strategies to translate sheep, or change the metaphor to something else, using a translation strategy for metaphors. See [Translating Metaphors](../figs-metaphor/01.md).)
|
||||
|
||||
> “We have nothing here except five **loaves of bread** and two fish.” (Matthew 14:17 ULT)
|
||||
> “We have nothing here except five **loaves of bread** and two fish.” (Matthew 14:17 ULT)
|
||||
>
|
||||
> > We have nothing here except five **loaves of baked grain seeds** and two fish.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ Here are ways you might translate a term that is not known in your language:
|
|||
> Then they tried to give Jesus wine that was mixed with **myrrh**. But he refused to drink it. (Mark 15:23 ULT) – People may understand better what myrrh is if it is used with the general word “medicine.”
|
||||
> > Then they tried to give Jesus wine that was mixed with **a medicine called myrrh**. But he refused to drink it.
|
||||
|
||||
> “We have nothing here except five **loaves of bread** and two fish.” (Matthew 14:17 ULT) – People may understand better what bread is if it is used with a phrase that tells what it is made of (seeds) and how it is prepared (crushed and baked).
|
||||
> “We have nothing here except five **loaves of bread** and two fish.” (Matthew 14:17 ULT) – People may understand better what bread is if it is used with a phrase that tells what it is made of (seeds) and how it is prepared (crushed and baked).
|
||||
>
|
||||
> > We have nothing here except five loaves of **baked crushed seed bread** and two fish.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ Here are ways you might translate a term that is not known in your language:
|
|||
>
|
||||
> > I will turn Jerusalem into piles of ruins, a hideout for **wild dogs**
|
||||
|
||||
> “We have nothing here except five **loaves of bread** and two fish.” (Matthew 14:17 ULT)
|
||||
> “We have nothing here except five **loaves of bread** and two fish.” (Matthew 14:17 ULT)
|
||||
>
|
||||
> > We have nothing here except five **loaves of baked food** and two fish.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -23,13 +23,13 @@ The UST often makes those other ideas explicit. The UST does this in order to re
|
|||
|
||||
When you translate, you should decide which of these implied ideas would be understood by your audience without being explicitly stated. If your audience understands these ideas without including them in the text, then you do not need to make those ideas explicit. Remember also that you might even offend your audience if you needlessly present implied ideas that they would understand anyway. (See [Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information](../figs-explicit/01.md).)
|
||||
|
||||
> And Jesus said to Simon, “Do not be afraid; **from now on you will be catching men**.” (Luke 5:10b ULT)
|
||||
> And Jesus said to Simon, “Do not be afraid; **from now on you will be catching men**.” (Luke 5:10b ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
> But Jesus said to Simon, “Do not be afraid! Until now you gathered in fish, but from now on you will gather in people to become my disciples.” (Luke 5:10b UST)
|
||||
|
||||
Here the UST reminds the reader that Simon was a fisherman by trade. It also makes clear the similarity that Jesus was drawing between Simon’s previous work and his future work. In addition, the UST makes it clear why Jesus wanted Simon to “catch men” (ULT), that is, to lead them “to become my disciples” (UST).
|
||||
|
||||
> And he saw Jesus, **fell on his face,** and begged him, saying, “Lord, if you are willing, you can **make me clean**.” (Luke 5:12b ULT)
|
||||
> And he saw Jesus, **fell on his face,** and begged him, saying, “Lord, if you are willing, you can **make me clean**.” (Luke 5:12b ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
> When he saw Jesus he **bowed down to the ground** in front of him and pleaded with him, “Lord, **please heal me**, because you are able to heal me if you are willing!” (Luke 5:12b UST)
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ When you translate, you must decide whether the target language can present even
|
|||
|
||||
### Examples from the Bible
|
||||
|
||||
> For **amazement had seized him** and all those with him, at the catch of fish that they had taken. (Luke 5:9 ULT)
|
||||
> For **amazement had seized him** and all those with him, at the catch of fish that they had taken. (Luke 5:9 ULT)
|
||||
>
|
||||
> For amazement had seized him, and all those with him, at the catch of fish that they had taken,
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ The UST often presents the meaning of these ideas in other ways.
