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Reference ID Tags SupportReference Quote Occurrence Note front:intro spe4 0 # Introduction to Proverbs\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of Proverbs\n\n1. Introduction and purpose for Proverbs (1:1–7)\n2. A father teaches his son about wisdom (1:8–9:18)\n3. Proverbs from Solomon (10:1–22:16)\n4. Sayings from wise men (22:17–24:22)\n5. More sayings from wise men (24:23–34)\n6. Hezekiah’s proverbs from Solomon (25:1–29:27)\n7. Sayings from Agur (30:1–33)\n8. Sayings from Lemuel (31:1–9)\n9. Description of a good and capable wife (31:10–31)\n\n### What is the Book of Proverbs about?\n\nThe Book of Proverbs is a collection of proverbs. A proverb is a saying that gives wise advice or teaches something that is generally true about life. Most societies have their own proverbs and may use specific language that indicates something is a proverb. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs]])\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nThe title of this book is often translated as “Proverbs.” A more general translation would be “Sayings for Wise People,” “Wise Sayings,” or something similar.\n\n### Who wrote the Book of Proverbs?\n\nProverbs begins with the words, “The Proverbs of Solomon, son of David and King of Israel.” However, Solomon did not write all of the proverbs in this book. Unnamed wise men wrote the proverbs in [22:17](../22/17.md)–[24:34](../24/34.md). Agur the son of Jakeh wrote the proverbs in [30:1–33](../30/01.md) and King Lemuel wrote the proverbs in [31:1–31](../31/01.md).\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### What is meant by “wisdom” and “foolishness” in the Book of Proverbs?\n\n“Wisdom” refers to understanding and doing what is true and morally right. A wise person understands and does what Yahweh considers to be right. Anyone living in this way will also learn to live well with other people and to make good practical decisions in life. Those who fail to live in this way are called “foolish.” For this reason, it is possible for a person to be very intelligent and still be foolish. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]])\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### Parallelism\n\nMany proverbs have two parts that have a relationship to each other. The second part may strengthen the first part, give more details about the first part, or say what seems to be the opposite of the first part. Translators should take into account that each proverb is also part of a larger group of proverbs. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])\n\n### Personification\n\nIn Proverbs, certain qualities such as wisdom and stupidity are often represented as if they were human. [Proverbs 1:20–33](../01/20.md), [3:15–18](../03/15.md), [4:6–9](../04/06.md), and [8:1](../08/01.md)–[9:12](../09/12.md) refer to wisdom as if it were a woman. [Proverbs 9:13–18](../09/13.md) refers to stupidity as if it were a woman. In languages where it is possible for a woman figure to represent these qualities, the translator should translate in this way. However, if direct translation is not possible in your language, you may translate these personifications as similes instead. In that case, wisdom or folly would be presented as being like a wise or stupid woman. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 1:intro y4et 0 # Proverbs 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\n1. Introduction and purpose for Proverbs (1:1–7)\n * Title (1:1)\n * The Purpose of Proverbs (1:2–6)\n * Main Theme: Fearing Yahweh is essential to being wise (1:7)\n2. A father teaches his son about wisdom (1:8–9:18)\n * Avoid evil companions (1:8–19)\n * Do not reject wisdom (1:20–33)\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Personification\n\nIn [1:20–33](../01/20.md), wisdom is referred to as if it were a woman. In languages where it is possible for a woman figure to represent an abstract concept like wisdom, the translator should translate the personification directly. However, if direct translation is not possible in your language, you may translate these personifications as similes instead. In that case, wisdom would be presented as being like a wise woman. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 1:1 ej1t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis מִ֭שְׁלֵי שְׁלֹמֹ֣ה 1 The author is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “These are the proverbs of Solomon” 1:1 q6pn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession מִ֭שְׁלֵי שְׁלֹמֹ֣ה 1 Here, the author is using the possessive form to describe **proverbs** that were written by **Solomon**. If this is not clear in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “The proverbs that were written by Solomon” 1:2 sah7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis לָדַ֣עַת חָכְמָ֣ה וּמוּסָ֑ר 1 [1:2–6](../01/02.md) are one long sentence that lacks some of the words that a sentence in many languages would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “The purposes of proverbs are to know wisdom and instruction” 1:2 i8k2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal לָדַ֣עַת & לְ֝הָבִ֗ין 1 **To** and **to** here indicate two purposes for proverbs. Use a natural way in your language for introducing purpose clauses. Alternate translation: “These proverbs are for the purpose of knowing … and they are for the purpose of understanding” 1:2 iaq1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חָכְמָ֣ה וּמוּסָ֑ר 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **wisdom** and **instruction**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “wise and instructive things” 1:2 rs3p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession אִמְרֵ֥י בִינָֽה 1 Here, the author is using the possessive form to describe **sayings** that give a person **understanding**. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “sayings that give someone understanding” 1:3 ew1z rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal לָ֭קַחַת מוּסַ֣ר 1 Here, **to** indicates a third purpose for proverbs. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. You may want to begin a new sentence. Alternate translation: “These proverbs are for the purpose of receiving instruction of” 1:3 aun5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מוּסַ֣ר הַשְׂכֵּ֑ל צֶ֥דֶק וּ֝מִשְׁפָּ֗ט וּמֵישָׁרִֽים 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **instruction**, **insight**, **righteousness**, **justice**, and **integrity**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “what is instructive of what is insightful, what is righteous, what is just, and what is honest” 1:4 j62d rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal לָתֵ֣ת לִפְתָאיִ֣ם עָרְמָ֑ה 1 Here, **to** indicates a fourth purpose for proverbs. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. You may want to begin a new sentence. Alternate translation: “These proverbs are for the purpose of giving naive ones prudence” 1:4 p2ca rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns עָרְמָ֑ה & דַּ֣עַת וּמְזִמָּֽה 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **prudence**, **knowledge**, and **discretion**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “what is prudent … what he should know and how to be discreet” 1:4 wxv5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לְ֝נַ֗עַר 1 The author is speaking of young men in general, not of one particular **young man**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “to young men” 1:5 lrm2 0 This verse is parenthetical and interrupts the list of purposes for proverbs in [1:2–6](../01/02.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could add parentheses, as in the ULT, or use a natural way in your language to indicate a parenthetical statement. 1:5 gagy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism יִשְׁמַ֣ע חָ֭כָם וְי֣וֹסֶף לֶ֑קַח וְ֝נָב֗וֹן תַּחְבֻּל֥וֹת יִקְנֶֽה 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first clause by repeating the same idea with different words. Hebrew poetry was based on this kind of repetition, and it would be good to show this to your readers by including both phrases in your translation rather than combining them. However, if it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “a wise one will hear and increase insight, yes, the understanding one will acquire guidance” 1:5 r7sn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis יִשְׁמַ֣ע חָ֭כָם 1 The author is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “a wise one will hear these proverbs” 1:5 sddg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit תַּחְבֻּל֥וֹת יִקְנֶֽה 1 The author implies that this person **will acquire guidance** from proverbs. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “will acquire guidance from these proverbs” 1:5 ykul rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תַּחְבֻּל֥וֹת 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea **guidance**, you could express the same ides in another way. Alternate translation: “what guides” 1:6 kp7t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism לְהָבִ֣ין מָ֭שָׁל וּמְלִיצָ֑ה דִּבְרֵ֥י חֲ֝כָמִ֗ים וְחִידֹתָֽם 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first clause by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word that indicates that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “to understand a proverb and a satire, yes, to understand the words of the wise ones and their riddles” 1:6 rcl9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal לְהָבִ֣ין מָ֭שָׁל וּמְלִיצָ֑ה 1 Here, **to** indicates a fifth purpose for proverbs. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. You may want to begin a new sentence. Alternate translation: “These proverbs are for the purpose of understanding a proverb and a satire” 1:6 h2dv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis דִּבְרֵ֥י חֲ֝כָמִ֗ים 1 The author is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the previous clause. Alternate translation: “to understand the words of the wise ones” 1:6 wlac rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy דִּבְרֵ֥י 1 Here, the author uses the term **words** to describe what **the wise ones** say by using **words**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the words spoken by” 1:7 r9nd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession יִרְאַ֣ת יְ֭הוָה 1 Here, the author is using the possessive form to describe **fear** that a person should have for **Yahweh**. If this is not clear in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “The fear for Yahweh” 1:7 ga71 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit רֵאשִׁ֣ית דָּ֑עַת 1 Here, **beginning** refers to the foundation or basis of something. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “is the foundation of knowledge” or “is the prerequisite for acquiring knowledge” or “is what knowledge is based upon” 1:7 l9za rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns יִרְאַ֣ת & דָּ֑עַת חָכְמָ֥ה וּ֝מוּסָ֗ר 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **fear**, **knowledge**, **wisdom**, and **instruction**, you could express the same ideas in another way. See how you translated **knowledge** in [1:4](../01/04.md) and **wisdom** and **instruction** in [1:2](../01/02.md). Alternate translation: “Being fearful of … knowing something … wise things and instructive things” 1:7 ooap rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast חָכְמָ֥ה וּ֝מוּסָ֗ר אֱוִילִ֥ים בָּֽזוּ 1 This clause is a strong contrast with the previous clause. In your translation, indicate this strong contrast in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “by contrast, fools despise wisdom and instruction” 1:8 v4em rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism שְׁמַ֣ע בְּ֭נִי מוּסַ֣ר אָבִ֑יךָ וְאַל־תִּ֝טֹּ֗שׁ תּוֹרַ֥ת אִמֶּֽךָ 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Hear, my son, the instruction of your father, yes, do not forsake the law of your mother” 1:8 p2x9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom שְׁמַ֣ע בְּ֭נִי מוּסַ֣ר 1 **Hear** often means “hear and obey.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language. Alternative translation: “Pay attention, my son, to the instruction of” 1:8 f71k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מוּסַ֣ר 1 See how you translated **instruction** in [1:2](../01/02.md). 1:8 dqtr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person מוּסַ֣ר אָבִ֑יךָ 1 Solomon is speaking about himself in the third person. If this would not be natural in your language, you could use the first person form. Alternate translation: “the instruction of me, your father” 1:8 wzq0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes וְאַל־תִּ֝טֹּ֗שׁ 1 Solomon is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, **not**, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning, **forsake**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “and heed” 1:8 liis rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns תּוֹרַ֥ת 1 Here, the word **law** is singular in form, but it refers to several laws as a group. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the rules of” 1:9 h55y rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֤י 1 **For** here indicates that what follows is a reason for the commands in the previous verse. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “Obey these instructions because” or “Obey your parents because” 1:9 esiw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism לִוְיַ֤ת חֵ֓ן הֵ֬ם לְרֹאשֶׁ֑ךָ וַ֝עֲנָקִ֗ים לְגַרְגְּרֹתֶֽיךָ 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “they are a garland of grace for your head, yes, pendants for your neck” 1:9 lcw8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns לִוְיַ֤ת חֵ֓ן הֵ֬ם 1 Here, the pronoun **they** refers to the instruction and teaching of one’s parents, as stated in the previous verse. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the instruction and law from your parents are a garland of grace” or “what your parents taught you is a garland of grace” 1:9 qxp8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לִוְיַ֤ת חֵ֓ן הֵ֬ם לְרֹאשֶׁ֑ךָ וַ֝עֲנָקִ֗ים לְגַרְגְּרֹתֶֽיךָ 1 Here the author speaks of the rules and instructions that parents teach their children as if they were a **garland** or **pendants.** These two items make a person look more attractive to other people and may cause other people to respect that person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use similes. Alternate translation: “they make you look more beautiful and respectable” or “they are like a garland of grace for your head and like pendants for your neck” 1:9 b1ay rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession לִוְיַ֤ת חֵ֓ן 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **garland** that is characterized by **grace**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “are a gracious garland” 1:10 ucf5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical אִם־יְפַתּ֥וּךָ חַ֝טָּאִ֗ים 1 Solomon is using a hypothetical situation to help his readers understand how important it is to resist temptation from **sinners**. Use the natural form in your language for expressing a hypothetical situation. Alternate translation: “suppose sinners entice you” 1:10 y9bt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אִם־יְפַתּ֥וּךָ חַ֝טָּאִ֗ים אַל־תֹּבֵֽא 1 Solomon implies that the **sinners** would **entice** his **son** to sin with them. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “if sinners entice you to join them in sinning, do not consent to sin with them” 1:11 f89h rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical אִם־יֹאמְרוּ֮ 1 Solomon is using a hypothetical situation to help his readers understand how sinners might entice someone to join them in sinning. Use the natural form in your language for expressing a hypothetical situation. Alternate translation: “Suppose they say” 1:11 nvn9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns יֹאמְרוּ֮ 1 Here, the pronoun **they** refers to sinners, as mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “those sinners say” 1:11 kzhn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive אִ֫תָּ֥נוּ נֶאֶרְבָ֥ה & נִצְפְּנָ֖ה 1 By **us**, the sinners are referring to themselves but not other people, so use the exclusive form of that word in your translation if your language marks that distinction. 1:11 easr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism נֶאֶרְבָ֥ה & נִצְפְּנָ֖ה 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a word that shows the connection between these two phrases. Alternate translation: “Let us lie in wait … Yes, let us hide to ambush” 1:11 tbiw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְדָ֑ם 1 Here, **blood** refers to violently murdering someone, which usually causes **blood** to come out of the person who is murdered. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “to shed blood” or “to murder someone” 1:11 qu4w rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal לְדָ֑ם נִצְפְּנָ֖ה 1 Here, **for** and **to** introduce the purposes for these actions. The purpose for lying in wait is to shed blood. The purpose for hiding is to ambush someone. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate purposes. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of shedding blood. Let us hide for the purpose of ambushing” 1:11 yxfk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לְנָקִ֣י 1 The sinners are speaking of an **innocent** person in general, not of one particular **innocent one**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “some innocent person” 1:12 ohx2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive נִ֭בְלָעֵם 1 By **us**, the sinners are referring to themselves but not other people, so use the exclusive form of that word in your translation if your language marks that distinction. 1:12 w4w6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נִ֭בְלָעֵם 1 The sinners speak of murdering people as if they were swallowing them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Let us murder them” 1:12 b8bq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism כִּשְׁא֣וֹל חַיִּ֑ים וּ֝תְמִימִ֗ים כְּי֣וֹרְדֵי בֽוֹר 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “the living ones, like Sheol, yes, the whole ones like those going down to a pit” 1:12 uwk1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis כִּשְׁא֣וֹל 1 The sinners are leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “like Sheol swallows people” 1:12 cvaj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification כִּשְׁא֣וֹל 1 The Israelites sometimes referred to dying as “going down to **Sheol**.” Here, **Sheol** is spoken of as if it were an animal that could **swallow** someone. The idea of **Sheol** swallowing someone refers to how people are completely gone after they die and are buried. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “like death is complete” 1:12 ewpx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וּ֝תְמִימִ֗ים 1 The sinners are leaving out some of the words that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the beginning of the verse. Alternate translation: “and let us swallow the whole ones” 1:12 kea4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ֝תְמִימִ֗ים 1 Here, **whole** refers to being completely healthy. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and the healthy ones” 1:12 ndi0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis כְּי֣וֹרְדֵי בֽוֹר 1 The sinners are leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “like those going down to a pit are swallowed” 1:12 ayt4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כְּי֣וֹרְדֵי בֽוֹר 1 The Israelites referred to dying as **going down to** **Sheol** or a **pit**. Here the sinners are saying that their victims are like **those going down to a pit** because those people will die. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “like those who die” 1:13 ls9y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive נִמְצָ֑א נְמַלֵּ֖א בָתֵּ֣ינוּ 1 In this verse, the sinners use **We** and **our** to refer to themselves but not other people. Use the exclusive form of those words in your translation if your language marks that distinction. 1:13 jh51 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole כָּל 1 The sinners say **all** here as a generalization for emphasis. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “very much” 1:14 x2p6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom גּ֭וֹרָ֣לְךָ תַּפִּ֣יל בְּתוֹכֵ֑נוּ 1 This is an idiom. If could refer to: (1) joining with a group of people that will share the same destiny. Alternate translation: “You must join us and share our destiny” (2) the practice of throwing small objects called lots to determine who would receive something. Alternate translation: “You must join us in sharing loot by casting lots” 1:14 l56r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy כִּ֥יס אֶ֝חָ֗ד יִהְיֶ֥ה לְכֻלָּֽנוּ 1 Here, **purse** represents everything that these sinners steal. Some of what they steal would be put in a **purse**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “we will equally share everything that we steal” 1:14 ci4y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive בְּתוֹכֵ֑נוּ & לְכֻלָּֽנוּ 1 In this verse, the sinners use **our** and **us** to refer to themselves but not other people. Use the exclusive form of those words in your translation if your language marks that distinction. 1:15 vdao rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אַל־תֵּלֵ֣ךְ בְּדֶ֣רֶךְ אִתָּ֑ם מְנַ֥ע רַ֝גְלְךָ֗ מִנְּתִיבָתָֽם 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word that would show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “do not walk in the way with them, yes, restrain your foot from their path” 1:15 t25u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אַל־תֵּלֵ֣ךְ בְּדֶ֣רֶךְ אִתָּ֑ם מְנַ֥ע רַ֝גְלְךָ֗ מִנְּתִיבָתָֽם 1 Solomon uses **walk** to refer to associating with the sinners. He uses **way** and **path** to refer to the behavior of the sinners. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “have nothing to do with those sinners; keep yourself from behaving like them” 1:15 bcrz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche רַ֝גְלְךָ֗ 1 Solomon is using one part of a person, the **foot**, to represent the whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “yourself” 1:16 cdbr rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֣י 1 **For** here indicates that what follows is a reason for the commands in the previous verse. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “Do not walk with them because” 1:16 v6fc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche רַ֭גְלֵיהֶם & יָר֑וּצוּ 1 Here, “feet” represents the whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “they run” 1:16 vap2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor רַ֭גְלֵיהֶם לָרַ֣ע יָר֑וּצוּ 1 Solomon speaks of how eager the sinners are to do evil as if **their feet** were running to it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “they are eager to do evil” 1:16 m7ui rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִשְׁפָּךְ־דָּֽם 1 The phrase **pour out blood** refers to violently murdering people, which usually causes **blood** to come out of the people who are murdered. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “to murder others” 1:17 ll92 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive מְזֹרָ֣ה הָרָ֑שֶׁת 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “does someone spread out a net” 1:17 uzlj rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown מְזֹרָ֣ה הָרָ֑שֶׁת 1 A **net** is a trap that hunters use to catch animals. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of trap, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “is the trap set up” 1:17 v3ze rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּ֝עֵינֵ֗י 1 Here, **eyes** refers to what is seen with the **eyes**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in view of” or “in the sight of” 1:17 geds rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בַּ֥עַל כָּנָֽף 1 The phrase **owner of wing** refers to a bird. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly, as in the UST. 1:18 oexi rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast וְ֭הֵם 1 Here, **but** indicates a strong contrast between the bird mentioned in the previous verse and the sinners who speak in [1:11–14](../01/11.md). In your translation, indicate this strong contrast in a way that is natural in your language. You may want to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “By contrast, they” 1:18 ulr3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ֭הֵם & יֶאֱרֹ֑בוּ 1 This phrase finishes the comparison started in the previous verse. Unlike a bird who is smart enough to avoid a net, these sinners destroy themselves by doing sinful things that cause them to be killed. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but they are more foolish than birds. They lie in wait” 1:18 sise rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וְ֭הֵם לְדָמָ֣ם יֶאֱרֹ֑בוּ יִ֝צְפְּנ֗וּ לְנַפְשֹׁתָֽם׃ 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a word that shows the connection between these two clauses. Alternate translation: “but they lie in wait for their blood, yes, they hide in ambush for their lives” 1:18 mlek rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וְ֭הֵם & יִ֝צְפְּנ֗וּ 1 In this verse, the pronoun **they** refers to the sinners described in [1:10–16](../01/10.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but those sinners … those sinners hide in ambush” 1:18 b16m rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וְ֭הֵם לְדָמָ֣ם יֶאֱרֹ֑בוּ יִ֝צְפְּנ֗וּ לְנַפְשֹׁתָֽם 1 In this verse, **for** introduces the result of these actions. They **lie in wait** and **hide in ambush** and the result is that it costs them **their blood**and **their lives**. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate results. Alternate translation: “but they lie in wait, which costs them their blood; they hide in ambush, which costs them their lives” 1:18 vs5n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְדָמָ֣ם 1 See how you translated **blood** in [1:11](../01/11.md). 1:18 rih3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְנַפְשֹׁתָֽם 1 Here, “their own lives” refers to the sinners themselves. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “for themselves” 1:19 fz7s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אָ֭רְחוֹת 1 Here, Solomon uses **paths** to refer to the destiny of those sinners. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “are the destinies of” 1:19 cse7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj כָּל 1 Here, Solomon uses the adjective **all** as a noun to mean “every person.” Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “every person” 1:19 zdvu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בָּ֑צַע 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **gain**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “what they gain unjustly” 1:19 jk1s rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns בְּעָלָ֣יו יִקָּֽח 1 Here, the pronouns **it** and **its** refer to the **unjust gain**, which is mentioned in the previous clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “that unjust gain takes … unjust gain’s owner” 1:19 su23 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification אֶת־נֶ֖פֶשׁ בְּעָלָ֣יו יִקָּֽח 1 Solomon speaks of **unjust gain** as if it were a person who could kill his **owner**. He means that the wicked things that sinful people do to **unjustly gain unjust gain** will result in them dying. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “unjust gain results in its owner dying” or “seeking unjust gain kills those who do it” or “it is as if unjust gain takes the life of its owner” 1:19 r7lc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אֶת־נֶ֖פֶשׁ & יִקָּֽח 1 Here, the phrase **takes the life of** means to kill someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “it kills” 1:20 xza5 0 In [1:20–33](../01/20.md), wisdom is spoken of as if it were a woman speaking to the people. See the discussion of this in the General Notes for this chapter. 1:20 kh97 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism חָ֭כְמוֹת בַּח֣וּץ תָּרֹ֑נָּה בָּ֝רְחֹב֗וֹת תִּתֵּ֥ן קוֹלָֽהּ 1 These two clauses and the two clauses of the next verse mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than and in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Wisdom cries out outside, yes, she gives her voice in the open places” 1:20 pj5i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification חָ֭כְמוֹת & תָּרֹ֑נָּה & תִּתֵּ֥ן קוֹלָֽהּ 1 Here, Solomon speaks of **Wisdom** as if it were a woman who **cries out** or **gives her voice**. He means that **Wisdom** is available to all people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “Wisdom is available … it is available” or “Wisdom is like a woman who cries out … like a woman who gives her voice” or “It is as if wisdom cries out … it is as if wisdom gives its voice” 1:20 pj5v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בַּח֣וּץ 1 Here, **outside** refers to the public space **outside** of one’s house where there would be many people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in the streets” 1:20 u7zc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom תִּתֵּ֥ן קוֹלָֽהּ 1 This is an idiom that means **she** spoke very loudly. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “speaks with a loud voice” 1:20 njj7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בָּ֝רְחֹב֗וֹת 1 Here, **open areas** refers to large, outdoor public places where there would usually be many people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in the marketplaces” or “in the plazas” 1:21 b47p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism בְּרֹ֥אשׁ הֹמִיּ֗וֹת תִּ֫קְרָ֥א בְּפִתְחֵ֖י שְׁעָרִ֥ים בָּעִ֗יר אֲמָרֶ֥יהָ תֹאמֵֽר 1 These two clauses and the two clauses of the previous verse mean basically the same thing. These two clauses emphasize the meaning of the first clause of the previous verse by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word that would show that these clauses are repeating the first one in the previous verse, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Yes, at the head of the tumultuous places she calls out; yes, at the opening of the gates in the city she says her sayings” 1:21 ggk1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּרֹ֥אשׁ 1 Here, **head** refers to the place where busy streets intersect. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “At the intersection of streets in” 1:21 jy0y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification תִּ֫קְרָ֥א & אֲמָרֶ֥יהָ תֹאמֵֽר 1 Here, Solomon speaks of wisdom as if it were a woman who **calls out** or **says her sayings**. He means that **Wisdom** is available to all people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “wisdom is available … it is available” or “it is as if wisdom calls out … it is as if wisdom says its sayings” 1:21 b1k3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּפִתְחֵ֖י שְׁעָרִ֥ים בָּעִ֗יר 1 Solomon’s readers would have understood that the **the opening of the gates in the city** was a crowded place where many people gathered. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “at the opening of the gates in the city, where many people gather,” 1:22 atm2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations עַד־מָתַ֣י 1 [1:22–33](../01/22.md) are one long quotation that Solomon presents as if wisdom itself were speaking. Consider natural ways of introducing direct quotations in your language. Alternate translation: “She says, ‘Until when” or “It is as if wisdom says, ‘Until when” 1:22 jk3x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion עַד־מָתַ֣י ׀ פְּתָיִם֮ תְּֽאֵהֲב֫וּ פֶ֥תִי וְלֵצִ֗ים לָ֭צוֹן חָמְד֣וּ לָהֶ֑ם וּ֝כְסִילִ֗ים יִשְׂנְאוּ־דָֽעַת 1 Wisdom is using the question form to emphasize that these types of people should stop acting the way they do. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “For too long the naive ones have loved naiveté and mockers have delighted in mockery for themselves and stupid ones have hated knowledge!” 1:22 v3nj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns פֶ֥תִי & לָ֭צוֹן & דָֽעַת 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **naiveté**, **mockery**, and **knowledge**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. See how you translated **knowledge** in [1:4](../01/04.md). Alternate translation: “thinking naively … mocking …knowing something” 1:23 la68 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit תָּשׁ֗וּבוּ 1 **Turn** here implies turning one’s head in order to listen better to what someone is saying. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Turn your heads and listen” 1:23 uv1b הִנֵּ֤ה 1 **Behold** is a term meant to focus the attention of the listener on what the speaker is about to say. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use some emphatic term or expression in your language that would have this same effect. Alternate translation: “Listen carefully” 1:23 jw6o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אַבִּ֣יעָה לָכֶ֣ם רוּחִ֑י אוֹדִ֖יעָה דְבָרַ֣י אֶתְכֶֽם 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word that would show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “I shall allow my spirit to gush forth to you, yes, I shall cause you to know my words” 1:23 c7ci rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor רוּחִ֑י 1 Here, **spirit** refers to a person’s thoughts. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “my thoughts” 1:23 t4c9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אַבִּ֣יעָה לָכֶ֣ם רוּחִ֑י 1 Wisdom telling the people what she thinks is spoken of as if her thoughts were a liquid that she would **gush forth**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I shall tell you what I think” 1:23 mwpx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy דְבָרַ֣י 1 Here, wisdom uses the term **words** to describe what she says by using **words**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the words that I speak” 1:24 rpx7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result יַ֣עַן 1 **Because** here indicates that what follows in this verse and the next verse is the reason for the result that is stated in [1:26–27](../01/26.md). Use the most natural way in your language to state a reason. If you divide [1:24–27](../01/24.md) into two sentences, then you will need to remove **Because** here and add a word to express result at the beginning of [1:26](../01/26.md), as in the UST. Alternate translation: “Since” 1:24 p5wg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism קָ֭רָאתִי וַתְּמָאֵ֑נוּ נָטִ֥יתִי יָ֝דִ֗י וְאֵ֣ין מַקְשִֽׁיב 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word that would show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “I have called and you have refused, yes, I have stretched out my hand and there was no one listening attentively” 1:24 e734 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַתְּמָאֵ֑נוּ 1 Wisdom implies that people **refused** to listen to what she said. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and you have refused to listen to me” 1:24 i835 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom נָטִ֥יתִי יָ֝דִ֗י 1 This phrase **stretched out my hand** is an idiom that refers to beckoning someone or inviting a person to come. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I stretched out my hand to beckon you” or “I beckoned you” 1:25 h2ki rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וַתִּפְרְע֥וּ כָל־עֲצָתִ֑י וְ֝תוֹכַחְתִּ֗י לֹ֣א אֲבִיתֶֽם 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “and you have ignored all my counsel, yes, my rebuke you did not accept” 1:25 l0le rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns עֲצָתִ֑י וְ֝תוֹכַחְתִּ֗י 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **counsel** and **rebuke**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “that I have counseled, and … what I said to rebuke you” 1:26 r8lx rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result גַּם־אֲ֭נִי 1 [1:26–27](../01/26.md) state the result of what was stated in [1:24–25](../01/24.md). If you divided [1:24–27](../01/24.md) into two sentences and removed **Because** from [1:24](../01/24.md), then you will need to add a word here to express the result of the reasons given in [1:24–25](../01/24.md). Alternate translation: “As a result, I too” or “So, I too” 1:26 sl5u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism גַּם־אֲ֭נִי בְּאֵידְכֶ֣ם אֶשְׂחָ֑ק אֶ֝לְעַ֗ג בְּבֹ֣א פַחְדְּכֶֽם 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word that shows that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “I too shall laugh in your calamity, yes, I shall mock when your dread comes” 1:26 rfi6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit גַּם־אֲ֭נִי 1 The phrase translated as **I too** shifts the focus from the foolish people mentioned in [1:24–25](../01/24.md) to the person speaking, who represents wisdom. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I in turn” or “I, for my part” 1:26 p97h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּאֵידְכֶ֣ם & בְּבֹ֣א פַחְדְּכֶֽם 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **calamity** and **dread**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “when you suffer … when you are scared” 1:26 jucu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification בְּבֹ֣א פַחְדְּכֶֽם 1 Here, wisdom speaks of experiencing **dread** as if it were a person who **comes** to someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “when you experience dread” 1:27 efxq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification בְּבֹ֤א & פַּחְדְּכֶ֗ם 1 See how you translated this phrase in the previous verse. 1:27 qn3z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns פַּחְדְּכֶ֗ם וְֽ֭אֵידְכֶם 1 See how you translated **dread** and **calamity** in the previous verse. 1:27 kd9m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כשאוה & כְּסוּפָ֣ה 1 Here, wisdom compares the manner in which **dread** and **calamity** will happen to the destructive power of a **storm** or **whirlwind**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “violently … violently” 1:27 uy59 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile בְּבֹ֥א עֲ֝לֵיכֶ֗ם צָרָ֥ה וְצוּקָֽה 1 Here, wisdom speaks of experiencing **distress and anguish** as if they were a person who could **come upon** someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “when you experience distress and anguish” 1:27 xrk8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns צָרָ֥ה וְצוּקָֽה 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **distress** and **anguish**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “what is distressing and what makes you anguished” 1:28 m9t9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אָ֣ז יִ֭קְרָאֻנְנִי וְלֹ֣א אֶֽעֱנֶ֑ה יְ֝שַׁחֲרֻ֗נְנִי וְלֹ֣א יִמְצָאֻֽנְנִי 1 These two sentences mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the sentences with a word that shows that the second sentence is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Then they will call out to me, but I will not answer. Yes, they will diligently seek me, but they will not find me” 1:28 g5w7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns יִ֭קְרָאֻנְנִי & יְ֝שַׁחֲרֻ֗נְנִי וְלֹ֣א יִמְצָאֻֽנְנִי 1 In this verse, the pronoun **they** refers to the foolish people who ignored wisdom, as described in [1:22–27](../01/22.md). If it would be clearer in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “those who ignored me will call out to me … those people will diligently seek me, but they will not find me” 1:28 zous rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יִ֭קְרָאֻנְנִי 1 Here, **call out** implies crying out for help. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “they will call out to me for help” 1:29 ty8c rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result תַּ֭חַת כִּי 1 This phrase indicates that what follows in this verse and the next verse are the reasons why the foolish people will not find wisdom, as stated in the previous verse. Use the most natural way in your language to express reasons. Alternate translation: “because” 1:29 xk1e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns דָ֑עַת 1 See how you translated **knowledge** in [1:4](../01/04.md). 1:29 iu3z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְיִרְאַ֥ת יְ֝הֹוָ֗ה 1 See how you translated **the fear of Yahweh** in [1:7](../01/07.md). 1:30 q2mi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism לֹא־אָב֥וּ לַעֲצָתִ֑י נָ֝אֲצ֗וּ כָּל־תּוֹכַחְתִּֽי 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “they did not want my counsel, yes, they despised my every rebuke” 1:30 jhg8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns לֹא־אָב֥וּ & נָ֝אֲצ֗וּ 1 In this verse, the pronoun **they** refers to the foolish people who ignored wisdom, as described in [1:22–27](../01/22.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “those who ignored me did not want … and those people despised” 1:30 h1ds rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns לַעֲצָתִ֑י & כָּל־תּוֹכַחְתִּֽי 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **counsel** and **rebuke** in [1:25](../01/25.md). 1:31 nr9k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וְֽ֭יֹאכְלוּ מִפְּרִ֣י דַרְכָּ֑ם וּֽמִמֹּעֲצֹ֖תֵיהֶ֣ם יִשְׂבָּֽעוּ 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “And they will eat from the fruit of their way, yes, from their plans they will be satisfied” 1:31 wkf7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְֽ֭יֹאכְלוּ מִפְּרִ֣י דַרְכָּ֑ם 1 Here, people suffering the consequences of their behavior is spoken of as if they were eating **the fruit of their way**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a similar idiom from your language or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And they will experience the consequences of their behavior” 1:31 c1jc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וּֽמִמֹּעֲצֹ֖תֵיהֶ֣ם יִשְׂבָּֽעוּ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and their plans will satisfy them” 1:31 bk2c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּֽמִמֹּעֲצֹ֖תֵיהֶ֣ם יִשְׂבָּֽעוּ 1 Here, the word translated as **satisfied** means “to be made full of.” This word can have either a positive or negative meaning, but here the meaning is negative. It means that these foolish people will suffer the full consequences of **their** foolish **plans**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “they will experience the consequences of their plans” 1:32 t8af rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases כִּ֤י 1 **For** here indicates that what follows in [1:32–33](../01/32.md) is the conclusion to what wisdom stated in [1:22–31](../01/22.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In conclusion,” 1:32 bxu4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism מְשׁוּבַ֣ת פְּתָיִ֣ם תַּֽהַרְגֵ֑ם וְשַׁלְוַ֖ת כְּסִילִ֣ים תְּאַבְּדֵֽם 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “the turning away of the naive ones will slay them, yes, false security will lead stupid ones to ruin” 1:32 bwme rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification מְשׁוּבַ֣ת פְּתָיִ֣ם תַּֽהַרְגֵ֑ם 1 Here, **turning away** is spoken of as if it were a person who could **slay** someone. This expression means that **the naive ones** will die because of their **turning away**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “the naive ones will die because of their turning away” or “the turning away of the naive ones is like someone who will slay them” 1:32 s7ln rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מְשׁוּבַ֣ת פְּתָיִ֣ם 1 Here, refusing to listen to wisdom is spoken of as **turning away** from the one who is speaking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the refusing to listen of the naive ones” 1:32 le64 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וְשַׁלְוַ֖ת 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **false security**, you could express the same idea with a different expression. Alternate translation: “wrongly feeling secure” 1:32 cmi9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וְשַׁלְוַ֖ת כְּסִילִ֣ים תְּאַבְּדֵֽם 1 Here, **false security** is spoken of as if it were a person who could **lead** someone. This expression means that **stupid ones** will die because of their **false security**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “and stupid ones will be ruined because of their false security” or “false security of stupid ones is like someone who will ruin them” 1:33 pspz rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast וְשֹׁמֵ֣עַֽ 1 **But** here indicates a strong contrast between **the one who listens** and “the naive ones,” who were mentioned in the previous verse. In your translation, indicate this strong contrast in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “However, the one who listens” 1:33 kho1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession מִפַּ֥חַד רָעָֽה 1 Here, the possessive form describes **dread** that a person has for **evil**. If this is not clear in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “from dreading evil” 1:33 zjk2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מִפַּ֥חַד רָעָֽה 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **dread** in [1:26](../01/26.md) and **evil** in [1:16](../01/16.md). 2:intro wr6i 0 # Proverbs 2 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\n2. A father teaches his son about wisdom (1:8–9:18)\n * Avoid evil companions (1:8–19)\n * Do not reject wisdom (1:20–33)\n * Wisdom prevents people from committing crimes or adultery (2:1–22) 2:1 ku26 בְּ֭נִי 1 In [2:1](../02/01.md)–[7:27](../07/27.md), Solomon continues addressing his **son** directly, as he had previously in [1:8–19](../01/08.md). 2:1 fkcl rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical אִם 1 Here, **if** indicates the beginning of a conditional sentence that extends from this verse to [2:5](../02/05.md). This is the first of three **if** clauses in this long sentence. If it would be clearer in your language, you could divide this long sentence into shorter sentences and indicate the condition along with the result in [2:5](../02/05.md), as in the UST. 2:1 jh3i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ֝מִצְוֺתַ֗י תִּצְפֹּ֥ן אִתָּֽךְ 1 Valuing the father’s **commandments** is spoken of as if the **commandments** were a treasure and the person were a safe place to store that treasure. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and consider my commandments to be as valuable as a treasure” 2:2 hiva rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לְהַקְשִׁ֣יב לַֽחָכְמָ֣ה אָזְנֶ֑ךָ תַּטֶּ֥ה לִ֝בְּךָ֗ לַתְּבוּנָֽה 1 The word translated as **to** here indicates that what follows in this verse explains the means by which a person can receive the sayings and commandments mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “by causing your ear to be attentive to wisdom, and by inclining your heart to understanding” 2:2 an5c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לְהַקְשִׁ֣יב & אָזְנֶ֑ךָ 1 This phrase is an idiom that refers to forcing oneself to listen carefully. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “force yourself to listen carefully” 2:2 w1il rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns לַֽחָכְמָ֣ה & לַתְּבוּנָֽה 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **wisdom** and **understanding** in [1:2](../01/02.md). 2:2 ibaf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy תַּטֶּ֥ה לִ֝בְּךָ֗ לַתְּבוּנָֽה 1 Here, Solomon uses **heart** to refer a person’s inner being or mind. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “incline your inner being to understanding” or “incline your mind to understanding” 2:2 gme3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom תַּטֶּ֥ה לִ֝בְּךָ֗ לַתְּבוּנָֽה 1 The phrase **incline your heart** is an idiom that refers to fully committing one’s mind to doing something. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “fully commit yourself to gaining understanding” 2:3 j5n7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אִ֣ם לַבִּינָ֣ה תִקְרָ֑א לַ֝תְּבוּנָ֗ה תִּתֵּ֥ן קוֹלֶֽךָ 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with words that show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “if you call out for understanding, yes, if for perception you lift up your voice” 2:3 ntaj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification לַבִּינָ֣ה & לַ֝תְּבוּנָ֗ה 1 Here, Solomon speaks of calling out to receive **understanding** and **perception** as if they were people whom someone could summon. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to receive understanding … to receive perception” 2:3 v4y2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns לַבִּינָ֣ה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **understanding** in the previous verse. 2:3 cda0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns לַ֝תְּבוּנָ֗ה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **perception**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “for what should be perceived” 2:3 q192 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom תִּתֵּ֥ן קוֹלֶֽךָ 1 This phrase is an idiom that refers to speaking loudly. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you speak with a loud voice” 2:4 ci1k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אִם־תְּבַקְשֶׁ֥נָּה כַכָּ֑סֶף וְֽכַמַּטְמוֹנִ֥ים תַּחְפְּשֶֽׂנָּה 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with words other than **and** that show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “if you seek it like silver, yes, if search for it like hidden treasures” 2:4 mvqx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis אִם־תְּבַקְשֶׁ֥נָּה כַכָּ֑סֶף וְֽכַמַּטְמוֹנִ֥ים תַּחְפְּשֶֽׂנָּה 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “if you seek it like it were silver and search for it like it were hidden treasures” or “if you seek it like you would seek silver and search for it like you would search for hidden treasures” 2:4 sm8u rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns תְּבַקְשֶׁ֥נָּה & תַּחְפְּשֶֽׂנָּה 1 In this verse, the pronoun **it** refers to wisdom. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “you seek wisdom … search for wisdom” 2:4 ll3n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile אִם־תְּבַקְשֶׁ֥נָּה כַכָּ֑סֶף וְֽכַמַּטְמוֹנִ֥ים תַּחְפְּשֶֽׂנָּה 1 Solomon is saying that wisdom is like **silver** and **hidden treasures** because those are items they people value greatly and work very hard to find. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “if you seek it diligently like one seeks silver and search for it diligently like one searches for hidden treasures” 2:5 y8la rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result אָ֗ז 1 Here, **then** indicates that what follows is the result of meeting the conditions that are stated in [2:1–4](../02/01.md). If you divided this long sentence in [2:1–5](../02/01.md) into shorter sentences, then you will need to indicate condition before the result here, as in the UST. Alternate translation: “If you do so, then the result will be that” 2:5 ngzm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession יִרְאַ֣ת יְהוָ֑ה 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:7](../01/07.md). 2:5 h49h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְדַ֖עַת אֱלֹהִ֣ים תִּמְצָֽא 1 Obtaining **the knowledge of God** is spoken of as if **the knowledge of God** were an object that a person can **find** by searching for it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you will have the knowledge of God” 2:5 vknk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְדַ֖עַת אֱלֹהִ֣ים תִּמְצָֽא 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe knowing **God**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and you will find how to know God” 2:6 cq0z rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּֽי 1 **For** here indicates that what follows is the reason why what Solomon stated in [2:1–4](../02/01.md) is true. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “This is due to the fact that” 2:6 ab3j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חָכְמָ֑ה & דַּ֣עַת וּתְבוּנָֽה 1 See how you translated **wisdom** in [1:2](../01/02.md) and **knowledge** and **understanding** in the previous verse. 2:6 g5bj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche מִ֝פִּ֗יו דַּ֣עַת וּתְבוּנָֽה 1 Here, **mouth** represents Yahweh himself or what he says. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from Yahweh comes knowledge and understanding” 2:7 jn6b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וצפן לַ֭יְשָׁרִים תּוּשִׁיָּ֑ה 1 Yahweh possessing **sound wisdom** that he gives to people is spoken of as if **sound wisdom** were an item that Yahweh **stores up**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And he has sound wisdom to provide for the upright ones” 2:7 dv7k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תּוּשִׁיָּ֑ה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **sound wisdom**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “soundly wise things” 2:7 m2mi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מָ֝גֵ֗ן לְהֹ֣לְכֵי תֹֽם 1 Yahweh protecting his people is spoken of as if he were a **shield**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he shields those walking with integrity” 2:7 u4zr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לְהֹ֣לְכֵי תֹֽם 1 Here, **walking** refers to how people behave. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “who conduct themselves with integrity” 2:7 xk74 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תֹֽם 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **integrity** in [1:3](../01/03.md). 2:8 ajdo rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal לִ֭נְצֹר 1 Here, **to** indicates that what follows is the purpose for Yahweh giving “sound wisdom” and being a “shield,” as stated in the previous verse. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a purpose. You may to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “Yahweh does these things for the purpose of guarding” 2:8 qt7r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אָרְח֣וֹת מִשְׁפָּ֑ט 1 Here, **paths** could refer to: (1) the lives of people who behave justly, in which case the meaning is similar to the next clause in the verse. Alternate translation: “those who behave justly” (2) **justice** itself, as if it were **paths**. Alternate translation: “the path that is justice” or “justice” 2:8 t2qd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְדֶ֖רֶךְ חֲסִידָ֣יו יִשְׁמֹֽר 1 Here, Solomon speaks of the lives of God’s **faithful ones** as if they were a way or road. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and he will preserve the lives of his faithful ones” 2:9 qn9x rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result אָ֗ז 1 **Then** here indicates that what follows is another result of meeting the conditions stated in [2:1–4](../02/01.md). Use the most natural way in your language to indicate the result of meeting conditions. Alternate translation: “If you do those things, then the result will be that” 2:9 hh3z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns צֶ֣דֶק וּמִשְׁפָּ֑ט וּ֝מֵישָׁרִ֗ים 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **righteousness**, **justice**, and **integrity** in [1:3](../01/03.md). 