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| 1 | Book | Chapter | Verse | ID | SupportReference | OrigQuote | Occurrence | GLQuote | OccurrenceNote |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | EXO | front | intro | b4pp | 0 | # Introduction to Exodus<br><br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of Exodus<br><br>1. Israel in Egypt; preparing to depart from slavery (1–12)<br> * First genealogy (1:1–6)<br> * Israel as slaves in Egypt (1:7–22)<br> * Moses’ history to the time of the Exodus (2:1–4:26)<br> * Israel suffers in Egypt (4:27–6:13)<br> * Second genealogy (6:14–27)<br> * Moses and Aaron go to Pharaoh (6:28–7:25)<br> * The plagues (8:1–11:10)<br>2. Instructions for celebrating the Passover (12:1–30)<br>3. From Egypt to Mount Sinai (12:31–18:27)<br> * The Passover; preparing to leave Egypt; leaving Egypt (12:31–50, 13:1–22)<br> * Journey from Egypt to Mount Sinai (14:1–18:27)<br>4. Mount Sinai and the Law (19-40)<br> * Preparing for the covenant (19:1–25)<br> * The Ten Commandments (20:1–17)<br> * The covenant described (20:18–23:33)<br> * The people agree to the covenant; Moses returns to Mount Sinai (24:1–18)<br> * Design of the Dwelling and its furnishings; what was required of those who serve in it; dwelling functions (25:1–31:18)<br> * The golden calf; Moses prays for the people (32:1–33:22)<br> * The covenant described again (34:1–35)<br> * Making of the ark and its furnishings (35:1–38:31) and priestly garments (39:1–43, 40:1–33)<br> * The cloud (40:34–38)<br><br>### What is the book of Exodus about?<br><br>Exodus continues the story of the previous book, Genesis. The first half of Exodus is about how Yahweh made Abraham’s descendants into a nation. This nation, which would be called “Israel,” was meant to belong to Yahweh and worship him. The second half of Exodus describes how God gave the Israelites his law through Moses. The law of Moses told the Israelites how to obey and worship Yahweh properly.<br><br>The book of Exodus tells how the Israelites were to build the Dwelling. The Dwelling was a tent where Yahweh would be among his people. The Israelites worshiped and sacrificed animals to Yahweh at the Dwelling. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tabernacle]])<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>“Exodus” means “exit” or “departure.” Translators may translate this title in a way that can communicate its subject clearly, for example, “About the Israelites Leaving Egypt” or “How the Israelites Left the Land of Egypt.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>### Who wrote the book of Exodus?<br><br>The writers of both the Old and New Testaments present Moses as being very involved with writing the book of Exodus. Since ancient times, both Jews and Christians have thought that Moses wrote Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy.<br><br>### Why did Moses write so much about God delivering or rescuing the people of Israel?<br><br>Moses wrote much about God rescuing his people from the Egyptians to show that Yahweh is very powerful. Egypt was a very powerful nation in the region at that time, but Yahweh was still able to free the Israelites from the Egyptians. Also, by rescuing the Israelites, Yahweh showed that he had chosen them as his people and that they should worship him.<br><br>### How does the book of Exodus show the fulfillment of the promises given to Abraham?<br><br>The book of Exodus shows God beginning to fulfill his promise to Abraham. In Genesis, God promised Abraham that he would have many descendants and that they would become a large nation. When God rescued the Israelites from the Egyptians, he took them to Mount Sinai. There he made a covenant with them, and they became the nation that belonged to Yahweh.<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### What was the Jewish Passover?<br><br>The Jewish Passover was a religious festival. Yahweh commanded the Israelites to celebrate it every year. Passover was a time to remember how God rescued Israel from the Egyptians. The first Passover meal was eaten in the evening just before they left Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/passover]])<br><br>### What was the law of Moses to the people of Israel?<br><br>The law of Moses instructed the people of Israel about what Yahweh required them to do as his people. In the law, God told the people how they should live so that they would honor him. He also instructed them about their need to offer animal sacrifices. God required these sacrifices so that he could forgive their sins and continue living among them. The law also described the duties of the priests and told how to build the Dwelling.<br><br>### What did it mean that Israel was to be a “kingdom of priests and a holy nation” ([19:6](../19/06.md) ULT)?<br><br>Israel was a holy nation because Yahweh separated them from all other nations to belong to him. They were to honor and worship him only. This made them different from all the other nations of the world; the other nations worshiped many false gods.<br><br>## Part 3: Important Translation Issues<br><br>### Thus says Yahweh<br><br>This phrase is used many times in the Old Testament to introduce Yahweh’s speech. Your team should pick a standard translation. See [4:intro](../04/intro.md) for more.<br><br>### Pharaoh’s stubborn heart<br><br>Between chapters 4 and 14, there are 18 cases where Pharaoh’s heart is described as strong (11x), heavy (6x), or hard (1x), and one case where the Egyptians’ hearts are described as strong. These are metaphors for being stubborn, that is, being unwilling to obey Yahweh or even to do what is clearly in his own and Egypt’s best interest. Many cultures have similar metaphors, but not all will use the same body part. Within these cases, six times there is a neutral description that Pharaoh was stubborn, without saying anyone made him so ([7:13](../07/13.md), [7:14](../07/14.md), [7:22](../07/22.md), [8:19](../08/19.md), [9:7](../09/07.md), [9:35](../09/35.md)); three times Pharaoh makes himself stubborn ([8:15](../08/15.md), [8:32](../08/32.md), [9:34](../09/34.md)); and ten times Yahweh makes Pharaoh/the Egyptians stubborn ([4:21](../04/21.md), [7:3](../07/03.md), [9:12](../09/12.md), [10:1](../10/01.md), [10:20](../10/20.md), [10:27](../10/27.md), [11:10](../11/10.md), [14:4](../14/04.md), [14:8](../14/08.md), [14:17](../14/17.md)).<br><br>### Why are the details of the construction of the Dwelling in Exodus 25–32 repeated in Exodus 35–40?<br><br>In Exodus 25–32, God describes exactly how the Dwelling was to be built. The details were repeated in Exodus 35–40 in the description of the actual construction. This showed that the people were careful to do exactly as God commanded.<br><br>### Are the events in the order that they actually happened?<br><br>Most, but not all, of the events in the book of Exodus are told in the order that they actually happened. Translators may need to make it clear when the events are in an unusual order.<br><br>### What does it mean that God “lived” among his people?<br><br>The book of Exodus presents God as living in the Dwelling among the nation of Israel. God is everywhere, but he lived among the Israelites in a special way. God dwelled with the Israelites because they belonged to him. He promised to lead them and bless them. In return, the people were to worship him and honor him. | |||
| 3 | EXO | 1 | intro | cj55 | 0 | # Exodus 01 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and Formatting<br><br>This chapter is intended to form a smooth transition from the last chapter of the book of Genesis.<br><br>- v. 1-7: Jacob’s family grows<br>- v. 8-22: Pharaoh oppresses the Israelites and tries to limit the Israelites’ growth<br><br>## Special Concepts in this Chapter<br><br>### Israel’s growth<br><br>Israel grew in number. This was the beginning of God’s fulfilling his promises to Abraham. It also caused the Pharaoh to worry that there would be more Israelites than Egyptians, with the result that the Egyptians would be unable to defend themselves against so many people. Pharaoh tried to kill all of the male babies so they would not become soldiers who fought against him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])<br><br>## Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter<br><br>- “All of the descendants of Jacob were 70 in number”<br>This number included both Jacob’s children and grandchildren. It may cause confusion, but it is important to remember Jacob only had 12 sons.<br>- Starting from verse 7, the terms **Hebrews** and **sons of Israel** both refer to the Israelite nation or people group.<br>- God blesses the Hebrew midwives for lying to the wicked Pharaoh. Translators should not attempt to hide this. They showed that they feared God by disobeying a wicked order in order to preserve the lives of God’s people. They “acted wisely toward him” (or shrewdly, see [1:10](../01/10.md)) by lying to foil Pharaoh.<br>- Pharaoh is a specifically Egyptian word for their kings (and queens). | |||
| 4 | EXO | 1 | 1 | h51f | writing-background | 0 | Verses 1–7 are background information for the story. Use the natural form in your language for expressing background information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) | ||
| 5 | EXO | 1 | 1 | fxbx | figs-go | הַבָּאִ֖ים…בָּֽאוּ | 1 | The words translated as **came in** could also be translated as “went in.” Use whichever form is most natural in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) | |
| 6 | EXO | 1 | 1 | e65z | translate-names | יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל…יַעֲקֹ֔ב | 1 | **Jacob** and **Israel** are two names for the same man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
| 7 | EXO | 1 | 1 | g89k | figs-metonymy | וּבֵית֖וֹ | 1 | household | Here, **house** refers to all of the people who live together, usually a large family with servants. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “and his household” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 8 | EXO | 1 | 5 | uk67 | figs-metonymy | וַֽיְהִ֗י כָּל־נֶ֛פֶשׁ יֹצְאֵ֥י יֶֽרֶךְ־יַעֲקֹ֖ב שִׁבְעִ֣ים נָ֑פֶשׁ | 1 | household | Here, **lives** refers to people (specifically, men); **going out of the loins of Jacob** is a reference to these people as being in his seed or semen and produced through his sexual acts–therefore meaning they are his descendants. See also Hebrews 7:9-10. Alternate translation: “And all the male descendants of Jacob numbered 70.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 9 | EXO | 1 | 6 | sh42 | grammar-connect-time-sequential | וַיָּ֤מָת | 1 | They did not die immediately. Jacob and his sons spent the rest of their lives in Egypt and died there. If necessary, use a transition word that conveys that some time passed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]]) | |
| 10 | EXO | 1 | 6 | g5qg | translate-kinship | וְכָל־אֶחָ֔יו | 1 | all his brothers | **All his brothers** includes ten older brothers and one younger brother. If your language has different words for those, you can say, “his ten older brothers and his younger brother” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship]]) |
| 11 | EXO | 1 | 7 | c368 | figs-metonymy | וּבְנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל | 1 | This is the first of many times in this book that **sons of Israel** refers to the Israelite nation or people. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “And the people of Israel” or “And the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 12 | EXO | 1 | 7 | c7ep | figs-doublet | פָּר֧וּ וַֽיִּשְׁרְצ֛וּ וַיִּרְבּ֥וּ וַיַּֽעַצְמ֖וּ | 1 | All of these verbs mean similar things; they are used together to emphasize that the Israelites became very numerous. If your language doesn’t have as many words that mean the same thing, you can use fewer words and express the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “had many children and became strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) | |
| 13 | EXO | 1 | 7 | uo65 | פָּר֧וּ…וַיִּרְבּ֥וּ…וַתִּמָּלֵ֥א הָאָ֖רֶץ | 1 | Compare your translation of **fruitful … and multiplied … and the land was filled** here to Genesis 1:28, 9:1, 9:7, and especially Genesis 35:11 where God renamed Jacob to be called Israel. | ||
| 14 | EXO | 1 | 7 | nk2l | figs-metaphor | פָּר֧וּ וַֽיִּשְׁרְצ֛וּ | 1 | were fruitful | The birth of children to the Israelites is spoken of as if they were plants that were producing fruit and causing new plants to grow around them. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “had many children” or “gave birth to many children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 15 | EXO | 1 | 7 | x97m | figs-abstractnouns | בִּמְאֹ֣ד מְאֹ֑ד | 1 | were fruitful | If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **greatness** in another way. Alternate translation: “and were very great” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 16 | EXO | 1 | 7 | r2f1 | figs-activepassive | וַתִּמָּלֵ֥א הָאָ֖רֶץ אֹתָֽם | 1 | the land was filled with them | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language Alternate translation: “and they filled the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 17 | EXO | 1 | 7 | e110 | figs-idiom | בִּמְאֹ֣ד מְאֹ֑ד | 1 | Here the same word is used twice to emphasize how many the Israelite people had become. If your language does not repeat words like this, express the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “with much power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
| 18 | EXO | 1 | 7 | piq4 | writing-pronouns | אֹתָֽם | 1 | with them | Here, **them** refers to the Israelites. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) |
| 19 | EXO | 1 | 8 | eu8y | writing-newevent | וַיָּ֥קָם | 1 | This introduces a new event that happened some time after the events the story has just related. The story does not say how long after those events this new event happened. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) | |
| 20 | EXO | 1 | 8 | d20y | writing-participants | מֶֽלֶךְ־חָדָ֖שׁ | 1 | The story begins with the new king. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new character.(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) | |
| 21 | EXO | 1 | 8 | t6jd | figs-metonymy | וַיָּ֥קָם מֶֽלֶךְ־חָדָ֖שׁ עַל־מִצְרָ֑יִם | 1 | arose over Egypt | Here, **Egypt** refers to the place and the people of Egypt. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “And a new king began to rule over the Egyptians and the country of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 22 | EXO | 1 | 8 | dnkw | figs-metonymy | לֹֽא־יָדַ֖ע אֶת־יוֹסֵֽף | 1 | Here, **Joseph** refers to both the person Joseph and to all of the good things that he did for Egypt. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 23 | EXO | 1 | 9 | aku3 | figs-exclamations | הִנֵּ֗ה | 1 | **Behold** draws special attention to what is about to be said. Use a way of drawing people’s attention that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Listen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) | |
| 24 | EXO | 1 | 9 | x65i | figs-possession | עַמּ֑וֹ | 1 | his people | The people whom the king rules over and who are also part of his group (probably shared ethnicity, tribe, or clan) rather than the Israelite group are spoken of as if they belonged to the king. This is an instance of the possessive of social relationship. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) |
| 25 | EXO | 1 | 9 | t7s1 | עַמּ֑וֹ | 1 | There is some ambiguity as to whom exactly Pharaoh was addressing. It could have been: (1) the people who lived in Egypt, the Egyptians or (2) some group of “his people” like his advisors, generals, nobles, or friends and family. Even if option 1 is meant, it is quite possible that he actually spoke to some smaller group of representatives, as in option 2. | ||
| 26 | EXO | 1 | 9 | jik8 | מִמֶּֽנּוּ | 1 | Use a way that is natural in your language to compare non-specific sizes of groups of people. Alternate translation: “and much greater than us” | ||
| 27 | EXO | 1 | 9 | njuf | figs-quotemarks | הִנֵּ֗ה | 1 | Beginning from **behold** and extending to the end of [verse 10](../01/10.md) is a direct quotation of what the king said. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. There may be other quotations in this chapter; they will be marked by the same punctuation, but they will not have their own notes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
| 28 | EXO | 1 | 10 | hiq4 | figs-exclusive | נִֽתְחַכְּמָ֖ה…שֹׂ֣נְאֵ֔ינוּ…בָּ֖נוּ | 1 | let us | The word **us** is inclusive and refers to the king and his people, the Egyptians. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) |
| 29 | EXO | 1 | 10 | wkvf | grammar-collectivenouns | ל֑וֹ…יִרְבֶּ֗ה…וְנוֹסַ֤ף…הוּא֙…וְנִלְחַם…וְעָלָ֥ה | 1 | let us | Here, **him, he**, and **himself** refer to the Israelite people. The pronouns agree grammatically with the singular “people” in the original. This occurs in many places in Exodus. If this is confusing in your language, you can use the plural, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) |
| 30 | EXO | 1 | 10 | il4u | grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical | פֶּן־יִרְבֶּ֗ה וְהָיָ֞ה כִּֽי־תִקְרֶ֤אנָה מִלְחָמָה֙ | 1 | The king suggests a combination of two hypothetical events: 1. There are even more Israelites, 2. There is a battle. These are followed by a series of undesirable consequences: 3. The Israelites join an enemy, 4. The Israelites attack the Egyptians, 5. The Israelites leave Egypt. While the series of consequences is also technically hypothetical, the king’s language indicates that if 1-2 happen, then 3-5 are certain. Use language that makes it clear that the first two events are hypothetical and that the next three are consequences that could be expected if the first two events happen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]]) | |
| 31 | EXO | 1 | 10 | jc1h | וְעָלָ֥ה מִן־הָאָֽרֶץ | 1 | leave the land | Alternate translation: “and he leaves Egypt” | |
| 32 | EXO | 1 | 11 | y2mi | שָׂרֵ֣י | 1 | taskmasters | **Overseers** were Egyptians whose job it was to force the Israelites to do hard work. | |
| 33 | EXO | 1 | 11 | o926 | מִסִּ֔ים | 1 | Here the plural means groups. Alternative translation: “work crews” | ||
| 34 | EXO | 1 | 11 | l9lj | לְמַ֥עַן עַנֹּת֖וֹ בְּסִבְלֹתָ֑ם | 1 | to oppress them with hard labor | Alternate translation: “to force the Israelites to do hard work for the Egyptians” | |
| 35 | EXO | 1 | 11 | pkz4 | עָרֵ֤י מִסְכְּנוֹת֙ | 1 | store cities | These were places where the leaders put away food and other important things to keep them safe. Alternative translation: “cities in which to put away things to keep them safe” | |
| 36 | EXO | 1 | 11 | dy34 | figs-possession | עָרֵ֤י מִסְכְּנוֹת֙ | 1 | The possessive is objective; storage of goods is what occurs in the cities. Alternate translation: “cities for storing things”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
| 37 | EXO | 1 | 12 | c1fy | grammar-connect-logic-contrast | וְכַאֲשֶׁר֙ יְעַנּ֣וּ אֹת֔וֹ כֵּ֥ן יִרְבֶּ֖ה וְכֵ֣ן יִפְרֹ֑ץ | 1 | This sentence expresses a result that is the opposite of what the king expected. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) | |
| 38 | EXO | 1 | 12 | pdfk | figs-abstractnouns | וַיָּקֻ֕צוּ מִפְּנֵ֖י | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **dread** in another way. Alternate translation: “And they were very afraid of the face of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 39 | EXO | 1 | 12 | qgzz | figs-metonymy | מִפְּנֵ֖י בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל | 1 | Here, **face** figuratively means the presence of a person. The phrase means that the Egyptians were afraid of the Israelites’ existence in their country. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “of the growing Israelite population” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 40 | EXO | 1 | 13 | j1q6 | figs-abstractnouns | וַיַּעֲבִ֧דוּ מִצְרַ֛יִם אֶת־בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל בְּפָֽרֶךְ | 1 | made…work rigorously | Here, **rigor** is a noun used to modify the verb **enslaved**. **Rigor** could refer either to how hard the work was or how unkindly the Egyptians treated the Israelites. If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind it in another way. Alternate translation: “And the Egyptians made the sons of Israel work very hard” or “And harshly, the Egyptians made the sons of Israel work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 41 | EXO | 1 | 14 | mx6v | figs-metaphor | וַיְמָרְר֨וּ אֶת־חַיֵּיהֶ֜ם | 1 | made their lives bitter | The difficult lives of the Israelites are spoken of as if their daily lives were bitter food that was difficult to eat. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “And they made their lives very difficult” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 42 | EXO | 1 | 14 | jre2 | figs-abstractnouns | בַּעֲבֹדָ֣ה קָשָׁ֗ה | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind **slavery** in another way. Alternative translation: “by making them work hard as slaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 43 | EXO | 1 | 14 | cuq7 | translate-unknown | בְּחֹ֨מֶר֙ | 1 | mortar | Mortar is a mixture of lime with cement, sand, and water, used in building to bond bricks or stones. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
| 44 | EXO | 1 | 14 | h5dx | translate-unknown | וּבִלְבֵנִ֔ים | 1 | **Bricks** are blocks made of clay or mud with straw in them. They are hardened in the sun or in another manner before they are used for building.(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) | |
| 45 | EXO | 1 | 14 | gzq7 | אֵ֚ת כָּל־עֲבֹ֣דָתָ֔ם אֲשֶׁר־עָבְד֥וּ בָהֶ֖ם בְּפָֽרֶךְ׃ | 1 | All their required work was hard | See how you translated this in [verse 13](../01/13.md). Alternate translation: “the Egyptians made them work very hard” or “the Egyptians forced them to work very hard” | |
| 46 | EXO | 1 | 14 | ct02 | writing-pronouns | וַיְמָרְר֨וּ…בָהֶ֖ם | 1 | Here, **they** and **them** refer to the Egyptians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
| 47 | EXO | 1 | 14 | acj5 | writing-pronouns | חַיֵּיהֶ֜ם…עֲבֹ֣דָתָ֔ם…עָבְד֥וּ | 1 | Here, **their** and **they** refer to the Israelites. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
| 48 | EXO | 1 | 14 | tqyl | figs-abstractnouns | בְּפָֽרֶךְ | 1 | See how you translated **rigor** in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 49 | EXO | 1 | 15 | yoaj | writing-newevent | 0 | This sentence introduces a new event in the story. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) | ||
| 50 | EXO | 1 | 15 | hhw1 | לַֽמְיַלְּדֹ֖ת | 1 | midwives | **Midwives** were women who helped a pregnant woman give birth to a baby. | |
| 51 | EXO | 1 | 15 | h8f8 | translate-names | שִׁפְרָ֔ה…פּוּעָֽה | 1 | Shiphrah…Puah | **Shiphrah** and **Puah** are women’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
| 52 | EXO | 1 | 15 | h59t | writing-participants | שִׁפְרָ֔ה…פּוּעָֽה | 1 | The midwives are introduced here as new participants in the story. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new character. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) | |
| 53 | EXO | 1 | 16 | t8f5 | וַיֹּ֗אמֶר | 1 | In the UST, the phrase and **the king said**, is combined with “spoke” from [verse 15](../01/15.md) (ULT) because the verb for “say” is used twice before he speaks. Having two speech verbs may be strange in some languages. If it would be unnatural to say that the king spoke or said words twice, you may leave one off. | ||
| 54 | EXO | 1 | 16 | zfcv | figs-youdual | בְּיַלֶּדְכֶן֙…וּרְאִיתֶ֖ן…וַהֲמִתֶּ֣ן | 1 | The king is speaking to the two midwives, so the form of **you** is plural. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a dual or plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) | |
| 55 | EXO | 1 | 16 | h3mb | figs-metonymy | עַל־הָאָבְנָ֑יִם | 1 | on the birthstool | Women sat on this short stool as they gave birth. Therefore, it was associated with birth. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “in the birthing process” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 56 | EXO | 1 | 16 | nms7 | grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical | אִם־בֵּ֥ן הוּא֙ וַהֲמִתֶּ֣ן אֹת֔וֹ וְאִם־בַּ֥ת הִ֖יא וָחָֽיָה | 1 | These two statements are hypothetical conditions (starting at **if**) with instructions for what the midwives should do in each situation (starting at **then**). Use a natural form in your language for hypothetical situations connected to instructions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]]) | |
| 57 | EXO | 1 | 17 | gy7k | grammar-connect-logic-contrast | וַתִּירֶ֤אןָ | 1 | **But** introduces a contrast to what was expected. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) | |
| 58 | EXO | 1 | 18 | y9g5 | לַֽמְיַלְּדֹ֔ת | 1 | midwives | Women whose work is to help other woman give birth to a baby are called **midwives**. See how you translated this in [Exodus 1:15](../01/15.md). | |
| 59 | EXO | 1 | 18 | y73k | figs-quotations | וַיֹּ֣אמֶר לָהֶ֔ן מַדּ֥וּעַ עֲשִׂיתֶ֖ן הַדָּבָ֣ר הַזֶּ֑ה וַתְּחַיֶּ֖יןָ אֶת־הַיְלָדִֽים | 1 | If it would be more natural in your language, you could translate this quotation as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “and he asked them why they were letting the sons live.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) | |
| 60 | EXO | 1 | 18 | q1sy | מַדּ֥וּעַ עֲשִׂיתֶ֖ן הַדָּבָ֣ר הַזֶּ֑ה וַתְּחַיֶּ֖יןָ אֶת־הַיְלָדִֽים | 1 | Why have you done this, and let the baby boys live? | Alternate translation: “Why have you not killed the baby boys?” | |
| 61 | EXO | 1 | 18 | o97u | figs-youdual | עֲשִׂיתֶ֖ן | 1 | This **you** is plural. The king is speaking to the two midwives. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a dual or plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) | |
| 62 | EXO | 1 | 19 | qbvy | grammar-connect-logic-result | כִּ֣י לֹ֧א כַנָּשִׁ֛ים הַמִּצְרִיֹּ֖ת הָֽעִבְרִיֹּ֑ת כִּֽי־חָי֣וֹת הֵ֔נָּה בְּטֶ֨רֶם תָּב֧וֹא אֲלֵהֶ֛ן הַמְיַלֶּ֖דֶת וְיָלָֽדוּ | 1 | The midwives give a reason, **the Hebrew women are not like the Egyptian women**, and then they expand on that reason, **for they are lively** (or energetic), with the result that **before the midwife comes to them, they have given birth.** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
| 63 | EXO | 1 | 19 | cxu1 | figs-synecdoche | וַתֹּאמַ֤רְןָ הַֽמְיַלְּדֹת֙ | 1 | Here, **midwives said** means that a midwife spoke representing the thoughts of the group. It may not make sense in your language to say that multiple people said something, so you may need to translate it in the singular (see UST). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) | |
| 64 | EXO | 1 | 19 | wl8h | הַֽמְיַלְּדֹת֙ | 1 | These were women who helped a woman give birth to a baby. See how you translated this in [Exodus 1:15](../01/15.md). | ||
| 65 | EXO | 1 | 20 | eh25 | לַֽמְיַלְּדֹ֑ת | 1 | midwives | These were women who helped a woman give birth to a baby. See how you translated this in [Exodus 1:15](../01/15.md). | |
| 66 | EXO | 1 | 20 | fj18 | writing-background | וַיִּ֧רֶב הָעָ֛ם וַיַּֽעַצְמ֖וּ מְאֹֽד | 1 | midwives | This sentence gives background information about the events at the time. Use the natural form in your language for expressing background information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) |
| 67 | EXO | 1 | 20 | h133 | figs-doublet | וַיִּ֧רֶב…וַיַּֽעַצְמ֖וּ מְאֹֽד | 1 | The people increased in numbers | These words mean similar things and are used together to emphasize their numeric growth. If your language doesn’t have as many words that mean the same thing, you can use fewer words and express the emphasis in another way. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) |
| 68 | EXO | 1 | 20 | eo1p | grammar-connect-logic-result | וַיֵּ֥יטֶב אֱלֹהִ֖ים לַֽמְיַלְּדֹ֑ת | 1 | This phrase is more logically connected to the statements in verse 21. It describes the result of the midwives fearing God with a general statement. If it would be more natural in your language, you could rearrange verses 20-21 so that the reason (verses 21) comes before both the general and specific results. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
| 69 | EXO | 1 | 21 | de53 | grammar-connect-logic-result | כִּֽי־יָֽרְא֥וּ הַֽמְיַלְּדֹ֖ת אֶת־הָאֱלֹהִ֑ים | 1 | This is the reason for what God did. If it would be more natural in your language, you could rearrange verses 20-21 so that the reason (verses 21) comes before both the general and specific results. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
| 70 | EXO | 1 | 21 | pbve | grammar-connect-logic-result | וַיַּ֥עַשׂ לָהֶ֖ם בָּתִּֽים | 1 | This describes the result of the midwives fearing God with a specific statement. If it would be more natural in your language, you could rearrange verses 20-21 so that the reason (verses 21) comes before both the general and specific results. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
| 71 | EXO | 1 | 21 | jx9c | בָּתִּֽים | 1 | he gave them families | Alternate translation: “households” | |
| 72 | EXO | 1 | 22 | ld1j | figs-explicit | כָּל־הַבֵּ֣ן הַיִּלּ֗וֹד הַיְאֹ֨רָה֙ תַּשְׁלִיכֻ֔הוּ | 1 | You must throw every son…into the river | This order was given in order to drown the male Hebrew children. The full meaning of this may be made explicit. Alternate translation: “You must dispose of each new baby boy in the river so he will drown” or “Drown each baby boy in the river when he is born” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 73 | EXO | 1 | 22 | a6b2 | figs-quotations | וַיְצַ֣ו פַּרְעֹ֔ה לְכָל־עַמּ֖וֹ לֵאמֹ֑ר כָּל־הַבֵּ֣ן הַיִּלּ֗וֹד הַיְאֹ֨רָה֙ תַּשְׁלִיכֻ֔הוּ וְכָל־הַבַּ֖ת תְּחַיּֽוּן | 1 | From **You shall** to the end of the verse is a direct quote of Pharaoh’s speech. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. However, it could be translated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “And Pharaoh commanded all of his people to throw every baby boy into the river, but to let every girl live.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) | |
| 74 | EXO | 1 | 22 | stag | figs-youdual | תַּשְׁלִיכֻ֔הוּ…תְּחַיּֽוּן | 1 | The uses of the word **you** here refer to all the Egyptians. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) | |
| 75 | EXO | 2 | intro | rwf3 | 0 | # Exodus 02 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and Formatting<br><br>- v. 1-10: Moses’ birth and early life<br>- v. 11-15: Moses’ attempted intervention and flight<br>- v. 16-22: Moses settles in Midian<br>- v. 23-25: God sees the Israelites’ plight<br><br>## Special Concepts in this Chapter<br><br>### Covenant<br><br>At the end of the chapter, God begins to relate to the Israelites based on his covenant with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.<br><br>## Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter<br><br>### Identification of participants<br><br>* Moses is the only participant named in most of this chapter. This is because many of the participants play very minor roles and because this part of the story is focusing on Moses’ life.<br><br>### Moses’ heritage<br><br>In the first part of this chapter, Pharaoh’s daughter recognizes Moses as being a Hebrew, but in the last part of this chapter, the Midianites believe him to be an Egyptian. <br><br>### Ironic situations<br><br>* While Pharaoh tried to diminish the power of the Israelites by killing all of their baby boys, God used Pharaoh’s own daughter to save Moses.<br>* Moses believes he is meant to be the rescuer of his people, but they reject him. Ultimately, Moses was correct, but the people rejected him at this point (see Acts 7). | |||
| 76 | EXO | 2 | 1 | wvj9 | writing-newevent | וַיֵּ֥לֶךְ | 1 | Now | A new scene begins here. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) |
| 77 | EXO | 2 | 1 | riy7 | writing-participants | אִ֖ישׁ…בַּת | 1 | These are new participants. They remain unnamed until [Exodus 6:20](../06/20.md) where they are identified as Amram and Jochebed. For now it is best to leave them unnamed in your language, if possible. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) | |
| 78 | EXO | 2 | 1 | mp7m | figs-idiom | וַיִּקַּ֖ח אֶת־בַּת־לֵוִֽי | 1 | Here, **took a daughter** is an idiom for marrying. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression from your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
| 79 | EXO | 2 | 2 | s49k | ט֣וֹב | 1 | Alternative translations: “pleasing” or “fine” | ||
| 80 | EXO | 2 | 2 | q4c0 | grammar-connect-logic-result | וַתֵּ֤רֶא…וַֽתִּצְפְּנֵ֖הוּ | 1 | Hiding the boy was a result of seeing that he was good. Alternative translation: “Since she saw … she hid him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
| 81 | EXO | 2 | 2 | j2es | translate-numbers | שְׁלֹשָׁ֥ה | 1 | 3 (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) | |
| 82 | EXO | 2 | 3 | t2gj | translate-unknown | תֵּ֣בַת גֹּ֔מֶא | 1 | papyrus basket | The **ark** is a basket made from a tall grass (**papyrus reeds**) that grows by the Nile River in Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
| 83 | EXO | 2 | 3 | tn3y | figs-explicit | וַתַּחְמְרָ֥ה בַחֵמָ֖ר וּבַזָּ֑פֶת | 1 | sealed it with bitumen and pitch | You could explicitly state that this was to keep out water. Alternate translation: “and she daubed it with bitumen and with pitch to keep water from getting into it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 84 | EXO | 2 | 3 | wpb6 | translate-unknown | וַתַּחְמְרָ֥ה | 1 | sealed | This means that she applied a waterproof coating. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
| 85 | EXO | 2 | 3 | ym3k | translate-unknown | בַחֵמָ֖ר | 1 | bitumen | This is a sticky black substance made from oil. It can be used to keep out water. Alternate translation: “with tar” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
| 86 | EXO | 2 | 3 | v825 | translate-unknown | וּבַזָּ֑פֶת | 1 | pitch | This is a sticky brown or black substance that can be made from tree sap. It too can be used to keep out water. Alternate translation: “and with tar” or “and with resin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
| 87 | EXO | 2 | 3 | y8gq | translate-unknown | בַּסּ֖וּף | 1 | reeds | These **reeds** were a type of tall grass with wide blades that formed a flat surface when woven together. They grew in flat, wet areas. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
| 88 | EXO | 2 | 4 | av8b | וַתֵּתַצַּ֥ב אֲחֹת֖וֹ מֵרָחֹ֑ק | 1 | at a distance | This means she stood far enough away so that she would not be noticed, but close enough to see the ark. Use a word that expresses this sort of distance in your language. | |
| 89 | EXO | 2 | 4 | uf14 | figs-abstractnouns | מֵרָחֹ֑ק | 1 | This probably means somewhere in the reeds where she could see the basket, but no one would see her. If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **distance** in another way. Alternate translation: “not far away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 90 | EXO | 2 | 4 | ruvb | translate-kinship | אֲחֹת֖וֹ | 1 | Here, the actions of **his sister** show that she was older. If your language uses a different term for siblings based on their relative ages or the gender of the siblings or both, use one that means “a boy’s older sister.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship]]) | |
| 91 | EXO | 2 | 4 | z1cy | grammar-connect-logic-goal | לְדֵעָ֕ה מַה־יֵּעָשֶׂ֖ה לֽוֹ | 1 | This is her purpose in being close by. Use a natural way in your language for indicating purpose. Alternative translation: “in order to learn what would happen to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) | |
| 92 | EXO | 2 | 5 | m3i0 | figs-go | וַתֵּ֤רֶד | 1 | **Came down** may be literal or figurative, as important places are often considered to be in a higher place. This means she came from her home, probably Pharaoh’s palace. If a perspective is required for Pharaoh’s daughter, you may choose go or come as works best in your language. “Come” is better as the scene is at the river and she comes to the scene location. However, you also need to consider your language’s way of introducing new participants. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) | |
| 93 | EXO | 2 | 5 | y26h | writing-participants | וַתֵּ֤רֶד בַּת־פַּרְעֹה֙ | 1 | The **daughter of Pharaoh** is introduced here as a new participant. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new character. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) | |
| 94 | EXO | 2 | 5 | jjke | writing-participants | וְנַעֲרֹתֶ֥יהָ | 1 | These women are introduced here as new participants; however, they are not mentioned again after this verse. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) | |
| 95 | EXO | 2 | 5 | im0d | figs-metaphor | עַל־יַ֣ד הַיְאֹ֑ר | 1 | Here, **hand** is a metaphor for side or, as relating to a river, shore. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you can simply translate the meaning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 96 | EXO | 2 | 5 | bi7s | וְנַעֲרֹתֶ֥יהָ | 1 | her attendants | These were the young women whose job it was to be with her and make sure nothing bad happened to her. | |
| 97 | EXO | 2 | 5 | am7g | writing-pronouns | וַתִּקָּחֶֽהָ | 1 | It is not clear who is meant by **she** here, either Pharaoh’s daughter or the servant. It is likely that Pharaoh’s daughter remains the subject. Alternative translation: “and she took the ark from her slave” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
| 98 | EXO | 2 | 6 | g9n6 | figs-exclamations | וְהִנֵּה | 1 | Behold | The word **behold** signals the surprising information that follows. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) |
| 99 | EXO | 2 | 6 | tyub | grammar-connect-logic-result | וַתַּחְמֹ֣ל עָלָ֔יו | 1 | The text does not state exactly what caused her to have compassion on the baby. If a reason must be provided in your language, it should be connected to either his crying (this is the better option) or that he was a “good” baby ([verse 2](../02/02.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
| 100 | EXO | 2 | 6 | jg0d | figs-quotemarks | מִיַּלְדֵ֥י הָֽעִבְרִ֖ים זֶֽה | 1 | This is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. It seems to have been said loud enough for the baby’s sister to hear. There may be other quotations in this chapter; they will be marked by the same punctuation, but they will not have their own notes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
| 101 | EXO | 2 | 7 | x5ja | וְקָרָ֤אתִי לָךְ֙ אִשָּׁ֣ה מֵינֶ֔קֶת מִ֖ן הָעִבְרִיֹּ֑ת | 1 | This is a suggestive question. The child’s sister is hopeful that Pharaoh’s daughter does not yet have a plan for the baby beyond saving his life. However, it is still a true question, for without Pharaoh’s daughter’s permission, the child’s sister will not be able to fetch the woman. If your language has a way of forming questions that are also suggestions, use it here. | ||
| 102 | EXO | 2 | 7 | d7aj | מֵינֶ֔קֶת…וְתֵינִ֥ק | 1 | nurse | Here, **nursing** or **to nurse** means to feed with milk from the breast. | |
| 103 | EXO | 2 | 7 | tqq9 | grammar-connect-logic-goal | וְתֵינִ֥ק לָ֖ךְ אֶת־הַיָּֽלֶד | 1 | This is the purpose of the sister’s proposal. Use a natural way in your language for indicating purpose. Alternative translation: “And she could nurse the infant for you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) | |
| 104 | EXO | 2 | 8 | ab1m | figs-go | לֵ֑כִי…וַתֵּ֨לֶךְ֙ | 1 | The girl left Pharaoh’s daughter to go to the child’s mother. The girl was almost certainly on foot. Use verbs of motion that express this. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) | |
| 105 | EXO | 2 | 9 | u554 | writing-participants | לָ֣הּ | 1 | The child’s mother is reintroduced as a participant. Use the natural form in your language for reintroducing a character. Alternative translation: “to the baby’s mother” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) | |
| 106 | EXO | 2 | 9 | mogg | שְׂכָרֵ֑ךְ | 1 | This refers to payment that Pharaoh’s daughter would give to the mother in exchange for her service of nursing the baby. | ||
| 107 | EXO | 2 | 9 | hqsa | figs-explicit | וַתִּקַּ֧ח…וַתְּנִיקֵֽהוּ | 1 | The mother’s acceptance of the deal is implied. You could make it explicit, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 108 | EXO | 2 | 10 | zj8h | grammar-connect-time-sequential | וַיִגְדַּ֣ל הַיֶּ֗לֶד וַתְּבִאֵ֨הוּ֙ | 1 | she brought him | **And the child grew older** marks an unspecified amount of time. He would have stayed with his mother at least until he was weaned (no longer feeding on his mother’s milk). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]]) |
| 109 | EXO | 2 | 10 | j7n1 | וַֽיְהִי־לָ֖הּ לְבֵ֑ן | 1 | he became her son | Alternate translation: “and he became the adopted son of Pharaoh’s daughter” | |
| 110 | EXO | 2 | 10 | h7to | grammar-connect-time-simultaneous | וַֽיְהִי־לָ֖הּ לְבֵ֑ן וַתִּקְרָ֤א שְׁמוֹ֙ מֹשֶׁ֔ה | 1 | These events were likely simultaneous, because her act of naming him may have been what made him become **as a son to her**. Consider using a conjunction that does not make a great separation between these events. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous]]) | |
| 111 | EXO | 2 | 10 | nh2m | מֹשֶׁ֔ה וַתֹּ֕אמֶר כִּ֥י מִן־הַמַּ֖יִם מְשִׁיתִֽהוּ | 1 | Because I drew him from the water | Translators may add a footnote that says, “The name Moses sounds like the Hebrew word that means ‘draw out.’” | |
| 112 | EXO | 2 | 10 | ityq | figs-quotations | וַתֹּ֕אמֶר כִּ֥י מִן־הַמַּ֖יִם מְשִׁיתִֽהוּ | 1 | **For** begins a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “because she said she drew him out of the water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) | |
| 113 | EXO | 2 | 11 | tyol | grammar-connect-time-sequential | וַיְהִ֣י ׀ בַּיָּמִ֣ים הָהֵ֗ם וַיִּגְדַּ֤ל מֹשֶׁה֙ וַיֵּצֵ֣א | 1 | A significant amount of time has passed; later texts state that Moses was 40 years old at this point. Alternative translation: “Many years later, once Moses was grown, he went out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]]) | |
| 114 | EXO | 2 | 11 | p7gx | writing-newevent | וַיְהִ֣י ׀ בַּיָּמִ֣ים הָהֵ֗ | 1 | This introduces a new event in the story. In your language, use a phrase that indicates a new event occurring after significant time has passed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) | |
| 115 | EXO | 2 | 11 | uy39 | figs-go | וַיֵּצֵ֣א | 1 | The UST supplies a probable location that he **went out** from; it could also have been simply out from the Egyptian area or out to the work area or cities. Use go or come as appropriate in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) | |
| 116 | EXO | 2 | 11 | swn3 | מַכֶּ֥ה אִישׁ־עִבְרִ֖י | 1 | striking a Hebrew | Alternate translation: “hitting a Hebrew” or “beating a Hebrew” | |
| 117 | EXO | 2 | 12 | m9bn | figs-merism | וַיִּ֤פֶן כֹּה֙ וָכֹ֔ה | 1 | He looked this way and that way | These two opposite directions have the combined meaning of “everywhere.” If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “He looked all around” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) |
| 118 | EXO | 2 | 12 | rmgn | figs-explicit | וַיַּךְ֙ | 1 | The context makes clear that Moses struck the Egyptian hard enough or repeatedly until Moses killed him. Consider using a word that indicates a deadly blow. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 119 | EXO | 2 | 13 | qn45 | figs-go | וַיֵּצֵא֙ | 1 | He went out | See how you translated this in [Exodus 2:11](../02/11.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) |
| 120 | EXO | 2 | 13 | wqrm | translate-ordinal | הַשֵּׁנִ֔י | 1 | The ordinal number here could mean “the next day” (UST) or simply on some day following the events of the previous verse. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) | |
| 121 | EXO | 2 | 13 | rgn1 | figs-exclamations | וְהִנֵּ֛ה | 1 | behold | Here, **behold** shows that Moses was surprised by what he saw. You can use a word in your language that will give this meaning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) |
| 122 | EXO | 2 | 13 | i4d6 | לָֽרָשָׁ֔ע | 1 | the one who was in the wrong | Based on Moses’ question, this means the aggressor or the man wrongfully attacking his neighbor. Alternate translation: “the man who was guilty of starting the fight” | |
| 123 | EXO | 2 | 14 | qb2n | figs-rquestion | מִ֣י שָֽׂמְךָ֞ לְאִ֨ישׁ שַׂ֤ר וְשֹׁפֵט֙ עָלֵ֔ינוּ | 1 | Who made you a leader and judge over us? | The man is not asking a question, he is using this question to rebuke Moses for intervening in the fight. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “You are not our leader and have no right to judge us!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
| 124 | EXO | 2 | 14 | k6s5 | figs-irony | הַלְהָרְגֵ֨נִי֙ אַתָּ֣ה אֹמֵ֔ר כַּאֲשֶׁ֥ר הָרַ֖גְתָּ אֶת־הַמִּצְרִ֑י | 1 | Are you planning to kill me as you killed that Egyptian? | The man used a question here to be sarcastic. Alternate translation: “We know that you killed an Egyptian yesterday. You had better not kill me!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) |
| 125 | EXO | 2 | 14 | l62d | figs-rquestion | הַלְהָרְגֵ֨נִי֙ אַתָּ֣ה אֹמֵ֔ר כַּאֲשֶׁ֥ר הָרַ֖גְתָּ אֶת־הַמִּצְרִ֑י | 1 | Again, the man asks a question that is intended to make a statement. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Do you think you can kill me without anyone finding out? We know what you did to the Egyptian” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
| 126 | EXO | 2 | 14 | d2ja | הַלְהָרְגֵ֨נִי֙ אַתָּ֣ה אֹמֵ֔ר | 1 | Alternate translation: “Are you planning to kill me” or “Are you threatening to kill me” | ||
| 127 | EXO | 2 | 14 | lyqh | figs-aside | וַיֹּאמַ֔ר | 1 | **Certainly the thing is known** was likely something Moses said to himself, that is, he thought it to himself rather than speaking to the men in front of him. If this would be confusing in your language, you might introduce it as a thought. Alternate translation: “and thought” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-aside]]) | |
| 128 | EXO | 2 | 14 | vfw5 | figs-quotations | וַיֹּאמַ֔ר אָכֵ֖ן נוֹדַ֥ע הַדָּבָֽר | 1 | It may be clearer to present what was likely a thought Moses had as an indirect quotation. Alternative translation (as indirect quotation): “because he thought that everyone knew what he had done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) | |
| 129 | EXO | 2 | 15 | yutr | וַיְבַקֵּ֖שׁ לַהֲרֹ֣ג אֶת־מֹשֶׁ֑ה | 1 | Pharaoh most likely delegated this task. Alternative translation: “and he sought to have Moses killed” (note that the passive form will not work in every language) | ||
| 130 | EXO | 2 | 15 | l5rc | figs-metonymy | מִפְּנֵ֣י | 1 | His **face** means his presence. Alternate translation: “from” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 131 | EXO | 2 | 15 | otsl | וַיֵּ֥שֶׁב…וַיֵּ֥שֶׁב | 1 | In Hebrew, these are the same verb. In English, they could be translated as “settle,” which can mean to dwell in a certain place, but it can also mean to lower one’s body into a seated position. This could mean: (1) Moses lived in Midian. He sat by this well one day. This may have been the well for the town he lived in. (2) Moses lived in Midian. His home was by this well. (3) Moses was a wanderer. He was in Midian and sat by this well when the next event occurred. | ||
| 132 | EXO | 2 | 16 | shg5 | writing-background | וּלְכֹהֵ֥ן מִדְיָ֖ן שֶׁ֣בַע בָּנ֑וֹת | 1 | Now the priest of Midian had seven daughters | This sentence is background information. Use the natural form in your language for expressing background information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) |
| 133 | EXO | 2 | 16 | pjzc | writing-newevent | וּלְכֹהֵ֥ן מִדְיָ֖ן שֶׁ֣בַע בָּנ֑וֹת | 1 | This sentence marks a scene transition. However, the last clause of the previous verse (“and he sat down by a well”) seems to be related to this new scene, so you may want to make your transition before that, as is done in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) | |
| 134 | EXO | 2 | 16 | cfe5 | writing-participants | בָּנ֑וֹת | 1 | The **daughters** are new participants. Use the natural form in your language for introducing new characters. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) | |
| 135 | EXO | 2 | 16 | sm8f | figs-go | וַתָּבֹ֣אנָה | 1 | The perspective of the narrative is set at the well. The daughters came from elsewhere to the well. They were probably on foot. Here each language will need to choose the appropriate motion word. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) | |
| 136 | EXO | 2 | 16 | esdm | translate-numbers | שֶׁ֣בַע | 1 | 7 (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) | |
| 137 | EXO | 2 | 16 | i2jh | וַתִּדְלֶ֗נָה | 1 | drew water | This means that they brought up water from a well. | |
| 138 | EXO | 2 | 16 | g1e6 | translate-unknown | הָ֣רְהָטִ֔ים | 1 | troughs | The **troughs** were long, narrow, open containers for animals to eat or drink out of. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
| 139 | EXO | 2 | 17 | k5yc | figs-go | וַיָּבֹ֥אוּ | 1 | A group of **men came**. They may not have been far away before coming and driving the women away. Use an appropriate form of moving verb. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) | |
| 140 | EXO | 2 | 17 | zksv | writing-participants | הָרֹעִ֖ים | 1 | These are new characters only seen briefly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) | |
| 141 | EXO | 2 | 17 | z17m | grammar-connect-logic-contrast | וַיָּ֤קָם | 1 | helped them | Use an expression that communicates that what Moses did was unexpected. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) |
| 142 | EXO | 2 | 18 | omzv | figs-go | וַתָּבֹ֕אנָה | 1 | The daughters came from the well to their father, probably on foot. You can use either come or go, whichever is more natural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) | |
| 143 | EXO | 2 | 18 | t78y | translate-names | רְעוּאֵ֖ל | 1 | **Reuel**, a name or perhaps a title, is used of the man only here and in Numbers 10:29. He is otherwise called “Jethro.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
| 144 | EXO | 2 | 18 | juqu | writing-participants | רְעוּאֵ֖ל | 1 | The priest of Midian was mentioned in [v. 16](../02/16.md) in a background statement but is a new character starting here. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new character. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) | |
| 145 | EXO | 2 | 18 | lukb | figs-quotations | וַיֹּ֕אמֶר מַדּ֛וּעַ מִהַרְתֶּ֥ן בֹּ֖א הַיּֽוֹם | 1 | If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “and he asked how they were able to return so quickly that day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) | |
| 146 | EXO | 2 | 18 | hq6y | figs-go | בֹּ֖א | 1 | Alternative translation: “in returning” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) | |
| 147 | EXO | 2 | 19 | w57e | אִ֣ישׁ מִצְרִ֔י | 1 | Jethro’s daughters assume Moses was Egyptian. When you translate it, you should be clear that this refers to Moses. | ||
| 148 | EXO | 2 | 19 | hvb4 | figs-metonymy | מִיַּ֣ד | 1 | Here, **hand** figuratively refers to the power, control, or actions of the shepherds. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternative translation: “from the strength of” or “from the harm of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 149 | EXO | 2 | 19 | a7v2 | figs-idiom | דָּלֹ֤ה דָלָה֙ | 1 | This expresses surprise or emphasizes the magnitude of Moses’ act of kindness to the women. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression from your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
| 150 | EXO | 2 | 20 | x9yb | figs-rquestion | וְאַיּ֑וֹ לָ֤מָּה זֶּה֙ עֲזַבְתֶּ֣ן אֶת־הָאִ֔ישׁ | 1 | Why did you leave the man? | These questions are a mild rebuke to the daughters for not inviting Moses into their home according to the normal hospitality of that culture. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “You should not have left this man at the well!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
| 151 | EXO | 2 | 20 | mb8w | writing-pronouns | ל֖וֹ | 1 | Here, **him** refers to Moses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
| 152 | EXO | 2 | 20 | hal8 | figs-synecdoche | לָֽחֶם | 1 | Here, **bread** is used to refer to food in general. If this would be misunderstood in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or plain language. Alternative translation: “food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) | |
| 153 | EXO | 2 | 21 | zvr1 | וַיּ֥וֹאֶל מֹשֶׁ֖ה לָשֶׁ֣בֶת אֶת־הָאִ֑ישׁ | 1 | Moses agreed to stay with the man | Alternate translation: “Moses agreed to live with Reuel” | |
| 154 | EXO | 2 | 21 | y3q7 | translate-names | צִפֹּרָ֥ה | 1 | Zipporah | **Zipporah** is Reuel’s (Jethro’s) daughter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
| 155 | EXO | 2 | 22 | l3xg | figs-quotemarks | גֵּ֣ר הָיִ֔יתִי בְּאֶ֖רֶץ נָכְרִיָּֽה | 1 | Only this portion is a quotation. As a possibility for clarity, the UST includes both speech events as one quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
| 156 | EXO | 2 | 22 | f76m | translate-names | גֵּרְשֹׁ֑ם | 1 | His name, **Gershom**, sounds somewhat like the Hebrew for “a stranger here.” You may consider using a footnote to explain that. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
| 157 | EXO | 2 | 22 | q7d8 | גֵּ֣ר הָיִ֔יתִי בְּאֶ֖רֶץ נָכְרִיָּֽה | 1 | resident in a foreign land | Alternate translation: “stranger in a foreign land” | |
| 158 | EXO | 2 | 23 | fjkt | writing-newevent | וַיְהִי֩ בַיָּמִ֨ים הָֽרַבִּ֜ים הָהֵ֗ם וַיָּ֨מָת֙ מֶ֣לֶךְ מִצְרַ֔יִם | 1 | This introduces a new section and series of events. A large amount of time went by. According to Stephen’s sermon in Acts 7:30, Moses was in Midian 40 years. Alternative translation: “This is what happened during the many days Moses was in Midian. The king of Egypt died.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) | |
| 159 | EXO | 2 | 23 | ym88 | writing-background | 0 | Verses 23-25 give a summary of what happened in Egypt and with the Israelites and God while Moses was in exile. These verses give background information to set the scene. Use the natural form in your language for expressing background information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) | ||
| 160 | EXO | 2 | 23 | csg2 | וַיֵּאָנְח֧וּ | 1 | groaned | They **groaned** because of their sorrow and misery. Alternate translation: “sighed deeply” | |
| 161 | EXO | 2 | 23 | x84a | figs-personification | וַתַּ֧עַל שַׁוְעָתָ֛ם אֶל־הָאֱלֹהִ֖ים | 1 | their pleas went up to God | The **plea** of the Israelites are spoken of as if they were a person and were able to travel up to where God is. If this might be confusing for your readers, you could express this meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “and God heard their pleading” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) |
| 162 | EXO | 2 | 24 | sja4 | figs-idiom | וַיִּזְכֹּ֤ר אֱלֹהִים֙ | 1 | God called to mind his covenant | This a common biblical way of saying that God thought about what He had promised. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression from your language. Alternate translation: “and God recalled” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
| 163 | EXO | 3 | intro | n6ze | 0 | # Exodus 03 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and Formatting<br><br>This chapter is one conversation in which Yahweh begins to commission and send Moses to rescue the Israelites.<br><br>This chapter records one of the most important events in the history of the Israelite people: the revelation of the name Yahweh at the burning bush. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]])<br><br>## Special Concepts in this Chapter<br><br>### God’s holiness<br><br>God is so holy that people can not look upon him without dying. This is why Moses covered his eyes. It is also why he took off his shoes. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br><br>### Yahweh<br><br>The name Yahweh is the personal name of God, which he revealed to Moses. Yahweh is probably related to the phrase “I am” which he tells Moses in verse 14. Some translations use all capitals to set this apart: “I AM.” Great care must be taken in translating the phrase “I am that I am.” (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/yahweh]])<br><br>## Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter<br><br>### Participants<br><br>“The angel of Yahweh,” “Yahweh,” and “God” all appear to be speaking to Moses and interacting with him from the burning bush. Furthermore, God says that his name is “I AM.” (See note above on Yahweh and I AM.) Yahweh and God are the same, while there is speculation about who the angel of Yahweh is. | |||
| 164 | EXO | 3 | 1 | gqvh | writing-newevent | וּמֹשֶׁ֗ה הָיָ֥ה רֹעֶ֛ה | 1 | This phrase brings the story focus back to Midian and Moses. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) | |
| 165 | EXO | 3 | 1 | oqcr | writing-background | 0 | Verse 1 provides immediate background context, setting the scene for Moses’ interaction with Yahweh. Use the natural form in your language for expressing background information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) | ||
| 166 | EXO | 3 | 1 | l7x6 | figs-possession | כֹּהֵ֣ן מִדְיָ֑ן | 1 | This is a possessive of social relationship. **Jethro** is a **priest** who serves the Midianites. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
| 167 | EXO | 3 | 1 | v97t | figs-go | וַיָּבֹ֛א אֶל | 1 | Alternate translation: “and he arrived at” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) | |
| 168 | EXO | 3 | 1 | p27s | figs-possession | הַ֥ר הָאֱלֹהִ֖ים | 1 | This is an associative possessive. This mountain was associated with God in some way. In [Exodus 3:12](../03/12.md) God tells Moses that he and the Israelites will serve him on this mountain. Later in the story, this promise is fulfilled, and it is where God makes his covenant with Israel and gives them the 10 Commandments. So it may have been called **the mountain of God** in retrospect (as Moses probably wrote this book sometime after the Israelites were wandering in the wilderness). However, it is possible that the mountain was already somehow associated with God’s presence or worship before Moses went there with the flock. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
