Small syntax fixes for v16 publish (#424)

Merge branch 'prepubV16' of git.door43.org:unfoldingWord/en_ta into prepubV16

Change trailing backspace back to two trailing spaces so we can publish

Merge branch 'master' into prepubV16

Merge remote-tracking branch 'origin/master' into prepubV16

Fix apostrophes

Change trailing double underlines back to backslash

Try trailing double underline instead of backslash

Replacing trailing spaces with backslash

Small syntax fixes for v16 publish

Co-authored-by: Robert Hunt <Freely.Given.org@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Richard Mahn <richard_mahn@wycliffeassociates.org>
Reviewed-on: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/pulls/424

README.md

@@ -52,4 +52,4 @@ You are free to add additional modules. In order for the new modules to be inclu
 
 ## License
 
-See the [LICENSE](https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/LICENSE.md) file for licensing information.
+See the [LICENSE](https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/LICENSE.md) file for licensing information.

checking/acceptable/01.md

@@ -8,4 +8,4 @@ As you read the new translation, ask yourself these questions. These are questio
 1. Does the translation use too many words that were borrowed from another language, or are these words acceptable to the language community?
 1. Did the writer use an appropriate form of the language acceptable to the wider language community? (Is the writer familiar with the dialects of your language found throughout the area? Did the writer use a form of the language that all of the language community understands well, or did he use a form that is used in only a small area?)
 
-If there is a place where the translation uses language in the wrong style, make a note of that so that you can discuss it with the translation team.
+If there is a place where the translation uses language in the wrong style, make a note of that so that you can discuss it with the translation team.

checking/accuracy-check/01.md

@@ -43,4 +43,3 @@ These questions can also be helpful for finding anything that might be inaccurat
 * Another way to determine if the text is accurate is to ask comprehension questions about the translation, such as, “who did what, when, where, how, and why?” There are questions that have already been prepared to help with this. (To view the unfoldingWord® Translation Questions go to http://ufw.io/tq/.) The answers to those questions should be the same as the answers to those questions about the source language translation. If they are not, there is a problem in the translation.
 
 For more general types of things that need to be checked, go to [Types of Things to Check](../vol2-things-to-check/01.md).
-

checking/alignment-tool/01.md

@@ -52,4 +52,4 @@ Because each target language will have different requirements for sentence struc
 
 If you are a Quality Checker, after you have finished aligning a Bible book and making questions and comments about the translation, it is time to either send the questions to the translation team or plan to meet together with the translation team and discuss them. For the steps to complete this process, return to where you left off on the [Steps for Quality Checkers](../vol2-steps/01.md) page.
 
-To learn more about the kinds of things that need to be checked, go to [Types of Things to Check](../vol2-things-to-check/01.md).
+To learn more about the kinds of things that need to be checked, go to [Types of Things to Check](../vol2-things-to-check/01.md).

checking/alphabet/01.md

@@ -7,4 +7,4 @@ As you read the translation, ask yourself these questions about the way words ar
 1. Is the spelling used in the book consistent? (Are there rules that the writer should follow to show how words change in different situations? Can they be described so others will know how to read and write the language easily?)
 1. Has the translator used expressions, phrases, connectors, and spellings that will be recognized by most of the language community?
 
-If there is something about the alphabet or spelling that is not right, make a note of that so that you can discuss it with the translation team.
+If there is something about the alphabet or spelling that is not right, make a note of that so that you can discuss it with the translation team.

checking/church-leader-check/01.md

@@ -13,4 +13,3 @@ These reviewers should follow these steps:
 1. After you (the accuracy checker) have reviewed several chapters or one book of the Bible, meet with the translation team and ask about each problem that you have discovered. Discuss with the translation team how they might adjust the translation in order to fix each problem. Make plans to meet again with the translation team at a later time, after they have had time to adjust the translation and test it with the community.
 1. Meet again with the translation team to verify that they have fixed the problems.
 1. Affirm that the translation is good on the [Accuracy Affirmation](../good/01.md) page.
-

checking/clear/01.md

@@ -12,4 +12,3 @@ Additional help:
 
 * One way to determine if the text is clear is to read a few verses at a time out loud and ask someone listening to retell the story after each section. If the person can easily restate your message, then the writing is clear. For other methods of testing the translation, see [Other Methods](../other-methods/01.md).
 * If there is a place where the translation is not clear, make a note of that so that you can discuss it with the translation team.
-

checking/community-evaluation/01.md

@@ -28,4 +28,4 @@ Please also answer the following questions. The answers to these questions will
 <br>
 <br>
 
-The community leaders might want to add their own information to this or make a summary statement about how acceptable this translation is to the local community. The wider church leadership will have access to this information, and it will help them to understand and to have confidence in the checking process that has been done so far. This will help them to validate the translation as approved by the local Christian community both when they do the Accuracy Check and when they do the final Validation Check.
+The community leaders might want to add their own information to this or make a summary statement about how acceptable this translation is to the local community. The wider church leadership will have access to this information, and it will help them to understand and to have confidence in the checking process that has been done so far. This will help them to validate the translation as approved by the local Christian community both when they do the Accuracy Check and when they do the final Validation Check.

checking/complete/01.md

@@ -7,4 +7,4 @@ The purpose of this section is to make sure that the translation is complete. In
 1. Does the translation include all the verses of the book that was translated? (When you look at the verse numbering of the source language translation, are all of the verses included in the target language translation?) Sometimes there are differences in verse numbering between translations. For example, in some translations some verses are grouped together or sometimes certain verses are put in footnotes. Even though there may be these kinds of differences between the source translation and the target translation, the target translation is still considered to be complete. For more information, see [Complete Versification](../verses/01.md).
 1. Are there places in the translation where something seems to be left out, or there seems to be a different message than is found in the source language translation? (The wording and the order can be different, but the language that the translator used should give the same message as the source language translation.)
 
-If there is a place where the translation is not complete, make a note of that so that you can discuss it with the translation team.
+If there is a place where the translation is not complete, make a note of that so that you can discuss it with the translation team.

checking/formatting/01.md

@@ -19,4 +19,3 @@ After finishing a book, you can check to make sure that all the verses are there
 
 1. Versification (see [Complete Versification](../verses/01.md))
 1. Section Headings (see [Section Headings](../headings/01.md))
-

checking/goal-checking/01.md

@@ -17,4 +17,4 @@ The checkers who are members of the language community will also help the transl
 
 #### Church-approved
 
-The checkers who are members of a church in the language community will help the translation team produce a translation that is approved and accepted by the church in that community. They will do this by working together with members and leaders of other churches from the language community. When members and leaders that represent the churches of a language community work together and agree that the translation is good, then it will be accepted and used by the churches in that community. (For more information about translations that are approved by the church, see [Create Church-Approved Translations](../../translate/guidelines-church-approved/01.md).)
+The checkers who are members of a church in the language community will help the translation team produce a translation that is approved and accepted by the church in that community. They will do this by working together with members and leaders of other churches from the language community. When members and leaders that represent the churches of a language community work together and agree that the translation is good, then it will be accepted and used by the churches in that community. (For more information about translations that are approved by the church, see [Create Church-Approved Translations](../../translate/guidelines-church-approved/01.md).)

checking/good/01.md

@@ -26,4 +26,3 @@ Names and positions of the Accuracy checkers:
     * Position:
 * Name:
     * Position:
-

checking/headings/01.md

@@ -17,4 +17,4 @@ There are many different kinds of section headings. Here are some different kind
 * Question: “Does Jesus have authority to heal and forgive sins?” This one creates a question that the information in the section answers. People who have a lot of questions about the Bible may find this especially helpful.
 * “About” comment: “About Jesus healing a paralyzed man.” This kind of heading explicitly tells the reader what the section is about. This may be the one that makes it easiest to see that the heading is not a part of the words of the Bible.
 
-As you can see, it is possible to make many different kinds of section headings, but they all have the same purpose. They all give the reader information about the main topic of the section of the Bible that follows. Some headings are shorter, and some headings are longer. Some give only a little information, and some give more information. You may want to experiment with the different kinds, and ask people which kind they think is most helpful for them.
+As you can see, it is possible to make many different kinds of section headings, but they all have the same purpose. They all give the reader information about the main topic of the section of the Bible that follows. Some headings are shorter, and some headings are longer. Some give only a little information, and some give more information. You may want to experiment with the different kinds, and ask people which kind they think is most helpful for them.

checking/intro-check/01.md

@@ -8,4 +8,4 @@ The manual begins with instructions for checking the translation that the transl
 After this, the translation team will need to check the translation with the [Language Community](../language-community-check/01.md) for clarity and naturalness. This is necessary because other speakers of the language can often suggest better ways of saying things that the translation team may not have thought of. Sometimes the translation team makes the translation sound strange because they are following the words of the source language too closely. Other speakers of the language can help them fix that.
 Another check that the translation team can do at this point is [Church Leader Check](../accuracy-check/01.md) (or OL pastor check). Since the OL pastors are familiar with the Bible in the Gateway Language (GL), they can check the translation for accuracy to the GL Bible. They can also catch mistakes that the translation team did not see because the translation team is so close to and involved in their work. Also, the translation team may lack some of the expertise or knowledge of the Bible that other OL pastors might have who are not part of the translation team. In this way, the whole language community can work together to make sure that the Bible translation is accurate, clear, and natural in the target language.
 
-A further check for the accuracy of the Bible translation is to align it to the original languages of the Bible using the [Word Alignment](../alignment-tool/01.md) tool in Translation Core. After all of these checks have been performed and the translation has been aligned, the leaders of the OL church networks will want to [Review](../vol2-steps/01.md) the translation and give their [Endorsement](../level3-approval/01.md). Because many leaders of church networks do not speak the language of the translation, there are also instructions for creating a [Back Translation](../vol2-backtranslation/01.md), which allows people to check a translation in a language that they do not speak.
+A further check for the accuracy of the Bible translation is to align it to the original languages of the Bible using the [Word Alignment](../alignment-tool/01.md) tool in Translation Core. After all of these checks have been performed and the translation has been aligned, the leaders of the OL church networks will want to [Review](../vol2-steps/01.md) the translation and give their [Endorsement](../level3-approval/01.md). Because many leaders of church networks do not speak the language of the translation, there are also instructions for creating a [Back Translation](../vol2-backtranslation/01.md), which allows people to check a translation in a language that they do not speak.

checking/language-community-check/01.md

@@ -31,4 +31,4 @@ To use these questions, follow these steps:
 
 9. Go to the Community Evaluation page and answer the questions there. (See [Language Community Evaluation Questions](../community-evaluation/01.md).)
 