|
|||
|
||||
When you translate, you will need to decide whether the target language readers will understand a figure of speech with little effort, with some effort, or not at all. If they must make a great effort to understand, or if they do not understand at all, you will need to present the essential meaning of the figure of speech using other words.
|
||||
|
||||
> For **in everything you have been made rich** in him, in all speech and all knowledge. (1 Corinthians 1:5 ULT)
|
||||
> For **in everything you have been made rich** in him, in all speech and all knowledge. (1 Corinthians 1:5 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
> For example, the Messiah has **given you so many things**. He has helped you with all you say and all you know. (1 Corinthians 1:5 UST)
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -113,9 +113,9 @@ The ULT often uses abstract nouns, adjectives, and other parts of speech because
|
|||
|
||||
When you translate, you will have to decide how the target language prefers to present these ideas. (See [Abstract Nouns](../figs-abstractnouns/01.md).)
|
||||
|
||||
> For in everything you have been made rich in him, in **all speech** and **all knowledge**. (1 Corinthians 1:5 ULT)
|
||||
> For in everything you have been made rich in him, in **all speech** and **all knowledge**. (1 Corinthians 1:5 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
> For example, the Messiah has given you so many things. He has **helped you with all you say** and **all you know**. (1 Corinthians 1:5 UST)
|
||||
> For example, the Messiah has given you so many things. He has **helped you with all you say** and **all you know**. (1 Corinthians 1:5 UST)
|
||||
|
||||
Here the ULT expressions “all speech” and “all knowledge” are abstract noun expressions. One problem with them is that readers might not know who is supposed to do the speaking and what they are to speak, or who is doing the knowing and what it is that they know. The UST answers these questions.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ In general, books that have more abstract, poetic, and theologically complex ter
|
|||
|
||||
### Open Bible Stories
|
||||
|
||||
unfoldingWord has developed a set of 50 Bible stories assembled in a collection called Open Bible Stories. Though Open Bible Stories was not assessed according to this rating system, it should fall under Difficulty Level 1. We recommend that you begin by translating Open Bible Stories. There are many good reasons to start by translating Open Bible Stories:
|
||||
unfoldingWord has developed a set of 50 Bible stories assembled in a collection called Open Bible Stories. Though Open Bible Stories was not assessed according to this rating system, it should fall under Difficulty Level 1. We recommend that you begin by translating Open Bible Stories. There are many good reasons to start by translating Open Bible Stories:
|
||||
|
||||
* Open Bible Stories was designed to be easily translated.
|
||||
* Most of it is simple narrative.
|
||||
|
|
@ -78,9 +78,9 @@ You can work your way through the stories in whatever order that you want, but w
|
|||
|
||||
Ultimately, the church needs to decide what they want to translate, and in what order. But we highly recommend starting your translation project with Open Bible Stories, for three reasons:
|
||||
|
||||
* because translation is a skill that improves with use
|
||||
* because translation is a skill that improves with use
|
||||
|
||||
* because the translation and checking teams can learn so much about translating the Bible by translating Open Bible Stories
|
||||
* because the translation and checking teams can learn so much about translating the Bible by translating Open Bible Stories
|
||||
|
||||
* because of the immense value that the translated Open Bible Stories gives to the local church.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ When people tell a story, they normally tell the events in the order that they h
|
|||
|
||||
**Example** – The bolded phrases in the story below are all background information.
|
||||
|
||||
Peter and John went on a hunting trip because **their village was going to have a feast the next day**. **Peter was the best hunter in the village.** **He once killed three wild pigs in one day!** They walked for hours through low bushes until they heard a wild pig. The pig ran, but they managed to shoot the pig and kill it. Then they tied up its legs with some rope **they had brought with them** and carried it home on a pole. When they brought it to the village, Peter’s cousin saw the pig and realized that it was his own pig. Peter had mistakenly killed his cousin’s pig.
|
||||
Peter and John went on a hunting trip because **their village was going to have a feast the next day**. **Peter was the best hunter in the village.** **He once killed three wild pigs in one day!** They walked for hours through low bushes until they heard a wild pig. The pig ran, but they managed to shoot the pig and kill it. Then they tied up its legs with some rope **they had brought with them** and carried it home on a pole. When they brought it to the village, Peter’s cousin saw the pig and realized that it was his own pig. Peter had mistakenly killed his cousin’s pig.
|
||||
|
||||
Background information often tells about something that had happened earlier or something that would happen much later. Examples of these are: “their village was going to have a feast the next day,” “He once killed three wild pigs in one day,” and “that they had brought with them.”