| 169 | EXO | 3 | 2 | p0nt | וַ֠יֵּרָא מַלְאַ֨ךְ יְהֹוָ֥ה אֵלָ֛יו בְּלַבַּת־אֵ֖שׁ מִתּ֣וֹךְ הַסְּנֶ֑ה | 1 | This is a summary of what happened. The next few verses tell the story of how this happened and how Moses discovered what was happening. | ||
| 170 | EXO | 3 | 2 | x5ci | יְהֹוָ֥ה | 1 | Yahweh | This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this. | |
| 171 | EXO | 3 | 2 | d3tf | grammar-connect-logic-contrast | וְהִנֵּ֤ה הַסְּנֶה֙ בֹּעֵ֣ר בָּאֵ֔שׁ וְהַסְּנֶ֖ה אֵינֶ֥נּוּ אֻכָּֽל | 1 | behold | The word **behold** here shows that Moses saw something that was very different from what he expected. He expected the bush to be burnt up completely by the fire. Consider using an interjection in your language that expresses that what follows is a surprise. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) |
| 172 | EXO | 3 | 2 | jmz0 | figs-metonymy | אֻכָּֽל | 1 | Here, **being consumed** means being eaten completely until gone. In the case of fire, this is a metonym for burning completely until gone. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “destroyed by the fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 173 | EXO | 3 | 3 | fpww | figs-quotemarks | אָסֻֽרָה־נָּ֣א וְאֶרְאֶ֔ה אֶת־הַמַּרְאֶ֥ה הַגָּדֹ֖ל הַזֶּ֑ה מַדּ֖וּעַ לֹא־יִבְעַ֥ר הַסְּנֶֽה | 1 | This is a direct quote. It’s not specified who Moses spoke to; he may have been alone or with a group of shepherds or his family. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. There may be other quotations in this chapter; they will be marked by the same punctuation, but they will not have their own notes unless there is something unique about them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
| 174 | EXO | 3 | 3 | jbue | figs-abstractnouns | אֶת־הַמַּרְאֶ֥ה הַגָּדֹ֖ל | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for something strange that someone sees, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **sight** in another way. Alternate translation: “unusual thing that I see” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 175 | EXO | 3 | 4 | ue8v | יְהוָ֖ה…אֱלֹהִ֜ים | 1 | These terms both refer to the same being, since God’s name is Yahweh. | ||
| 176 | EXO | 3 | 5 | prv9 | grammar-connect-logic-result | כִּ֣י הַמָּק֗וֹם אֲשֶׁ֤ר אַתָּה֙ עוֹמֵ֣ד עָלָ֔יו אַדְמַת־קֹ֖דֶשׁ הֽוּא | 1 | set apart | This is the reason Moses must stop coming close to the burning bush and take off his sandals. If it would be more natural in your language, you could put the reason before the commands, as in, “The place on which you are standing, it is holy ground, so you must not come close to here. Take your sandals off from on your feet.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) |
| 177 | EXO | 3 | 6 | sxk8 | אָנֹכִי֙ אֱלֹהֵ֣י אָבִ֔יךָ אֱלֹהֵ֧י אַבְרָהָ֛ם אֱלֹהֵ֥י יִצְחָ֖ק וֵאלֹהֵ֣י יַעֲקֹ֑ב | 1 | the God of your father, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob | All of these men worshiped the same God. Alternate translation: “the God of your father, of Abraham, of Isaac, and of Jacob” | |
| 178 | EXO | 3 | 6 | fgym | figs-quotemarks | אָנֹכִי֙ אֱלֹהֵ֣י אָבִ֔יךָ אֱלֹהֵ֧י אַבְרָהָ֛ם אֱלֹהֵ֥י יִצְחָ֖ק וֵאלֹהֵ֣י יַעֲקֹ֑ב | 1 | This a direct quotation. The UST continues the quotation from verse 5 rather than including an additional “he said.” This may be more natural in some languages. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate the direct quotation with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
| 179 | EXO | 3 | 6 | l5sy | אָבִ֔יךָ | 1 | your father | This could mean (1) “your father,” if it means “your father,” then it refers to Moses’ own father (2) “your ancestor,” if it means “your ancestor,” then the phrases following it clarify who “your father” refers to: it refers to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. In most cases, it will be best to translate it as “your father,” i.e. Amram, Moses’ father. | |
| 180 | EXO | 3 | 6 | lfbb | grammar-connect-logic-result | וַיַּסְתֵּ֤ר מֹשֶׁה֙ פָּנָ֔יו כִּ֣י יָרֵ֔א מֵהַבִּ֖יט אֶל־הָאֱלֹהִֽים | 1 | Reason: **for he was afraid from staring toward God** Result: **And Moses hid his face** If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases, since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]] and [Exodus 33:20](../33/20.md)) | |
| 181 | EXO | 3 | 7 | nl33 | figs-quotemarks | וַיֹּ֣אמֶר יְהוָ֔ה | 1 | After this phrase, a direct quote begins that continues through the end of [verse 10](../03/10.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
| 182 | EXO | 3 | 7 | xoz0 | figs-idiom | רָאֹ֥ה רָאִ֛יתִי | 1 | The Hebrew practice of verb repetition for intensification cannot be directly translated into English. Here, “see” is repeated in Hebrew. This expresses the intensity, certainty, or clarity of Yahweh’s having **seen** how his people were suffering. Use a natural form of strengthening a verb from your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
| 183 | EXO | 3 | 7 | tpk0 | figs-possession | אֶת־עֳנִ֥י עַמִּ֖י | 1 | There are two possessives here: (1) “affliction of … people”: This is an event-related possessive where the people are the objects of affliction. They are treated badly as slaves. (2) “my people”: This one is more difficult as it involves both ownership and the possessive of social relationship. God views his people as his possession, and he is also in relationship with them as their God because they are descended from Abraham, though at this time they may not know God as theirs. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
| 184 | EXO | 3 | 7 | nbft | figs-abstractnouns | עֳנִ֥י עַמִּ֖י אֲשֶׁ֣ר בְּמִצְרָ֑יִם | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **affliction** in another way. Alternate translation: “how my people who are in Egypt are afflicted” or “how the Egyptians afflict my people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 185 | EXO | 3 | 7 | p3tx | figs-metonymy | מִפְּנֵ֣י נֹֽגְשָׂ֔יו | 1 | Here, **faces** refers to the whole person or the presence of the person(s) who were oppressing the Israelites. If this image is used in your language, you may translate it. If a similar image is used, you may consider using it. If neither is the case, you may omit the word “face” and translate the meaning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 186 | EXO | 3 | 7 | xx7r | נֹֽגְשָׂ֔יו | 1 | taskmasters | Alternate translation: “his oppressors” | |
| 187 | EXO | 3 | 7 | ofxt | כִּ֥י | 1 | Here, **surely** is intensifying the expression of Yahweh’s knowledge. Your translation should express Yahweh’s knowing with certainty or strength. | ||
| 188 | EXO | 3 | 7 | mfn2 | grammar-collectivenouns | נֹֽגְשָׂ֔יו…מַכְאֹבָֽיו | 1 | These pronouns, **him** and **his**, refer to the Israelites as a group in the singular. They agree with “people” as a collective noun in [3:6](../03/06.md). Some languages may have to use plural pronouns. Others may have to match the pronoun’s gender to the grammatical gender of the word for “people” in their language. If necessary, change “him” to “them” or change “his” to “hers” or “its” (depending on grammatical gender of “people.”) Alternate translation: “those who oppress them … their anguish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) | |
| 189 | EXO | 3 | 7 | hkcj | figs-possession | מַכְאֹבָֽיו | 1 | This is an event-related possessive where the people (as a group: **his**) are the subjects of **anguish.** Your translation should express that they are deeply distressed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
| 190 | EXO | 3 | 7 | ui28 | figs-explicit | מַכְאֹבָֽיו | 1 | It is implied that they are deeply distressed because they are treated badly as slaves. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “his anguish from his slavery” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 191 | EXO | 3 | 7 | zth8 | figs-abstractnouns | מַכְאֹבָֽיו | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **anguish** in another way. Alternate translation: “how distressed they are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 192 | EXO | 3 | 8 | a1yv | grammar-connect-logic-result | 0 | Verse 8 contains God’s intended result from his acts of seeing and hearing, expressed in both verses 7 and 9. You may need to expressly mark this, for instance by introducing verse 8 with something like “Therefore,” and verse 9 with something like “Again, because.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | ||
| 193 | EXO | 3 | 8 | xy36 | figs-go | וָאֵרֵ֞ד | 1 | God is figuratively expressing that he is descending from heaven to earth to intervene. God is always everywhere, but this phrase means that his special attention will be directed to this situation. Use whatever form of come or go is appropriate in your language for this. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) | |
| 194 | EXO | 3 | 8 | nahb | grammar-collectivenouns | לְהַצִּיל֣וֹ…וּֽלְהַעֲלֹתוֹ֮ | 1 | Here, **him** refers in the singular to the Israelites as a group. It is agreeing with “people” as a collective noun in [3:6](../03/06.md). Some languages may have to use plural pronouns. Others may have to match the pronoun’s gender to the grammatical gender of the word for “people” in their language. See what you did in the [previous verse](../03/07.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) | |
| 195 | EXO | 3 | 8 | bi4e | figs-metaphor | מִיַּ֣ד | 1 | Someone’s **hand** is a common Biblical metaphor for power and control. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 196 | EXO | 3 | 8 | djbz | figs-possession | מִיַּ֣ד מִצְרַ֗יִם | 1 | This is a possessive where the Egyptians are the subject of **the hand**, which means power. The Egyptians used their power and control to oppress the Israelites. Use a phrase in your language that expresses the idea of a group of people having power. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
| 197 | EXO | 3 | 8 | mqyp | figs-parallelism | אֶל־אֶ֤רֶץ טוֹבָה֙ וּרְחָבָ֔ה אֶל־אֶ֛רֶץ זָבַ֥ת חָלָ֖ב וּדְבָ֑שׁ | 1 | There are multiple levels of parallelism here. First, the statements, **to a good and wide land** and **to a land flowing with milk and honey** are in parallel with each other. Within each of those, **good** and **wide** are in parallel with each other, and **milk** and **honey**are in parallel with each other. Each of these levels is meant to reinforce and expand upon one another. These are not examples of synonymous parallelism, and each part of the statement should be translated. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
| 198 | EXO | 3 | 8 | xs87 | figs-metonymy | חָלָ֖ב וּדְבָ֑שׁ | 1 | Here, **milk** is a metonym for domestic animals and the food products obtained from them; **honey** is a metonym for the food obtained from growing plants. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. The next note explains further. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 199 | EXO | 3 | 8 | pxy8 | figs-metaphor | אֶ֛רֶץ זָבַ֥ת חָלָ֖ב וּדְבָ֑שׁ | 1 | a land flowing with milk and honey | God spoke of the land being good for animals and plants as if the milk and honey from those animals and plants were flowing through the land. If this metaphor makes sense in your language, you may translate it. If your language has metaphors that mean a land is good for producing healthy livestock and good crops, you may consider using those. If neither is the case, you may translate the meaning. See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 200 | EXO | 3 | 8 | dtz9 | זָבַ֥ת | 1 | flowing with | Alternate translation: “full of” or “with an abundance of” | |
| 201 | EXO | 3 | 8 | q94i | figs-metonymy | חָלָ֖ב | 1 | milk | Since milk comes from cows and goats, this represents food produced by livestock. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “food from livestock” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 202 | EXO | 3 | 8 | l1as | figs-metonymy | וּדְבָ֑שׁ | 1 | honey | Since honey is produced from flowers, this represents food from crops. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “food from crops” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 203 | EXO | 3 | 9 | a2kf | figs-parallelism | 0 | This verse parallels [verse 7](../03/07.md). Yahweh is restating that the Israelite’s plight has gotten his attention. This creates emphasis and connection to what Yahweh will do with what Moses will do as Yahweh’s appointed leader. If this repetition would confuse your readers consider a paragraph break at the start of this verse to separate the two parallel statements or use some other strategy of emphasis and connection that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | ||
| 204 | EXO | 3 | 9 | tp2v | figs-exclamations | הִנֵּ֛ה | 1 | This is a term meant to focus the attention of the listener on what the speaker is about to say. If there is not a good way to translate this term in your language, this term can be omitted from the translation, or you can use an alternate translation like “certainly.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) | |
| 205 | EXO | 3 | 9 | uup9 | figs-personification | צַעֲקַ֥ת בְּנֵי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל בָּ֣אָה אֵלָ֑י | 1 | the shouts of the people of Israel have come to me | Here, **the cry** is spoken of as if it were a person who is capable of moving on his own. If this might be confusing for your readers, you could express this meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “I have heard the cries of the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) |
| 206 | EXO | 3 | 9 | gwou | figs-abstractnouns | רָאִ֨יתִי֙ אֶת־הַלַּ֔חַץ אֲשֶׁ֥ר מִצְרַ֖יִם לֹחֲצִ֥ים אֹתָֽם | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **oppression** in another way. Alternate translation: “I have seen how the Egyptians are oppressing them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 207 | EXO | 3 | 10 | y4m1 | grammar-connect-logic-result | וְעַתָּ֣ה | 1 | **And now** functions as a discourse marker expressing logical conclusion. “So then,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
| 208 | EXO | 3 | 11 | y8cr | figs-rquestion | מִ֣י אָנֹ֔כִי כִּ֥י אֵלֵ֖ךְ אֶל־פַּרְעֹ֑ה וְכִ֥י אוֹצִ֛יא אֶת־בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל מִמִּצְרָֽיִם | 1 | Who am I, that I should go to Pharaoh…Egypt? | Moses uses this question to tell God that he, Moses, is not the right person for the task. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
| 209 | EXO | 3 | 12 | xugf | figs-youdual | תַּֽעַבְדוּן֙ | 1 | If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) | |
| 210 | EXO | 3 | 13 | lqms | grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical | הִנֵּ֨ה אָנֹכִ֣י בָא֮ אֶל־בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵל֒ וְאָמַרְתִּ֣י לָהֶ֔ם אֱלֹהֵ֥י אֲבוֹתֵיכֶ֖ם שְׁלָחַ֣נִי אֲלֵיכֶ֑ם וְאָֽמְרוּ־לִ֣י מַה־שְּׁמ֔וֹ | 1 | Moses presents God with a hypothetical situation here. The three events (**go, say, say**) are part of one hypothetical event. You should translate this in a way that makes it clear that this is a future, not-yet-real event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]]) | |
| 211 | EXO | 3 | 13 | jq42 | הִנֵּ֨ה | 1 | **Behold** is a term meant to focus the attention of the listener on what the speaker is about to say. In this case, Moses uses it to introduce what he views as a probable future occurrence. Alternative translation: “Now” | ||
| 212 | EXO | 3 | 13 | e03n | figs-go | בָא֮ | 1 | In your language, use **go** or “come” as makes most sense for Moses’ hypothetical action of going from the mountain to where the Israelites are. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) | |
| 213 | EXO | 3 | 13 | m9uy | figs-quotesinquotes | אֱלֹהֵ֥י אֲבוֹתֵיכֶ֖ם שְׁלָחַ֣נִי אֲלֵיכֶ֑ם | 1 | This is a second-level quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation inside a quotation. However, you may also choose to translate it as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “that the God of their fathers has sent me to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]]) | |
| 214 | EXO | 3 | 13 | ru0a | figs-metonymy | אֱלֹהֵ֥י אֲבוֹתֵיכֶ֖ם | 1 | Here, **fathers** figuratively means “ancestors.” Alternate translation: “The God of your ancestors” or “The God whom your ancestors worshiped” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 215 | EXO | 3 | 13 | bkei | grammar-connect-logic-result | מָ֥ה אֹמַ֖ר אֲלֵהֶֽם | 1 | Moses is asking God what he should do as a result of the hypothetical situation he presented. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
| 216 | EXO | 3 | 14 | cli8 | אֶֽהְיֶ֖ה אֲשֶׁ֣ר אֶֽהְיֶ֑ה | 1 | God said to Moses, “I AM THAT I AM.” | This is God’s response to Moses’ question about God’s name. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “God said to Moses, ‘Tell them that God says his name is “I AM THAT I AM.”’” | |
| 217 | EXO | 3 | 14 | b6vk | אֶֽהְיֶ֖ה אֲשֶׁ֣ר אֶֽהְיֶ֑ה | 1 | I AM THAT I AM | This could mean: (1) this whole sentence is God’s name or (2) God is not telling his name but something about himself. By saying this, God is teaching that he is eternal; he has always lived and always will live. | |
| 218 | EXO | 3 | 14 | s62u | אֶֽהְיֶ֖ה…אֶֽהְיֶ֑ה…אֶֽהְיֶ֖ה | 1 | I AM | Languages that do not have an equivalent to the verb “am” may need to render this as “I LIVE” or “I EXIST.” | |
| 219 | EXO | 3 | 14 | t745 | וַיֹּ֗אמֶר | 1 | This indicates that God is still speaking. It may make more sense to omit this in some languages. | ||
| 220 | EXO | 3 | 14 | vigc | figs-quotesinquotes | אֶֽהְיֶ֖ה שְׁלָחַ֥נִי אֲלֵיכֶֽם | 1 | This is a second-level quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation inside a quotation. However, you may also choose to translate it as an indirect quotation, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]]) | |
| 221 | EXO | 3 | 15 | ubw7 | וַיֹּאמֶר֩ ע֨וֹד אֱלֹהִ֜ים אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֗ה | 1 | As God is still speaking, it may make more sense to omit this in some languages. | ||
| 222 | EXO | 3 | 15 | i6lg | figs-quotemarks | אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֗ה | 1 | After this phrase, a direct quotation begins that continues until [the end of chapter 3 at verse 22](../03/22.md). This section contains four levels of quotations as God tells Moses to tell the Israelite elders a specific message from God. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
| 223 | EXO | 3 | 15 | l962 | figs-quotesinquotes | יְהוָ֞ה אֱלֹהֵ֣י אֲבֹתֵיכֶ֗ם אֱלֹהֵ֨י אַבְרָהָ֜ם אֱלֹהֵ֥י יִצְחָ֛ק וֵאלֹהֵ֥י יַעֲקֹ֖ב שְׁלָחַ֣נִי אֲלֵיכֶ֑ם זֶה־שְּׁמִ֣י לְעֹלָ֔ם וְזֶ֥ה זִכְרִ֖י לְדֹ֥ר דֹּֽר | 1 | This is a second-level quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening second-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation within a quotation. It may be possible to translate it as an indirect quotation, but you will need to be careful to correctly change the pronoun persons. Alternative translation: “You must tell the Israelites that Yahweh, the God of their fathers, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob, sent you to them. This is his name forever, and this is his memorial from generation to generation.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]]) | |
| 224 | EXO | 3 | 15 | d91k | figs-metonymy | אֱלֹהֵ֣י אֲבֹתֵיכֶ֗ם | 1 | Here, **fathers** figuratively means “ancestors.” Alternate translation: “the God of your ancestors” or “the God whom your ancestors worshiped” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 225 | EXO | 3 | 15 | ixcb | figs-merism | לְדֹ֥ר דֹּֽר | 1 | The repetition of **generation** is indicating “to each and every generation” which figuratively means “for all people at all times.” If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) | |
| 226 | EXO | 3 | 16 | ec3v | figs-quotemarks | יְהוָ֞ה | 1 | General Information: | This begins a second-level quotation that continues until the end of [verse 17](../03/17.md). It contains a third-level quotation that begins at “I have certainly” and also continues to the end of verse 17. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening second-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation within a quotation. The closing marks for both the second and third-level quotations should not occur until the end of verse 17. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) |
| 227 | EXO | 3 | 16 | usas | figs-metonymy | אֱלֹהֵ֤י אֲבֹֽתֵיכֶם֙ | 1 | Here, **fathers** figuratively means “ancestors.” Alternate translation: “the God of your ancestors” or “the God whom your ancestors worshiped” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 228 | EXO | 3 | 16 | xqy9 | אַבְרָהָ֛ם יִצְחָ֥ק וְיַעֲקֹ֖ב | 1 | the God of your ancestors, the God of Abraham, of Isaac, and of Jacob | Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob were three of the Israelites’ ancestors. They all worshiped the same God. | |
| 229 | EXO | 3 | 16 | dvsz | figs-quotemarks | פָּקֹ֤ד פָּקַ֨דְתִּי֙ | 1 | This begins a third-level quotation that continues until the end of [verse 17](../03/17.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening third-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation within a quotation that is within a quotation. The closing marks for both the second-level and third-level quotations should not occur until the end of verse 17. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
| 230 | EXO | 3 | 16 | efhh | figs-idiom | פָּקֹ֤ד פָּקַ֨דְתִּי֙ | 1 | The word translated **attended** often means God is coming to take action. Translate this phrase in a way that communicates God’s focused, caring observation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
| 231 | EXO | 3 | 16 | p258 | figs-idiom | פָּקֹ֤ד פָּקַ֨דְתִּי֙ | 1 | Here, **attended** is repeated in Hebrew. The Hebrew practice of verb repetition for intensification cannot be directly translated into English. This expresses the intensity, certainty, or clarity of Yahweh’s having **attended to** how his people were suffering. Use a natural form of strengthening a verb from your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
| 232 | EXO | 3 | 16 | fv77 | figs-youdual | אֶתְכֶ֔ם | 1 | I have indeed observed you | The word **you** refers to the people of Israel. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) |
| 233 | EXO | 3 | 16 | q4en | figs-activepassive | הֶעָשׂ֥וּי | 1 | The focus of this passive is the mistreatment being **done to** the Israelites, not on who is doing it. In fact, **in Egypt** further dissociates the actors from this sentence. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 234 | EXO | 3 | 16 | johw | figs-metonymy | בְּמִצְרָֽיִם | 1 | The phrase **in Egypt** is a metonym for the Egyptian oppressors. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternative translation: “by the Egyptians” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 235 | EXO | 3 | 17 | eloj | figs-quotemarks | 0 | If you are using direct quotations, at the end of this verse you should have three closing markers. In English, it looks like ’ ” ’ (without spaces). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | ||
| 236 | EXO | 3 | 17 | c54k | figs-quotesinquotes | אַעֲלֶ֣ה אֶתְכֶם֮ מֵעֳנִ֣י מִצְרַיִם֒ אֶל־אֶ֤רֶץ הַֽכְּנַעֲנִי֙ וְהַ֣חִתִּ֔י וְהָֽאֱמֹרִי֙ וְהַפְּרִזִּ֔י וְהַחִוִּ֖י וְהַיְבוּסִ֑י אֶל־אֶ֛רֶץ זָבַ֥ת חָלָ֖ב וּדְבָֽשׁ | 1 | This is a fourth-level quotation. It should be marked in some manner that distinguishes it from the outer three levels. Alternatively, it can be translated as an indirect quotation, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]]) | |
| 237 | EXO | 3 | 17 | r8mg | figs-idiom | אַעֲלֶ֣ה | 1 | Regardless of the geographic realities, to **bring up** does not primarily have a literal meaning. Rather, it means to bring the Israelites into a better situation. God promised to bring them up from their low status as slaves to a place where they would be the masters of a good land. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression from your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
| 238 | EXO | 3 | 17 | x1o0 | figs-abstractnouns | מֵעֳנִ֣י | 1 | See how you translated **affliction** in [3:7](../03/07.md). Alternate translation: “from being afflicted” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 239 | EXO | 3 | 17 | wyvt | figs-metonymy | חָלָ֖ב וּדְבָֽשׁ | 1 | Here, **milk** is a metonym for domestic animals and the food products obtained from them; **honey** is a metonym for the food obtained from growing plants. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. The next note explains further. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 240 | EXO | 3 | 17 | pwn5 | figs-metaphor | אֶ֛רֶץ זָבַ֥ת חָלָ֖ב וּדְבָֽשׁ | 1 | a land flowing with milk and honey | God spoke of the land being good for animals and plants as if the milk and honey from those animals and plants were flowing through the land. See how you translated this in [Exodus 3:8](../03/08.md). Alternate translation: “a land that is excellent for raising livestock and growing crops” or “a land where milk and honey flow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 241 | EXO | 3 | 17 | za9l | זָבַ֥ת | 1 | flowing with | Alternate translation: “full of” or “with an abundance of” | |
| 242 | EXO | 3 | 17 | rtr5 | figs-metonymy | חָלָ֖ב | 1 | milk | Since milk comes from cows and goats, this represents food produced by livestock. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “food from livestock” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 243 | EXO | 3 | 17 | msf8 | figs-metonymy | וּדְבָֽשׁ | 1 | honey | Since honey is produced from flowers, this represents food from crops. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “food from crops” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 244 | EXO | 3 | 18 | cy2z | figs-idiom | וְשָׁמְע֖וּ לְקֹלֶ֑ךָ | 1 | **Listen** often means “hear and do/obey.” If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression from your language. Alternative translation: “And they will pay attention to your voice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
| 245 | EXO | 3 | 18 | j24k | writing-pronouns | לְקֹלֶ֑ךָ…אַתָּה֩ | 1 | They will listen to you | Here, **your** and **you** refers to Moses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) |
| 246 | EXO | 3 | 18 | w742 | figs-synecdoche | לְקֹלֶ֑ךָ | 1 | This phrase means the elders will listen to the message Moses brings from God. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could translate the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “to your message” or “to my message which you tell them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) | |
| 247 | EXO | 3 | 18 | r74o | figs-possession | וְזִקְנֵ֨י יִשְׂרָאֵ֜ל | 1 | This is a possessive of social relationship. Alternative translation: “elders in charge of the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
| 248 | EXO | 3 | 18 | eep7 | grammar-collectivenouns | יִשְׂרָאֵ֜ל | 1 | **Israel** is a collective noun that refers to all the Israelites. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you can use a different expression. Alternative translation: “the Israelites” or “the Israelite people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) | |
| 249 | EXO | 3 | 18 | ot9r | figs-metonymy | מִצְרַ֗יִם | 1 | Here, **Egypt** refers to the Egyptian nation. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “the Egyptians” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 250 | EXO | 3 | 18 | idp7 | figs-youdual | וַאֲמַרְתֶּ֤ם | 1 | General Information: | If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) |
| 251 | EXO | 3 | 18 | i47o | figs-exclusive | עָלֵ֔ינוּ…נֵֽלֲכָה…וְנִזְבְּחָ֖ה | 1 | These instances of **us** are exclusive; they include Moses, the elders, and all the Israelites, but exclude the king of Egypt. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) | |
| 252 | EXO | 3 | 18 | d85b | translate-numbers | שְׁלֹ֤שֶׁת | 1 | Alternate translation: “3” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) | |
| 253 | EXO | 3 | 19 | qf46 | figs-metonymy | וְלֹ֖א בְּיָ֥ד חֲזָקָֽה | 1 | unless his hand is forced | The word **hand** is a metonym for the power of the owner of the hand. There are two further difficulties: (1) Whose hand (power) is being referred to, (2) does the negative mean “not unless” or “not even?” Possible meanings include: (1) “only if he sees that he has no power to do anything else,” where the **hand** belongs to Pharaoh (2) “only if I force him to let you go,” where the **hand** belongs to Yahweh, taking “not unless” for the negative (3) “not even if I force him to let you go,” where the **hand** belongs to Yahweh, taking “not even” for the negative (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 254 | EXO | 3 | 20 | nuzx | grammar-connect-logic-result | וְשָׁלַחְתִּ֤י | 1 | God says this will be a result of the king of Egypt’s stubbornness. Alternate translation: “Therefore, I will send out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
| 255 | EXO | 3 | 20 | yds5 | figs-metonymy | וְשָׁלַחְתִּ֤י אֶת־יָדִי֙ | 1 | I will reach out with my hand and attack | Here, **hand** refers to God’s power. Alternate translation: “I will use my strength” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 256 | EXO | 3 | 20 | dzsp | figs-metonymy | מִצְרַ֔יִם | 1 | **Egypt** refers to both the land and the people group, and then, by extension, to Pharaoh as well. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 257 | EXO | 3 | 20 | c9a3 | מִצְרַ֔יִם…בְּקִרְבּ֑וֹ | 1 | Here, **him** refers to Egypt as a collective. | ||
| 258 | EXO | 3 | 20 | g0i9 | figs-abstractnouns | נִפְלְאֹתַ֔י | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **wonders** in another way. Alternate translation: “my amazing acts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 259 | EXO | 3 | 20 | sqmt | grammar-connect-time-sequential | וְאַחֲרֵי־כֵ֖ן | 1 | Here the sequential nature of these happenings is emphasized. Consider using a stronger sequential connective term than usual here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]]) | |
| 260 | EXO | 3 | 20 | ay53 | writing-pronouns | יְשַׁלַּ֥ח | 1 | Here, **he** refers to the Pharaoh, the king of Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
| 261 | EXO | 3 | 20 | awxs | figs-youdual | אֶתְכֶֽם | 1 | Here, **you** refers to the Israelites. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) | |
| 262 | EXO | 3 | 21 | btwc | figs-idiom | חֵ֥ן…בְּעֵינֵ֣י מִצְרָ֑יִם | 1 | **In the eyes of the Egyptians** is an idiom for the Egyptian’s feelings. **Favor** means those feelings are positive. Taken together, this means that when the Egyptians see the Israelites (Hebrews) leaving Egypt, they will gladly help them (because they want them to leave so badly due to the Egyptians suffering under God’s judgment). If your language has the same or a similar idiom, you can translate or use it. Otherwise, you can translate the meaning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
| 263 | EXO | 3 | 21 | hfrr | figs-possession | בְּעֵינֵ֣י מִצְרָ֑יִם | 1 | This is a part-whole possessive. Also, if your language uses a specific form of the possessive for things one cannot lose, it would be appropriate to use that form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
| 264 | EXO | 3 | 21 | s45u | הָֽעָם־הַזֶּ֖ה | 1 | Alternate translation: “you” | ||
| 265 | EXO | 3 | 21 | uz3c | figs-youdual | תֵֽלֵכ֔וּן…תֵלְכ֖וּ | 1 | If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) | |
| 266 | EXO | 3 | 21 | wymx | figs-go | תֵֽלֵכ֔וּן…תֵלְכ֖וּ | 1 | Alternate translation: “leave” or “go out” or “come out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) | |
| 267 | EXO | 3 | 21 | j9qz | figs-doublenegatives | לֹ֥א…רֵיקָֽם | 1 | The double negative, **not … emptily** is used to mean “full.” If this double negative would be misunderstood in your language, you could translate it as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “[go] with many things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) | |
| 268 | EXO | 3 | 21 | kt7b | figs-litotes | לֹ֥א תֵלְכ֖וּ רֵיקָֽם | 1 | will not go empty-handed | Here Yahweh uses a figure of speech that expresses a strong positive meaning by using a negative word together with a word that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If this is confusing in your language, you can express the meaning positively. Alternate translation: “you will go with your hands full of good things” or “you will go with many valuable things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) |
| 269 | EXO | 3 | 22 | w2av | וּמִגָּרַ֣ת בֵּיתָ֔הּ | 1 | any women staying in her neighbors’ houses | The word, **sojourning** means living somewhere other than one’s native land, usually temporarily. It is unclear both who the sojourning (visiting) women are and in whose house they are sojourning, leaving several possibilities. Most translations which make a decision about who they are identify both the temporary resident and her host home as Egyptian. This makes sense as the Israelites will be plundering the Egyptians. If it is possible to leave this ambiguous in your translation, that would be best. | |
| 270 | EXO | 3 | 22 | fmfu | figs-youdual | וְשַׂמְתֶּ֗ם עַל־בְּנֵיכֶם֙ וְעַל־בְּנֹ֣תֵיכֶ֔ם וְנִצַּלְתֶּ֖ם | 1 | Each of these is a plural **you.** If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) | |
| 271 | EXO | 3 | 22 | h38j | figs-quotemarks | מִצְרָֽיִם | 1 | After this phrase, the direct quote of Yahweh’s word which started in [verse 15](../03/15.md) ends. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with a closing first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the end of a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
| 272 | EXO | 4 | intro | kap5 | 0 | # Exodus 04 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and Formatting<br><br>- v. 1-17: Moses hesitates to obey so Yahweh gives Moses signs to prove his commission<br>- v. 18-28: Moses goes back to Egypt<br>- v. 29-31: Moses and Aaron meet with the Israelite leaders and tell them what Yahweh said<br><br>## Potential Translation Issues<br><br>### Quotations<br><br> * There is a difficult transition between [4:4](../04/04.md) and [4:5](../04/05.md) because the quotation stops in the middle to inject a bit of narrative. When it resumes in [4:5](../04/05.md),the sentence seems incomplete (even if merged directly with the quotation fragment in [4:4](../04/04.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])* Yahweh’s instructions to Moses are complex, and there are up to four levels of quotations in this chapter. Translators will need to decide if some of these need to become indirect quotations (if that is possible in their language) and take great care to use the proper quotation markings in the proper locations.<br><br>### Order of events<br><br>* The order of events is not always clear. In [4:14](../04/14.md) Yahweh tells Moses that Aaron is coming to meet him, but Yahweh telling Aaron to go meet Moses in the wilderness is not recorded until [4:27](../04/27.md).<br>* The timing of the events in [4:18](../18/.md)\\-[4:27](../04/27.md), especially verses 18-19 and 27 in relation to the rest of the events of the chapter, is unclear.<br><br>### Thus says Yahweh<br><br>The first of over 400 occurrences throughout the Old Testament of a standard phrase used to introduce direct, authoritative instruction from Yahweh occurs in [4:22](../04/22.md). It occurs ten times in the book of Exodus; nine of these are between chapters 4–11. It would be good for your team to have a standard way to translate this that makes it clear that the words that come next are directly from God. If your language has a standard way of introducing a new message from your leader that alerts the hearers that these are the words of the leader, that would be a good phrase to consider.<br><br>### Yahweh’s attempt to kill someone<br><br>The encounter recorded from [4:24](../04/24.md) to [4:26](../04/26.md) is one of the strangest and most difficult passages in the entire book. Difficulties include:<br><br>* To whom do the pronouns refer? Masculine pronouns are used throughout the section, but there are two possible antecedents, Moses (who is not named in the narrative) and Zipporah’s son (who was presumably also Moses’ son, but this is how he is referred to in this text. For why, see below on why Yahweh did this). Most commentators believe the pronouns refer to Moses.<br>* Circumcision is described in fairly graphic detail. Different cultures will need to approach this differently. Some may have terms for circumcision, while others may be comfortable translating mostly literally, and others will need to use euphemisms or other strategies to translate. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/circumcise]])<br>* The meaning of the phrase **a bridegroom of blood** (ULT) is unknown.<br>* Why did Yahweh attack Moses? Many commentators conclude that Moses had neglected to circumcise one of his sons because it displeased Zipporah, and Yahweh was holding Moses responsible before he returned to lead the Israelites (who should have been circumcised). When Zipporah repented by circumcising the son herself and touching the foreskin to Moses’ feet, Yahweh relents. These conclusions should help inform translation but should not be made explicit in the text.<br><br>## Study Concepts in this Chapter<br><br>### Children of God<br><br>This chapter introduces the concept that Israel, the people group, is the chosen people of God and God’s firstborn son. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/elect]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/firstborn]])<br><br>### Yahweh hardened Pharaoh’s heart<br><br>Scholars are divided over how to understand this statement. There is debate over how Pharaoh has an active or passive role in the hardening of his own heart. Translators should simply follow the text. In Exodus 4-14 there are ten statements that Yahweh hardens Pharaoh’s heart, and ten statements that Pharaoh hardens his own heart. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |||
| 273 | EXO | 4 | 1 | j4yg | וַיַּ֤עַן מֹשֶׁה֙ וַיֹּ֔אמֶר | 1 | if they do not believe | Here, **answered and said** is a Hebrew expression which does not convey any extra information. Unless your language naturally uses a similar structure, it is better to translate one verb and omit the other. Alternate translation: “Moses answered” | |
| 274 | EXO | 4 | 1 | b3xv | figs-quotemarks | וְהֵן֙ לֹֽא־יַאֲמִ֣ינוּ לִ֔י וְלֹ֥א יִשְׁמְע֖וּ בְּקֹלִ֑י כִּ֣י יֹֽאמְר֔וּ לֹֽא־נִרְאָ֥ה אֵלֶ֖יךָ יְהוָֽה | 1 | This is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation.There may be other quotations in this chapter; they will be marked by the same punctuation, but they will not have their own notes unless there is something unique about them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
| 275 | EXO | 4 | 1 | pq8x | figs-metonymy | בְּקֹלִ֑י | 1 | See [3:18](../03/18.md). Alternate translation: “to what I say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 276 | EXO | 4 | 1 | neto | figs-quotesinquotes | לֹֽא־נִרְאָ֥ה אֵלֶ֖יךָ יְהוָֽה | 1 | This is a second-level quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation within a quotation. However, you could translate it as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “that Yahweh has not appeared to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]]) | |
| 277 | EXO | 4 | 1 | fu2x | וְהֵן֙ | 1 | This is a term meant to focus the attention of the listener on what the speaker is about to say. If there is not a good way to translate this term in your language, this term can be omitted from the translation, or you can use an alternate translation like “Listen to me.” | ||
| 278 | EXO | 4 | 2 | qmvk | writing-pronouns | אֵלָ֛יו…וַיֹּ֖אמֶר | 1 | Here, **him** and **he** refer to Moses. Alternate translation: “to Moses … And Moses said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
| 279 | EXO | 4 | 3 | zycd | figs-metonymy | מִפָּנָֽיו | 1 | Here, “face” figuratively represents the snake itself. Alternative translation: “from the snake” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 280 | EXO | 4 | 4 | g6bk | וֶאֱחֹ֖ז בִּזְנָב֑וֹ | 1 | take it by the tail | Alternate translation: “and pick it up by the tail” or “and grasp it by the tail” | |
| 281 | EXO | 4 | 4 | bzmp | grammar-connect-time-sequential | שְׁלַח֙ יָֽדְךָ֔ וֶאֱחֹ֖ז בִּזְנָב֑וֹ | 1 | This direct quotation is interrupted by Moses obeying Yahweh. This is probably a tightly ordered sequence of events where Yahweh paused and then continued speaking immediately after Moses obeyed. The quote resumes in [verse 5](../04/05.md), and there is more discussion there about how to translate the quotation resumption. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]]) | |
| 282 | EXO | 4 | 4 | m86n | וַיְהִ֥י לְמַטֶּ֖ה | 1 | became a staff | Alternate translation: “and it turned into a rod” or “and it changed into a staff” | |
| 283 | EXO | 4 | 5 | l4tn | figs-quotemarks | לְמַ֣עַן יַאֲמִ֔ינוּ כִּֽי־נִרְאָ֥ה אֵלֶ֛יךָ יְהוָ֖ה אֱלֹהֵ֣י אֲבֹתָ֑ם אֱלֹהֵ֧י אַבְרָהָ֛ם אֱלֹהֵ֥י יִצְחָ֖ק וֵאלֹהֵ֥י יַעֲקֹֽב | 1 | This continues the direct quotation from the first part of [verse 4](../04/04.md). It may be more natural to reorganize verses four and five to keep the quote together. If you rearrange like this, Moses picking up the snake/staff should come after the full quotation. However, it is better to do something similar to the UST, which restates that Yahweh is speaking and provides some implied directives from Yahweh to make a complete sentence. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
| 284 | EXO | 4 | 5 | m4fk | figs-ellipsis | לְמַ֣עַן יַאֲמִ֔ינוּ כִּֽי־נִרְאָ֥ה אֵלֶ֛יךָ יְהוָ֖ה אֱלֹהֵ֣י אֲבֹתָ֑ם אֱלֹהֵ֧י אַבְרָהָ֛ם אֱלֹהֵ֥י יִצְחָ֖ק וֵאלֹהֵ֥י יַעֲקֹֽב | 1 | This quote is not a complete sentence; the UST provides a clarification. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
| 285 | EXO | 4 | 5 | zbfr | writing-pronouns | יַאֲמִ֔ינוּ…אֲבֹתָ֑ם | 1 | Here, **them** and **their** refer either to the Israelites or to the Israelite elders. God had instructed Moses to gather and speak to the elders; if you make this participant explicit, elders is a better option. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
| 286 | EXO | 4 | 5 | oqi5 | writing-pronouns | אֵלֶ֛יךָ | 1 | Here, **you** refers to Moses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
| 287 | EXO | 4 | 5 | jr8m | אֱלֹהֵ֣י אֲבֹתָ֑ם אֱלֹהֵ֧י אַבְרָהָ֛ם אֱלֹהֵ֥י יִצְחָ֖ק וֵאלֹהֵ֥י יַעֲקֹֽב | 1 | the God of their ancestors, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob | Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob were three of their ancestors. They all worshiped the same God. | |
| 288 | EXO | 4 | 6 | ep52 | figs-exclamations | וְהִנֵּ֥ה | 1 | behold | This word, **behold**, is used to create an exclamation, showing surprise. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) |
| 289 | EXO | 4 | 6 | pw7g | figs-simile | כַּשָּֽׁלֶג | 1 | as white as snow | The word **like** (ULT) or “as” (UST) here is used to compare how Moses’ hand looked. You may not have a word for snow in your language. If so, consider an alternative that describes something very white. You may need to make the whiteness explicit. Alternate translation: “that made it look white like wool” or “that made it look white like the sand on the beach” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) |
| 290 | EXO | 4 | 7 | prr9 | figs-exclamations | וְהִנֵּה | 1 | This word is used to create an exclamation, showing surprise. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) | |
| 291 | EXO | 4 | 8 | well | figs-personification | וְלֹ֣א יִשְׁמְע֔וּ לְקֹ֖ל הָאֹ֣ת הָרִאשׁ֑וֹן וְהֶֽאֱמִ֔ינוּ לְקֹ֖ל הָאֹ֥ת הָאַחֲרֽוֹן | 1 | Here each **sign** is spoken of as if it had a **voice** with which it could speak. If this might be confusing for your readers, you could express this meaning in a non-figurative way that makes explicit that the signs are meant to be proof that God sent Moses. Alternative translation: “and are not convinced that God has appeared to you by seeing the first sign, then they will be convinced by seeing the second sign.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
| 292 | EXO | 4 | 8 | gxlg | writing-pronouns | יַאֲמִ֣ינוּ…יִשְׁמְע֔וּ…וְהֶֽאֱמִ֔ינוּ | 1 | Here, **they** refers either to the Israelites or to the Israelite elders. God had instructed Moses to gather and speak to the elders; if you make this participant explicit, elders is the better option, but be sure to do the same as you did in [verse 5](../04/05.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
| 293 | EXO | 4 | 8 | lsb3 | לֹ֣א יַאֲמִ֣ינוּ…וְהֶֽאֱמִ֔ינוּ | 1 | pay attention | Alternate translation: “they do not acknowledge … then they will acknowledge” or “they do not accept … then they will accept” | |
| 294 | EXO | 4 | 9 | q82r | writing-pronouns | יַאֲמִ֡ינוּ…יִשְׁמְעוּן֙ | 1 | Here, **they** refers either to the Israelites or to the Israelite elders. God had instructed Moses to gather and speak to the elders; if you make this participant explicit, elders is the better option, but be sure to do the same as you did in [verse 5](../04/05.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
| 295 | EXO | 4 | 9 | jsvb | figs-metonymy | לְקֹלֶ֔ךָ | 1 | See [3:18](../03/18.md). Alternate translation: “to what you say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 296 | EXO | 4 | 10 | t8i9 | בִּ֣י | 1 | This word is used by a speaker to beg a superior to allow him to speak. Alternate translation: “Please” | ||
| 297 | EXO | 4 | 10 | w12a | לֹא֩ אִ֨ישׁ דְּבָרִ֜ים אָנֹ֗כִי גַּ֤ם מִתְּמוֹל֙ גַּ֣ם מִשִּׁלְשֹׁ֔ם | 1 | have never been eloquent | Alternate translation: “I have never been an excellent speaker, not now, not before” | |
| 298 | EXO | 4 | 10 | opes | אִ֨ישׁ דְּבָרִ֜ים | 1 | This expression means “a man who uses words well,” in other words, an eloquent man who can speak well and convincingly. | ||
| 299 | EXO | 4 | 10 | pk0l | figs-merism | גַּ֤ם מִתְּמוֹל֙ גַּ֣ם מִשִּׁלְשֹׁ֔ם | 1 | These phrases simply mean “in the past.” If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) | |
| 300 | EXO | 4 | 10 | wsl4 | figs-123person | עַבְדֶּ֑ךָ | 1 | Moses refers to himself as God’s servant to lower his status before God (and perhaps by doing so to make his argument of inability stronger). If this is confusing in your language, you could make who he means plain. Alternate translation: “me, your servant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) | |
| 301 | EXO | 4 | 10 | bv64 | figs-doublet | כְבַד־פֶּ֛ה וּכְבַ֥ד לָשׁ֖וֹן | 1 | I am slow of speech and slow of tongue | These phrases mean basically the same thing. Moses uses them to emphasize that he is not a good speaker. If your language does not use repetition in this way, you could combine these phrases. Alternate translation: “not good at public speaking”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) |
| 302 | EXO | 4 | 10 | zm3y | figs-metonymy | לָשׁ֖וֹן | 1 | slow of tongue | Here, **tongue** refers to Moses’ ability to speak. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “speech” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 303 | EXO | 4 | 11 | ks2m | figs-rquestion | מִ֣י שָׂ֣ם פֶּה֮ לָֽאָדָם֒ | 1 | Who is it who made man’s mouth? | Yahweh uses this question to emphasize that he is the Creator who makes it possible for people to speak. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Is it not I, Yahweh, who created the human mouth and the ability to speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
| 304 | EXO | 4 | 11 | e1y6 | figs-rquestion | מִֽי־יָשׂ֣וּם אִלֵּ֔ם א֣וֹ חֵרֵ֔שׁ א֥וֹ פִקֵּ֖חַ א֣וֹ עִוֵּ֑ר | 1 | Who makes a man mute or deaf or seeing or blind? | Yahweh uses this question to emphasize that he is the one who decides if people can speak and hear, and if they can see. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “make people able to speak or hear or to see or to be blind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
| 305 | EXO | 4 | 11 | uq7j | figs-rquestion | הֲלֹ֥א אָנֹכִ֖י יְהוָֽה | 1 | Is it not I, Yahweh? | Yahweh uses this question to emphasize that he alone makes these decisions. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “I, Yahweh, am the one who does this!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
| 306 | EXO | 4 | 12 | kkr1 | figs-metonymy | וְאָנֹכִי֙ אֶֽהְיֶ֣ה עִם־פִּ֔יךָ | 1 | I will be with your mouth | Here, **mouth** refers to Moses’ ability to speak. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “I will give you the ability to speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 307 | EXO | 4 | 13 | brer | בִּ֣י | 1 | This word is used by a speaker to beg a superior to allow him to speak. See what you did in [verse 10](../04/10.md). Alternate translation: “Please” | ||
| 308 | EXO | 4 | 13 | s8nl | שְֽׁלַֽח־נָ֖א בְּיַד־תִּשְׁלָֽח | 1 | In translating this phrase, it is important to make clear that Moses is asking Yahweh to send someone else. Here he is not accepting Yahweh’s commission. | ||
| 309 | EXO | 4 | 13 | y4a7 | figs-synecdoche | בְּיַד | 1 | This phrase means “by a person.” The figure is of a person taking Yahweh’s message in his hand to the Israelites and Pharaoh. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could translate the meaning plainly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) | |
| 310 | EXO | 4 | 14 | uy2v | figs-idiom | וַיִּֽחַר־אַ֨ף יְהוָ֜ה | 1 | This means that Yahweh is angry. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh became angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
| 311 | EXO | 4 | 14 | ifax | writing-pronouns | וַיֹּ֨אמֶר֙ | 1 | Here, **he** refers to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “and Yahweh said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
| 312 | EXO | 4 | 14 | okko | figs-rquestion | הֲלֹ֨א אַהֲרֹ֤ן אָחִ֨יךָ֙ הַלֵּוִ֔י | 1 | Yahweh uses this rhetorical question to suggest an alternative to Moses. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternative translation: “I know you have a brother, Aaron the Levite.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
| 313 | EXO | 4 | 14 | e0js | translate-kinship | אָחִ֨יךָ֙ | 1 | Aaron is older than Moses. If your language uses a different term for the sibling relationship based on gender and age order, choose the appropriate one. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship]]) | |
| 314 | EXO | 4 | 14 | y5ed | figs-idiom | דַבֵּ֥ר יְדַבֵּ֖ר | 1 | In Hebrew, the word **speak** is repeated. This means he speaks well. English cannot convey this by doubling, so the meaning of the repetition was translated in the ULT in this case. If your language can say something like “speaking speaks” to mean “speaks well,” consider it; otherwise, translate the meaning similarly to the ULT or UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
| 315 | EXO | 4 | 14 | c51y | הִנֵּה | 1 | Here, **behold** is used to draw attention to surprising information that follows. If your language has a term that functions in that way (“Listen!” or “Look!” or “Pay Attention!”), use it here. | ||
| 316 | EXO | 4 | 14 | ettp | figs-go | יֹצֵ֣א | 1 | Yahweh says Aaron is coming from Egypt to Midian to find Moses. He is probably on foot. Depending on the language, the required form of go or come may vary. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) | |
| 317 | EXO | 4 | 14 | tfsa | grammar-connect-logic-result | וְשָׂמַ֥ח | 1 | Aaron will be glad because he sees Moses. Consider a conjunction or other form that expresses result, as in the UST or alternative translation: “and because he sees you, he will have joy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
| 318 | EXO | 4 | 14 | ew4h | figs-metonymy | בְּלִבּֽוֹ | 1 | he will be glad in his heart | Here, **heart** refers to inner thoughts and emotions. If the heart is not a body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s thoughts and emotions, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 319 | EXO | 4 | 15 | u97f | figs-metaphor | הַדְּבָרִ֖ים | 1 | put the words to say into his mouth | Words here are spoken of as if they were something that can be physically placed in a person’s mouth. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “the message that he is to repeat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 320 | EXO | 4 | 15 | q9cf | figs-metonymy | וְאָנֹכִ֗י אֶֽהְיֶ֤ה עִם־פִּ֨יךָ֙ וְעִם־פִּ֔יהוּ | 1 | I will be with your mouth | The word **mouth** here represents Moses’ and Aaron’s choice of words. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “And I will be with you as you speak and with him as he speaks” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 321 | EXO | 4 | 15 | v57x | figs-youdual | אֶתְכֶ֔ם…תַּעֲשֽׂוּן | 1 | with his mouth | These refer to Moses and Aaron. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a dual form if you have one or, if not, use a plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) |
| 322 | EXO | 4 | 16 | mnsp | figs-simile | לְפֶ֔ה | 1 | This phrase compares Aaron to a mouth because he will be the one to actually vocalize to the Israelites and Pharaoh what Moses tells him to say. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent comparison or express this meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “the one to say what you tell him to say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) | |
| 323 | EXO | 4 | 16 | gn5v | figs-simile | תִּֽהְיֶה־לּ֥וֹ לֵֽאלֹהִֽים | 1 | you will be to him like me, God | The word **like** here means Moses would represent the same authority to Aaron as God did to Moses. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent comparison or express this meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “you will speak to Aaron with the same authority with which I speak to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) |
| 324 | EXO | 4 | 17 | hm47 | figs-explicit | הַמַּטֶּ֥ה הַזֶּ֖ה | 1 | Yahweh assumes that Moses will know that by **this staff**, he means the one that Moses said he had in his hand in [verse 2](../04/02.md) and with which God told him to do a miracle in [verses 3-4](../04/03.md). If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 325 | EXO | 4 | 18 | j2ix | writing-participants | יֶ֣תֶר | 1 | Jethro is reintroduced as a participant in the narrative here. Use the natural form in your language for reintroducing a character.(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) | |
| 326 | EXO | 4 | 18 | cbop | figs-go | וַיֵּ֨לֶךְ | 1 | Because the setting has shifted back to Jethro’s home, some languages may need to use “come” here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) | |
| 327 | EXO | 4 | 18 | b6mf | translate-kinship | חֹֽתְנ֗וֹ | 1 | father-in-law | This refers to the father of Moses’ wife. If your language uses a different term for the husband’s or wife’s father use the one for wife’s father. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship]]) |
| 328 | EXO | 4 | 18 | wlit | writing-pronouns | וַיֹּ֤אמֶר | 1 | Here, **he** refers to Moses. Alternate translation: “and Moses said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
| 329 | EXO | 4 | 18 | g1h1 | writing-pronouns | לוֹ֙ | 1 | Here, **him** refers to Jethro. Alternate translation: “to Jethro” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
| 330 | EXO | 4 | 18 | urt0 | figs-metonymy | אַחַ֣י | 1 | Here the term **brothers** refers more broadly to all of Moses’ people group, those he is related to. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “my relatives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 331 | EXO | 4 | 18 | gq2g | figs-idiom | וְאֶרְאֶ֖ה הַעוֹדָ֣ם חַיִּ֑ים | 1 | Later in the Bible we are told that Moses was in Midian for 40 years. Moses’ request may have been literal or an idiom that meant he wanted to know how they were doing. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
| 332 | EXO | 4 | 18 | yay3 | translate-blessing | לֵ֥ךְ לְשָׁלֽוֹם | 1 | This is a phrase of assent and blessing. It may be necessary for some languages to explicitly add, “Yes,” to the beginning of Jethro’s response. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing]]) | |
| 333 | EXO | 4 | 19 | wwr8 | grammar-connect-time-sequential | וַיֹּ֨אמֶר יְהוָ֤ה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה֙ | 1 | The timing and situation for Yahweh speaking to Moses here is not specified. Some conjecture that it was part of the narrative of the encounter with Yahweh from the previous verses but placed after his request to Jethro for an unknown reason. Another speculation is that Moses delayed returning to Egypt (either by his own choice, Yahweh’s instructions, or someone else delaying him) and Yahweh came and told him again (the UST explicitly offers this optional translation). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]]) | |
| 334 | EXO | 4 | 19 | clfj | הַֽמְבַקְשִׁ֖ים אֶת־נַפְשֶֽׁךָ | 1 | This means they were seeking to end his life, that is, to kill him. | ||
| 335 | EXO | 4 | 20 | fua6 | figs-extrainfo | בָּנָ֗יו | 1 | Moses’ second son is not introduced until [18:4](../18/.04.md) but had already been born before they left Midian. It is not necessary to make this explicit here, if it would confuse your readers you could add a footnote. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]]) | |
| 336 | EXO | 4 | 20 | zi5m | figs-123person | וַיָּ֖שָׁב אַ֣רְצָה מִצְרָ֑יִם | 1 | It is clear from [verse 24](../04/24.md) and [25](../04/25.md) that Moses’ family went with him. If this is confusing in your language, you may need to change from **he** to “they” **returned**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) | |