-For more information about making a clear translation, see [Clear](../clear/01.md). There are also methods other than the Translation Questions that you can use to check a translation with the community. For these other methods, see [Other Methods](../other-methods/01.md).
+For more information about making a clear translation, see [Clear](../clear/01.md). There are also methods other than the Translation Questions that you can use to check a translation with the community. For these other methods, see [Other Methods](../other-methods/01.md).

checking/level3-approval/01.md

@@ -14,4 +14,4 @@ Signed: <u>sign here</u>
 
 Position: <u>fill in your position here</u>
 
-For Gateway Languages, you will need to follow the [Source Text Process](../../process/source-text-process/01.md) so that your translation can become a source text.
+For Gateway Languages, you will need to follow the [Source Text Process](../../process/source-text-process/01.md) so that your translation can become a source text.

checking/level3-questions/01.md

@@ -38,4 +38,4 @@ If there were problems with the translation, make plans to meet with the transla
 
 For questions to guide you as you check individual passages of Scripture, go to: [Types of Things to Check](../vol2-things-to-check/01.md).
 
-If the Church Network leadership or the Translation Committee want you to give a report of the results of your checking, you can use this form: [Translation Evaluation Form](../level3-approval/01.md).
+If the Church Network leadership or the Translation Committee want you to give a report of the results of your checking, you can use this form: [Translation Evaluation Form](../level3-approval/01.md).

checking/natural/01.md

@@ -11,4 +11,4 @@ You can read it out loud to one other person who speaks the target language or t
 
 It is helpful to think about a situation in your village in which people would talk about the same kind of thing that the translation is talking about. Imagine people that you know talking about that thing, and then say it out loud in that way. If others agree that that is a good and natural way to say it, then write it that way in the translation.
 
-It can also be helpful to read or play a passage of the translation several times. People might notice different things each time that they hear it, that is, things that could be said in a more natural way.
+It can also be helpful to read or play a passage of the translation several times. People might notice different things each time that they hear it, that is, things that could be said in a more natural way.

checking/other-methods/01.md

@@ -12,4 +12,3 @@ As well as asking questions, there are other checking methods that you may also
 * **Reviewer Input**: Let others whom you respect read your translation. Ask them to take notes and tell you where it might be improved. Look for better word choices, more natural expressions, and also spelling adjustments.
 
 * **Discussion Groups**: Ask people to read the translation out loud in a group of people and allow the people to ask questions for clarification. Pay attention to the words they use, since alternate words and expressions come up when someone is trying to make sense of a difficult point. These alternate words and expressions might be better than the ones in the translation. Write them down, along with the chapter and verse that they are about. The translation team can use these to improve the translation. Also make note of the places where people do not understand the translation so that the translation team can make those places clearer.
-

checking/punctuation/01.md

@@ -3,4 +3,4 @@
 
 Before translating, the translation team will need to decide on the methods of punctuation that you will use in the translation. It may be easiest to adopt the method of punctuation that the national language uses, or that a national language Bible or related language Bible uses. Once the team decides on a method, make sure that everyone follows it. It may be helpful to distribute a guide sheet to each of the team members with examples on it of the correct use of different punctuation marks.
 
-Even with the guide sheet, it is common for translators to make mistakes in punctuation. Because of this, after a book has been translated, we recommend importing it into ParaText. You can enter the rules for punctuation in the target language into ParaText, and then run the different punctuation checks that ParaText can perform. ParaText will list all of the places where it finds punctuation errors and show them to you. You can then review these places to see if there is an error there or not. If there is an error, you can fix the error. After running these punctuation checks, you can be confident that your translation is using punctuation correctly.
+Even with the guide sheet, it is common for translators to make mistakes in punctuation. Because of this, after a book has been translated, we recommend importing it into ParaText. You can enter the rules for punctuation in the target language into ParaText, and then run the different punctuation checks that ParaText can perform. ParaText will list all of the places where it finds punctuation errors and show them to you. You can then review these places to see if there is an error there or not. If there is an error, you can fix the error. After running these punctuation checks, you can be confident that your translation is using punctuation correctly.

checking/spelling/01.md

@@ -5,4 +5,4 @@ As a team, discuss the words that are difficult to spell. If the words have soun
 
 The names of people and places in the Bible can be difficult to spell because many of them are unknown in target languages. Be sure to include these in your spelling list.
 
-Computers can be a great help for checking spelling. If you are working on a Gateway Language, a word processor may have a dictionary already available. If you are translating into an Other Language, you can use the find-and-replace feature of a word processor to fix misspelled words. ParaText also has a spell check feature which will find all variant spellings of words. It will present these to you, and then you can choose which spellings you have decided to use.
+Computers can be a great help for checking spelling. If you are working on a Gateway Language, a word processor may have a dictionary already available. If you are translating into an Other Language, you can use the find-and-replace feature of a word processor to fix misspelled words. ParaText also has a spell check feature which will find all variant spellings of words. It will present these to you, and then you can choose which spellings you have decided to use.

checking/team-oral-chunk-check/01.md

@@ -12,4 +12,4 @@ At this point, the translation is considered a first draft, and the team needs t
 
 1. Someone on the translation team needs to enter the text into translationStudio. If the team has been using translationStudio from the beginning of drafting, then all that needs to be entered at this point are the changes that the team has made.
 1. A new audio recording should be made of the translation, incorporating all of the changes and improvements that the team has made.
-1. The translationStudio files and the audio recording should be uploaded to the team repository on Door43.
+1. The translationStudio files and the audio recording should be uploaded to the team repository on Door43.

checking/trans-note-check/sub-title.md

@@ -1 +1 @@
-How do I do a translationNotes check?
+How do I do a translationNotes check?

checking/verses/01.md

@@ -9,4 +9,4 @@ It is important that your target language translation include all of the verses
 
 ### Checking for Missing Verses
 
-Here is one way to check your translation for missing verses. After a book has been translated, import the translation into ParaText, and then run the check for “chapter/verse numbers.” ParaText will give you a list of all the places in that book where verses are missing. You can then look at each of those places and decide if the verse is missing because of one of the three reasons above, or if it is missing by mistake and you need to go back and translate that verse.
+Here is one way to check your translation for missing verses. After a book has been translated, import the translation into ParaText, and then run the check for “chapter/verse numbers.” ParaText will give you a list of all the places in that book where verses are missing. You can then look at each of those places and decide if the verse is missing because of one of the three reasons above, or if it is missing by mistake and you need to go back and translate that verse.

checking/vol2-backtranslation-guidelines/01.md

@@ -27,4 +27,4 @@ Sometimes words in the target language will be more complex than words in the la
 
 ### 2. Use the Language of Wider Communication Style for Sentence and Logical Structure
 
-The back translation should use the sentence structure that is natural for the language of wider communication, not the structure that is used in the target language. This means that the back translation should use the word order that is natural for the language of wider communication, not the word order that is used in the target language. The back translation should also use the way of relating phrases to each other and the way of indicating logical relations (such as cause or purpose) that are natural for the language of wider communication. This will make it easier for the checker to read and to understand the back translation. This will also speed up the process of checking the back translation.
+The back translation should use the sentence structure that is natural for the language of wider communication, not the structure that is used in the target language. This means that the back translation should use the word order that is natural for the language of wider communication, not the word order that is used in the target language. The back translation should also use the way of relating phrases to each other and the way of indicating logical relations (such as cause or purpose) that are natural for the language of wider communication. This will make it easier for the checker to read and to understand the back translation. This will also speed up the process of checking the back translation.

checking/vol2-backtranslation-kinds/01.md

@@ -17,4 +17,4 @@ Third, when the back translation is written, the translation checker can also pr
 
 Even if there is not time for the checker to send his questions to the translation team before their meeting, they will still be able to review more material at the meeting than they would have been able to review otherwise because the checker has already read the back translation and has already prepared his questions. Because he has had this previous preparation time, he and the translation team can use their meeting time to discuss only the problem areas of the translation rather than reading through the entire translation at a slow pace (as is required when making an oral back translation).
 
-Fourth, the written back translation relieves the strain on the checker from having to concentrate for many hours at a time on hearing and understanding an oral translation as it is spoken to him. If the checker and translation team are meeting in a noisy environment, the difficulty of making sure that he hears every word correctly can be quite exhausting for the checker. The mental strain of concentration increases the likelihood that the checker will miss some problems with the result that they remain uncorrected in the biblical text. For these reasons, we recommend the use of a written back translation whenever possible.
+Fourth, the written back translation relieves the strain on the checker from having to concentrate for many hours at a time on hearing and understanding an oral translation as it is spoken to him. If the checker and translation team are meeting in a noisy environment, the difficulty of making sure that he hears every word correctly can be quite exhausting for the checker. The mental strain of concentration increases the likelihood that the checker will miss some problems with the result that they remain uncorrected in the biblical text. For these reasons, we recommend the use of a written back translation whenever possible.

checking/vol2-backtranslation-purpose/01.md

@@ -5,4 +5,4 @@ The purpose of a back translation is to allow a consultant or checker of biblica
 
 Some people might consider this to be unnecessary, since the biblical text already exists in the source language. But remember that the purpose of the back translation is to allow the checker to see what is in the target language translation. The checker cannot see what is in the target language translation by reading the original source language text. In order to see what is in the target language translation, the back translator must make a new translation back into the language of wider communication that is based only on the target language translation. For this reason, the back translator *must not* look at the source language text when doing his back translation, but *must look only* at the target language text. In this way, the checker can identify any problems that might exist in the target language translation and work with the translator to fix those problems.
 
-A back translation can also be very useful in improving the target language translation even before the checker uses it to check the translation. When the translation team reads the back translation, they can see how the back translator has understood their translation. Sometimes, the back translator has understood their translation in a different way than they intended to communicate. In those cases, they can change their translation so that it communicates more clearly the meaning that they intended. When the translation team is able to use the back translation in this way before they give it to the checker, they can make many improvements to their translation. When they do this, the checker can do his checking much more rapidly, because the translation team was able to correct many of the problems in the translation before meeting with the checker.
+A back translation can also be very useful in improving the target language translation even before the checker uses it to check the translation. When the translation team reads the back translation, they can see how the back translator has understood their translation. Sometimes, the back translator has understood their translation in a different way than they intended to communicate. In those cases, they can change their translation so that it communicates more clearly the meaning that they intended. When the translation team is able to use the back translation in this way before they give it to the checker, they can make many improvements to their translation. When they do this, the checker can do his checking much more rapidly, because the translation team was able to correct many of the problems in the translation before meeting with the checker.

checking/vol2-backtranslation-who/01.md

@@ -6,4 +6,3 @@ To do a good back translation, the person must have three qualifications.
 1. The back translator should be someone who is a mother-tongue speaker of the local target language and who also speaks the language of wider communication well. In order to make a written back translation, he must also be able to read and write both languages well.
 1. The back translator must be someone who was not involved in making the local target language translation that he is back translating. This is because someone who made the local target language translation already knows what he intended the translation to mean, and will put that meaning in the back translation with the result that it looks the same as the source translation. But it is possible that a speaker of the local target language who did not work on the local target language translation will understand the translation differently, or will not understand parts of it at all. The checker wants to know what these other meanings are that other speakers of the local target language will understand from the translation so that he can work with the translation team to make those places communicate the right meaning more clearly.
 1. The back translator should be someone who does not know the Bible well. This is because the back translator must give only the meaning that he understands from looking at the target language translation, not from knowledge that he might have from reading the Bible in another language.
-

checking/vol2-backtranslation-written/01.md

@@ -7,4 +7,4 @@ In an interlinear back translation, the back translator puts a translation for e
 