2:9 ex8y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor כָּל־מַעְגַּל־טֽוֹב 1 Here, Solomon speaks of wise behavior as if it were a **good track**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “every good behavior” 2:10 ftxt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חָכְמָ֣ה & וְ֝דַ֗עַת 1 See how you translated **wisdom** in [1:2](../01/02.md) and **knowledge** in [1:4](../01/04.md). 2:10 sjsp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְלִבֶּ֑ךָ 1 See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [2:2](../02/02.md). 2:10 kf4i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom תָב֣וֹא & בְלִבֶּ֑ךָ 1 This phrase is an idiom that refers to fully knowing something. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will be fully known by you” or “will be fully in your mind” 2:10 z4e2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לְֽנַפְשְׁךָ֥ יִנְעָֽם 1 Here, **spirit** refers to the whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will be pleasant to you” 2:11 oo4b 1 [2:11–17](../02/11.md) are one long sentence. If you divide these verses into multiple sentences, as the UST does, then you may need to repeat some phrases in order to make the meaning clear. 2:11 q2th rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism מְ֭זִמָּה תִּשְׁמֹ֥ר עָלֶ֗יךָ תְּבוּנָ֥ה תִנְצְרֶֽכָּה 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Discretion will preserve over you, yes, understanding will protect you” 2:11 jbm7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification מְ֭זִמָּה תִּשְׁמֹ֥ר עָלֶ֗יךָ תְּבוּנָ֥ה תִנְצְרֶֽכָּה 1 Here, Solomon speaks of **discretion** and **understanding** as if they were people who could **protect** someone else. He means that someone who has **discretion** and **understanding** will be safe. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “If you have discretion, you will be safe; if you have understanding, you will be secure” 2:11 dnu8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מְ֭זִמָּה & תְּבוּנָ֥ה 1 See how you translated **Discretion** in [1:4](../01/04.md) and **understanding** in [1:2](../01/02.md). 2:12 ix2e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification לְ֭הַצִּ֣ילְךָ 1 Here, Solomon speaks of “discretion” and “understanding” as if they were people who could **rescue** someone. He means that people who have “discretion” and “understanding” will **rescue** themselves from harm. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to rescue yourselves” 2:12 w9je rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal לְ֭הַצִּ֣ילְךָ 1 Here, **to** indicates that what follows is the purpose for “discretion” and “understanding” protecting a person, as stated in the previous verse. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a purpose. Alternate translation: “Discretion and understanding will protect you for the purpose of rescuing you” 2:12 xcem rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession מִדֶּ֣רֶךְ רָ֑ע 1 This phase **the way of evil** could refer to: (1) the **way** of an **evil** person. This interpretation fits the context of the descriptions of evil people given in [2:12–17](../02/12.md). Alternate translation: “from the way of an evil person” (2) a **way** that is characterized by **evil**. Alternate translation: “from the evil way” 2:12 vs4c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִדֶּ֣רֶךְ 1 Here, Solomon uses **way** to refer to how people behave. See how you translated this use of **way** in [1:15](../01/15.md). 2:12 ekbf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רָ֑ע 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **evil** in [1:16](../01/16.md). 2:12 utj7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis מֵ֝אִ֗ישׁ 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and to rescue you from a man” 2:12 vund rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מֵ֝אִ֗ישׁ 1 The word **man** here represents a type of person in general, not one particular **man**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “from a person” 2:13 a5k8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אָרְח֣וֹת יֹ֑שֶׁר 1 Here, **the paths of straightness** refers to behaving in a right manner. The word **paths** refers to human behavior, and **straightness** refers to being righteous. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “doing what is right” or “acting rightly” 2:13 tc6p rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal לָ֝לֶ֗כֶת 1 Here, **to** introduces the purpose for forsaking **the paths of straightness**. Use a natural way in your language to indicate purpose. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of walking” 2:13 q9by rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לָ֝לֶ֗כֶת בְּדַרְכֵי־חֹֽשֶׁךְ 1 This phrase refers to behaving in an evil manner. The biblical authors often use **walk** to refer to how someone behaves and **darkness** to refer to evil. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to do what is evil” or “to behave in an evil manner” 2:14 e571 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רָ֑ע & רָֽע 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **evil**in [1:16](../01/16.md). 2:14 t4yz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּֽתַהְפֻּכ֥וֹת רָֽע 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **perverse things** that are characterized by **evil**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “evil perverse things” 2:15 ei69 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אֲשֶׁ֣ר אָרְחֹתֵיהֶ֣ם עִקְּשִׁ֑ים וּ֝נְלוֹזִ֗ים בְּמַעְגְּלוֹתָֽם 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word other than **and** that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “whose paths are crooked, yes, who go astray in their tracks” 2:15 jpq2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אָרְחֹתֵיהֶ֣ם עִקְּשִׁ֑ים & בְּמַעְגְּלוֹתָֽם 1 Here, Solomon refers to human behavior as if it were **paths** and **tracks** that people walk on. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “behavior is crooked … in their behavior” 2:15 lsl5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עִקְּשִׁ֑ים & וּ֝נְלוֹזִ֗ים 1 Here, Solomon uses the phrases **are crooked** and **go astray** to refer to being deceptive. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “are deceptive and who are deceptive” 2:16 p5k9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal לְ֭הַצִּ֣ילְךָ 1 Here, **to** indicates that what follows is another purpose for “discretion” and “understanding” guarding a person, as stated in the [2:11](../02/11.md). Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a purpose. If you divided up the long sentence in [2:11–17](../02/11.md) into shorter sentences, then here you will need to repeat some information from [2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: “Discretion and understanding will guard you for the additional purpose of rescuing you” 2:16 wotd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מֵאִשָּׁ֣ה זָרָ֑ה מִ֝נָּכְרִיָּ֗ה 1 Here, Solomon refers to an immoral and adulterous **woman** as if she were a stranger or foreigner. God considers such a **woman** to be **strange** or **foreign** because her sinful acts have caused her to be alienated from God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly, as in the UST. 2:16 dtaw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מֵאִשָּׁ֣ה זָרָ֑ה מִ֝נָּכְרִיָּ֗ה 1 Solomon is speaking of any women who do these things, not of one particular **woman**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “from any strange woman, from any foreign woman” 2:16 yvpb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis מִ֝נָּכְרִיָּ֗ה 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and to rescue you from a foreign woman” 2:16 zrdj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲמָרֶ֥יהָ הֶחֱלִֽיקָה 1 Here, Solomon speaks of this woman speaking seductively as if she were making what she says **smooth**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “who makes her sayings seductive” 2:17 c2iu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אַלּ֣וּף 1 Here, **companion** refers to the husband of the adulterous woman mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the husband of” 2:17 on5o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession אַלּ֣וּף נְעוּרֶ֑יהָ 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **the companion** whom this woman married while she was in **her youth**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the companion whom she married in her youth” 2:17 omt2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns נְעוּרֶ֑יהָ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **youth**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “the time when she was young” 2:17 awb4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּרִ֖ית אֱלֹהֶ֣יהָ 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **the covenant** that this woman made with **her God.** If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the covenant that she made with her God” 2:17 yeit rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּרִ֖ית 1 Here, **covenant** refers specifically to the **covenant** that that man and woman made with each other and God when they married. This **covenant** included promising not to commit adultery. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the covenant that she made with her God when she married her husband” 2:18 i084 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֤י 1 **For** here indicates that what follows is the reason why “discretion” and “understanding” rescue a man from an adulterous woman, as stated in [2:16](../02/16.md). Use the most natural way in your language to state a reason. Alternate translation: “Discretion and understanding will rescue you from her because” 2:18 v1ud rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism שָׁ֣חָה אֶל־מָ֣וֶת בֵּיתָ֑הּ וְאֶל־רְ֝פָאִ֗ים מַעְגְּלֹתֶֽיהָ 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “her house sinks down to death, yes, her tracks to the spirits of the dead” 2:18 dn9d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בֵּיתָ֑הּ 1 Here, **house** could refer to: (1) going to the adulterous woman’s **house**. Alternate translation: “going to her house” (2) the adulterous activity that takes place in her house. Alternate translation: “what she does in her house” 2:18 hbh4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שָׁ֣חָה אֶל־מָ֣וֶת 1 Here, Solomon speaks of a man doing something that would result in his death as if he were going on a path or to a **house** that **sinks down**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “results in a man dying” or “causes a man to die” 2:18 rkj1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְאֶל־רְ֝פָאִ֗ים מַעְגְּלֹתֶֽיהָ 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause. Alternate translation: “and her tracks sink down to the spirits of the dead” or “and her tracks lead to the spirits of the dead” 2:18 g44z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מַעְגְּלֹתֶֽיהָ 1 Here, **tracks** could refer to: (1) the path that leads to the adulterous woman. Alternate translation: “the path that leads to her” (2) how she behaves, which is how **tracks** is used in [2:15](../02/15.md). Alternate translation: “her behavior” 2:18 hwl4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy רְ֝פָאִ֗ים 1 Here, **the spirits of dead ones** refers to the place where people’s spirits go when they die, which was called “Sheol” in [1:12](../01/12.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the place where the spirits of dead people dwell” or “the place of the dead” 2:19 n7tg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism בָּ֭אֶיהָ 1 Here, **enter** refers to someone having sexual relations with another person. This is a polite way of referring to something that is offensive or embarrassing in some cultures. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different polite way of referring to this act or you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “those who have sexual relations with her” or “those who sleep with her” 2:19 wzqj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לֹ֣א יְשׁוּב֑וּן 1 Here, **return** could refer to: (1) those people coming back to life, as suggested by the references to death in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “will not become alive again” (2) those people returning to a joyful or prosperous life. Alternate translation: “will not return to living well” 2:19 zg4r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְלֹֽא־יַ֝שִּׂ֗יגוּ אָרְח֥וֹת חַיִּֽים 1 This could mean: (1) those people will not be able to come back to life, as suggested by the references to death in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “and they will not return to the land of the living” (2) those people will not be able to enjoy a good life again. Alternate translation: “and they will never live a happy life again” 2:20 ts71 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result לְמַ֗עַן 1 **So** here indicates that what follows is the result of what was stated in [2:11–19](../02/11.md) being true. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. Alternate translation: “Because this is true” 2:20 kzax rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism תֵּ֭לֵךְ בְּדֶ֣רֶךְ טוֹבִ֑ים וְאָרְח֖וֹת צַדִּיקִ֣ים תִּשְׁמֹֽר 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “you shall walk in the way of the good ones, yes, the paths of the righteous ones you shall keep” 2:20 hp7d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative תֵּ֭לֵךְ בְּדֶ֣רֶךְ טוֹבִ֑ים וְאָרְח֖וֹת צַדִּיקִ֣ים תִּשְׁמֹֽר 1 Solomon is using a future statement to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “walk in the way of the good ones and keep the paths of the righteous ones” 2:20 fiw6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תֵּ֭לֵךְ בְּדֶ֣רֶךְ & וְאָרְח֖וֹת & תִּשְׁמֹֽר 1 The phrases **walk in the way of** and **keep the paths of** both refer to how people behave or live their lives. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you shall behave like … and you shall behave like” 2:21 wou9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּֽי 1 **For** here indicates that what follows in [2:21–22](../02/21.md) is the conclusion to what was stated in [2:11–20](../02/11.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. See how you translated a similar use of **For** in [1:32](../01/32.md). Alternate translation: “In conclusion,” 2:21 uy6e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism יְשָׁרִ֥ים יִשְׁכְּנוּ אָ֑רֶץ וּ֝תְמִימִ֗ים יִוָּ֥תְרוּ בָֽהּ 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “the upright ones will dwell in the land, yes, the blameless ones will remain in it” 2:21 bqn1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יִשְׁכְּנוּ אָ֑רֶץ & יִוָּ֥תְרוּ בָֽהּ 1 Here, **the land** and **it** could refer to: (1) the **land** of Israel, which God had given to the Jewish people and which Solomon was ruling over when he wrote these proverbs. Alternate translation: “will dwell in the land of Israel … will remain in Israel” or “will dwell in our land … will remain in our land” (2) the earth in general, in which case this would refer to staying alive. Alternate translation: “will dwell on the earth … will remain alive on the earth” 2:22 nyod rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast וּ֭רְשָׁעִים 1 Here, **but** indicates a strong contrast between the **wicked** and **treacherous** people and the “upright” and “blameless” people, who were mentioned in the previous verse. See how you translated a similar strong contrast in [1:33](../01/33.md). 2:22 mnw9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יִכָּרֵ֑תוּ &יִסְּח֥וּ 1 If your language does not use these passive forms, you could express the ideas in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The context indicates that God will do the action. Alternate translation: “God will cut off … God will tear away” 2:22 r5sm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִכָּרֵ֑תוּ & יִסְּח֥וּ 1 Solomon speaks of Yahweh removing people from **the land** as if he were cutting those people off, like a person cuts a branch from a tree, or as if he were tearing those people away, like a person violently pulls someone off of something. Solomon does not state if these people are removed by being killed or by being forced to leave **the land**, so it is best to use general expressions for these phrases. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will be removed … will be taken away” 2:22 w94m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מֵאֶ֣רֶץ & מִמֶּֽנָּה 1 See how you translated **the land** and **it** in the previous verse. 3:intro a94e 0 # Proverbs 3 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\n2. A father teaches his son about wisdom (1:8–9:18)\n * Avoid evil companions (1:8–19)\n * Do not reject wisdom (1:20–33)\n * Wisdom prevents people from committing crime or adultery (2:1–22)\n * Humbly trust Yahweh (3:1–12)\n * The value of wisdom (3:13–20)\n * Do not act wickedly (3:21–35)\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Personification\n\nIn [3:15–18](../03/15.md), wisdom is referred to as if it were a woman. In languages where it is possible for a woman figure to represent an abstract concept like wisdom, the translator should translate the personification directly. However, if direct translation is not possible in your language, you may translate these personifications as similes instead. In that case, wisdom would be presented as being like a wise woman. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 3:1 tjcg בְּ֭נִי 1 From [2:1](../02/01.md) to [7:27](../07/27.md), Solomon addresses his **son** directly, as he had previously in [1:8–19](../01/08.md). [3:1](../03/01.md) continues these direct instructions. 3:1 p6r4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism תּוֹרָתִ֣י אַל־תִּשְׁכָּ֑ח וּ֝מִצְוֺתַ֗י יִצֹּ֥ר לִבֶּֽךָ 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “do not forget my law, yes, my commandments let your heart guard” 3:1 jvym rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes אַל־תִּשְׁכָּ֑ח 1 Here, Solomon uses a figure of speech that expresses a strong positive meaning by using a negative word together with a word that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning positively, as in the UST. 3:1 ji5p rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns תּוֹרָתִ֣י 1 Here, the word **law** is singular in form, but it refers to several laws as a group. See how you translated this use of **law** in [1:8](../01/08.md). 3:1 f5cv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וּ֝מִצְוֺתַ֗י 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **commandments** in [2:1](../02/01.md). 