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -42,9 +42,9 @@ The first sentence tells about two events. Hagar gave birth and Abraham named hi
|
|||
|
||||
The verses before this tell about when Jesus was baptized. This sentence introduces background information about Jesus’ age and ancestors. The story resumes in chapter 4 where it tells about Jesus going to the wilderness.
|
||||
|
||||
> Then **it happened on a Sabbath** that he was **going through the grain fields**, and his **disciples were picking and eating the heads of grain**, rubbing them in their hands. But some of the Pharisees said … (Luke 6:1-2a ULT)
|
||||
> Then **it happened on a Sabbath** that he was **going through the grain fields**, and his **disciples were picking and eating the heads of grain**, rubbing them in their hands. But some of the Pharisees said … (Luke 6:1-2a ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
These verses give the setting of the story. The events took place in a grain field on the Sabbath day. Jesus, his disciples, and some Pharisees were there, and Jesus’ disciples were picking heads of grain and eating them. The main action in the story starts with the phrase, “But some of the Pharisees said ….”
|
||||
These verses give the setting of the story. The events took place in a grain field on the Sabbath day. Jesus, his disciples, and some Pharisees were there, and Jesus’ disciples were picking heads of grain and eating them. The main action in the story starts with the phrase, “But some of the Pharisees said ….”
|
||||
|
||||
### Translation Strategies
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -71,12 +71,8 @@ The bolded phrases happened before John rebuked Herod. In English, the helping v
|
|||
>
|
||||
> > “**When Abram was 86 years old**, Hagar gave birth to his son, and Abram named his son Ishmael.”
|
||||
|
||||
> Therefore, also exhorting many other things, he preached the good news to the people. But Herod the tetrarch, **having been rebuked by him concerning Herodias, the wife of his brother,** and **concerning all the evil things that Herod had done**, added even this to them all: He locked John up in prison. (Luke 3:18-20 ULT)
|
||||
> Therefore, also exhorting many other things, he preached the good news to the people. But Herod the tetrarch, **having been rebuked by him concerning Herodias, the wife of his brother,** and **concerning all the evil things that Herod had done**, added even this to them all: He locked John up in prison. (Luke 3:18-20 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
The translation below reorders John’s rebuke and Herod’s actions.
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< HEAD
|
||||
>> “Now Herod the tetrarch married his brother’s wife, Herodias, and he did many other evil things, so John rebuked him. But then Herod did another very evil thing. He had John locked up in prison.”
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> > “Now Herod the tetrarch married his brother’s wife, Herodias, and he did many other evil things, so John rebuked him. But then Herod did another very evil thing. He had John locked up in prison.”
|
||||
>>>>>>> master
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ There are different kinds or types of writing, and each type of writing has its
|
|||
|
||||
### Types of Writing
|
||||
|
||||
These four basic types of writing exist in every language. Each of them has a different purpose:
|
||||
These four basic types of writing exist in every language. Each of them has a different purpose:
|
||||
|
||||
* **Narrative** or **[Parable](../figs-parables/01.md)** – tells a story or event
|
||||
* **Explanatory** – explains facts or teaches principles
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -49,13 +49,13 @@ If the information given at the beginning of a new event is clear and natural to
|
|||
|
||||
(1) Put the information that introduces the event in the order that your people put it.