| 337 | EXO | 4 | 20 | a1s5 | grammar-connect-time-sequential | וַיָּ֖שָׁב אַ֣רְצָה מִצְרָ֑יִם | 1 | After the incident on the road in verses [24-26](../04/24.md). Moses’ family is not mentioned again until [18:2](../18/02.md), which says that Moses sent them back, so it may be better to make a translation similar to the UST, which only commits to the family starting on the way to Egypt. This option has the further benefit of allowing for the several events that happen before Moses gets to Egypt. The ULT’s **toward** is another way of giving space in the translation for the next several events. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]]) | |
| 338 | EXO | 4 | 20 | f26l | figs-explicit | מַטֵּ֥ה הָאֱלֹהִ֖ים | 1 | The phrase **the staff of God** refers to the staff that God told Moses to take with him in [verse 17](../04/17.md). If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 339 | EXO | 4 | 20 | m4uj | figs-explicit | מַטֵּ֥ה הָאֱלֹהִ֖ים | 1 | The book describes this staff as **the staff of God** because God appointed it as his instrument so that Moses could do miraculous works through it. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say that explicitly. Make sure your translation does not lead people to think the staff was a magic wand or shaman’s staff that had its own power or power from Moses or that the staff gave Moses the ability to command God. In every instance where miracles happened, first God told Moses to do something with the staff, then Moses obeyed, and then God caused a miracle. Alternate translation: “the staff that God had told him to bring because God intended to work powerfully through it when Moses stretched it out.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 340 | EXO | 4 | 21 | lva8 | figs-quotemarks | בְּלֶכְתְּךָ֙ | 1 | This begins a direct quotation that continues to the end of [4:23](../04/23.md). It contains up to fourth-level quotations. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
| 341 | EXO | 4 | 21 | oajf | רְאֵ֗ה | 1 | Most translations and interpretations of the verb **see** take it to mean something like “see that you do.” | ||
| 342 | EXO | 4 | 21 | paos | figs-metaphor | כָּל־הַמֹּֽפְתִים֙ אֲשֶׁר־שַׂ֣מְתִּי בְיָדֶ֔ךָ | 1 | Here the miracles are spoken of as if they were items Moses could carry. In part, this may be because the three signs already given to Moses involved the use of his hand. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternative translation: “all the wonders I have authorized you to perform” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 343 | EXO | 4 | 21 | kdsb | figs-metonymy | לִפְנֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֑ה | 1 | This time, while **before the face of** still has the standard figurative meaning of “in the presence of,” it is a much more literal use here. Moses is to actually do the miracles in front of Pharaoh so he can see them. Alternative translation: “so Pharaoh can see them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 344 | EXO | 4 | 21 | ovma | grammar-connect-logic-contrast | וַאֲנִי֙ אֲחַזֵּ֣ק | 1 | Referring to himself in the opening of this sentence serves to emphasize a contrast between what might normally be expected and what will actually happen. Translate this in a way that clearly contrasts the performance of miracles before Pharaoh (which might be expected to lead to him releasing the Israelites) with what Yahweh says Pharaoh will do. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) | |
| 345 | EXO | 4 | 21 | uvoh | figs-metaphor | וַאֲנִי֙ אֲחַזֵּ֣ק אֶת־לִבּ֔וֹ | 1 | This means that God will make him stubborn. His stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his heart would be made stronger. If the heart is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. Alternate translation: “But as for me, I will cause Pharaoh to be stubborn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 346 | EXO | 4 | 21 | uudz | grammar-connect-logic-result | וְלֹ֥א יְשַׁלַּ֖ח אֶת־הָעָֽם | 1 | Make it clear in your translation that this is a result of God hardening Pharaoh’s heart. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
| 347 | EXO | 4 | 22 | ftde | כֹּ֚ה אָמַ֣ר יְהוָ֔ה | 1 | This is the first of hundreds of occurrences throughout the Old Testament of a standard phrase, **Thus says Yahweh**, used to introduce direct, authoritative instruction from Yahweh. It would be good for your team to have a standard way to translate this that makes it clear that the words that come next are directly from God. If your language has a standard way of introducing a new message from your rulers that alerts the hearers that these are the words of the rulers, that would be a good phrase to consider. | ||
| 348 | EXO | 4 | 22 | teyy | figs-quotesinquotes | כֹּ֚ה אָמַ֣ר יְהוָ֔ה | 1 | This begins a second-level quotation that continues until the end of [4:23](../04/23.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening second-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation within a quotation. However, you may want to translate this as an indirect quotation in order to reduce the levels of quotations in this passage. Alternative translation: “that Yahweh says” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]]) | |
| 349 | EXO | 4 | 22 | kud7 | figs-quotemarks | בְּנִ֥י בְכֹרִ֖י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃ | 1 | This is the beginning of a third-level quotation that continues until the end of [4:23](../04/23.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening third-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation within a quotation within a quotation. (If you chose to translate, “Thus says Yahweh,” as an indirect quote, this will be a second- level quotation.) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
| 350 | EXO | 4 | 22 | gr2d | figs-metaphor | בְּנִ֥י | 1 | Yahweh expresses his affection for the Israelites by calling them his **son**. Some languages may need to change the metaphor here into a simile. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 351 | EXO | 4 | 22 | pt4n | grammar-collectivenouns | יִשְׂרָאֵֽל | 1 | Israel is my son | The word **Israel** here represents all the people of Israel as a group. It is important to keep the singular reference to Israel as son rather than change it to something like ‘the Israelites are my children,’ because God is making a particular contrast here between his son and Pharaoh’s son. Some languages may not be able to use “Israel” as a collective noun and may need to choose a translation like “the nation of Israel” or “the Israelite nation.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) |
| 352 | EXO | 4 | 22 | nbn7 | figs-metonymy | יִשְׂרָאֵֽל | 1 | The Israelite nation is often referred to simply by the name of the patriarch. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “The Israelites are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 353 | EXO | 4 | 23 | syar | figs-quotemarks | שַׁלַּ֤ח אֶת־בְּנִי֙ וְיַֽעַבְדֵ֔נִי | 1 | This is a fourth-level quotation. It should be marked in some manner that distinguishes it from the outer levels. (If you chose to translate “Thus says Yahweh” as an indirect quote, this will be a third-level quotation.) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
| 354 | EXO | 4 | 23 | yyuo | figs-quotations | וָאֹמַ֣ר אֵלֶ֗יךָ שַׁלַּ֤ח אֶת־בְּנִי֙ וְיַֽעַבְדֵ֔נִי וַתְּמָאֵ֖ן | 1 | The fourth-level quotation here may be a good one to translate as an indirect quotation in order to reduce the levels of quotations in this passage. Alternative translation: “and I told you to let my son go that he may serve me. But you have refused” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) | |
| 355 | EXO | 4 | 23 | k7mh | figs-metaphor | בְּנִי֙ | 1 | you have refused to let him go | Yahweh continues to metaphorically speak of Israel as **my son.** See how you translated it in the previous verse. Alternative translation: “the Israelite nation, which is like a son to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 356 | EXO | 4 | 23 | u825 | figs-pronouns | וְיַֽעַבְדֵ֔נִי…לְשַׁלְּח֑וֹ | 1 | The pronouns **he** and **him** agree with “son.” What you use may depend on how you translated son in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) | |
| 357 | EXO | 4 | 23 | ot2b | הִנֵּה֙ | 1 | This is used to draw attention to surprising information that follows. Alternative translation: “Know this” | ||
| 358 | EXO | 4 | 23 | re11 | בִּנְךָ֖ | 1 | I will certainly kill your son, your firstborn | Here, **your son** refers to the actual son of Pharaoh. | |
| 359 | EXO | 4 | 23 | ubcw | figs-quotemarks | בִּנְךָ֖ בְּכֹרֶֽךָ | 1 | After this phrase, the three levels of direct quotations end, bringing a complete close to all quotations that started in verses [21](../04/21.md) and [22](../04/22.md). If you are using direct quotations, at the end of this verse you should have three closing markers: third level, second level and first level. In English, it looks like **” ’ ”** (without spaces). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
| 360 | EXO | 4 | 24 | sp6h | writing-newevent | וַיְהִ֥י | 1 | Yahweh met Moses and tried to kill him | This introduces a new event. Mark the transition in a natural way in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) |
| 361 | EXO | 4 | 24 | p820 | writing-pronouns | וַיִּפְגְּשֵׁ֣הוּ…הֲמִיתֽוֹ | 1 | Here, it is not clear who **him** refers to. Most commentators believe it refers to Moses, but it could refer to the son, though that is less likely. If it is necessary to choose for your translation, use Moses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
| 362 | EXO | 4 | 24 | qeo5 | writing-pronouns | וַיְבַקֵּ֖שׁ | 1 | Here, **he** refers to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
| 363 | EXO | 4 | 25 | m1la | translate-names | צִפֹּרָ֜ה | 1 | Zipporah | **Zipporah** is the name of Moses’ wife. See how you translated it in [2:21](../02/21.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
| 364 | EXO | 4 | 25 | sftg | writing-participants | צִפֹּרָ֜ה | 1 | **Zipporah** is introduced here as a new character. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new character. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) | |
| 365 | EXO | 4 | 25 | a36h | translate-unknown | צֹ֗ר | 1 | flint knife | This was a flake or a sharp piece of a hard gray rock that was used as a knife.. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
| 366 | EXO | 4 | 25 | nkxn | translate-unknown | עָרְלַ֣ת | 1 | The**foreskin** is the retractable fold of skin which covers and protects the end of the penis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) | |
| 367 | EXO | 4 | 25 | l6sr | figs-euphemism | לְרַגְלָ֑יו | 1 | to his feet | It is possible that the word **feet** may have been a more respectful way to refer to the genital area of the body. However, that possibility is not high enough that you should translate it either literally as genitals or with another euphemism meaning genitals in your language. If you have a word that means primarily feet or legs, but could in some cases also euphemistically mean genitals, you may consider it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) |
| 368 | EXO | 4 | 25 | b2t3 | figs-metaphor | כִּ֧י חֲתַן־דָּמִ֛ים אַתָּ֖ה לִֽי | 1 | you are a bridegroom to me by blood | The meaning of this metaphor is unclear. It was probably a known saying in that culture. Alternate translation: “You are related to me by this blood” or “You are my husband because of blood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 369 | EXO | 4 | 26 | ceqk | grammar-connect-logic-result | וַיִּ֖רֶף | 1 | God **relented** as a result of Zipporah’s action. Consider a conjunction or other form that expresses result, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
| 370 | EXO | 4 | 26 | o4zt | writing-pronouns | וַיִּ֖רֶף | 1 | Here, **he** refers to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Yahweh relented” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
| 371 | EXO | 4 | 26 | k136 | writing-pronouns | מִמֶּ֑נּוּ | 1 | As in [4:24](../04/24.md), **him** could refer to either Moses or the son, but most commentators think it is still Moses. The UST uses “anyone” to preserve ambiguity. Alternative translation: “from Moses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
| 372 | EXO | 4 | 26 | r8hj | figs-quotations | חֲתַ֥ן דָּמִ֖ים | 1 | This is a unique quotation because Zipporah probably does not speak again; rather, the quotation refers back to her statement in [4:25](../04/25.md). Use a form from your language for quoting a portion of what someone previously said. If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) | |
| 373 | EXO | 4 | 26 | abmg | figs-quotemarks | חֲתַ֥ן דָּמִ֖ים לַמּוּלֹֽת | 1 | It is not clear if the quotation includes **because of the circumcision** or if that is a comment explaining the quotation. Translations are divided in where they end the quotation, but most exclude **because of the circumcision**, and it is best to follow that unless a locally respected translation includes it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
| 374 | EXO | 4 | 27 | xk6b | writing-newevent | וַיֹּ֤אמֶר | 1 | Yahweh said to Aaron | You may want to add a word that marks the beginning of a new part of the story, as the UST does. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) |
| 375 | EXO | 4 | 27 | qxpc | writing-participants | אַהֲרֹ֔ן | 1 | **Aaron** is introduced as a new participant. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new character. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) | |
| 376 | EXO | 4 | 27 | wy4n | figs-possession | בְּהַ֥ר הָאֱלֹהִ֖ים | 1 | at the mountain of God | See how you translated this in [3:1](../03/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) |
| 377 | EXO | 4 | 27 | tfn2 | translate-symaction | וַיִּשַּׁק | 1 | This was a traditional way of greeting which showed love. You can make this explicit, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) | |
| 378 | EXO | 4 | 28 | ad9x | שְׁלָח֑וֹ…צִוָּֽהוּ | 1 | These are a bit awkward to translate in English, so the UST adds more information. Other languages may not have the same difficulty. | ||
| 379 | EXO | 4 | 28 | b429 | writing-pronouns | שְׁלָח֑וֹ…צִוָּֽהוּ | 1 | he had sent him to say | Here, the pronoun **he** refers to Yahweh, and **him** refers to Moses. Alternative translation: “Yahweh sent Moses … Yahweh commanded Moses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) |
| 380 | EXO | 4 | 29 | y8o3 | writing-newevent | וַיֵּ֥לֶךְ | 1 | This begins a new event which you may need to mark in your translation with a transitional word like the UST’s “When.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) | |
| 381 | EXO | 4 | 30 | bm2x | figs-metonymy | לְעֵינֵ֥י הָעָֽם | 1 | in the sight of the people | Here, **before the eyes** means he did the signs so they could see them. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternative translation: “in their sight” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 382 | EXO | 4 | 30 | x1v3 | הָעָֽם | 1 | Context suggests that **people** refers to the leaders gathered in [4:29](../04/29.md). | ||
| 383 | EXO | 4 | 31 | glp2 | הָעָ֑ם | 1 | Context suggests that **people** refers to the leaders gathered in [4:29](../04/29.md). | ||
| 384 | EXO | 4 | 31 | q1er | פָקַ֨ד…בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל | 1 | had observed the Israelites | Alternate translation: “saw the Israelites” or “was concerned about the Israelites” | |
| 385 | EXO | 4 | 31 | g83a | translate-symaction | וַֽיִּקְּד֖וּ וַיִּֽשְׁתַּחֲוּֽוּ | 1 | they bowed their heads | This action was an expression of thankful worship. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternative translations: “they bowed their heads in awe” or “they bowed down low in reverence.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) |
| 386 | EXO | 5 | intro | kea2 | 0 | # Exodus 05 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and Formatting<br><br>- v. 1-5: Moses gives Pharaoh Yahweh’s message<br>- v. 6-21: Pharaoh makes the Israelites work harder<br>- v. 22-23: Moses asks Yahweh why things went badly | |||
| 387 | EXO | 5 | 1 | q0zv | writing-newevent | וְאַחַ֗ר בָּ֚אוּ מֹשֶׁ֣ה וְאַהֲרֹ֔ן וַיֹּאמְר֖וּ אֶל־פַּרְעֹ֑ה | 1 | The time phrase, **and afterward**, marks a transition in the narrative. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new event. Alternative translation: “After that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) | |
| 388 | EXO | 5 | 1 | q9kn | grammar-connect-time-sequential | וְאַחַ֗ר בָּ֚אוּ מֹשֶׁ֣ה וְאַהֲרֹ֔ן וַיֹּאמְר֖וּ אֶל־פַּרְעֹ֑ה | 1 | After these things happened | It is unclear how long Moses and Aaron waited before they went to see Pharaoh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]]) |
| 389 | EXO | 5 | 1 | cudx | figs-go | בָּ֚אוּ | 1 | In this instance, depending on how they have to set scenes, some languages may need to use “came in.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) | |
| 390 | EXO | 5 | 1 | tsnv | writing-participants | פַּרְעֹ֑ה | 1 | Pharaoh is reintroduced as a participant in the narrative for the first time since chapter two. Use the natural form in your language for reintroducing a character. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) | |
| 391 | EXO | 5 | 1 | jarm | figs-quotemarks | כֹּֽה־אָמַ֤ר יְהוָה֙ אֱלֹהֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל שַׁלַּח֙ אֶת־עַמִּ֔י וְיָחֹ֥גּוּ לִ֖י בַּמִּדְבָּֽר | 1 | This is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. There is a second-level quotation fully contained within this portion which is addressed elsewhere. There may be other quotations in this chapter; they will be marked by the same punctuation, but they will not have their own notes unless there is something unique about them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
| 392 | EXO | 5 | 1 | lu3i | כֹּֽה־אָמַ֤ר יְהוָה֙ | 1 | This quotation formula is used to introduce commands from Yahweh. See [4:intro](../04/intro.md) for more information. | ||
| 393 | EXO | 5 | 1 | u2vt | וְיָחֹ֥גּוּ | 1 | festival for me | This is a celebration to worship Yahweh. Alternative translation: “so they can worship me with eating and drinking” | |
| 394 | EXO | 5 | 2 | v4c1 | grammar-connect-logic-contrast | וַיֹּ֣אמֶר | 1 | Why should I…let Israel go? | The result here is exactly as God has said; therefore, a contrastive transition word is reasonable but not required, given the immediate human context. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) |
| 395 | EXO | 5 | 2 | lqwt | מִ֤י יְהוָה֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר אֶשְׁמַ֣ע בְּקֹל֔וֹ לְשַׁלַּ֖ח אֶת־יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל | 1 | This is not a rhetorical question, though Pharaoh may have spoken with contempt. Pharaoh would have considered himself a god. The Egyptians had several gods, and most people groups were assumed to have their own gods. Therefore, Pharaoh had truly not heard of Yahweh (who has just revealed his name to Moses). | ||
| 396 | EXO | 5 | 2 | wpff | grammar-collectivenouns | יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל…יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל | 1 | Here the nation is spoken of as an individual. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you can use a different expression. Alternative translation: “the nation of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) | |
| 397 | EXO | 5 | 2 | c653 | figs-metonymy | בְּקֹל֔וֹ | 1 | listen to his voice | Here, **his voice** represent the words God spoke. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “to what he says” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 398 | EXO | 5 | 2 | ma6b | וְגַ֥ם | 1 | This functions to strengthen Pharaoh’s statement about his decision. Alternative translation: “and most definitely” | ||
| 399 | EXO | 5 | 3 | dt39 | figs-123person | וַיֹּ֣אמְר֔וּ | 1 | It may not make sense in all languages for multiple people to speak. Since Aaron was appointed as Moses’ spokesman, consider the alternative translation: “Aaron replied” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) | |
| 400 | EXO | 5 | 3 | y9ip | אֱלֹהֵ֥י הָעִבְרִ֖ים | 1 | God of the Hebrews | This term, **The God of the Hebrews**, is also used for Yahweh, the Israelites’ God. | |
| 401 | EXO | 5 | 3 | kclj | figs-exclusive | עָלֵ֑ינוּ נֵ֣לֲכָה…וְנִזְבְּחָה֙…יִפְגָּעֵ֔נוּ | 1 | Here, **us** (or “we” in UST) refers to the Hebrew people (the Israelites). It excludes Pharaoh and his people. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) | |
| 402 | EXO | 5 | 3 | gfs5 | figs-metonymy | בֶחָֽרֶב | 1 | or with the sword | Here, **sword** represents war or an attack by enemies. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “cause our enemies to attack us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 403 | EXO | 5 | 4 | kl1i | figs-rquestion | לָ֚מָּה מֹשֶׁ֣ה וְאַהֲרֹ֔ן תַּפְרִ֥יעוּ אֶת־הָעָ֖ם מִמַּֽעֲשָׂ֑יו | 1 | why are you taking the people from their work? | Pharaoh uses this rhetorical question to express his anger toward Moses and Aaron for taking the Israelites away from their work. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Stop distracting the people from doing their work!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
| 404 | EXO | 5 | 4 | fiw9 | figs-youdual | לְכ֖וּ לְסִבְלֹתֵיכֶֽם | 1 | This **your** could refer to Moses and Aaron, or it could mean “all you Israelite people.” The second meaning is more likely. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a dual or plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) | |
| 405 | EXO | 5 | 5 | xm4z | grammar-connect-words-phrases | וַיֹּ֣אמֶר פַּרְעֹ֔ה | 1 | It is unusual for the same speaker to be reintroduced like this. Some translations omit the repetition, but there is another option. This statement may be more connected to the next couple of verses, so it might be appropriate to make a minor break before this verse. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) | |
| 406 | EXO | 5 | 5 | nqbe | figs-aside | וַיֹּ֣אמֶר פַּרְעֹ֔ה הֵן־רַבִּ֥ים עַתָּ֖ה עַ֣ם הָאָ֑רֶץ וְהִשְׁבַּתֶּ֥ם אֹתָ֖ם מִסִּבְלֹתָֽם | 1 | This statement by Pharaoh may have been him commenting to himself, or he may have only thought this statement silently; either way, it led to his next actions. If this would be confusing in your language, consider stating it in a way that clarifies that his statement or thoughts here impacted his next actions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-aside]]) | |
| 407 | EXO | 5 | 5 | todi | הֵן | 1 | **Behold** is a term meant to focus the attention of the listener on what the speaker is about to say. | ||
| 408 | EXO | 5 | 5 | c53k | figs-youdual | וְהִשְׁבַּתֶּ֥ם | 1 | Here, **you** means Moses and Aaron. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a dual form if you have one, or if not, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) | |
| 409 | EXO | 5 | 6 | ar9m | וַיְצַ֥ו פַּרְעֹ֖ה…אֶת־הַנֹּגְשִׂ֣ים בָּעָ֔ם וְאֶת־שֹׁטְרָ֖יו לֵאמֹֽר | 1 | Pharaoh may have sent a messenger or messengers to the taskmasters and officers or spoken to one or a few representatives of them at his court rather than speaking to them directly. Alternative translation: “And … Pharaoh gave an order to the taskmasters among the people and officers. He said,” | ||
| 410 | EXO | 5 | 6 | zd4m | הַנֹּגְשִׂ֣ים | 1 | taskmasters | **Taskmasters** were Egyptians whose job it was to force the Israelites to do hard work. These are probably the same as the “overseers” of labor gangs from [Exodus 1:11](../01/11.md), but here the term is harsher. Alternative translation: “oppressors” | |
| 411 | EXO | 5 | 6 | gsdx | שֹׁטְרָ֖יו | 1 | **Officers** were probably Israelite slaves who were in charge of the other Israelites but who answered to the Egyptian taskmasters. | ||
| 412 | EXO | 5 | 6 | dxih | לֵאמֹֽר | 1 | Here, **saying** is a way of introducing a direct quotation in Hebrew; most translations can omit it without harm. | ||
| 413 | EXO | 5 | 7 | k6io | figs-youdual | לֹ֣א תֹאסִפ֞וּן | 1 | This command was given to multiple people; if your language distinguishes between singular and plural forms when giving commands, make sure this is a plural form. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) | |
| 414 | EXO | 5 | 7 | p9nx | figs-idiom | כִּתְמ֣וֹל שִׁלְשֹׁ֑ם | 1 | you must no longer give | This is a Hebrew idiom meaning “in the past.” If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternative translation: “as you used to do” or “as was done previously” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
| 415 | EXO | 5 | 8 | izkf | figs-youdual | תָּשִׂ֣ימוּ | 1 | If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) | |
| 416 | EXO | 5 | 8 | ro25 | translate-unknown | הַלְּבֵנִ֜ים | 1 | **Bricks** are blocks made of clay or mud with straw in them. They are hardened in the sun or in another manner before they are used for building. See how you translated in [1:14](../01/14.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) | |
| 417 | EXO | 5 | 8 | dlzx | figs-idiom | תְּמ֤וֹל שִׁלְשֹׁם֙ | 1 | This is a Hebrew idiom meaning “in the past.” See how you translated this in [5:7](../05/07md) Alternative translation: “before” or “previously” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
| 418 | EXO | 5 | 9 | xca1 | figs-idiom | וְאַל־יִשְׁע֖וּ בְּדִבְרֵי־שָֽׁקֶר | 1 | Here words are spoken of as if they could be looked upon. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternative translation: “and not listen to words that are lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
| 419 | EXO | 5 | 10 | ozzn | writing-newevent | וַיֵּ֨צְא֜וּ | 1 | This begins a new scene, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) | |
| 420 | EXO | 5 | 10 | x4bi | נֹגְשֵׂ֤י | 1 | taskmasters | **Taskmasters** were Egyptians whose job was to force the Israelites to do hard work. See how you translated this in [5:6](../05/6.md). | |
| 421 | EXO | 5 | 10 | zvxx | כֹּ֚ה אָמַ֣ר פַּרְעֹ֔ה | 1 | This is the same quotation introduction as is used when Yahweh gives a direct command. See [4:intro](../04/intro.md) for more information. | ||
| 422 | EXO | 5 | 10 | c12s | figs-quotations | וַיֹּאמְר֥וּ אֶל־הָעָ֖ם לֵאמֹ֑ר כֹּ֚ה אָמַ֣ר פַּרְעֹ֔ה | 1 | It might be helpful in some languages to translate **thus says Pharaoh** as an indirect quote so that his conveyed command is not a quote within a quote. Alternate translation: “and told the people that Pharaoh says” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) | |
| 423 | EXO | 5 | 10 | mkom | figs-quotesinquotes | אֵינֶ֛נִּי | 1 | This is the beginning of a second-level quotation that continues until the end of verse 11. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening second-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the start of a quotation within a quotation. However, you could also translate this as an indirect quote. See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]]) | |
| 424 | EXO | 5 | 10 | ad73 | grammar-connect-logic-contrast | אֵינֶ֛נִּי נֹתֵ֥ן לָכֶ֖ם תֶּֽבֶן | 1 | The structure of this phrase and the one that opens [the next verse](../05/11.md) create a strong contrast between what **I** (Pharaoh) and **you** (you all, the Israelites) will do. Translate this in a way that emphasizes, if possible, the contrast between **I** and **you.** Alternative translation: “It is not I who will give you straw.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) | |
| 425 | EXO | 5 | 10 | si2e | figs-metonymy | אֵינֶ֛נִּי נֹתֵ֥ן לָכֶ֖ם תֶּֽבֶן | 1 | Pharaoh uses **I** to refer to his ownership and commands. Pharaoh does not physically give the Israelites straw. Rather, he had commanded his servants to take straw that belonged to Pharaoh and give it to the Israelites. Now he told his servants to stop providing straw. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “My servants will no longer give you my straw” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 426 | EXO | 5 | 10 | gb4d | figs-youdual | לָכֶ֖ם | 1 | I will no longer give you | **You**is plural and refers to the Israelite people. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) |
| 427 | EXO | 5 | 11 | ewg6 | grammar-connect-logic-contrast | אַתֶּ֗ם לְכ֨וּ קְח֤וּ לָכֶם֙ תֶּ֔בֶן מֵאֲשֶׁ֖ר תִּמְצָ֑אוּ | 1 | The structure of this phrase serves as the opposing side of the contrast Pharaoh sets up in the last phrase. By explicitly using a pronoun with a command, he is emphasizing who will go get straw. If possible, translate this in a way that emphasizes the contrast between **I** and **you.** See the previous verse. Alternative translation: “Rather, it is you yourselves who must go get straw from wherever you might find it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) | |
| 428 | EXO | 5 | 11 | xe4i | figs-youdual | אַתֶּ֗ם | 1 | you can find…your workload | Here, **you** is plural and refers to the Israelite people. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) |
| 429 | EXO | 5 | 11 | w918 | figs-rpronouns | אַתֶּ֗ם…לָכֶם֙ | 1 | You yourselves must go | The repetition of **you** (as **your**) emphasizes that the Egyptians will no longer help the slaves. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) |
| 430 | EXO | 5 | 11 | g5vb | figs-doublenegatives | כִּ֣י אֵ֥ין נִגְרָ֛ע מֵעֲבֹדַתְכֶ֖ם דָּבָֽר | 1 | your workload will not be reduced | If this double negative would be misunderstood in your language, you could translate it as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “for you must continue to make the same number of bricks as before” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) |
| 431 | EXO | 5 | 12 | s9dk | figs-hyperbole | בְּכָל־אֶ֣רֶץ מִצְרָ֑יִם | 1 | throughout all the land of Egypt | This is a generalization used to show the extra effort Israel made to meet Pharaoh’s demands. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression from your language that means many places. Alternate translation: “to many places throughout Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) |
| 432 | EXO | 5 | 12 | q7y7 | translate-unknown | קַ֖שׁ | 1 | stubble | **Stubble** is the part of a plant that is left over after harvest. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
| 433 | EXO | 5 | 13 | th6x | וְהַנֹּגְשִׂ֖ים | 1 | taskmasters | **Taskmasters** were Egyptians whose job it was to force the Israelites to do hard work. See how you translated this in [Exodus 5:6](../05/06.md). | |
| 434 | EXO | 5 | 13 | ikkf | writing-participants | וְהַנֹּגְשִׂ֖ים | 1 | The change of subject is emphasized here. If your language has a way of specifically focusing on the actor in a narrative, use it here. See the UST for how that is done in English. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) | |
| 435 | EXO | 5 | 13 | a5ja | דְּבַר־י֣וֹם בְּיוֹמ֔וֹ | 1 | **Day by day** means “daily.” Alternative translation: “the daily task” | ||
| 436 | EXO | 5 | 14 | h4uo | נֹגְשֵׂ֥י | 1 | **Taskmasters** are Egyptians whose job it was to force the Israelites to do hard work. See how you translated this in [Exodus 5:6](../05/06.md). | ||
| 437 | EXO | 5 | 14 | unbc | figs-activepassive | וַיֻּכּ֗וּ שֹֽׁטְרֵי֙ בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל | 1 | The text does not specify who beat the officers. It was probably either the taskmasters or someone the taskmasters ordered to beat the officers. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “And the taskmasters beat the officers of the sons of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 438 | EXO | 5 | 14 | eq22 | figs-rquestion | מַדּ֡וּעַ לֹא֩ כִלִּיתֶ֨ם חָקְכֶ֤ם לִלְבֹּן֙ כִּתְמ֣וֹל שִׁלְשֹׁ֔ם גַּם־תְּמ֖וֹל גַּם־הַיּֽוֹם | 1 | Why have you not produced all the bricks required of you…in the past? | The taskmasters used this question to show they were angry with the lack of bricks. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “You are not producing enough bricks, either yesterday or today, as you did in the past!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
| 439 | EXO | 5 | 14 | oh6o | figs-youdual | כִלִּיתֶ֨ם חָקְכֶ֤ם | 1 | Here, **you** and **your** are plural. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) | |
| 440 | EXO | 5 | 14 | emq7 | figs-synecdoche | לֹא֩ כִלִּיתֶ֨ם חָקְכֶ֤ם | 1 | cried out | Here, **you** and **your** do not simply refer to the officers; they refer to the groups of Israelite workers the officers are in charge of. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could translate the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “have your teams not finished their required” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) |
| 441 | EXO | 5 | 14 | liz8 | figs-idiom | כִּתְמ֣וֹל שִׁלְשֹׁ֔ם | 1 | This is a Hebrew idiom meaning “in the past.” Here it specifically refers to the time before the Egyptians stopped giving the Israelites straw. See how you translated this in [5:7](../05/07md) Alternative translation: “before” or “previously” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
| 442 | EXO | 5 | 14 | zklg | גַּם־תְּמ֖וֹל גַּם־הַיּֽוֹם | 1 | This time expression refers to more recent days, ones since the Egyptians stopped providing the straw to the Israelites. | ||
| 443 | EXO | 5 | 15 | bk9h | writing-newevent | וַיָּבֹ֗אוּ | 1 | This begins a new scene, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. The officers have gone to where Pharaoh is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) | |
| 444 | EXO | 5 | 15 | thlj | figs-go | וַיָּבֹ֗אוּ | 1 | You will need to decide if go or come is the better translation in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) | |
| 445 | EXO | 5 | 15 | m2nz | figs-123person | לַעֲבָדֶֽיךָ | 1 | Here, the Israelite officers use the term **your servants** to refer to themselves in the third person as a way of showing humility. It is also possible that they mean to include all the Israelites. Either option is valid if your language must state who is meant by “your servants.” Alternate translation: “to us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) | |
| 446 | EXO | 5 | 16 | yeql | figs-activepassive | תֶּ֗בֶן אֵ֤ין נִתָּן֙ לַעֲבָדֶ֔יךָ | 1 | The text does not specify who is not giving them straw. From the context, the taskmasters and, by implication, Pharaoh himself are the ones not doing this. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternative translation: “You are not giving your servants any straw.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 447 | EXO | 5 | 16 | qp5j | figs-123person | לַעֲבָדֶ֔יךָ…עֲבָדֶ֛יךָ | 1 | Here, the Israelite officers use the term **your servants** to refer to themselves in the third person as a way of showing humility. It is also possible that they mean to include all the Israelites. Either option is valid if your language must state who is meant by “your servants.” Alternate translation: “to us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) | |
| 448 | EXO | 5 | 16 | hsa6 | writing-pronouns | אֹמְרִ֥ים | 1 | they are still telling us, ‘Make bricks!’ | Here, **they** refers to the Egyptian taskmasters. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) |
| 449 | EXO | 5 | 16 | m0go | וְהִנֵּ֧ה | 1 | **And behold** is used to draw attention to surprising information that follows. | ||
| 450 | EXO | 5 | 16 | xrly | figs-activepassive | עֲבָדֶ֛יךָ מֻכִּ֖ים | 1 | The text does not specify who beat the officers. It was probably either the taskmasters or someone the taskmasters ordered to beat the officers. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 451 | EXO | 5 | 16 | ff2k | figs-euphemism | וְחָטָ֥את עַמֶּֽךָ | 1 | The Israelites are indirectly accusing Pharaoh of doing wrong. To translate this, consider polite or indirect ways of making accusations in your culture. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) | |
| 452 | EXO | 5 | 16 | l7sn | וְחָטָ֥את | 1 | Alternate translation: “but it is the wrongdoing of” | ||
| 453 | EXO | 5 | 17 | cw5u | figs-youdual | אַתֶּ֖ם…אַתֶּ֣ם | 1 | These uses of **you** are plural. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) | |
| 454 | EXO | 5 | 17 | zlkc | figs-exclamations | נִרְפִּ֥ים אַתֶּ֖ם נִרְפִּ֑ים | 1 | Pharaoh repeats himself for emphasis. In your translation, make sure the idea of laziness or idleness is repeated or strengthened in a way that is natural. Alternative translation: “You are extremely lazy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) | |
| 455 | EXO | 5 | 17 | a8o2 | figs-quotemarks | נֵלְכָ֖ה נִזְבְּחָ֥ה לַֽיהוָֽה | 1 | Here the king is quoting another person’s speech. This is a second-level quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation within a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
| 456 | EXO | 5 | 18 | x9j7 | figs-activepassive | וְתֶ֖בֶן לֹא־יִנָּתֵ֣ן לָכֶ֑ם | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The subject could be “I” (as in Pharaoh) or “we” (as in the Egyptians or Pharaoh and his taskmasters) or “my people.” See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 457 | EXO | 5 | 18 | z6wt | figs-youdual | לָכֶ֑ם…תִּתֵּֽנּוּ | 1 | Here, **you** means all the Israelites or the officers as representatives of all the Israelites. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) | |
| 458 | EXO | 5 | 19 | x6pp | grammar-connect-logic-result | וַיִּרְא֞וּ שֹֽׁטְרֵ֧י בְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֛ל אֹתָ֖ם בְּרָ֣ע לֵאמֹ֑ר לֹא־תִגְרְע֥וּ מִלִּבְנֵיכֶ֖ם דְּבַר־י֥וֹם בְּיוֹמֽוֹ | 1 | If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases, since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
| 459 | EXO | 5 | 19 | l9d2 | figs-rpronouns | אֹתָ֖ם | 1 | when they were told | Here the officers are both the subject and object, because they are thinking about their own situation. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) |
| 460 | EXO | 5 | 19 | j6f9 | וַיִּרְא֞וּ…אֹתָ֖ם בְּרָ֣ע לֵאמֹ֑ר | 1 | Alternate translation: “knew that they were in trouble, because the king said” or “perceived themselves to be in danger, because the king said” | ||
| 461 | EXO | 5 | 20 | ve3z | writing-newevent | וַֽיִּפְגְּעוּ֙ | 1 | palace | A new scene begins here, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) |
| 462 | EXO | 5 | 20 | s9d2 | writing-pronouns | וַֽיִּפְגְּעוּ֙…לִקְרָאתָ֑ם בְּצֵאתָ֖ם | 1 | Here, **they** and **them** refer to the officers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
| 463 | EXO | 5 | 21 | kv0v | יֵ֧רֶא יְהוָ֛ה עֲלֵיכֶ֖ם וְיִשְׁפֹּ֑ט | 1 | The Israelite officers used this form to curse Moses and Aaron. | ||
| 464 | EXO | 5 | 21 | vfit | figs-youdual | עֲלֵיכֶ֖ם וְיִשְׁפֹּ֑ט | 1 | **You** refers to Moses and Aaron. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a dual or plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) | |
| 465 | EXO | 5 | 21 | j3zp | figs-metaphor | הִבְאַשְׁתֶּ֣ם אֶת־רֵיחֵ֗נוּ בְּעֵינֵ֤י פַרְעֹה֙ וּבְעֵינֵ֣י עֲבָדָ֔יו | 1 | you have made us offensive | The Egyptians responded to the Israelites the same way they would respond to a foul odor. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “you have caused Pharaoh and his servants to hate us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 466 | EXO | 5 | 21 | d592 | figs-metonymy | חֶ֥רֶב בְּיָדָ֖ם | 1 | have put a sword in their hand to kill us | Here, **a sword into their hand** is a metonym for “a reason in their mind.” The Israelites are afraid that the Egyptians will feel that they are doing the right thing if they kill the Israelites, because Moses and Aaron are making demands to the king and because the Egyptians view the Israelites as lazy and dangerous. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “them a reason to think they would be right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 467 | EXO | 5 | 22 | g4d5 | figs-rquestion | לָ֥מָּה זֶּ֖ה שְׁלַחְתָּֽנִי | 1 | Lord, why have you caused trouble for this people? | This question shows how disappointed Moses was that the Egyptians were treating the Israelites even more harshly now. He is expressing that he thinks God has caused the opposite of what he promised to happen. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “I thought you sent me to rescue them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
| 468 | EXO | 5 | 23 | v2k2 | figs-metonymy | בִּשְׁמֶ֔ךָ | 1 | to speak to him in your name | Here, **in your name** indicates that Moses delivers Yahweh’s message. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “for you” or “your message for him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 469 | EXO | 5 | 23 | fzir | figs-idiom | וְהַצֵּ֥ל לֹא־הִצַּ֖לְתָּ | 1 | In Hebrew, **rescued** is repeated for emphasis. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
| 470 | EXO | 6 | intro | we5k | 0 | # Exodus 06 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and Formatting<br><br>- v. 1-13, 28-30: Yahweh repeats his commissioning of Moses after the bad events recorded in chapter 5<br>- v. 14-27: Genealogy of Moses and Aaron<br><br>## Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter<br><br>### Repetition of events:<br><br>Most of the content of this chapter is very similar to the events and dialogue in chapters 3-4. For consistency, translators should consult the decisions they made there while keeping in mind that this narrative is not exactly the same. Also, verses 10-12 and verses 28-30 are very similar to each other. These events are probably a recommissioning of Moses. After his first encounter with Pharaoh went very poorly and the Israelites seem to reject God, Yahweh reminds Moses of his promises and power.<br><br>### Referring to God<br><br>A name for God (**Yahweh**) and a title for God (**El Shaddai**) are mentioned in this chapter ([6:2](../06/02.md)\\-[6:3](../06/03.md)). The precise meaning of El Shaddai is not known, but most scholars think it means something like “almighty.” Translators who have worked on Genesis may find confusing the statement that Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob did not know Yahweh as the name of God.<br><br>### Other possible translation difficulties:<br><br>With little explanation, a large portion of the chapter is devoted to the genealogy of Moses and Aaron. Some of the people in the genealogy lived much longer than is normal for humans today. If translators are not familiar with the lengths of people’s lives in the early days of the world (as recorded in Genesis, especially chapter 5), this may cause confusion.<br><br>## Study Concepts in this Chapter<br><br>### Promised Land<br><br>According to the covenant Yahweh made with Abraham, Egypt is not the home of the Hebrew people. Their home is the Promised Land in Canaan. The people are to return home to their land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])<br><br>### God and his people<br><br>In verse 7, note the mention of a very important biblical theme of God being “your God” and the special relationship that his people have with him. | |||
| 471 | EXO | 6 | 1 | ip5i | figs-quotemarks | עַתָּ֣ה תִרְאֶ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר אֶֽעֱשֶׂ֖ה לְפַרְעֹ֑ה כִּ֣י בְיָ֤ד חֲזָקָה֙ יְשַׁלְּחֵ֔ם וּבְיָ֣ד חֲזָקָ֔ה יְגָרְשֵׁ֖ם מֵאַרְצֽוֹ | 1 | This is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. There may be other quotations in this chapter; they will be marked by the same punctuation, but they will not have their own notes unless there is something unique about them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
| 472 | EXO | 6 | 1 | lu95 | grammar-connect-time-sequential | עַתָּ֣ה | 1 | This refers to future events starting very soon. Alternative translation: “Starting soon” or “Very soon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]]) | |
| 473 | EXO | 6 | 1 | ece6 | figs-metonymy | בְיָ֤ד חֲזָקָה֙…וּבְיָ֣ד חֲזָקָ֔ה | 1 | my strong hand | Here, **hand** is a metonym for power. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “by a strong power … and by a strong power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 474 | EXO | 6 | 1 | utnn | figs-metonymy | בְיָ֤ד חֲזָקָה֙…וּבְיָ֣ד חֲזָקָ֔ה | 1 | It is not clear in the text whose **hand** is referred to here. The options include: (1) Both refer to God’s hand (forcing Pharaoh’s actions) (2) Both refer to Pharaoh’s hand (forcing the Israelites out) (3) They don’t refer to the same person’s hand; the first refers to God’s and the second to Pharaoh’s. The UST has followed (1), which is the most common interpretation. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: (1) “by my strong hand … and by my strong hand” (2) “by his strong hand … and by his strong hand” (3) “by my strong hand … and by his strong hand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 475 | EXO | 6 | 1 | vdno | figs-parallelism | כִּ֣י בְיָ֤ד חֲזָקָה֙ יְשַׁלְּחֵ֔ם וּבְיָ֣ד חֲזָקָ֔ה יְגָרְשֵׁ֖ם מֵאַרְצֽוֹ | 1 | These two phrases mean similar things. God says the same thing twice, in similar ways, for emphasis. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “I will force him to let my people leave the land” However, there is a slight difference in meaning, and you could also choose to bring that out in your translation. The second phrase intensifies the first by portraying Pharaoh as not merely letting the Israelites go, but as forcing them to leave the land. Alternate translation: “I will force him to let them go, in fact, I will force him to force them to leave his land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
| 476 | EXO | 6 | 1 | sdon | מֵאַרְצֽוֹ | 1 | Alternate translation: “from Egypt” | ||
| 477 | EXO | 6 | 2 | wse5 | writing-newevent | וַיְדַבֵּ֥ר אֱלֹהִ֖ים אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֑ה וַיֹּ֥אמֶר אֵלָ֖יו | 1 | There is a transition here. Before this verse, Yahweh was answering Moses’ question more directly. At the beginning of this verse, Yahweh is reintroduced as “God” because he begins to make a clarifying statement about himself and his relationship with the Israelites and their ancestors as well as his plans for the Israelites. Much of this section repeats what Yahweh has already told Moses. You may want to consider a section break before this verse. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) | |
| 478 | EXO | 6 | 3 | l81y | translate-transliterate | בְּאֵ֣ל שַׁדָּ֑י | 1 | I appeared to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob | **El Shaddai** is a title for God that many scholars think means “almighty.” You will need to decide if you will transliterate the term into your language or translate the meaning. Either approach has broad support. Alternative translation: “as the strongest God of all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]]) |
| 479 | EXO | 6 | 3 | m27p | figs-activepassive | וּשְׁמִ֣י יְהוָ֔ה לֹ֥א נוֹדַ֖עְתִּי לָהֶֽם | 1 | I was not known to them | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “but they did not know me by my name Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 480 | EXO | 6 | 3 | e36z | וּשְׁמִ֣י יְהוָ֔ה לֹ֥א נוֹדַ֖עְתִּי לָהֶֽם | 1 | This statement is very difficult to understand as God’s name, Yahweh, is used throughout Genesis, including by Abraham and others. There are many theories about what it means; the view followed by the UST is that now God is revealing to the Israelites a fuller meaning of his divine name than what Abraham and others knew. Alternate translation: “but my name Yahweh was not understood by them” | ||
| 481 | EXO | 6 | 4 | zxvc | figs-quotations | לָתֵ֥ת לָהֶ֖ם אֶת־אֶ֣רֶץ כְּנָ֑עַן | 1 | This is the content of the covenant promise from God to his people. Some languages may need to make this part a direct quotation. To do so, begin a new sentence. Alternate translation: “I said, ‘I will give you the land of Canaan’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) | |
| 482 | EXO | 6 | 4 | gkkc | figs-parallelism | אֶ֥רֶץ מְגֻרֵיהֶ֖ם אֲשֶׁר־גָּ֥רוּ בָֽהּ | 1 | These two phrases mean similar things. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “the land they lived in as temporary residents” or “the land that was not their home but where they lived as foreigners” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
| 483 | EXO | 6 | 5 | l3yc | נַאֲקַת֙ | 1 | groaning | Here, **groaning** means making sad sounds because of pain and suffering. | |
| 484 | EXO | 6 | 5 | aiey | וָאֶזְכֹּ֖ר אֶת־בְּרִיתִֽי | 1 | **I have remembered my covenant** means God is going to take action. Alternative translation: “I will keep my promise” | ||
| 485 | EXO | 6 | 6 | rgh0 | grammar-connect-logic-result | לָכֵ֞ן | 1 | God is now telling Moses to deliver a message to the Israelites of what God is going to do because of everything that he said in verses 2-5. The reason-result relationship is strongly marked here, so translations should make sure to use a connector that marks verse 6-8 as a result of verses 2-5. Alternate translation: “Because of this” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
| 486 | EXO | 6 | 6 | yv14 | לָכֵ֞ן אֱמֹ֥ר לִבְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֘ל | 1 | say to the Israelites | This is a command from Yahweh to Moses. Alternate translation: “So Yahweh told Moses to say to the Israelites” | |
| 487 | EXO | 6 | 6 | we3z | figs-youdual | אֶתְכֶ֗ם…אֶתְכֶ֖ם…אֶתְכֶם֙ | 1 | Here every occurrence of **you** refers to the Israelites. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) | |
| 488 | EXO | 6 | 6 | oqnw | figs-synecdoche | מִתַּ֨חַת֙ סִבְלֹ֣ת מִצְרַ֔יִם | 1 | This refers to all the hard work the Egyptians made the Israelites do. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could translate the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from the hard work the Egyptians force you to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) | |
| 489 | EXO | 6 | 6 | xyn4 | figs-metaphor | בִּזְר֣וֹעַ נְטוּיָ֔ה | 1 | Here, **arm** is a figurative way of referring to Yahweh’s power, influence, and capacity for action. **Outstretched** means that he is using that power. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “by my great strength” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 490 | EXO | 6 | 6 | efx1 | וּבִשְׁפָטִ֖ים | 1 | Here, the term **judgments** refers to the plagues that God is about to send to harm Egypt and the Egyptians. Each plague is a response to Pharaoh’s stubbornness. Alternate translation: “and by [greatly] harming the Egyptians” | ||
| 491 | EXO | 6 | 7 | o3lb | figs-youdual | אֶתְכֶ֥ם…לָכֶ֖ם…וִֽידַעְתֶּ֗ם…אֱלֹ֣הֵיכֶ֔ם…אֶתְכֶ֔ם | 1 | Here every occurrence of **you** refers to the Israelites. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) | |
| 492 | EXO | 6 | 7 | xsdh | figs-synecdoche | מִתַּ֖חַת סִבְל֥וֹת מִצְרָֽיִם | 1 | This refers to all the hard work the Egyptians forced upon the Israelites. See what you did in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “from the hard work the Egyptians force you to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) | |
| 493 | EXO | 6 | 8 | h9ho | figs-youdual | אֶתְכֶם֙…לָכֶ֛ם | 1 | Here every occurrence of **you** refers to the Israelites. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) | |
| 494 | EXO | 6 | 8 | g9ru | translate-symaction | נָשָׂ֨אתִי֙ אֶת־יָדִ֔י | 1 | I swore | This is an action that signifies making an oath. Raising the hand may not have the same meaning in your culture, so you may need to use a different symbolic oath-taking action in your translation or simply translate the meaning. Alternate translation: “I promised” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) |
| 495 | EXO | 6 | 8 | i3vj | מוֹרָשָׁ֖ה | 1 | This means the Israelites will own the land. Alternate translation: “as your own land” | ||
| 496 | EXO | 6 | 9 | aalj | grammar-connect-logic-result | וְלֹ֤א שָֽׁמְעוּ֙ אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֔ה מִקֹּ֣צֶר ר֔וּחַ וּמֵעֲבֹדָ֖ה קָשָֽׁה | 1 | In some languages it will be necessary to put the reason for the people not listening before the result. Alternate translation: “but because of shortness of spirit and because of hard service, they did not listen to Moses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
| 497 | EXO | 6 | 9 | eph2 | מִקֹּ֣צֶר ר֔וּחַ | 1 | Here, the people’s **spirit** is spoken of as something that could be measured. By calling it “short,” the author is saying they did not have very much motivation or hope. Alternate translation: “because they had no hope” | ||
| 498 | EXO | 6 | 10 | tpw4 | לֵּאמֹֽר | 1 | This is used to mark the beginning of a direct quotation. It can be omitted if it is unnatural. | ||
| 499 | EXO | 6 | 11 | fxf2 | figs-quotations | וִֽישַׁלַּ֥ח אֶת־בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל מֵאַרְצֽוֹ | 1 | This statement tells Moses what to discuss with Pharaoh. Some languages may need to covey this information as a direct quotation. Be careful to change the third-person pronouns to second-person pronouns if you do this. Alternate translation: “and say, ‘You must let the sons of Israel go from your land’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) | |
| 500 | EXO | 6 | 12 | h7o0 | figs-metonymy | לִפְנֵ֥י יְהוָ֖ה | 1 | Here, **face** figuratively represents the presence of a person. There may also be a hint of impudence in Moses’ attitude that is conveyed by the words **before the face of Yahweh**. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “in the presence of Yahweh” or “boldly to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 501 | EXO | 6 | 12 | iiui | הֵ֤ן | 1 | **Behold** is a term meant to focus the attention of the listener on what the speaker is about to say. If there is not a good way to translate this term in your language, this term can be omitted from the translation, or you can use an alternate translation like “as you know.” | ||
| 502 | EXO | 6 | 12 | k7hl | figs-rquestion | הֵ֤ן בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ לֹֽא־שָׁמְע֣וּ אֵלַ֔י וְאֵיךְ֙ יִשְׁמָעֵ֣נִי פַרְעֹ֔ה | 1 | If the Israelites have not listened to me, why will Pharaoh listen to me, since I am not good at speaking? | Moses asked this question in hopes that God would change his mind about using Moses. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Since the Israelites did not listen to me, neither will Pharaoh!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
| 503 | EXO | 6 | 12 | lj51 | grammar-connect-logic-result | הֵ֤ן בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ לֹֽא־שָׁמְע֣וּ אֵלַ֔י וְאֵיךְ֙ יִשְׁמָעֵ֣נִי פַרְעֹ֔ה | 1 | Moses is presenting a reasoned argument: since this, then probably that. Use a natural way of expressing such arguments in your language. Alternate translation: “Since the sons of Israel have not listened to me, why would you think Pharaoh would listen to me?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
| 504 | EXO | 6 | 12 | k3br | figs-metaphor | וַאֲנִ֖י עֲרַ֥ל שְׂפָתָֽיִם | 1 | This is a metaphor that means that Moses was not a good speaker. It is somewhat crude; your translation of this phrase could convey that Moses spoke impolitely. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “And I do not speak well” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 505 | EXO | 6 | 13 | janr | וַיְצַוֵּם֙ אֶל־בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל וְאֶל־פַּרְעֹ֖ה | 1 | This phrase is somewhat difficult to translate. Here, **command** could also be translated as “charge” or “commission.” Another difficulty is knowing to whom the command is directed: is it to Moses and Aaron or are they to give the command to Pharaoh and the Israelites; thus **to** could be translated as “for” or “regarding.” Alternate translations: “and he charged them regarding the sons of Israel and regarding Pharaoh” or “and he gave them a command for the sons of Israel and for Pharaoh” or “and he gave them a commission to the sons of Israel and to Pharaoh” | ||
| 506 | EXO | 6 | 14 | hh3z | writing-background | 0 | Verses 14-27 are background information. Use the natural form in your language for expressing background information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) | ||
| 507 | EXO | 6 | 14 | h195 | figs-metonymy | רָאשֵׁ֣י | 1 | the heads of their fathers’ houses | Here, **heads** refers to the original leaders of the clan. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “the ancestors of ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 508 | EXO | 6 | 14 | wv89 | translate-names | רְאוּבֵ֜ן…יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל…חֲנ֤וֹךְ וּפַלּוּא֙ חֶצְר֣וֹן וְכַרְמִ֔י…רְאוּבֵֽן | 1 | Hanok, Pallu, Hezron, and Karmi | These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
| 509 | EXO | 6 | 15 | c1ni | translate-names | שִׁמְע֗וֹן יְמוּאֵ֨ל וְיָמִ֤ין וְאֹ֨הַד֙ וְיָכִ֣ין וְצֹ֔חַר וְשָׁא֖וּל…שִׁמְעֽוֹן | 1 | Jemuel, Jamin, Ohad, Jakin, Zohar, and Shaul | These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
| 510 | EXO | 6 | 16 | k64h | translate-names | לֵוִי֙…גֵּרְשׁ֕וֹן וּקְהָ֖ת וּמְרָרִ֑י…לֵוִ֔י | 1 | Gershon…Merari | These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
| 511 | EXO | 6 | 16 | m36f | translate-numbers | שֶׁ֧בַע וּשְׁלֹשִׁ֛ים וּמְאַ֖ת | 1 | 137 years old | Alternate translation: “one hundred thirty-seven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) |
| 512 | EXO | 6 | 17 | alm8 | translate-names | גֵרְשׁ֛וֹן לִבְנִ֥י וְשִׁמְעִ֖י | 1 | Amram…Uzziel | These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
| 513 | EXO | 6 | 18 | gzm3 | translate-names | קְהָ֔ת עַמְרָ֣ם וְיִצְהָ֔ר וְחֶבְר֖וֹן וְעֻזִּיאֵ֑ל…קְהָ֔ת | 1 | These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
| 514 | EXO | 6 | 18 | qu41 | translate-numbers | שָׁלֹ֧שׁ וּשְׁלֹשִׁ֛ים וּמְאַ֖ת | 1 | 133 years old | Alternate translation: “one hundred thirty-three” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) |
| 515 | EXO | 6 | 19 | p5sz | translate-names | מְרָרִ֖י מַחְלִ֣י וּמוּשִׁ֑י | 1 | These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
| 516 | EXO | 6 | 20 | ni1l | translate-names | עַמְרָ֜ם…אַהֲרֹ֖ן…מֹשֶׁ֑ה…עַמְרָ֔ם | 1 | These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
| 517 | EXO | 6 | 20 | o5gb | translate-names | יוֹכֶ֤בֶד | 1 | This is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
| 518 | EXO | 6 | 20 | mh02 | translate-kinship | דֹּֽדָתוֹ֙ | 1 | Here the term **his aunt** specifically means his father’s sister. If your language uses a different term that is specific in this way, translators should use it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship]]) | |