 ### Free Back Translation
 
-A free back translation is one in which the back translator makes a translation in the language of wider communication in a separate space from the target language translation. The disadvantage of this method is that the back translation is not related as closely to the target language translation. However, the back translator can help to overcome this disadvantage when back translating the Bible by including the verse numbers and punctuation with the back translation. By referring to the verse numbers in both translations and carefully reproducing the punctuation marks in their proper places, the translation checker can keep track of which part of the back translation represents which part of the target language translation. The advantage of this method is that the back translation can use the grammar and word order of the language of wider communication, and so it is much easier for the translation checker to read and understand. Even while using the grammar and word order of the language of wider communication, however, the back translator should remember to translate the words in a literal way. This provides the most beneficial combination of literalness and readability for the checker. We recommend that the back translator use this method of free back translation.
+A free back translation is one in which the back translator makes a translation in the language of wider communication in a separate space from the target language translation. The disadvantage of this method is that the back translation is not related as closely to the target language translation. However, the back translator can help to overcome this disadvantage when back translating the Bible by including the verse numbers and punctuation with the back translation. By referring to the verse numbers in both translations and carefully reproducing the punctuation marks in their proper places, the translation checker can keep track of which part of the back translation represents which part of the target language translation. The advantage of this method is that the back translation can use the grammar and word order of the language of wider communication, and so it is much easier for the translation checker to read and understand. Even while using the grammar and word order of the language of wider communication, however, the back translator should remember to translate the words in a literal way. This provides the most beneficial combination of literalness and readability for the checker. We recommend that the back translator use this method of free back translation.

checking/vol2-backtranslation/01.md

@@ -3,4 +3,4 @@
 
 A back translation is a translation of the biblical text from the local target language (the OL) back into the language of wider communication (the GL). It is called a “back translation” because it is a translation in the opposite direction than what was done to create the local target language translation. The purpose of a back translation is to allow someone who does not speak the target language to know what the target language translation says.
 
-However, a back translation is not done in a completely normal style, because it does not have naturalness as a goal in the language of the translation (which is in this case, the language of wider communication). Instead, the goal of the back translation is to represent the words and expressions of the local language translation in a literal way, while also using the grammar and word order of the language of wider communication. In this way, the translation checker can most clearly see the meaning of the words in the target language text, but can also understand the back translation well and read it more quickly and easily.
+However, a back translation is not done in a completely normal style, because it does not have naturalness as a goal in the language of the translation (which is in this case, the language of wider communication). Instead, the goal of the back translation is to represent the words and expressions of the local language translation in a literal way, while also using the grammar and word order of the language of wider communication. In this way, the translation checker can most clearly see the meaning of the words in the target language text, but can also understand the back translation well and read it more quickly and easily.

checking/vol2-steps/01.md

@@ -47,4 +47,4 @@ Some questions will need to be set aside for later, after the checking session.
 
 Make sure that the translation team is keeping a [list of the Key Words](../../translate/translate-key-terms/01.md) (important terms) from the Bible passages that they are translating, along with the term in the target language that they have decided to use for each of these important terms. You and the translation team will probably need to add to this list and modify the terms from the target language as you progress through the translation of the Bible. Use the list of Key Words to alert you when there are Key Words in the passage that you are translating. Whenever there is a Key Word in the Bible, make sure that the translation uses the term or phrase that has been chosen for that Key Word, and also make sure that it makes sense each time. If it does not make sense, then you will need to discuss why it makes sense in some places but not in others. Then you may need to modify or change the chosen term, or decide to use more than one term in the target language to fit different ways that the Key Word is used. One useful way to do this is to keep track of each important term on a spreadsheet, with columns for the source language term, the target language term, alternative terms and the Bible passages where you are using each term. We hope that this feature will be in future versions of translationStudio.
 
-For ideas of what kinds of things to check, see: [Types of Things to Check](../vol2-things-to-check/01.md).
+For ideas of what kinds of things to check, see: [Types of Things to Check](../vol2-things-to-check/01.md).

intro/gl-strategy/01.md

@@ -11,4 +11,4 @@ At the country level, the gateway languages of a given country are the fewest la
 
 ### Effects
 
-This model has two basic effects: First, it empowers all languages to “pull” content to their language once the content and helps have been “pushed” into a Gateway Language, thereby making that content accessible to every language of the world. Second, it limits the amount of translation that needs to be done as the translation helps only have to be translated into the Gateway Language. All Other Languages can translate only the biblical content, since no language will be dependent upon them for understanding the translation helps.
+This model has two basic effects: First, it empowers all languages to “pull” content to their language once the content and helps have been “pushed” into a Gateway Language, thereby making that content accessible to every language of the world. Second, it limits the amount of translation that needs to be done as the translation helps only have to be translated into the Gateway Language. All Other Languages can translate only the biblical content, since no language will be dependent upon them for understanding the translation helps.

intro/open-license/sub-title.md

@@ -1 +1 @@
-What freedoms do users have with unfoldingWord® content?
+What freedoms do users have with unfoldingWord® content?

intro/toc.yaml

@@ -22,4 +22,4 @@ sections:
     link: gl-strategy
 
   - title: "Finding Answers"
-    link: finding-answers
+    link: finding-answers

intro/translation-guidelines/01.md

@@ -24,4 +24,3 @@ We also recommend that the translation work be:
 
 1. **Collaborative** — Where possible, work together with other believers who speak your language to translate, check, and distribute the translated content, ensuring that it is of the highest quality and available to as many people as possible. (see [Create Collaborative Translations](../../translate/guidelines-collaborative/01.md))
 1. **Ongoing** — Translation work is never completely finished. Encourage those who are skilled with the language to suggest better ways to say things when they notice that improvements can be made. Any errors in the translation should also be corrected as soon as they are discovered. Also encourage the periodic review of translations to ascertain when revision or a new translation is needed. We recommend that each language community form a translation committee to oversee this ongoing work. Using the unfoldingWord® online tools, these changes to the translation can be made quickly and easily. (see [Create Ongoing Translations](../../translate/guidelines-ongoing/01.md))
-

intro/uw-intro/01.md

@@ -47,4 +47,4 @@ We create translation, checking, and distribution tools that are free and open-l
 
 #### Training
 
-We create resources to train mother tongue translation teams. unfoldingWord® Translation Academy (this resource) is our primary training tool. We also have audio recording and training resources. See https://www.unfoldingword.org/training for a complete list of training materials.
+We create resources to train mother tongue translation teams. unfoldingWord® Translation Academy (this resource) is our primary training tool. We also have audio recording and training resources. See https://www.unfoldingword.org/training for a complete list of training materials.

manifest.yaml

@@ -22,12 +22,12 @@ dublin_core:
   description: 'A modular handbook that provides a condensed explanation of Bible translation and checking principles that the global Church has implicitly affirmed define trustworthy translations. It enables translators to learn how to create trustworthy translations of the Bible in their own language.'
   format: 'text/markdown'
   identifier: 'ta'
-  issued: '2020-10-29'
+  issued: '2020-12-10'
   language:
     identifier: 'en'
     title: 'English'
     direction: 'ltr'
-  modified: '2020-10-29'
+  modified: '2020-12-10'
   publisher: 'unfoldingWord®'
   relation:
     - 'en/ust'
@@ -39,11 +39,11 @@ dublin_core:
     -
       identifier: 'ta'
       language: 'en'
-      version: '14'
+      version: '15'
   subject: 'Translation Academy'
   title: 'unfoldingWord® Translation Academy'
   type: 'man'
-  version: '15'
+  version: '16'
 
 checking:
   checking_entity:

process/config.yaml

@@ -64,4 +64,4 @@ translation-overview:
   recommended:
     - intro-publishing
   dependencies:
-    - pretranslation-training
+    - pretranslation-training

process/intro-publishing/01.md

@@ -12,4 +12,3 @@ From your Door43 project page you can:
 * Continue to edit and improve your project and keep track of all changes
 
 For more about distributing your project to others, see [Distribution](../intro-share/01.md).
-

process/intro-share/01.md

@@ -17,4 +17,4 @@ The biggest factor that enables distribution of content is the [Open License](..
 
 for any purpose, even commercial, without cost. “Freely you have received; freely give.” (Matthew 10:8b)
 
-For ways to share your translations both online and offline, see [Sharing Content](../share-content/01.md).
+For ways to share your translations both online and offline, see [Sharing Content](../share-content/01.md).

process/platforms/01.md

@@ -5,4 +5,4 @@ The recommended platform for drafting Bible translations in the Door43 online co
 
 ### Other Options
 
-If using translationStudio is not an option for your team, then you may consider using other online or offline tools. Please note: if you do not use translationStudio but do want to use other Bible translation software, then it will be your responsibility to ensure that your translated content is in USFM format (see [File Formats](../../translate/file-formats/01.md) for more information).
+If using translationStudio is not an option for your team, then you may consider using other online or offline tools. Please note: if you do not use translationStudio but do want to use other Bible translation software, then it will be your responsibility to ensure that your translated content is in USFM format (see [File Formats](../../translate/file-formats/01.md) for more information).

process/pretranslation-training/01.md

@@ -18,4 +18,3 @@ Some other important topics as you get started also include:
 * [Help with Translating](../../translate/translate-help/01.md) – Using translation helps
 
 When you have [Set Up a Translation Team](../setup-team/01.md) and want to make a [First Draft](../../translate/first-draft/01.md) of your translation, use [translationStudio](../setup-ts/01.md). We recommend that you follow this [Translation Process](../translation-overview/01.md).
-

process/process-manual/01.md

@@ -7,4 +7,4 @@ Welcome to Bible translation! We are pleased that you desire to translate God’
 
 Translation is a very complex task that takes commitment, organization, and planning. There are many required steps to take a translation from an idea to a completed, checked, distributed, and in-use translation. The information in this Process Manual will help you to know all of the necessary steps in the translation process.
 
