richmahn_en_tn/en_tn_66-JUD.tsv

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2JUDfrontintroxh5n0# Introduction to Jude<br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of the Book of Jude<br><br>1. Introduction (1:1-2)<br>1. Warning against false teachers (1:3-4)<br>1. Old Testament examples (1:5-16)<br>1. Proper response (1:17-23)<br>1. Praises to God (1:24-25)<br><br>### Who wrote the Book of Jude?<br><br>The author identified himself as Jude the brother of James. Both Jude and James were half-brothers of Jesus. It is unknown whether this letter was intended for a specific church.<br><br>### What is the Book of Jude about?<br><br>Jude wrote this letter to warn believers against false teachers. Jude often referred to the Old Testament. This may suggest that Jude was writing to a Jewish Christian audience. This letter and 2 Petter have similar content. They both speak about angels, Sodom and Gomorrah, and false teachers.<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, “Jude.” Or they may choose a clearer title, such as “The Letter from Jude” or “The Letter Jude Wrote.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### Who were the people Jude spoke against?<br><br>It is possible that the people Jude spoke against were those who would become known as Gnostics. These teachers distorted the teachings of scripture for their own gain. They lived in immoral ways and taught others to do the same.<br>
3JUD11ek3qfigs-you0General Information:Jude identifies himself as the writer of this letter and greets his readers. He was probably the half-brother of Jesus. There are two other Judes mentioned in the New Testament. The word “you” in this letter refers to the Christians to whom Jude was writing and is always plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
4JUD11npc3translate-namesἸούδας, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ δοῦλος1Jude, a servant ofJude is the brother of James. Alternate translation: “I am Jude, a servant of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
5JUD11m3v1ἀδελφὸς…Ἰακώβου1brother of JamesJames and Jude were half brothers of Jesus.
6JUD12r5aefigs-abstractnounsἔλεος ὑμῖν, καὶ εἰρήνη, καὶ ἀγάπη πληθυνθείη1May mercy and peace and love be multiplied to you“may mercy, peace, and love be increased many times for you.” These ideas are spoken of as if they were objects that could grow in size or number. This can be restate to remove the abstract nouns “mercy,” “peace,” and “love.” Alternate translation: “May God continue to be merciful to you so that you live peacefully and love one another more and more (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
7JUD13kjk6figs-inclusive0General Information:The word “our” in this letter includes both Jude and believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
8JUD13yfa80Connecting Statement:Jude tells the believers his reason for writing this letter.
9JUD13mi3wτῆς κοινῆς ἡμῶν σωτηρίας1our common salvation“the salvation we share”
10JUD13si1uἀνάγκην ἔσχον γράψαι1I had to write“I felt a great need to write” or “I felt an urgent need to write”
11JUD13yyf4παρακαλῶν ἐπαγωνίζεσθαι τῇ…πίστει1to exhort you to struggle earnestly for the faith“to encourage you to defend the true teaching”
12JUD13j67uἅπαξ1once for all“finally and completely”
13JUD14v94iπαρεισέδυσαν γάρ τινες ἄνθρωποι1For certain men have slipped in secretly among you“For some men have come in among the believers without drawing attention to themselves”
14JUD14wwz3figs-activepassiveοἱ…προγεγραμμένοι εἰς…τὸ κρίμα1men who were marked out for condemnationThis can also be put into the active voice. Alternate translation: “men whom God chose to condemn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
15JUD14c642figs-metaphorτὴν τοῦ Θεοῦ ἡμῶν χάριτα μετατιθέντες εἰς ἀσέλγειαν1who have changed the grace of our God into sensualityGods grace is spoken of as if it were a thing that could be changed into something horrible. Alternate translation: “who teach that Gods grace permits one to continue to live in sexual sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
16JUD14ws1bτὸν μόνον Δεσπότην καὶ Κύριον ἡμῶν, Ἰησοῦν Χριστὸν, ἀρνούμενοι1deny our only Master and Lord, Jesus ChristPossible meanings are 1) they teach that he is not God or 2) these men do not obey Jesus Christ.
17JUD15fa5e0Connecting Statement:Jude gives examples from the past of those who did not follow the Lord.
18JUD15f4mmἸησοῦς λαὸν ἐκ γῆς Αἰγύπτου σώσας1Jesus saved a people out of the land of Egypt“the Lord rescued the Israelites long ago from Egypt”
19JUD16pt1kτὴν ἑαυτῶν ἀρχὴν1their own position of authority“the responsibilities God entrusted to them”
20JUD16s3cnδεσμοῖς ἀϊδίοις ὑπὸ ζόφον τετήρηκεν1God has kept them in everlasting chains, in utter darkness“God has put these angels in a dark prison from which they will never escape”
21JUD16s1j9figs-metonymyζόφον1utter darknessHere “darkness” is a metonym which represents the place of the dead or hell. Alternate translation: “in utter darkness in hell” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
22JUD16ccz6μεγάλης ἡμέρας1the great daythe final day when God will judge everyone
23JUD17yn36figs-metonymyαἱ περὶ αὐτὰς πόλεις1the cities around themHere “cities” stands for the people who lived in them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
24JUD17r3e9τὸν ὅμοιον τρόπον τούτοις ἐκπορνεύσασαι1also indulged themselvesThe sexual sins of Sodom and Gomorrah were the result of the same kind of rebellion as the angels evil ways.