| 519 | EXO | 6 | 20 | ti6q | translate-numbers | שֶׁ֧בַע וּשְׁלֹשִׁ֛ים וּמְאַ֖ת | 1 | 137 years | Alternate translation: “one hundred thirty-seven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) |
| 520 | EXO | 6 | 21 | f3yr | translate-names | יִצְהָ֑ר קֹ֥רַח וָנֶ֖פֶג וְזִכְרִֽי׃ | 1 | Izhar…Korah…Zichri | These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
| 521 | EXO | 6 | 22 | n7cl | translate-names | עֻזִּיאֵ֑ל מִֽישָׁאֵ֥ל וְאֶלְצָפָ֖ן וְסִתְרִֽי | 1 | Uzziel…Mishael…Sithri | These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
| 522 | EXO | 6 | 23 | n1xh | translate-names | אַהֲרֹ֜ן…עַמִּינָדָ֛ב…נַחְשׁ֖וֹן…נָדָב֙…אֲבִיה֔וּא…אֶלְעָזָ֖ר…אִֽיתָמָֽר | 1 | Nadab…Ithamar | These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
| 523 | EXO | 6 | 23 | kww9 | translate-names | אֱלִישֶׁ֧בַע | 1 | Nadab…Ithamar | This is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
| 524 | EXO | 6 | 24 | rkz9 | translate-names | קֹ֔רַח אַסִּ֥יר וְאֶלְקָנָ֖ה וַאֲבִיאָסָ֑ף | 1 | These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
| 525 | EXO | 6 | 24 | i6o7 | translate-names | הַקָּרְחִֽי | 1 | This was the name of the clan of people descended from Korah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
| 526 | EXO | 6 | 25 | zvg2 | translate-names | וְאֶלְעָזָ֨ר…אַהֲרֹ֜ן…פּֽוּטִיאֵל֙…פִּֽינְחָ֑ס | 1 | Phinehas | These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
| 527 | EXO | 6 | 25 | fck8 | figs-metonymy | רָאשֵׁ֛י | 1 | These were the heads of the fathers’ houses | Here, **heads** represents family leaders. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “These were the leaders of the families” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 528 | EXO | 6 | 26 | ft6y | translate-unknown | עַל־צִבְאֹתָֽם | 1 | by their groups of fighting men | The term **hosts** refers to a large group of people often organized into groups for war. Alternate translation: “by their groups” or “by their divisions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
| 529 | EXO | 6 | 27 | o7xp | grammar-connect-logic-goal | לְהוֹצִ֥יא | 1 | This expresses their goal when they spoke to Pharaoh. Use a natural way in your language for indicating purpose. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) | |
| 530 | EXO | 6 | 28 | xssl | writing-newevent | וַיְהִ֗י בְּי֨וֹם | 1 | This marks a transition from the record of the genealogy back to the narrative. Consider placing a section break at the start of this verse. Alternate translation: “One day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) | |
| 531 | EXO | 6 | 30 | zyqs | figs-metonymy | לִפְנֵ֣י יְהוָ֑ה | 1 | Here, **face** figuratively represents the presence of a person. There may also be a hint of impudence in Moses’ attitude that is conveyed by saying he spoke before **the face of Yahweh**. See how you translated this in [6:12](../06/12.md). If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “in the presence of Yahweh” or “boldly to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 532 | EXO | 6 | 30 | nf3w | figs-rquestion | הֵ֤ן אֲנִי֙ עֲרַ֣ל שְׂפָתַ֔יִם וְאֵ֕יךְ יִשְׁמַ֥ע אֵלַ֖י פַּרְעֹֽה | 1 | I am not good…why will Pharaoh listen to me? | Moses asks this question hoping to change God’s mind about sending him. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Behold, I am not a good speaker. Pharaoh will certainly not listen to me!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
| 533 | EXO | 6 | 30 | y4g2 | הֵ֤ן | 1 | **Behold** is a term meant to focus the attention of the listener on what the speaker is about to say. If there is not a good way to translate this term in your language, this term can be omitted from the translation, or you can use an alternate translation like “as you know.” | ||
| 534 | EXO | 6 | 30 | vzhq | figs-metaphor | אֲנִי֙ עֲרַ֣ל שְׂפָתַ֔יִם | 1 | This is a metaphor that means that Moses thought he was not a good speaker. It is somewhat crude, and your translation of this phrase could convey that Moses spoke impolitely. See how you translated this in [6:12](../06/12.md). Alternate translation: “I always fail to speak well” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 535 | EXO | 7 | intro | r9we | 0 | # Exodus 07 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and Formatting<br><br>- v. 1-9: The end of Yahweh’s re-sending of Moses and Aaron to Pharaoh<br>- v. 10-13: Pharaoh’s first refusal, the sign of the snakes<br>- v. 14-25: First plague: the Nile turns to blood<br><br>## Special Concepts in this Chapter<br><br>### Miracles<br><br>When Yahweh had Moses perform miracles, Pharaoh’s men were able to copy these miracles. It is unknown how they were able to do this, but since it was not from Yahweh, they were probably done under some evil power. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/miracle]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])<br><br>### Pharaoh’s hard heart<br><br>Pharaoh’s heart is often described as hard, strong, or heavy in this chapter. This means that he was not willing to obey Yahweh’s instructions.<br><br>## Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter Include:<br><br>- Moses as God to Pharaoh<br>- A number of difficult terms: prophet, signs, wonders, miracles, sorcerers, magicians, magic, judgments, canals, reservoirs<br>- The use of “heart” to refer to the seat of will and emotion<br>- Up to third-level quotations | |||
| 536 | EXO | 7 | 1 | r18p | figs-quotemarks | מֹשֶׁ֔ה | 1 | After this phrase, a direct quote begins that continues to the end of [verse 5](../07/05.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. There may be other quotations in this chapter; they will be marked by the same punctuation, but they will not have their own notes unless there is something unique about them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
| 537 | EXO | 7 | 1 | gy1t | רְאֵ֛ה | 1 | This is used to draw attention to surprising information that follows. Alternative translation: “Listen carefully” | ||
| 538 | EXO | 7 | 1 | dn1s | figs-metaphor | נְתַתִּ֥יךָ אֱלֹהִ֖ים לְפַרְעֹ֑ה | 1 | I have made you like a god | This means Moses would represent the same authority to Pharaoh as God did to Moses. See how you translated the very similar phrase in [Exodus 4:16](../04/16.md). Alternate translation: “I will cause Pharaoh to consider you as a god” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 539 | EXO | 7 | 1 | z163 | figs-metaphor | וְאַהֲרֹ֥ן אָחִ֖יךָ יִהְיֶ֥ה נְבִיאֶֽךָ | 1 | This phrase compares Aaron to a prophet, because Aaron will actually be the one who proclaims to Pharaoh what Moses tells him. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Exodus 4:16](../04/16.md). Alternate translation: “and Aaron your brother will act like your prophet” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 540 | EXO | 7 | 2 | l44v | translate-kinship | אָחִ֨יךָ֙ | 1 | Aaron is older than Moses. If your language uses a different term for the sibling relationship based on gender and age order, choose the appropriate one. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship]]) | |
| 541 | EXO | 7 | 2 | hdwo | figs-quotations | וְשִׁלַּ֥ח אֶת־בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל מֵאַרְצֽוֹ | 1 | Some languages may need to make this a direct quotation. If so, be sure to mark it as a second-level quotation, subordinate to Yahweh’s main speech. See what you did in [6:25](../06/25.md). Alternative translation: “saying, ‘You must let the sons of Israel go from your land’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) | |
| 542 | EXO | 7 | 2 | p9p7 | מֵאַרְצֽוֹ | 1 | Alternate translation: “from Egypt” | ||
| 543 | EXO | 7 | 3 | adsq | figs-metaphor | אַקְשֶׁ֖ה אֶת־לֵ֣ב פַּרְעֹ֑ה | 1 | This means God will make him stubborn. His stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his **heart** were **hard**. If the **heart** is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in [Exodus 4:21](../04/21.md), but note the slightly different metaphor there: the heart being strong vs. **hard** here. Alternate translation: “will cause Pharaoh to be stubborn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 544 | EXO | 7 | 3 | vtt1 | figs-doublet | אֶת־אֹתֹתַ֛י וְאֶת־מוֹפְתַ֖י | 1 | many signs…many wonders | The words **signs** and **wonders** mean basically the same thing. God uses them to emphasize the greatness of what he will do in Egypt. If your language does not use repetition in this way, you could combine them.(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) |
| 545 | EXO | 7 | 4 | ar0l | figs-youdual | אֲלֵכֶם֙ | 1 | Here, **you** means Moses and Aaron. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a dual form (if you have one) or plural form (if not) here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) | |
| 546 | EXO | 7 | 4 | e2kv | figs-metonymy | יָדִ֖י | 1 | put my hand on | The words **my hand** represent God’s great power. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “my power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 547 | EXO | 7 | 4 | b6h8 | figs-metonymy | בְּמִצְרָ֑יִם | 1 | Here, **on Egypt** refers to the land and everything in it, including people, animals, and plants. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 548 | EXO | 7 | 4 | nilu | אֶת־צִבְאֹתַ֜י אֶת־עַמִּ֤י בְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ | 1 | These phrases refer to the Israelites in three different ways; they do not refer to three different groups of people. Here, **armies** is the same word translated “hosts” in [Exodus 6:26](../06/26.md). Alternate translation: “the armies of my Israelite people” | ||
| 549 | EXO | 7 | 5 | cg3n | grammar-connect-logic-result | וְיָדְע֤וּ מִצְרַ֨יִם֙ כִּֽי־אֲנִ֣י יְהוָ֔ה | 1 | This is the result of God rescuing the Israelites. If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases, since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
| 550 | EXO | 7 | 5 | npd6 | figs-metonymy | בִּנְטֹתִ֥י אֶת־יָדִ֖י עַל | 1 | reach out with my hand on | This phrase represents God’s great power. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “when I show my powerful acts against” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 551 | EXO | 7 | 5 | dguc | grammar-connect-logic-goal | וְהוֹצֵאתִ֥י אֶת־בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל מִתּוֹכָֽם | 1 | The goal of God’s powerful acts was to rescue the Israelites. Use a natural way in your language for indicating purpose. Alternate translation: “so that I bring the sons of Israel out from their midst” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) | |
| 552 | EXO | 7 | 6 | iii5 | figs-parallelism | וַיַּ֥עַשׂ…עָשֽׂוּ | 1 | This repetition emphasizes the statement. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
| 553 | EXO | 7 | 7 | liir | writing-background | 0 | This verse contains background information. Use the natural form in your language for expressing background information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) | ||
| 554 | EXO | 7 | 7 | g7i5 | translate-numbers | שְׁמֹנִ֣ים…שָׁלֹ֥שׁ וּשְׁמֹנִ֖ים | 1 | Aaron eighty-three years old | Alternate translation: “eighty … eighty-three” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) |
| 555 | EXO | 7 | 7 | zoou | figs-idiom | בֶּן־שְׁמֹנִ֣ים שָׁנָ֔ה…בֶּן־שָׁלֹ֥שׁ וּשְׁמֹנִ֖ים שָׁנָ֑ה | 1 | The phrase **a son of**, followed by a number and then **years**, is an idiom that refers to their age. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
| 556 | EXO | 7 | 8 | pwph | writing-newevent | וַיֹּ֣אמֶר יְהוָ֔ה | 1 | This verse marks the beginning of new sections, both major and minor. The major story of the plagues and Exodus itself unfolds from here until after Pharaoh’s army is defeated at the Red Sea. The next minor event is the miracle of the rods becoming snakes. Either by using particular forms that your language uses to mark transitions or by making a section break and heading, this transition should be marked for readers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) | |
| 557 | EXO | 7 | 8 | p2kf | לֵאמֹֽר | 1 | Here, **saying** marks the beginning of a direct quote and is often omitted in translation when such a construction is unnatural in the target language. See UST. | ||
| 558 | EXO | 7 | 9 | jt9z | figs-quotations | כִּי֩ יְדַבֵּ֨ר אֲלֵכֶ֤ם פַּרְעֹה֙ לֵאמֹ֔ר תְּנ֥וּ לָכֶ֖ם מוֹפֵ֑ת וְאָמַרְתָּ֣ אֶֽל־אַהֲרֹ֗ן קַ֧ח אֶֽת־מַטְּךָ֛ וְהַשְׁלֵ֥ךְ לִפְנֵֽי־פַרְעֹ֖ה יְהִ֥י לְתַנִּֽין | 1 | When Pharaoh says to you, ‘Do a miracle,’ then you will say to Aaron, ‘Take your staff and throw it down before Pharaoh, so that it may become a snake.’ | The two quotations in this verse could be stated as indirect quotes. Alternate translation: “When Pharaoh tells you to do a miracle, then you will tell Aaron to take his staff and throw it down before Pharaoh so that it may become a snake” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) |
| 559 | EXO | 7 | 9 | r0tp | figs-quotemarks | קַ֧ח אֶֽת־מַטְּךָ֛ וְהַשְׁלֵ֥ךְ לִפְנֵֽי־פַרְעֹ֖ה יְהִ֥י לְתַנִּֽין | 1 | This is a second-level direct quotation. The second level may either end after **Pharaoh** or at the end of the verse. If you did not decide to make it an indirect quotation, it may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation within a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
| 560 | EXO | 7 | 9 | p3xh | לֵאמֹ֔ר | 1 | Here, **saying** marks the beginning of a direct quote and is often omitted in translation when such a construction is unnatural in the target language. See UST. | ||
| 561 | EXO | 7 | 9 | ms5o | figs-youdual | אֲלֵכֶ֤ם…לָכֶ֖ם | 1 | These pronouns are plural, referring to Moses and Aaron. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a dual form (if you have one) or plural form (if not) here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) | |
| 562 | EXO | 7 | 9 | ogk9 | figs-metonymy | לִפְנֵֽי־פַרְעֹ֖ה | 1 | Although **before the face of** still has the standard figurative meaning of “in the presence of,” it is a much more literal use here. Moses and Aaron are to actually do the miracles in front of Pharaoh so that Pharaoh can see them. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternative translation: “so Pharaoh can see it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 563 | EXO | 7 | 10 | ehm9 | figs-metonymy | לִפְנֵ֥י פַרְעֹ֛ה וְלִפְנֵ֥י עֲבָדָ֖יו | 1 | This time, while **before the face of** still has the standard figurative meaning of “in the presence of,” it is a much more literal use here. Aaron actually does this right in front of Pharaoh and his servants so they could watch what happens. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternative translation: “where Pharaoh and his servants could see it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 564 | EXO | 7 | 10 | kv93 | עֲבָדָ֖יו | 1 | Here, **his servants** does not refer common servants but probably refers to important advisors that would be in the king’s court. | ||
| 565 | EXO | 7 | 11 | mqde | לַֽחֲכָמִ֖ים וְלַֽמְכַשְּׁפִ֑ים…חַרְטֻמֵּ֥י | 1 | Here, **magicians** probably describes both **wise men and sorcerers** rather than being a third group. See translationWords articles for each term. | ||
| 566 | EXO | 7 | 12 | m4uw | אִ֣ישׁ | 1 | swallowed up | Alternate translation: “magician” | |
| 567 | EXO | 7 | 12 | u6np | וַיִּבְלַ֥ע | 1 | swallowed up | Alternate translation: “ate up” or “devoured” | |
| 568 | EXO | 7 | 12 | m0kw | grammar-connect-logic-contrast | וַיִּבְלַ֥ע מַטֵּֽה־אַהֲרֹ֖ן אֶת־מַטֹּתָֽם | 1 | This is a surprising and amusing twist which was not what the magicians expected. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) | |
| 569 | EXO | 7 | 12 | prnp | figs-personification | מַטֵּֽה…מַטֹּתָֽם | 1 | It may be necessary in some languages to translate the word **staff** as “snake,” since it had turned into one. This may be true if it would not make sense in the target language to say (because it is not living) that a staff swallowed or ate something. It may also may not make sense in some languages to speak of the snakes as staffs once they have been transformed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
| 570 | EXO | 7 | 13 | g42f | figs-metaphor | וַיֶּחֱזַק֙ לֵ֣ב פַּרְעֹ֔ה | 1 | Pharaoh’s heart was hardened | Pharaoh’s stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his **heart** were **strong**. If the **heart** is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in [Exodus 4:21](../04/21.md), but note that this is a neutral statement (it does not say that anyone caused him to be stubborn, as many others in this part of the narrative do). Alternate translation: “Pharaoh was still defiant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 571 | EXO | 7 | 13 | wekf | כַּאֲשֶׁ֖ר דִּבֶּ֥ר יְהוָֽה | 1 | Because Yahweh’s prediction precedes this event, some languages may need to place the reference to that prediction before the statement that it was fulfilled. See UST. | ||
| 572 | EXO | 7 | 14 | d27r | figs-metaphor | כָּבֵ֖ד לֵ֣ב פַּרְעֹ֑ה | 1 | Pharaoh’s heart is hard | Now Yahweh speaks of Pharaoh’s stubborn attitude as if Pharaoh’s **heart** were **heavy**. If the **heart** is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. This is a neutral statement (it does not say that anyone caused him to be stubborn as many others in this part of the narrative do). See how you translated this in [Exodus 7:13](../07/13.md), but note the slightly different metaphor there: the heart being strong vs **heavy** here. Alternate translation: “Pharaoh is defiant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 573 | EXO | 7 | 14 | qiyx | writing-newevent | וַיֹּ֤אמֶר | 1 | A new scene begins here, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) | |
| 574 | EXO | 7 | 15 | ecby | הִנֵּה֙ | 1 | **Behold** is used to draw attention to information that follows. | ||
| 575 | EXO | 7 | 15 | c5np | יֹצֵ֣א הַמַּ֔יְמָה | 1 | when he goes out to the water | There are various theories as to what Pharaoh would go down to the Nile to do, but there is no need to speculate or specify in the translation. | |
| 576 | EXO | 7 | 16 | yqp7 | וְאָמַרְתָּ֣ אֵלָ֗יו | 1 | Say to him | Alternate translation: “Say to Pharaoh” | |
| 577 | EXO | 7 | 16 | uvxe | figs-possession | אֱלֹהֵ֤י הָעִבְרִים֙ | 1 | Yahweh claimed the Hebrews (Israelites) as his own. They worshiped him. This is a possessive of social relationship. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
| 578 | EXO | 7 | 16 | d16q | figs-quotesinquotes | שַׁלַּח֙ אֶת־עַמִּ֔י וְיַֽעַבְדֻ֖נִי בַּמִּדְבָּ֑ר וְהִנֵּ֥ה לֹא־שָׁמַ֖עְתָּ עַד־כֹּֽה | 1 | This is a third-level quotation. It should be marked in some manner that distinguishes it from the outer levels. Alternatively, you could translate it as an indirect quotation as in the UST. If you do this, take care to adjust the pronoun person (second/third) as appropriate. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]]) | |
| 579 | EXO | 7 | 16 | cwox | וְהִנֵּ֥ה | 1 | Here, **behold** is used to draw attention to the information that follows. In some languages, it will not be translated. | ||
| 580 | EXO | 7 | 17 | j1ev | כֹּ֚ה אָמַ֣ר יְהוָ֔ה | 1 | strike the water | This quotation formula is used to introduce commands from Yahweh. See [4:intro](../04/intro.md) for more information. | |
| 581 | EXO | 7 | 17 | mywj | figs-quotesinquotes | בְּזֹ֣את | 1 | This begins a third-level quotation that continues until the end of verse 18. It should be marked in some manner that distinguishes it from the outer levels. It is possible that the third-level quotation actually ends before or after **Behold,** in which case, in the rest of the quote **I** refers to Moses, not Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]]) | |
| 582 | EXO | 7 | 17 | jjm3 | הִנֵּ֨ה | 1 | **Behold** is a term meant to focus the attention of the listener on what the speaker is about to say. Alternate translation: “Look at this” | ||
| 583 | EXO | 7 | 18 | bsjn | grammar-connect-logic-result | וּבָאַ֣שׁ הַיְאֹ֑ר | 1 | His warning,**the river will stink**, will happen because the fish die. Alternate translation: “and because of that the river will stink” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
| 584 | EXO | 7 | 18 | nx0q | grammar-connect-logic-goal | לִשְׁתּ֥וֹת מַ֖יִם | 1 | This phrase introduces a purpose clause. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternative translation: “in order to find water to drink” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) | |
| 585 | EXO | 7 | 18 | rgl0 | figs-rpronouns | וְנִלְא֣וּ מִצְרַ֔יִם | 1 | Here, **themselves** refers back to the subject (**the Egyptians**) to indicated that the Egyptians are the object of the verb as well. Use a natural form in your language to show that the Egyptians are both subject and object. Alternate translation: “And the Egyptians will exhaust the Egyptians” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) | |
| 586 | EXO | 7 | 18 | grwh | figs-quotemarks | מִן־הַיְאֹֽר | 1 | After this phrase, the direct quote of Yahweh’s commands ends. Depending on your decisions about the embedded quotation levels, you may have up to three levels of quotations that need to be closed here. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with closing quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the end of a quotation and quotations within quotations. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
| 587 | EXO | 7 | 19 | ysi7 | figs-merism | עַֽל־נַהֲרֹתָ֣ם ׀ עַל־יְאֹרֵיהֶ֣ם וְעַל־אַגְמֵיהֶ֗ם וְעַ֛ל כָּל־מִקְוֵ֥ה מֵימֵיהֶ֖ם | 1 | This list is meant to expand on and reinforce the idea of all of the water in Egypt. You should translate the list in such a way that the locations of the blood are not limited to these specific places, but to imply universality. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) | |
| 588 | EXO | 7 | 19 | wxp2 | בְּכָל־אֶ֣רֶץ | 1 | throughout all | Alternate translation: “in every part of” | |
| 589 | EXO | 7 | 19 | msxp | figs-possession | וּבָעֵצִ֖ים וּבָאֲבָנִֽים | 1 | This possessive show composition. Alternate translation: “and in containers made from wood and in containers made from stone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
| 590 | EXO | 7 | 20 | zy18 | figs-explicit | בַּיְאֹ֔ר | 1 | in the river | If it would be helpful to your readers, the name of the river may be made explicit. Alternate translation: “in the Nile River” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 591 | EXO | 7 | 20 | mj8v | figs-metonymy | לְעֵינֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֔ה וּלְעֵינֵ֖י עֲבָדָ֑יו | 1 | This means in their sight. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “in the sight of Pharaoh and his servants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 592 | EXO | 7 | 22 | n7kr | translate-unknown | חַרְטֻמֵּ֥י | 1 | See how you translated this term in [7:11](../07/11.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) | |
| 593 | EXO | 7 | 22 | qdc7 | figs-metaphor | וַיֶּחֱזַ֤ק לֵב־פַּרְעֹה֙ | 1 | Pharaoh’s heart was hardened | Pharaoh’s stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his **heart** were **strong**. If the **heart** is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. This is a neutral statement (it does not say that anyone caused him to be stubborn as many others in this part of the narrative do). See how you translated this in [Exodus 7:13](../07/13.md). Alternate translation: “Pharaoh was still defiant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 594 | EXO | 7 | 22 | sbic | כַּאֲשֶׁ֖ר דִּבֶּ֥ר יְהוָֽה | 1 | Because Yahweh’s prediction precedes this event, some languages may need to place the reference to that prediction before the statement that it was fulfilled. See UST and how you translated this in [7:13](../07/13.md), where the same sentence appears. | ||
| 595 | EXO | 7 | 23 | atdk | figs-idiom | וְלֹא־שָׁ֥ת לִבּ֖וֹ גַּם־לָזֹֽאת | 1 | This is an idiom meaning Pharaoh did not think about the meaning of the miracle he had just seen. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “And he did not consider what even this meant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
| 596 | EXO | 7 | 24 | m6zn | figs-hyperbole | כָל־מִצְרַ֛יִם | 1 | All the Egyptians | The word **all** here is a generalization that means “many.” At the least, the upper class would have sent their slaves to dig for them. However, it does indicate that all the Egyptians who wished to drink water had to dig or had to have dug for them. Alternate translation: “many of the Egyptians” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) |
| 597 | EXO | 7 | 25 | bn5h | writing-newevent | וַיִּמָּלֵ֖א | 1 | A new scene begins here. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) | |
| 598 | EXO | 7 | 25 | gjyb | figs-idiom | וַיִּמָּלֵ֖א שִׁבְעַ֣ת יָמִ֑ים | 1 | This means seven days later. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
| 599 | EXO | 7 | 25 | dg56 | translate-numbers | שִׁבְעַ֣ת | 1 | Alternate translation: “7” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) | |
| 600 | EXO | 8 | intro | ww1y | 0 | # Exodus 08 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and Formatting<br><br>- v. 1-15: Second plague: frogs<br>- v. 16-19: Third plague (first that magicians cannot imitate): gnats<br>- v. 20-32: Fourth plague: flies<br><br>## Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter<br><br>- the exact insects in plagues 3-4 are not certain; translation teams will need to decide what insects they can use for each<br>- Pharaoh makes his own heart heavy, that is, he determines to be proud and resist Yahweh twice in this chapter<br>- the Israelites’ sacrifices are spoken of as an abomination to the Egyptians, but it is not specified how or why that is<br><br>### Lifting up the hand and staff:<br><br>In the next few chapters, God will instruct Moses or Aaron or both to raise his hand or staff or both hand and staff. The narrative will then record who will raise his hand or staff or both. The instruction and the action do not always match exactly. God may say raise your hand, and the narrative may say that Moses raised his staff. These are not conflicting reports. Translators should understand that the hand and the staff are always understood together. They are one unit, and they can both be mentioned, or they can be mentioned separately. In each case, Moses or Aaron raises his hand with the staff in it. This fact is merely expressed differently. | |||
| 601 | EXO | 8 | 1 | tf7b | figs-quotations | בֹּ֖א | 1 | This begins a direct quote that continues until the end of [verse 4](../08/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) | |
| 602 | EXO | 8 | 1 | v6ll | כֹּ֚ה אָמַ֣ר יְהוָ֔ה | 1 | This quotation formula is used to introduce commands from Yahweh. See [4:intro](../04/intro.md) for more information. | ||
| 603 | EXO | 8 | 1 | lndc | figs-quotesinquotes | כֹּ֚ה | 1 | Here, **Thus** begins a second-level quotation that continues until the end of [verse 4](../08/04.md). It should be marked in some manner that distinguishes it from the outer level. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]]) | |
| 604 | EXO | 8 | 1 | kure | figs-quotesinquotes | שַׁלַּ֥ח | 1 | This begins a third-level quotation that continues until the end of [verse 4](../08/04.md). It should be marked in some manner that distinguishes it from the outer levels. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]]) | |
| 605 | EXO | 8 | 2 | s7y1 | figs-ellipsis | לְשַׁלֵּ֑חַ | 1 | What Pharaoh is to **let go** is not specified, but “my people” or “the Israelites” are the understood object. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “to let the Israelites go” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
| 606 | EXO | 8 | 2 | aei8 | הִנֵּ֣ה | 1 | Here, **behold** is an interjection meant to focus the attention of the listener on what comes next, in this case a dire warning. Alternate translation: “look out” | ||
| 607 | EXO | 8 | 3 | vgby | figs-merism | בְּבֵיתֶ֔ךָ וּבַחֲדַ֥ר מִשְׁכָּבְךָ֖ וְעַל־מִטָּתֶ֑ךָ וּבְבֵ֤ית עֲבָדֶ֨יךָ֙ וּבְעַמֶּ֔ךָ וּבְתַנּוּרֶ֖יךָ וּבְמִשְׁאֲרוֹתֶֽיךָ | 1 | This long list means “everywhere in Egypt.” It is presented in this way for rhetorical effect, that is, to convince Pharaoh of how bad this plague will be so he will obey. You should translate the list in such a way that the frogs’ location is not limited to these specific places. The list should imply universality. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) | |
| 608 | EXO | 8 | 4 | okok | figs-quotemarks | 0 | Up to three levels of quotes end at the end of this verse. Depending on how many levels you chose to mark as direct quotations, you should indicate them ending here with closing second-level (and third-level) quotation mark(s) or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the end of quotations and quotations within a quotation. There may be other quotations in this chapter; they will be marked by the same punctuation, but they will not have their own notes unless there is something unique about them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | ||
| 609 | EXO | 8 | 5 | ley6 | figs-quotations | וַיֹּ֣אמֶר יְהוָה֮ אֶל־מֹשֶׁה֒ אֱמֹ֣ר אֶֽל־אַהֲרֹ֗ן | 1 | It may be helpful to translate this first quotation indirectly to avoid having two levels of quotations in this verse. Alternate translation: “And Yahweh told Moses to say to Aaron” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) | |
| 610 | EXO | 8 | 5 | dqsb | figs-quotemarks | נְטֵ֤ה אֶת־יָדְךָ֙ בְּמַטֶּ֔ךָ עַל־הַ֨נְּהָרֹ֔ת עַל־הַיְאֹרִ֖ים וְעַל־הָאֲגַמִּ֑ים וְהַ֥עַל אֶת־הַֽצְפַרְדְּעִ֖ים עַל־אֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם | 1 | This is a second-level direct quotation if you chose to make **Say to Aaron** a direct quotation. In that case, it may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with second-level opening and closing quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation inside a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
| 611 | EXO | 8 | 5 | ejcx | יָדְךָ֙ בְּמַטֶּ֔ךָ | 1 | See note in the [introduction to chapter 8](../08/intro.md) regarding the hand and staff. | ||
| 612 | EXO | 8 | 5 | z19q | figs-merism | עַל־הַ֨נְּהָרֹ֔ת עַל־הַיְאֹרִ֖ים וְעַל־הָאֲגַמִּ֑ים | 1 | This list is meant to convey the idea of all the water in Egypt where frogs might live. You should translate the list in such a way that the locations are not limited to these specific places. The list should imply universality. This is made clear in [8:6](../08/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) | |
| 613 | EXO | 8 | 6 | wf3a | figs-explicit | וַיֵּ֤ט אַהֲרֹן֙ | 1 | It is implied that Moses told Yahweh’s instructions to Aaron. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 614 | EXO | 8 | 6 | nrbq | figs-explicit | יָד֔וֹ | 1 | It is implied that Aaron was holding his staff as instructed. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. See note in the [introduction to chapter 8](../08/intro.md) regarding the hand and staff. Alternate translation: “his hand holding his staff” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 615 | EXO | 8 | 6 | j1w7 | figs-synecdoche | וַיֵּ֤ט אַהֲרֹן֙ אֶת־יָד֔וֹ עַ֖ל מֵימֵ֣י | 1 | Aaron would not have been able to reach his hand over all the water in Egypt. He likely stretched his hand over some nearby portion of the Nile, symbolizing all the water of Egypt. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could translate the meaning plainly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) | |
| 616 | EXO | 8 | 6 | drmg | figs-explicit | וַתַּ֨עַל֙ | 1 | [Verse 3](../08/03.md) has specified from where the frogs will come. Here it is implied, but if it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 617 | EXO | 8 | 6 | rxze | grammar-collectivenouns | הַצְּפַרְדֵּ֔עַ | 1 | There were so many frogs that the text uses the collective singular. If that would be misunderstood in your language, you may simply use the plural, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) | |
| 618 | EXO | 8 | 6 | j83d | figs-metaphor | וַתַּ֨עַל֙ הַצְּפַרְדֵּ֔עַ וַתְּכַ֖ס אֶת־אֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם | 1 | This means that there were frogs everywhere in Egypt. The image is like that of a blanket smothering the entire country. (Or more directly, like one giant, nation-sized frog sitting on top of the entire land). If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 619 | EXO | 8 | 7 | n02y | translate-unknown | הַֽחֲרְטֻמִּ֖ים בְּלָטֵיהֶ֑ם | 1 | See how you translated these in [7:11](../07/11.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) | |
| 620 | EXO | 8 | 8 | mhn3 | וַיִּקְרָ֨א פַרְעֹ֜ה לְמֹשֶׁ֣ה וּֽלְאַהֲרֹ֗ן | 1 | Then Pharaoh called for Moses and Aaron | Alternate translation: “Then Pharaoh sent for Moses and Aaron” or “And the king summoned Moses and Aaron” | |
| 621 | EXO | 8 | 8 | nfe3 | figs-explicit | וַיִּקְרָ֨א פַרְעֹ֜ה לְמֹשֶׁ֣ה וּֽלְאַהֲרֹ֗ן וַיֹּ֨אמֶר֙ | 1 | It is implied that Moses and Aaron came to Pharaoh between the time when he called them and when he spoke to them. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “And Pharaoh called for Moses and for Aaron, and after they came, he said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 622 | EXO | 8 | 8 | tx3t | figs-quotations | אֶל־יְהוָ֔ה וְיָסֵר֙ הַֽצְפַרְדְּעִ֔ים מִמֶּ֖נִּי וּמֵֽעַמִּ֑י | 1 | In some languages you may have to make the content of Pharaoh’s prayer to Yahweh a direct quote. Note that this will make it a second-level quotation and you will need to mark it with second-level quotation markings if your language uses them. Alternate translation: “to Yahweh saying, ‘Please take away the frogs from Pharaoh and from his people.’ ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) | |
| 623 | EXO | 8 | 8 | qku4 | figs-hypo | וַאֲשַׁלְּחָה֙ אֶת־הָעָ֔ם וְיִזְבְּח֖וּ לַיהוָֽה | 1 | This promise is conditional on the frogs going away. Use a natural form in your language for hypothetical situations. Alternate translation: “Once the frogs are gone, I will let the people go, and they may sacrifice to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) | |
| 624 | EXO | 8 | 9 | khfd | figs-irony | הִתְפָּאֵ֣ר עָלַי֒ | 1 | Moses speaks with false humility here. He is ironically pointing out Pharaoh’s powerlessness before Yahweh. Alternate translation: “You can choose” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) | |
| 625 | EXO | 8 | 9 | g0lu | figs-merism | לְךָ֗ וְלַעֲבָדֶ֨יךָ֙ וּֽלְעַמְּךָ֔…מִמְּךָ֖ וּמִבָּתֶּ֑יךָ | 1 | These lists mean “for everyone” and “from everywhere” (in Egypt). This makes clear that Moses will ask for a complete end of the plague. You should translate the list in such a way that it does not convey limitation to these specifics but is understood to imply universality. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) | |
| 626 | EXO | 8 | 10 | ofw3 | grammar-connect-logic-goal | לְמַ֣עַן תֵּדַ֔ע כִּי־אֵ֖ין כַּיהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֵֽינוּ | 1 | This knowledge is the goal of Yahweh’s granting a respite from the frogs. In some languages you may need to place this at the end of [verse 11](../08/11.md), after Moses says the frogs will leave. Use a natural way in your language for indicating purpose. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) | |
| 627 | EXO | 8 | 10 | d1wp | figs-exclusive | אֱלֹהֵֽינוּ | 1 | Here, **our** refers to the Israelites’ God, excluding Pharaoh and the Egyptians. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) | |
| 628 | EXO | 8 | 11 | zwqo | figs-merism | מִמְּךָ֙ וּמִבָּ֣תֶּ֔יךָ וּמֵעֲבָדֶ֖יךָ וּמֵעַמֶּ֑ךָ | 1 | This list means “from everywhere and everyone” (in Egypt). This shows that the end of the plague will be as complete as was its extent. You should translate the list in such a way that it does not convey limitation to these specifics but is understood to imply universality. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) | |
| 629 | EXO | 8 | 12 | jjv2 | שָׂ֥ם | 1 | Alternate translation: “Yahweh had set” | ||
| 630 | EXO | 8 | 12 | nxyi | writing-newevent | וַיֵּצֵ֥א מֹשֶׁ֛ה וְאַהֲרֹ֖ן | 1 | A minor scene shift occurs here. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) | |
| 631 | EXO | 8 | 13 | rwe1 | figs-merism | מִן־הַבָּתִּ֥ים מִן־הַחֲצֵרֹ֖ת וּמִן־הַשָּׂדֹֽת | 1 | This list means “from everywhere” (in Egypt). This makes clear that there was a complete end of the plague. You should translate the list in such a way that it does not convey limitation to these specifics but is understood to imply universality. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) | |
| 632 | EXO | 8 | 14 | a03n | חֳמָרִ֣ם חֳמָרִ֑ם | 1 | Literally, the Hebrew says “piles piles.” Repetition is used in Hebrew to emphasize how many or how big the piles of frogs were. | ||
| 633 | EXO | 8 | 15 | lv2n | figs-metaphor | וְהַכְבֵּד֙ אֶת־לִבּ֔וֹ | 1 | he hardened his heart | Pharaoh’s stubborn attitude is spoken of as if he made his own **heart heavy**. If the **heart** is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in [Exodus 7:14](../07/14.md), but note there that the state of Pharaoh’s heart is reported, whereas here Pharaoh makes his own heart heavy. Alternate translation: “and Pharaoh determined to be defiant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 634 | EXO | 8 | 15 | b47h | כַּאֲשֶׁ֖ר דִּבֶּ֥ר יְהוָֽה | 1 | just as Yahweh had said that he would do | Alternate translation: “just as Yahweh had said Pharaoh would do” | |
| 635 | EXO | 8 | 16 | cikq | writing-newevent | וַיֹּ֣אמֶר יְהוָה֮ | 1 | A new scene begins here. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new event. This is the start of the third plague sequence. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) | |
| 636 | EXO | 8 | 16 | s5gh | figs-quotations | וַיֹּ֣אמֶר יְהוָה֮ אֶל־מֹשֶׁה֒ אֱמֹר֙ אֶֽל־אַהֲרֹ֔ן | 1 | **Say to Aaron** starts a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. However, it may be helpful to translate one of the parts as an indirect quotation so that you do not have to have two levels of quotations here. See the UST. Alternate translation: “And Yahweh told Moses to tell Aaron” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) | |
| 637 | EXO | 8 | 16 | joxz | נְטֵ֣ה אֶֽת־מַטְּךָ֔ וְהַ֖ךְ | 1 | This is one action or motion, but it is described with the two verbs that occur throughout this section of plague judgment. | ||
| 638 | EXO | 8 | 16 | kpr5 | מַטְּךָ֔ | 1 | This refers to Aaron’s staff. See note in the [introduction to chapter 8](../08/intro.md) regarding the hand and staff. | ||
| 639 | EXO | 8 | 16 | w5el | translate-unknown | לְכִנִּ֖ם | 1 | We do not know exactly what this word means. It is probably a tiny (as in dust-particle size), biting insect. You should choose a different insect here than the one in the next plague ([8:21](../08/21.md)-8:31). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) | |
| 640 | EXO | 8 | 17 | l9wj | וַיֵּט֩ אַהֲרֹ֨ן אֶת־יָד֤וֹ בְמַטֵּ֨הוּ֙ וַיַּךְ֙ אֶת־עֲפַ֣ר הָאָ֔רֶץ | 1 | Again, this is one action or motion, but it is described with the two verbs, **stretched** and **struck**, that occur throughout this section of plague judgment. See how you translated it in the [previous verse](../08/16.md). | ||
| 641 | EXO | 8 | 17 | l784 | יָד֤וֹ בְמַטֵּ֨הוּ֙ | 1 | See note in the [introduction to chapter 8](../08/intro.md) regarding the hand and staff. | ||
| 642 | EXO | 8 | 17 | nhgt | translate-unknown | הַכִּנָּ֔ם…כִנִּ֖ים | 1 | Again, we do not know what this term refers to for certain, so see how you translated it in [8:16](../08/16.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) | |
| 643 | EXO | 8 | 17 | grs3 | figs-gendernotations | בָּאָדָ֖ם | 1 | Here **man** includes women and children. Alternate translation: “people” or “mankind” or “humans” See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) | |
| 644 | EXO | 8 | 17 | grg5 | figs-hyperbole | כָּל־עֲפַ֥ר הָאָ֛רֶץ…בְּכָל־אֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם | 1 | This extraordinary statement with the repeated **all** is used to emphasize the extent and severity of the plague. If this would be unnatural in your language use a natural way to communicate that. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) | |
| 645 | EXO | 8 | 18 | wga0 | translate-unknown | הַחַרְטֻמִּ֧ים בְּלָטֵיהֶ֛ם | 1 | See how you translated these in [7:11](../07/11.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) | |
| 646 | EXO | 8 | 18 | ii85 | translate-unknown | הַכִּנִּ֖ים…הַכִּנָּ֔ם | 1 | See how you translated this term in [8:16](../08/16.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) | |
| 647 | EXO | 8 | 18 | mnj5 | figs-gendernotations | בָּאָדָ֖ם | 1 | Here **man** includes women and children. Alternate translation: “people” or “mankind” or “humans” See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) | |
| 648 | EXO | 8 | 19 | kcs9 | translate-unknown | הַֽחַרְטֻמִּים֙ | 1 | See how you translated this term in [7:11](../07/11.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) | |
| 649 | EXO | 8 | 19 | lk2k | figs-synecdoche | אֶצְבַּ֥ע אֱלֹהִ֖ים הִ֑וא | 1 | This is the finger of God | The words “finger of God” represent the power of God. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could translate the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “This is the powerful work of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) |
| 650 | EXO | 8 | 19 | z1w2 | figs-metaphor | וַיֶּחֱזַ֤ק לֵב־פַּרְעֹה֙ | 1 | Pharaoh’s heart was hardened | Pharaoh’s stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his **heart** were **strong**. If the **heart** is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in [Exodus 7:13](../07/13.md). This is a neutral statement (it does not say that anyone caused him to be stubborn as many others in this part of the narrative do). Alternate translation: “Pharaoh was still defiant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 651 | EXO | 8 | 19 | rp3i | writing-pronouns | אֲלֵהֶ֔ם | 1 | Here, **them** may refer to the magicians or to Aaron and Moses. Alternate translation: “to the magicians’ warning” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
| 652 | EXO | 8 | 19 | gjgg | כַּאֲשֶׁ֖ר דִּבֶּ֥ר יְהוָֽה | 1 | Some languages will need to place this before the thing that Yahweh predicted, as in the UST. | ||
| 653 | EXO | 8 | 20 | j5n8 | וְהִתְיַצֵּב֙ לִפְנֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֔ה | 1 | stand in front of Pharaoh | Alternate translation: “and present yourself to Pharaoh” | |
| 654 | EXO | 8 | 20 | frfn | writing-newevent | וַיֹּ֨אמֶר יְהוָ֜ה | 1 | A new scene begins here. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new event. This is the beginning of the fourth plague sequence. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) | |
| 655 | EXO | 8 | 20 | syv2 | figs-metonymy | לִפְנֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֔ה | 1 | Here, **face** figuratively means the presence of a person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 656 | EXO | 8 | 20 | vnym | הִנֵּ֖ה | 1 | **Behold** is used to draw attention to important information that is next. In some languages and translation styles, it will make the most sense to omit this, as in the UST. Alternate translation: “Listen carefully” | ||
| 657 | EXO | 8 | 20 | uypa | figs-quotations | כֹּ֚ה אָמַ֣ר יְהוָ֔ה | 1 | This phrase opens a direct quote that continues until the end of [verse 23](../08/23.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. However, you may also consider making the opening portion an indirect quote so that you do not have a quote inside of a quote for the next verses. Alternate translation: “that Yahweh says” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) | |
| 658 | EXO | 8 | 20 | eqd2 | כֹּ֚ה אָמַ֣ר יְהוָ֔ה | 1 | Let my people go | This quotation formula is used to introduce commands from Yahweh. See [4:intro](../04/intro.md) for more information. | |
| 659 | EXO | 8 | 20 | a7l7 | figs-quotemarks | שַׁלַּ֥ח | 1 | This phrase opens a second-level direct quotation which continues until the end of [verse 23](../08/23.md), unless you made **thus says Yahweh** an indirect quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation within a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
| 660 | EXO | 8 | 20 | fgl3 | grammar-connect-logic-goal | וְיַֽעַבְדֻֽנִי | 1 | This is the purpose of the people being let go. Use a natural way in your language for indicating purpose. Alternate translation: “so they can serve me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) | |
| 661 | EXO | 8 | 21 | hitq | הִנְנִי֩ | 1 | The expression **behold me!** is used to draw attention to important information that is next. Alternate translation: “Listen carefully” | ||
| 662 | EXO | 8 | 21 | hwcl | grammar-collectivenouns | הֶעָרֹ֑ב…הֶ֣עָרֹ֔ב | 1 | Here, **the swarm** is a collective singular noun that refers to a great number of flying, biting insects traveling in a group. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you can use a different expression. Alternate translation: “swarms of flies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) | |
| 663 | EXO | 8 | 21 | l5z7 | translate-unknown | הֶעָרֹ֑ב…הֶ֣עָרֹ֔ב | 1 | Here, **the swarm** probably refers to the common large flies that bother humans and livestock. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) | |
| 664 | EXO | 8 | 21 | foli | figs-merism | בְּךָ֜ וּבַעֲבָדֶ֧יךָ וּֽבְעַמְּךָ֛ וּבְבָתֶּ֖יךָ…בָּתֵּ֤י מִצְרַ֨יִם֙…וְגַ֥ם הָאֲדָמָ֖ה | 1 | This long list means “everywhere in Egypt.” It is presented in this way for rhetorical effect, that is, to convince Pharaoh of how bad this plague will be so he will obey. You should translate the list in such a way that the flies’ location is not limited to these specific places but is understood to imply universality. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) | |
| 665 | EXO | 8 | 22 | mv8w | grammar-connect-logic-goal | לְבִלְתִּ֥י הֱיֽוֹת־שָׁ֖ם עָרֹ֑ב | 1 | General Information: | This is the goal of Yahweh treating the land of Goshen differently. Alternate translation: “by keeping the swarm from there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) |
| 666 | EXO | 8 | 22 | apum | grammar-collectivenouns | עָרֹ֑ב | 1 | This is a collective singular noun that refers to a great number of swarming, biting insects. See how you translated this in [8:21](../08/21.md). Alternate translation: “swarms of flies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) | |
| 667 | EXO | 8 | 22 | qb9h | translate-unknown | עָרֹ֑ב | 1 | These are probably the common large flies that bother humans and livestock. See how you translated this in [8:21](../08/21.md) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) | |
| 668 | EXO | 8 | 22 | refq | grammar-connect-logic-goal | לְמַ֣עַן תֵּדַ֔ע כִּ֛י אֲנִ֥י יְהוָ֖ה בְּקֶ֥רֶב הָאָֽרֶץ | 1 | This is the goal of treating the Israelites differently. In some languages you may need to put this phrase the beginning of the verse. Use a natural way in your language for indicating purpose. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) | |
| 669 | EXO | 8 | 22 | a28h | אֲנִ֥י יְהוָ֖ה בְּקֶ֥רֶב הָאָֽרֶץ | 1 | Here, **am** could be connecting **I** and **Yahweh** or it could be connecting **I, Yahweh** and **in the middle of the land**. Alternate translation: “I, Yahweh, am in the middle of the land” | ||
| 670 | EXO | 8 | 23 | oxr5 | figs-abstractnouns | פְדֻ֔ת | 1 | This is a noun derived from a verb meaning “to buy back.” Very broadly, it can mean “to save or rescue.” If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **redemption**, you could express the same idea in another way. See the next note regarding textual variants for more information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 671 | EXO | 8 | 23 | tf4j | translate-textvariants | פְדֻ֔ת | 1 | Many translations follow the Septuagint here, which uses the word “division.” A minor change to the Hebrew would also produce the word translated “treat differently” in the [previous verse](../08/22.md). Alternate translation: “a division” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]]) | |
| 672 | EXO | 8 | 23 | u4gs | עַמִּ֖י | 1 | Yahweh’s people, that is, the Israelites. Alternate translation: “the Israelites” | ||
| 673 | EXO | 8 | 23 | rg2c | עַמֶּ֑ךָ | 1 | Pharaoh’s people, that is, the Egyptians. Alternate translation: “the Egyptians” | ||
| 674 | EXO | 8 | 23 | tb24 | figs-quotemarks | לְמָחָ֥ר יִהְיֶ֖ה הָאֹ֥ת הַזֶּֽה׃ | 1 | After this phrase, the three levels of direct quotations of Yahweh that started in [8:20](../08/20.md) ends. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with closing first-level, second-level, and third-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the end of quotations. You may not have three levels if you made any level an indirect quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
| 675 | EXO | 8 | 24 | gw3c | figs-explicit | וַיַּ֤עַשׂ יְהוָה֙ כֵּ֔ן | 1 | The UST supplies a brief sentence filling in the gap between Yahweh’s command to Moses and the onset of the plague. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly to make the progression of events clear. Alternate translation: “Moses obeyed the instructions Yahweh gave him, and Pharaoh responded as Yahweh had said he would. And Yahweh did so” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 676 | EXO | 8 | 24 | lk5s | writing-newevent | וַיַּ֤עַשׂ יְהוָה֙ כֵּ֔ן | 1 | There is a minor scene change here. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) | |
| 677 | EXO | 8 | 24 | ut0f | translate-unknown | עָרֹ֣ב | 1 | There are probably the common large flies that bother humans and livestock. See how you translated this in [8:21](../08/21.md) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) | |
| 678 | EXO | 8 | 24 | dg0k | figs-go | וַיָּבֹא֙ | 1 | Some languages may need to translate this as “going” rather than “coming.” Alternate translation: “and … went” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) | |
| 679 | EXO | 8 | 24 | tmcf | figs-merism | בֵּ֥יתָה פַרְעֹ֖ה וּבֵ֣ית עֲבָדָ֑יו | 1 | This means “to everyone everywhere” (in Egypt), as made explicit in the next statement. This makes clear that the insects were throughout the land. You should translate this in such a way that it does not convey limitation to these specifics but is understood to imply universality. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) | |
| 680 | EXO | 8 | 24 | nd6e | figs-activepassive | תִּשָּׁחֵ֥ת הָאָ֖רֶץ מִפְּנֵ֥י הֶעָרֹֽב | 1 | the land was ruined because of the swarms of flies | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The swarms of flies devastated the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 681 | EXO | 8 | 24 | ngue | figs-metonymy | מִפְּנֵ֥י הֶעָרֹֽב | 1 | Here, **face** figuratively represents the presence of the insects. Alternate translation: “because the insects were everywhere” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 682 | EXO | 8 | 25 | e7l0 | grammar-connect-time-simultaneous | וַיִּקְרָ֣א | 1 | This happened during the plague. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous]]) | |
| 683 | EXO | 8 | 25 | gj2w | figs-youdual | לֵֽאלֹהֵיכֶ֖ם | 1 | Here, **your** is plural. It could refer either to Moses and Aaron or to the Israelites. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a dual form (if you have one) if your team decides it means Moses and Aaron; otherwise use a plural form. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) | |
| 684 | EXO | 8 | 26 | e9wk | תּוֹעֲבַ֣ת מִצְרַ֔יִם…תּוֹעֲבַ֥ת מִצְרַ֛יִם | 1 | We do not know what about their sacrificing was an **abomination** to the Egyptians. The same term is used in Genesis 43:32 and 46:34 to describe the Egyptians’ feelings about eating with Hebrews and about the Hebrew profession of shepherding, respectively. Translators should attempt to convey the strong negative feelings that would be provoked in the Egyptians without speculating as to the cause. | ||
| 685 | EXO | 8 | 26 | idkt | figs-exclusive | נִזְבַּ֖ח…אֱלֹהֵ֑ינוּ…נִזְבַּ֞ח…יִסְקְלֻֽנוּ | 1 | Here, **we**, **our,** and **us** should all be translated as exclusive (if your language makes that distinction). Pharaoh and the Egyptians are not included. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) | |
| 686 | EXO | 8 | 26 | i7dy | figs-rquestion | וְלֹ֥א יִסְקְלֻֽנוּ | 1 | will they not stone us? | Moses asks this question to show Pharaoh that the Egyptians would not allow the Israelites to worship Yahweh by making a sacrifice repugnant to them. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “they will certainly stone us!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
| 687 | EXO | 8 | 26 | gy7d | figs-metonymy | לְעֵינֵיהֶ֖ם | 1 | right before their eyes | The express **before their eyes** is a figurative way of saying “where they can see.” If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “in their sight” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 688 | EXO | 8 | 27 | ju3u | figs-exclusive | נֵלֵ֖ךְ…וְזָבַ֨חְנוּ֙…אֱלֹהֵ֔ינוּ…אֵלֵֽינוּ | 1 | Here, **we**, **our,** and **us** should all be translated as exclusive (if your language makes that distinction). Pharaoh and his people are not included. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) | |
| 689 | EXO | 8 | 28 | qxes | figs-youdual | אֶתְכֶם֙…אֱלֹֽהֵיכֶם֙…תַרְחִ֖יקוּ | 1 | If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) | |
| 690 | EXO | 8 | 28 | mla2 | אֶתְכֶם֙ | 1 | Alternate translation: “the Israelites” | ||
| 691 | EXO | 8 | 28 | hnud | figs-idiom | הַרְחֵ֥ק…תַרְחִ֖יקוּ | 1 | In Hebrew, **far** is repeated to emphasize (with **not**) that they are absolutely not to go too far. If your language does not use repeating words like this, express the emphasis in another way. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
| 692 | EXO | 8 | 29 | h94t | הִנֵּ֨ה | 1 | **Behold** is a term meant to focus the attention of the listener on what the speaker is about to say. If there is not a good way to translate this term in your language, this term can be omitted from the translation. Alternate translation: “Know this” | ||
| 693 | EXO | 8 | 29 | jirm | translate-unknown | הֶעָרֹ֗ב | 1 | These are probably the common large flies that bother humans and livestock. See how you translated this in [8:21](../08/21.md) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) | |
| 694 | EXO | 8 | 29 | yvcl | figs-123person | מִפַּרְעֹ֛ה…פַּרְעֹה֙ | 1 | Moses may be using the third person to refer to Pharaoh to show respect, because the king appears to be relenting. If use of the third person is not a way of showing respect in your culture or is not a valid way of addressing an individual at all, you may need to change the form. Alternate translation: “from you … you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) | |
| 695 | EXO | 8 | 29 | la3z | figs-merism | מִפַּרְעֹ֛ה מֵעֲבָדָ֥יו וּמֵעַמּ֖וֹ | 1 | This list means “from everywhere and everyone” (in Egypt). This shows that the end of the plague will be as complete as its extent. You should translate the list in such a way that it does not convey limitation to these specifics but is understood to imply universality. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) | |
| 696 | EXO | 8 | 29 | bf85 | figs-doublenegatives | אַל־יֹסֵ֤ף פַּרְעֹה֙ הָתֵ֔ל לְבִלְתִּי֙ שַׁלַּ֣ח אֶת־הָעָ֔ם | 1 | you must not deal deceitfully any more by not letting our people go | If this double negative would be misunderstood in your language, you could translate it as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “you must begin to deal truthfully with us and let our people go” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) |
| 697 | EXO | 8 | 29 | hh4q | רַ֗ק אַל־יֹסֵ֤ף פַּרְעֹה֙ הָתֵ֔ל | 1 | But you must not deal deceitfully | Alternate translation: “But you must not deceive us” or “But you must not lie to us” | |
| 698 | EXO | 8 | 30 | tull | writing-newevent | וַיֵּצֵ֥א מֹשֶׁ֖ה | 1 | There is a minor scene shift here. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) | |
| 699 | EXO | 8 | 31 | rj50 | translate-unknown | הֶעָרֹ֔ב | 1 | These are probably the common large flies that bother humans and livestock. See how you translated this in [8:21](../08/21.md) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) | |
| 700 | EXO | 8 | 31 | iyhn | figs-merism | מִפַּרְעֹ֖ה מֵעֲבָדָ֣יו וּמֵעַמּ֑וֹ | 1 | This list means “from everyone and everywhere” (in Egypt). This makes clear that there was a complete end of the plague. You should translate the list in such a way that it does not convey limitation to these specifics but is understood to imply universality. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) | |
| 701 | EXO | 8 | 31 | mb4r | figs-hyperbole | לֹ֥א נִשְׁאַ֖ר אֶחָֽד | 1 | This extreme statement emphasizes how thoroughly Yahweh removed the insects from the land. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression from your language that emphasizes thoroughness or complete lack of the swarm. Alternate translation: “There was not a single one of these insects left in the whole land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) | |
| 702 | EXO | 8 | 32 | sb5l | figs-metaphor | וַיַּכְבֵּ֤ד פַּרְעֹה֙ אֶת־לִבּ֔וֹ | 1 | Pharaoh hardened his heart | Pharaoh’s stubborn attitude is spoken of as if he made his own **heart heavy**. If the **heart** is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in [8:15](../08/15.md). Alternate translation: “Pharaoh determined to be defiant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 703 | EXO | 9 | intro | hqw8 | 0 | # Exodus 09 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and Formatting<br><br>- v. 1-7: Fifth plague (first that does not affect Israelites): disease kills livestock<br>- v. 8-12: Sixth plague: boils<br>- v. 13-35: Seventh plague: hail<br>- v. 27-35: Pharaoh seems to repent, but it does not last<br><br>## Possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>- animals are affected in both the fifth and seventh plagues, in the fifth, the word is specifically related to domestic animals (livestock) while the word used in the seventh is more general | |||
| 704 | EXO | 9 | 1 | se3f | writing-newevent | וַיֹּ֤אמֶר יְהוָה֙ | 1 | General Information: | A new scene begins here. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new event. This is the beginning of the fifth plague sequence. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) |