-Translating the Bible requires many skills, so one of the first things that you need to think about is how to [choose a team](../setup-team/01.md) that can do this work.
+Translating the Bible requires many skills, so one of the first things that you need to think about is how to [choose a team](../setup-team/01.md) that can do this work.

process/setup-tc/01.md

@@ -26,4 +26,4 @@ Instructions for using each tool can be found by clicking on the name of the too
 
 ### After Using translationCore®
 
-At any point, you may upload your work to [Door43](https://git.door43.org) by returning to the project list and clicking on the three-dot menu next to the project that you want to upload and choosing “Upload to Door43.” You can also save your project to a file on your computer. Once uploaded, Door43 will keep your work in a repository under your user name and you can access your work there (see [Publishing](../intro-publishing/01.md)).
+At any point, you may upload your work to [Door43](https://git.door43.org) by returning to the project list and clicking on the three-dot menu next to the project that you want to upload and choosing “Upload to Door43.” You can also save your project to a file on your computer. Once uploaded, Door43 will keep your work in a repository under your user name and you can access your work there (see [Publishing](../intro-publishing/01.md)).

process/setup-team/01.md

@@ -26,4 +26,4 @@ There are many decisions the translation team will need to make, many of them ri
 
 After the translation committee makes these decisions, it is good to write them down in a document that everyone involved in the translation can read. This will help everyone to make similar translation decisions and will avoid further arguments about these things.
 
-After choosing the translation team, it will be time to start giving them [Translation Training](../pretranslation-training/01.md).
+After choosing the translation team, it will be time to start giving them [Translation Training](../pretranslation-training/01.md).

process/setup-ts/01.md

@@ -19,4 +19,4 @@ For more information on how to use translationStudio, please see the documentati
 
 1. Make sure that you have a translation team that can help you check your work (see [Training Before Checking Begins](../prechecking-training/01.md)).
 1. At any point, you may upload your work to [Door43](https://git.door43.org) by clicking on the three-dot menu and choosing Upload/Export. You will need to create a user name on Door43.
-1. Once uploaded, Door43 will keep your work in a repository under your user name and you can access your work there (see [Publishing](../intro-publishing/01.md)).
+1. Once uploaded, Door43 will keep your work in a repository under your user name and you can access your work there (see [Publishing](../intro-publishing/01.md)).

process/share-content/01.md

@@ -9,4 +9,4 @@ If you upload your work from translationStudio or translationCore, then it will
 
 ### Sharing Content Offline
 
-You can also generate and download documents from your project pages on Door43. Once you have downloaded these, you can transfer them to others however you would like, including printing and distributing paper copies.
+You can also generate and download documents from your project pages on Door43. Once you have downloaded these, you can transfer them to others however you would like, including printing and distributing paper copies.

translate/biblicalimageryta/01.md

@@ -50,5 +50,3 @@ Another cultural model is found in Psalm 24, where the psalmist describes God as
 > Out of his mouth goes a sharp sword, so that with it he might strike the nations, and he will shepherd them with an iron rod. He tramples in the winepress of the fury of the wrath of **God Almighty**. He has a name written on his robe and on his thigh: “**King of kings and Lord of lords**.” (Revelation 19:15-16 ULT)
 
 This cultural model was very common in ancient Near Eastern cultures, and the ancient Israelites who read the Bible would have understood it easily because their nation was ruled by a king. However, many modern nations are not ruled by kings, so this specific cultural model is not as easily understood in many modern cultures.
-
-

translate/bita-animals/01.md

@@ -91,4 +91,4 @@ In Matthew, John the Baptist called the religious leaders poisonous snakes becau
 > Israel is a **sheep** scattered and driven away by lions. First the king of Assyria devoured him;
 > then after this, Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon broke his bones. (Jeremiah 50:17 ULT)
 
-> See, I send you out as **sheep** in the midst of wolves, so be as wise as serpents and harmless as doves. (Matthew 10:16 ULT)
+> See, I send you out as **sheep** in the midst of wolves, so be as wise as serpents and harmless as doves. (Matthew 10:16 ULT)

translate/bita-farming/01.md

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ Some common [metonymies](../figs-metonymy/01.md) and [metaphors](../figs-metapho
 
 > For Yahweh says this to each person in Judah and Jerusalem: ‘Plow your own **ground**, and do not sow among thorns. (Jeremiah 4:3 ULT)
 >
-> When anyone hears the word of the kingdom but does not understand it … This is the seed that was sown **beside the road**. That which was sown on **rocky ground** is the person who hears the word and immediately receives it with joy … That which was sown **among the thorn plants**, this is the person who hears the word, but the cares of the world and the deceitfulness of riches choke the word…That which was sown on the **good soil**, this is the person who hears the word and understands it. (Matthew 13:19-23 ULT)
+> When anyone hears the word of the kingdom but does not understand it … This is the seed that was sown **beside the road**. That which was sown on **rocky ground** is the person who hears the word and immediately receives it with joy … That which was sown **among the thorn plants**, this is the person who hears the word, but the cares of the world and the deceitfulness of riches choke the word… That which was sown on the **good soil**, this is the person who hears the word and understands it. (Matthew 13:19-23 ULT)
 >
 > Break up your **unplowed ground**,
 > for it is time to seek Yahweh. Hosea 10:12 ULT)
@@ -44,4 +44,4 @@ After farmers harvest wheat and other types of grain, they bring them to a **thr
 >
 > For the land that drinks in the **rain** that often comes on it, and that produces plants useful to those for whom the land was also cultivated, receives a blessing from God. But land that bears thorns and thistles is worthless and is about to be cursed. Its end is to be burned. (Hebrews 6:7-8 ULT)
 >
-> So be patient, brothers, until the Lord’s coming. See, the farmer awaits the valuable harvest from the ground. He is patiently waiting for it, until it receives the early and late **rains**. (James 5:7 ULT)
+> So be patient, brothers, until the Lord’s coming. See, the farmer awaits the valuable harvest from the ground. He is patiently waiting for it, until it receives the early and late **rains**. (James 5:7 ULT)

translate/bita-hq/01.md

@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ In this context, having a full heart means to be proud or arrogant.
 
 #### The EYES represent someone’s attitude
 
-> …but you bring down those with **proud, uplifted eyes**! (Psalm 18:27b ULT)
+> … but you bring down those with **proud, uplifted eyes**! (Psalm 18:27b ULT)
 
 Uplifted eyes show that a person is proud.
 
@@ -153,11 +153,11 @@ The fact that the men said they heard a report about Yahweh shows that “becaus
 #### The NOSE represents anger
 
 > Then … the foundations of the world were laid bare at your rebuke, Yahweh, at the blast of the breath of **your nostrils**. (Psalms 18:15 ULT)
-> 
+>
 > By the blast of **your nostrils** the waters were piled up. (Exodus 15:8a ULT)
-> 
+>
 > Smoke went up from out of **his nostrils**, and blazing fire came out of his mouth. (2 Samuel 22:9a ULT)
-> 
+>
 > Yahweh, Yahweh, God is merciful and gracious, \*\*slow to anger \*\* … (Exodus 34:6a ULT)
 
 In Hebrew, a hot nose represents anger, including such images as a blast of air or smoke coming from someone’s nostrils. The opposite of a “hot nose” is a “long nose.” The phrase “slow to anger” in Hebrew literally means “long of nose.” A long nose represents patience, meaning that it takes a long time for that person’s nose to get hot.
@@ -187,4 +187,4 @@ Children of wrath here are people with whom God is very angry.
 
 ### Translation Strategies
 
-See the Translations Strategies on [Biblical Imagery – Common Patterns](../bita-part1/01.md).
+See the Translations Strategies on [Biblical Imagery – Common Patterns](../bita-part1/01.md).

translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md

@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ The mountain where God will be worshiped is viewed as his permanent possession.
 
 Moses asks God to still accept the people of Israel as his special possession, that is, as the people permanently belonging to him.
 
-> …the richness of the glory of his **inheritance** in the saints … (Ephesians 1:18b ULT) The wonderful things that God will give all who are set apart for him are viewed as their permanent possessions.
+> … the richness of the glory of his **inheritance** in the saints … (Ephesians 1:18b ULT) The wonderful things that God will give all who are set apart for him are viewed as their permanent possessions.
 >
 > For the promise to Abraham and to his descendants that he would be **heir** of the world did not come through the law but through the righteousness of faith. (Romans 4:13 ULT)
 
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ Noah received righteousness as a permanent possession.
 
 #### SEEING means knowledge, perception, notice, attention, or judgment
 
-> Why have I found favor **in your eyes** that you should take notice of me…(Ruth 2:10b ULT)
+> Why have I found favor **in your eyes** that you should take notice of me … (Ruth 2:10b ULT)
 >
 > And the young woman was pleasing **in his eyes**, and she lifted kindness before his face. (Esther 2:9a ULT)
 >
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ Noah received righteousness as a permanent possession.
 #### STANDING means defending or successfully resisting
 
 > So the wicked will not **stand** in the judgment, nor sinners in the assembly of the righteous. (Psalm 1:5 ULT)
-> 
+>
 > … that the king gave to the Jews who were in every city by city: to gather and to **stand** for their life, to annihilate, and to slaughter, and to destroy any strength of a people or province that would attack them, children and women, and plunder their spoil; (Esther 8:11 ULT)
 
 #### TURNING or TURNING OVER means changing
@@ -247,4 +247,4 @@ Noah received righteousness as a permanent possession.
 >
 > Turn from me the **path** of deceit. (Psalm 119:29a ULT)
 >
-> I will run in the **path** of your commandments. (Psalm 119:32a ULT)
+> I will run in the **path** of your commandments. (Psalm 119:32a ULT)

translate/bita-manmade/01.md

@@ -66,4 +66,4 @@ In this case the snare was a persuasion to do evil, which leads to death.
 >
 > The house of the wicked will be destroyed, but the **tent** of the upright will flourish. (Proverbs 14:11 ULT)
 >
-> A throne will be established in covenant faithfulness, and one from David’s **tent** will faithfully sit there. (Isaiah 16:5a ULT)
+> A throne will be established in covenant faithfulness, and one from David’s **tent** will faithfully sit there. (Isaiah 16:5a ULT)

translate/bita-part1/01.md

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ In 1 Kings 7:50, a lamp trimmer is a tool for trimming the wick on an ordinary l
 > Solomon also had made the cups, lamp trimmers, basins, spoons, and incense burners, all of which were made of pure gold. (1 Kings 7:50a ULT)
 
 
-> Ishbibenob…intended to kill David. But Abishai the son of Zeruiah rescued David, attacked the Philistine, and killed him. Then the men of David swore to him, saying, “You must not go to battle anymore with us, so that you do not put out the **lamp** of Israel.” (2 Samuel 21:16-17 ULT)
+> Ishbibenob … intended to kill David. But Abishai the son of Zeruiah rescued David, attacked the Philistine, and killed him. Then the men of David swore to him, saying, “You must not go to battle anymore with us, so that you do not put out the **lamp** of Israel.” (2 Samuel 21:16-17 ULT)
 
 
 (3) Expressions that are based on these pairings of ideas frequently combine together in complex ways. Moreover, they frequently combine with (and in some cases are based on) common metonymies and cultural models. (See [Biblical Imagery – Common Metonymies](../bita-part2/01.md) and [Biblical Imagery – Cultural Models](../bita-part3/01.md).)