25JUD17pi4tδεῖγμα…δίκην ὑπέχουσαι1as examples of those who suffer the punishmentThe destruction of the people of Sodom and Gomorrah became an example of the fate of all who reject God.
26JUD18ujs2οὗτοι ἐνυπνιαζόμενοι1these dreamersthe people who disobey God, probably because they claimed to see visions that gave them authority to do so
27JUD18ez4lfigs-metaphorσάρκα μὲν μιαίνουσιν1pollute their bodiesThis metaphor says that their sin makes their bodies—that is, their actions—unacceptable the way garbage in a stream makes the water undrinkable. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
28JUD18e73kβλασφημοῦσιν1say slanderous things“speak insults”
29JUD18pn3jδόξας1glorious onesThis refers to spiritual beings, such as angels.
30JUD19rmg90General Information:Balaam was a prophet who refused to curse Israel for an enemy but then taught that enemy to get the people to marry unbelievers and become idol worshipers. Korah was a man of Israel who rebelled against Moses leadership and Aarons priesthood.
31JUD19uzj1οὐκ ἐτόλμησεν…ἐπενεγκεῖν1did not dare to bring“controlled himself. He did not bring” or “was not willing to bring”
32JUD19kib4κρίσιν…βλασφημίας1a slanderous judgment“an evil-speaking judgment” or “an evil judgment”
33JUD19v9fhκρίσιν ἐπενεγκεῖν βλασφημίας1bring a slanderous judgment against“say evil, untrue things about”
34JUD110h6sqοὗτοι1these peoplethe ungodly people
35JUD110fjm5ὅσα μὲν οὐκ οἴδασιν1whatever they do not understand“anything of which they do not know the meaning.” Possible meanings are 1) “everything good that they do not understand” or 2) “the glorious ones, which they do not understand” ([Jude 1:8](../01/08.md)).
36JUD111j3g9figs-metaphorτῇ ὁδῷ τοῦ Κάϊν ἐπορεύθησαν1walked in the way of Cain“Walked in the way” here is a metaphor for “lived in the same way as.” Alternate translation: “lived the same way Cain lived” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
37JUD112s4az0Connecting Statement:Jude uses a series of metaphors to describe the ungodly men. He tells the believers how to recognize these men when they are among them.
38JUD112r875οὗτοί εἰσιν οἱ1These are the onesThe word “These” refers to the “ungodly men” of [Jude 1:4](../01/04.md).
39JUD112e25dfigs-metaphorσπιλάδες1hidden reefsReefs are large rocks that are very close to the surface of water in the sea. Because sailors cannot see them, they are very dangerous. Ships can easily be destroyed if they hit these rocks. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
40JUD112zk57figs-metaphorδὶς ἀποθανόντα ἐκριζωθέντα1twice dead, torn up by the rootsA tree that someone has uprooted is a metaphor for death. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
41JUD112t28pfigs-metaphorἐκριζωθέντα1torn up by the rootsLike trees that have been completely pulled out of the ground by their roots, the ungodly people have been separated from God, who is the source of life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
42JUD113e4rmfigs-metaphorκύματα ἄγρια θαλάσσης1violent waves in the seaAs the seas waves are blown by a strong wind, so the ungodly people are easily moved in many directions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
43JUD113fgr9figs-metaphorἐπαφρίζοντα τὰς ἑαυτῶν αἰσχύνας1foaming out their own shameAs wind causes wild waves to stir up dirty foam—so these men, through their false teaching and actions, shame themselves. Alternate translation: “and just as waves bring up foam and dirt, these men pollute others with their shame” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
44JUD113r6rjfigs-metaphorἀστέρες πλανῆται1They are wandering starsThose who studied the stars in ancient times noticed that what we call planets do not move the way that stars do. Alternate translation: “They are like moving stars” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
45JUD113djm4figs-metonymyοἷς ὁ ζόφος τοῦ σκότους εἰς αἰῶνα τετήρηται1for whom the gloom of thick darkness has been reserved foreverHere “darkness” is a metonym that represents the place of the dead or hell. Here “thick darkness” is an idiom that means “very dark.” The phrase “has been reserved” can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “and God will put them in the gloom and darkness of hell forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
46JUD114e5wvἕβδομος ἀπὸ Ἀδὰμ1the seventh from AdamIf Adam is counted as the first generation of mankind, Enoch is the seventh. If Adams son is counted as the first, Enoch is sixth in line.