| 705 | EXO | 9 | 1 | p1oj | figs-quotemarks | אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֔ה | 1 | After this phrase, a direct quote begins that continues to the end of [9:4](../09/04.md) and contains two additional levels of quotes. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. There may be other quotations in this chapter; they will be marked by the same punctuation, but they will not have their own notes unless there is something unique about them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
| 706 | EXO | 9 | 1 | fo4o | figs-quotesinquotes | וְדִבַּרְתָּ֣ אֵלָ֗יו כֹּֽה־אָמַ֤ר יְהוָה֙ אֱלֹהֵ֣י הָֽעִבְרִ֔ים | 1 | You may want to translate the second-level quotation beginning with **Thus says Yahweh** as an indirect quotation in order to reduce the levels of quotations in this passage. Alternative translation: “and say to him that Yahweh, the God of the Hebrews, says” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]]) | |
| 707 | EXO | 9 | 1 | w0lg | כֹּֽה־אָמַ֤ר יְהוָה֙ | 1 | This quotation formula is used to introduce commands from Yahweh. See [4:intro](../04/intro.md) for more information. | ||
| 708 | EXO | 9 | 1 | x4bd | עַמִּ֖י | 1 | Alternate translation: “the Israelites” | ||
| 709 | EXO | 9 | 2 | l7ld | figs-parallelism | כִּ֛י אִם־מָאֵ֥ן אַתָּ֖ה לְשַׁלֵּ֑חַ וְעוֹדְךָ֖ מַחֲזִ֥יק בָּֽם | 1 | if you refuse to let them go, if you still keep them back | These two phrases mean basically the same thing. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “If you continue refusing to let them go” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) |
| 710 | EXO | 9 | 3 | fltr | הִנֵּ֨ה | 1 | The word **behold** is used to draw attention to surprising information that follows. Alternate translation: “look out” | ||
| 711 | EXO | 9 | 3 | ume2 | figs-metonymy | יַד־יְהוָ֜ה הוֹיָ֗ה בְּמִקְנְךָ֙ | 1 | then Yahweh’s hand will be on your cattle | Here, **hand** represents Yahweh’s power to afflict their animals with disease. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “Then the power of Yahweh will afflict your livestock” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 712 | EXO | 9 | 3 | cjt9 | figs-123person | יַד־יְהוָ֜ה | 1 | This is part of the reported speech that Yahweh wants Moses to say to Pharaoh. Therefore, you could change the third person **the hand of Yahweh** to first person if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “My hand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) | |
| 713 | EXO | 9 | 3 | tn3z | figs-youdual | בְּמִקְנְךָ֙ | 1 | on your cattle | While the word **your** here is not plural, the next verse shows that it refers to all the people of Egypt who owned cattle. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, you may want to use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) |
| 714 | EXO | 9 | 3 | v8ur | figs-merism | בַּסּוּסִ֤ים בַּֽחֲמֹרִים֙ בַּגְּמַלִּ֔ים בַּבָּקָ֖ר וּבַצֹּ֑אן | 1 | This long list is meant to reinforce the universal effects of the coming plague. It is presented in this way for rhetorical effect, that is, to convince Pharaoh of how bad this plague will be so he will obey. You should translate the list in such a way that it is not limiting but is understood to imply universality. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) | |
| 715 | EXO | 9 | 3 | m1fk | grammar-collectivenouns | בַּבָּקָ֖ר…וּבַצֹּ֑אן | 1 | These (**cattle** and **flock**) are collective singular nouns which refer to groups of animals. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you can use a different expression. Alternate translation: “on your bulls and cows and on your sheep and goats” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) | |
| 716 | EXO | 9 | 3 | f5sr | figs-metaphor | כָּבֵ֥ד | 1 | Here the plague is spoken of as if it weighed a lot. This means it would be very bad. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “severe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 717 | EXO | 9 | 4 | x12r | figs-123person | יְהוָ֔ה | 1 | This is part of the reported speech that Yahweh wants Moses to say to Pharaoh. Therefore, you could change the third person **Yahweh** to first person if it would be clearer in your language. You should do the same as you did in the [previous verse](../09/04.md). Alternate translation: “I” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) | |
| 718 | EXO | 9 | 4 | lp3t | figs-metonymy | יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל | 1 | Israel’s cattle | Here, **Israel** refers to the Israelites. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “the Israelite people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 719 | EXO | 9 | 4 | u60c | grammar-collectivenouns | יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל | 1 | Here, **Israel** is used as a collective singular noun. If your language would not refer to a group of people in this way, you may need to translate it as plural. Alternate translation: “the Israelite people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) | |
| 720 | EXO | 9 | 4 | fs25 | figs-metonymy | מִקְנֵ֣ה מִצְרָ֑יִם | 1 | Egypt’s cattle | Here, **Egypt** refers to the Egyptians. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “the livestock of the Egyptian people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 721 | EXO | 9 | 4 | k5rx | דָּבָֽר | 1 | Alternate translation: “animal” | ||
| 722 | EXO | 9 | 4 | xk5d | מִכָּל־לִבְנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל | 1 | Alternate translation: “which belongs to any of the sons of Israel” | ||
| 723 | EXO | 9 | 5 | vqz2 | וַיָּ֥שֶׂם יְהוָ֖ה מוֹעֵ֣ד | 1 | fixed a time | Alternate translation: “And Yahweh made an appointed time” | |
| 724 | EXO | 9 | 5 | w8gk | לֵאמֹ֑ר | 1 | This marks the beginning of a direct quotation. It can be omitted in translation if your language does not use a similar form. However, in this sentence it is the only verb related to speech, so you may need to translate it similarly to the way the UST does. | ||
| 725 | EXO | 9 | 5 | pxb1 | figs-123person | יְהוָ֛ה | 1 | Yahweh is speaking here. Therefore, you could change the third person **Yahweh** to first person if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “I, Yahweh,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) | |
| 726 | EXO | 9 | 6 | gt3n | figs-explicit | וַיַּ֨עַשׂ יְהוָ֜ה | 1 | It is implied that Moses went and spoke to Pharaoh as directed. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “Moses did as Yahweh had commanded. And Yahweh did” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 727 | EXO | 9 | 6 | cx5i | figs-hyperbole | כֹּ֖ל מִקְנֵ֣ה | 1 | All the cattle of Egypt died | This is exaggerated to emphasize the seriousness of the event. There were still some animals alive that were afflicted by later plagues. However, it may be best to translate this with the word “all.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) |
| 728 | EXO | 9 | 6 | gy7t | figs-metonymy | מִצְרָ֑יִם | 1 | cattle of Egypt | Here, **Egypt** refers to the Egyptians. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “the Egyptian peoples’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 729 | EXO | 9 | 6 | i0bl | figs-litotes | וּמִמִּקְנֵ֥ה בְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל לֹא־מֵ֥ת אֶחָֽד | 1 | Here the author uses a figure of speech that expresses a strong positive meaning by using a negative word together with a word that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If this is confusing in your language, you can express the meaning positively. Alternate translation: “But every single one of the Israelites’ livestock lived” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) | |
| 730 | EXO | 9 | 7 | md84 | וְהִנֵּ֗ה | 1 | behold | Again, **behold** is used to draw attention to surprising information that follows. Alternate translation: “and listen” | |
| 731 | EXO | 9 | 7 | rtny | figs-litotes | לֹא־מֵ֛ת מִמִּקְנֵ֥ה יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל עַד־אֶחָ֑ד | 1 | Here the author uses a figure of speech that expresses a strong positive meaning by using a negative word together with a word that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If this is confusing in your language, you can express the meaning positively. Alternate translation: “every single one of the Israelites’ livestock was alive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) | |
| 732 | EXO | 9 | 7 | kkuc | figs-metonymy | יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל | 1 | Here, **Israel** refers to the Israelites. Alternate translation: “of the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 733 | EXO | 9 | 7 | sfor | grammar-collectivenouns | יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל | 1 | Here, **Israel** is a collective singular noun. If your language would not refer to a group of people in this way, you may need to translate it as plural. Alternate translation: “the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) | |
| 734 | EXO | 9 | 7 | j51j | figs-metaphor | וַיִּכְבַּד֙ לֵ֣ב פַּרְעֹ֔ה | 1 | his heart was stubborn | Pharaoh’s stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his **heart** were **heavy**. If the **heart** is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. This is a neutral statement (it does not say that anyone caused him to be stubborn as many others in this part of the narrative do). See how you translated this in [Exodus 7:14](../07/14.md). Alternate translation: “But Pharaoh was defiant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 735 | EXO | 9 | 8 | brm6 | writing-newevent | וַיֹּ֣אמֶר יְהוָה֮ | 1 | kiln | A new scene begins here. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new event. This is the start of the sixth plague scene. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) |
| 736 | EXO | 9 | 8 | luhg | figs-youdual | לָכֶם֙…חָפְנֵיכֶ֔ם | 1 | **You** and **your** refer to both Moses and Aaron. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use dual form (if you have one) or plural forms (if not) here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) | |
| 737 | EXO | 9 | 8 | ydar | קְח֤וּ לָכֶם֙ מְלֹ֣א חָפְנֵיכֶ֔ם | 1 | Alternate translation: “Each of you fill both your hands with” | ||
| 738 | EXO | 9 | 8 | u5wn | פִּ֖יחַ כִּבְשָׁ֑ן | 1 | Alternate translation: “ash from a furnace” or “ash produced by a furnace” | ||
| 739 | EXO | 9 | 8 | gk7f | grammar-collectivenouns | פִּ֖יחַ | 1 | Here, **ash** is singular. For some languages you may need to make it plural as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) | |
| 740 | EXO | 9 | 8 | gu1v | הַשָּׁמַ֖יְמָה | 1 | Alternate translation: “toward the sky” | ||
| 741 | EXO | 9 | 8 | p795 | figs-metonymy | לְעֵינֵ֥י פַרְעֹֽה | 1 | The phrase **before the eyes of Pharaoh** means in his sight. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “in the sight of Pharaoh” or “so Pharaoh sees it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 742 | EXO | 9 | 9 | d2v3 | translate-unknown | לִשְׁחִ֥ין פֹּרֵ֛חַ אֲבַעְבֻּעֹ֖ת | 1 | fine | To have **boils** means to have a condition where the skin is red, hot, and painful, the skin breaks open, and puss and blood come out. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
| 743 | EXO | 9 | 9 | jlh0 | figs-gendernotations | הָאָדָ֜ם | 1 | Here, **man** includes women and children. Alternate translation: “people” or “mankind” or “humans” See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) | |
| 744 | EXO | 9 | 10 | wdcn | grammar-collectivenouns | פִּ֣יחַ | 1 | Here, **ash** is singular. For some languages you may need to make it plural as in the UST. See how you translated this in the [previous verse](../09/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) | |
| 745 | EXO | 9 | 10 | dp3l | פִּ֣יחַ הַכִּבְשָׁ֗ן | 1 | Alternate translation: “ash from a furnace” or “ash produced by a furnace” See how you translated this in the [previous verse](../09/09.md). | ||
| 746 | EXO | 9 | 10 | ufpn | figs-metonymy | וַיַּֽעַמְדוּ֙ לִפְנֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֔ה | 1 | Here, **before the face of Pharaoh** means in Pharaoh’s presence. Alternate translation: “and stood in Pharaoh’s presence” or “and stood in the presence of Pharaoh” See how you translated a similar statement in the [previous verse](../09/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 747 | EXO | 9 | 10 | xmbw | הַשָּׁמָ֑יְמָה | 1 | Alternate translation: “toward the sky” See how you translated this in the [previous verse](../09/09.md). | ||
| 748 | EXO | 9 | 10 | jhzb | translate-unknown | שְׁחִין֙ אֲבַעְבֻּעֹ֔ת פֹּרֵ֕חַ | 1 | To have **boils** means to have a condition where the skin is red, hot, and painful, the skin breaks open, and puss and blood come out. See how you translated this in the [previous verse](../09/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) | |
| 749 | EXO | 9 | 10 | rdo3 | figs-gendernotations | בָּאָדָ֖ם | 1 | Here, **man** includes women and children. See how you translated this in the [previous verse](../09/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) | |
| 750 | EXO | 9 | 11 | jrc3 | הַֽחַרְטֻמִּ֗ים…בַּֽחֲרְטֻמִּ֖ם | 1 | See how you translated **magicians** in [7:11](../07/11.md). | ||
| 751 | EXO | 9 | 11 | dxsx | figs-metonymy | לַעֲמֹ֛ד לִפְנֵ֥י מֹשֶׁ֖ה | 1 | Here, **before the face of** means in Moses’ presence. Alternate translation: “to stand in Moses’ presence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 752 | EXO | 9 | 11 | k9uu | figs-metonymy | מִפְּנֵ֣י הַשְּׁחִ֑ין | 1 | Here, **the face of** means the presence of or perhaps pain from the boils. Alternate translation: “because of the boils” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 753 | EXO | 9 | 11 | lpmq | translate-unknown | הַשְּׁחִ֑ין…הַשְּׁחִ֔ין | 1 | To have **boils** means to have a condition where the skin is red, hot, and painful, the skin breaks open, and puss and blood come out. See how you translated this in [9:9](../09/09.md). However, this time only **boils** is used, without the description (“bursting blisters”) that is in the previous two verses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) | |
| 754 | EXO | 9 | 12 | p5m5 | figs-metaphor | וַיְחַזֵּ֤ק יְהוָה֙ אֶת־לֵ֣ב פַּרְעֹ֔ה | 1 | Yahweh hardened Pharaoh’s heart | This phrase means that it was God who made him stubborn. His stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his **heart** were **strong**. If the **heart** is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in [4:21](../04/21.md). Alternate translation: “But Yahweh caused Pharaoh to be stubborn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 755 | EXO | 9 | 13 | ifs8 | writing-newevent | וַיֹּ֤אמֶר יְהוָה֙ אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֔ה | 1 | A new scene begins here. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new event. This is the beginning of the seventh plague sequence. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) | |
| 756 | EXO | 9 | 13 | zmrt | figs-metonymy | וְהִתְיַצֵּ֖ב לִפְנֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֑ה | 1 | Here, **before the face of** means in Pharaoh’s presence. Alternate translation: “and stand in Pharaoh’s presence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 757 | EXO | 9 | 13 | dxww | figs-quotations | וְאָמַרְתָּ֣ אֵלָ֗יו כֹּֽה־אָמַ֤ר יְהוָה֙ אֱלֹהֵ֣י הָֽעִבְרִ֔ים | 1 | After **and say to him**, a second-level quote begins which continues until the end of [9:19](../09/19.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening second-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation within a quotation. However, it may be useful to translate this short quote frame as an indirect quotation, as the UST does. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) | |
| 758 | EXO | 9 | 13 | hsl6 | כֹּֽה־אָמַ֤ר יְהוָה֙ | 1 | This quotation formula is used to introduce commands from Yahweh. See [4:intro](../04/intro.md) for more information. | ||
| 759 | EXO | 9 | 14 | z68b | grammar-connect-logic-result | כִּ֣י | 1 | Here it is implied that Pharaoh will again not let God’s people go. **For** is expressing the result, that is, God’s response to Pharaoh’s disobedience to the command immediately preceding. You may need to insert this as in the UST or choose a contrastive conjunction. Alternate translation: “Otherwise,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
| 760 | EXO | 9 | 14 | n6wq | figs-synecdoche | אֲנִ֨י שֹׁלֵ֜חַ אֶת־כָּל־מַגֵּפֹתַי֙ אֶֽל־לִבְּךָ֔ | 1 | on you yourself | Here, **to your heart** is a synecdoche that means that even Pharaoh will be hurt by the plagues. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could translate the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I am about to send all my plagues against you personally” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) |
| 761 | EXO | 9 | 15 | f056 | figs-hypo | כִּ֤י עַתָּה֙ שָׁלַ֣חְתִּי אֶת־יָדִ֔י וָאַ֥ךְ אוֹתְךָ֛ וְאֶֽת־עַמְּךָ֖ בַּדָּ֑בֶר וַתִּכָּחֵ֖ד מִן־הָאָֽרֶץ | 1 | This verse presents two things that God could have done but did not do to the Egyptians. This is to set up the reason he gives in the [next verse](../09/16.md). Be sure that it is clear in your translation that these are hypothetical past events. See the note regarding Yahweh’s stated goals in the next verse. Some languages may need to reverse the order of these verses to put Yahweh’s goals before his non-action. Use the natural form in your language for expressing a hypothetical situation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) | |
| 762 | EXO | 9 | 15 | a3l8 | figs-metonymy | שָׁלַ֣חְתִּי אֶת־יָדִ֔י וָאַ֥ךְ אוֹתְךָ֛ | 1 | reached out with my hand and attacked you | Here, **my hand** refers to God’s power. Alternate translation: “I could have used my power to attack you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 763 | EXO | 9 | 15 | hgfx | figs-metaphor | וָאַ֥ךְ אוֹתְךָ֛ וְאֶֽת־עַמְּךָ֖ בַּדָּ֑בֶר | 1 | Here, **a plague** is spoken about as if it were something that could be used to hit someone. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “and caused you and your people to suffer from a plague” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 764 | EXO | 9 | 16 | kwks | grammar-connect-logic-goal | וְאוּלָ֗ם בַּעֲב֥וּר זֹאת֙ הֶעֱמַדְתִּ֔יךָ בַּעֲב֖וּר הַרְאֹתְךָ֣ אֶת־כֹּחִ֑י וּלְמַ֛עַן סַפֵּ֥ר שְׁמִ֖י בְּכָל־הָאָֽרֶץ׃ | 1 | The statements from **to show** to the end of the verse are Yahweh’s stated goals, and thus, his reasons for not yet destroying Egypt and Pharaoh. You will need to translate, **However, for this reason I appointed you: in order** in a way that connects with the [previous verse](../09/15.md) in an action-goal manner. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) | |
| 765 | EXO | 9 | 16 | nec7 | figs-metonymy | וּלְמַ֛עַן סַפֵּ֥ר שְׁמִ֖י בְּכָל־הָאָֽרֶץ | 1 | so that my name may be proclaimed throughout all the earth | Here, **my name** represents Yahweh’s reputation. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “and so that people everywhere will know who I am” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 766 | EXO | 9 | 17 | h3ed | figs-metaphor | עוֹדְךָ֖ מִסְתּוֹלֵ֣ל בְּעַמִּ֑י | 1 | lifting yourself up against my people | Pharaoh’s opposition to letting the Israelites go to worship Yahweh is spoken of as if he were raising himself up as a barrier to them. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “You are still blocking my people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 767 | EXO | 9 | 17 | sdav | figs-rpronouns | מִסְתּוֹלֵ֣ל | 1 | Here, Pharaoh is both the subject and object of the sentence. Translate this in a way that conveys that (1) Pharaoh is making Pharaoh (himself) proud and (2) this is metaphorically expressed as Pharaoh making Pharaoh (himself) the obstacle in the Israelites’ way to freedom (as discussed in the previous note.) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) | |
| 768 | EXO | 9 | 17 | r1wv | מִסְתּוֹלֵ֣ל | 1 | Here, **you** is Pharaoh. | ||
| 769 | EXO | 9 | 17 | zfhb | בְּעַמִּ֑י | 1 | Here, **my people** are the Israelites. | ||
| 770 | EXO | 9 | 18 | fnd2 | הִנְנִ֤י | 1 | Listen! | Alternate translation: “Pay attention to the important thing I am about to tell you” | |
| 771 | EXO | 9 | 18 | pmy0 | כָּעֵ֣ת…אֲשֶׁ֨ר לֹא־הָיָ֤ה כָמֹ֨הוּ֙ | 1 | Alternate translation: “at this time. There has never been anything like this” | ||
| 772 | EXO | 9 | 19 | fduj | figs-metonymy | שְׁלַ֤ח הָעֵז֙ אֶֽת־מִקְנְךָ֔ וְאֵ֛ת כָּל־אֲשֶׁ֥ר לְךָ֖ בַּשָּׂדֶ֑ה | 1 | The form of address here is singular; Moses is speaking directly to Pharaoh. However, the next two verses make it clear that Pharaoh’s servants heard and understood this warning to be for them as well. In this sense Pharaoh represents the Egyptians. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 773 | EXO | 9 | 19 | eo52 | וְיָרַ֧ד עֲלֵהֶ֛ם הַבָּרָ֖ד | 1 | Alternate translation: “and the balls of ice will drop on” | ||
| 774 | EXO | 9 | 19 | x4ja | figs-gendernotations | כָּל־הָאָדָ֨ם | 1 | Here, **man** means humans and includes men, women, and children. Alternate translation: “everyone” or “anyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) | |
| 775 | EXO | 9 | 19 | itlv | וְהַבְּהֵמָ֜ה | 1 | Here, **and beast** includes domestic and wild animals. | ||
| 776 | EXO | 9 | 19 | f80e | figs-explicit | וָמֵֽתוּ | 1 | The people and animals **will die** because they will be fatally injured by the hail. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “and the hail will kill them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 777 | EXO | 9 | 19 | g90p | figs-quotemarks | וָמֵֽתוּ | 1 | Up to three levels of direct quotation (depending on your earlier decision about converting a level to an indirect quotation) end at the end of this verse. You should indicate that ending here with closing first-level, second-level, and third-level (if required) quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the end of quotations within quotations. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
| 778 | EXO | 9 | 20 | dp8j | figs-explicit | הַיָּרֵא֙ | 1 | As in some other occasions, Moses’ conversation with Pharaoh is not recorded. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express the fact that he did as Yahweh instructed explicitly. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 779 | EXO | 9 | 20 | p3nz | הַיָּרֵא֙ אֶת־דְּבַ֣ר יְהוָ֔ה מֵֽעַבְדֵ֖י פַּרְעֹ֑ה | 1 | Here, **the word of Yahweh** refers to Yahweh’s warning, more broadly it means they believed that Yahweh would do what he threatened. Alternate translation: “Those of Pharaoh’s servants who feared Yahweh’s warning” | ||
| 780 | EXO | 9 | 21 | dvwv | figs-metaphor | וַאֲשֶׁ֥ר לֹא־שָׂ֛ם לִבּ֖וֹ אֶל | 1 | Here, **set his heart** means he believed or thought something was true. If the **heart** is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. Alternate translation: “but whoever did not respect” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 781 | EXO | 9 | 21 | bzqy | figs-metonymy | דְּבַ֣ר יְהוָ֑ה | 1 | Here, **the word of Yahweh** refers to Yahweh’s warning, more broadly it means they did not believe that Yahweh would do what he threatened. Alternate translation: “Yahweh’s warning” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 782 | EXO | 9 | 22 | vtfl | writing-newevent | וַיֹּ֨אמֶר יְהוָ֜ה | 1 | A minor scene shift occurs here and may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) | |
| 783 | EXO | 9 | 22 | zwvk | יָֽדְךָ֙ | 1 | See note in the [introduction to chapter 8](../08/intro.md) regarding the hand and staff. | ||
| 784 | EXO | 9 | 22 | h9cr | figs-gendernotations | הָאָדָ֣ם | 1 | Here, **man** includes women and children. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) | |
| 785 | EXO | 9 | 22 | r0g4 | הַבְּהֵמָ֗ה | 1 | Here, **beast** includes domestic and wild animals. | ||
| 786 | EXO | 9 | 23 | o8zy | מַטֵּהוּ֮ | 1 | See note in the [introduction to chapter 8](../08/intro.md) regarding the hand and staff. | ||
| 787 | EXO | 9 | 25 | vnpj | figs-merism | מֵאָדָ֖ם וְעַד־בְּהֵמָ֑ה | 1 | Here, **from man to beast** is a figure of speech used to emphasize the extent and severity of the hail. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “every living thing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) | |
| 788 | EXO | 9 | 25 | ft0o | figs-gendernotations | מֵאָדָ֖ם | 1 | Here, **man** includes women and children. Alternate translation: “from people” or “from mankind” or “from humans” See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) | |
| 789 | EXO | 9 | 25 | apbl | בְּהֵמָ֑ה | 1 | Here, **beast** includes domestic and wild animals. | ||
| 790 | EXO | 9 | 27 | fu9c | writing-newevent | וַיִּשְׁלַ֣ח פַּרְעֹ֗ה | 1 | to summon | A minor scene shift occurs here and may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) |
| 791 | EXO | 9 | 27 | sh1x | חָטָ֣אתִי | 1 | Some commentators suggest translating **sinned** more literally, that is “missed the mark,” because Pharaoh is probably not admitting a moral failure, but instead, admitting that he misjudged. | ||
| 792 | EXO | 9 | 27 | joxy | הַצַּדִּ֔יק…הָרְשָׁעִֽים | 1 | Many commentators suggest that Pharaoh is using these terms in a narrow, legal sense and only referring to this instance. That is, he is saying something like “I’ve lost this round in court.” See UST. | ||
| 793 | EXO | 9 | 27 | wag1 | וְעַמִּ֖י | 1 | Here, **my people** refers to the Egyptians. | ||
| 794 | EXO | 9 | 28 | r0cs | figs-litotes | וְלֹ֥א תֹסִפ֖וּן לַעֲמֹֽד | 1 | Here Pharaoh uses a figure of speech that expresses a strong positive meaning by using a negative word together with a word that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If this is confusing in your language, you can express the meaning positively. Alternate translation: “really, I will let you go”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) | |
| 795 | EXO | 9 | 29 | ajz3 | וַיֹּ֤אמֶר אֵלָיו֙ מֹשֶׁ֔ה | 1 | Moses said to him | Alternate translation: “And Moses said to Pharaoh” | |
| 796 | EXO | 9 | 29 | b787 | translate-symaction | אֶפְרֹ֥שׂ אֶת־כַּפַּ֖י אֶל־יְהוָ֑ה | 1 | spread my hands out to Yahweh | This symbolic gesture accompanies prayer. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “I will pray to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) |
| 797 | EXO | 9 | 30 | tn94 | grammar-connect-condition-contrary | וְאַתָּ֖ה וַעֲבָדֶ֑יךָ | 1 | honor Yahweh God | This phrase is shifted to the beginning of the sentence to mark focus on Pharaoh and his servants because, despite Yahweh demonstrating his power, they are not yet afraid of him. If your language has a form or discourse feature that draws contrastive focus to participants, use it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-contrary]]) |
| 798 | EXO | 9 | 30 | srx4 | figs-metonymy | מִפְּנֵ֖י יְהוָ֥ה | 1 | Here, **face** means presence or power. Alternate translation: “of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 799 | EXO | 9 | 31 | pcwg | writing-background | 0 | This and the next verse give background information so that the destruction caused by the later plagues can be understood by the reader. Use the natural form in your language for expressing background information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) | ||
| 800 | EXO | 9 | 31 | p1v8 | translate-unknown | וְהַפִּשְׁתָּ֥ה…וְהַפִּשְׁתָּ֖ה | 1 | flax | **Flax** is a plant that produces fibers that can be made into linen cloth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
| 801 | EXO | 9 | 31 | lzar | translate-unknown | אָבִ֔יב | 1 | This means the seeds at the top of the barley stalk were developing but still green. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) | |
| 802 | EXO | 9 | 31 | xnvj | גִּבְעֹֽל | 1 | Alternate translation: “was flowering” | ||
| 803 | EXO | 9 | 32 | jmq3 | translate-unknown | וְהַכֻּסֶּ֖מֶת | 1 | spelt | **Spelt** is a kind of wheat. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
| 804 | EXO | 9 | 33 | fa2j | translate-symaction | וַיִּפְרֹ֥שׂ כַּפָּ֖יו אֶל־יְהוָ֑ה | 1 | spread out his hands to Yahweh | This symbolic gesture accompanies prayer. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Exodus 9:29](../09/29.md). Alternate translation: “lifted up his hands toward Yahweh and prayed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) |
| 805 | EXO | 9 | 34 | ke5k | figs-metaphor | וַיַּכְבֵּ֥ד לִבּ֖וֹ | 1 | hardened his heart | Pharaoh’s stubborn attitude is spoken of as if he made his own **heart heavy**. This time his servants do the same. If the **heart** is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in [8:15](../08/15.md). Alternate translation: “Pharaoh determined to be defiant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 806 | EXO | 9 | 34 | nz0e | וַיֹּ֣סֶף לַחֲטֹ֑א | 1 | This statement is from the author’s perspective. Therefore, unlike in [9:27](../09/27.md), **sin** should be translated with the word your language uses for “sin.” | ||
| 807 | EXO | 9 | 34 | ooed | וַיַּכְבֵּ֥ד לִבּ֖וֹ ה֥וּא וַעֲבָדָֽיו | 1 | Alternate translation: “and he caused his heart to be heavy. His servants did also” or “and he caused his heart to be heavy. His servants did the same” | ||
| 808 | EXO | 9 | 35 | yxt8 | figs-metaphor | וַֽיֶּחֱזַק֙ לֵ֣ב פַּרְעֹ֔ה | 1 | The heart of Pharaoh was hardened | Pharaoh’s stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his **heart** were **strong**. If the **heart** is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in [Exodus 7:13](../07/13.md). This is a neutral statement (it does not say that anyone caused him to be stubborn as many others in this part of the narrative do). Alternate translation: “Pharaoh was still defiant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 809 | EXO | 9 | 35 | x0kn | figs-metaphor | כַּאֲשֶׁ֛ר דִּבֶּ֥ר יְהוָ֖ה בְּיַד־מֹשֶֽׁה | 1 | This is similar to [9:12](../09/12.md). In this case, what Yahweh said is figuratively spoken of as if it were something that could be held in someone’s hand. This means that Moses delivered a message from Yahweh that Pharaoh would be stubborn. It is not clear if this message was given to the Israelites or if this refers to Moses’ statement to Pharaoh in [9:30](../09/30.md). If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “just as Yahweh had told Moses to say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 810 | EXO | 10 | intro | s5g1 | 0 | # Exodus 10 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and Formatting<br><br>The text does not specify, but some time seems to have passed between chapters nine and ten (see 9:31-32 and 10:5).<br>- v. 1-20: Eighth plague: locusts<br> - v. 16-20: Pharaoh seems to repent, but it does not last<br>- v. 21-29: Ninth plague: darkness | |||
| 811 | EXO | 10 | 1 | w4pw | figs-metaphor | כִּֽי־אֲנִ֞י הִכְבַּ֤דְתִּי אֶת־לִבּוֹ֙ וְאֶת־לֵ֣ב עֲבָדָ֔יו | 1 | for I have hardened his heart and the hearts of his servants | This means God made Pharaoh and his servants stubborn. Their stubborn attitude is spoken of as if their **hearts** were **heavy.** If the **heart** is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in [4:21](../04/21.md), but note that the metaphor is slightly different here. Alternate translation: “for I have caused Pharaoh and his servants to be stubborn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 812 | EXO | 10 | 2 | zg4c | הִתְעַלַּ֨לְתִּי֙ בְּמִצְרַ֔יִם | 1 | various signs | Alternate translation: “I mocked Egypt” | |
| 813 | EXO | 10 | 3 | pm8p | figs-quotemarks | וַיֹּאמְר֣וּ אֵלָ֗יו | 1 | After this phrase, a direct quote begins that continues until near the end of [10:6](../10/06.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. There may be other quotations in this chapter; they will be marked by the same punctuation, but they will not have their own notes unless there is something unique about them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
| 814 | EXO | 10 | 3 | u3mq | figs-quotations | וַיֹּאמְר֣וּ אֵלָ֗יו כֹּֽה־אָמַ֤ר יְהוָה֙ אֱלֹהֵ֣י הָֽעִבְרִ֔ים | 1 | It may be helpful to turn the introductory quotation into an indirect quotation so that you do not have to use quotes within quotes. Alternate translation: “and told him that Yahweh, the God of the Hebrews, said thus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) | |
| 815 | EXO | 10 | 3 | vze4 | כֹּֽה־אָמַ֤ר יְהוָה֙ | 1 | This quotation formula is used to introduce commands from Yahweh. See [4:intro](../04/intro.md) for more information. | ||
| 816 | EXO | 10 | 3 | cicf | figs-metonymy | עַד־מָתַ֣י מֵאַ֔נְתָּ לֵעָנֹ֖ת מִפָּנָ֑י | 1 | Here, **face** figuratively represents the presence of Yahweh. Particularly, it means the presence of his judgment (the plagues). Alternate translation: “Until when will you refuse to be humble when I judge you” or “Until when will you refuse to be humble before me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 817 | EXO | 10 | 4 | ge67 | הִנְנִ֨י | 1 | listen | Here, **behold me** adds emphasis to what is said next. Alternate translation: “beware” | |
| 818 | EXO | 10 | 4 | uwtp | grammar-collectivenouns | אַרְבֶּ֖ה | 1 | Here, **locust** is a singular noun referring to the group as one. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you can use a different expression. Alternate translation: “locusts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) | |
| 819 | EXO | 10 | 5 | zu5r | figs-parallelism | וְכִסָּה֙ אֶת־עֵ֣ין הָאָ֔רֶץ וְלֹ֥א יוּכַ֖ל לִרְאֹ֣ת אֶת־הָאָ֑רֶץ | 1 | hail | These parallel statements have a similar meaning. They are used to emphasize the great number of locusts that are coming. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) |
| 820 | EXO | 10 | 5 | rdav | וְכִסָּה֙ אֶת־עֵ֣ין הָאָ֔רֶץ | 1 | Alternate translation: “And it will cover the land from sight” | ||
| 821 | EXO | 10 | 5 | oj3i | grammar-collectivenouns | וְכִסָּה֙…וְאָכַ֣ל…וְאָכַל֙ | 1 | Here the pronoun **it** agrees in number with the collective singular “locust” in the previous verse. Insects are often referred to without gender in English, but you will need to use whatever number, gender, or noun class is required in your language to agree with the word for “locust” that you used in the [previous verse](../10/04.md). See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) | |
| 822 | EXO | 10 | 6 | ir5l | figs-hyperbole | מִיּ֗וֹם הֱיוֹתָם֙ עַל־הָ֣אֲדָמָ֔ה עַ֖ד הַיּ֣וֹם הַזֶּ֑ה | 1 | nothing ever seen | Here, **on the earth** could either mean “on the planet” or “on the land” (Egypt). Either way, the entire phrase is meant to emphasize an extremely long time, with the intended meaning being “never.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) |
| 823 | EXO | 10 | 6 | ma0o | figs-explicit | וַיִּ֥פֶן | 1 | [Verse 3](../10/03.md) says that Aaron came in to see the king with Moses. It is implied that he left with him as well. You may make this explicit if it would help your readers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 824 | EXO | 10 | 7 | xn8j | figs-rquestion | עַד־מָתַי֙ יִהְיֶ֨ה זֶ֥ה לָ֨נוּ֙ לְמוֹקֵ֔שׁ | 1 | How long will this man be a menace to us? | Pharaoh’s servants ask this question to show Pharaoh that he is stubbornly causing the destruction of Egypt. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “We must not let this man continue to cause trouble for us!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
| 825 | EXO | 10 | 7 | jqbh | figs-gendernotations | הָ֣אֲנָשִׁ֔ים | 1 | Here, **men** may be literal or it may refer to the Israelites, including the women and children. In [verse 10](../10/10.md) the king rejects the idea of letting the women and children go, and in [verse 11](../10/11.md) he specifically says that the men can go. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) | |
| 826 | EXO | 10 | 7 | xdm5 | figs-rquestion | הֲטֶ֣רֶם תֵּדַ֔ע כִּ֥י אָבְדָ֖ה מִצְרָֽיִם | 1 | Do you not yet realize that Egypt is destroyed? | Pharaoh’s servants ask this question to bring Pharaoh to recognize what he refuses to see. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “You should realize that Egypt is destroyed!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
| 827 | EXO | 10 | 7 | c6pr | figs-activepassive | כִּ֥י אָבְדָ֖ה מִצְרָֽיִם | 1 | that Egypt is destroyed | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that these plagues have destroyed Egypt” or “that their God has destroyed Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 828 | EXO | 10 | 8 | bu1x | figs-activepassive | וַיּוּשַׁ֞ב אֶת־מֹשֶׁ֤ה וְאֶֽת־אַהֲרֹן֙ אֶל־פַּרְעֹ֔ה | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “And a servant brought Moses and Aaron back to Pharaoh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 829 | EXO | 10 | 8 | fzsv | מִ֥י וָמִ֖י | 1 | Alternate translation: “Who all” | ||
| 830 | EXO | 10 | 9 | fnnl | figs-exclusive | נֵלֵ֑ךְ…נֵלֵ֔ךְ | 1 | **We** means the Israelites and does not include Pharaoh or the Egyptians. Use an exclusive form here if your language has this distinction. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) | |
| 831 | EXO | 10 | 10 | hjc9 | יְהִ֨י כֵ֤ן יְהוָה֙ עִמָּכֶ֔ם כַּאֲשֶׁ֛ר אֲשַׁלַּ֥ח אֶתְכֶ֖ם וְאֶֽת־טַפְּכֶ֑ם | 1 | if I ever let you go and your little ones go | **May Yahweh be with you** is usually a blessing but is almost certainly not a blessing here. It likely means something like “It will take Yahweh’s power to make me let you and your children go,” or “May Yahweh be as favorable to you as I am to the idea of letting your children go.” Pharaoh is saying that it will take Yahweh to make him do what Moses wants, but he does not think that will happen. Alternate translation: “It will be clear that Yahweh is with you if I let you and your children go” | |
| 832 | EXO | 10 | 10 | w8x4 | figs-metonymy | רְא֕וּ כִּ֥י רָעָ֖ה נֶ֥גֶד פְּנֵיכֶֽם | 1 | The phrase **for evil is before your faces** could either be a warning from Pharaoh that Moses’ actions will lead to evil for the Israelites, or it could mean that Pharaoh thinks the Israelites plan something that he considers evil. **Faces** is a metonym for the whole person. Alternate translations: “I see that you plan evil” or “Be careful! Your actions will have bad consequences” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 833 | EXO | 10 | 11 | pkm4 | הַגְּבָרִים֙ | 1 | Then Moses and Aaron were driven out from Pharaoh’s presence | This interjection clarifies who may go. Alternate translation: “the leaders” | |
| 834 | EXO | 10 | 11 | vdjk | figs-metonymy | מֵאֵ֖ת פְּנֵ֥י פַרְעֹֽה | 1 | Here, **face** figuratively represents the presence of Pharaoh. Alternate translation: “from his presence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 835 | EXO | 10 | 12 | kchn | writing-newevent | וַיֹּ֨אמֶר יְהוָ֜ה | 1 | There is a minor scene change here, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) | |
| 836 | EXO | 10 | 12 | gjfx | יָדְךָ֜ | 1 | See note in the [introduction to chapter 8](../08/intro.md) regarding the hand and staff. | ||
| 837 | EXO | 10 | 12 | qikq | grammar-collectivenouns | בָּֽאַרְבֶּ֔ה | 1 | **Locust** is a collective singular noun referring to the group as one. See how you translated this in [10:4](../10/04.md). Alternate translation: “locusts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) | |
| 838 | EXO | 10 | 12 | gzwa | grammar-collectivenouns | וְיַ֖עַל…וְיֹאכַל֙ | 1 | Here, the pronoun **it** agrees in number with the collective singular “locust.” See how you translated this in [10:5](../10/05.md) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) | |
| 839 | EXO | 10 | 13 | xqsz | מַטֵּהוּ֮ | 1 | See note in the [introduction to chapter 8](../08/intro.md) regarding the hand and staff. | ||
| 840 | EXO | 10 | 13 | vee8 | ר֥וּחַ קָדִים֙ | 1 | The wind blew from east to west. | ||
| 841 | EXO | 10 | 13 | syz2 | grammar-collectivenouns | הָאַרְבֶּֽה | 1 | See how you translated this in [10:4](../10/04.md). Alternate translation: “locusts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) | |
| 842 | EXO | 10 | 14 | kuuu | grammar-collectivenouns | הָֽאַרְבֶּ֗ה…אַרְבֶּה֙ | 1 | See how you translated this in [10:4](../10/04.md). Alternate translation: “locusts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) | |
| 843 | EXO | 10 | 15 | b3h5 | grammar-collectivenouns | וַיְכַ֞ס…וַיֹּ֜אכַל | 1 | so that it was darkened | Here the pronoun **it** agrees in number with the collective singular “locust.” See how you translated this in [10:5](../10/05.md) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) |
| 844 | EXO | 10 | 15 | xszc | וַיְכַ֞ס אֶת־עֵ֣ין כָּל־הָאָרֶץ֮ | 1 | See how you translated this in [10:5](../10/05.md). | ||
| 845 | EXO | 10 | 15 | ill1 | figs-parallelism | וַיֹּ֜אכַל אֶת־כָּל־עֵ֣שֶׂב הָאָ֗רֶץ וְאֵת֙ כָּל־פְּרִ֣י הָעֵ֔ץ אֲשֶׁ֥ר הוֹתִ֖יר הַבָּרָ֑ד וְלֹא־נוֹתַ֨ר כָּל־יֶ֧רֶק בָּעֵ֛ץ וּבְעֵ֥שֶׂב הַשָּׂדֶ֖ה בְּכָל־אֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם | 1 | These parallel statements reinforce one another. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
| 846 | EXO | 10 | 16 | ty9f | figs-youdual | אֱלֹֽהֵיכֶ֖ם וְלָכֶֽם | 1 | Here, **you** and **your** are plural. These could refer either to Moses and Aaron or to all the Israelites. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) | |
| 847 | EXO | 10 | 17 | tsve | שָׂ֣א | 1 | Alternate translation: “take away” | ||
| 848 | EXO | 10 | 17 | ttog | אַ֣ךְ הַפַּ֔עַם…רַ֖ק | 1 | Pharaoh could either be desperate and using **just this once … only** to attempt to make his request as small as possible to increase the chances of it being granted, or he could be still too proud to admit guilt beyond this single incident (which is probably his bold statement about Yahweh being with the Israelites in [10:10](../10/10.md)). The former seems more likely given that he terms this plague “this death.” If your culture has a way of making a request seem as small as possible, you may want to use it to translate Pharaoh’s request. | ||
| 849 | EXO | 10 | 17 | kd6d | figs-youdual | אֱלֹהֵיכֶ֑ם | 1 | this time | Here, **your** is plural. This could refer either to Moses and Aaron or to all the Israelites. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) |
| 850 | EXO | 10 | 17 | doeg | figs-metonymy | הַמָּ֥וֶת הַזֶּֽה | 1 | The word **death** here refers to the destruction by the locusts of all plants in Egypt, which would eventually lead to the deaths of people, because there would be no crops. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 851 | EXO | 10 | 17 | nn2b | figs-explicit | הַמָּ֥וֶת הַזֶּֽה | 1 | take this death away from me | The word **death** here refers to the destruction by the locusts of all plants in Egypt, which would eventually lead to the deaths of people because there would be no crops. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “this destruction that will lead to our deaths” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 852 | EXO | 10 | 18 | p9hz | וַיֵּצֵ֖א | 1 | Moses and Aaron were summoned to the king in [10:16](../10/16.md), so some translations will need to say that they both left. | ||
| 853 | EXO | 10 | 19 | xhsv | רֽוּחַ־יָם֙ חָזָ֣ק מְאֹ֔ד | 1 | Alternate translation: “a very strong west wind” or “a very strong wind from the west” | ||
| 854 | EXO | 10 | 19 | mdp5 | וַיִּשָּׂא֙ אֶת־הָ֣אַרְבֶּ֔ה | 1 | picked up the locusts | Alternate translation: “and it moved the locust upward” | |
| 855 | EXO | 10 | 19 | zhcu | grammar-collectivenouns | הָ֣אַרְבֶּ֔ה…אַרְבֶּ֣ה | 1 | See how you translated this in [10:4](../10/04.md). Alternate translation: “the locusts … of the locusts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) | |
| 856 | EXO | 10 | 19 | q8aj | grammar-collectivenouns | וַיִּתְקָעֵ֖הוּ | 1 | Here, the first **it** refers to the wind; the second **it** agrees in number with the collective singular “locust.” See how you translated this in [10:5](../10/05.md) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) | |
| 857 | EXO | 10 | 20 | dw1d | figs-metaphor | וַיְחַזֵּ֥ק יְהוָ֖ה אֶת־לֵ֣ב פַּרְעֹ֑ה | 1 | Yahweh hardened Pharaoh’s heart | This means God made him stubborn. His stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his **heart** were **strong**. If the **heart** is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in [4:21](../04/21.md). Alternate translation: “But Yahweh caused Pharaoh to be stubborn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 858 | EXO | 10 | 21 | x6xk | writing-newevent | וַיֹּ֨אמֶר יְהוָ֜ה | 1 | A new scene begins here, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. This is the start of the third plague sequence. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) | |
| 859 | EXO | 10 | 21 | utyz | יָֽדְךָ֙ | 1 | See note in the [introduction to chapter 8](../08/intro.md) regarding the hand and staff. | ||
| 860 | EXO | 10 | 21 | m38s | figs-metaphor | מִצְרָ֑יִם וְיָמֵ֖שׁ חֹֽשֶׁךְ | 1 | darkness that may be felt | This is a somewhat puzzling construction which describes the darkness. Most English translations take it as a passive, which restated actively means, “people will feel the darkness,” meaning metaphorically what is expressed in different ways in the UST and the alternate translation here. Another option is to view the Hebrew verb form as causative and translate as such: “and the darkness will cause people to feel,” meaning people will have to feel where they are going because they will not be able to see. A final option would be a personification of darkness such that the darkness gropes around, filling in every place in the land. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “Egypt, an extremely oppressive darkness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 861 | EXO | 10 | 22 | z4ge | יָד֖וֹ | 1 | See note in the [introduction to chapter 8](../08/intro.md) regarding the hand and staff. | ||
| 862 | EXO | 10 | 22 | vbzj | translate-numbers | שְׁלֹ֥שֶׁת | 1 | Alternate translation: “for 3” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) | |
| 863 | EXO | 10 | 23 | jmd8 | figs-metonymy | לֹֽא־רָא֞וּ אִ֣ישׁ אֶת־אָחִ֗יו | 1 | This phrase means that people could not see the people who lived closest to them, whether or not that person was literally their **brother**. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “No one could see the people who lived with them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 864 | EXO | 10 | 23 | o572 | figs-gendernotations | אִ֣ישׁ…אִ֥ישׁ | 1 | Here, **man** refers to any human in general. Alternate translation: “person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) | |
| 865 | EXO | 10 | 23 | qstu | translate-numbers | שְׁלֹ֣שֶׁת | 1 | Alternate translation: “for 3” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) | |
| 866 | EXO | 10 | 24 | vp7b | figs-youdual | לְכוּ֙ עִבְד֣וּ…צֹאנְכֶ֥ם וּבְקַרְכֶ֖ם…טַפְּכֶ֖ם…עִמָּכֶֽם | 1 | Every instance of **you** and **your**, as well as the imperative verb forms in this verse, are plural. They refer to the Israelites. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) | |
| 867 | EXO | 10 | 25 | rsr4 | figs-metonymy | גַּם־אַתָּ֛ה תִּתֵּ֥ן בְּיָדֵ֖נוּ זְבָחִ֣ים וְעֹל֑וֹת | 1 | The construction here is difficult. Based on context, Moses is probably not saying that Pharaoh needs to provide his own animals to the Israelites. He is asking Pharaoh to let the Israelites take their own animals with them. **Give in our hands** means to take with them, by whatever means, which may include holding a rope in the hand to lead the animals or any other means of herding the animals. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 868 | EXO | 10 | 25 | cj78 | figs-metonymy | זְבָחִ֣ים וְעֹל֑וֹת | 1 | Here, **sacrifices and burnt offerings** refers to the animals of their flocks and herds that they must take. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “animals for sacrifices and burnt offerings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 869 | EXO | 10 | 25 | bjy0 | וְעָשִׂ֖ינוּ לַיהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֵֽינוּ | 1 | Here, **do** means “do the sacrifices and burnt offerings.” Alternate translation: “and we will make those sacrifices and burnt offerings to Yahweh our God” | ||
| 870 | EXO | 10 | 25 | ixo7 | figs-exclusive | בְּיָדֵ֖נוּ…וְעָשִׂ֖ינוּ…אֱלֹהֵֽינוּ | 1 | Here, **we** and **us** refers to the Israelites (same group as the speaker’s) while excluding Pharaoh and the Egyptians (listeners’ group). If your language distinguishes between forms of we and us based on who is included, be sure to use the one appropriate to the described group. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) | |
| 871 | EXO | 10 | 26 | k0pi | figs-exclusive | מִקְנֵ֜נוּ…עִמָּ֗נוּ…נִקַּ֔ח…אֱלֹהֵ֑ינוּ וַאֲנַ֣חְנוּ…נֵדַ֗ע…נַּעֲבֹד֙…בֹּאֵ֖נוּ | 1 | Here, **we, our,** and **us** each refers to the Israelites (same group as the speaker’s) while excluding Pharaoh and the Egyptians (listeners’ group). If your language distinguishes between forms of we, our, and us based on who is included, be sure to use the one appropriate to the described group. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) | |
| 872 | EXO | 10 | 26 | ys4v | figs-activepassive | לֹ֤א תִשָּׁאֵר֙ פַּרְסָ֔ה | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “We cannot leave behind a single animal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 873 | EXO | 10 | 26 | v9uc | figs-synecdoche | פַּרְסָ֔ה | 1 | a hoof | Here the word **hoof** refers to the entire animal. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could translate the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a single animal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) |
| 874 | EXO | 10 | 26 | uiom | שָֽׁמָּה | 1 | The destination is unspecified. Previous context suggests it would be at the mountain of God (see [3:1](../03/01.md), especially [3:12](../03/12.md), and [4:27](../04/27.md)), which would take three days of travel to reach (see [3:18](../03/18.md) and [5:3](../05/03.md)). | ||
| 875 | EXO | 10 | 27 | n588 | figs-metaphor | וַיְחַזֵּ֥ק יְהוָ֖ה אֶת־לֵ֣ב פַּרְעֹ֑ה | 1 | Yahweh hardened Pharaoh’s heart | This means God made him stubborn. His stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his **heart** were **strong**. If the **heart** is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in [4:21](../04/21.md). Alternate translation: “But Yahweh caused Pharaoh to be stubborn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 876 | EXO | 10 | 27 | mv8t | וְלֹ֥א אָבָ֖ה לְשַׁלְּחָֽם | 1 | he would not let them go | Alternate translation: “and Pharaoh would not consent to let them go” | |
| 877 | EXO | 10 | 28 | di6g | figs-rpronouns | הִשָּׁ֣מֶר לְךָ֗ | 1 | Here, the listener, Moses, is both the subject and object of the sentence. He is the person told to look (subject) and he himself is what he is told to look at (object). Different languages have different methods of marking this. Alternate translation: “You watch yourself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) | |
| 878 | EXO | 10 | 28 | eza9 | figs-idiom | הִשָּׁ֣מֶר לְךָ֗ | 1 | This is an idiom. Pharaoh is not telling Moses literally to keep looking at himself. Alternate translation: “Be careful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
| 879 | EXO | 10 | 28 | lcz2 | figs-explicit | תָּמֽוּת | 1 | Be careful about one thing | Pharaoh means he will have Moses killed. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 880 | EXO | 10 | 28 | te45 | figs-synecdoche | פָּנַ֔י…פָנַ֖י | 1 | you see my face | Here, **face** refers to the whole person. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) |
| 881 | EXO | 10 | 29 | h1jf | figs-idiom | כֵּ֣ן דִּבַּ֑רְתָּ | 1 | You yourself have spoken | With these words, Moses emphasizes that Pharaoh has spoken the truth. Alternate translation: “What you have said is true” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
| 882 | EXO | 10 | 29 | rg18 | figs-synecdoche | פָּנֶֽיךָ | 1 | Here, **face** refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) | |
| 883 | EXO | 11 | intro | pu3u | 0 | # Exodus 11 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and Formatting\r<br><br>Chapter 11 is a transition point in the book. The previous nine plagues (in their three sequences of three) have come to an end and the last plague, the death of the firstborn, is about to occur, along with the Passover and the Exodus itself. It is difficult to know if the events in chapter 11 all are recorded in the order in which they happened. For translation, you should follow the order of the text if it will not confuse your readers.<br><br>It may be helpful to think that after the end of chapter 10, Yahweh spoke to Moses immediately, before he actually left Pharaoh’s presence (v. [1](../11/01.md)-[2](../11/02.md)). [Verse 3](../11/03.md) is a comment suggesting that the Egyptians will be willing to do as the Israelites are told to ask them to do in [v. 2](../11/02.md). In verses [4](../11/04.md)-[7](../11/07.md) Moses gives Pharaoh and his officials a message from Yahweh that Yahweh is giving to Moses right at that moment. At the end of [v. 8](../11/08.md) Moses leaves Pharaoh’s presence (completing the interaction from the [end of ch. 10](../10/28.md)). [Verse 9](../11/09.md) may either be Yahweh telling Moses what is going to happen, or it could be part of the summary that occurs in [v. 10](../11/10.md). Verse 10 summarizes what has happened in chs. 5-10 (especially the plagues in chs. 7-10) in preparation for the great last plague. | |||
| 884 | EXO | 11 | 1 | hrom | figs-quotemarks | אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֗ה | 1 | After this phrase, a direct quote begins that continues until the end of [11:2](../11/02.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. There may be other quotations in this chapter; they will be marked by the same punctuation, but they will not have their own notes unless there is something unique about them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
| 885 | EXO | 11 | 1 | eqeb | grammar-connect-time-sequential | כְּשַׁ֨לְּח֔וֹ…יְגָרֵ֥שׁ | 1 | These verbs (**lets go** and **drive away**) are meant to immediately follow one another. When you translate, make sure they are almost simultaneous in time; the letting go happens and then immediately the driving away happens. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]]) | |
| 886 | EXO | 11 | 1 | iocd | כָּלָ֕ה גָּרֵ֛שׁ יְגָרֵ֥שׁ | 1 | The wording here is very forceful. Use strong words, forms, or phrasing when you are translating. | ||
| 887 | EXO | 11 | 1 | i87h | figs-youdual | אֶתְכֶ֖ם…אֶתְכֶ֖ם | 1 | he will let you go from here | Each occurrence of the word **you** in this verse is plural and refers to Moses and the rest of the Israelites. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) |
| 888 | EXO | 11 | 2 | t14c | נָ֖א | 1 | Here, **now** conveys urgency, indicating that Moses should speak soon, without delaying for other things. If you have a way of giving a command that shows that it is important for someone to do it quickly, it would be better to translate in that way than in a way that means “now” in a time sense (versus earlier or later). | ||
| 889 | EXO | 11 | 2 | nlsk | בְּאָזְנֵ֣י הָעָ֑ם | 1 | Alternate translation: “so the people hear you” or “when all the people are listening” | ||
| 890 | EXO | 11 | 2 | jl6w | כְּלֵי־כֶ֖סֶף וּכְלֵ֥י זָהָֽב | 1 | These could be any sort of thing made from silver or gold (for instance: utensils, cups, pitchers, plates, candleholders), not just jewelry. | ||
| 891 | EXO | 11 | 2 | ddej | וְיִשְׁאֲל֞וּ אִ֣ישׁ׀ מֵאֵ֣ת רֵעֵ֗הוּ וְאִשָּׁה֙ מֵאֵ֣ת רְעוּתָ֔הּ כְּלֵי־כֶ֖סֶף וּכְלֵ֥י זָהָֽב | 1 | [Exodus 3:22](../03/22.md) contains similar instructions; see how you translated there. | ||
| 892 | EXO | 11 | 3 | x83s | figs-aside | וַיִּתֵּ֧ן יְהוָ֛ה אֶת־חֵ֥ן הָעָ֖ם בְּעֵינֵ֣י מִצְרָ֑יִם גַּ֣ם׀ הָאִ֣ישׁ מֹשֶׁ֗ה גָּד֤וֹל מְאֹד֙ בְּאֶ֣רֶץ מִצְרַ֔יִם בְּעֵינֵ֥י עַבְדֵֽי־פַרְעֹ֖ה וּבְעֵינֵ֥י הָעָֽם | 1 | In this verse the author interjects a comment about the situation. Some translations choose to put the verse in parenthesis to indicate this. You may mark it in a way that is natural to your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-aside]]) | |
| 893 | EXO | 11 | 3 | hng9 | figs-idiom | חֵ֥ן הָעָ֖ם בְּעֵינֵ֣י מִצְרָ֑יִם | 1 | Here, **in the eyes of the Egyptians** is an idiom for the Egyptian’s feelings or opinion. **Favor** means those feelings are positive. Taken together, this means that when the Egyptians see the Israelites leaving Egypt, they will gladly help them. (Because the Egyptians have suffered under God’s judgment, the Egyptians want so badly to see them leave). If your language has the same or a similar idiom, you can translate or use it. Otherwise, you can translate the meaning. See how you translated this in [3:21](../03/21.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
| 894 | EXO | 11 | 3 | orq6 | figs-idiom | בְּעֵינֵ֥י עַבְדֵֽי־פַרְעֹ֖ה וּבְעֵינֵ֥י הָעָֽם | 1 | Here, **in the eyes of the servants of Pharaoh and in the eyes of the people** is an idiom for their feelings or opinions. If your language has the same or a similar idiom, you can translate or use it. Otherwise, you can translate the meaning. See how you translated a similar idiom in [3:21](../03/21.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
| 895 | EXO | 11 | 3 | s5zy | וַיִּתֵּ֧ן יְהוָ֛ה אֶת־חֵ֥ן הָעָ֖ם בְּעֵינֵ֣י מִצְרָ֑יִם | 1 | [Exodus 3:21](../03/21.md) contains a related phrase; see how you translated it there. | ||
| 896 | EXO | 11 | 4 | kpb5 | כֹּ֖ה אָמַ֣ר יְהוָ֑ה | 1 | midnight | This quotation formula is used to introduce commands from Yahweh. See [4:intro](../04/intro.md) for more information. | |
| 897 | EXO | 11 | 5 | hv8k | בְּכוֹר֮…מִבְּכ֤וֹר…בְּכ֣וֹר…בְּכ֥וֹר | 1 | All the firstborn … the firstborn of Pharaoh … the firstborn of the slave girl … the firstborn of the cattle | The “firstborn” always refers to the oldest male offspring. | |
| 898 | EXO | 11 | 5 | k42h | figs-merism | מִבְּכ֤וֹר פַּרְעֹה֙ הַיֹּשֵׁ֣ב עַל־כִּסְא֔וֹ עַ֚ד בְּכ֣וֹר הַשִּׁפְחָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֖ר אַחַ֣ר הָרֵחָ֑יִם וְכֹ֖ל בְּכ֥וֹר בְּהֵמָֽה | 1 | who sits on his throne | This is a merism. First, two extremes are mentioned: the highest of society (**Pharaoh, who sits on his throne**) and the lowest (**the slave girl who is behind the mill**). Then the animals (**beasts**) are added making it a three-item list of parts of society and even the economy to show the totality of the coming judgment. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) |