|
||||
|
||||
> Now there was **a man from the** **Pharisees whose name was Nicodemus, a Jewish leader**. This man came to Jesus at night. (John 3:1-2a ULT)
|
||||
> Now there was **a man from the** **Pharisees whose name was Nicodemus, a Jewish leader**. This man came to Jesus at night. (John 3:1-2a ULT)
|
||||
>
|
||||
> > There was a **man whose name was Nicodemus. He was a Pharisee and a member of the Jewish Council**. One night he came to Jesus.
|
||||
|
||||
> > One night **a man named Nicodemus, who was a Pharisee and a member of the Jewish Council**, came to Jesus.
|
||||
|
||||
> As he passed by, **he saw Levi the son of Alpheus, sitting** at the tax collector’s tent, and he said to him … (Mark 2:14a ULT)
|
||||
> As he passed by, **he saw Levi the son of Alpheus, sitting** at the tax collector’s tent, and he said to him … (Mark 2:14a ULT)
|
||||
>
|
||||
> > As he passed by, **Levi the son of Alpheus was sitting** at the tax collector’s tent. Jesus saw him and and said to him …
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ A person who has already been brought into the story can be referred to with a p
|
|||
|
||||
Old participants can also be referred to in other ways, depending on what is happening in the story. In the example below, the story is about bearing a son, and Manoah’s wife is referred to by the noun phrase “the wife.”
|
||||
|
||||
> The angel of Yahweh appeared to **the wife** and he said to her … (Judges 13:3a ULT)
|
||||
> The angel of Yahweh appeared to **the wife** and he said to her … (Judges 13:3a ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
If the old participant has not been mentioned for a while, or if there could be confusion between participants, the author may use the participant’s name again. In the example below, Manoah is referred to by his name, which the author has not used since verse 2.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ Some languages place an affix on the verb that tells something about the subject
|
|||
|
||||
(1) If the participant is new, use one of your language’s ways of introducing new participants.
|
||||
|
||||
> Then Joseph, who was called Barnabas by the apostles (which is translated as Son of Encouragement), a Levite from Cyprus by birth … (Acts 4:36-37 ULT) – Starting the sentence with Joseph’s name when he has not been introduced yet might be confusing in some languages.
|
||||
> Then Joseph, who was called Barnabas by the apostles (which is translated as Son of Encouragement), a Levite from Cyprus by birth … (Acts 4:36-37 ULT) – Starting the sentence with Joseph’s name when he has not been introduced yet might be confusing in some languages.
|
||||
>
|
||||
> > There was a man from Cyprus who was a Levite. His name was Joseph, and he was given the name Barnabas by the apostles (that is, being interpreted, Son of Encouragement). There was a Levite from Cyprus whose name was Joseph. The apostles gave him the name Barnabas, which means Son of encouragement.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ Poetry is one of the ways that people use the words and sounds of their language
|
|||
|
||||
* lines of similar length.
|
||||
|
||||
> Listen to my call to you,
|
||||
> Listen to my call to you,
|
||||
>
|
||||
> Yahweh; think about my groanings.
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
|
@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ Poetry is one of the ways that people use the words and sounds of their language
|
|||
|
||||
> “Peter, Peter, pumpkin eater” (from an English rhyme)
|
||||
>
|
||||
> We also find:
|
||||
> We also find:
|
||||
>
|
||||
> * old words and expressions
|
||||
> * dramatic imagery
|
||||
|
|
@ -70,15 +70,15 @@ This example of personification speaks of sins as if they could rule over a pers
|
|||
|
||||
> Oh, give thanks to Yahweh; for he is good,
|
||||
>
|
||||
> for his covenant faithfulness endures forever.
|
||||
> for his covenant faithfulness endures forever.
|
||||
>
|
||||
> Oh, give thanks to the God of gods,
|
||||
> Oh, give thanks to the God of gods,
|
||||
>
|
||||
> for his covenant faithfulness endures forever.
|
||||
> for his covenant faithfulness endures forever.
|
||||
>
|
||||
> Oh, give thanks to the Lord of lords,
|
||||
> Oh, give thanks to the Lord of lords,
|
||||
>
|
||||
> for his covenant faithfulness endures forever.
|
||||
> for his covenant faithfulness endures forever.