3:1 n273 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy יִצֹּ֥ר לִבֶּֽךָ 1 See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [2:2](../02/02.md). 3:1 g7i5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification יִצֹּ֥ר לִבֶּֽךָ 1 Here, Solomon speaks of a person’s **heart** as if it were a person who could **guard** something, and he speaks of **commandments** as if they were things that could be guarded. He means that he wants his son to remember these **commandments** in order to obey them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “remember to obey” 3:2 e1jx rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֤י 1 **For** here indicates that what follows is a reason for the commands in the previous verse. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “Remember my commandments because”\n 3:2 yp9h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure אֹ֣רֶךְ יָ֭מִים וּשְׁנ֣וֹת חַיִּ֑ים וְ֝שָׁל֗וֹם יוֹסִ֥יפוּ לָֽךְ 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could change the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “they will add to you length of days and years of life and peace” 3:2 fmbi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אֹ֣רֶךְ יָ֭מִים 1 Here, **length of days** is an idiom that means “a long life.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a long life” 3:2 r3ia rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וּשְׁנ֣וֹת חַיִּ֑ים 1 Here, **years of life** is an idiom that means “a long and fulfilling life.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and a fulfilling life” or “and years of fulfilling life” 3:2 jl5c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וְ֝שָׁל֗וֹם 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **peace**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “and a peaceful life” 3:2 f1ut rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns יוֹסִ֥יפוּ 1 Here, the pronoun **they** refers to the law and commandments mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “my law and commandments will add” 3:2 rplu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יוֹסִ֥יפוּ לָֽךְ 1 Here, Solomon speaks of his commandments as if they could **add** **length** to a person’s life. He means that obeying his commandments will enable a person to life a long life. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “obeying them will add to you” or “by obeying them you will add to yourself” 3:3 s6k5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism חֶ֥סֶד וֶאֱמֶ֗ת אַֽל־יַעַ֫זְבֻ֥ךָ קָשְׁרֵ֥ם עַל־גַּרְגְּרוֹתֶ֑יךָ כָּ֝תְבֵ֗ם עַל־ל֥וּחַ לִבֶּֽךָ 1 These three clauses mean basically the same thing. The second and third clauses emphasize the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a word that shows the connection between these three clauses. Alternate translation: “Do not let covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness leave you, yes, bind them on your throats, indeed, write them on the tablet of your heart” 3:3 w5in rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification חֶ֥סֶד וֶאֱמֶ֗ת אַֽל־יַעַ֫זְבֻ֥ךָ 1 Here, Solomon speaks of **covenant faithfulness** and **trustworthiness** as if they were people who could **leave** someone. He means that a person should not stop being faithful and trustworthy. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Do not stop being faithful and trustworthy” 3:3 jx0f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes חֶ֥סֶד וֶאֱמֶ֗ת אַֽל־יַעַ֫זְבֻ֥ךָ 1 Here, Solomon uses a figure of speech that expresses a strong positive meaning by using a negative word together with a word that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning positively. Alternate translation: “Retain covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness” 3:3 v4wt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חֶ֥סֶד וֶאֱמֶ֗ת 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **covenant faithfulness** and **trustworthiness**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “being faithful and trustworthy” 3:3 xj6j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor קָשְׁרֵ֥ם עַל־גַּרְגְּרוֹתֶ֑יךָ 1 Here, Solomon speaks of **covenant faithfulness** and **trustworthiness** as if they were objects that someone could **tie** around his **neck** like a necklace. He means that these are valuable qualities that people should display outwardly by their behavior. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “show them outwardly by how you behave” or “display them like one would wear a necklace” 3:3 i4pt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy כָּ֝תְבֵ֗ם עַל־ל֥וּחַ לִבֶּֽךָ 1 See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [2:2](../02/02.md). 3:3 i8u6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor כָּ֝תְבֵ֗ם עַל־ל֥וּחַ לִבֶּֽךָ 1 Here, Solomon speaks of the **heart** as if it were a **tablet** upon which someone could **write** **covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness**. He means that people should always remember to behave with **covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “keep these things in your mind” or “always remember them, as if you had written them permanently on a tablet” 3:4 xajl rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וּמְצָא־חֵ֖ן 1 Here, **and** introduces the result of obeying the commands stated in the previous verse. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate results. You may need to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “If you do these things, then you will find favor” or “This will result in you finding favor” 3:4 uwqy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּמְצָא־חֵ֖ן וְשֵֽׂכֶל־ט֑וֹב 1 Here, Solomon speaks of **favor and good insight** as if they were objects that a person could find. He means that **God and man** will show **favor** and **good insight** to the person who does what Solomon commanded in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and you will experience favor and good insight” 3:4 g3fy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּעֵינֵ֖י 1 Here, **eyes** refers to seeing, and seeing is a metaphor for knowledge, notice, attention, or judgment. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in the judgment of” 3:4 i2ke rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וְאָדָֽם 1 Solomon is speaking of people in general, not of one particular **man**. If it would be helpful in your language, use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “and others” 3:5 w345 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִבֶּ֑ךָ 1 See how you translated **heart** in [2:2](../02/02.md). 3:5 m1v4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְאֶל־בִּֽ֝ינָתְךָ֗ אַל־תִּשָּׁעֵֽן 1 Here, Solomon speaks of relying on one’s own **understanding** as if **understanding** were an object that a person could **lean on**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “do not rely on your own understanding” 3:5 xos0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בִּֽ֝ינָתְךָ֗ 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **understanding** in [1:2](../01/02.md). 3:6 c7br rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּכָל־דְּרָכֶ֥יךָ & אֹֽרְחֹתֶֽיךָ 1 Here, Solomon speaks of a person’s actions as if they were **ways** or **paths** on which that person walks. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in all that you do … what you do” 3:6 ftuh rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וְ֝ה֗וּא יְיַשֵּׁ֥ר 1 Here, **and** introduces the result of obeying the commands stated in the previous verse and the beginning of this verse. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate results. You may need to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “If you do these things, then he himself will straighten” or “This will result in he himself straightening” 3:6 vunk rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וְ֝ה֗וּא יְיַשֵּׁ֥ר 1 For emphasis, Solomon is stating the pronoun **himself**, whose meaning is already stated as **he**. If your language can state implied pronouns explicitly for emphasis, you may want to use that construction in your translation. Other languages may have other ways of bringing out this emphasis. The ULT does so by using the intensive pronoun **himself**. Alternate translation: “he indeed will straighten” 3:6 m1v6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ֝ה֗וּא יְיַשֵּׁ֥ר אֹֽרְחֹתֶֽיךָ 1 Here, Solomon speaks of Yahweh showing people what they should do as if Yahweh were removing obstacles and smoothing out **paths** that people walk on. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and he himself will make clear to you what you should do” or “and he himself will guide your actions” 3:7 y6is rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּעֵינֶ֑יךָ 1 Here, Solomon speaks of a person’s opinion as if that person were seeing something with his **eyes**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in your own opinion” 3:7 dgv0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast יְרָ֥א אֶת־יְ֝הוָ֗ה וְס֣וּר מֵרָֽע 1 This clause is a strong contrast with the previous clause. While the previous clause said what a person should not do, this clause says what that person should do instead. In your translation, indicate this strong contrast in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Rather, fear Yahweh and turn from evil”\n 3:7 au5s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְס֣וּר מֵרָֽע 1 Here, Solomon speaks of refusing to do **evil** actions as if are person were turning away **from evil**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and do not commit evil” 3:7 fwf0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מֵרָֽע 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **evil** in [1:16](../01/16.md). 3:8 yl6z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism רִ֭פְאוּת תְּהִ֣י לְשָׁרֶּ֑ךָ וְ֝שִׁקּ֗וּי לְעַצְמוֹתֶֽיךָ 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than and in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “It will be healing for your navel, yes, refreshment for your bones” 3:8 du95 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns תְּהִ֣י 1 The pronoun **It** here refers to following the commands that Solomon stated in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Obeying these commands will be” 3:8 dtw6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לְשָׁרֶּ֑ךָ & לְעַצְמוֹתֶֽיךָ 1 Solomon is using parts of a person, the **navel** and **bones**, to represent a person’s whole body. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “for your body … for your whole body” 3:8 tca5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְ֝שִׁקּ֗וּי לְעַצְמוֹתֶֽיךָ 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and it will be refreshment for your bones” 3:8 ghf9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וְ֝שִׁקּ֗וּי לְעַצְמוֹתֶֽיךָ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **refreshment**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “and will cause your bones to be refreshed” 3:9 j8au rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis מֵהוֹנֶ֑ךָ וּ֝מֵרֵאשִׁ֗ית כָּל־תְּבוּאָתֶֽךָ 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “by giving from your wealth and by giving from the first of all your produce” 3:9 thp2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּ֝מֵרֵאשִׁ֗ית 1 Here, **first** refers to the **first** crops that were harvested at harvest time. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and from the first crops harvested of” 3:10 z9am rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וְיִמָּלְא֣וּ אֲסָמֶ֣יךָ שָׂבָ֑ע 1 Here, **and** introduces the result of obeying the command stated in the previous verse. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. You may need to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “If you do these things, then your storehouses will be full with plenty” or “This will result in your storehouses being full with plenty” 3:10 y7db rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown אֲסָמֶ֣יךָ 1 The word **storehouses** refers to buildings or rooms where harvested crops are stored. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of storage place, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “your place for storing harvested crops” 3:10 b6gn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שָׂבָ֑ע 1 Here, **plenty** refers to a plentiful amount of harvested crops. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “a plentiful amount of harvested crops” 3:10 vtx6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown וְ֝תִיר֗וֹשׁ יְקָבֶ֥יךָ יִפְרֹֽצוּ 1 The word **vats** refers to large containers in which the juice of grapes called **new wine** was processed into **wine**. If a very large amount of **new wine** was put in the **vat**, it could flow over the top of the **vat**. If your readers would not be familiar with **wine** or the way it is produced, you could refer to something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “and your storage containers will become so extremely full that they break open” 3:11 f4sx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מוּסַ֣ר & בְּתוֹכַחְתּֽוֹ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **correction** and **rebuke**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “Being corrected by … being rebuked by him” 3:12 vqzb rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֤י 1 **For** here introduces the reason for obeying the commands stated in the previous verse. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate reasons. You may need to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “Do not do these things because” 3:12 qsno rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וּ֝כְאָ֗ב אֶת־בֵּ֥ן יִרְצֶֽה 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and like a father he rebukes a son he is pleased with” 3:12 gpk5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֶת־בֵּ֥ן יִרְצֶֽה 1 The phrase **he is pleased with** refers to the father’s affection for his **son**. It does not mean that the father approves of his son’s behavior. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “a son who is dear to him” 3:13 cg8z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis אַשְׁרֵ֣י אָ֭דָם מָצָ֣א חָכְמָ֑ה וְ֝אָדָ֗ם יָפִ֥יק תְּבוּנָֽה 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “Happy is a man who finds wisdom and happy is a man who obtains understanding” 3:13 cckc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אַשְׁרֵ֣י אָ֭דָם מָצָ֣א חָכְמָ֑ה וְ֝אָדָ֗ם יָפִ֥יק תְּבוּנָֽה 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word other than **and** that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Happy is a man who finds wisdom, yes, happy is a man who obtains understanding” 3:13 g5fm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אָ֭דָם & וְ֝אָדָ֗ם 1 In this verse, **a man** represents a person in general, not one particular **man**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “is a person … and a person” 3:13 d1nq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מָצָ֣א חָכְמָ֑ה 1 Here, Solomon speaks of attaining **wisdom** as if it were an object that a person **finds**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “who attains wisdom” 3:13 gdvg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חָכְמָ֑ה & תְּבוּנָֽה 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **wisdom** and **understanding** in [1:2](../01/02.md). 3:14 xyy7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֤י 1 **For** here indicates that what follows is the reason what was stated in the previous verse is true. Use the most natural way in your language to state a reason. Alternate translation: “This is due to the fact that” 3:14 jir1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וּ֝מֵחָר֗וּץ תְּבוּאָתָֽהּ 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and than the produce of gold better is its produce” 3:14 rcci rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism ט֣וֹב סַ֭חְרָהּ מִסְּחַר־כָּ֑סֶף וּ֝מֵחָר֗וּץ תְּבוּאָתָֽהּ 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word other than **and** that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “better {is} its profit than the profit of silver, yes, better than the produce of gold is its produce” 3:14 eetj rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns סַ֭חְרָהּ & תְּבוּאָתָֽהּ 1 In this verse, **its** refers to wisdom. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “is wisdom’s profit … wisdom’s produce” 3:14 jkcm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor סַ֭חְרָהּ מִסְּחַר־כָּ֑סֶף 1 Although the word **profit** usually refers to money that someone earns, Solomon uses it here to refer to a benefit in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is its benefit than the benefit of silver” 3:14 gy74 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession מִסְּחַר־כָּ֑סֶף 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe the monetary **profit** that one gains by selling or investing **silver**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “then the profit one can make from selling silver” 3:14 ssa3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ֝מֵחָר֗וּץ תְּבוּאָתָֽהּ 1 Although the word **produce** usually refers to harvested crops, Solomon uses it here to refer to a benefit in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and than gold its benefit” 3:15 y2yl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification הִ֭יא & בָֽהּ 1 In [3:15–18](../03/15.md) Solomon speaks of wisdom as if it were a woman. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See the discussion of this in the General Notes for this chapter. Alternate translation: “It … with it” 3:15 vxz8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown יְקָ֣רָה & מִפְּנִינִ֑ים 1 The word translated **corals** could also refer to precious stones called “rubies.” Either word refers to an item that is extremely valuable. If your readers would not be familiar with **corals** or rubies, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “is more precious than valuable stones” or “is more precious than something extremely valuable” 3:16 k6ir rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אֹ֣רֶךְ יָ֭מִים 1 See how you translated this idiom in [3:2](../03/02.md). 3:16 e88d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification בִּֽימִינָ֑הּ בִּ֝שְׂמֹאולָ֗הּ 1 In this verse, **her** refers to wisdom as if it were a woman. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is in wisdom’s right hand, in wisdom’s left hand” 3:16 p6g3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בִּֽימִינָ֑הּ בִּ֝שְׂמֹאולָ֗הּ עֹ֣שֶׁר 1 Here, Solomon speaks of wise people receiving **length of days**, **riches**, and **honor** as if they were objects received from the **right** and **left** hands of wisdom. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is received by those who have wisdom, those who have wisdom receive riches” 3:16 yu0r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וְכָבֽוֹד 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **honor**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “and being honored” 3:17 dpuo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification דְּרָכֶ֥יהָ & נְתִ֖יבוֹתֶ֣יהָ 1 **Her** and **her** here refer to wisdom as if it were a woman. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Wisdom’s ways … wisdom’s beaten paths” 3:17 t64o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism דְּרָכֶ֥יהָ דַרְכֵי־נֹ֑עַם וְֽכָל־נְתִ֖יבוֹתֶ֣יהָ שָׁלֽוֹם 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word other than **and** that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Her ways are ways of pleasantness, yes, all her beaten paths are peace” 3:17 a7ix rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דְּרָכֶ֥יהָ דַרְכֵי & נְתִ֖יבוֹתֶ֣יהָ שָׁלֽוֹם 1 In this verse, **ways** and **beaten paths** refer to how being wise guides a person’s behavior. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Wise behavior is behavior of … wise behavior brings peace” 3:17 l02t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession דַרְכֵי־נֹ֑עַם 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **ways** that result in **pleasantness**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “are ways that lead to pleasantness” 3:17 u5du rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns שָׁלֽוֹם 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **peace**, you could express the same idea in another way. The context indicates that **peace** is result of following the **beaten paths**. Alternate translation: “lead to being peaceful” or “result in living peacefully” 3:18 ac5p rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns הִ֭יא & בָּ֑הּ וְֽתֹמְכֶ֥יהָ 1 **She** and **her** here refer to wisdom. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Wisdom … of wisdom, and those who grasp wisdom” 3:18 l7hn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession עֵץ־חַיִּ֣ים 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **tree** with fruit that sustains **life**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “is a tree that gives life” or “is a tree with fruit that sustains life” 3:18 le9q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עֵץ־חַיִּ֣ים & לַמַּחֲזִיקִ֣ים בָּ֑הּ 1 Here, Solomon speaks of wisdom as if it were a **tree** that gives **life** to those who eat its fruit. He means that wisdom causes a person to live and long and happy life. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “results in a good life for the ones who take hold of her” or “is like a tree that sustains the life the ones who take hold of her” 3:18 ka8x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לַמַּחֲזִיקִ֣ים בָּ֑הּ וְֽתֹמְכֶ֥יהָ 1 Here, Solomon refers to people who persist in being wise as if they **take hold of** or **grasp** wisdom. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to the ones who retain wisdom, and those who remain wise” 3:19 c1nf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יָֽסַד־אָ֑רֶץ 1 Here, Solomon speaks of **Yahweh** creating **the earth** as if he were laying the foundation of a building. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Yahweh created the earth” 3:19 rkhr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּחָכְמָ֥ה & בִּתְבוּנָֽה 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **wisdom** in [1:2](../01/02.md) and **understanding** in [2:2](../02/02.md). 3:20 ulw3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit תְּהוֹמ֣וֹת 1 Here, **depths** refers to bodies of water that were deep under the earth’s surface. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the underground bodies of water” 3:20 aov5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit נִבְקָ֑עוּ 1 Here, **broke open** could refer to: (1) the water from **the depths** bursting out from under the ground to form rivers, which best fits the discussion of creation in [3:19–20](../03/19.md). Alternate translation: “burst forth water that formed rivers” (2) the water from **the depths** bursting out during the global flood of Noah’s time, as described in [7:11](../07/11.md). Alternate translation: “burst forth flood water” 3:21 t2j4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure אַל־יָלֻ֣זוּ מֵעֵינֶ֑יךָ נְצֹ֥ר תֻּ֝שִׁיָּ֗ה וּמְזִמָּֽה 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “guard prudence and discretion, do not let them depart from your eyes” 3:21 xa9f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אַל־יָלֻ֣זוּ מֵעֵינֶ֑יךָ 1 Here, Solomon speaks of not forgetting something as if someone were always able to see that thing with his **eyes**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “do not forget them” 3:21 p05r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נְצֹ֥ר 1 Here, Solomon speaks of **prudence** and **discretion** as they were things that could be guarded. He means that he wants his son to remember these qualities in order to practice them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “remember to practice” 3:21 g4b2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תֻּ֝שִׁיָּ֗ה וּמְזִמָּֽה 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **prudence** and **discretion** in [1:4](../01/04.md). 3:22 c7za rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וְיִֽהְי֣וּ 1 **And** here introduces the result of obeying the commands stated in the previous verse. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate results. Alternate translation: “If you do this, then they will be” or “This will result in them being” 3:22 v7jn rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וְיִֽהְי֣וּ 1 Here, **they** refers to “prudence” and “discretion” mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “And prudence and discretion will be” 3:22 mr5l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לְנַפְשֶׁ֑ךָ 1 See how you translated the same use of **spirit** in [2:10](../02/10.md). 3:22 aqnl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְיִֽהְי֣וּ חַיִּ֣ים לְנַפְשֶׁ֑ךָ 1 This phrase is an idiom that refers to having a long life. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And they will cause your life to be long” 3:22 c3ab rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ֝חֵ֗ן לְגַרְגְּרֹתֶֽיךָ 1 Here, **grace** refers to something that looks graceful or attractive to others. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and graceful ornaments for your neck” 3:22 x4q3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ֝חֵ֗ן לְגַרְגְּרֹתֶֽיךָ 1 Here, Solomon speaks of “prudence” and “discretion” as if they were objects that a person could tie around the **neck** like a necklace. The image suggests that these are valuable things that the person displays outwardly. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use similes. See how you translated a similar expression in [1:9](../01/09.md). Alternate translation: “and a gracious display like a necklace around your neck” 3:23 lr2g rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result אָ֤ז תֵּלֵ֣ךְ 1 **Then** here introduces more results of obeying the commands stated in [3:21](../03/21.md). Use the most natural way in your language to indicate results. Alternate translation: “Having prudence and discretion will also result in you walking” 3:23 k64j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תֵּלֵ֣ךְ לָבֶ֣טַח דַּרְכֶּ֑ךָ 1 Here, Solomon speaks of living one’s life as if one were walking along a **way**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you will live your life in security” 3:23 hbrf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns לָבֶ֣טַח 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **security**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “securely” 3:23 uxka rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וְ֝רַגְלְךָ֗ 1 Here, the word “foot” represents the whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and you” 3:23 d5hd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ֝רַגְלְךָ֗ לֹ֣א תִגּֽוֹף 1 Here, **not stumble** could refer to: (1) a person not experiencing harm, which is similar to the idea in the previous clause. Alternate translation: “and your foot will not be harmed” (2) not sinning, which **stumble** is a common metaphor for in other scripture. Alternate translation: “and you will not sin” 3:24 f69h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit תִּשְׁכַּ֥ב & וְ֝שָׁכַבְתָּ֗ 1 In this verse, **lie down** implies lying down in order to sleep. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly, as in the UST. 3:25 dxf0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מִפַּ֣חַד פִּתְאֹ֑ם וּמִשֹּׁאַ֥ת 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **dread** and **devastation**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “of dreadful things that happen suddenly and of what devastates” 3:25 ds94 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וּמִשֹּׁאַ֥ת רְ֝שָׁעִ֗ים 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **the devastation** that is experienced by **the wicked ones**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and of the wicked ones being devastated” 3:25 ri9q rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns תָבֹֽא 1 Here, **it** refers to **the devastation** mentioned earlier in the verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “that devastation comes” 3:26 zyov rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּֽי 1 **For** here indicates that what follows is a reason for the command in the previous verse. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “Do not be afraid of these things because” 3:26 aw88 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְכִסְלֶ֑ךָ 1 Here, Solomon uses **confidence** to refer to the source of a person’s **confidence**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your source of confidence” 3:26 gtf1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְכִסְלֶ֑ךָ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **confidence**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “who makes you confident” 3:26 z3ye rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְשָׁמַ֖ר רַגְלְךָ֣ מִלָּֽכֶד 1 Here, “foot” represents the whole person. See how you translated the similar use of **foot** in [1:15](../01/15.md). 3:26 jc7f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְשָׁמַ֖ר רַגְלְךָ֣ מִלָּֽכֶד 1 Here, Solomon refers to someone experiencing “sudden dread” or “devastation” as if the person were captured in a trap. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and he will keep you from sudden dread or devastation” or “and he will keep you from harm” 3:27 yl8a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ט֥וֹב 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **good**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “something that is good” 3:27 yag5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִבְּעָלָ֑יו 1 Here, Solomon speaks of the **good** that people deserve as if they were **its owners**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from those to whom it is due” 3:27 sqz5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בִּהְי֨וֹת לְאֵ֖ל יָדְךָ֣ 1 Here, Solomon speaks of being able to do something as if doing something was **in the power of** one’s **hand**. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “when you have the ability” 3:28 taqg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אַל־תֹּ֘אמַ֤ר לְרֵֽעֲךָ֨ 1 Solomon implies that the **neighbor** needs something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “When your neighbor needs something, do not say to your neighbor” 3:28 r0kt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֶתֵּ֗ן וְיֵ֣שׁ 1 In this verse, **it** refers to the thing that the **neighbor** needs. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I will give you what you need, yet that thing is” 3:28 e1qg rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous וְיֵ֣שׁ 1 Here, **and** indicates that what follows is true at the same time as the speaker is speaking in the previous clause. This means that the person speaking refuses to give something to someone even though he has it with him. You can make this clear in your translation with an appropriate connecting word or phrase. Alternate translation: “when it is” 3:29 zok6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אַל־תַּחֲרֹ֣שׁ & רָעָ֑ה 1 Here, **plot evil** implies someone plotting to do **evil**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Do not scheme to do evil” 3:29 rdiz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רָעָ֑ה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **evil** in [1:16](../01/16.md). 3:29 yfoa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לָבֶ֣טַח 1 Here, **securely** implies that this person trusts **you** and does not expect to be harmed by **you**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “trustfully” 3:29 aheb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אִתָּֽךְ 1 Here, **with you** refers to being near someone. It does not mean these people dwell in the same house. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “near you” 3:30 h9r7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אָדָ֣ם & לֹ֖א גְמָלְךָ֣ 1 Here, **man** and **he** represent a person in general, not one particular **man**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “a person … that person has not done you” 3:30 ohzi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure חִנָּ֑ם אִם־לֹ֖א גְמָלְךָ֣ רָעָֽה 1 This clause gives the reason why such contending would be **without cause**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use change the sentence structure to show this explicitly. Alternate translation: “who has not done you evil. There is no reason to argue.” 3:30 ykrq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רָעָֽה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **evil** in [1:16](../01/16.md). 3:31 p0vm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּאִ֣ישׁ חָמָ֑ס 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **man** who is characterized by **violence**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “of a violent man” 3:31 bqus rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun בְּאִ֣ישׁ 1 Here, **man** represents a person in general, not one particular **man**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “of a person of” 3:31 pae7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דְּרָכָֽיו 1 Here, Solomon uses **ways** to refer to the behavior of **a man of violence**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the things he does” 3:31 k7bc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְאַל־תִּ֝בְחַ֗ר בְּכָל־דְּרָכָֽיו 1 Solomon assumes that his readers will understand that this command refers to choosing not to do something. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and do not choose to do anything he does” 3:32 pi68 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֤י 1 **For** here indicates that what follows is a reason for the command in the previous verse. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “Do not do these things because” 3:32 eu7k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תוֹעֲבַ֣ת יְהוָ֣ה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **abomination**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “is an abominable person to Yahweh” 3:32 n8ed rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נָל֑וֹז 1 Here, Solomon refers to someone who refuses to act righteously and deliberately does what is wicked as if that person **goes astray** from a path. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he who acts wickedly” 3:32 uy1e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְֽאֶת־יְשָׁרִ֥ים סוֹדֽוֹ 1 Here, Solomon speaks of Yahweh giving **secret counsel** to people as if it were an object that could be **with** those people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but to the upright ones he gives his secret counsel” 3:32 bu8s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit סוֹדֽוֹ 1 The phrase **secret counsel** refers to confidential conversation between friends. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “his confidential conversation” 3:33 h6ns rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession מְאֵרַ֣ת יְ֭הוָה 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **curse** that comes from **Yahweh**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “The curse from Yahweh” 3:33 bsfg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּבֵ֣ית 1 Solomon speaks of the **curse of Yahweh** as if it were an object that he placed **on** top of the wicked person’s **house**. He means that Yahweh curses that **house**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is against the house of” 3:33 q866 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּבֵ֣ית & וּנְוֵ֖ה & יְבָרֵֽךְ 1 Here, the words **house** and **abode** represent the families who live in those houses. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is on the households of … but he blesses the households of” 3:34 bb7k rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns הֽוּא־יָלִ֑יץ 1 For emphasis, Solomon is stating the pronoun **himself**, whose meaning is already stated as **he**. If your language can state implied pronouns explicitly for emphasis, you may want to use that construction in your translation. Other languages may have other ways of bringing out this emphasis. The ULT does so by using the intensive pronoun **himself**. Alternate translation: “he indeed mocks” 3:34 kb65 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִתֶּן־חֵֽן 1 The writer speaks of Yahweh favoring people as if his **favor** were an object that he gives to people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he acts favorably” or “he is gracious” 3:35 y7vz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִנְחָ֑לוּ 1 Here, Solomon speaks of wise people receiving **honor** as if **honor** were property or wealth that they could **inherit** from a family member. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Wise ones will receive honor” 3:35 ly3i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor כָּ֭בוֹד & קָלֽוֹן 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **honor** and **dishonor**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. See how you translated **honor** in [3:16](../03/16.md). Alternate translation: “what is honorable … what is dishonorable” 3:35 b6jx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מֵרִ֥ים 1 Here, Solomon speaks of **stupid** people receiving **dishonor** as if their **dishonor** was lifted up for everyone to see. If it would be helpful in your language, you cold express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will receive” 4:intro z4ah 0 # Proverbs 4 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\n2. A father teaches his son about wisdom (1:8–9:18)\n * Avoid evil companions (1:8–19)\n * Do not reject wisdom (1:20–33)\n * Wisdom prevents people from committing crime or adultery (2:1–22)\n * Humbly trust Yahweh (3:1–12)\n * The value of wisdom (3:13–20)\n * Do not act wickedly (3:21–35)\n * Wisdom will benefit you (4:1–9)\n * Behave wisely and avoid those who do not (4:10–19)\n * Live righteously (4:20–27)\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Personification\n\nIn [4:6–9](../04/06.md), wisdom is referred to as if it were a woman. In languages where it is possible for a woman figure to represent an abstract concept like wisdom, the translator should translate the personification directly. However, if direct translation is not possible in your language, you may translate these personifications as similes instead. In that case, wisdom would be presented as being like a wise woman. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])\n 4:1 ik8v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom שִׁמְע֣וּ 1 See how you translated **Hear** in [1:8](../01/08.md). 4:1 hqv1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בָ֭נִים 1 Throughout chapters 1–9, Solomon alternates between using the plural **sons** and singular “son.” Many scholars think that Solomon does this in order to indicate that he is not only instructing one of his sons, but all of his readers as well. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “you children” 4:1 rao5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מ֣וּסַר & בִּינָֽה 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **instruction** and **understanding** in [1:2](../01/02.md). 4:1 zck6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person אָ֑ב 1 Here, Solomon is speaking about himself in the third person. If this would not be natural in your language, you could use the first person form. Alternate translation: “me, your father” 4:2 s4lm rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֤י 1 **For** here indicates that what follows is a reason for the commands in the previous verse. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “Hear these instructions because”\n 4:2 paf3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you לָכֶ֑ם 1 Here, **you** is plural and refers to the “sons” referred to in the previous verse. 4:2 emym rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result תּֽ֝וֹרָתִ֗י אַֽל־תַּעֲזֹֽבוּ 1 This clause is the result of what came before in the previous clause. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a result of what came before. You may need to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “This is why you must not forsake my law” 4:2 szcm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes אַֽל־תַּעֲזֹֽבוּ 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:8](../01/08.md).\n 4:2 bzrs rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns תּֽ֝וֹרָתִ֗י 1 See how you translated the collective noun **law** in [1:8](../01/08.md). 4:3 y999 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כִּי־בֵ֭ן הָיִ֣יתִי לְאָבִ֑י 1 **When** here indicates that what follows refers to the time when Solomon was a child and still lived under his father’s care. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “When I was still a boy learning from my father” 4:3 n5ke rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys רַ֥ךְ וְ֝יָחִ֗יד 1 This phrase expresses a single idea by using two words connected with **and**. The word **tender** tells what the **only one** was like. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this meaning with an equivalent phrase that does not use **and**. Alternate translation: “the tender only one”\n 4:3 ev51 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ֝יָחִ֗יד 1 Here, **only one** could mean: (1) he was his mother’s only child. Alternate translation: “and only child” (2) he was a unique child of his mother. Alternate translation: “and unique one” 4:3 wjy8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לִפְנֵ֥י אִמִּֽי 1 Here, Solomon speaks of his **mother** considering him to be **the tender and only one** as if he were **before** her **face**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “according to my mother” or “in my mother’s estimation” 4:4 yg9r rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַיֹּרֵ֗נִי 1 Here, **he** refers to Solomon’s father. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly, as in the UST. 4:4 b7y3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִבֶּ֑ךָ 1 See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [2:2](../02/02.md). 4:4 w8fa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִֽתְמָךְ & לִבֶּ֑ךָ 1 Here, Solomon speaks of remembering **words** as if the **heart** were holding on tightly to them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Let your heart remember” 4:4 jcen rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy דְּבָרַ֥י 1 See how you translated the similar use of **my words** in [1:23](../01/23.md). 4:4 kgqa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מִצְוֺתַ֣י 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **commandments** in [2:1](../02/01.md). 4:4 f7zk rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וֶֽחְיֵֽה 1 Here, **and** introduces the result of obeying the command stated in the previous phrase. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. You may need to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “and it will result in you living”\n 4:5 ft42 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חָ֭כְמָה & בִינָ֑ה 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **wisdom** and **understanding** in [1:2](../01/02.md). 4:5 m9r6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes אַל־תִּשְׁכַּ֥ח וְאַל־תֵּ֝֗ט מֵֽאִמְרֵי־פִֽי 1 Here, the phrases **do not forget** and **do not veer from** are figures of speech that express strongly positive meanings by using a negative word, **not**, together with expressions that are the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meanings. Alternate translation: “remember and keep going in the direction of the sayings of my mouth” 4:5 l92p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אַל־תִּשְׁכַּ֥ח וְאַל־תֵּ֝֗ט מֵֽאִמְרֵי־פִֽי 1 Here, Solomon speaks of not forgetting something as if a person were not veering off of a path. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “do not forget and do not stop remembering the sayings of my mouth” 4:5 fb3y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet אַל־תִּשְׁכַּ֥ח וְאַל־תֵּ֝֗ט מֵֽאִמְרֵי־פִֽי 1 Here, the terms **forget** and **veer** mean similar things. Solomon is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “certainly do not forget the sayings of my mouth” 4:5 m3uv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche מֵֽאִמְרֵי־פִֽי 1 Here, **mouth** represents Solomon’s father himself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from my sayings”\n 4:6 vrf5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes אַל־תַּעַזְבֶ֥הָ 1 See how you translated **Do not forsake** in [1:8](../01/08.md). 4:6 xx1v rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וְתִשְׁמְרֶ֑ךָּ & וְתִצְּרֶֽךָּ 1 Both occurrences of **and** in this verse indicate that what follows are the results of the phrases that precede them. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate results. Alternate translation: “and it will result in her preserving you … and it will result in her guarding you”\n 4:6 zc73 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification אַל־תַּעַזְבֶ֥הָ וְתִשְׁמְרֶ֑ךָּ אֱהָבֶ֥הָ וְתִצְּרֶֽךָּ 1 In [4:6–9](../04/06.md) Solomon speaks of wisdom as if it were a woman. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. See the discussion of this in the General Notes for this chapter. Alternate translation: “Do not forsake wisdom and wisdom will be like a woman who preserves you; love wisdom and wisdom will be like a woman who guards you”\n 4:7 zu2p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit רֵאשִׁ֣ית חָ֭כְמָה 1 Here, **beginning** could refer to: (1) the most important thing. Alternate translation: “the most important thing is wisdom” or “wisdom is supreme” (2) the foundation or basis of something, as it means in [1:7](../01/07.md). Alternate translation: “the foundation of wisdom” or “the prerequisite for acquiring wisdom”\n 4:7 guq5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns קְנֵ֣ה חָכְמָ֑ה & קְנֵ֣ה בִינָֽה 1 See how you translated these phrases in [4:5](../04/05.md). 4:7 qcf1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns וּבְכָל־קִ֝נְיָנְךָ֗ 1 The word **acquisition** here is singular in form, but it refers to all of a person’s possessions as a group. If it would be helpful in your language, you could say this plainly. Alternate translation: “And with all your acquisitions” or “And with everything that you acquire” 4:7 b9ip rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּבְכָל־קִ֝נְיָנְךָ֗ 1 Here, **all your acquisition** implies the price of everything that someone has acquired. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “And with the price of all your acquisition” or “And with the price of all you possess” 4:8 pa2i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification סַלְסְלֶ֥הָ וּֽתְרוֹמְמֶ֑ךָּ תְּ֝כַבֵּ֗דְךָ כִּ֣י תְחַבְּקֶֽנָּה 1 In this verse, Solomon speaks of wisdom as if it were a woman. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. See the discussion of this in the General Notes for this chapter. Alternate translation: “Cherish wisdom and wisdom will be like a woman who raises you up; wisdom will be like a woman who honors you when you embrace her” 4:8 x13z rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result סַלְסְלֶ֥הָ וּֽתְרוֹמְמֶ֑ךָּ 1 Here, **and** introduces the result of obeying the command stated in the previous phrase. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. Alternate translation: “If you cherish her, then she will raise you up” or “Cherish her and it will result in her raising you up”\n 4:8 k4fl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּֽתְרוֹמְמֶ֑ךָּ 1 Here, Solomon speaks of a wise person receiving honor as if wisdom were raising that person **up**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and she will cause you to be honored” 4:8 oyxz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit תְּ֝כַבֵּ֗דְךָ 1 Here, Solomon implies that wisdom will cause people to **honor** the person who embraces **her**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “she will cause people to honor you” 4:8 o4nx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification תְחַבְּקֶֽנָּה 1 Here, Solomon speaks of someone valuing wisdom as if he were embracing a woman. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you value wisdom” 4:9 bft9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism תִּתֵּ֣ן לְ֭רֹאשְׁךָ לִוְיַת־חֵ֑ן עֲטֶ֖רֶת תִּפְאֶ֣רֶת תְּמַגְּנֶֽךָּ 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “She will give for your head a garland of grace; yes, with a crown of splendor she will cover you” 4:9 z38e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification תִּתֵּ֣ן לְ֭רֹאשְׁךָ לִוְיַת־חֵ֑ן עֲטֶ֖רֶת תִּפְאֶ֣רֶת תְּמַגְּנֶֽךָּ 1 In this verse, Solomon speaks of wisdom as if it were a woman. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. See the discussion of this in the General Notes for this chapter. Alternate translation: “Wisdom will be like a woman who gives a garland of grace for your head; wisdom will be like a woman who covers you with a crown of splendor” 4:9 beu8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession לִוְיַת־חֵ֑ן 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:9](../01/09.md). 4:9 z184 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עֲטֶ֖רֶת תִּפְאֶ֣רֶת תְּמַגְּנֶֽךָּ 1 Here, Solomon speaks of the honor that a person will have from gaining wisdom as if wisdom placed a **crown** upon that person’s head. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “wisdom will cause people to honor you” or “wisdom will be like someone who puts a crown of splendor on your head” 4:9 py0o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession עֲטֶ֖רֶת תִּפְאֶ֣רֶת 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **crown** that is characterized by **splendor**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “with a splendorous crown” 4:10 p1f4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom שְׁמַ֣ע 1 See how you translated the same use of **Hear** in [1:8](../01/08.md). 4:10 ucq5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וְיִרְבּ֥וּ 1 Here, **and** introduces the result of obeying the commands stated in the previous clause. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. You may need to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “If you do these things, then they will multiply” or “This will result in them multiplying”\n 4:10 l7bx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְיִרְבּ֥וּ לְ֝ךָ֗ שְׁנ֣וֹת חַיִּֽים 1 Here, Solomon speaks of his **sayings** as if they were able to cause someone to live longer. He means that someone who obeys his **sayings** will live longer than if they did not do so. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and obey my sayings will multiply for you the years of life” 4:10 t094 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession שְׁנ֣וֹת חַיִּֽים 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe the **years** that a person lives. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the years that you are alive” 4:11 h1ql rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּדֶ֣רֶךְ חָ֭כְמָה 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **way** that is characterized by **wisdom**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “in the wise way” 4:11 zzp9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּדֶ֣רֶךְ חָ֭כְמָה 1 Here, **the way** refers to how people behave or live their lives. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the wise behavior” or “how to behave wisely”\n 4:11 i8u1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession הִ֝דְרַכְתִּ֗יךָ בְּמַעְגְּלֵי־יֹֽשֶׁר 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **tracks** that are characterized by **uprightness**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “I caused you to tread in the upright tracks” 4:11 m6c7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הִ֝דְרַכְתִּ֗יךָ בְּמַעְגְּלֵי־יֹֽשֶׁר 1 Here, Solomon refers to how people behave or live their lives as if they **tread** **in tracks** on a path. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I caused you to behave uprightly” 4:12 xxp4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism בְּֽ֭לֶכְתְּךָ לֹא־יֵצַ֣ר צַעֲדֶ֑ךָ וְאִם־תָּ֝ר֗וּץ לֹ֣א תִכָּשֵֽׁל 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “When you walk, your step will not be restricted; yes, if you run, you will not stumble” 4:12 dnyj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּֽ֭לֶכְתְּךָ לֹא־יֵצַ֣ר צַעֲדֶ֑ךָ וְאִם־תָּ֝ר֗וּץ לֹ֣א תִכָּשֵֽׁל 1 In this verse, Solomon refers to what people do as if they were walking or running along paths, and he refers to their success in what they do as if the paths were free of obstacles that might make the person **stumble**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “When you do something, you will not be hindered; and if you attempt to do something, you will not fail” 4:12 e986 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes לֹא־יֵצַ֣ר & לֹ֣א תִכָּשֵֽׁל 1 Solomon is using a figure of speech in these two phrases that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, **not**, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “will be free … you will keep going” 4:13 d7gk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הַחֲזֵ֣ק בַּמּוּסָ֣ר אַל־תֶּ֑רֶף 1 Here, Solomon speaks of a person remembering **instruction** as if it were an object that the person could **grasp** and **not let go** of. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated **grasp** in [3:18](../03/18.md). Alternate translation: “Keep on remembering instruction, do not forget it” 4:13 o3nx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בַּמּוּסָ֣ר 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **instruction** in [1:2](../01/02.md). 4:13 b1b6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes אַל־תֶּ֑רֶף 1 Solomon is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, **not**, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “keep holding on to it” 4:13 vymy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נִ֝צְּרֶ֗הָ 1 Here, Solomon speaks of **instruction** as if it were an object that someone should **guard**. He means that he wants his son to remember to do what he has taught him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated a similar use of **guard** in [3:21](../03/21.md). Alternate translation: “remember to practice it”\n 4:13 ljf9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy הִ֥יא חַיֶּֽיךָ 1 Here, Solomon speaks of **instruction** preserving a person’s **life** as if it were that person’s **life** itself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “it will preserve your life” 4:14 hyi4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism בְּאֹ֣רַח רְ֭שָׁעִים אַל־תָּבֹ֑א וְאַל־תְּ֝אַשֵּׁ֗ר בְּדֶ֣רֶךְ רָעִֽים 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “On the path of wicked ones do not go, yes, do not advance on the way of evil ones” 4:14 gi8l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּאֹ֣רַח & בְּדֶ֣רֶךְ 1 See how you translated the similar use of “paths” and “ways” in [3:6](../03/06.md). 