| 899 | EXO | 11 | 5 | hr1x | אֲשֶׁ֖ר אַחַ֣ר הָרֵחָ֑יִם | 1 | who is behind the handmill grinding it | Alternate translation: “who is grinding at the handmill” or “who is behind the handmill grinding grain” | |
| 900 | EXO | 11 | 6 | hui7 | figs-merism | אֲשֶׁ֤ר כָּמֹ֨הוּ֙ לֹ֣א נִהְיָ֔תָה וְכָמֹ֖הוּ לֹ֥א תֹסִֽף | 1 | This phrase uses the extremes of past and future to emphasize the concept of “never.” If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “such as has never been and never will be” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) | |
| 901 | EXO | 11 | 7 | b60a | figs-idiom | לֹ֤א יֶֽחֱרַץ…לְשֹׁנ֔וֹ | 1 | This means to make an unfriendly noise. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “will not growl” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
| 902 | EXO | 11 | 7 | t61i | figs-youdual | תֵּֽדְע֔וּן | 1 | Here, **you** is plural. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) | |
| 903 | EXO | 11 | 7 | fl78 | אֲשֶׁר֙ יַפְלֶ֣ה יְהוָ֔ה בֵּ֥ין מִצְרַ֖יִם וּבֵ֥ין יִשְׂרָאֵֽל | 1 | See how you translated a similar phrase in [Exodus 9:4](../09/04.md). | ||
| 904 | EXO | 11 | 8 | hoft | translate-symaction | וְהִשְׁתַּֽחֲוּוּ־לִ֣י | 1 | This does not mean to bow for worshiping. **They will bow to** Moses to beg him to leave. They will do this to show how desperate they will be for Moses and the Israelites to go. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) | |
| 905 | EXO | 11 | 8 | l678 | figs-explicit | וְהִשְׁתַּֽחֲוּוּ־לִ֣י | 1 | **They will bow to** Moses to beg him to leave. They will do this to show how desperate they will be for Moses and the Israelites to go. If this action would not mean the same thing in your culture, you may need to make the reason they are bowing explicit. Alternate translation: “and they will bow down to me to beg” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 906 | EXO | 11 | 8 | njx8 | figs-metaphor | וְכָל־הָעָ֣ם אֲשֶׁר־בְּרַגְלֶ֔יךָ | 1 | Here, the people are figuratively pictured as below Moses, which means they are his followers. The reference to **feet** also can mean they go the same place he goes, again, meaning “follower.” If your language uses a similar image to mean follower, you can translate the image; if not, you may use another image from your culture or translate the meaning. Alternate translation: “and all the people who are following you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 907 | EXO | 11 | 8 | ria5 | figs-explicit | וְאַחֲרֵי־כֵ֖ן אֵצֵ֑א | 1 | After that I will go out | This means that Moses and the Israelites will leave Egypt. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “After that I will leave here” or “After that I will go out from Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 908 | EXO | 11 | 8 | milu | figs-idiom | בָּחֳרִי־אָֽף | 1 | This is an idiom meaning that Moses is angry. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “enraged” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
| 909 | EXO | 11 | 10 | h5g7 | writing-endofstory | וּמֹשֶׁ֣ה וְאַהֲרֹ֗ן עָשׂ֛וּ אֶת־כָּל־הַמֹּפְתִ֥ים הָאֵ֖לֶּה לִפְנֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֑ה וַיְחַזֵּ֤ק יְהוָה֙ אֶת־לֵ֣ב פַּרְעֹ֔ה וְלֹֽא־שִׁלַּ֥ח אֶת־בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל מֵאַרְצֽוֹ | 1 | This verse is summarizing and wrapping up the story of the plagues. If your language has a way of summarizing information at the end of a story, try to translate this verse (and possibly verse 9 - see the introductory notes to this chapter) in this way. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-endofstory]]) | |
| 910 | EXO | 11 | 10 | um4u | figs-metaphor | וַיְחַזֵּ֤ק יְהוָה֙ אֶת־לֵ֣ב פַּרְעֹ֔ה | 1 | Yahweh hardened Pharaoh’s heart | This means God made him stubborn. His stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his **heart** were **strong**. If the **heart** is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in [4:21](../04/21.md). Alternate translation: “But Yahweh caused Pharaoh to be stubborn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 911 | EXO | 12 | intro | fd2f | 0 | # Exodus 12 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and Formatting<br><br>The events of this chapter are known as the Passover. They are remembered in the celebration of Passover. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/passover]])<br>1. Instruction v. 1-28<br> * v. 1-20: Yahweh gives instructions<br> * v. 1-11: how to eat this Passover<br> * v. 12-13: description of the plague<br> * v. 14-20: directions for future celebration of Passover<br> * v. 21-28: Moses repeats Yahweh’s instructions to Israelites<br>2. Narrative v. 29-42: Passover and Exodus<br>3. Instruction v. 43-49: which foreigners may eat Passover<br>4. Summary Narrative v. 50-51<br><br>## Special Concepts in this Chapter<br><br>### Unleavened bread<br><br>The concept of unleavened bread is introduced in this chapter. Its significance stems from its connection to the events in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/unleavenedbread]])<br><br>### Ethnic segregation<br><br>The Hebrew people were to be separate from the rest of the world. Because of this, they separated themselves from other people groups. At this time, these foreigners were looked upon as unholy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])<br><br>## Potential Translation Issues:<br><br>### Passover<br><br>### Pronoun usage<br><br>In the long quotation (verses 3-20) that Yahweh tells Moses and Aaron to convey to the Israelites, he speaks of them in the third person (“they must”) in [verses 3](../12/03.md)–4 and [verses 7](../12/07.md)–8 and to them in the second person (“you must”) for all the rest of the instruction. Some languages may need to keep the pronoun person consistent throughout the quotation.<br><br>### You plural<br><br>In this chapter, almost every occurrence of “you” or “your” is plural. Each one refers to all the Israelites. Those that are not will be marked. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form throughout unless otherwise noted. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) | |||
| 912 | EXO | 12 | 2 | z785 | figs-quotemarks | הַחֹ֧דֶשׁ הַזֶּ֛ה לָכֶ֖ם רֹ֣אשׁ חֳדָשִׁ֑ים | 1 | For you, this month will be the start of months, the first month of the year to you | The start of this verse is the beginning of a direct quote which continues until the end of [verse 20](../12/20.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. There may be other quotations in this chapter; they will be marked by the same punctuation, but they will not have their own notes unless there is something unique about them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) |
| 913 | EXO | 12 | 2 | gtgb | figs-parallelism | הַחֹ֧דֶשׁ הַזֶּ֛ה לָכֶ֖ם רֹ֣אשׁ חֳדָשִׁ֑ים רִאשׁ֥וֹן הוּא֙ לָכֶ֔ם לְחָדְשֵׁ֖י הַשָּׁנָֽה | 1 | These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that the month in which the events of this chapter take place will be the beginning of their calendar year. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
| 914 | EXO | 12 | 2 | uy4w | translate-hebrewmonths | רִאשׁ֥וֹן הוּא֙ לָכֶ֔ם לְחָדְשֵׁ֖י הַשָּׁנָֽה | 1 | the first month of the year | The first month of the Hebrew calendar includes the last part of March and the first part of April on Western calendars. It marks when Yahweh rescued the Israelites from the Egyptians. You could convert the Hebrew day and month into an approximate date on the calendar that your culture uses. However, the Jews used a lunar calendar, so if you use a solar calendar, the date will be different every year and the translation will not be entirely accurate. So you may just want to give the number of the day and the name of the month on the Hebrew calendar, and say approximately what time of year that is on your calendar in a footnote. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]]) |
| 915 | EXO | 12 | 3 | lv6s | figs-youdual | דַּבְּר֗וּ | 1 | The command here is to both Moses and Aaron. If your language uses a different form if two are people addressed, use a dual form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) | |
| 916 | EXO | 12 | 3 | jjw0 | וְיִקְח֣וּ לָהֶ֗ם אִ֛ישׁ שֶׂ֥ה לְבֵית־אָבֹ֖ת שֶׂ֥ה לַבָּֽיִת | 1 | This seems to be indicating that if multiple families live in one house, the man who is the leader of the family group that lives there should take one lamb for that whole household. Alternate translation: “the father of each household must take a lamb for his household, one per household” | ||
| 917 | EXO | 12 | 3 | d1f5 | שֶׂ֥ה לַבָּֽיִת | 1 | Alternate translation: “one lamb per house” | ||
| 918 | EXO | 12 | 3 | qzct | שֶׂ֥ה…שֶׂ֥ה | 1 | The word **lamb** literally means “of the flock,” and it could also be translated as a sheep or a goat. Here, the ULT uses **lamb** (a young sheep), because [verse 5](../12/05.md) specifies that it must be one year old. “Kid” (a young goat) would be equally valid as verse 5 also says that it could be either a sheep or a goat. You may translate it as either sheep or goat, whichever would be most familiar. | ||
| 919 | EXO | 12 | 4 | xzn3 | figs-explicit | וְאִם־יִמְעַ֣ט הַבַּיִת֮ מִהְיֹ֣ת מִשֶּׂה֒ | 1 | If the household is too small for a lamb | This means that there are not enough people in the family to eat an entire lamb. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “If there are not enough people in the household to eat an entire lamb” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 920 | EXO | 12 | 4 | o258 | וּשְׁכֵנ֛וֹ הַקָּרֹ֥ב אֶל־בֵּית֖וֹ בְּמִכְסַ֣ת נְפָשֹׁ֑ת | 1 | The phrase **by the number of people** helps to clarify which sort of **neighbor near to his house** the Israelite should choose. They should count their own household and another household and try to have a group that is the right number to eat an entire lamb. Alternate translation: “and his neighbor who lives near him and whose family is the right size to share a lamb with” | ||
| 921 | EXO | 12 | 4 | fu2g | figs-gendernotations | אִ֚ישׁ | 1 | the man and his next door neighbor | Here **man** refers to each person, whether man, woman, or child. Alternate translation: “each family member” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) |
| 922 | EXO | 12 | 6 | lz76 | בֵּ֥ין הָעַרְבָּֽיִם | 1 | twilight | This refers to the time of evening after the sun has set but while there is still some light. | |
| 923 | EXO | 12 | 7 | cjt7 | עַל־שְׁתֵּ֥י הַמְּזוּזֹ֖ת וְעַל־הַמַּשְׁק֑וֹף עַ֚ל הַבָּ֣תִּ֔ים | 1 | on the two side doorposts and on the tops of the doorframes of the houses | Alternate translation: “on the sides and top of the way into the house” or “on the top and sides of the frame around the door into the house” | |
| 924 | EXO | 12 | 8 | uxn6 | מְרֹרִ֖ים | 1 | bitter herbs | These are edible but strong-tasting leaves, seeds, and other parts of plants. | |
| 925 | EXO | 12 | 9 | ny3a | אַל־תֹּאכְל֤וּ מִמֶּ֨נּוּ֙ נָ֔א | 1 | Do not eat it raw | Alternate translation: “Do not eat the lamb or goat uncooked” | |
| 926 | EXO | 12 | 11 | ks7d | חֲגֻרִ֔ים | 1 | belt | Here, **belts** are strips of leather or fabric for tying around the waist. | |
| 927 | EXO | 12 | 11 | nzw2 | וַאֲכַלְתֶּ֤ם אֹתוֹ֙ בְּחִפָּז֔וֹן | 1 | eat it hurriedly | Alternate translation: “And you must eat it quickly” | |
| 928 | EXO | 12 | 11 | r789 | figs-explicit | פֶּ֥סַח ה֖וּא לַיהוָֽה | 1 | It is Yahweh’s Passover | **It** refers to eating the animal on the tenth day of the month. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “This observance is Yahweh’s Passover” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 929 | EXO | 12 | 12 | sa5n | figs-abstractnouns | וּבְכָל־אֱלֹהֵ֥י מִצְרַ֛יִם אֶֽעֱשֶׂ֥ה שְׁפָטִ֖ים | 1 | I will bring punishment on all the gods of Egypt | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **judgment**, you could express the same idea in another way. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 930 | EXO | 12 | 13 | tywz | figs-abstractnouns | לְמַשְׁחִ֔ית | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **destruction**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “to destroy you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 931 | EXO | 12 | 13 | bnoe | figs-activepassive | וְלֹֽא־יִֽהְיֶ֨ה בָכֶ֥ם נֶ֨גֶף֙ | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and I will not put the plague on you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 932 | EXO | 12 | 13 | ox3l | figs-metonymy | בְּאֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם | 1 | Yahweh is going to strike the people and animals who live in **the land of Egypt**. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “on everything living in the land of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 933 | EXO | 12 | 14 | fa9q | וְהָיָה֩ הַיּ֨וֹם הַזֶּ֤ה | 1 | Verses 14-[20](../12/20.md) are instructions for the Israelites’ future celebration of the Passover. If your language makes a distinction between near and far future events or between near and general commands, you may need to make clear that these verses primarily have a later application. | ||
| 934 | EXO | 12 | 14 | usns | translate-hebrewmonths | הַיּ֨וֹם הַזֶּ֤ה | 1 | Here, **this day** means the tenth day of the first month of every year. On this day every year, they must celebrate the Passover. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]]) | |
| 935 | EXO | 12 | 15 | xsb9 | אַ֚ךְ | 1 | Alternate translation: “Surely” or “Indeed” | ||
| 936 | EXO | 12 | 15 | i9n3 | figs-metaphor | וְנִכְרְתָ֞ה הַנֶּ֤פֶשׁ הַהִוא֙ מִיִּשְׂרָאֵ֔ל | 1 | that person must be cut off from Israel | The metaphor **cut off** could mean: (1) the person must leave. Alternate translation: “he must be sent away” (2) the person is no longer an Israelite. Alternate translation: “he will no longer be considered to be one of the people of Israel” (3) the person must die. Alternate translation: “he must be killed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 937 | EXO | 12 | 15 | enw3 | figs-activepassive | וְנִכְרְתָ֞ה הַנֶּ֤פֶשׁ הַהִוא֙ מִיִּשְׂרָאֵ֔ל | 1 | As noted in the previous note, the metaphor **cut off** has at least three possible meanings. By whom that person will be cut off is not specified; it could be the Israelites or Yahweh. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The following alternate translations express those: (1) “the people of Israel must send him away” or (2) “I will no longer consider him to be one of the people of Israel” or (3) “the people of Israel must kill him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 938 | EXO | 12 | 15 | eqzu | grammar-collectivenouns | מִיִּשְׂרָאֵ֔ל | 1 | **Israel** is a collective noun referring to the nation or people group. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you can use a different expression. Alternate translation: “from the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) | |
| 939 | EXO | 12 | 16 | bzj6 | figs-activepassive | וּבַיּ֤וֹם הָרִאשׁוֹן֙ מִקְרָא־קֹ֔דֶשׁ וּבַיּוֹם֙ הַשְּׁבִיעִ֔י מִקְרָא־קֹ֖דֶשׁ יִהְיֶ֣ה לָכֶ֑ם | 1 | an assembly that is set apart to me | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “And on the first day and on the seventh day, you shall have an assembly of holiness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 940 | EXO | 12 | 16 | cb1r | figs-abstractnouns | מִקְרָא־קֹ֔דֶשׁ…מִקְרָא־קֹ֖דֶשׁ | 1 | an assembly that is set apart to me | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **holiness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “a holy assembly … a holy assembly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 941 | EXO | 12 | 16 | o3oh | translate-ordinal | וּבַיּ֤וֹם הָרִאשׁוֹן֙…וּבַיּוֹם֙ הַשְּׁבִיעִ֔י | 1 | If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “And on day one of the month … and on day seven of the month” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) | |
| 942 | EXO | 12 | 16 | l7pj | figs-activepassive | כָּל־מְלָאכָה֙ לֹא־יֵעָשֶׂ֣ה בָהֶ֔ם | 1 | No work will be done on these days | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You will do no work on these days” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 943 | EXO | 12 | 16 | qr65 | figs-activepassive | ה֥וּא לְבַדּ֖וֹ יֵעָשֶׂ֥ה לָכֶֽם | 1 | That must be the only work that may be done by you | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “which must be the only work that you do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 944 | EXO | 12 | 17 | r3qj | translate-unknown | צִבְאוֹתֵיכֶ֖ם | 1 | armed group by armed group | The term **hosts** refers to a large group of people, often organized into groups for war. See how you translated this in [Exodus 6:26](../06/26.md). Alternate translation: “your groups” or “your divisions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
| 945 | EXO | 12 | 18 | v7g9 | translate-ordinal | בָּרִאשֹׁ֡ן בְּאַרְבָּעָה֩ עָשָׂ֨ר י֤וֹם לַחֹ֨דֶשׁ֙…עַ֠ד י֣וֹם הָאֶחָ֧ד וְעֶשְׂרִ֛ים לַחֹ֖דֶשׁ | 1 | If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “In month one, on day fourteen … until day twenty-one of the month” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) | |
| 946 | EXO | 12 | 18 | l57q | translate-ordinal | בָּרִאשֹׁ֡ן בְּאַרְבָּעָה֩ עָשָׂ֨ר י֤וֹם לַחֹ֨דֶשׁ֙…עַ֠ד י֣וֹם הָאֶחָ֧ד וְעֶשְׂרִ֛ים לַחֹ֖דֶשׁ | 1 | If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) | |
| 947 | EXO | 12 | 18 | m475 | translate-hebrewmonths | בָּרִאשֹׁ֡ן בְּאַרְבָּעָה֩ עָשָׂ֨ר י֤וֹם לַחֹ֨דֶשׁ֙ | 1 | the fourteenth day in the first month | This is the first month of the Hebrew calendar. The fourteenth day is near the beginning of April on Western calendars. You could convert the Hebrew day and month into an approximate date on the calendar that your culture uses. However, the Jews used a lunar calendar, so if you use a solar calendar, the date will be different every year and the translation will not be entirely accurate. So you may just want to give the number of the day and the name of the month on the Hebrew calendar, and say approximately what time of year that is on your calendar in a footnote.(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]]) |
| 948 | EXO | 12 | 18 | uss3 | translate-hebrewmonths | י֣וֹם הָאֶחָ֧ד וְעֶשְׂרִ֛ים לַחֹ֖דֶשׁ | 1 | the twenty-first day of the month | This is near the middle of April on Western calendars. You could convert the Hebrew day and month into an approximate date on the calendar that your culture uses. However, the Jews used a lunar calendar, so if you use a solar calendar, the date will be different every year and the translation will not be entirely accurate. So you may just want to give the number of the day and the name of the month on the Hebrew calendar, and say approximately what time of year that is on your calendar in a footnote.(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]]) |
| 949 | EXO | 12 | 19 | aej1 | figs-activepassive | שְׂאֹ֕ר לֹ֥א יִמָּצֵ֖א בְּבָתֵּיכֶ֑ם | 1 | no yeast must be found in your houses | This means there should not be any yeast in their houses. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Note that the UST more accurately conveys the meaning here, as the alternate translation in this note could be understood to mean that you must simply hide the yeast very well. Alternate translation: “Yahweh must not find any yeast in your houses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 950 | EXO | 12 | 19 | vy72 | figs-metaphor | וְנִכְרְתָ֞ה הַנֶּ֤פֶשׁ הַהִוא֙ מֵעֲדַ֣ת יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל | 1 | must be cut off from the community of Israel | See how you translated **cut off** in [Exodus 12:15](../12/15.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 951 | EXO | 12 | 19 | cwvs | figs-metaphor | וְנִכְרְתָ֞ה הַנֶּ֤פֶשׁ הַהִוא֙ מֵעֲדַ֣ת יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל | 1 | See how you translated **cut off** in [Exodus 12:15](../12/15.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 952 | EXO | 12 | 21 | y9qt | writing-newevent | 0 | summoned | A new scene begins at this verse, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) | |
| 953 | EXO | 12 | 22 | qwv1 | translate-unknown | אֲגֻדַּ֣ת אֵז֗וֹב | 1 | hyssop | **Hyssop** is a woody plant with small leaves that can be used for sprinkling liquids by dipping the leaves in the liquid and then shaking them or brushing them over the target. If this plant is unknown, you can use a descriptor phrase. Alternate translation: “part of a plant with small branches and many leaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
| 954 | EXO | 12 | 22 | c1cf | אֶל־הַמַּשְׁקוֹף֙ וְאֶל־שְׁתֵּ֣י הַמְּזוּזֹ֔ת | 1 | the top of the doorframe and the two doorposts | Alternate translation: “on the sides and top of the way into the house.” See how you translated a similar phrase in [Exodus 12:7](../12/07.md). | |
| 955 | EXO | 12 | 22 | vdlj | figs-gendernotations | לֹ֥א…אִ֥ישׁ | 1 | Here, **man** includes women and children. Alternate translation: “no person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) | |
| 956 | EXO | 12 | 23 | uu61 | figs-synecdoche | וּפָסַ֤ח יְהוָה֙ עַל־הַפֶּ֔תַח | 1 | pass over your door | Here the word **door** implies the entire house. This means that God will spare the Israelites in houses with blood on the door frames. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could translate the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and Yahweh will pass over the house” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) |
| 957 | EXO | 12 | 23 | onpu | עַל־הַמַּשְׁק֔וֹף וְעַ֖ל שְׁתֵּ֣י הַמְּזוּזֹ֑ת | 1 | Alternate translation: “on the sides and top of the way into the house” See how you translated a similar phrase in [Exodus 12:7](../12/07.md). | ||
| 958 | EXO | 12 | 24 | v7z5 | הַדָּבָ֣ר הַזֶּ֑ה | 1 | this event | These words refer to the Passover or Festival of Unleavened Bread. Observing the Passover was an act of worshiping Yahweh. | |
| 959 | EXO | 12 | 24 | bzm0 | figs-youcrowd | לְךָ֥ וּלְבָנֶ֖יךָ | 1 | Here, **you** and **your** are singular but they refer to the whole nation. If the singular form would not be natural in your language for someone who was speaking to a group of people, you could use the plural forms of “you” in your translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]]) | |
| 960 | EXO | 12 | 24 | ch73 | figs-gendernotations | וּלְבָנֶ֖יךָ | 1 | Here, **sons** includes everyone. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) | |
| 961 | EXO | 12 | 25 | l8ls | הָעֲבֹדָ֥ה הַזֹּֽאת | 1 | this act of worship | Here, **this service** refers to the Passover or Festival of Unleavened Bread. Observing the Passover was an act of worshiping Yahweh. | |
| 962 | EXO | 12 | 26 | hbh4 | figs-gendernotations | בְּנֵיכֶ֑ם | 1 | Here, **your sons** refers to all children, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) | |
| 963 | EXO | 12 | 26 | odj0 | figs-quotesinquotes | אֲלֵיכֶ֖ם…מָ֛ה הָעֲבֹדָ֥ה הַזֹּ֖את לָכֶֽם | 1 | After **you**, a second-level quotation begins. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation within a quotation. However, you may want to translate this as an indirect quotation in order to reduce the layers of quotations in this passage. Alternative translation: “to you what this ritual means to you,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]]) | |
| 964 | EXO | 12 | 27 | t779 | figs-explicit | וְאֶת־בָּתֵּ֣ינוּ הִצִּ֑יל | 1 | He set our households free | This means that Yahweh spared the Israelites’ firstborn sons. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “He did not kill the firstborn sons in our houses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 965 | EXO | 12 | 28 | r5cj | כַּאֲשֶׁ֨ר צִוָּ֧ה יְהוָ֛ה אֶת־מֹשֶׁ֥ה וְאַהֲרֹ֖ן כֵּ֥ן עָשֽׂוּ | 1 | as Yahweh had commanded Moses and Aaron | Alternate translation: “everything that Yahweh told Moses and Aaron to do” | |
| 966 | EXO | 12 | 29 | rvg9 | 0 | The next few verses are the climax of this part of Exodus. A number of literary features mark it out. First, it is specially introduced with **and so it happened,** which is used to mark major breaks in the narrative. Second, it uses repetition: **firstborn** is repeated four times in verse 29 so that the reader cannot possibly miss what is happening. **Night** is repeated in verse 29, 30, and 31. **Got up/get up** is repeated in verse 30 and 31. In verses 31 and 32 “also” occurs five times (it is translated as “both” once in the ULT). Third, the places of both **Pharaoh** and **the captive** are elaborated on to slow the pace and create a vivid mental image for the reader. In verse 30 there is the listing of sorts of people who got up; note the use of the double negative for emphasis. Your translation should attempt to use the same or similar literary features of your own language that slow down the pace, create vivid imagery, and emphasize that this is a climax point. | |||
| 967 | EXO | 12 | 29 | zm1l | figs-merism | מִבְּכֹ֤ר פַּרְעֹה֙ הַיֹּשֵׁ֣ב עַל־כִּסְא֔וֹ עַ֚ד בְּכ֣וֹר הַשְּׁבִ֔י אֲשֶׁ֖ר בְּבֵ֣ית הַבּ֑וֹר וְכֹ֖ל בְּכ֥וֹר בְּהֵמָֽה | 1 | at midnight | This phrase indicates that there was no person or household excluded from Yahweh’s judgment. It both speaks of extreme parts of society and then makes this into a list by including the animals. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “the firstborn of Pharaoh who sits on the throne and the firstborn of the captive who was in the house of the pit and the firstborn of everyone in between was struck; even all the firstborn of the beasts were struck” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) |
| 968 | EXO | 12 | 29 | uj6u | בְּכוֹר֮…מִבְּכֹ֤ר…בְּכ֣וֹר…בְּכ֥וֹר | 1 | all the firstborn in the land of Egypt…all the firstborn of cattle | In these usages, **firstborn** always refers to the oldest male offspring. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Exodus 11:5](../11/05.md). | |
| 969 | EXO | 12 | 29 | g9z1 | עַ֚ד בְּכ֣וֹר הַשְּׁבִ֔י אֲשֶׁ֖ר בְּבֵ֣ית הַבּ֑וֹר | 1 | the firstborn of the person in prison | Alternate translation: “to the firstborn of people in the house of the pit” This refers to prisoners in general and not to a specific person in prison. | |
| 970 | EXO | 12 | 30 | gt4w | figs-doublenegatives | כִּֽי־אֵ֣ין בַּ֔יִת אֲשֶׁ֥ר אֵֽין־שָׁ֖ם מֵֽת׃ | 1 | for there was not a house where there was not someone dead | If this double negative would be misunderstood in your language, you could translate it as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “because someone was dead in every house” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) |
| 971 | EXO | 12 | 31 | j8k5 | figs-youdual | אַתֶּ֖ם…כְּדַבֶּרְכֶֽם | 1 | Here, Pharaoh speaking is to both Moses and Aaron. If your language uses a different form if two are people addressed, use a dual form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) | |
| 972 | EXO | 12 | 33 | j5u4 | figs-explicit | כֻּלָּ֥נוּ מֵתִֽים | 1 | We will all die | The Egyptians were afraid that they would die if the Israelites did not leave Egypt. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “We will all die if you do not leave” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 973 | EXO | 12 | 34 | diw8 | figs-activepassive | מִשְׁאֲרֹתָ֛ם צְרֻרֹ֥ת בְּשִׂמְלֹתָ֖ם עַל־שִׁכְמָֽם | 1 | Their kneading bowls were already tied up in their clothes and on their shoulders | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “They tied up their bread-making bowls in their clothes and placed them on their shoulders” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 974 | EXO | 12 | 36 | nvmo | figs-idiom | אֶת־חֵ֥ן הָעָ֛ם בְּעֵינֵ֥י מִצְרַ֖יִם | 1 | Here, **in the eyes of the Egyptians** is an idiom for the Egyptian’s feelings or opinion. **Favor** means that those feelings are positive. Taken together, this means that when the Egyptians saw the Israelites leaving Egypt, they gladly helped them (because they wanted them to leave so badly due to the Egyptians suffering under God’s judgment). If your language has the same or a similar idiom, you can translate or use it. Otherwise, you can translate the meaning. See how you translated this in [3:21](../03/21.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
| 975 | EXO | 12 | 37 | n1ha | translate-names | מֵרַעְמְסֵ֖ס | 1 | Rameses | **Rameses** was a major Egyptian city where grain was stored. See how you translated this in [Exodus 1:11](../01/11.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
| 976 | EXO | 12 | 37 | u81l | translate-numbers | כְּשֵׁשׁ־מֵא֨וֹת אֶ֧לֶף | 1 | They numbered about 600,000 men | Alternate translation: “about six hundred thousand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) |
| 977 | EXO | 12 | 39 | pva6 | figs-activepassive | כִּֽי־גֹרְשׁ֣וּ מִמִּצְרַ֗יִם | 1 | they had been driven out of Egypt | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “because the Egyptians had driven them out of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 978 | EXO | 12 | 40 | qsi5 | translate-numbers | שְׁלֹשִׁ֣ים…וְאַרְבַּ֥ע מֵא֖וֹת | 1 | 430 years | Alternate translation: “four hundred thirty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) |
| 979 | EXO | 12 | 41 | d8yh | translate-numbers | שְׁלֹשִׁ֣ים…וְאַרְבַּ֥ע מֵא֖וֹת | 1 | 430 years | Alternate translation: “four hundred thirty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) |
| 980 | EXO | 12 | 41 | xlf4 | translate-unknown | צִבְא֥וֹת | 1 | Yahweh’s armed groups | The term **hosts** refers to a large group of people, often organized into groups for war. See how you translated this in [Exodus 6:26](../06/26.md). Alternate translation: “your groups” or “your divisions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
| 981 | EXO | 12 | 42 | w6mj | לַֽיהוָ֔ה שִׁמֻּרִ֛ים לְכָל־בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל לְדֹרֹתָֽם | 1 | all the Israelites throughout their people’s generations | Alternate translation: “for all the sons of Israel throughout their generations to observe for Yahweh” | |
| 982 | EXO | 12 | 44 | n9wn | וְכָל־עֶ֥בֶד אִ֖ישׁ | 1 | every Israelite’s slave | Alternate translation: “But any slave of an Israelite” | |
| 983 | EXO | 12 | 44 | qabi | grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical | וּמַלְתָּ֣ה אֹת֔וֹ אָ֖ז | 1 | This is a hypothetical situation. You will need to use whatever form your language uses to mark something as potentially true. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]]) | |
| 984 | EXO | 12 | 44 | jqs8 | figs-yousingular | וּמַלְתָּ֣ה | 1 | Here **you** is singular. It refers to a specific man and his slave. It might make more sense to use the third person here. Alternate translation: “if he circumcised” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]]) | |
| 985 | EXO | 12 | 46 | j242 | figs-activepassive | בְּבַ֤יִת אֶחָד֙ יֵאָכֵ֔ל | 1 | The food must be eaten in one house | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You must eat it in one house” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 986 | EXO | 12 | 46 | iovj | figs-youcrowd | לֹא־תוֹצִ֧יא | 1 | Here, **you** is singular, however it is used to address a crowd. If the singular form would not be natural in your language for someone who was speaking to a group of people, you could use the plural forms of “you” in your translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]]) | |
| 987 | EXO | 12 | 48 | j7ob | grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical | וְכִֽי־יָג֨וּר אִתְּךָ֜ גֵּ֗ר וְעָ֣שָׂה פֶסַח֮ לַיהוָה֒ | 1 | This is a two-part hypothetical situation. It describes the circumstance and desire of the sojourner; the next portion says what he must do. You will need to use whatever form your language uses to mark something as potentially true. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]]) | |
| 988 | EXO | 12 | 48 | va2p | figs-youcrowd | אִתְּךָ֜ | 1 | Here, **you** is singular, however it is used to address a crowd. If the singular form would not be natural in your language for someone who was speaking to a group of people, you could use the plural forms of “you” in your translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]]) | |
| 989 | EXO | 12 | 48 | h7k9 | figs-activepassive | הִמּ֧וֹל ל֣וֹ כָל־זָכָ֗ר | 1 | all his male relatives must be circumcised | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “someone must circumcise all males in his household” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 990 | EXO | 12 | 48 | n3fz | grammar-connect-logic-goal | הִמּ֧וֹל ל֣וֹ כָל־זָכָ֗ר וְאָז֙ יִקְרַ֣ב לַעֲשֹׂת֔וֹ | 1 | The sojourner will be circumcised in order to **draw near to keep** the Passover. Some languages may need to place the purpose clause first. Alternate translation: “in order draw near to keep it all his males must be circumcised” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) | |
| 991 | EXO | 12 | 48 | hi4z | figs-metonymy | כְּאֶזְרַ֣ח הָאָ֑רֶץ | 1 | the people who were born in the land | Here, **land** refers to Canaan—which is the land that the Israelites will soon live in. The expression **a native of the land** means a person who is a native Israelite. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “those who are Israelites by birth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 992 | EXO | 12 | 48 | f9ti | figs-doublenegatives | וְכָל־עָרֵ֖ל לֹֽא־יֹ֥אכַל בּֽוֹ | 1 | no uncircumcised person may eat | If this double negative would be misunderstood in your language, you could translate it as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “And only a circumcised person may eat it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) |
| 993 | EXO | 12 | 51 | e3z3 | וַיְהִ֕י בְּעֶ֖צֶם הַיּ֣וֹם הַזֶּ֑ה | 1 | It came about | This phrase is used here to mark an important event in the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. | |
| 994 | EXO | 12 | 51 | tyj3 | translate-unknown | צִבְאֹתָֽם | 1 | by their armed groups | The term **hosts** refers to a large group of people often organized into groups for war. See how you translated this in [Exodus 6:26](../06/26.md). Alternate translation: “your groups” or “your divisions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
| 995 | EXO | 13 | intro | g9qi | 0 | # Exodus 13 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>1. Instruction <br> - v. 1-2: First mention of setting apart the firstborn <br> - v. 3-10: Reiteration of the Passover instructions from [12:14-20](../12/14.md) and [24-27](../12/24.md), with a focus on telling to Yahweh’s deeds to the future generations of Israelites <br> - v. 11-13: More details on setting apart the firstborn <br> - v. 14-16: Reiteration of purpose: telling to future generations<br>2. Narrative <br> - v. 17-22: Some details of the exodus<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>* There are several concepts that will be important to understand and translate with care (some have already been encountered in Exodus). They are: set apart, sign, symbol, redemption, and sacrifice.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>* There are a number of names of people groups and places in this chapter. However, many have been translated in earlier passages.<br>* Transporting the bones of Joseph may be an unknown concept in some places.<br>* It may take some time to decide on a good translation for the pillars of fire and cloud that lead the Israelites. | |||
| 996 | EXO | 13 | 2 | de3u | figs-quotemarks | קַדֶּשׁ־לִ֨י כָל־בְּכ֜וֹר פֶּ֤טֶר כָּל־רֶ֨חֶם֙ בִּבְנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל בָּאָדָ֖ם וּבַבְּהֵמָ֑ה לִ֖י הֽוּא | 1 | Set apart to me…every firstborn male | This entire verse is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. There may be other quotations in this chapter; they will be marked by the same punctuation, but they will not have their own notes unless there is something unique about them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) |
| 997 | EXO | 13 | 3 | en1s | figs-metaphor | מִבֵּ֣ית עֲבָדִ֔ים | 1 | the house of slavery | Moses speaks of Egypt as if it were a house where people keep slaves. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “the place where you were slaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 998 | EXO | 13 | 3 | yjy5 | figs-metonymy | בְּחֹ֣זֶק יָ֔ד | 1 | Yahweh’s strong hand | Here, **hand** refers to power. See how you translated “strong hand” in [Exodus 6:1](../06/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 999 | EXO | 13 | 3 | c6ee | figs-activepassive | וְלֹ֥א יֵאָכֵ֖ל חָמֵֽץ | 1 | No bread with yeast may be eaten | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 1000 | EXO | 13 | 4 | y1f3 | translate-hebrewmonths | הָאָבִֽיב | 1 | the month of Aviv | This is the name of the first month of the Hebrew calendar. Aviv is during the last part of March and the first part of April on Western calendars. You could convert the Hebrew day and month into an approximate date on the calendar that your culture uses. However, the Jews used a lunar calendar, so if you use a solar calendar, the date will be different every year and the translation will not be entirely accurate. So you may just want to give the number of the day and the name of the month on the Hebrew calendar, and say approximately what time of year that is on your calendar in a footnote.(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]]) |
| 1001 | EXO | 13 | 5 | x89s | וְהָיָ֣ה כִֽי־יְבִֽיאֲךָ֣ יְהוָ֡ה אֶל־אֶ֣רֶץ…וְעָבַדְתָּ֛ אֶת־הָעֲבֹדָ֥ה הַזֹּ֖את בַּחֹ֥דֶשׁ הַזֶּֽה | 1 | you must observe this act of worship | When the Israelites live in Canaan, they must celebrate the Passover on this day each year. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Exodus 12:25](../12/25.md). | |
| 1002 | EXO | 13 | 5 | u37l | figs-metonymy | לַאֲבֹתֶ֨יךָ֙ | 1 | Here, **fathers** figuratively means “ancestors.” Alternate translation: “to your ancestors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1003 | EXO | 13 | 5 | ueej | אֶ֛רֶץ זָבַ֥ת חָלָ֖ב וּדְבָ֑שׁ | 1 | The same description occurs in [Exodus 3:8](../03/08.md). See how you translated it there and in the several notes for it. | ||
| 1004 | EXO | 13 | 6 | vwy9 | translate-numbers | שִׁבְעַ֥ת | 1 | For seven days | Alternate translation: “7” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) |
| 1005 | EXO | 13 | 6 | mde6 | translate-ordinal | וּבַיּוֹם֙ הַשְּׁבִיעִ֔י | 1 | If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “and on day 7” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) | |
| 1006 | EXO | 13 | 7 | n41m | figs-activepassive | מַצּוֹת֙ יֵֽאָכֵ֔ל | 1 | Bread without yeast must be eaten | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You must eat unleavened bread” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 1007 | EXO | 13 | 7 | zm8p | translate-numbers | שִׁבְעַ֣ת | 1 | Alternate translation: “7” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) | |
| 1008 | EXO | 13 | 7 | le33 | figs-activepassive | וְלֹֽא־יֵרָאֶ֨ה לְךָ֜ חָמֵ֗ץ | 1 | no bread with yeast may be seen among you | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you may not have any bread with yeast among you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 1009 | EXO | 13 | 7 | c9kr | figs-activepassive | וְלֹֽא־יֵרָאֶ֥ה לְךָ֛ שְׂאֹ֖ר | 1 | No yeast may be seen with you | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You may not have any yeast” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 1010 | EXO | 13 | 7 | dmv1 | בְּכָל־גְּבֻלֶֽךָ | 1 | within any of your borders | Alternate translation: “inside any of the borders of your land” | |
| 1011 | EXO | 13 | 8 | qum9 | figs-quotesinquotes | בַּיּ֥וֹם הַה֖וּא לֵאמֹ֑ר בַּעֲב֣וּר זֶ֗ה עָשָׂ֤ה יְהוָה֙ לִ֔י בְּצֵאתִ֖י מִמִּצְרָֽיִם | 1 | On that day you are to say to your children, ‘This is because of what Yahweh did for me when I came out of Egypt.’ | The quotation can be stated as an indirect quote. Alternate translation: “on that day that this is because of what Yahweh did for you when you came out of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]]) |
| 1012 | EXO | 13 | 9 | p21h | figs-parallelism | וְהָיָה֩ לְךָ֨ לְא֜וֹת עַל־יָדְךָ֗ וּלְזִכָּרוֹן֙ בֵּ֣ין עֵינֶ֔יךָ | 1 | This will be a reminder for you on your hand, and a reminder on your forehead | This phrase compares the Festival of Unleavened bread to two different types of physical reminders that help people not forget something important. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) |
| 1013 | EXO | 13 | 9 | s7zg | figs-metaphor | לְךָ֨ לְא֜וֹת עַל־יָדְךָ֗ | 1 | a reminder for you on your hand | Moses speaks of celebrating the festival as if it were an object one could tie around their hands to remind them of what Yahweh had done. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “like something you tie around your hand as a reminder” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 1014 | EXO | 13 | 9 | mru4 | figs-metaphor | וּלְזִכָּרוֹן֙ בֵּ֣ין עֵינֶ֔יךָ | 1 | a reminder on your forehead | Moses speaks of celebrating the festival as if it were an object one could tie on their foreheads to remind them of what Yahweh had done. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “and like something you tie around your head as a reminder” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 1015 | EXO | 13 | 9 | b6ny | figs-metonymy | לְמַ֗עַן תִּהְיֶ֛ה תּוֹרַ֥ת יְהוָ֖ה בְּפִ֑יךָ | 1 | so the law of Yahweh may be in your mouth | Here, **in your mouth** refers to the words that they speak. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “so you may always be speaking of the law of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 1016 | EXO | 13 | 9 | w5rm | figs-metonymy | בְּיָ֣ד חֲזָקָ֔ה | 1 | strong hand | Here, **hand** refers to power. See how you translated “strong hand” in [Exodus 6:1](../06/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 1017 | EXO | 13 | 10 | rxel | figs-merism | מִיָּמִ֖ים יָמִֽימָה | 1 | Alternate translation: “for all time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) | |
| 1018 | EXO | 13 | 11 | e886 | figs-metonymy | וְלַֽאֲבֹתֶ֑יךָ | 1 | Here, **fathers** figuratively means “ancestors.” Alternate translation: “to your ancestors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1019 | EXO | 13 | 11 | iqh5 | וּנְתָנָ֖הּ לָֽךְ | 1 | when he gives the land to you | Alternate translation: “when he gives the land of the Canaanites to you” | |
| 1020 | EXO | 13 | 12 | mqgs | וְהַעֲבַרְתָּ֥ | 1 | This is a deliberate word-play with [Exodus 12:12](../12/12.md) and [Exodus 12:23](../12/23.md) because these memorial sacrifices are to be reminders of what happened at the first Passover. It would be good to make a similar word-play in your translation, if possible, but following the meaning as in the UST is fine. | ||
| 1021 | EXO | 13 | 13 | lwv5 | figs-explicit | בְשֶׂ֔ה…וַעֲרַפְתּ֑וֹ | 1 | Every firstborn of a donkey | If it would be helpful to your readers, you could make explicit that either the **lamb** or **donkey** must be killed, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 1022 | EXO | 13 | 13 | ew26 | לֹ֥א תִפְדֶּ֖ה | 1 | Alternate translation: “you do not ransom the donkey” | ||
| 1023 | EXO | 13 | 14 | s8cm | figs-quotesinquotes | כִּֽי־יִשְׁאָלְךָ֥ בִנְךָ֛ מָחָ֖ר לֵאמֹ֣ר מַה־זֹּ֑את וְאָמַרְתָּ֣ אֵלָ֔יו | 1 | When your son asks you later, ‘What does this mean?’ then you are to tell him | The first quotation can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “when your son asks you later what this means, then you are to tell him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]]) |
| 1024 | EXO | 13 | 14 | qr7q | figs-metonymy | בְּחֹ֣זֶק יָ֗ד | 1 | strong hand | Here, **hand** represents God’s actions or works. See how you translated this in [Exodus 6:1](../06/01.md). Alternate translation: “With his powerful works” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 1025 | EXO | 13 | 14 | rcz7 | figs-metaphor | מִבֵּ֥ית עֲבָדִֽים | 1 | the house of slavery | Moses speaks of Egypt as if it were a house where people keep slaves. See how you translated this in [Exodus 13:3](../13/03.md). Alternate translation: “from the place where you were slaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 1026 | EXO | 13 | 15 | fgvg | figs-metaphor | כִּֽי־הִקְשָׁ֣ה פַרְעֹה֮ לְשַׁלְּחֵנוּ֒ | 1 | If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. This means he was stubborn. His stubborn attitude is spoken of as if he were **hard.** Alternate translation: “that when Pharaoh resisted letting us go” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 1027 | EXO | 13 | 15 | atxz | figs-merism | מִבְּכֹ֥ר אָדָ֖ם וְעַד־בְּכ֣וֹר בְּהֵמָ֑ה | 1 | This is a figure of speech used to emphasize the extent of the plague, nothing was exempt. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “whether he was a person or an animal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) | |
| 1028 | EXO | 13 | 16 | bse4 | figs-parallelism | וְהָיָ֤ה לְאוֹת֙ עַל־יָ֣דְכָ֔ה וּלְטוֹטָפֹ֖ת בֵּ֣ין עֵינֶ֑יךָ | 1 | become a reminder on your hands, and a reminder on your forehead | This expresses two ways to remember the importance of the Passover event. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Exodus 13:9](../13/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) |
| 1029 | EXO | 13 | 16 | xfag | figs-metonymy | בְּחֹ֣זֶק יָ֔ד | 1 | Here, **hand** represents God’s actions or works. See how you translated this in [Exodus 6:1](../06/01.md). Alternate translation: “with his powerful works” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1030 | EXO | 13 | 17 | uxjh | writing-background | 0 | Verses 17-19 provide background information about the Israelites process of leaving Egypt. Use the natural form in your language for expressing background information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) | ||
| 1031 | EXO | 13 | 17 | cv8n | writing-newevent | וַיְהִ֗י | 1 | This marks the transition from instruction to narrative. You should mark the resumption of the narrative in a natural way in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) | |
| 1032 | EXO | 13 | 17 | pum6 | grammar-connect-logic-contrast | וְלֹא־נָחָ֣ם אֱלֹהִ֗ים דֶּ֚רֶךְ אֶ֣רֶץ פְּלִשְׁתִּ֔ים כִּ֥י קָר֖וֹב ה֑וּא | 1 | The route on which God took the Israelites was not the expected route. In some languages you may need to put the portion that describes the expectation first. Alternate translation: “although it was nearby, God did not lead them by way of the land of the Philistines.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) | |
| 1033 | EXO | 13 | 17 | upop | figs-hypo | פֶּֽן־יִנָּחֵ֥ם הָעָ֛ם בִּרְאֹתָ֥ם מִלְחָמָ֖ה וְשָׁ֥בוּ מִצְרָֽיְמָה | 1 | In some languages you may need to put the reason before the hypothetical result. Alternate translation: “When they see war, they may repent and return to Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) | |
| 1034 | EXO | 13 | 18 | c4tw | וַחֲמֻשִׁ֛ים | 1 | The meaning of this term (**by fives**) is uncertain. Many English translations opt for something like “prepared for battle,” because this seems to be the meaning in Numbers 32:17 and the related verses in Joshua 1:14 and 4:12. Because of what the previous verse said about war, it may mean that they went out in formation—like an army would march—but perhaps not armed. Alternate translation: “And … in formation like an army” | ||
| 1035 | EXO | 13 | 19 | cxyk | וַיִּקַּ֥ח מֹשֶׁ֛ה אֶת־עַצְמ֥וֹת יוֹסֵ֖ף עִמּ֑וֹ | 1 | See Joshua 24:32 regarding the burial of Joseph’s bones. | ||
| 1036 | EXO | 13 | 19 | dnlp | פָּקֹ֨ד יִפְקֹ֤ד אֱלֹהִים֙ אֶתְכֶ֔ם וְהַעֲלִיתֶ֧ם אֶת־עַצְמֹתַ֛י מִזֶּ֖ה אִתְּכֶֽם | 1 | This is an almost exact quote of what Joseph said in Genesis 50:25; reference your translation there when translating this. | ||
| 1037 | EXO | 13 | 20 | qob9 | מִסֻּכֹּ֑ת וַיַּחֲנ֣וּ בְאֵתָ֔ם | 1 | Alternate translation: “from a place named Succoth, and they camped at a place named Etham” | ||
| 1038 | EXO | 13 | 20 | xq5d | translate-names | בְאֵתָ֔ם | 1 | camped at Etham | **Etham** was possibly located south of the route heading toward the Philistines, at the border of the wilderness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
| 1039 | EXO | 13 | 21 | yi2p | figs-metonymy | וַֽיהוָ֡ה הֹלֵךְ֩ לִפְנֵיהֶ֨ם | 1 | Here, **before their faces** means “in front of the people.” Alternate translation: “And Yahweh led them by going in front of them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1040 | EXO | 13 | 21 | jnv8 | בְּעַמּ֤וּד עָנָן֙…בְּעַמּ֥וּד אֵ֖שׁ | 1 | pillar of cloud…pillar of fire | The possessive here indicates characteristic. The **cloud** and **fire** looked like a **pillar**. Alternate translation: “in a cloud that looked like a pillar … in a fire that looked like a pillar” or “in a pillar-shaped cloud … in a pillar-shaped fire” | |
| 1041 | EXO | 13 | 21 | nr02 | לְהָאִ֣יר לָהֶ֑ם | 1 | Alternate translation: “to be light for them” | ||
| 1042 | EXO | 13 | 21 | i7yl | grammar-connect-logic-result | אֵ֖שׁ לְהָאִ֣יר לָהֶ֑ם לָלֶ֖כֶת יוֹמָ֥ם וָלָֽיְלָה | 1 | They could travel either by day or night because God provided light at night. You could reorder the cause and effect if that is more natural in your language. Alternate translation: “fire. They could go by day or by night because he was light to them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
| 1043 | EXO | 13 | 22 | iiuj | עַמּ֤וּד הֶֽעָנָן֙ יוֹמָ֔ם וְעַמּ֥וּד הָאֵ֖שׁ לָ֑יְלָה | 1 | See how you translated this in [13:21](../13/21.md). | ||
| 1044 | EXO | 13 | 22 | qxks | figs-metonymy | לִפְנֵ֖י הָעָֽם | 1 | Here, **from the face of the people** means “from in front of the people” where they could see it. Alternate translation: “from where they could see it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 1045 | EXO | 14 | intro | jq4u | 0 | # Exodus 14 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and Formatting<br><br>This whole chapter is the record of an important event in the history of Israel known as the “parting of the sea of reeds (Red Sea).”<br>Throughout this chapter and chapter 15, the word “sea” is used. Exodus 13:18 and 15:22 show that this is the sea of reeds (Red Sea). Since the text does not explicitly say that though, the ULT will only say “sea.” In your translation, it may help people to be more specific than the text if just using “sea” is confusing.<br><br>## Special Concepts in this Chapter<br><br>### Pharaoh’s chariots<br><br>These chariots were a fighting force. Pharaoh took an army to kill the Hebrew people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br><br>## Important Figures of Speech in this Chapter<br><br>### Rhetorical Questions<br><br>The Israelites asked a few rhetorical questions of Moses. These questions were not really directed at Moses, but at Yahweh. This showed their lack of faith in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) | |||
| 1046 | EXO | 14 | 2 | b5qq | figs-quotemarks | דַּבֵּר֮ | 1 | This verse begins a direct quote which continues into [verse 4](../13/04.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. There may be other quotations in this chapter; they will be marked by the same punctuation, but they will not have their own notes unless there is something unique about them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
| 1047 | EXO | 14 | 2 | mb4e | translate-names | פִּ֣י הַחִירֹ֔ת…מִגְדֹּ֖ל…בַּ֣עַל צְפֹ֔ן | 1 | Pi Hahiroth…Migdol…Baal Zephon | These are locations on Egypt’s eastern border. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
| 1048 | EXO | 14 | 2 | ue2o | figs-quotations | בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵל֒ וְיָשֻׁ֗בוּ וְיַחֲנוּ֙ לִפְנֵי֙ פִּ֣י הַחִירֹ֔ת בֵּ֥ין מִגְדֹּ֖ל וּבֵ֣ין הַיָּ֑ם לִפְנֵי֙ בַּ֣עַל צְפֹ֔ן | 1 | The portion after **that** could be translated as a direct quotation. That would make a second-level direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “the sons of Israel, ‘Turn and camp before the face of Pi Hahiroth, between Migdol and the sea, before the face of Baal Zephon.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) | |
| 1049 | EXO | 14 | 2 | c9r8 | figs-youdual | תַחֲנ֖וּ | 1 | You are to camp | Here, **you** is plural and refers to Moses and the Israelites. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) |
| 1050 | EXO | 14 | 3 | c81b | figs-quotations | וְאָמַ֤ר פַּרְעֹה֙ לִבְנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל נְבֻכִ֥ים הֵ֖ם בָּאָ֑רֶץ סָגַ֥ר עֲלֵיהֶ֖ם הַמִּדְבָּֽר | 1 | Pharaoh will say about the Israelites, ‘They are wandering in the land. The wilderness has closed in on them.’ | If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “Pharaoh will say that the Israelites are confused in the land, and the wilderness has closed in on them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) |
| 1051 | EXO | 14 | 3 | tz6j | figs-personification | סָגַ֥ר עֲלֵיהֶ֖ם הַמִּדְבָּֽר | 1 | The wilderness has closed in on them | Pharaoh speaks of **the wilderness** as a person who has trapped the Israelites. If this might be confusing for your readers, you could express this meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “It is as if the wilderness is closing in on them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) |
| 1052 | EXO | 14 | 4 | dv62 | figs-metaphor | וְחִזַּקְתִּ֣י אֶת־לֵב־פַּרְעֹה֮ | 1 | I will harden Pharaoh’s heart | This means God will make him stubborn. His stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his **heart** were **strong.** If the **heart** is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in [4:21](../04/21.md). Alternate translation: “But I will cause Pharaoh to be stubborn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 1053 | EXO | 14 | 4 | tw2m | וְרָדַ֣ף אַחֲרֵיהֶם֒ | 1 | he will pursue them | Alternate translation: “and Pharaoh will pursue the Israelites” | |
| 1054 | EXO | 14 | 4 | d5x1 | figs-activepassive | וְאִכָּבְדָ֤ה | 1 | I will get honor | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “And people will glorify me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 1055 | EXO | 14 | 4 | a7m2 | figs-ellipsis | וְאִכָּבְדָ֤ה בְּפַרְעֹה֙ וּבְכָל־חֵיל֔וֹ | 1 | Yahweh is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “And I will be glorified because of what I do to Pharaoh and to all his army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
| 1056 | EXO | 14 | 4 | dms1 | figs-explicit | וַיַּֽעֲשׂוּ־כֵֽן | 1 | So the Israelites camped as they were instructed | If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express what **they did** explicitly. Alternate translation: “So the Israelites turned and camped as Yahweh had instructed them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 1057 | EXO | 14 | 5 | t4cn | figs-activepassive | וַיֻּגַּד֙ לְמֶ֣לֶךְ מִצְרַ֔יִם | 1 | When the king of Egypt was told | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Then someone told the king of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 1058 | EXO | 14 | 5 | it5s | בָרַ֖ח | 1 | had fled | Alternate translation: “had run away” | |
| 1059 | EXO | 14 | 5 | k67b | figs-metonymy | וַ֠יֵּהָפֵךְ לְבַ֨ב פַּרְעֹ֤ה וַעֲבָדָיו֙ אֶל־הָעָ֔ם | 1 | the minds of Pharaoh and his servants turned against the people | Here, **heart** refers to their attitudes toward the Israelites. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “and Pharaoh and his servants changed their attitude about the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 1060 | EXO | 14 | 5 | go8u | figs-activepassive | וַ֠יֵּהָפֵךְ לְבַ֨ב פַּרְעֹ֤ה וַעֲבָדָיו֙ אֶל־הָעָ֔ם | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and Pharaoh and his servants turned their hearts to the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 1061 | EXO | 14 | 5 | wljw | אֶל־הָעָ֔ם | 1 | Alternate translation: “against the Israelites” | ||
| 1062 | EXO | 14 | 5 | v236 | figs-rquestion | מַה־זֹּ֣את עָשִׂ֔ינוּ כִּֽי־שִׁלַּ֥חְנוּ אֶת־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל מֵעָבְדֵֽנוּ | 1 | What have we done? We have released Israel from serving us. | They asked this question to show they thought they had done a foolish thing. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “We should not have let the Israelites go free from working for us!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
| 1063 | EXO | 14 | 5 | dnj3 | grammar-collectivenouns | יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל | 1 | This is a collective singular noun. If your language would not refer to a group of people in this way, you may need to translate it as plural. Alternate translation: “the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) | |
| 1064 | EXO | 14 | 7 | ry11 | translate-numbers | שֵׁשׁ־מֵא֥וֹת | 1 | He took six hundred chosen chariots | Alternate translation: “six hundred” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) |
| 1065 | EXO | 14 | 7 | g2d9 | וְשָׁלִשִׁ֖ם | 1 | The precise meaning of this term is not known. Alternate translations: “and officers” or “and shield-bearers” or “and three men” | ||
| 1066 | EXO | 14 | 8 | a1r1 | figs-metaphor | וַיְחַזֵּ֣ק יְהֹוָ֗ה אֶת־לֵ֤ב פַּרְעֹה֙ | 1 | Yahweh hardened the heart of Pharaoh | This means God made him stubborn. His stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his **heart** were “strong.” If the **heart** is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in [4:21](../04/21.md). Alternate translation: “And Yahweh caused Pharaoh to be stubborn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 1067 | EXO | 14 | 8 | doa5 | בְּיָ֥ד רָמָֽה | 1 | Alternate translation: “boldly” or “defiantly” | ||
| 1068 | EXO | 14 | 9 | x9x0 | כָּל־סוּס֙ רֶ֣כֶב פַּרְעֹ֔ה וּפָרָשָׁ֖יו וְחֵיל֑וֹ | 1 | It is unclear exactly what the groupings are here. **Horses of the chariots** (probably meaning “horse-drawn chariots”) and **horsemen** could be two groups or two references to the same group. **Army** could mean another group, perhaps on foot (see [15:19](../15/19.md)), or it could be a summary grouping. Furthermore, most translations render **horses of the chariots** as “horses and chariots,” suggesting four total groups (possibly because of [v. 23](../14/23.md)). Alternate translation: “all the horse-drawn chariots of Pharaoh and his horsemen and his foot soldiers” | ||