|
||||
>
|
||||
> (Psalm 136:1-3 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
|
|||
|
||||
When we talk or write, we use pronouns to refer to people or things without always having to repeat the noun or name. Usually, the first time we refer to someone in a story, we use a descriptive phrase or a name. The next time we might refer to that person with a simple noun or by name. After that we might refer to him simply with a pronoun as long as we think that our listeners will be able to understand easily to whom the pronoun refers.
|
||||
|
||||
> Now there was **a man from the** **Pharisees whose name was Nicodemus, a Jewish leader**. **This man** came to Jesus at night. Jesus replied and said to **him** … (John 3:1, 2a, 3a ULT)
|
||||
> Now there was **a man from the** **Pharisees whose name was Nicodemus, a Jewish leader**. **This man** came to Jesus at night. Jesus replied and said to **him** … (John 3:1, 2a, 3a ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
In John 3, Nicodemus is first referred to with noun phrases and his name. Then he is referred to with the noun phrase “this man.” Then he is referred to with the pronoun “him.”
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -22,11 +22,11 @@ Each language has its rules and exceptions to this usual way of referring to peo
|
|||
|
||||
The example below occurs at the beginning of a chapter. In some languages it might not be clear to whom the pronouns refer.
|
||||
|
||||
> Then Jesus entered into the synagogue again, and there was a man who had a withered hand. Some people watched **him** closely to see if **he** would heal **him** on the Sabbath so that they might accuse **him**. (Mark 3:1-2 ULT
|
||||
> Then Jesus entered into the synagogue again, and there was a man who had a withered hand. Some people watched **him** closely to see if **he** would heal **him** on the Sabbath so that they might accuse **him**. (Mark 3:1-2 ULT
|
||||
|
||||
In the example below, two men are named in the first sentence. It might not be clear whom “he” in the second sentence refers to.
|
||||
|
||||
> Now after some days had passed, **King Agrippa** and Bernice came down to Caesarea to pay their respects to **Festus**. After **he** had been there for many days, Festus presented to the king the things concerning Paul. (Acts 25:13-14)
|
||||
> Now after some days had passed, **King Agrippa** and Bernice came down to Caesarea to pay their respects to **Festus**. After **he** had been there for many days, Festus presented to the king the things concerning Paul. (Acts 25:13-14)
|
||||
|
||||
Jesus is the main character of the book of Matthew, but in the verses below he is referred to four times by name. This may lead speakers of some languages to think that Jesus is not the main character. Or it might lead them to think that there is more than one person named Jesus in this story. Or it might lead them to think that there is some kind of emphasis on him, even though there is no emphasis.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -41,13 +41,13 @@ Jesus is the main character of the book of Matthew, but in the verses below he i
|
|||
|
||||
(1) If it would not be clear to your readers to whom or to what a pronoun refers, use a name or a noun.
|
||||
|
||||
> Again **he** walked into the synagogue, and a man with a withered hand was there. Some Pharisees watched **him** to see if **he** would heal the man on the Sabbath. (Mark 3:1-2)
|
||||
> Again **he** walked into the synagogue, and a man with a withered hand was there. Some Pharisees watched **him** to see if **he** would heal the man on the Sabbath. (Mark 3:1-2)
|
||||
>
|
||||
> > Again **Jesus** walked into the synagogue, and a man with a withered hand was there. Some Pharisees watched **Jesus** to see if **he** would heal the man on the Sabbath.
|
||||
> > Again **Jesus** walked into the synagogue, and a man with a withered hand was there. Some Pharisees watched **Jesus** to see if **he** would heal the man on the Sabbath.
|
||||
|
||||
(2) If repeating a noun or name would lead people to think that a main character is not a main character, or that the writer is talking about more than one person with that name, or that there is some kind of emphasis on someone when there is no emphasis, use a pronoun instead.