47JUD114lu2yἰδοὺ1Look“Listen” or “Pay attention to this important thing I am going to say”
48JUD115bl4qποιῆσαι κρίσιν κατὰ1to execute judgment on“to make judgment on” or “to judge”
49JUD116zs28γογγυσταί μεμψίμοιροι1grumblers, complainersPeople who do not want to obey and speak against godly authority. “Grumblers” tend to speak quietly, while “complainers” speak openly.
50JUD116eaf2λαλεῖ ὑπέρογκα1loud boastersPeople who praise themselves so that others can hear.
51JUD116j8rhθαυμάζοντες πρόσωπα1flatter others“give false praise to others”
52JUD118w1mxfigs-metaphorκατὰ τὰς ἑαυτῶν ἐπιθυμίας πορευόμενοι τῶν ἀσεβειῶν1will follow their own ungodly desiresThese people are spoken of as if their desires were kings who ruled over them. Alternate translation: “are never able to stop dishonoring God by doing the evil things they wish to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
53JUD118j5m4figs-metaphorκατὰ τὰς ἑαυτῶν ἐπιθυμίας πορευόμενοι τῶν ἀσεβειῶν1will follow their own ungodly desiresUngodly desires are spoken of as if they were a path that a person will follow. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
54JUD119r28jοὗτοί εἰσιν1It is these“It is these mockers” or “These mockers are the ones”
55JUD119ba6ufigs-metaphorψυχικοί1are worldlythink as other ungodly people think, they value the things that unbelievers value (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
56JUD119qn4pΠνεῦμα μὴ ἔχοντες1they do not have the SpiritThe Holy Spirit is spoken of as if he were something that people can possess. Alternate translation: “the Spirit is not within them”
57JUD120e3ga0Connecting Statement:Jude tells the believers how they should live and how they should treat others.
58JUD120xm93ὑμεῖς δέ, ἀγαπητοί1But you, beloved“Do not be like them, beloved. Instead”
59JUD120cc68figs-metaphorἐποικοδομοῦντες ἑαυτοὺς1build yourselves upBecoming increasingly able to trust in God and obey him is spoken of as if it were the process of constructing a building. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
60JUD121zd2cfigs-metaphorἑαυτοὺς ἐν ἀγάπῃ Θεοῦ τηρήσατε1Keep yourselves in Gods loveRemaining able to receive Gods love is spoken of as if one were keeping oneself in a certain place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
61JUD121s6w6προσδεχόμενοι1wait for“eagerly look forward to”
62JUD121p3bwfigs-metonymyτὸ ἔλεος τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, εἰς ζωὴν αἰώνιον1the mercy of our Lord Jesus Christ that brings you eternal lifeHere “mercy” stands for Jesus Christ himself, who will show his mercy to the believers by making them live forever with him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
63JUD122wbr5οὓς…διακρινομένους1those who doubt“those who do not yet believe that Jesus is God”
64JUD123wkj9figs-metaphorἐκ πυρὸς ἁρπάζοντες1snatching them out of the fireThe picture is that of pulling people from a fire before they start to burn. Alternate translation: “doing for them whatever needs to be done to keep them from dying without Christ. This is like pulling them from the fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
65JUD123ign7οὓς…ἐλεᾶτε ἐν φόβῳ1To others be merciful with fear“Be kind to others, but be afraid of sinning the way they did”
66JUD123u4pxfigs-hyperboleμισοῦντες καὶ τὸν ἀπὸ τῆς σαρκὸς ἐσπιλωμένον χιτῶνα1Hate even the garment stained by the fleshJude exaggerates to warn his readers that they can become like those sinners. Alternate translation: “Treat them as though you could become guilty of sin just by touching their clothes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
67JUD124r3jx0Connecting Statement:Jude closes with a blessing.
68JUD124w1dcfigs-metaphorστῆσαι κατενώπιον τῆς δόξης αὐτοῦ1to cause you to stand before his glorious presenceHis glory is brilliant light that represents his greatness. Alternate translation: “and to allow you to enjoy and worship his glory” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
69JUD124gq9efigs-metaphorτῆς δόξης αὐτοῦ ἀμώμους ἐν1glorious presence without blemish and withHere sin is spoken of as if it were dirt on ones body or a flaw on ones body. Alternate translation: “glorious presence, where you will be without sin and have” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
70JUD125a3uaμόνῳ Θεῷ Σωτῆρι ἡμῶν, διὰ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν1to the only God our Savior through Jesus Christ our Lord“to the only God, who saved us because of what Jesus Christ did.” This emphasizes that God the Father as well as the Son is the Savior.
71JUD125kql5δόξα, μεγαλωσύνη, κράτος, καὶ ἐξουσία, πρὸ παντὸς τοῦ αἰῶνος, καὶ νῦν, καὶ εἰς πάντας τοὺς αἰῶνας. ἀμήν1be glory, majesty, dominion, and power, before all time, now, and forevermoreGod has always had, now has, and always will have glory, absolute leadership, and complete control of all things.