| 1069 | EXO | 14 | 9 | q0jo | writing-pronouns | אוֹתָם֙ | 1 | Here, **them** refers to the Israelites. Alternate translation: “the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
| 1070 | EXO | 14 | 9 | sb7x | translate-names | פִּי֙ הַֽחִירֹ֔ת…בַּ֥עַל צְפֹֽן | 1 | Pi Hahiroth…Baal Zephon | These are places on Egypt’s eastern border. See how you translated them in [Exodus 14:2](../14/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
| 1071 | EXO | 14 | 10 | s1xa | figs-synecdoche | וּפַרְעֹ֖ה הִקְרִ֑יב | 1 | When Pharaoh came close | Here, **Pharaoh** represents the entire Egyptian army. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could translate the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Then Pharaoh and his army approached” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) |
| 1072 | EXO | 14 | 10 | vyp9 | וַיִּשְׂאוּ֩ בְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֨ל אֶת־עֵינֵיהֶ֜ם | 1 | Alternate translation: “and the sons of Israel looked up” or “and the sons of Israel looked back” | ||
| 1073 | EXO | 14 | 10 | qcy1 | וְהִנֵּ֥ה | 1 | they were terrified | Here, **behold** is used to draw attention to alarming information that follows. Use a word, phrase, or structure in your language that indicates that the next information is very alarming. | |
| 1074 | EXO | 14 | 11 | vzw5 | figs-rquestion | הַֽמִבְּלִ֤י אֵין־קְבָרִים֙ בְּמִצְרַ֔יִם לְקַחְתָּ֖נוּ לָמ֣וּת בַּמִּדְבָּ֑ר | 1 | Is it because there were no graves in Egypt, that you have taken us away to die in the wilderness? | The Israelites ask this question to express their frustration and fear of dying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “There were plenty of graveyards in Egypt for us to be buried in. You did not have to take us into the wilderness to die!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
| 1075 | EXO | 14 | 11 | x4n2 | figs-rquestion | מַה־זֹּאת֙ עָשִׂ֣יתָ לָּ֔נוּ לְהוֹצִיאָ֖נוּ מִמִּצְרָֽיִם | 1 | Why have you treated us like this, bringing us out of Egypt? | The Israelites ask this question to rebuke Moses for bringing them to the desert to die. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “You should not have endangered us like this by bringing us out of Egypt!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
| 1076 | EXO | 14 | 12 | itb2 | figs-rquestion | הֲלֹא־זֶ֣ה הַדָּבָ֗ר אֲשֶׁר֩ דִּבַּ֨רְנוּ אֵלֶ֤יךָ בְמִצְרַ֨יִם֙ | 1 | Is this not what we told you in Egypt? | The Israelites ask this question to emphasize that this is what they had told Moses. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “This is exactly what we told you while we were in Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
| 1077 | EXO | 14 | 12 | ix25 | figs-quotations | בְמִצְרַ֨יִם֙ לֵאמֹ֔ר חֲדַ֥ל מִמֶּ֖נּוּ וְנַֽעַבְדָ֣ה אֶת־מִצְרָ֑יִם | 1 | We said to you, ‘Leave us alone, so we can work for the Egyptians.’ | If it would be more natural in your language, you could express the portion following **saying** as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “in Egypt? We told you to leave us alone so we could serve the Egyptians.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) |
| 1078 | EXO | 14 | 13 | phy1 | figs-abstractnouns | וּרְאוּ֙ אֶת־יְשׁוּעַ֣ת יְהוָ֔ה אֲשֶׁר־יַעֲשֶׂ֥ה לָכֶ֖ם הַיּ֑וֹם | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **salvation**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “and see what Yahweh will do for you today, he will save you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 1079 | EXO | 14 | 13 | rrd4 | לֹ֥א תֹסִ֛יפוּ לִרְאֹתָ֥ם ע֖וֹד עַד־עוֹלָֽם | 1 | provide for you | This statement is very extended for emphasis on its certainty. Alternate translation: “you will not see them again forever” | |
| 1080 | EXO | 14 | 14 | vcdc | figs-rpronouns | יְהוָ֖ה יִלָּחֵ֣ם | 1 | The form **Yahweh himself** emphasizes what Yahweh will do in contrast to what the Israelites will do. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this emphasis. Alternate translation: “As for Yahweh, he will fight” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) | |
| 1081 | EXO | 14 | 14 | hx1f | תַּחֲרִישֽׁוּן | 1 | Here, **silent** could mean “still.” The Israelites’ lack of action is in contrast to Yahweh’s fighting. It is not a total lack of motion or sound. Alternate translation: “you will not fight” | ||
| 1082 | EXO | 14 | 15 | a727 | figs-rquestion | מַה־תִּצְעַ֖ק אֵלָ֑י | 1 | Why are you, Moses, continuing to call out to me? | Moses apparently had been praying to God for help, so God uses this question to compel Moses to act. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Do not call out to me any longer, Moses.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
| 1083 | EXO | 14 | 16 | stla | הָרֵ֣ם אֶֽת־מַטְּךָ֗ וּנְטֵ֧ה אֶת־יָדְךָ֛ | 1 | divide it in two | See note in the [introduction to chapter 8](../08/intro.md) regarding **hand** and **staff**. | |
| 1084 | EXO | 14 | 16 | t3e4 | וּבְקָעֵ֑הוּ | 1 | divide it in two | Alternate translation: “and divide the sea into two parts” | |
| 1085 | EXO | 14 | 17 | z5ub | וַאֲנִ֗י הִנְנִ֤י | 1 | Be aware | Here, **behold me** is an expression meant to focus the attention of the listener on what the speaker is about to say. In this case, Yahweh is drawing attention to his next actions. Alternate translation: “Look at what I will do” | |
| 1086 | EXO | 14 | 17 | qd3l | figs-metaphor | מְחַזֵּק֙ אֶת־לֵ֣ב מִצְרַ֔יִם | 1 | I will harden the Egyptians’ hearts | This means that God will make them stubborn. Their stubborn attitude is spoken of as if their **hearts** were “strong.” If the **heart** is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in [4:21](../04/21.md). Alternate translation: “I will cause the Egyptians to be stubborn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 1087 | EXO | 14 | 17 | asz9 | וְיָבֹ֖אוּ אַחֲרֵיהֶ֑ם | 1 | so they will go after them | Alternate translation: “so that the Egyptians will go into the sea after the Israelites” | |
| 1088 | EXO | 14 | 17 | hjyh | figs-ellipsis | וְאִכָּבְדָ֤ה בְּפַרְעֹה֙ וּבְכָל־חֵיל֔וֹ בְּרִכְבּ֖וֹ וּבְפָרָשָֽׁיו | 1 | so they will go after them | Yahweh is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. See how you translated a similar phrase in [verse 4](../14/04.md) Alternate translation: “And I will be glorified because of what I do to Pharaoh, all his army, his chariots, and his horsemen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) |
| 1089 | EXO | 14 | 17 | asfq | figs-activepassive | וְאִכָּבְדָ֤ה | 1 | so they will go after them | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “And people will glorify me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 1090 | EXO | 14 | 18 | ytnm | figs-activepassive | בְּהִכָּבְדִ֣י | 1 | so they will go after them | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “when I cause people to glorify me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 1091 | EXO | 14 | 18 | cji1 | figs-ellipsis | בְּהִכָּבְדִ֣י בְּפַרְעֹ֔ה בְּרִכְבּ֖וֹ וּבְפָרָשָֽׁיו | 1 | so they will go after them | Yahweh is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. See how you translated a similar phrase in [verse 4](../14/04.md) Alternate translation: “when I get glory because of what I do to Pharaoh, his chariots, and his horsemen” or “when I show my glory by what I do to Pharaoh, his chariots, and his horsemen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) |
| 1092 | EXO | 14 | 19 | hsih | figs-metonymy | לִפְנֵי֙ מַחֲנֵ֣ה…מִפְּנֵיהֶ֔ם | 1 | so they will go after them | Here, **face** means “front.” Alternate translation: “in front of the camp of … from in front of them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 1093 | EXO | 14 | 19 | m1do | עַמּ֤וּד הֶֽעָנָן֙ | 1 | so they will go after them | See how you translated this in [13:21](../13/21.md). | |
| 1094 | EXO | 14 | 19 | ysv9 | grammar-collectivenouns | יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל | 1 | so they will go after them | This is a collective singular noun. If your language would not refer to a group of people in this way, you may need to translate it as plural. Alternate translation: “the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) |
| 1095 | EXO | 14 | 20 | jyz2 | grammar-collectivenouns | יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל | 1 | so one side did not come near the other | This is a collective singular noun. If your language would not refer to a group of people in this way, you may need to translate it as plural. Alternate translation: “the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) |
| 1096 | EXO | 14 | 20 | c4u5 | וַיְהִ֤י הֶֽעָנָן֙ וְהַחֹ֔שֶׁךְ וַיָּ֖אֶר אֶת־הַלָּ֑יְלָה | 1 | so one side did not come near the other | Alternate translation: “And the cloud became dark on one side and light on the other side all night” | |
| 1097 | EXO | 14 | 21 | qbzp | וַיֵּ֨ט מֹשֶׁ֣ה אֶת־יָדוֹ֮ עַל־הַיָּם֒ | 1 | east wind | See note in the [introduction to chapter 8](../08/intro.md) regarding the hand and staff. | |
| 1098 | EXO | 14 | 21 | dfx5 | בְּר֨וּחַ קָדִ֤ים | 1 | east wind | An **east wind** originates in the east and blows towards the west. | |
| 1099 | EXO | 14 | 21 | f9zh | figs-activepassive | וַיִּבָּקְע֖וּ הַמָּֽיִם | 1 | the waters were divided | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “And Yahweh divided the waters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 1100 | EXO | 14 | 24 | iz9t | translate-unknown | בְּאַשְׁמֹ֣רֶת הַבֹּ֔קֶר | 1 | He caused panic among the Egyptians | This is the last third of the night. It is approximately the three hours before sunrise. Alternate translation: “very early in the morning” or “in the time before the sun rises” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
| 1101 | EXO | 14 | 24 | kjg9 | בְּעַמּ֥וּד אֵ֖שׁ וְעָנָ֑ן | 1 | He caused panic among the Egyptians | See how you translated this in [13:21](../13/21.md). | |
| 1102 | EXO | 14 | 24 | zyp4 | מַחֲנֵ֣ה מִצְרַ֔יִם…מַחֲנֵ֥ה מִצְרָֽיִם | 1 | He caused panic among the Egyptians | Alternate translation: “the army of the Egyptians … the army of the Egyptians” | |
| 1103 | EXO | 14 | 25 | qzkw | figs-metonymy | מִפְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל | 1 | Their chariot wheels were clogged | Here, **the face of Israel** means the presence of Israel. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 1104 | EXO | 14 | 26 | p5ds | figs-quotations | וַיֹּ֤אמֶר יְהוָה֙ אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֔ה נְטֵ֥ה אֶת־יָדְךָ֖ עַל־הַיָּ֑ם וְיָשֻׁ֤בוּ הַמַּ֨יִם֙ עַל־מִצְרַ֔יִם עַל־רִכְבּ֖וֹ וְעַל־פָּרָשָֽׁיו׃ | 1 | Yahweh said to Moses, “Reach out with your hand…and their horsemen.” | If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “Yahweh told Moses to reach out with his hand over the sea so that the waters would come back onto the Egyptians, their chariots, and their horsemen.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) |
| 1105 | EXO | 14 | 26 | pw8g | נְטֵ֥ה אֶת־יָדְךָ֖ עַל־הַיָּ֑ם | 1 | Yahweh said to Moses, “Reach out with your hand…and their horsemen.” | See note in the [introduction to chapter 8](../08/intro.md) regarding the hand and staff. | |
| 1106 | EXO | 14 | 26 | d46y | writing-pronouns | עַל־רִכְבּ֖וֹ וְעַל־פָּרָשָֽׁיו | 1 | Yahweh said to Moses, “Reach out with your hand…and their horsemen.” | Here, **his** refers to Pharaoh, king of Egypt. Alternate translation: “on Pharaoh’s chariots and on Pharaoh’s horsemen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) |
| 1107 | EXO | 14 | 27 | wn3q | וַיֵּט֩ מֹשֶׁ֨ה אֶת־יָד֜וֹ עַל־הַיָּ֗ם | 1 | The Egyptians fled into the sea | See note in the [introduction to chapter 8](../08/intro.md) regarding the hand and staff. | |
| 1108 | EXO | 14 | 27 | cosa | figs-metonymy | לִפְנ֥וֹת בֹּ֨קֶר֙ | 1 | The Egyptians fled into the sea | Here, **before the face of** means “before the occurrence of.” If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “before it was morning” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 1109 | EXO | 14 | 27 | h64r | figs-metaphor | וַיְנַעֵ֧ר יְהוָ֛ה אֶת־מִצְרַ֖יִם בְּת֥וֹךְ הַיָּֽם | 1 | Yahweh drove the Egyptians | Here, Yahweh is pictured as acting toward the Egyptians as if they were dirt or dust on his clothing that he shakes to be rid of them. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “and Yahweh threw the Egyptians back into the middle of the sea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 1110 | EXO | 14 | 28 | o9qo | figs-litotes | לֹֽא־נִשְׁאַ֥ר בָּהֶ֖ם עַד־אֶחָֽד | 1 | Yahweh drove the Egyptians | This negative statement is meant to strongly convey the idea that all the Egyptians were gone. If this is confusing in your language, you can express the meaning positively. Alternate translation: “Every one of them was gone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) |
| 1111 | EXO | 14 | 30 | zvbe | grammar-collectivenouns | יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל | 1 | out of the hand of the Egyptians | This is a collective singular noun. If your language would not refer to a group of people in this way, you may need to translate it as plural. Alternate translation: “the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) |
| 1112 | EXO | 14 | 30 | e2lf | figs-metonymy | מִיַּ֣ד מִצְרָ֑יִם | 1 | out of the hand of the Egyptians | Here, **hand** refers to power. Alternate translation: “from the Egyptians’ power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 1113 | EXO | 14 | 30 | p5zw | עַל־שְׂפַ֥ת הַיָּֽם | 1 | on the seashore | Alternate translation: “on the land along the edge of the sea” | |
| 1114 | EXO | 14 | 31 | o1oc | grammar-collectivenouns | יִשְׂרָאֵ֜ל | 1 | on the seashore | This is a collective singular noun. If your language would not refer to a group of people in this way, you may need to translate it as plural. Alternate translation: “the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) |
| 1115 | EXO | 14 | 31 | np6s | figs-metonymy | אֶת־הַיָּ֣ד הַגְּדֹלָ֗ה | 1 | on the seashore | Here, **hand** refers to power. Alternate translation: “the great power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 1116 | EXO | 15 | intro | ni4b | 0 | # Exodus 15 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and Formatting<br><br>Verses 1b-18 and 21b of chapter 15 are poetry. They are a song of praise to Yahweh because he defeated and destroyed the Egyptian army ([Exodus 14:26-28](../14/26.md)). Translating poetry should be done by someone who is a skilled poet in the target language. Because the forms of poetry are so different in different languages, a translation that is good poetry in the target language may seem very different from the original poem. The structure may look quite different. The poet will be well served by looking at the entire poem from multiple perspectives. He will need to know the meaning of the poem, the themes and discourse structure of the poem, and the feelings that the poem is supposed to create in the reader at each point (UST, tNotes). He will need to understand how that was accomplished by the original form and structure (ULT). Then he will need to compose the translated poem using forms and structures that have the same or similar meaning, themes, discourse elements, and feelings in his own language. Unlike in many other places, most notes in this chapter will not advise towards expressing meaning in non-figurative ways or combining parallel phrases as that advice would be too simplistic for handling poetry.<br><br>### Structure<br><br>This song follows a basic AB structure which is given to us in verse 1b-c and 21b-c:<br><br>* A - praise to Yahweh - he is magnificent (expressed in various words)<br>* B - because he defeats our enemies<br><br>The song can be divided into three major sections, each of which is patterned as: AB(a)b. Each section starts with an AB portion which is characterized by fewer verbal forms (especially the A portion). The section then elaborates on each. Note that there are other possible analyses of the structure of the poem.<br><br>Here is an outline of the structure according to this model:<br><br>* Section 1 (see alternate breakdown below):<br>* 1b: A “Let me sing to Yahweh, for he has triumphantly triumphed;”<br>* 1c: B “the horse and the one riding it he threw into the sea.”<br>* 2-3: a<br>* 4-5: b<br>* Section 2:<br>* 6a: A<br>* 6b: B<br>* 7a: a “And in the abundance of your majesty”<br>* 7a-10: b “you overthrow those who rise up against you … ”<br>* Section 3:<br>* 11: A<br>* 12: B<br>* 13a: a (possibly) “In your covenant loyalty”<br>* 13a-17: b<br>* 18: finale<br><br>Alternate breakdown of section 1: it is possible to view 1b-c as the introduction and divide verse 2 such that:<br><br>* 2a: A “Yah is my strength and my song”<br>* 2b: B “and he has become my salvation”<br>* 2c-3: a<br>* 4-5: b<br><br>### Themes:<br><br>There are several images and themes that are throughout the song as well as some that are throughout an individual section.<br><br>* “High” versus “low”: Yahweh is high, while his enemies are low.<br>* The following words are all related to the idea of being high or rising up: **triumph** ([v1](../15/01.md)), **exalt** ([v2](../15/02.md)), **majestic** ([v6](../15/06.md), [v11](../15/11.md)), **majesty** ([v7](../15/07.md)), and **the mountain of** \\[Yahweh’s\\] **possession** ([v17](../15/17.md)). In the last case, Yahweh’s people are brought to a high place with him.<br>* In contrast, his enemies are low. Note in [verse 7](../15/07.md), Yahweh overthrows those who **rise up against** \\[him\\]. Ideas of being low are as follows: **sank** ([v4](../15/04.md), [v10](../15/19.md)), **deeps** ([v5](../15/05.md)), **descended into the depths** ([v5](../15/05.md)), **melted away** ([v15](../15/15.md)), and **fall on them** ([v16](../15/16.md)).<br>* The strength of Yahweh in [verses 2](../15/02.md), [6](../15/06.md), and [13](../15/13.md).<br>* The effectiveness of Yahweh’s hand versus the enemy’s hand. Yahweh’s hand (and arm) is effective in [verses 6](../15/06.md), [12](../15/12.md), [16](../15/16.md), and [17](../15/17.md) but the enemy’s hand is ineffective despite his boasting in [verse 9](../15/09.md).<br>* There is parallel imagery near the end of each section. The enemy is compared three times by simile to a heavy, inert object. In [verses 5](../15/05.md) and [16](../15/16.md) that is a **stone**, in [verse 10](../15/10.md) that is **lead**.<br>* More parallel imagery occurs at the end of sections one ([v5](../15/05.md)) and two ([v10](../15/10.md)): that of the enemy sinking in the water and being covered by it.<br>* In sections two and three the water ([v8](../15/08.md)) and the other peoples ([v16](../15/16.md)) are made still by Yahweh.<br>* Section two begins and ends with **majestic** ([v6](../15/06.md), [v10](../15/10.md)) and that word is picked up in the beginning of section three ([v11](../15/11.md)).<br>* In section two ([v9](../15/09.md)), the enemies seek to **dispossess** (or disinherit) the Israelites; in section three ([v16](../15/16.md)), the Israelites come to live in the land of Yahweh’s **possession** (or inheritance).<br>* In [verse 11](../15/11.md), three themes for the third section are introduced. These are each expanded on in that section.<br>* **Holiness** occurs again in [verses 13](../15/13.md) and [16](../15/16.md)<br>* **Fear** is vividly described in [verses 14-16](../15/14.md) (shake, terror, panic, trembling, melted away, dread)<br>* Yahweh **does miracles** to protect and build a home for his people<br>* [Verses 14-16a](../15/14.md) are a chiasm, a complex parallel structure where concepts are repeated in reverse order:<br>* A: 14a: peoples (nations) *become* afraid<br>* B: 14b: *inhabitants* of Philistia are afraid<br>* C: 15a: *rulers* of Edom are afraid<br>* C’: 15b: *rulers* of Moab are afraid<br>* B’: 15c: *inhabitants* of Canaan are afraid<br>* A’: 16a: people *become* afraid<br>* In section three, there is another parallel structure:<br>* [v13](../15/13.md): you led this people => [v16](../15/16.md): your people pass by<br>* v13: this people you redeemed => v16: this people you acquired (or purchased or ransomed)<br>* v13: you led them to the home => [v17](../15/17.md): you will bring them … \\[to\\] the place … you made<br>* v13: of your holiness => v17: the Holy Place<br><br>## Special Concepts in this Chapter<br><br>### The Israelite’s discontent<br><br>In [verse 24](../15/24.md) the word **murmur** is introduced for the first time. This is a very strong term for “grumble” or “complain” that is used to describe the Israelites’ attitude throughout their time in the wilderness. It occurs several times in Exodus and Numbers.<br><br>### Yahweh’s laws<br><br>In verses [24-26](../15/24.md), there is an introductory revelation of the requirement that Israel keep the covenant by obeying the law of Moses. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]]) | |||
| 1117 | EXO | 15 | 1 | kw29 | figs-explicit | גָאֹ֣ה גָּאָ֔ה | 1 | he has triumphed gloriously | If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state explicitly over whom Yahweh triumphed. Alternate translation: “he has achieved a glorious victory over the army of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 1118 | EXO | 15 | 1 | bpyj | גָאֹ֣ה גָּאָ֔ה | 1 | he has triumphed gloriously | Alternate translation: “he is highly exalted” or “he is extremely high” or “he is exaltedly exalted” | |
| 1119 | EXO | 15 | 1 | f6ue | figs-metaphor | ס֥וּס וְרֹכְב֖וֹ רָמָ֥ה בַיָּֽם | 1 | the horse and its rider he has thrown into the sea | Moses sang about God causing the sea to cover and drown the horse and rider as if God had thrown them **into the sea**. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “he has made the horse and rider drown in the sea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 1120 | EXO | 15 | 1 | cr5u | figs-genericnoun | ס֥וּס וְרֹכְב֖וֹ | 1 | the horse and its rider | This refers to many or all of the Egyptian horses and riders that were chasing the Israelites. Alternate translation: “the horses and their riders” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) |
| 1121 | EXO | 15 | 1 | ex3p | וְרֹכְב֖וֹ | 1 | rider | Here, **rider** could either refer to a person who sits on a horse or who travels in a chariot that a horse is pulling. | |
| 1122 | EXO | 15 | 2 | pb23 | figs-metaphor | עָזִּ֤י…יָ֔הּ | 1 | Yahweh is my strength | Moses is expressing the help that he gets from Yahweh by equating Yahweh with **strength**. Use a form or metaphor from your language that would express Yahweh’s strengthening help. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “Yah is the one who gives me strength” or “Yah is the strong one who protects me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 1123 | EXO | 15 | 2 | vk6l | figs-metaphor | וְזִמְרָת֙ יָ֔הּ | 1 | song | Moses calls Yahweh his **song** because Yahweh is the one he sings about or because Yahweh causes him to sing. Use a form or metaphor from your language that would express Yahweh being a song of joy. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “Yah is … the one I sing about” or “Yah … makes me sing joyfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 1124 | EXO | 15 | 2 | kbv7 | figs-metaphor | וַֽיְהִי־לִ֖י לִֽישׁוּעָ֑ה | 1 | he has become my salvation | Moses calls Yahweh his salvation because Yahweh saved him. Use a form or metaphor from your language that would express Yahweh’s saving power. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “and he has saved me” or “and he is the one who saves me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 1125 | EXO | 15 | 2 | rgtu | figs-parallelism | זֶ֤ה אֵלִי֙ וְאַנְוֵ֔הוּ אֱלֹהֵ֥י אָבִ֖י וַאֲרֹמְמֶֽנְהוּ | 1 | he has become my salvation | These lines are expressing very similar ideas for emphasis. If that is a normal way to make an emphatic (poetic) statement or if it would be understood in your language, you can translate in a similar way. If, however, repetition like this would create a different meaning, find a structure in your language that would fit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) |
| 1126 | EXO | 15 | 3 | p1d5 | figs-metaphor | יְהוָ֖ה אִ֣ישׁ מִלְחָמָ֑ה | 1 | Yahweh is a warrior | Moses calls Yahweh a **man of war** because he powerfully fought against the Egyptians and won. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is like a warrior” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 1127 | EXO | 15 | 4 | pc8d | figs-parallelism | מַרְכְּבֹ֥ת פַּרְעֹ֛ה וְחֵיל֖וֹ יָרָ֣ה בַיָּ֑ם וּמִבְחַ֥ר שָֽׁלִשָׁ֖יו טֻבְּע֥וּ בְיַם־סֽוּף | 1 | He has thrown Pharaoh’s chariots and army into the sea | These lines are synonymous parallels where the second strengthens what is said in the first. Alternate translation: “He threw all of Pharaoh’s army into the sea, including the chariots; even his chosen officers sank in the sea of reeds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) |
| 1128 | EXO | 15 | 4 | p8w6 | figs-metaphor | מַרְכְּבֹ֥ת פַּרְעֹ֛ה וְחֵיל֖וֹ יָרָ֣ה בַיָּ֑ם | 1 | He has thrown Pharaoh’s chariots and army into the sea | Moses sings about Yahweh causing the sea to cover Pharaoh’s chariots and army as if Yahweh had thrown them **into the sea.** If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “He has made Pharaoh’s chariot riders and army drown in the sea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 1129 | EXO | 15 | 5 | yefe | figs-parallelism | תְּהֹמֹ֖ת יְכַסְיֻ֑מוּ יָרְד֥וּ בִמְצוֹלֹ֖ת כְּמוֹ־אָֽבֶן׃ | 1 | they went down into the depths like a stone | These lines are synonymous parallels where the second clarifies what is said in the first. Alternate translation: “The deeps covered them because they had descended into the depths like a stone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) |
| 1130 | EXO | 15 | 5 | nqe4 | figs-simile | יָרְד֥וּ בִמְצוֹלֹ֖ת כְּמוֹ־אָֽבֶן | 1 | they went down into the depths like a stone | This comparison is that just ***like a stone*** does not float but sinks to the bottom of the sea, the enemy soldiers sank to the bottom of the sea. Alternate translation: “they went down into the deep water like a stone sinking to the bottom of the sea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) |
| 1131 | EXO | 15 | 6 | jx52 | figs-parallelism | יְמִֽינְךָ֣ יְהוָ֔ה נֶאְדָּרִ֖י בַּכֹּ֑חַ יְמִֽינְךָ֥ יְהוָ֖ה תִּרְעַ֥ץ אוֹיֵֽב׃ | 1 | Your right hand, Yahweh, is glorious in power | These lines are synonymous parallels where the second takes the abstract idea in the first and makes it concrete (though still with poetic imagery). Alternate translation: “Yahweh, you show how majestic in power your right hand is by shattering the enemy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) |
| 1132 | EXO | 15 | 6 | x1fz | figs-metonymy | יְמִֽינְךָ֣ יְהוָ֔ה נֶאְדָּרִ֖י בַּכֹּ֑חַ יְמִֽינְךָ֥ יְהוָ֖ה תִּרְעַ֥ץ אוֹיֵֽב | 1 | Your right hand, Yahweh, is glorious in power | Moses speaks of Yahweh as if Yahweh had hands. The **right hand** refers to Yahweh’s power or the things Yahweh does powerfully. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, your power is glorious; Yahweh, your power has shattered the enemy” or “Yahweh, what you do is gloriously powerful; Yahweh, by your power you have shattered the enemy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 1133 | EXO | 15 | 6 | rmd4 | figs-metaphor | תִּרְעַ֥ץ אוֹיֵֽב | 1 | has shattered the enemy | Moses speaks of the enemy as if it were fragile and could be **shattered** like glass or pottery. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “completely destroys the enemy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 1134 | EXO | 15 | 7 | i2x4 | figs-parallelism | תַּהֲרֹ֣ס קָמֶ֑יךָ תְּשַׁלַּח֙ חֲרֹ֣נְךָ֔ יֹאכְלֵ֖מוֹ כַּקַּֽשׁ | 1 | those who rose up against you | These lines are synonymous parallels where the second takes the abstract idea in the first portion (**you overthrow those who rise up against you**) and makes it concrete (though still with poetic imagery). Alternate translation: “you overthrow those who rise up against you by sending out your heat to devour them like stubble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) |
| 1135 | EXO | 15 | 7 | kmv4 | figs-abstractnouns | וּבְרֹ֥ב גְּאוֹנְךָ֖ | 1 | those who rose up against you | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **abundance** and **majesty**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “You are abundantly majestic and” or “Because you are abundantly majestic,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 1136 | EXO | 15 | 7 | nd3t | figs-metaphor | קָמֶ֑יךָ | 1 | those who rose up against you | Rebelling against Yahweh is spoken of as **rising up against** him. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “those who rebel against you” or “your enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 1137 | EXO | 15 | 7 | kst4 | חֲרֹ֣נְךָ֔ | 1 | You sent out your wrath | Alternate translation: “your wrath” or “your fury” | |
| 1138 | EXO | 15 | 7 | glq7 | figs-personification | תְּשַׁלַּח֙ חֲרֹ֣נְךָ֔ | 1 | You sent out your wrath | Moses speaks of Yahweh’s wrath (literally **heat**) as if it were a servant that Yahweh sent out to do something. Alternate translation: “You show your wrath” or “You act according to your wrath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) |
| 1139 | EXO | 15 | 7 | a5x7 | figs-metaphor | יֹאכְלֵ֖מוֹ כַּקַּֽשׁ׃ | 1 | it consumed them like stubble | Moses speaks of God’s wrath as if it were fire that could completely burn up things. His enemies were completely destroyed like **stubble** in a fire. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “it completely destroys your enemies like a fire that burns up straw” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 1140 | EXO | 15 | 7 | guap | figs-simile | יֹאכְלֵ֖מוֹ כַּקַּֽשׁ | 1 | By the blast of your nostrils | Here the enemies (or **those who rise up against** Yahweh) are pictured as if they were a highly flammable piece of dried grass. Alternate translation: “it devours the enemy as if they were stubble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) |
| 1141 | EXO | 15 | 8 | ic8v | figs-personification | וּבְר֤וּחַ אַפֶּ֨יךָ֙ | 1 | By the blast of your nostrils | Moses speaks of God as if God had a nose, and he speaks of the wind as if God blew the wind from his nose. Alternate translation: “You blew on the sea and” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) |
| 1142 | EXO | 15 | 8 | qg9g | figs-activepassive | וּבְר֤וּחַ אַפֶּ֨יךָ֙ נֶ֣עֶרְמוּ מַ֔יִם נִצְּב֥וּ כְמוֹ־נֵ֖ד נֹזְלִ֑ים | 1 | By the blast of your nostrils | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The blast from your nostrils piled the waters up and made the flowing waters stand upright in a heap” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 1143 | EXO | 15 | 8 | tguh | figs-parallelism | נֶ֣עֶרְמוּ מַ֔יִם נִצְּב֥וּ כְמוֹ־נֵ֖ד נֹזְלִ֑ים קָֽפְא֥וּ תְהֹמֹ֖ת בְּלֶב־יָֽם | 1 | By the blast of your nostrils | These lines are synonymous parallels where each line means basically the same thing, but each gives the reader a different poetic image. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) |
| 1144 | EXO | 15 | 8 | uevt | figs-metaphor | בְּלֶב־יָֽם | 1 | By the blast of your nostrils | The center or deepest part of the sea is spoken of as if the sea had a **heart**. Alternate translation: “in the center of the sea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 1145 | EXO | 15 | 9 | d8nk | figs-activepassive | תִּמְלָאֵ֣מוֹ נַפְשִׁ֔י | 1 | my desire will be satisfied on them | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I will satisfy my desire on them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 1146 | EXO | 15 | 9 | lu0e | תּוֹרִישֵׁ֖מוֹ יָדִֽי | 1 | my hand will destroy them | The meaning of this phrase is unclear. The word translated **dispossess** could also mean “possess” or “inherit.” What seems clear is that the Egyptians plan to use their power to prevent the Israelites from possessing good things. Whether this is a reference back to **plunder** earlier in the verse or to recapturing them as slaves or to taking over the Israelites’ place in the land of Goshen or to keeping them from reaching the promised land (of Yahweh’s possession, see [verse 17](../15/17.md) regarding where Yahweh will bring his people) or something else is not so clear. It could also refer to taking away their life and breath. **Dispossess** was chosen rather than another term because the verb is in a causative form here. Alternate translation: “my hand will possess them” or “my hand will inherit them” or “my hand will kill them” | |
| 1147 | EXO | 15 | 9 | sm77 | figs-metonymy | תּוֹרִישֵׁ֖מוֹ יָדִֽי | 1 | my hand will destroy them | Here **hand** is used figuratively of the Egyptians’ power (that is, their military strength). If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “I will dispossess them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 1148 | EXO | 15 | 10 | yrj5 | figs-metaphor | נָשַׁ֥פְתָּ בְרוּחֲךָ֖ | 1 | But you blew with your wind | Moses spoke about God making the **wind** blow as if God **blew** the wind through his nose or mouth. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “But you made the wind blow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 1149 | EXO | 15 | 10 | f7d3 | figs-simile | צָֽלֲלוּ֙ כַּֽעוֹפֶ֔רֶת בְּמַ֖יִם אַדִּירִֽים | 1 | sank like lead in the mighty waters | **Lead** is a heavy metal that is commonly used to make things sink in water. It is used here to show how quickly God’s enemies were destroyed. Alternate translation: “sank as fast as a heavy piece of metal in the deep turbulent waters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) |
| 1150 | EXO | 15 | 11 | wq2s | figs-rquestion | מִֽי־כָמֹ֤כָה בָּֽאֵלִם֙ יְהוָ֔ה | 1 | Who is like you, Yahweh, among the gods? | Moses uses this question to show how great God is. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “O Yahweh, no one is like you among the gods!” or “Yahweh, none of the gods is like you!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
| 1151 | EXO | 15 | 11 | pp57 | figs-rquestion | מִ֥י כָּמֹ֖כָה נֶאְדָּ֣ר בַּקֹּ֑דֶשׁ נוֹרָ֥א תְהִלֹּ֖ת עֹ֥שֵׂה פֶֽלֶא | 1 | Who is like you,…doing miracles? | Moses uses this question to show how great God is. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “No one is like you. No one is majestic in holiness as you are, no one is honored in praises as you are, and no one does miracles as you do!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
| 1152 | EXO | 15 | 11 | uhfj | figs-abstractnouns | נֶאְדָּ֣ר בַּקֹּ֑דֶשׁ | 1 | Who is like you,…doing miracles? | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **holiness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “majestic and holy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 1153 | EXO | 15 | 12 | cid8 | figs-metonymy | יְמִ֣ינְךָ֔ | 1 | with your right hand | The phrase **right hand** represents the strong power of God. Alternate translation: “with your strong power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 1154 | EXO | 15 | 12 | bkg2 | figs-metaphor | נָטִ֨יתָ֙ יְמִ֣ינְךָ֔ | 1 | You reached out with your right hand | Moses speaks about God causing something to happen as if God **reached out** with his** hand**. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “With your strong power you made it happen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 1155 | EXO | 15 | 12 | g7bv | figs-personification | תִּבְלָעֵ֖מוֹ אָֽרֶץ | 1 | the earth swallowed them | Moses personifies the earth as if it could swallow or devour with its mouth. Alternate translation: “the earth devours them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) |
| 1156 | EXO | 15 | 13 | cvea | figs-parallelism | נָחִ֥יתָ בְחַסְדְּךָ֖ עַם־ז֣וּ גָּאָ֑לְתָּ נֵהַ֥לְתָּ בְעָזְּךָ֖ | 1 | the earth swallowed them | These lines are structural parallels where the lines are saying similar things, but the parallelism is more in the construction of the lines. **In your** is repeated and the concepts of **led** and **guided** are very similar to one another. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) |
| 1157 | EXO | 15 | 13 | znbr | figs-abstractnouns | קָדְשֶֽׁךָ | 1 | the earth swallowed them | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **holiness**, you could express the same idea in another way. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 1158 | EXO | 15 | 14 | qlpy | figs-parallelism | 0 | tremble | Verses 14-16a form a complex parallel structure where things are repeated in reverse. (See the [introduction to chapter 15](../15/intro.md) and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
| 1159 | EXO | 15 | 14 | zi1m | figs-explicit | יִרְגָּז֑וּן | 1 | tremble | This means to shake with fear. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 1160 | EXO | 15 | 14 | uqf7 | figs-personification | חִ֣יל אָחַ֔ז יֹשְׁבֵ֖י פְּלָֽשֶׁת | 1 | terror will seize the inhabitants of Philistia | Moses speaks of **anguish** as if it were a person that could forcefully grab hold of someone and make them extremely afraid. Alternate translation: “the inhabitants of Philistia will be afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) |
| 1161 | EXO | 15 | 15 | qyix | figs-personification | אֵילֵ֣י מוֹאָ֔ב יֹֽאחֲזֵ֖מוֹ רָ֑עַד | 1 | terror will seize the inhabitants of Philistia | Moses speaks of **trembling** as if it were a person that could forcefully grab hold of someone and make them extremely afraid. Alternate translation: “the leaders of Moab will be afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) |
| 1162 | EXO | 15 | 15 | ya48 | figs-metaphor | נָמֹ֕גוּ | 1 | will melt away | Moses uses the phrase, **melted away,** to speak of people becoming weak because of their fear. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “became weak from fear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 1163 | EXO | 15 | 16 | nk67 | figs-doublet | תִּפֹּ֨ל עֲלֵיהֶ֤ם אֵימָ֨תָה֙ וָפַ֔חַד | 1 | Terror and dread will fall on them | **Terror and dread** form a doublet meaning “extremely fearful.” If your language does not use repetition in this way, you could combine these phrases. Alternate translation: “They will become extremely fearful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) |
| 1164 | EXO | 15 | 16 | kbt5 | figs-metaphor | תִּפֹּ֨ל עֲלֵיהֶ֤ם אֵימָ֨תָה֙ וָפַ֔חַד | 1 | Terror and dread will fall on them | **Terror and dread** are pictured as physical objects that could **fall on** people. The image might be of them crushing people or being a heavy weight that people struggle under (however, the image is not specified). It means that the people will feel the emotions of terror and dread very strongly. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “They will be overwhelmed with feelings of terror and dread” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 1165 | EXO | 15 | 16 | t2yp | figs-metonymy | בִּגְדֹ֥ל זְרוֹעֲךָ֖ | 1 | Because of your arm’s power | Yahweh’s **arm** represents his great strength. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “Because of your great strength” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 1166 | EXO | 15 | 16 | umm7 | figs-simile | יִדְּמ֣וּ כָּאָ֑בֶן | 1 | they will become as still as a stone | This could mean: (1) “they will be silent like stone” or (2) “they will be motionless as stone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) |
| 1167 | EXO | 15 | 17 | n5i5 | figs-explicit | תְּבִאֵ֗מוֹ וְתִטָּעֵ֨מוֹ֙ | 1 | You will bring them | If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express where God would bring them explicitly. Alternate translation: “You will take your people to Canaan and plant them there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 1168 | EXO | 15 | 17 | u26j | figs-go | תְּבִאֵ֗מוֹ | 1 | You will bring them | Since Moses was not already in Canaan, some languages would use “take” rather than **bring.** Alternate translation: “You will take them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) |
| 1169 | EXO | 15 | 17 | t6wg | figs-metaphor | וְתִטָּעֵ֨מוֹ֙ בְּהַ֣ר | 1 | plant them on the mountain | Moses speaks about God giving his people the land to live in as if they were a plant that God was planting. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “and you will settle them on the mountain of” or “and you will let them live on the mountain of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 1170 | EXO | 15 | 17 | p7kb | בְּהַ֣ר נַחֲלָֽתְךָ֔ | 1 | the mountain of your inheritance | This refers to Mount Zion in the land of Canaan. | |
| 1171 | EXO | 15 | 17 | ie26 | figs-metaphor | בְּהַ֣ר נַחֲלָֽתְךָ֔ | 1 | of your inheritance | Moses speaks about God promising to give his people **the mountain** forever as if he were giving it to them as an inheritance. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “on the mountain that you have given them as an inheritance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 1172 | EXO | 15 | 17 | ytz3 | figs-metonymy | כּוֹנְנ֥וּ יָדֶֽיךָ׃ | 1 | that your hands have built | The phrase **your hands** refers to God’s power. Alternate translation: “that you have built by your power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 1173 | EXO | 15 | 18 | ue6p | יְהוָ֥ה׀ יִמְלֹ֖ךְ לְעֹלָ֥ם וָעֶֽד | 1 | that your hands have built | Alternate translation: “Yahweh reigns forever and ever” | |
| 1174 | EXO | 15 | 20 | gam2 | translate-unknown | הַתֹּ֖ף…בְּתֻפִּ֖ים | 1 | tambourine | A **tambourine** is a hand-held musical instrument like a small drum that also has pieces of metal around the side that make a metallic rattling sound when shaken. Alternate translation: “timbrel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
| 1175 | EXO | 15 | 20 | hut1 | figs-hyperbole | וַתֵּצֶ֤אןָ כָֽל־הַנָּשִׁים֙ אַחֲרֶ֔יהָ בְּתֻפִּ֖ים וּבִמְחֹלֹֽת | 1 | tambourine | Here, **all** may be a generalization; it may not have been every woman. It could be better to translate as a restrictive clause as in the UST. Alternate translation: “and every woman who went out after her had a tambourine and danced” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) |
| 1176 | EXO | 15 | 21 | f6m3 | figs-explicit | גָאֹ֣ה גָּאָ֔ה | 1 | he has triumphed gloriously | If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state explicitly over whom Yahweh triumphed. See how you translated this in [Exodus 15:1](../15/01.md). Alternate translation: “he has achieved a glorious victory over the army of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 1177 | EXO | 15 | 21 | hvu1 | figs-metaphor | ס֥וּס וְרֹכְב֖וֹ רָמָ֥ה בַיָּֽם | 1 | The horse and his rider he has thrown into the sea | Miriam sang about God causing the **sea** to cover and drown the **horse and the one riding it** as if God had thrown them **into the sea**. See how you translated this in [Exodus 15:1](../15/01.md). If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “he has made the horse and rider drown in the sea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 1178 | EXO | 15 | 22 | iw9n | grammar-collectivenouns | יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ | 1 | Moses led Israel | The word **Israel** represents the people of Israel. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you can use a different expression. Alternate translation: “Moses led the Israelite people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) |
| 1179 | EXO | 15 | 22 | c7pe | translate-names | מִדְבַּר־שׁ֑וּר | 1 | wilderness of Shur | We do not know the exact location of this place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
| 1180 | EXO | 15 | 23 | a9pv | translate-names | מָרָ֔תָה | 1 | Marah | We do not know the exact location of **Marah**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
| 1181 | EXO | 15 | 24 | n64m | וַיִּלֹּ֧נוּ הָעָ֛ם עַל־מֹשֶׁ֥ה | 1 | complained to Moses and said | Murmur is a very strong term for “grumble” or “complain” that is used to describe the Israelites’ attitude throughout their time in the wilderness. It occurs several times in Exodus and Numbers. Alternate translation: “And the people complained against Moses” or “And the people grumbled at Moses” | |
| 1182 | EXO | 15 | 26 | l2hx | figs-123person | לְק֣וֹל׀ יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֶ֗יךָ | 1 | the voice of Yahweh your God | Yahweh is speaking about his own voice. Alternate translation: “to my voice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) |
| 1183 | EXO | 15 | 26 | oh8c | figs-metonymy | לְק֣וֹל׀ יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֶ֗יךָ | 1 | the voice of Yahweh your God | Yahweh’s voice represents what he says. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “to what I say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 1184 | EXO | 15 | 26 | sq5x | figs-idiom | וְהַיָּשָׁ֤ר בְּעֵינָיו֙ תַּעֲשֶׂ֔ה | 1 | do what is right in his eyes | The **eyes** represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent idiom from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “and do what Yahweh considers to be right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
| 1185 | EXO | 15 | 26 | bgcf | figs-idiom | וְהַֽאֲזַנְתָּ֙ לְמִצְוֺתָ֔יו | 1 | do what is right in his eyes | The **ear** represents listening, and listening represents obeying. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent idiom from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “and you carefully obey his commands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
| 1186 | EXO | 15 | 26 | m4cn | figs-idiom | כָּֽל־הַמַּֽחֲלָ֞ה אֲשֶׁר־שַׂ֤מְתִּי בְמִצְרַ֨יִם֙ לֹא־אָשִׂ֣ים עָלֶ֔יךָ | 1 | I will put on you none of the diseases | God speaks of causing people to have diseases as putting diseases on them. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent idiom from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “I will not cause any of you to have the diseases that I cause the Egyptians to have” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
| 1187 | EXO | 15 | 27 | did8 | translate-names | אֵילִ֔מָה | 1 | Elim | **Elim** is an oasis in the desert, a place with water and shade trees. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
| 1188 | EXO | 15 | 27 | p64y | translate-numbers | וְשִׁבְעִ֣ים | 1 | seventy | Alternate translation: “and seventy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) |
| 1189 | EXO | 16 | intro | nkd7 | 0 | # Exodus 16 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and Formatting<br>This entire chapter is the story of the Israelites complaining about food and Yahweh providing food. Verses 22-30 introduce the Sabbath.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Complaints<br><br>After complaining about the water, the Israelites complained that they had less food than in Egypt. This is intended to show their ungratefulness and their sinful view of Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])<br><br>### Prohibition against storing food<br><br>The people were not allowed to store the food, called manna, that Yahweh provided to them. This is because they were to trust in Yahweh to provide for their needs every day. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])<br><br>### Sabbath<br><br>This is the first recorded celebration of the Sabbath rest. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sabbath]])<br><br>## Possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Bread as food<br><br>Yahweh speaks of the food that he will send as if it were bread. The manna he gave them was perhaps not literally bread. The Israelites would eat this food every day, just as they had eaten bread every day before this. Alternate translations: “food” or “food like bread” (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/bread]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])<br><br>### Chronology<br><br>[Verses 34](../../exo/16/34.md)-36 are written from a much later perspective. Translators will need to find a way to show that this portion gives background information from a much later point (at least 40 years).<br><br>### Box of the Covenant<br><br>Related to the chronology issue, although the covenant has not yet been made, it is referenced in [Exodus 16:34](../../exo/16/34.md). This is probably an editorial comment made after these events. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])<br><br>### Wilderness of Sin<br><br>Sin is the name of a part of the Sinai Wilderness. It is the description of a place, and it has nothing to do with sinning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |||
| 1190 | EXO | 16 | 1 | gw67 | translate-names | סִ֔ין | 1 | wilderness of Sin | The word **Sin** here is the Hebrew name of the wilderness. It is not the English word “sin.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
| 1191 | EXO | 16 | 1 | h44x | translate-hebrewmonths | בַּחֲמִשָּׁ֨ה עָשָׂ֥ר יוֹם֙ לַחֹ֣דֶשׁ הַשֵּׁנִ֔י | 1 | on the fifteenth day of the second month | This time coincides with the end of April and the beginning of May on Western calendars. You could convert the Hebrew day and month into an approximate date on the calendar that your culture uses. However, the Jews used a lunar calendar, so if you use a solar calendar, the date will be different every year and the translation will not be entirely accurate. So you may just want to give the number of the day and the name of the month on the Hebrew calendar, and say approximately what time of year that is on your calendar in a footnote.(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]]) |
| 1192 | EXO | 16 | 1 | u2aq | translate-ordinal | בַּחֲמִשָּׁ֨ה עָשָׂ֥ר יוֹם֙ לַחֹ֣דֶשׁ הַשֵּׁנִ֔י | 1 | on the fifteenth day of the second month | If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “on day 15 of month 2” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) |
| 1193 | EXO | 16 | 2 | h938 | figs-hyperbole | וַיִּלּ֜וֹנוּ כָּל־עֲדַ֧ת בְּנֵי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֛ל | 1 | The whole community of Israelites complained | Here, **all** is a generalization. Alternate translation: “And many of the community of the sons of Israel murmured” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) |
| 1194 | EXO | 16 | 2 | nx6f | וַיִּלּ֜וֹנוּ | 1 | complained | Alternate translation: “And … spoke angrily” | |
| 1195 | EXO | 16 | 3 | nwy6 | figs-hypo | מִֽי־יִתֵּ֨ן מוּתֵ֤נוּ | 1 | If only we had died | This is a way of saying that they wished that they had died. It is a hypothetical past statement. Translate it in a way that makes it clear that this did not actually happen. Alternate translation: “We wish that we had died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) |
| 1196 | EXO | 16 | 3 | g1n1 | figs-metonymy | בְיַד־יְהוָה֙ | 1 | by Yahweh’s hand | The phrase **the hand of Yahweh** represents Yahweh’s action. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “by Yahweh’s action” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 1197 | EXO | 16 | 4 | kls5 | figs-metaphor | מַמְטִ֥יר לָכֶ֛ם לֶ֖חֶם מִן־הַשָּׁמָ֑יִם | 1 | I will rain down bread from heaven for you | God speaks of food coming **down from heaven** as if it were rain. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “make bread come down from heaven like rain” or “make bread fall to you from the sky” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 1198 | EXO | 16 | 4 | yew5 | בְּתוֹרָתִ֖י | 1 | my law | Alternate translation: “in my instruction” | |
| 1199 | EXO | 16 | 5 | p1f6 | וְהָיָה֙ בַּיּ֣וֹם הַשִּׁשִּׁ֔י וְהֵכִ֖ינוּ | 1 | It will come about on the sixth day, that they | Alternate translation: “It will happen on the sixth day that they will prepare” or “On the sixth day they will prepare” | |
| 1200 | EXO | 16 | 5 | cl74 | translate-ordinal | בַּיּ֣וֹם הַשִּׁשִּׁ֔י | 1 | on the sixth day | If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “on day 6” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) |
| 1201 | EXO | 16 | 5 | t5il | מִשְׁנֶ֔ה | 1 | twice | two times | |
| 1202 | EXO | 16 | 7 | zb21 | figs-rquestion | וְנַ֣חְנוּ מָ֔ה כִּ֥י תלונו עָלֵֽינוּ | 1 | Who are we for you to complain against us? | Moses and Aaron used this question to show the people that it was foolish to complain against them. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “We are not powerful enough for you to complain against us.” or “It is foolish to complain against us, because we cannot do what you want.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
| 1203 | EXO | 16 | 8 | pn4e | figs-rquestion | וְנַ֣חְנוּ מָ֔ה | 1 | Who are Aaron and I? | Moses used this question to show the people that he and Aaron did not have the power to give them what they wanted. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Aaron and I cannot give you what you want.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
| 1204 | EXO | 16 | 8 | vdr8 | figs-explicit | וְנַ֣חְנוּ מָ֔ה לֹא־עָלֵ֥ינוּ תְלֻנֹּתֵיכֶ֖ם כִּ֥י עַל־יְהוָֽה | 1 | Your complaints are not against us; they are against Yahweh | The people were complaining against Moses and Aaron, who were Yahweh’s servants. So by complaining against them, the people were really complaining against Yahweh. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “Your complaints are not really against us; they are against Yahweh, because we are his servants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 1205 | EXO | 16 | 9 | pqgo | figs-quotesinquotes | וַיֹּ֤אמֶר מֹשֶׁה֙ אֶֽל־אַהֲרֹ֔ן אֱמֹ֗ר אֶֽל־כָּל־עֲדַת֙ בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל קִרְב֖וּ | 1 | Your complaints are not against us; they are against Yahweh | There are two layers of quotations here. You may want to translate one or the other as an indirect quotation in order to reduce the layers of quotations in this passage. Alternative translation: “And Moses told Aaron to tell all of the congregation of the sons of Israel, “Approach” or “And Moses told Aaron, “Tell all of the congregation of the sons of Israel to approach” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]]) |
| 1206 | EXO | 16 | 10 | q4ax | וַיְהִ֗י | 1 | It came about | This phrase is used here to mark an important event in the story. The important event here is the people seeing Yahweh’s glory. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. | |
| 1207 | EXO | 16 | 10 | b6rp | וְהִנֵּה֙ | 1 | behold | The word **behold** here shows that the people saw something extraordinary. | |
| 1208 | EXO | 16 | 13 | aas8 | וַיְהִ֣י | 1 | It came about…that | This phrase is used here to mark an important part of the events. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. | |
| 1209 | EXO | 16 | 13 | eu1x | translate-unknown | הַשְּׂלָ֔ו | 1 | quails | The word **quail** means a type of small, plump game bird. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
| 1210 | EXO | 16 | 14 | k5lb | translate-unknown | כַּכְּפֹ֖ר | 1 | like frost | **Frost** is frozen dew that forms on the ground. It is very fine. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
| 1211 | EXO | 16 | 14 | jern | figs-simile | כַּכְּפֹ֖ר | 1 | like frost | The original readers knew what frost is like, so this phrase would help them understand what the flakes were like. Alternate translation: “flakes that looked like frost” or “flakes that were fine like frost” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) |
| 1212 | EXO | 16 | 16 | gotf | אִ֖ישׁ לְפִ֣י אָכְל֑וֹ | 1 | omer | Alternate translation: “according to how much each will eat” | |
| 1213 | EXO | 16 | 16 | fqp9 | translate-bvolume | עֹ֣מֶר | 1 | omer | 2 liters (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]]) |
| 1214 | EXO | 16 | 16 | mnwy | עֹ֣מֶר לַגֻּלְגֹּ֗לֶת מִסְפַּר֙ נַפְשֹׁ֣תֵיכֶ֔ם אִ֛ישׁ לַאֲשֶׁ֥ר בְּאָהֳל֖וֹ תִּקָּֽחוּ | 1 | omer | Alternate translation: “take an omer per person according to how many people are in the gatherer’s tent” | |
| 1215 | EXO | 16 | 19 | v499 | figs-genericnoun | אִ֕ישׁ אַל | 1 | omer | **A man** refers to people in general, not to one particular man. If this would be misunderstood in your language, use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “No one” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) |
| 1216 | EXO | 16 | 20 | itjo | וַיָּ֥רֻם תּוֹלָעִ֖ים | 1 | omer | Alternate translation: “and it decayed with worms” | |
| 1217 | EXO | 16 | 21 | jd5t | אִ֖ישׁ כְּפִ֣י אָכְל֑וֹ | 1 | omer | Alternate translation: “everyone according to how much they would eat” or “everyone according to how many people they had to feed” | |
| 1218 | EXO | 16 | 22 | nrx8 | writing-newevent | וַיְהִ֣י | 1 | It came about that | This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. Verses 16:22-30 tell about what the people did concerning the manna on the sixth and seventh days of the week. If your language has a way for marking this as a new part of the story, you could consider using it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) |
| 1219 | EXO | 16 | 22 | xk6x | translate-ordinal | בַּיּ֣וֹם הַשִּׁשִּׁ֗י | 1 | on the sixth day | If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “on day 6” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) |
| 1220 | EXO | 16 | 22 | zj1u | מִשְׁנֶ֔ה | 1 | twice | Alternate translation: “two times as much” | |
| 1221 | EXO | 16 | 22 | f4j9 | לֶ֨חֶם֙ | 1 | bread | This refers to the **bread** that appeared as thin flakes on the ground each morning. | |
| 1222 | EXO | 16 | 23 | wc4a | שַׁבָּת֧וֹן שַׁבַּת־קֹ֛דֶשׁ לַֽיהוָ֖ה | 1 | a solemn rest | Alternate translation: “is a day to stop working completely and dedicate to Yahweh” | |
| 1223 | EXO | 16 | 23 | cqjd | figs-abstractnouns | שַׁבַּת־קֹ֛דֶשׁ | 1 | a solemn rest | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **holiness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “a holy Sabbath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 1224 | EXO | 16 | 24 | y4d9 | וְלֹ֣א הִבְאִ֔ישׁ | 1 | did not become foul | Alternate translation: “And it did not smell rotten” | |
| 1225 | EXO | 16 | 25 | pr1p | כִּֽי־שַׁבָּ֥ת הַיּ֖וֹם לַיהוָ֑ה | 1 | today is a day reserved as a Sabbath to honor Yahweh | Alternate translation: “today is a Sabbath, a day to honor Yahweh by not working” | |