|
||||
|
||||
> At that time **Jesus** went on the Sabbath day through the grainfields. **His** disciples were hungry and began to pluck heads of grain and eat them. But when the Pharisees saw that, they said to **Jesus**, “See, your disciples do what is unlawful to do on the Sabbath.” But **Jesus** said to them, “Have you never read what David did, when he was hungry, and the men who were with him?” Then **Jesus** left from there and went into their synagogue. (Matthew 12:1-3,9 ULT)
|
||||
> At that time **Jesus** went on the Sabbath day through the grainfields. **His** disciples were hungry and began to pluck heads of grain and eat them. But when the Pharisees saw that, they said to **Jesus**, “See, your disciples do what is unlawful to do on the Sabbath.” But **Jesus** said to them, “Have you never read what David did, when he was hungry, and the men who were with him?” Then **Jesus** left from there and went into their synagogue. (Matthew 12:1-3,9 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
This may be translated as:
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Here is another example from the book of Proverbs.
|
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> Look at the ant, you lazy person, consider her ways, and be wise. It has no commander, officer, or ruler, yet it prepares its food in the summer, and during the harvest it stores up what it will eat. (Proverbs 6:6-8 ULT)
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#### Reason This Is a Translation Issue
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#### Reason This Is a Translation Issue
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Each language has its own ways of saying proverbs. There are many proverbs in the Bible. They need to be translated in the way that people say proverbs in your language so that people recognize them as proverbs and understand what they teach.
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@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ Here are some ideas for ways that people might say a proverb in their language.
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> Do not boast about tomorrow,
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>
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> for you do not know what a day may bring. (Proverbs 27:1a ULT)
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> for you do not know what a day may bring. (Proverbs 27:1a ULT)
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>
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> > Do not count your chickens before they hatch.
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@ -76,14 +76,10 @@ Here are some ideas for ways that people might say a proverb in their language.
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> There is a generation that curses their father
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>
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> and does not bless their mother.
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> and does not bless their mother.
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>
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> There is a generation that is pure in their own eyes,
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>
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> and yet they are not washed of their filth. (Proverbs 30:11-12 ULT)
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<<<<<<< HEAD
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>> People who do not respect their parents think that they are righteous, and they do not turn away from their sin.
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=======
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> > People who do not respect their parents think that they are righteous, and they do not turn away from their sin.
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>>>>>>> master
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@ -25,11 +25,11 @@ When writing that someone said something, some languages put the quote (what was
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#### Quote margin before the quote
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> **Then Zechariah said to the angel**, “How will I know this? For I am an old man and my wife is advanced in her days.” (Luke 1:18 ULT)
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> **Then Zechariah said to the angel**, “How will I know this? For I am an old man and my wife is advanced in her days.” (Luke 1:18 ULT)
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> Then tax collectors also came to be baptized, and **they said to him**, “Teacher, what should we do?” (Luke 3:12 ULT)
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> So **he said to them**, “Collect nothing more than what you have been ordered.” (Luke 3:13 ULT)
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> So **he said to them**, “Collect nothing more than what you have been ordered.” (Luke 3:13 ULT)
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#### Quote margin after the quote
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@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ When writing that someone said something, some languages put the quote (what was
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> > “Therefore, those who can should go there with us. If there is something wrong with the man, you should accuse him,” **he said**.
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> > “Therefore, those who can,” **he said**, “should go there with us. If there is something wrong with the man, you should accuse him.”
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> > “Therefore, those who can,” **he said**, “should go there with us. If there is something wrong with the man, you should accuse him.”
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(2) Decide whether to use one or two words meaning “said.”
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@ -22,13 +22,13 @@ People who read the Bible today may find it hard to recognize that the language
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### Examples From the Bible
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> After this I saw in my visions of the night **a fourth animal**, terrifying, frightening, and very strong. It had **large iron teeth**; it devoured, broke in pieces, and trampled underfoot what was left. It was different from the other animals, and it had **ten horns**. (Daniel 7:7 ULT)
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> After this I saw in my visions of the night **a fourth animal**, terrifying, frightening, and very strong. It had **large iron teeth**; it devoured, broke in pieces, and trampled underfoot what was left. It was different from the other animals, and it had **ten horns**. (Daniel 7:7 ULT)
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The meaning of the bolded symbols is explained in Daniel 7:23-24 as shown below. The animals represent kingdoms, iron teeth represent a powerful army, and the horns represent powerful leaders.