translate/bita-part2/01.md

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ People do not drink cups. They drink what is in the cup.
 #### A LOCATION (city, nation, etc.) represents the people who live in or near that place
 
 > Then Mordecai went out from before the face of the king in a garment of royalty of blue and white, with a great crown of gold and a robe of fine linen and purple, and **the city of Susa** cheered and rejoiced. (Esther 8:15 ULT)
-> 
+>
 > So as for me, should I not feel troubled about \*\*Nineveh, the great city \*\* … (Jonah 4:11a ULT)
 
 #### The MEMORY OF A PERSON means \[his descendants\]
@@ -66,4 +66,4 @@ This means that he killed the serpent.
 
 > Yahweh has placed on him the **iniquity** of us all (Isaiah 53:6b ULT)
 
-This means that Yahweh placed on him the punishment that should have gone to all of us.
+This means that Yahweh placed on him the punishment that should have gone to all of us.

translate/bita-part3/01.md

@@ -27,18 +27,18 @@ Some common cultural models found in the Bible are listed below. First there are
 #### God is modeled as a WARRIOR
 
 > Yahweh is a **warrior**. (Exodus 15:3a ULT)
-> 
+>
 > Yahweh will go out as a **warrior**; as a \*\*man of war\*\* he will stir up his zeal.. He will shout, yes, he will roar his **battle cries**; he will **show his enemies his power**. (Isaiah 42:13 ULT)
-> 
+>
 > Your right hand, Yahweh, is **glorious in power**; your right hand, Yahweh, **has shattered the enemy**. (Exodus 15:6 ULT)
-> 
+>
 > But **God will shoot them**; suddenly they will be **wounded with his arrows**. (Psalm 64:7 ULT)
-> 
+>
 > For you will turn them back; **you will draw your bow** before them. (Psalm 21:12 ULT)
 
 #### A leader is modeled as a SHEPHERD and those he leads are modeled as SHEEP
 
-> Then all the tribes of Israel came to David at Hebron and said, “Look…when Saul was king over us, it was you who led the Israelite army. Yahweh said to you, ‘You will **shepherd** my people Israel, and you will become ruler over Israel.’” (2 Samuel 5:1-2 ULT)
+> Then all the tribes of Israel came to David at Hebron and said, “Look … when Saul was king over us, it was you who led the Israelite army. Yahweh said to you, ‘You will **shepherd** my people Israel, and you will become ruler over Israel.’” (2 Samuel 5:1-2 ULT)
 >
 > “Woe to the **shepherds** who destroy and scatter the **sheep** of my **pasture**—this is Yahweh’s declaration.” (Jeremiah 23:1 ULT)
 >
@@ -166,4 +166,4 @@ Leprosy is a disease. If a person had it, he was said to be unclean.
 
 An “unclean spirit” is an evil spirit.
 
-> When an **unclean spirit** has gone away from a man, it passes through waterless places and looks for rest, but does not find it. (Matthew 12:43 ULT)
+> When an **unclean spirit** has gone away from a man, it passes through waterless places and looks for rest, but does not find it. (Matthew 12:43 ULT)

translate/bita-phenom/01.md

@@ -126,4 +126,4 @@ Some common [metonymies](../figs-metonymy/01.md) and [metaphors](../figs-metapho
 
 > Who is a **rock** except our God? (Psalm 18:31b ULT)
 >
-> Yahweh, **my rock**, and my redeemer. (Psalm 19:14b ULT)
+> Yahweh, **my rock**, and my redeemer. (Psalm 19:14b ULT)

translate/bita-plants/01.md

@@ -49,4 +49,4 @@ The action or behavior in the verses is marked in bold below.
 
 > Then the matter was sought out and was found out, and the two of them were hung on a **tree**. (Esther 2:23a ULT)
 
-This probably means that they were killed by either by being impaled on a wooden pole or by being hung from a gallows by a rope.
+This probably means that they were killed by either by being impaled on a wooden pole or by being hung from a gallows by a rope.

translate/choose-style/01.md

@@ -19,5 +19,3 @@ Before beginning a translation of the Bible, the translation committee needs to
 8. **Pictures** – Will pictures be used in the Bible translation? If so, how many? Pictures can be very useful for showing things that are unknown in the target culture, such as certain animals or tools or clothing. Using pictures for these things can reduce the need to explain them in footnotes.
 
 9. **Headings** – Should the translation use section headings that summarize what each section is talking about? If so, what style of headings should be used? These can be very helpful for finding different topics. See [Headings](../../checking/headings/01.md) for examples.
-
-

translate/choose-team/01.md

@@ -76,4 +76,4 @@ given team cannot be prescribed in advance. It might even change over time, but
 
 2. We help them to identify an initial team composition based on the skills and contextual reality of their team (e.g., size of the team, theological ability, translation experience, language skill, geographic distribution, relationship dynamics, etc.). Their team may be small, with several skills being provided by the same person. Or the team may be large (in some cases as many as 25 full-time translators and hundreds of volunteers), with many people providing the same skill in an overlapping and intentionally redundant manner. Regardless of the structure and size of the team that is needed in a given context, the combined roles on any team must provide the combination of skills needed to achieve excellence in Bible translation.
 
-3. The team begins working together on an initial translation project (we recommend Open Bible Stories) and observes the effectiveness of their team’s configuration. As needed, adjustments to the team structure are made to improve efficiency, and training is provided to increase skill and effectiveness.
+3. The team begins working together on an initial translation project (we recommend Open Bible Stories) and observes the effectiveness of their team’s configuration. As needed, adjustments to the team structure are made to improve efficiency, and training is provided to increase skill and effectiveness.

translate/figs-123person/01.md

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ After saying “each of you,” Jesus used the third person “his” instead of
 
 If using the third person to mean “I” or “you” would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consider using it. If not, here are some other options.
 
-(1) Use the third person phrase along with the pronoun “I” or “you.”   
+(1) Use the third person phrase along with the pronoun “I” or “you.”  
 (2) Simply use the first person (“I”) or second person (“you”) instead of the third person.
 
 ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
@@ -52,8 +52,8 @@ If using the third person to mean “I” or “you” would be natural and give
 
 > Then Yahweh answered Job out of a fierce storm and said, “… Do you have an arm like **God’s**? Can you thunder with a voice like **his**? (Job 40:6, 9 ULT)
 >
-> > Then Yahweh answered Job out of a fierce storm and said, “…Do you have an arm like **mine**? Can you thunder with a voice like **mine**?”
+> > Then Yahweh answered Job out of a fierce storm and said, “… Do you have an arm like **mine**? Can you thunder with a voice like **mine**?”
 >
 > So also my heavenly Father will do to you if **each of you** does not forgive **his** brother from your heart. (Matthew 18:35 ULT)
 >
-> > So also my heavenly Father will do to you if **each of you** does not forgive **your** brother from your heart.
+> > So also my heavenly Father will do to you if **each of you** does not forgive **your** brother from your heart.

translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md

@@ -46,21 +46,21 @@ If an abstract noun would be natural and give the right meaning in your language
 (1) Reword the sentence with a phrase that expresses the meaning of the abstract noun. Instead of a noun, the new phrase will use a verb, an adverb, or an adjective to express the idea of the abstract noun. Alternative translations are indented below the Scripture example.
 
 > … from **childhood** you have known the sacred writings … (2 Timothy 3:15a ULT)
-> 
+>
 > > Ever since **you were a child** you have known the sacred writings.
-> 
+>
 > But **godliness** with **contentment** is great **gain**. (1 Timothy 6:6 ULT)
-> 
+>
 > > But **being godly** and **content** is very **beneficial**. But we **benefit** greatly when we **are godly** and **content**. But we **benefit** greatly when we **honor and obey God** and when we are **happy with what we have**.
-> 
+>
 > Today **salvation** has come to this house, because he too is a son of Abraham. (Luke 19:9 ULT)
-> 
+>
 > > Today the people in this house **have been saved** … Today God **has saved** the people in this house …
-> 
+>
 > The Lord does not move slowly concerning his promises, as some consider **slowness** to be. (2 Peter 3:9a ULT)
-> 
+>
 > > The Lord does not move slowly concerning his promises, as some consider **moving slowly** to be.
-> 
+>
 > He will bring to light the hidden things of darkness and reveal the **purposes** of the heart. (1 Corinthians 4:5b ULT)
-> 
-> > He will bring to light the hidden things of darkness and reveal **the things that people want to do and the reasons that they want to do them**.
+>
+> > He will bring to light the hidden things of darkness and reveal **the things that people want to do and the reasons that they want to do them**.

translate/figs-activepassive/01.md

@@ -74,4 +74,4 @@ If your language would use a passive form for the same purpose as in the passage
 
 > A loaf of bread **was given** him every day from the street of the bakers. (Jeremiah 37:21 ULT)
 >
-> > He **received** a loaf of bread every day from the street of the bakers.
+> > He **received** a loaf of bread every day from the street of the bakers.

translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md

@@ -32,4 +32,4 @@ If apostrophe would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, cons
 >
 > **Mountains of Gilboa**, let there not be dew or rain on **you.** (2 Samuel 1:21a ULT)
 >
-> > **As for these mountains of Gilboa**, let there not be dew or rain on **them**.
+> > **As for these mountains of Gilboa**, let there not be dew or rain on **them**.

translate/figs-aside/01.md

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ Nehemiah is speaking to the readers of his account and describing some of the ma
 
 ### Translation Strategies
 
-(1) If an aside would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consider using it. But if this way of speaking would be confusing, let the speaker continue speaking to the people who are listening to him, but make clear that he is now expressing his thoughts and feelings about them.    
+(1) If an aside would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consider using it. But if this way of speaking would be confusing, let the speaker continue speaking to the people who are listening to him, but make clear that he is now expressing his thoughts and feelings about them.  
 (2) If a person speaks a prayer to God as an aside, you can put the prayer in quotation marks to indicate that.
 
 ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
@@ -29,4 +29,4 @@ Nehemiah is speaking to the readers of his account and describing some of the ma
 
 > And I purified them from everything foreign. And I caused the service watches to stand: for the priests and for the Levites, a man in his work; 31 and for the offering of pieces of wood at the appointed times; and for the firstfruits. **Remember me, my God, for good.** (Nehemiah 13:30-31 ULT)
 
-(2) And I cleansed them from everything foreign, and I made assignments for the priests and for the Levites, a man to his own work. And the wood offering at the stated time, and the firstfruits. **“Remember me, my God, for good.”**
+(2) And I cleansed them from everything foreign, and I made assignments for the priests and for the Levites, a man to his own work. And the wood offering at the stated time, and the firstfruits. **“Remember me, my God, for good.”**

translate/figs-cometaphor/01.md

@@ -38,4 +38,4 @@ The Bible often speaks of God as doing things that people do, such as speaking,
 
 * For strategies regarding translating metaphors, see [Metaphor](../figs-metaphor/01.md).
 