| 1226 | EXO | 16 | 26 | jv77 | translate-ordinal | וּבַיּ֧וֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִ֛י | 1 | but the seventh day | If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “but on day seven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) |
| 1227 | EXO | 16 | 27 | qf14 | וְלֹ֖א מָצָֽאוּ | 1 | they found none | Alternate translation: “but they did not find any manna” | |
| 1228 | EXO | 16 | 28 | e1vx | figs-rquestion | עַד־אָ֨נָה֙ מֵֽאַנְתֶּ֔ם לִשְׁמֹ֥ר מִצְוֺתַ֖י וְתוֹרֹתָֽי | 1 | How long will you refuse to keep my commandments and my laws? | God used this question to scold the people because they did not obey his laws. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “You people still do not keep my commandments and laws!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
| 1229 | EXO | 16 | 28 | q41d | figs-youcrowd | מֵֽאַנְתֶּ֔ם | 1 | General Information: | Yahweh speaks to Moses, but the word **you** refers to the people of Israel in general. If the singular form would not be natural in your language for someone who was speaking to a group of people, you could use the plural forms of “you” in your translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]]) |
| 1230 | EXO | 16 | 28 | vnq7 | לִשְׁמֹ֥ר מִצְוֺתַ֖י וְתוֹרֹתָֽי | 1 | to keep my commandments and my laws | Alternate translation: “to obey my commandments and my laws” | |
| 1231 | EXO | 16 | 29 | p22l | figs-metaphor | כִּֽי־יְהוָה֮ נָתַ֣ן לָכֶ֣ם הַשַּׁבָּת֒ | 1 | Yahweh has given you the Sabbath | Yahweh speaks about teaching people to rest on the Sabbath as if the **Sabbath** were a gift. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “I, Yahweh, have taught you to rest on the Sabbath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 1232 | EXO | 16 | 29 | dt58 | translate-ordinal | בַּיּ֥וֹם הַשִּׁשִּׁ֖י…בַּיּ֥וֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִֽי | 1 | sixth day…two days…seventh day | If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “on day 6 … on day 7” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) |
| 1233 | EXO | 16 | 29 | y8wf | לֶ֣חֶם | 1 | bread | This refers to the bread that appeared as thin flakes on the ground each morning. | |
| 1234 | EXO | 16 | 29 | x6gh | יוֹמָ֑יִם | 1 | bread | Alternate translation: “for 2 days” | |
| 1235 | EXO | 16 | 31 | r1a5 | translate-unknown | כְּזֶ֤רַע גַּד֙ לָבָ֔ן | 1 | coriander seed | **Coriander** is an herb also known as cilantro. People eat both the leaves and seeds. People dry the seeds, grind them into a powder, and put it in food to add flavor. Alternate translation: “like a small white seed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
| 1236 | EXO | 16 | 31 | vrl4 | כְּצַפִּיחִ֥ת | 1 | wafers | **Wafers** are very thin biscuits or crackers. | |
| 1237 | EXO | 16 | 33 | ggba | figs-metonymy | לִפְנֵ֣י יְהוָ֔ה | 1 | wafers | Here, **face** figuratively represents the presence of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “in the presence of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 1238 | EXO | 16 | 34 | x9vr | writing-background | 0 | wafers | Verses 34-36 provide a later commentary on the chapter. If your language has a way of marking background information you may want to use it starting from verse 34 or verse 35. You may want to leave verse 34 more connected to verse 33 even though it references the **Covenant**, which has not been given yet. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) | |
| 1239 | EXO | 16 | 34 | jzcz | figs-metonymy | לִפְנֵ֥י הָעֵדֻ֖ת | 1 | wafers | Here, **face** figuratively represents being near the **Covenant.** Alternate translation: “near the Covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 1240 | EXO | 16 | 36 | g8ns | translate-bvolume | וְהָעֹ֕מֶר עֲשִׂרִ֥ית הָאֵיפָ֖ה הֽוּא | 1 | Now an omer is a tenth of an ephah | An **omer** and an **ephah** are both units of dry measurement. An ephah is approximately equal to a bushel, and an omer is one-tenth of an ephah. The original readers would have known how much an ephah was. This sentence would help them know how much an omer was. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]]) |
| 1241 | EXO | 16 | 36 | a9uh | translate-fraction | וְהָעֹ֕מֶר עֲשִׂרִ֥ית הָאֵיפָ֖ה הֽוּא | 1 | Now an omer is a tenth of an ephah | For languages that do not use fractions, this can be reworded. Alternate translation: “Now ten omers equal one ephah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]]) |
| 1242 | EXO | 17 | intro | f12q | 0 | 7# Exodus 17 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and Formatting<br><br>- v. 1-7: the Israelites complain and Yahweh gives them water<br>- v. 8-16: Israel defeats Amalek in battle<br><br>## Important Figures of Speech in this Chapter<br><br>### Rhetorical questions<br><br>Moses uses several rhetorical questions in this chapter. The purpose of these questions is to convince people of their sin. Likewise, the people’s rhetorical question shows their ignorance. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])<br><br>## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter<br><br>### Wilderness of Sin<br><br>Sin is the name of a part of the Sinai Wilderness. It is not the description of a place, and it has nothing to do with the act of sinning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>### Naming<br><br>As in the last couple of chapters, places and things are named for what happens in that location. In this chapter is Massah (which means “test”), Meribah (“arguing”), and an altar named “Yahweh is my Banner,” because Yahweh will be at war with the Amalekites forever. | |||
| 1243 | EXO | 17 | 1 | jzz5 | writing-newevent | וַ֠יִּסְעוּ כָּל־עֲדַ֨ת בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֧ל | 1 | wilderness of Sin | A new scene begins here, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) |
| 1244 | EXO | 17 | 1 | h1li | translate-names | סִ֛ין | 1 | wilderness of Sin | The word **Sin** here is the Hebrew name of the wilderness. It is not the English word “sin.” See how you translated this in [Exodus 16:1](../16/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
| 1245 | EXO | 17 | 1 | e7jv | figs-metonymy | עַל־פִּ֣י יְהוָ֑ה | 1 | wilderness of Sin | Here, **mouth** refers figuratively to Yahweh’s commands (that is, what he says to do). If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “at the command of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 1246 | EXO | 17 | 1 | j1fm | translate-names | בִּרְפִידִ֔ים | 1 | Rephidim | **Rephidim** means “the resting place,” a place to rest on long journeys through the wilderness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
| 1247 | EXO | 17 | 2 | hr9b | figs-rquestion | מַה־תְּרִיבוּן֙ עִמָּדִ֔י מַה־תְּנַסּ֖וּן אֶת־יְהוָֽה | 1 | Why do you quarrel with me? Why do you test Yahweh? | Moses uses these questions to scold the people. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Why are you speaking against me? And why are you trying to test whether Yahweh is able to give you what you need?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
| 1248 | EXO | 17 | 3 | cz24 | figs-rquestion | לָ֤מָּה זֶּה֙ הֶעֱלִיתָ֣נוּ מִמִּצְרַ֔יִם לְהָמִ֥ית אֹתִ֛י וְאֶת־בָּנַ֥י וְאֶת־מִקְנַ֖י בַּצָּמָֽא | 1 | To kill us and our children and our cattle with thirst? | The people use this question to accuse Moses of wanting to kill them. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Why did you bring us up out of Egypt? Did you bring us here to cause us and our children and animals to die because we have no water to drink?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
| 1249 | EXO | 17 | 6 | nspc | figs-metonymy | לְפָנֶ֨יךָ | 1 | To kill us and our children and our cattle with thirst? | Here, **before your face** means “in front of you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 1250 | EXO | 17 | 7 | x5an | translate-names | מַסָּ֖ה | 1 | Massah | **Massah** is a place in the desert whose name means “testing” in Hebrew. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
| 1251 | EXO | 17 | 7 | hw7y | translate-names | וּמְרִיבָ֑ה | 1 | Meribah | **Meribah** is a place in the desert whose name means “complaining” in Hebrew. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
| 1252 | EXO | 17 | 7 | m55e | אִם־אָֽיִן | 1 | Meribah | In some languages it may be unnatural to explicitly have the negative option included in this question or to have it at the end. It may be omitted or relocated in the question if that is the case. | |
| 1253 | EXO | 17 | 8 | nyt1 | writing-newevent | וַיָּבֹ֖א עֲמָלֵ֑ק | 1 | Rephidim | A new scene begins here which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) |
| 1254 | EXO | 17 | 8 | pu7i | figs-metonymy | עֲמָלֵ֑ק…יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל | 1 | Rephidim | **Amalek** and **Israel** both refer to the nations (people groups) descended from that individual by simply using the name of the ancestor. If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “the Amalekites … the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 1255 | EXO | 17 | 8 | hi3u | grammar-collectivenouns | עֲמָלֵ֑ק…יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל | 1 | Rephidim | **Amalek** and **Israel** are both collective nouns that refer to the nations (people groups) descended from that individual. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you can use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the Amalekites … the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) |
| 1256 | EXO | 17 | 8 | srdq | writing-participants | עֲמָלֵ֑ק | 1 | Rephidim | **Amalek** or the Amalekites are a completely new participant in the story. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new character. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) |
| 1257 | EXO | 17 | 8 | rv14 | translate-names | בִּרְפִידִֽם | 1 | Rephidim | **Rephidim** was the name of a place in the desert. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
| 1258 | EXO | 17 | 9 | dscc | writing-participants | יְהוֹשֻׁ֨עַ֙ | 1 | Rephidim | **Joshua** is a completely new participant in the story. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new character. Later he becomes a major character, but not really in the book of Exodus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) |
| 1259 | EXO | 17 | 10 | ca3g | figs-synecdoche | וַיַּ֣עַשׂ יְהוֹשֻׁ֗עַ כַּאֲשֶׁ֤ר אָֽמַר־לוֹ֙ מֹשֶׁ֔ה לְהִלָּחֵ֖ם בַּעֲמָלֵ֑ק | 1 | So Joshua fought Amalek | **Joshua** represents himself and the Israelites that he led into battle. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could translate the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And, as Moses instructed, Joshua and the men he chose fought against the Amalekites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) |
| 1260 | EXO | 17 | 10 | wy51 | translate-names | וְח֔וּר | 1 | Hur | **Hur** was the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
| 1261 | EXO | 17 | 10 | itcx | writing-participants | וְח֔וּר | 1 | Hur | **Hur** is a new participant in the story, which you may need to point out in your translation. However, he is a very minor character. He only appears in this passage and once much later in the book, so you may not need to highlight him at all. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) |
| 1262 | EXO | 17 | 11 | x5ex | figs-synecdoche | וְגָבַ֣ר יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל…וְגָבַ֥ר עֲמָלֵֽק | 1 | Israel was winning…Amalek would begin to win | The words **Israel** and **Amalek** represent the fighters from those groups. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could translate the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the Israelite fighters were winning … the Amalekite fighters would begin to win” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) |
| 1263 | EXO | 17 | 12 | hxt8 | figs-idiom | וִידֵ֤י מֹשֶׁה֙ כְּבֵדִ֔ים | 1 | hands became heavy | The author writes of Moses’ arms becoming tired as if his **hands became heavy**. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “And Moses’ arms became tired” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
| 1264 | EXO | 17 | 12 | js2p | מִזֶּ֤ה אֶחָד֙ וּמִזֶּ֣ה אֶחָ֔ד | 1 | hands became heavy | Alternate translation: “one on one side, and one on the other” | |
| 1265 | EXO | 17 | 13 | plp3 | figs-metonymy | לְפִי־חָֽרֶב | 1 | with the sword | The **sword** represents battle. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “in combat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 1266 | EXO | 17 | 14 | c5rl | figs-metaphor | מָחֹ֤ה אֶמְחֶה֙ אֶת־זֵ֣כֶר עֲמָלֵ֔ק | 1 | I will completely blot out the memory of Amalek | God speaks of destroying Amalek as if he were removing people’s memory of Amalek. When a group of people is completely destroyed, there is nothing to remind people about them. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “I will completely destroy Amalek” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 1267 | EXO | 17 | 14 | jm77 | figs-metonymy | עֲמָלֵ֔ק | 1 | Amalek | The Amalekites are referred to by naming their ancestor. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: Amalekites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 1268 | EXO | 17 | 14 | n42j | figs-hyperbole | מִתַּ֖חַת הַשָּׁמָֽיִם | 1 | Amalek | This phrase makes an intentionally broad image and represents all people everywhere. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “from all people everywhere” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) |
| 1269 | EXO | 17 | 15 | fneg | נִסִּֽי | 1 | Amalek | A **banner** is something lifted up high, perhaps like a flag, that people can see from a distance and follow. Alternate translation: “is my military standard” or “is my guidon” | |
| 1270 | EXO | 17 | 16 | lr14 | כִּֽי־יָד֙ עַל־כֵּ֣ס יָ֔הּ | 1 | Amalek | The Hebrew here is very difficult, and there are a variety of opinions regarding the meaning. Questions include: (1) Whose hand is referred to? Amalek’s, Yahweh’s, or Moses’? (2) What is the hand on (or against)? Yahweh’s throne or banner? (3) What is the meaning of the Hebrew preposition meaning on, against, or above? What does that signify? Rebellion, or taking an oath, or holding onto a symbol of power? If there is another translation in your region, it may be best to simply follow the interpretation it gives. Alternate translation: “Because a hand was on the throne of Yah” or “Because a hand was on the banner of Yah” | |
| 1271 | EXO | 17 | 16 | sw1q | מִלְחָמָ֥ה לַיהוָ֖ה בַּֽעֲמָלֵ֑ק | 1 | Amalek | This phrase has no verbs in Hebrew. You may need to translate the noun **war** as a verb. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will make war with Amalek” or “Yahweh will war against Amalek” | |
| 1272 | EXO | 18 | intro | t8g2 | 0 | # Exodus 18 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and Formatting<br><br>- v. 1-12: Jethro visits Moses and hears all that Yahweh has done<br>- v. 13-27: Jethro observes Moses and advises him to set up a subsidiarity leadership structure; Moses does so<br><br>## Special Concepts in this Chapter<br><br>### Leadership lessons<br><br>Jethro taught Moses an important leadership lesson in this chapter. Many scholars look at this chapter for important leadership lessons. Moses delegated some of his responsibilities to other godly men so that he would not become worn out by all the demands made of him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]])<br><br>## Possible Translation Difficulties<br><br>### Order of events<br><br>The timing of the events in [verse 2](../18/02.md) is not clear and, whatever their timing, may be difficult to translate. The question: Is Jethro’s **taking** Zipporah related to the past event of Moses sending her back to him at some otherwise unmentioned point in time, or is Jethro’s **taking** related to his coming to meet Moses in [verse 5](../18/05.md).<br><br>### Verse 11<br><br>[Verse 11](../18/11.md) is difficult in the original and requires interpretation.<br><br>### God and Yahweh<br><br>In this chapter, God, who is named Yahweh in much of the rest of the book, is mostly referred to as God instead of by his name as is usual. Translations should not suggest that they are not different beings.<br><br>### Kinship: Father-in-law<br><br>Jethro is the father of Moses’ wife. Some languages may make a distinction between that and a woman’s father-in-law. If that is the case, note it in verses: 1-2, 5-8, 12, 14-15, 17, 24, and 27. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship]])<br><br>### Participant reference<br><br>Jethro is often referred to simply as the father-in-law of Moses in this chapter. He is also named explicitly (referred to by name) an unusually high number of times (it would be more usual to have more pronouns referring to him). Frequent use of his name is likely to emphasize his familial ties and authority (or honored status). Some languages may need to alter the way he is referred to for naturalness or to convey the same sense of familial ties and authority (or honored status). | |||
| 1273 | EXO | 18 | 1 | nl86 | translate-kinship | חֹתֵ֣ן מֹשֶׁ֔ה | 1 | Moses’ father-in-law | The label, **father-in-law of Moses** refers to the father of the wife of Moses. If your language uses a different term for a man’s father-in-law than for a woman’s father-in-law, choose the appropriate one here. Note the use of this term also in verses: 2, 5-8, 12, 14-15, 17, 24, and 27. Alternate translation: “the father of the wife of Moses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship]]) |
| 1274 | EXO | 18 | 2 | zw6h | וַיִּקַּ֗ח יִתְרוֹ֙ חֹתֵ֣ן מֹשֶׁ֔ה אֶת־צִפֹּרָ֖ה אֵ֣שֶׁת מֹשֶׁ֑ה | 1 | took Zipporah, Moses’ wife | This could mean: (1) Jethro took Zipporah to Moses, or (2) Jethro had earlier welcomed back Zipporah. | |
| 1275 | EXO | 18 | 2 | chy6 | figs-explicit | אַחַ֖ר שִׁלּוּחֶֽיהָ | 1 | after he had sent her home | This is something Moses had done earlier. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “after Moses had sent her home to her father” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 1276 | EXO | 18 | 3 | khs1 | וְאֵ֖ת שְׁנֵ֣י בָנֶ֑יהָ | 1 | and her two sons | This is the ending of the sentence that begins with the words **Jethro … took Zipporah** in [verse 2](../18/02.md). This could mean: (1) Jethro took Zipporah and her two sons to Moses, or (2) Jethro had earlier welcomed back Zipporah and her two sons. | |
| 1277 | EXO | 18 | 3 | k4mb | translate-names | גֵּֽרְשֹׁ֔ם | 1 | Gershom | **Gershom** is a son of Moses and Zipporah; his name means “foreigner.” See [2:22](../02/22.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
| 1278 | EXO | 18 | 4 | xi35 | translate-names | אֱלִיעֶ֑זֶר | 1 | Eliezer | **Eliezer** is a son of Moses and Zipporah; his name means “God is the one who helps me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
| 1279 | EXO | 18 | 4 | z2km | figs-metonymy | מֵחֶ֥רֶב פַּרְעֹֽה | 1 | Pharaoh’s sword | The phrase **from the sword of Pharaoh** represents being killed by Pharaoh or Pharaoh’s army. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “from being killed by Pharaoh” or “from being killed by Pharaoh’s army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 1280 | EXO | 18 | 5 | zzab | וּבָנָ֥יו | 1 | where he was camped | Alternate translation: “with his sons” | |
| 1281 | EXO | 18 | 7 | s5p2 | translate-symaction | וַיִּשְׁתַּ֨חוּ֙ וַיִּשַּׁק־ל֔וֹ | 1 | bowed down, and kissed him | These were symbolic acts that were the normal way that people showed great respect and devotion in that culture. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) |
| 1282 | EXO | 18 | 8 | rkq2 | figs-metonymy | עַ֖ל אוֹדֹ֣ת יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל | 1 | for Israel’s sake | The word **Israel** represents the Israelite people. Alternate translation: “in order to help the Israelite people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 1283 | EXO | 18 | 8 | a1ra | figs-metaphor | כָּל־הַתְּלָאָה֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר מְצָאָ֣תַם | 1 | all the hardships that had come to them | Moses writes of **hardships** happening to them as if hardships had discovered where they were. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “all the hardships that had happened to them” or “how they had many hard experiences” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 1284 | EXO | 18 | 9 | wp1p | figs-metonymy | מִיַּ֥ד מִצְרָֽיִם | 1 | the hand of the Egyptians | The hand represents the power of someone to do something. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “from the power of the Egyptians” or “from what the Egyptians were doing to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 1285 | EXO | 18 | 10 | nrv7 | figs-metonymy | מִיַּ֥ד מִצְרַ֖יִם וּמִיַּ֣ד פַּרְעֹ֑ה…מִתַּ֖חַת יַד־מִצְרָֽיִם | 1 | the hand of the Egyptians…the hand of Pharaoh | The hand represents the power of someone to do something. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “from the power of the Egyptians and from the power of Pharaoh … from the power of the Egyptians” or “from what the Egyptians and Pharaoh were doing to you … from what the Egyptians were doing to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 1286 | EXO | 18 | 11 | kmk7 | כִּ֣י בַדָּבָ֔ר | 1 | the hand of the Egyptians…the hand of Pharaoh | Here, **because of the matter** probably refers back to Yahweh’s rescue of Israel. Alternate translation: “because of what he did” | |
| 1287 | EXO | 18 | 11 | ljj6 | figs-explicit | אֲשֶׁ֥ר זָד֖וּ עֲלֵיהֶֽם | 1 | the hand of the Egyptians…the hand of Pharaoh | The most natural referent for **they** is **the gods**, who, perhaps through their agents (Pharaoh and the Egyptians), fought against Yahweh and oppressed the Israelites (**them**). This would connect back to [Exodus 12:12](../12/12.md) where Yahweh declares that he is bringing judgment on the gods of Egypt. You may need to make some part of this explicit. Alternate translation: “in which they proudly fought Yahweh by oppressing Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 1288 | EXO | 18 | 12 | voi9 | figs-metonymy | לִפְנֵ֥י הָאֱלֹהִֽים | 1 | the hand of the Egyptians…the hand of Pharaoh | Here, **face** figuratively represents the presence of God. In this case it likely means that this was a worship event. Alternate translation: “in the presence of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 1289 | EXO | 18 | 13 | ni2b | writing-newevent | וַיְהִי֙ מִֽמָּחֳרָ֔ת | 1 | the hand of the Egyptians…the hand of Pharaoh | A new scene begins here, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) |
| 1290 | EXO | 18 | 13 | ano2 | translate-symaction | וַיֵּ֥שֶׁב מֹשֶׁ֖ה לִשְׁפֹּ֣ט | 1 | the hand of the Egyptians…the hand of Pharaoh | Sitting was symbolic of having a position of authority. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “Moses sat down as a judge” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) |
| 1291 | EXO | 18 | 13 | wzea | מִן־הַבֹּ֖קֶר עַד־הָעָֽרֶב | 1 | the hand of the Egyptians…the hand of Pharaoh | Alternate translation: “all day” | |
| 1292 | EXO | 18 | 14 | bax5 | figs-rquestion | מָֽה־הַדָּבָ֤ר הַזֶּה֙ אֲשֶׁ֨ר אַתָּ֤ה עֹשֶׂה֙ לָעָ֔ם | 1 | What is this that you are doing with the people? | Jethro uses this question to show Moses that what he was doing was not good. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “You should not be doing all of this for the people!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
| 1293 | EXO | 18 | 14 | b5wj | figs-rquestion | מַדּ֗וּעַ אַתָּ֤ה יוֹשֵׁב֙ לְבַדֶּ֔ךָ וְכָל־הָעָ֛ם נִצָּ֥ב עָלֶ֖יךָ מִן־בֹּ֥קֶר עַד־עָֽרֶב | 1 | Why is it that you sit alone…from morning until evening? | Jethro used this question to show Moses that he was doing too much. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Why are you doing all this for the people? Why are you doing this by yourself, and why are all the people standing around you from morning until evening, asking you to make decisions for them?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
| 1294 | EXO | 18 | 14 | cfd1 | figs-metonymy | אַתָּ֤ה יוֹשֵׁב֙ לְבַדֶּ֔ךָ | 1 | you sit alone | The word **sit** here is a metonym for “judge.” Judges would sit while they listened to people’s complaints. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “do you judge alone” or “are you the only one who judges the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 1295 | EXO | 18 | 14 | tiqs | figs-explicit | נִצָּ֥ב עָלֶ֖יךָ | 1 | you sit alone | The people came to be near Moses so that they could get a chance for him to hear their petitions. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “petition you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 1296 | EXO | 18 | 18 | jtd2 | נָבֹ֣ל תִּבֹּ֔ל | 1 | You will surely wear yourselves out | Alternate translation: “You will surely make yourself very tired” | |
| 1297 | EXO | 18 | 18 | h91b | figs-metaphor | כָבֵ֤ד מִמְּךָ֙ | 1 | This burden is too heavy for you | Jethro speaks of the hard work that Moses is doing as if it were a physical burden that Moses was carrying. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “is too hard for you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 1298 | EXO | 18 | 19 | pug7 | אִיעָ֣צְךָ֔ | 1 | you advice | Alternate translation: “I will guide you” or “I will instruct you” | |
| 1299 | EXO | 18 | 19 | v8i9 | figs-metaphor | וִיהִ֥י אֱלֹהִ֖ים עִמָּ֑ךְ | 1 | God will be with you | Jethro speaks of God helping Moses as if God would be with Moses. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “God will help you” or “God will give you wisdom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 1300 | EXO | 18 | 19 | w4r8 | figs-metaphor | וְהֵבֵאתָ֥ אַתָּ֛ה אֶת־הַדְּבָרִ֖ים אֶל־הָאֱלֹהִֽים | 1 | you bring their disputes to him | Jethro speaks of Moses telling God about their disputes as if they were something that Moses was bringing to God. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “and you tell God about their disputes” or and “you tell God what they are arguing about” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 1301 | EXO | 18 | 20 | w3vf | figs-metaphor | וְהוֹדַעְתָּ֣ לָהֶ֗ם אֶת־הַדֶּ֨רֶךְ֙ יֵ֣לְכוּ בָ֔הּ | 1 | You must show them the way to walk | Jethro speaks of living or behaving like walking. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “You must show them how to live” or “You must show them how to behave” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 1302 | EXO | 18 | 21 | p5ap | וְאַתָּ֣ה תֶחֱזֶ֣ה | 1 | Furthermore, you must choose | Alternate translation: “As for you, search out” or “You must also search out” | |
| 1303 | EXO | 18 | 21 | n936 | figs-metaphor | וְשַׂמְתָּ֣ עֲלֵהֶ֗ם | 1 | You must put them over people | Jethro speaks of giving them authority over people as putting them over people. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “You should select leaders for the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 1304 | EXO | 18 | 21 | xprc | writing-pronouns | וְשַׂמְתָּ֣ עֲלֵהֶ֗ם | 1 | You must put them over people | Here, **them** refers to the Israelites. Moses is advised to place good men in charge of groups of Israelites. Alternate translation: “And you must appoint these men over the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) |
| 1305 | EXO | 18 | 21 | d2hv | translate-numbers | שָׂרֵ֤י אֲלָפִים֙ שָׂרֵ֣י מֵא֔וֹת שָׂרֵ֥י חֲמִשִּׁ֖ים וְשָׂרֵ֥י עֲשָׂרֹֽת | 1 | leaders in charge of thousands, hundreds, fifties, and of tens | This could mean: (1) these numbers represent the exact amount of people in each group. Alternate translation: “leaders in charge of groups of 1,000 people, groups of 100 people, groups of 50 people, and groups of 10 people” or (2) these numbers are not exact, but represent groups of people of various sizes. Alternate translation: “leaders in charge of very small groups, small groups, large groups, and very large groups” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) |
| 1306 | EXO | 18 | 22 | y5n2 | figs-metaphor | כָּל־הַדָּבָ֤ר הַגָּדֹל֙ יָבִ֣יאוּ אֵלֶ֔יךָ | 1 | the difficult cases they will bring to you | By **every great situation they will bring to you**, Jethro is recommending that the new leaders should pass the most difficult cases to Moses for him to judge them. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “the difficult cases they will tell you about” or “when there are difficult cases, they will tell you about them so you can judge them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 1307 | EXO | 18 | 22 | u42p | figs-metaphor | וְהָקֵל֙ מֵֽעָלֶ֔יךָ וְנָשְׂא֖וּ אִתָּֽךְ | 1 | they will carry the burden with you | Jethro speaks of the hard work that they would do as if it were something that they would carry beside Moses and make lighter for Moses by helping him. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “and lessen your work by having them do the hard work with you” or “and make your work easier by having them help you do the hard work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 1308 | EXO | 18 | 23 | wyq4 | וְיָֽכָלְתָּ֖ עֲמֹ֑ד | 1 | endure | Alternate translation: “then you will not wear yourself out” | |
| 1309 | EXO | 18 | 23 | bt5p | כָּל־הָעָ֣ם הַזֶּ֔ה עַל־מְקֹמ֖וֹ יָבֹ֥א בְשָׁלֽוֹם | 1 | endure | Here, getting **to their place** could mean each person’s home tent or it could mean the whole group gets to the promised land. If you cannot leave it ambiguous, it would be best to indicate something like “harmony in the camp.” Alternate translation: “all these people will live in harmony” | |
| 1310 | EXO | 18 | 25 | n2ws | figs-metaphor | רָאשִׁ֖ים עַל־הָעָ֑ם | 1 | heads over the people | Moses writes of the leaders of people as if they were the **head** of a body. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “leaders over the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 1311 | EXO | 18 | 25 | tb18 | figs-explicit | אַנְשֵׁי־חַ֨יִל֙ | 1 | capable men | If it would be helpful to your readers, what sort of ability they had can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “men who were able to lead” or “men who were able to judge” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 1312 | EXO | 18 | 25 | iqn8 | translate-numbers | שָׂרֵ֤י אֲלָפִים֙ שָׂרֵ֣י מֵא֔וֹת שָׂרֵ֥י חֲמִשִּׁ֖ים וְשָׂרֵ֥י עֲשָׂרֹֽת | 1 | leaders in charge of thousands, hundreds, fifties, and tens | This could mean: (1) these numbers represent the exact amount of people in each group. Alternate translation: “leaders in charge of groups of 1,000 people, groups of 100 people, groups of 50 people, and groups of 10 people” or (2) these numbers are not exact, but represent groups of people of various sizes. Alternate translation: “leaders in charge of very small groups, small groups, large groups, and very large groups” See how you translated this in [Exodus 18:21](../18/21.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) |
| 1313 | EXO | 18 | 26 | abx4 | וְשָׁפְט֥וּ אֶת־הָעָ֖ם בְּכָל־עֵ֑ת | 1 | judged the people in normal circumstances | Alternate translation: “They judged the people most of the time” or “They judged the people in all regular circumstances” | |
| 1314 | EXO | 18 | 26 | z7j4 | figs-metaphor | אֶת־הַדָּבָ֤ר הַקָּשֶׁה֙ יְבִיא֣וּן אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֔ה | 1 | The difficult cases they brought to Moses | The author writes of telling Moses about the difficult cases as bringing him the difficult cases. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “They told Moses about the difficult cases” or “When there were difficult cases, they told Moses about them so that he would judge them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 1315 | EXO | 18 | 26 | ve8h | הַדָּבָ֥ר הַקָּטֹ֖ן | 1 | the small cases | Alternate translation: “easy case” | |
| 1316 | EXO | 19 | intro | ck7e | 0 | # Exodus 19 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and Formatting<br>This chapter consist of a series of Moses going up Mount Sinai, talking to Yahweh, coming down, and talking to the people. He is being the intermediary, carrying messages between Yahweh and the people.<br>- v. 1-2: Arrival at Sinai<br>- v. 3-8: First cycle of Moses going up and down for instruction and response<br>- v. 9-15: Second cycle, people get ready to hear God<br>- v. 16-19: God speaks to the people from the mountain<br>- v. 20-25: Third cycle<br><br>## Special Concepts in this Chapter<br><br>### “A kingdom of priests”<br><br>The function of the priests was to intercede for the people. The Levites were the only priests in Israel; this is a metaphor indicating that the nation was to intercede for the world as a whole. They were also to be holy, or set apart, from the rest of the world. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])<br><br>### Revealing the law<br><br>The events of this chapter are concerned with preparing the people to receive the law of Moses. The people go through all of this to prepare themselves for the law, which shows the great importance of this event for Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])<br><br>### Boundaries between Yahweh and the people<br><br>Moses is told to make the people holy in preparation for meeting Yahweh, then boundaries are set up to keep the people separate from Yahweh, and then the priests are told to make themselves holy. The theme of a holy separation is beginning to be developed that will become much of the law code. | |||
| 1317 | EXO | 19 | 1 | r5tj | translate-ordinal | בַּחֹ֨דֶשׁ֙ הַשְּׁלִישִׁ֔י…בַּיּ֣וֹם הַזֶּ֔ה | 1 | In the third month…on the same day | This means they arrived at the wilderness on the first day of the month just as they left Egypt on the first day of the month. The first day of the third month on the Hebrew calendar is near the middle of May on Western calendars. If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “In the month 3 … on the day 1 of the month” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) |
| 1318 | EXO | 19 | 2 | nk51 | translate-names | מֵרְפִידִ֗ים | 1 | Rephidim | **Rephidim** is an area on the edge of the wilderness of Sinai where the people of Israel had been camping. See how you translated this name in [Exodus 17:1](../17/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
| 1319 | EXO | 19 | 3 | kgev | figs-parallelism | תֹאמַר֙ לְבֵ֣ית יַעֲקֹ֔ב וְתַגֵּ֖יד לִבְנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל | 1 | the house of Jacob, the people of Israel | These two phrases have exactly the same meaning. This may be for poetic effect, as Yahweh’s statement here through [verse 6](../19/06.md) is somewhat artfully crafted. You may need to use a strategy other than parallelism to achieve a similar poetic effect in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) |
| 1320 | EXO | 19 | 4 | z9i6 | figs-youdual | אַתֶּ֣ם רְאִיתֶ֔ם | 1 | You have seen | The word **you** here refers to the Israelites. Yahweh is telling Moses what to tell the Israelites. If your language has a plural form of you, you would need it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) |
| 1321 | EXO | 19 | 4 | b7ph | figs-metaphor | וָאֶשָּׂ֤א אֶתְכֶם֙ עַל־כַּנְפֵ֣י נְשָׁרִ֔ים | 1 | I carried you on eagles’ wings | God speaks of caring for his people while they traveled as if he were an eagle and carried them on his **wings**. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “ how I helped you travel like an eagle that carries her babies on her wings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 1322 | EXO | 19 | 5 | c767 | figs-metonymy | בְּקֹלִ֔י | 1 | my voice | God’s voice represents what he says. Alternate translation: “to what I say” or “to my words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 1323 | EXO | 19 | 5 | fh8e | וּשְׁמַרְתֶּ֖ם אֶת־בְּרִיתִ֑י | 1 | keep my covenant | Alternate translation: “and do what my covenant requires you to do” | |
| 1324 | EXO | 19 | 5 | ifv6 | סְגֻלָּה֙ | 1 | special possession | Alternate translation: “treasure” | |
| 1325 | EXO | 19 | 6 | gm9s | figs-metaphor | לִ֛י מַמְלֶ֥כֶת כֹּהֲנִ֖ים | 1 | a kingdom of priests | God speaks of his people as if they were **priests**. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “my kingdom of people who are like priests” or “my kingdom of people who do what priests do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 1326 | EXO | 19 | 7 | c5tq | figs-metaphor | וַיָּ֣שֶׂם לִפְנֵיהֶ֗ם אֵ֚ת כָּל־הַדְּבָרִ֣ים הָאֵ֔לֶּה | 1 | set before them all these words | Moses setting the words before them means that he was telling people things. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “And he told them all these words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 1327 | EXO | 19 | 7 | xjbb | figs-metonymy | לִפְנֵיהֶ֗ם | 1 | set before them all these words | Here, **face** means the person. Alternate translation: “before them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 1328 | EXO | 19 | 7 | zqk1 | כָּל־הַדְּבָרִ֣ים הָאֵ֔לֶּה אֲשֶׁ֥ר צִוָּ֖הוּ יְהוָֽה | 1 | all these words that Yahweh had commanded him | Alternate translation: “all that Yahweh had commanded him” | |
| 1329 | EXO | 19 | 8 | ljf5 | figs-explicit | וַיָּ֧שֶׁב מֹשֶׁ֛ה אֶת־דִּבְרֵ֥י הָעָ֖ם | 1 | Moses came to report | If it would be helpful to your readers, where Moses went can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “Moses went back up the mountain to report the words of the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 1330 | EXO | 19 | 8 | rwx6 | figs-metonymy | אֶת־דִּבְרֵ֥י הָעָ֖ם | 1 | the people’s words | Here, **words** refers to what the people said. Alternate translation: “what the people said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 1331 | EXO | 19 | 9 | ih2h | figs-metonymy | אֶת־דִּבְרֵ֥י הָעָ֖ם | 1 | the people’s words | Here, **words** refers to what the people said. Alternate translation: “what the people said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 1332 | EXO | 19 | 10 | ie7y | וְקִדַּשְׁתָּ֥ם | 1 | you must set them apart to me | This may mean instruct the people, or it may mean Moses will have a role as well. Alternate translation: “and tell them to dedicate themselves to me” or “and help them to purify themselves for me” | |
| 1333 | EXO | 19 | 11 | tdg9 | figs-metonymy | לְעֵינֵ֥י | 1 | Be ready | Here, **before the eyes** means “so they can see.” If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 1334 | EXO | 19 | 12 | d48p | וְהִגְבַּלְתָּ֤ | 1 | set boundaries | The **boundary** was either a mark or some kind of barrier. | |
| 1335 | EXO | 19 | 12 | hhv5 | figs-quotesinquotes | לֵאמֹ֔ר הִשָּׁמְר֥וּ לָכֶ֛ם | 1 | set boundaries | A second-level direct quotation begins with **watch**. It is not clear where this command that Moses is to give the Israelites ends. Most English translations end it in [verse 13](../19/13.md) before the last sentence. For that reason, it may be most helpful to translate the instruction as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “telling them to watch themselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]]) |
| 1336 | EXO | 19 | 12 | xct0 | הִשָּׁמְר֥וּ לָכֶ֛ם עֲל֥וֹת בָּהָ֖ר וּנְגֹ֣עַ בְּקָצֵ֑הוּ | 1 | set boundaries | Here, the negative command is implied from the **watch yourselves** command. Alternate translation: “Watch yourselves against climbing on the mountain or touching on its edge” | |
| 1337 | EXO | 19 | 12 | kis1 | figs-activepassive | כָּל־הַנֹּגֵ֥עַ בָּהָ֖ר מ֥וֹת | 1 | Whoever touches the mountain will surely be put to death | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You must surely put to death any person who touches the mountain” or “You must surely kill anyone who touches the mountain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 1338 | EXO | 19 | 13 | l9ak | figs-metonymy | לֹא־תִגַּ֨ע בּ֜וֹ יָ֗ד | 1 | such a person | Here, **hand** is a metonym for any part of a person. Alternate translation: “No person shall touch that one” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 1339 | EXO | 19 | 13 | k35k | figs-activepassive | סָק֤וֹל יִסָּקֵל֙ אוֹ־יָרֹ֣ה יִיָּרֶ֔ה | 1 | he must certainly be stoned or shot | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you must certainly stone or shoot him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 1340 | EXO | 19 | 13 | vw19 | יָרֹ֣ה יִיָּרֶ֔ה | 1 | shot | This refers to being killed by someone who shoots arrows from a bow. | |
| 1341 | EXO | 19 | 13 | ezpm | figs-go | יַעֲל֥וּ | 1 | shot | If you translate this with come or go, consider which would be the correct perspective for your language and the text context. Yahweh is speaking, so “come up” is valid; however, the people will be the ones moving, so “go up” is valid as well. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) |
| 1342 | EXO | 19 | 15 | bw2p | figs-euphemism | אַֽל־תִּגְּשׁ֖וּ אֶל־אִשָּֽׁה | 1 | do not go near your wives | This is a polite way of talking about sexual relations. If this would be misunderstood in your language, use a different polite way of referring to this or you could state this plainly. Alternate translation: “do not sleep with your wives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) |
| 1343 | EXO | 19 | 15 | z0aq | אִשָּֽׁה | 1 | do not go near your wives | This word means both “woman” and “wife.” Context dictates the correct translation. Since wife would make it a narrower command, **woman** was chosen here. | |
| 1344 | EXO | 19 | 18 | m1b5 | יָרַ֥ד…יְהוָ֖ה | 1 | Yahweh descended | Alternate translation: “Yahweh came down” | |
| 1345 | EXO | 19 | 18 | a8p7 | figs-simile | כְּעֶ֣שֶׁן הַכִּבְשָׁ֔ן | 1 | like the smoke of a furnace | This shows that it was a very large amount of smoke. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent comparison or express this meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “like the smoke from a very large fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) |
| 1346 | EXO | 19 | 19 | m8ae | הוֹלֵ֖ךְ וְחָזֵ֣ק מְאֹ֑ד | 1 | grew louder and louder | Alternate translation: “continued to become louder and louder” | |
| 1347 | EXO | 19 | 19 | f5e6 | figs-metonymy | בְקֽוֹל | 1 | in a voice | The word **voice** here refers to a sound that God made. This could mean: (1) “by speaking loudly like thunder” or (2) “by speaking” or (3) “by causing thunder to sound” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 1348 | EXO | 19 | 20 | zx5p | figs-go | וַיֵּ֧רֶד…וַיַּ֥עַל | 1 | in a voice | You may need to consider your language’s rules for perspective regarding going or coming up or down in this verse. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) |
| 1349 | EXO | 19 | 21 | d2qm | figs-metaphor | פֶּן־יֶהֶרְס֤וּ | 1 | not to break through | God spoke about walking past the boundary as if they might break down a barrier and walk through it. See how you translated “set bounds” in [Exodus 19:12](../19/12.md). If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “not to go beyond the boundary” or “not to go through the barrier” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 1350 | EXO | 19 | 21 | oht2 | figs-euphemism | וְנָפַ֥ל | 1 | not to break through | Here, **fall** refers to dying. This is a polite way of referring to something unpleasant. If this would be misunderstood in your language, use a different polite way of referring to this or you could state this plainly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) |
| 1351 | EXO | 19 | 22 | pq8j | figs-metaphor | יִפְרֹ֥ץ בָּהֶ֖ם יְהוָֽה | 1 | not to break through | Yahweh’s anger and judgment are pictured as something that will **burst** through a boundary. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “Yahweh kills them in anger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 1352 | EXO | 19 | 23 | gagp | figs-quotesinquotes | בָּ֨נוּ֙ לֵאמֹ֔ר הַגְבֵּ֥ל אֶת־הָהָ֖ר וְקִדַּשְׁתּֽוֹ | 1 | not to break through | This quoted command could be translated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “us to set boundaries on the mountain to keep it separate” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]]) |
| 1353 | EXO | 19 | 24 | w8lx | לֶךְ־רֵ֔ד | 1 | get down | Alternate translation: “Go down” | |
| 1354 | EXO | 19 | 24 | bk6p | figs-metaphor | אַל־יֶֽהֶרְס֛וּ | 1 | break through the barrier | God spoke about walking past the boundary as if they might **break** down a barrier and walk through it. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Exodus 19:21](../19/21.md). If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “must not go beyond the boundary” or “must not go through the barrier” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 1355 | EXO | 19 | 24 | p1yq | figs-metaphor | יִפְרָץ־בָּֽם | 1 | break through the barrier | Yahweh’s anger and judgment are pictured as something that will **burst** forth from him. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Exodus 19:22](../19/22.md). If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “he kill them in anger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 1356 | EXO | 20 | intro | x7vt | 0 | # Exodus 20 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and Formatting<br><br>- v. 1-17: Yahweh gives the Ten Commandments<br>- v. 18-21: the people react<br>- v. 22-26: Yahweh gives a little more explanation about idols and altars<br><br>## Special Concepts in this Chapter<br><br>### Covenant<br><br>Yahweh’s covenant faithfulness is now based on the covenant he made with Abraham as well as the covenant he is making with Moses. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenantfaith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])<br><br>### Form of you<br><br>The singular form of you is used in the commandments; however, the commandments applied to the whole Israelite community. There is both a singular and a corporate aspect to them. You may need to choose between singular and plural if your language makes that distinction. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]]) | |||
| 1357 | EXO | 20 | 2 | qg71 | figs-metaphor | מִבֵּ֥ית עֲבָדִֽים | 1 | house of slavery | Yahweh speaks of **Egypt** as if it were a **house** where people keep slaves. See how you translated this in [Exodus 13:3](../13/03.md). If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “from the place where you were slaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 1358 | EXO | 20 | 3 | r9h3 | לֹֽ֣א יִהְיֶֽה־לְךָ֛ אֱלֹהִ֥ים אֲחֵרִ֖ים עַל־פָּנָֽיַ | 1 | You must have no other gods before me | Alternate translation: “You must not worship any other gods besides me” | |
| 1359 | EXO | 20 | 4 | s7n3 | figs-merism | וְכָל־תְּמוּנָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֤ר בַּשָּׁמַ֨יִם֙ מִמַּ֔עַל וַאֲשֶׁ֥ר בָּאָ֖רֶץ מִתָּ֑חַת וַאֲשֶׁ֥ר בַּמַּ֖יִם מִתַּ֥חַת לָאָֽרֶץ | 1 | nor the likeness | This list means all created things wherever they are. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “nor anything that looks like anything created, whether that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) |
| 1360 | EXO | 20 | 4 | rkn1 | figs-abstractnouns | וְכָל־תְּמוּנָ֔ה | 1 | nor the likeness | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **likeness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “nor anything looking like something” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 1361 | EXO | 20 | 5 | ka3i | writing-pronouns | לָהֶ֖ם | 1 | You must not bow down to them or worship them | Here, **them** refers to carved figures or idols. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) |
| 1362 | EXO | 20 | 5 | hx93 | figs-ellipsis | בָּנִ֛ים עַל־שִׁלֵּשִׁ֥ים וְעַל־רִבֵּעִ֖ים | 1 | to the third and the fourth generation | Alternate translation: “Generation” is implied by **sons**, therefore **third and fourth** refers to the grandchildren and great-grandchildren. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “the sons down to the third and fourth generations” or “and even on the grandchildren and great-grandchildren” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) |
| 1363 | EXO | 20 | 5 | s2ia | translate-ordinal | עַל־שִׁלֵּשִׁ֥ים וְעַל־רִבֵּעִ֖ים | 1 | to the third and the fourth generation | If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “to generations 3 and 4”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) |
| 1364 | EXO | 20 | 6 | u9nc | figs-abstractnouns | וְעֹ֥שֶׂה חֶ֖סֶד לַאֲלָפִ֑ים לְאֹהֲבַ֖י | 1 | I show covenant faithfulness to thousands of those who love me | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “I am faithful to the covenant with thousands of those who love me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 1365 | EXO | 20 | 6 | oyh7 | figs-ellipsis | לַאֲלָפִ֑ים | 1 | to the third and the fourth generation | Alternate translation: “Generation” is implied by the previous verse. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply necessary words from the context. Alternate translation: “to the thousandth generation” or “for a thousand generations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) |
| 1366 | EXO | 20 | 6 | yw38 | figs-metonymy | לַאֲלָפִ֑ים לְאֹהֲבַ֖י | 1 | to thousands of those who love me | Here, **thousands** may mean: (1) “forever,” that is, “to all descendants forever” (2) a number too many to count. Alternate translation: “for every generation” or “forever to innumerable people who love me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 1367 | EXO | 20 | 7 | o96b | תִשָּׂ֛א…יִשָּׂ֥א | 1 | take the name of Yahweh your God | To **lift up**, take, or use the name of Yahweh (with emptiness, i.e. improperly) covers many sorts of speaking or invoking his name or making a claim to him or attempting to manipulate him or misrepresenting him. A broad word should be used in translation of this term. | |
| 1368 | EXO | 20 | 7 | t3k2 | לֹ֥א תִשָּׂ֛א אֶת־שֵֽׁם־יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֶ֖יךָ | 1 | take the name of Yahweh your God | Alternate translation: “You must not use the name of Yahweh your God” | |
| 1369 | EXO | 20 | 7 | gcz2 | לַשָּׁ֑וְא…לַשָּֽׁוְא | 1 | in vain | Alternate translation: “carelessly” or “without proper respect” | |
| 1370 | EXO | 20 | 7 | sl6g | figs-doublenegatives | לֹ֤א יְנַקֶּה֙ | 1 | I will not hold guiltless | If this double negative would be misunderstood in your language, you could translate it as a positive statement. . Alternate translation: “I will certainly consider guilty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) |
| 1371 | EXO | 20 | 8 | kwn7 | לְקַדְּשֽׁוֹ | 1 | set it apart | Alternate translation: “to make it holy to me” or “to consecrate it to me” | |
| 1372 | EXO | 20 | 9 | sad1 | מְלַאכְתֶּֽךָ | 1 | do all your work | Alternate translation: “your occupation” or “your livelihood” | |
| 1373 | EXO | 20 | 10 | t1ky | figs-metonymy | בִּשְׁעָרֶֽיךָ | 1 | within your gates | Cities often had walls around them to keep out enemies, and gates for people to go in and out. Anyone who was inside the gates was part of the community. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “within your community” or “inside your city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 1374 | EXO | 20 | 11 | vw1f | translate-ordinal | בַּיּ֣וֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִ֑י | 1 | on the seventh day | If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “on day seven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) |
| 1375 | EXO | 20 | 14 | wyv9 | לֹ֖א תִּנְאָֽף | 1 | You must not commit adultery | Alternate translation: “You must not have sex with anyone other than your spouse” | |
| 1376 | EXO | 20 | 16 | zix8 | לֹֽא־תַעֲנֶ֥ה בְרֵעֲךָ֖ עֵ֥ד שָֽׁקֶר | 1 | must not give false testimony | Alternate translation: “You must not speak a false report against your neighbor” | |
| 1377 | EXO | 20 | 17 | vt9t | לֹ֥א תַחְמֹ֖ד | 1 | must not covet | Alternate translation: “You must not strongly want to have” or “You must not want to take” | |
| 1378 | EXO | 20 | 18 | nm52 | הָהָ֖ר עָשֵׁ֑ן | 1 | the mountain smoking | Alternate translation: “the smoky mountain” | |
| 1379 | EXO | 20 | 18 | lmt5 | וַיָּנֻ֔עוּ | 1 | they trembled | Alternate translation: “and they shook with fear” | |
| 1380 | EXO | 20 | 18 | h53m | וַיַּֽעַמְד֖וּ מֵֽרָחֹֽק | 1 | stood far off | Alternate translation: “and stood far away” | |
| 1381 | EXO | 20 | 20 | slb8 | וּבַעֲב֗וּר תִּהְיֶ֧ה יִרְאָת֛וֹ עַל־פְּנֵיכֶ֖ם לְבִלְתִּ֥י תֶחֱטָֽאוּ | 1 | so that the honor of him may be in you, and so that you do not sin | Alternate translation: “so that you will honor him and not sin” | |
| 1382 | EXO | 20 | 20 | hocw | figs-metaphor | תִּהְיֶ֧ה יִרְאָת֛וֹ עַל־פְּנֵיכֶ֖ם | 1 | so that the honor of him may be in you, and so that you do not sin | Here, **fear** is spoken of as something that could be **above their faces**. This means that they would be continually thinking about honoring God. It is similar to the image in [Exodus 13:16](../13/16.md). If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “you will live always reverencing him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 1383 | EXO | 20 | 21 | lts1 | וּמֹשֶׁה֙ נִגַּ֣שׁ | 1 | Moses approached | Alternate translation: “and Moses moved closer,” | |
| 1384 | EXO | 20 | 23 | qm44 | אֱלֹ֤הֵי כֶ֨סֶף֙ וֵאלֹהֵ֣י זָהָ֔ב | 1 | gods of silver or gods of gold | Alternate translation: “gods made out of silver or gold” or “idols made out of silver or gold” | |
| 1385 | EXO | 20 | 24 | pf1i | מִזְבַּ֣ח אֲדָמָה֮ | 1 | earthen altar | The phrase **an altar of earth** means an altar made of materials from the ground, such as stone, soil, or clay. | |
| 1386 | EXO | 20 | 24 | ge89 | figs-metonymy | אַזְכִּ֣יר אֶת־שְׁמִ֔י | 1 | cause my name to be honored | Here, **name** is a metonym for God’s being. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “I cause myself to be remembered” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 1387 | EXO | 20 | 24 | zmc4 | figs-activepassive | אַזְכִּ֣יר אֶת־שְׁמִ֔י | 1 | cause my name to be honored | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I choose for you to remember me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 1388 | EXO | 20 | 26 | qm1b | figs-explicit | וְלֹֽא־תַעֲלֶ֥ה בְמַעֲלֹ֖ת עַֽל־מִזְבְּחִ֑י | 1 | You must not go up to my altar on steps | If you need to connect this statement more explicitly to the previous statements regarding building the alter, you could add a phrase about building steps. Alternate translation: “Do not build steps up to the altar and go up to it on those steps” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 1389 | EXO | 20 | 26 | e28y | figs-activepassive | אֲשֶׁ֛ר לֹֽא־תִגָּלֶ֥ה עֶרְוָתְךָ֖ עָלָֽיו | 1 | You must not go up to my altar on steps | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “so that you do not expose your nakedness over it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 1390 | EXO | 20 | 26 | h2qd | עֶרְוָתְךָ֖ | 1 | your nakedness | Alternate translation: “your private parts” | |
| 1391 | EXO | 21 | intro | dnd3 | 0 | # Exodus 21 General Notes<br><br>This chapter begins to give the Israelite civil case law, that is, the explanation of how to apply the principles condensed in the ten commandments.<br><br>## Structure:<br><br>- 1: Introduction<br>- 2-6: Laws regarding male slaves<br>- 7-11: Laws regarding female slaves<br>- 12-17: Capital crimes<br>- 18-36: Liability laws<br> * 18-27: Regarding human violence<br> * 28-36: Regarding damage done by or to animals<br><br>## Translation Issues in this Chapter<br><br>### Hypothetical situations<br><br>Throughout the case law, a hypothetical situation is introduced with “when” or “if.” It is followed by a description of the situation; then there is the penalty or action to be taken in those situations. A hypothetical person may be introduced with “anyone” or “whoever.” Most verses for the next several chapters will have these hypothetical situations. See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]] Translators familiar with Hebrew may want to notice that, generally, major divisions are introduced by כִּי (ki) and minor divisions within a topic are introduced by אִם (’im).<br><br>### Passive construction<br><br>Many portions of these situations are written in the passive voice. Some languages may have to change all or some of these to active voice. See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]].<br><br>### Daughters sold as servants<br><br>The section from [verses 7-11](../21/07.md) may be somewhat confusing because a daughter that is sold as a servant is seamlessly connected to her becoming someone’s wife. It seems the two things could be closely related.<br><br>### Ransom payment<br><br>In [verse 30](../21/30.md) a man whose bull killed someone may evade the death penalty by paying a ransom price, but the conditions for that happening are not clear. | |||
| 1392 | EXO | 21 | 1 | xxf4 | 0 | you must set before them | Yahweh continues speaking to Moses. There is no quote break between chapters. | ||
| 1393 | EXO | 21 | 1 | hhf7 | תָּשִׂ֖ים | 1 | you must set before them | Alternate translation: “you must give” or “you must tell” | |
| 1394 | EXO | 21 | 1 | ddql | figs-metonymy | לִפְנֵיהֶֽם | 1 | you must set before them | Here, **faces** figuratively represents the presence of the nation. Alternate translation: “before them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 1395 | EXO | 21 | 2 | di5z | 0 | General Information: | Here Yahweh begins telling Moses his laws for the people of Israel. | ||
| 1396 | EXO | 21 | 2 | wj0e | grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical | כִּ֤י תִקְנֶה֙ עֶ֣בֶד עִבְרִ֔י | 1 | General Information: | This is the first of many hypothetical situations, introduced by “when” or **if,** which you will encounter over the next several chapters. See the [introduction to chapter 21](../21/intro.md). You will need to translate these consistently in a manner that expresses that these situations have not happened. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]]) |
| 1397 | EXO | 21 | 3 | ln3r | figs-explicit | אִם־בְּגַפּ֥וֹ יָבֹ֖א בְּגַפּ֣וֹ יֵצֵ֑א | 1 | If he came by himself, he must go free by himself | What **by himself** means can be stated clearly. Some languages require that the additional condition, that he marries while a slave, be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “If he became a slave while he had no wife, and if he marries while he is a slave, the master need only f |
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