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> This is what that person said, ‘As for the fourth animal, it will be **a fourth kingdom** on earth that will be different from all the other kingdoms. It will devour the whole earth, and it will trample it down and break it into pieces. As for the ten horns, out of this kingdom **ten kings** will arise, and another will arise after them. He will be different from the previous ones, and he will conquer the three kings. (Daniel 7:23-24 ULT)
|
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|
||||
> I turned around to see the voice that was speaking to me, and as I turned I saw **seven golden lampstands**. In the middle of the lampstands there was one like a son of man … He had **seven stars** in his right hand and **a sword with two sharp edges** was coming out of his mouth. As for the hidden meaning about the seven stars that you saw in my right hand, and the seven golden lampstands: **The seven stars are the angels of the seven churches**, and **the seven lampstands are the seven churches**. (Revelation 1:12-13a, 16a, 20 ULT)
|
||||
> I turned around to see the voice that was speaking to me, and as I turned I saw **seven golden lampstands**. In the middle of the lampstands there was one like a son of man … He had **seven stars** in his right hand and **a sword with two sharp edges** was coming out of his mouth. As for the hidden meaning about the seven stars that you saw in my right hand, and the seven golden lampstands: **The seven stars are the angels of the seven churches**, and **the seven lampstands are the seven churches**. (Revelation 1:12-13a, 16a, 20 ULT)
|
||||
>
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -43,22 +43,16 @@ This passage explains the meaning of the seven lampstands and the seven stars. T
|
|||
|
||||
(1) Translate the text with the symbols. Often the speaker or author explains the meaning later in the passage.
|
||||
|
||||
> This is what that person said, ‘As for the fourth animal, it will be **a fourth kingdom** on earth that will be different from all the other kingdoms. It will devour the whole earth, and it will trample it down and break it into pieces. As for the ten horns, out of this kingdom **ten kings** will arise, and another will arise after them. He will be different from the previous ones, and he will conquer the three kings. (Daniel 7:23-24 ULT)
|
||||
> This is what that person said, ‘As for the fourth animal, it will be **a fourth kingdom** on earth that will be different from all the other kingdoms. It will devour the whole earth, and it will trample it down and break it into pieces. As for the ten horns, out of this kingdom **ten kings** will arise, and another will arise after them. He will be different from the previous ones, and he will conquer the three kings. (Daniel 7:23-24 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
(2) Translate the text with the symbols. Then explain the symbols in footnotes.
|
||||
|
||||
> After this I saw in my visions of the night **a fourth animal**, terrifying, frightening, and very strong. It had **large iron teeth**; it devoured, broke in pieces, and trampled underfoot what was left. It was different from the other animals, and it had **ten horns**. (Daniel 7:7 ULT)
|
||||
> After this I saw in my visions of the night **a fourth animal**, terrifying, frightening, and very strong. It had **large iron teeth**; it devoured, broke in pieces, and trampled underfoot what was left. It was different from the other animals, and it had **ten horns**. (Daniel 7:7 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
> > After this I saw in my dream at night a fourth animal,<sup> 1</sup> terrifying, frightening, and very strong. It had large iron teeth;<sup> 2</sup> it devoured, broke in pieces, and trampled underfoot what was left. It was different from the other animals, and it had ten horns.<sup> 3</sup>
|
||||
|
||||
> The footnotes would look like:
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< HEAD
|
||||
>> <sup> [1]</sup> The animal is a symbol for a kingdom.
|
||||
>> <sup> [2]</sup> The iron teeth is a symbol for the kingdom’s powerful army.
|
||||
>> <sup> [3]</sup> The horns are a symbol of powerful kings.
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> > <sup> [1]</sup> The animal is a symbol for a kingdom.
|
||||
> > <sup> [2]</sup> The iron teeth is a symbol for the kingdom’s powerful army.
|
||||
> > <sup> [3]</sup> The horns are a symbol of powerful kings.
|
||||
>>>>>>> master
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
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Reference in New Issue