-* To learn more about biblical imagery, complex metaphors, and cultural models in the Bible, see [Biblical Imagery](../biblicalimageryta/01.md) and/or [Biblical Imagery – Common Patterns](../bita-part1/01.md) and/or [Biblical Imagery – Cultural Models](../bita-part3/01.md).
+* To learn more about biblical imagery, complex metaphors, and cultural models in the Bible, see [Biblical Imagery](../biblicalimageryta/01.md) and/or [Biblical Imagery – Common Patterns](../bita-part1/01.md) and/or [Biblical Imagery – Cultural Models](../bita-part3/01.md).

translate/figs-declarative/01.md

@@ -35,8 +35,8 @@ By telling a man that his sins were forgiven, **Jesus forgave** the man’s sins
 
 ### Translation Strategies
 
-(1) If the function of a statement would not be understood correctly in your language, **use a sentence type** that would express that function.   
-(2) If the function of a statement would not be understood correctly in your language, **add a sentence type** that would express that function.   
+(1) If the function of a statement would not be understood correctly in your language, **use a sentence type** that would express that function.  
+(2) If the function of a statement would not be understood correctly in your language, **add a sentence type** that would express that function.  
 (3) If the function of a statement would not be understood correctly in your language, **use a verb form** that would express that function.
 
 ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
@@ -69,4 +69,4 @@ The function of “I know you can” is to make a request. In addition to the st
 >
 > > Son, I forgive your sins.
 > >
-> > Son, God has forgiven your sins.
+> > Son, God has forgiven your sins.

translate/figs-distinguish/01.md

@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ The phrase “whom I have created” is a reminder of the relationship between G
 
 If readers would understand the purpose of a phrase with a noun, then consider keeping the phrase and the noun together. For languages that use words or phrases with a noun only to distinguish one item from another, here are some strategies for translating phrases that are used to inform or remind.
 
-(1) Put the information in another part of the sentence and add words that show its purpose.   
+(1) Put the information in another part of the sentence and add words that show its purpose.  
 (2) Use one of your language’s ways for expressing that this is just added information. It may be by adding a small word, or by changing the way the voice sounds. Sometimes changes in the voice can be shown with punctuation marks, such as parentheses or commas.
 
 ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
@@ -59,19 +59,19 @@ If readers would understand the purpose of a phrase with a noun, then consider k
 (1) Put the information in another part of the sentence and add words that show its purpose.
 
 > I hate those who serve **worthless** idols (Psalm 31:6 ULT) By saying “worthless idols,” David was commenting about all idols and giving his reason for hating those who serve them. He was not distinguishing worthless idols from valuable idols.
-> 
+>
 > > **Because** **idols are worthless**, I hate those who serve them.
-> 
+>
 > … for your **righteous** judgments are good. (Psalm 119:39b ULT)
-> 
+>
 > > … for your judgments are good **because they are righteous**.
-> 
+>
 > Can Sarah, **who is 90 years old**, bear a son? (Genesis 17:17b ULT) The phrase “who is 90 years old” is a reminder of Sarah’s age. It tells why Abraham was asking the question. He did not expect that a woman who was that old could bear a child.
-> 
+>
 > > Can Sarah bear a son **even when** **she is 90 years old**?
-> 
+>
 > I will call on Yahweh, **who is worthy to be praised**. (2 Samuel 22:4a ULT) There is only one Yahweh. The phrase “who is worthy to be praised” gives a reason for calling on Yahweh.
-> 
+>
 > > I will call on Yahweh, because **he is worthy to be praised**
 
 (2) Use one of your language’s ways for expressing that this is just added information.
@@ -79,4 +79,4 @@ If readers would understand the purpose of a phrase with a noun, then consider k
 > You are my Son, **whom I love**. I am pleased with you. (Luke 3:22 ULT)
 >
 > > You are my Son. **I love you** and I am pleased with you.
-> > **Receiving my love**, you are my Son. I am pleased with you.
+> > **Receiving my love**, you are my Son. I am pleased with you.

translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md

@@ -58,4 +58,4 @@ If double negatives are natural and are used to express the positive in your lan
 >
 > All things were made through him and **without** him there was **not** one thing made that has been made. (John 1:3 ULT)
 >
-> > “All things were made through him. He made **absolutely** everything that has been made.”
+> > “All things were made through him. He made **absolutely** everything that has been made.”

translate/figs-doublet/01.md

@@ -28,8 +28,8 @@ This means that he was like a lamb that did not have any defect—not even one.
 
 If a doublet would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consider using it. If not, consider these strategies.
 
-(1) Translate only one of the words or phrases.   
-(2) If the doublet is used to intensify the meaning, translate one of the words or phrases and add a word that intensifies it such as “very” or “great” or “many.”   
+(1) Translate only one of the words or phrases.  
+(2) If the doublet is used to intensify the meaning, translate one of the words or phrases and add a word that intensifies it such as “very” or “great” or “many.”  
 (3) If the doublet is used to intensify or emphasize the meaning, use one of your language’s ways of doing that.
 
 ### Translation Strategies Applied
@@ -50,4 +50,4 @@ If a doublet would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consi
 >
 > * English can emphasize this with “any” and “at all.”
 >
-> > “… like a lamb **without any blemish at all**.”
+> > “… like a lamb **without any blemish at all**.”

translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ Readers who see incomplete sentences or phrases may not know that there is infor
 The writer wants his words to be few and to make good poetry. The full sentence with the information filled in would be:
 
 > > He makes Lebanon skip like a calf and **he makes** Sirion **skip** like a young ox.
-> 
+>
 > Watch carefully, therefore, how you walk—**not as unwise but as wise**. (Ephesians 5:15b ULT)
 
 The information that the reader must understand in the second parts of these sentences can be filled in from the first parts:
@@ -67,4 +67,4 @@ If ellipsis would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consid
 
 > He makes Lebanon skip like a calf **and Sirion like a young ox**. (Psalm 29:6 ULT)
 
-> > He makes Lebanon skip like a calf, and **he makes** Sirion **skip** like a young ox.
+> > He makes Lebanon skip like a calf, and **he makes** Sirion **skip** like a young ox.

translate/figs-ellipsis/sub-title.md

@@ -1,2 +1 @@
- 
  What is ellipsis ? ([^1])

translate/figs-euphemism/01.md

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ In order **to be polite**, Mary uses a euphemism to say that she has never had s
 
 If euphemism would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consider using it. If not, here are other options:
 
-(1) Use a euphemism from your own culture.   
+(1) Use a euphemism from your own culture.  
 (2) State the information plainly without a euphemism if it would not be offensive.
 
 ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
@@ -44,4 +44,4 @@ If euphemism would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consi
 
 > They found Saul and his sons **fallen** on Mount Gilboa. (1 Chronicles 10:8b ULT)
 >
-> > “They found Saul and his sons **dead** on Mount Gilboa.”
+> > “They found Saul and his sons **dead** on Mount Gilboa.”

translate/figs-events/01.md

@@ -22,8 +22,8 @@ This sounds like a person must first open the scroll and then break its seals, b
 
 ### Translation Strategies
 
-(1) If your language uses phrases or time words to show that an event happened before one that was already mentioned, consider using one of them.   
-(2) If your language uses verb tense or aspect to show that an event happened before one that was already mentioned, consider using that. (See the section on “Aspect” of [Verbs](../figs-verbs/01.md).)   
+(1) If your language uses phrases or time words to show that an event happened before one that was already mentioned, consider using one of them.  
+(2) If your language uses verb tense or aspect to show that an event happened before one that was already mentioned, consider using that. (See the section on “Aspect” of [Verbs](../figs-verbs/01.md).)  
 (3) If your language prefers to tell events in the order that they occurred, consider reordering the events so they they are in that order. This may require putting two or more verses together (like 5-6). (See [Verse Bridges](../translate-versebridge/01.md).)
 
 ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied

translate/figs-exclamations/01.md

@@ -32,10 +32,10 @@ Some exclamations in the Bible do not have a main verb. The exclamation below sh
 
 ### Translation Strategies
 
-(1) If an exclamation in your language needs a verb, add one. Often a good verb is “is” or “are.”   
-(2) Use an exclamation word from your language that shows the strong feeling.   
-(3) Translate the exclamation word with a sentence that shows the feeling.   
-(4) Use a word that emphasizes the part of the sentence that brings about the strong feeling.   
+(1) If an exclamation in your language needs a verb, add one. Often a good verb is “is” or “are.”  
+(2) Use an exclamation word from your language that shows the strong feeling.  
+(3) Translate the exclamation word with a sentence that shows the feeling.  
+(4) Use a word that emphasizes the part of the sentence that brings about the strong feeling.  
 (5) If the strong feeling is not clear in the target language, then tell how the person felt.
 
 ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
@@ -77,4 +77,4 @@ Some exclamations in the Bible do not have a main verb. The exclamation below sh
 
 > When Gideon saw that he was the angel of Yahweh, Gideon lamented, “**Alas,** O my Lord Yahweh, for because of this I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!” (Judges 6:22 ULT)
 >
-> > “Gideon understood that this was the angel of Yahweh. **He was terrified** and said, “**Alas**, Lord Yahweh! I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!”
+> > “Gideon understood that this was the angel of Yahweh. **He was terrified** and said, “**Alas**, Lord Yahweh! I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!”

translate/figs-exclusive/01.md

@@ -28,4 +28,4 @@ The shepherds were speaking to one another. When they said “us,” they were *
 
 > Now it happened that on one of those days, he indeed got into a boat with his disciples, and he said to them, “Let **us** go over to the other side of the lake.” So they set sail. (Luke 8:22 ULT)
 
-When Jesus said “us,” he was referring to himself and to the disciples he was speaking to, so this would be the inclusive form.
+When Jesus said “us,” he was referring to himself and to the disciples he was speaking to, so this would be the inclusive form.

translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md

@@ -39,8 +39,8 @@ In Psalm 23, the psalmist uses the physical **Image** of a shepherd to describe
 
 Consider using the same extended metaphor if your readers will understand it in the same way the original readers would have understood it. If not, here are some other strategies:
 
-(1) If the target audience would think that the images should be understood literally, translate the metaphor as a simile by using words such as “like” or “as.” It may be enough to to do this in just the first sentence or two.   
-(2) If the target audience would not know the image, find a way of translating it so they can understand what the image is.    
+(1) If the target audience would think that the images should be understood literally, translate the metaphor as a simile by using words such as “like” or “as.” It may be enough to to do this in just the first sentence or two.  
+(2) If the target audience would not know the image, find a way of translating it so they can understand what the image is.  
 (3) If the target audience still would not understand, then state it clearly.
 
 ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
@@ -94,4 +94,4 @@ or as:
 > > **Yahweh will stop protecting** Israel and Judah,
 > > **because they do not do what is right.**
 > > He waited for justice, but instead, there was killing;
-> > for righteousness, but, instead, a cry for help.
+> > for righteousness, but, instead, a cry for help.

translate/figs-explicit/01.md

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ One of the traditions of the elders was a ceremony in which people would wash th
 
 If readers have enough assumed knowledge to be able to understand the message, along with any important implicit information that goes with the explicit information, then it is good to leave that knowledge unstated and leave the implicit information implicit. If the readers do not understand the message because one of these is missing for them, then follow these strategies:
 
-(1) If readers cannot understand the message because they do not have certain assumed knowledge, then provide that knowledge as explicit information.
+(1) If readers cannot understand the message because they do not have certain assumed knowledge, then provide that knowledge as explicit information.  
 (2) If readers cannot understand the message because they do not know certain implicit information, then state that information clearly, but try to do it in a way that does not imply that the information was new to the original audience.
 
 ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
@@ -81,4 +81,4 @@ The implicit information is that God would not only judge the people; he would p
 > > or:
 > > At the day of judgment, God will **punish you more severely** than Tyre and Sidon, cities whose people were very wicked.
 
-Modern readers may not know some of the things that the people in the Bible and the people who first read it knew. This can make it hard for them to understand what a speaker or writer says, and to learn things that the speaker left implicit. Translators may need to state some things explicitly in the translation that the original speaker or writer left unstated or implicit.
+Modern readers may not know some of the things that the people in the Bible and the people who first read it knew. This can make it hard for them to understand what a speaker or writer says, and to learn things that the speaker left implicit. Translators may need to state some things explicitly in the translation that the original speaker or writer left unstated or implicit.

translate/figs-explicitinfo/01.md

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ In the biblical languages, it was normal to introduce direct speech with two ver
 
 ### Translation Strategies
 
-(1) If the explicit information of the source language sounds natural in the target language, then translate it as explicit information.   
+(1) If the explicit information of the source language sounds natural in the target language, then translate it as explicit information.  
 (2) If the explicit information does not sound natural in the target language or seems unnecessary or confusing, leave the explicit information implicit. Only do this if the reader can understand this information from the context. You can test this by asking the reader a question about the passage.
 
 ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
@@ -47,4 +47,4 @@ In English, the information that the centurion responded by speaking is included
 >
 > > **He began to** teach them, saying, (Or) He taught them, saying,
 
-In English, it would be very strange to include the information that Jesus opened his mouth when he spoke. That information is included in the verbs “taught” and “saying,” so that phrase can be omitted and that information left implicit. However, “he opened his mouth” is an idiom that indicates the beginning of a speech, so that information may be included, or it may also be left implicit.
+In English, it would be very strange to include the information that Jesus opened his mouth when he spoke. That information is included in the verbs “taught” and “saying,” so that phrase can be omitted and that information left implicit. However, “he opened his mouth” is an idiom that indicates the beginning of a speech, so that information may be included, or it may also be left implicit.

translate/figs-extrainfo/01.md

@@ -32,4 +32,4 @@ This page does not have any translation strategies.
 
 ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
 
-This page does not have any translation strategies applied.
+This page does not have any translation strategies applied.

translate/figs-gendernotations/01.md

@@ -36,8 +36,8 @@ Jesus was not speaking only of men, but of **men and women**.
 
 If people would understand that that masculine words like “man,” “brother,” and “he” can include women, then consider using them. Otherwise, here are some ways for translating those words when they include women.
 
-(1) Use a noun that can be used for both men and women.    
-(2) Use a word that refers to men and a word that refers to women.   
+(1) Use a noun that can be used for both men and women.  
+(2) Use a word that refers to men and a word that refers to women.  
 (3) Use pronouns that can be used for both men and women.
 
 ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
@@ -60,5 +60,3 @@ If people would understand that that masculine words like “man,” “brother,
 English speakers can change the masculine singular pronouns, “he,” “himself,” and “his” to plural pronouns that do not mark gender, “they,” “themselves,” and “their” in order to show that it applies to all people, not just men.
 >
 > > “If **people** want to follow me, **they** must deny **themselves**, take up **their** cross, and follow me.”
-
-

translate/figs-genericnoun/01.md

@@ -29,10 +29,10 @@ The phrase “a good man” does not refer to a particular man, but to any perso
 
 If your language can use the same wording as in the ULT to refer to people or things in general rather than to specific individuals or things, consider using the same wording. If not, here are some strategies you might use.
 
-(1) Use the word “the” in the noun phrase.   
-(2) Use the word “a” in the noun phrase.   
-(3) Use the word “any,” as in “any person” or “anyone.”   
-(4) Use the plural form, as in “people.”   
+(1) Use the word “the” in the noun phrase.  
+(2) Use the word “a” in the noun phrase.  
+(3) Use the word “any,” as in “any person” or “anyone.”  
+(4) Use the plural form, as in “people.”  
 (5) Use any other way that is natural in your language.
 
 ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
@@ -61,5 +61,3 @@ If your language can use the same wording as in the ULT to refer to people or th
 
 > People curse **the man** who refuses to sell grain. (Proverbs 11:26 ULT)
 > > “People curse **whoever** refuses to sell grain.”
-
-

translate/figs-go/01.md

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ In some languages, it might make more sense to ask what did you come out to see.
 
 If the word used in the ULT would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consider using it. If not, here are other strategies.
 
-(1) Use the word “go,” “come,” “take,” or “bring” that would be natural in your language.   
+(1) Use the word “go,” “come,” “take,” or “bring” that would be natural in your language.  
 (2) Use another word that expresses the right meaning.
 
 ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied

translate/figs-grammar/01.md

@@ -15,4 +15,4 @@ Grammar has two main parts: words and structure. Structure involves how we put w
 * Quotations normally have two parts: Information about who said something and what the person said. (See [Quotations and Quote Margins](../writing-quotations/01.md).)
 * Quotations can be either direct quotes or indirect quotes. (See [Direct and Indirect Quotations](../figs-quotations/01.md).)
 * Quotes can have quotes within them. (See [Quotes within Quotes](../figs-quotesinquotes/01.md).)
-* Quotes can be marked to make it easy for readers to understand who said what. (See [Quote Markings](../figs-quotemarks/01.md).)
+* Quotes can be marked to make it easy for readers to understand who said what. (See [Quote Markings](../figs-quotemarks/01.md).)

translate/figs-hendiadys/01.md

@@ -32,10 +32,10 @@ Titus 2:13 contains two hendiadyses. “The blessed hope” and “appearing of
 
 If the hendiadys would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consider using it. If not, here are other options:
 
-(1) Substitute the describing noun with an adjective that means the same thing.   
-(2) Substitute the describing noun with a phrase that means the same thing.   
-(3) Substitute the describing adjective with an adverb that means the same thing.   
-(4) Substitute other parts of speech that mean the same thing and show that one word or phrase describes the other.   
+(1) Substitute the describing noun with an adjective that means the same thing.  
+(2) Substitute the describing noun with a phrase that means the same thing.  
+(3) Substitute the describing adjective with an adverb that means the same thing.  
+(4) Substitute other parts of speech that mean the same thing and show that one word or phrase describes the other.  
 (5) If it is unclear that only one thing is meant, change the phrase so that this is clear.
 
 ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied

translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md

@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ If the hyperbole or generalization would be natural and people would understand
 (1) Express the meaning without the exaggeration.
 
 > The Philistines gathered together to fight against Israel: 3,000 chariots, 6,000 men to drive the chariots, and troops **as numerous as the sand on the seashore**. (1 Samuel 13:5a ULT)
-> 
+>
 > > The Philistines gathered together to fight against Israel: 3,000 chariots, 6,000 men to drive the chariots, and **a great number of troops**.
 
 (2) For a generalization, show that it is a generalization by using a phrase like “in general” or “in most cases.”
@@ -128,4 +128,4 @@ If the hyperbole or generalization would be natural and people would understand
 
 > The **whole** country of Judea and **all** the people of Jerusalem went out to him. (Mark 1:5a ULT)
 > 
-> > The country of Judea and the people of Jerusalem went out to him.
+> > The country of Judea and the people of Jerusalem went out to him.

translate/figs-hypo/01.md

@@ -79,4 +79,4 @@ Find out how people speaking your language show:
 
 Use your language’s ways of showing these kinds of things.
 
-You may also want to watch the video at http://ufw.io/figs_hypo.
+You may also want to watch the video at http://ufw.io/figs_hypo.

translate/figs-idiom/01.md

@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ This means, “the one who helps me.”
 
 If the idiom would be clearly understood in your language, consider using it. If not, here are some other options.
 
-(1) Translate the meaning plainly without using an idiom.   
+(1) Translate the meaning plainly without using an idiom.  
 (2) Use a different idiom that people use in your own language that has the same meaning.
 
 ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
@@ -69,9 +69,9 @@ If the idiom would be clearly understood in your language, consider using it. If
 (2) Use an idiom that people use in your own language that has the same meaning.
 
 > Put these words **into your ears.** (Luke 9:44a ULT)
-> 
+>
 > > **Be all ears** when I say these words to you.
 
 > My **eyes grow dim** from grief. (Psalm 6:7a ULT)
-> 
-> > I am crying my **eyes out**
+>
+> > I am crying my **eyes out**

translate/figs-imperative/01.md

@@ -47,8 +47,8 @@ The purpose of Proverbs 22:6, below, is to teach what people can expect to happe
 
 ### Translation Strategies
 
-(1) If people would not use an imperative sentence for one of the functions in the Bible, try using a statement instead.   
-(2) If people would not understand that a sentence is used to cause something to happen, add a connecting word like “so” to show that what happened was a result of what was said.   
+(1) If people would not use an imperative sentence for one of the functions in the Bible, try using a statement instead.  
+(2) If people would not understand that a sentence is used to cause something to happen, add a connecting word like “so” to show that what happened was a result of what was said.  
 (3) If people would not use a command as a condition, translate it as a statement with the words “if” and “then.”
 
 ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
@@ -82,4 +82,4 @@ The purpose of Proverbs 22:6, below, is to teach what people can expect to happe
 Translated as:
 
 > “**If** you teach a child the way he should go,
-> **then** when he is old he will not turn away from that instruction.”
+> **then** when he is old he will not turn away from that instruction.”

translate/figs-informremind/01.md

@@ -46,8 +46,8 @@ All of God’s judgments are righteous. This is why the person who wrote this ps
 
 If people would understand the purpose of a phrase with a noun, then consider keeping the phrase and the noun together. Otherwise, here are other strategies of showing that the phrase is used to inform or remind.
 
-(1) Put the information in another part of the sentence and add words that show its purpose.   
- (2) Use one of your language’s ways for expressing information in a weak way. It may be by adding a small word or by changing the way the voice sounds. Sometimes changes in the voice can be shown with punctuation marks such as parentheses or commas.
+(1) Put the information in another part of the sentence and add words that show its purpose.  
+(2) Use one of your language’s ways for expressing information in a weak way. It may be by adding a small word or by changing the way the voice sounds. Sometimes changes in the voice can be shown with punctuation marks such as parentheses or commas.
 
 ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
 
@@ -81,4 +81,4 @@ There is only one Yahweh. The phrase “who is worthy to be praised” gives a r
 
 > The name of the third river is Tigris, **which flows east of Asshur**. (Genesis 2:14a ULT)
 >
-> > “The name of the third river is Tigris. **It flows east of Asshur**.
+> > “The name of the third river is Tigris. **It flows east of Asshur**.

translate/figs-infostructure/01.md

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ In this verse, the most important part of the information is first, that “woe
 
 ### Translation Strategies
 
-(1) Study how your language arranges the parts of a sentence, and use that order in your translation.   
+(1) Study how your language arranges the parts of a sentence, and use that order in your translation.  
 (2) Study where your language puts the new or important information, and rearrange the order of information so that it follows the way it is done in your language.
 
 ### Translation Strategies Applied
@@ -62,4 +62,4 @@ If your language puts the important information last, you can change the order o
 
 If your language puts the important information last, you can change the order of the verse.
 
-> > When all men speak well of you, which is just as people’s ancestors treated the false prophets, then woe to you!
+> > When all men speak well of you, which is just as people’s ancestors treated the false prophets, then woe to you!

translate/figs-intro/01.md

@@ -40,4 +40,4 @@ Listed below are different types of Figures of Speech. If you would like additio
 
 * **[Simile](../figs-simile/01.md)** – A simile is a comparison of two things that are not normally thought to be similar. It focuses on a particular trait that the two items have in common, and it includes words such as “like,” “as,” or “than” to make the comparison explicit.
 
-* **[Synecdoche](../figs-synecdoche/01.md)** – Synecdoche is a figure of speech in which (1) the name of a part of something is used to refer to the whole thing, or (2) the name of a whole thing is used to refer to just one part of it.
+* **[Synecdoche](../figs-synecdoche/01.md)** – Synecdoche is a figure of speech in which (1) the name of a part of something is used to refer to the whole thing, or (2) the name of a whole thing is used to refer to just one part of it.

translate/figs-irony/01.md

@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ The Corinthians considered themselves to be very wise, self-sufficient, and not
 
 If the irony would be understood correctly in your language, translate it as it is stated. If not, here are some other strategies.
 
-(1) Translate it in a way that shows that the speaker is saying what someone else believes.   
+(1) Translate it in a way that shows that the speaker is saying what someone else believes.  
 (2) The irony is **not** found in the literal words of the speaker, but instead the true meaning is found in the opposite of the literal meaning of the speaker’s words.
 
 ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
@@ -66,4 +66,4 @@ If the irony would be understood correctly in your language, translate it as it
 > **Undoubtedly you know, for you were born then;**
 > **the number of your days is so large!**” (Job 38:20-21 ULT)
 >
-> > Can you lead light and darkness to their places of work? Can you find the way back to their houses for them? **You act like you know how light and darkness were created, as if you were there; as if you are as old as creation, but you are not**!
+> > Can you lead light and darkness to their places of work? Can you find the way back to their houses for them? **You act like you know how light and darkness were created, as if you were there; as if you are as old as creation, but you are not**!

translate/figs-litany/01.md

@@ -18,8 +18,8 @@ In this passage Yahweh is telling the people of Edom all the things they should
 
 ### Translation Strategies
 
-(1). A good strategy for showing how a litany conveys its meaning may be to format it on the page in a certain way. Often in the Bible there will be a general statement at the beginning or end of a litany that sums up its overall meaning. You can format that statement and the litany in a way appropriate to your language that will show that by listing all of the components of a thing, the litany is making a comprehensive statement equivalent to this general statement.    
-(2) Also in terms of formatting, if each sentence in the litany has two parts, you can decide whether it would be clearer to put both of these parts on the same line or to put them on separate lines.   
+(1). A good strategy for showing how a litany conveys its meaning may be to format it on the page in a certain way. Often in the Bible there will be a general statement at the beginning or end of a litany that sums up its overall meaning. You can format that statement and the litany in a way appropriate to your language that will show that by listing all of the components of a thing, the litany is making a comprehensive statement equivalent to this general statement.  
+(2) Also in terms of formatting, if each sentence in the litany has two parts, you can decide whether it would be clearer to put both of these parts on the same line or to put them on separate lines.  
 (3) You can eliminate words like “and,” “but,” and “or” at the beginning of sentences so that it will be clearer that the component parts of a thing are all being listed in a row.
 
 ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
@@ -34,4 +34,4 @@ In this passage Yahweh is telling the people of Edom all the things they should
 
 > Not one of them will get away, not one of them will escape:
 >
-> Though they dig into Sheol, there my hand will take them. Though they climb up to heaven, there I will bring them down. Though they hide on the top of Carmel, there I will search and take them. Though they are hidden from my sight in the bottom of the sea, there will I give orders to the serpent, and it will bite them. Though they go into captivity, driven by their enemies before them, there will I give orders to the sword, and it will kill them. (Amos 9:1b–4 ULT)
+> Though they dig into Sheol, there my hand will take them. Though they climb up to heaven, there I will bring them down. Though they hide on the top of Carmel, there I will search and take them. Though they are hidden from my sight in the bottom of the sea, there will I give orders to the serpent, and it will bite them. Though they go into captivity, driven by their enemies before them, there will I give orders to the sword, and it will kill them. (Amos 9:1b–4 ULT)

translate/figs-litotes/01.md

@@ -38,4 +38,4 @@ If the litotes would be understood correctly, consider using it.
 
 > Now when it became day, there was **no small disturbance** among the soldiers over what therefore had happened to Peter. (Acts 12:18 ULT)
 > > “Now when it became day, there was **great excitement** among the soldiers, regarding what had happened to Peter.”
-> > “Now when it became day, the soldiers were **very concerned** because of what had happened to Peter.”
+> > “Now when it became day, the soldiers were **very concerned** because of what had happened to Peter.”

translate/figs-merism/01.md

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ The bolded phrase is merism because it speaks of old people and young people and
 
 If the merism would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consider using it. If not, here are other options:
 
-(1) Identify what the merism refers to without mentioning the parts.
+(1) Identify what the merism refers to without mentioning the parts.  
 (2) Identify what the merism refers to and include the parts.
 
 ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
@@ -51,5 +51,3 @@ If the merism would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, cons
 
 > He will bless those who honor him, both **young and old**. (Psalm 115:13 ULT)
 > > He will bless **all those** who honor him, regardless of whether they are **young or old**.
-
-

translate/figs-metaphor/01.md

@@ -108,19 +108,14 @@ If people would understand the metaphor in the same way that the original reader
 
 If people do not or would not understand it, here are some other strategies.
 
-(1) If the metaphor is a common expression in the source language or expresses a patterned pair of concepts in a biblical language (that is, it is a passive metaphor), then express the **Idea** in the simplest way preferred by your language.
-
-(2) If the metaphor seems to be an active metaphor, you can translate it literally **if you think that the target language also uses this metaphor in the same way to mean the same thing as in the Bible**. If you do this, be sure to test it to make sure that the language community understands it correctly.
-
-(3) If the target audience does not realize that it is a metaphor, then change the metaphor to a simile. Some languages do this by adding words such as “like” or “as.” See [Simile](../figs-simile/01.md).
-
-(4) If the target audience would not know the **Image**, see [Translate Unknowns](../translate-unknown/01.md) for ideas on how to translate that image.
-
-(5) If the target audience would not use that **Image** for that meaning, use an image from your own culture instead. Be sure that it is an image that could have been possible in Bible times.
-
-(6) If the target audience would not know what the **Topic** is, then state the topic clearly. (However, do not do this if the original audience did not know what the Topic was.)
-
-(7) If the target audience would not know the intended similarity (the **Idea**) between the topic and the image, then state it clearly. (8) If none of these strategies is satisfactory, then simply state the **Idea** plainly without using a metaphor.
+(1) If the metaphor is a common expression in the source language or expresses a patterned pair of concepts in a biblical language (that is, it is a passive metaphor), then express the **Idea** in the simplest way preferred by your language.  
+(2) If the metaphor seems to be an active metaphor, you can translate it literally **if you think that the target language also uses this metaphor in the same way to mean the same thing as in the Bible**. If you do this, be sure to test it to make sure that the language community understands it correctly.  
+(3) If the target audience does not realize that it is a metaphor, then change the metaphor to a simile. Some languages do this by adding words such as “like” or “as.” See [Simile](../figs-simile/01.md).  
+(4) If the target audience would not know the **Image**, see [Translate Unknowns](../translate-unknown/01.md) for ideas on how to translate that image.  
+(5) If the target audience would not use that **Image** for that meaning, use an image from your own culture instead. Be sure that it is an image that could have been possible in Bible times.  
+(6) If the target audience would not know what the **Topic** is, then state the topic clearly. (However, do not do this if the original audience did not know what the Topic was.)  
+(7) If the target audience would not know the intended similarity (the **Idea**) between the topic and the image, then state it clearly.  
+(8) If none of these strategies is satisfactory, then simply state the **Idea** plainly without using a metaphor.
 
 ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
 
@@ -180,4 +175,4 @@ We made no change to this one, but it must be tested to make sure that the targe
 > > I will make you to become **people who gather men**.
 > > Now you gather fish. I will make you **gather people**.
 
-To learn more about specific metaphors, see [Biblical Imagery – Common Patterns](../bita-part1/01.md).
+To learn more about specific metaphors, see [Biblical Imagery – Common Patterns](../bita-part1/01.md).

translate/figs-metonymy/01.md

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ The word “wrath” or “anger” is a metonym for “punishment.” God was e
 
 If people would easily understand the metonym, consider using it. Otherwise, here are some options.
 
-(1) Use the metonym along with the name of the thing it represents.
+(1) Use the metonym along with the name of the thing it represents.  
 (2) Use only the name of the thing the metonym represents.
 
 ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
@@ -62,4 +62,4 @@ This verse also contains a second metonym: The cup, (representing the wine it co
 >
 > > “Who warned you to flee from God’s coming **punishment**?”
 
-To learn about some common metonymies, see [Biblical Imagery – Common Metonymies](../bita-part2/01.md).
+To learn about some common metonymies, see [Biblical Imagery – Common Metonymies](../bita-part2/01.md).

translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md

@@ -46,4 +46,4 @@ If your language uses adjectives as nouns to refer to a class of people, conside
 > > The scepter of wickedness must not rule in the land of **righteous people**.
 
 > Blessed are **the meek**. (Matthew 5:5a ULT)
-> > Blessed are **people who are meek**.
+> > Blessed are **people who are meek**.

translate/figs-order/01.md

@@ -82,4 +82,4 @@ Word order can also change
 * Translate the sentence so that the meaning is accurate and clear and so that it sounds natural.
 
 
-You may also want to watch the video at http://ufw.io/figs_order.
+You may also want to watch the video at http://ufw.io/figs_order.