4:15 cr8d rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns פְּרָעֵ֥הוּ & בּ֑וֹ & מֵעָלָ֣יו 1 In this verse, the pronoun **it** refers to “the way of evil ones” mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Avoid the way of evil ones … that way … from that evil way” 4:15 hi51 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor פְּרָעֵ֥הוּ אַל־תַּעֲבָר־בּ֑וֹ שְׂטֵ֖ה מֵעָלָ֣יו וַעֲבֽוֹר 1 In this verse, Solomon speaks of behaving wickedly as if it were a path that people could **pass through**, **veer from**, and **pass on**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Avoid acting evilly, do not try it; completely avoid doing evil and do not even think about it” 4:16 w2ac rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֤י 1 **For** here indicates that what follows are reasons why someone should avoid doing **evil**, as stated in the previous verse. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “Avoid acting wickedly because”\n 4:16 vx6n rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns לֹ֣א יִֽ֭שְׁנוּ אִם־לֹ֣א יָרֵ֑עוּ וְֽנִגְזְלָ֥ה שְׁ֝נָתָ֗ם אִם־לֹ֥א יַכְשִֽׁילוּ 1 In this verse, the pronoun **they** refers to the wicked people mentioned in [4:14](../04/14.md). If it would be clearer in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the instruction and law from your parents are a garland of grace” or “wicked ones do not sleep if they do not do evil and the sleep of wicked ones is robbed if those wicked ones do not cause stumbling” 4:16 n1jz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole לֹ֣א יִֽ֭שְׁנוּ אִם־לֹ֣א יָרֵ֑עוּ וְֽנִגְזְלָ֥ה שְׁ֝נָתָ֗ם אִם־לֹ֥א יַכְשִֽׁילוּ 1 In these two clauses, Solomon exaggerates to express how intensely these wicked people desire to do evil actions. Solomon did not mean that these people really did not **sleep** without doing **evil**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “they desire to do evil so much that it is as if they cannot sleep unless they have done evil” 4:16 md91 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְֽנִגְזְלָ֥ה שְׁ֝נָתָ֗ם 1 Here, Solomon is speaking of not being able to **sleep** as if **sleep** were an object that someone could be **robbed** of. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and they are not able to sleep” 4:16 bvp7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אִם־לֹ֥א יַכְשִֽׁילוּ 1 Here, Solomon speaks of causing harm to another person as if it were causing that person to **stumble**. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “if they do not harm someone” 4:17 ld87 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֣י 1 **For** here indicates that what follows are more reasons why someone should avoid doing evil, as commanded in [4:15](../04/15.md). Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “Avoid acting wickedly because” 4:17 w41y rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns לָ֭חֲמוּ & יִשְׁתּֽוּ 1 In this verse, the pronoun **they** refers to the wicked people mentioned in [4:14](../04/14.md). If it would be clearer in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “wicked ones eat … wicked ones drink”\n 4:17 vfi9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לָ֭חֲמוּ לֶ֣חֶם רֶ֑שַׁע וְיֵ֖ין חֲמָסִ֣ים יִשְׁתּֽוּ 1 These two clauses could mean: (1) these wicked people do acts of **wickedness** and **violence** as regularly as they **eat bread** and **drink wine**. Alternate translation: “wickedness is like the bread that they eat and violence is like the wine that they drink” or (2) these wicked people do acts of **wickedness** and **violence** in order to get their **bread** and **wine**. Alternate translation: “they eat bread that they obtain by doing wicked things and they drink wine that they obtain through violent acts” 4:18 w7hu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְאֹ֣רַח צַ֭דִּיקִים 1 Here, **path** could refer to: (1) the things that people experience during their lives. Alternate translation: “But what the righteous ones experience” (2) how people behave, as it does in [1:15](../01/15.md). Alternate translation: “But the lifestyle of the righteous ones” 4:18 y8l4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כְּא֣וֹר נֹ֑גַהּ 1 Here, **the light of brightness** refers to the first sunlight that appears in the morning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “is like the light of dawn” or “is like the first sunlight in the morning” 4:18 etf9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כְּא֣וֹר נֹ֑גַהּ 1 Here, Solomon compares **the path of the righteous ones** to **the light** that appears at sunrise. He means that **righteous** people are safe because they understand what God wants them to do during their lives, just like people can walk safely on a path because **the light** enables them to see where they are going. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is safe” 4:18 jv88 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom הוֹלֵ֥ךְ וָ֝א֗וֹר עַד־נְכ֥וֹן הַיּֽוֹם 1 The phrase **the day is established** refers to the time of **day** when the sun shines the brightest. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “going and shining until the sun shines the brightest” or “going and shining brighter until full daylight” 4:18 i5k7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile הוֹלֵ֥ךְ וָ֝א֗וֹר עַד־נְכ֥וֹן הַיּֽוֹם 1 Here, Solomon continues the comparison of **the path of the righteous ones** to **the light** at sunrise. Just like the sunlight shines increasingly brighter from sunrise until the middle of the day, so also **the righteous ones** will be safer and safer as they understand more and more of how God wants them to live. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “increasing in safety until they are completely safe” 4:19 bqj5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דֶּ֣רֶךְ 1 Here, **way** has the same meaning as “path” in the previous verse. See how you translated “path” there. 4:19 mj9l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כָּֽאֲפֵלָ֑ה 1 Here, Solomon compares the **way of the wicked ones** to **darkness**. He means that the wicked people are always in danger, just like people who walk in darkness are in danger because they cannot see where they are going. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is dangerous” 4:19 m9yh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לֹ֥א יָ֝דְע֗וּ בַּמֶּ֥ה יִכָּשֵֽׁלוּ 1 Here, Solomon speaks of people experiencing harm as if they were stumbling over an object in the path they were walking on. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “they do not know why they experience harm” 4:20 x1dn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism לִדְבָרַ֣י הַקְשִׁ֑יבָה לַ֝אֲמָרַ֗י הַט־אָזְנֶֽךָ 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “listen attentively to my words, yes, incline your ear to my sayings” 4:20 w8jd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִדְבָרַ֣י 1 See how you translated **my words** in [1:23](../01/23.md). 4:20 kji2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom הַט־אָזְנֶֽךָ 1 The phrase **incline your ear** is an idiom that refers to listening carefully to what someone is saying as if the listener was turning his **ear** toward the person speaking. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “listen carefully”\n 4:21 zdv5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אַל־יַלִּ֥יזוּ מֵעֵינֶ֑יךָ 1 See how you translated this clause in [3:21](../03/21.md). 4:21 cb9d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שָׁ֝מְרֵ֗ם בְּת֣וֹךְ לְבָבֶֽךָ 1 See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [2:2](../02/02.md). 4:21 a189 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שָׁ֝מְרֵ֗ם בְּת֣וֹךְ לְבָבֶֽךָ 1 Here, Solomon speaks of remembering something as if someone were keeping it **in the midst of** his **heart**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “always remember them” 4:22 ihlw rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns הֵ֭ם לְמֹצְאֵיהֶ֑ם 1 In this verse, the pronouns **they** and **them** refer to the “sayings” mentioned in [4:20](../04/20.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “my sayings … to those who find my sayings” 4:22 jnu1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy חַיִּ֣ים הֵ֭ם לְמֹצְאֵיהֶ֑ם 1 Here, Solomon speaks of his sayings as if they were the lives of those who remember them. He means that those who remember what he says will preserve their lives. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “they preserve the life of those who find them” or “they cause those who find them to keep living” 4:22 lby5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לְמֹצְאֵיהֶ֑ם 1 Here, Solomon speaks of people remembering his sayings as if those people have found them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to those who remember them” 4:22 rxml rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וּֽלְכָל־בְּשָׂר֥וֹ מַרְפֵּֽא 1 Here, Solomon uses the word **flesh** to refer to a person’s whole body, which is made of flesh. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and healing to all of his body”\n 4:22 hqbe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בְּשָׂר֥וֹ 1 Although **his** is masculine, here it refers to anyone who remembers Solomon’s sayings. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “a person’s flesh” 4:22 d57y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּֽלְכָל־בְּשָׂר֥וֹ מַרְפֵּֽא 1 Here, Solomon speaks of his sayings as if they were **healing** for those who remember them. He means that those who remember what he says will have healthy bodies. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and they preserve their health” or “and they cause their bodies to stay healthy” 4:23 tgel rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נְצֹ֣ר לִבֶּ֑ךָ 1 Here, Solomon speaks of a person being careful of what he thinks in his **heart** as if his **heart** were an object that could be guarded. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Protect what you think in your heart” 4:23 pf19 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִבֶּ֑ךָ 1 See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [2:2](../02/02.md). 4:23 klv3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive מִֽכָּל־מִ֭שְׁמָר 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “more than all that you protect” 4:23 orad rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מִֽכָּל־מִ֭שְׁמָר 1 This phrase is an idiom that means “with all diligence.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “with utmost diligence”\n 4:23 n8vd rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns מִ֝מֶּ֗נּוּ 1 Here, **it** refers to the **heart**, which refers to a person’s mind. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “from your heart” or “from your mind” 4:23 gmwo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִ֝מֶּ֗נּוּ תּוֹצְא֥וֹת חַיִּֽים 1 Here, Solomon speaks of the influence that a person’s **heart** has over what happens in that person’s life as if the **heart** were **sources** that produce **life**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from your heart comes what will direct your life” or “your mind determines what your life will be like” 4:24 jv11 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism הָסֵ֣ר מִ֭מְּךָ עִקְּשׁ֣וּת פֶּ֑ה וּלְז֥וּת שְׂ֝פָתַ֗יִם הַרְחֵ֥ק מִמֶּֽךָּ 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Remove from you perversity of mouth, yes, the deviousness of lips put far away from you”\n 4:24 a2sw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom הָסֵ֣ר מִ֭מְּךָ עִקְּשׁ֣וּת פֶּ֑ה וּלְז֥וּת שְׂ֝פָתַ֗יִם הַרְחֵ֥ק מִמֶּֽךָּ 1 The phrases **perversity of mouth** and **deviousness of lips** both refer to someone using his **mouth** or **lips** to speak deceitfully. If these phrases do not have that meaning in your language, you could use idioms from your language that do have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Remove from you perverse speech, and devious speech put far away from you” 4:24 tdwn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הָסֵ֣ר מִ֭מְּךָ עִקְּשׁ֣וּת פֶּ֑ה וּלְז֥וּת שְׂ֝פָתַ֗יִם הַרְחֵ֥ק מִמֶּֽךָּ 1 In this verse, Solomon speaks of **perversity of mouth** and **the deviousness of lips** as if they were objects that someone could **Remove** or **put far away**. He means that a person should not speak deceitfully. If it would be helpful in your language you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Do not speak perversely, and do not speak deviously” 4:25 d1zl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism עֵ֭ינֶיךָ לְנֹ֣כַח יַבִּ֑יטוּ וְ֝עַפְעַפֶּ֗יךָ יַיְשִׁ֥רוּ נֶגְדֶּֽךָ 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Cause your eyes to gaze to the front, yes, cause your eyelids to be straight in front of you” 4:25 il8g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche עֵ֭ינֶיךָ לְנֹ֣כַח יַבִּ֑יטוּ וְ֝עַפְעַפֶּ֗יךָ יַיְשִׁ֥רוּ נֶגְדֶּֽךָ 1 In this verse, **eyes** and **eyelids** represent the person who is looking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Cause yourself to gaze to the front, and cause yourself to look straight in front of you” 4:25 wkv8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עֵ֭ינֶיךָ לְנֹ֣כַח יַבִּ֑יטוּ וְ֝עַפְעַפֶּ֗יךָ יַיְשִׁ֥רוּ נֶגְדֶּֽךָ 1 In these two clauses, Solomon speaks of committing oneself to behaving wisely and righteously as if those qualities were always **in front** of the person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Keep yourself focused on doing what is right, and keep looking ahead to what is good” 4:26 mnhf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor פַּ֭לֵּס 1 Here, Solomon speaks of being careful as if someone were making the ground in front of them flat. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Be careful with” or “Take heed to” 4:26 nt2z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche מַעְגַּ֣ל רַגְלֶ֑ךָ 1 Here the word **foot** represents the whole person who is walking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your track” 4:26 g2a2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מַעְגַּ֣ל רַגְלֶ֑ךָ 1 Here, **track** refers to how someone behaves. See how you translated the same use of **track** in [2:9](../02/09.md). 4:26 uxsk rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וְֽכָל 1 Here, **and** introduces the result of obeying the command stated in the previous clause. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. You may need to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “If you do this, then all” or “This will result in all”\n 4:26 xyn9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דְּרָכֶ֥יךָ 1 See how you translated the same use of **ways** in [3:6](../03/06.md). 4:26 gbd3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִכֹּֽנוּ 1 Here, Solomon speaks of person’s life being successful as if that person were walking safely on solid ground. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will be successful” 4:27 h89u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism אַֽל־תֵּט־יָמִ֥ין וּשְׂמֹ֑אול 1 Here, Solomon uses **right** and **left** to refer to going in any direction other than straight ahead. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Do not go in any direction other than straight ahead” 4:27 vmyt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor אַֽל־תֵּט־יָמִ֥ין וּשְׂמֹ֑אול הָסֵ֖ר רַגְלְךָ֣ מֵרָֽע 1 In this verse, Solomon continues to make an extended comparison between how a person behaves and a person walking on a path that he should not **veer** or **turn away from**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Do not stop behaving rightly, make yourself avoid doing evil” 4:27 j3tn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche רַגְלְךָ֣ 1 See how you translated the same use of **foot** in the previous verse. 4:27 jh5o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מֵרָֽע 1 See how you translated **from evil** in [3:7](../03/07.md). 5:intro jxf1 0 # Proverbs 5 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\n2. A father teaches his son about wisdom (1:8–9:18)\n * Avoid evil companions (1:8–19)\n * Do not reject wisdom (1:20–33)\n * Wisdom prevents people from committing crime or adultery (2:1–22)\n * Humbly trust Yahweh (3:1–12)\n * The value of wisdom (3:13–20)\n * Do not act wickedly (3:21–35)\n * Wisdom will benefit you (4:1–9)\n * Behave wisely and avoid those who do not (4:10–19)\n * Live righteously (4:20–27)\n * Avoid temptation to commit adultery (5:1–23)\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### My Son\n\nOccasionally, the author addresses a proverb to “my son.” This is not intended to restrict the words of that proverb to only males. Instead, it is simply a form used to pass on advice as a father does to his son.\n\n### Adulteress\n\nThis chapter is unusual because it holds a theme about the adulteress and warns the young man to avoid her. An adulteress is a woman who commits adultery. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/adultery]]) 5:1 vi27 0 # General Information:\n\nThe writer speaks as a father teaching his children. 5:1 nl9h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche incline your ears 0 Here the word “ears” represents the person who is listening. The writer speaks of listening attentively to someone as if it were leaning forward so that the ears are closer to the one speaking. See how you translated this in [Proverbs 4:20](../04/20.md). Alternate translation: “listen attentively” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 5:2 cei4 discretion 0 Discretion is the quality of being careful with regard to one’s actions and speech. See how you translated this in [Proverbs 1:4](../01/04.md). 5:2 la7f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche your lips may protect knowledge 0 Here the word “lips” represents the person who speaks. The writer speaks of a person being careful only to say what is true as if the person’s lips were protecting knowledge. Alternate translation: “you will speak only what is true” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 5:3 zxr9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the lips of an adulteress drip with honey 0 This could mean: (1) the word “lips” represents the words of the adulteress and the writer speaks of the attractiveness of her words as if her lips dripped with honey. Alternate translation: “the words of an adulteress are sweet, as if dripping with honey” or (2) the writer speaks of the allure of kissing the adulteress as if her lips dripped with honey. Alternate translation: “the kisses of an adulteress are sweet, as if her lips dripped with honey” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 5:3 z9rm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy her mouth is smoother than oil 0 This could mean: (1) the word “mouth” represents the speech of the adulteress and the writer speaks of the persuasiveness of her speech as if her mouth were smoother than olive oil. Alternate translation: “her speech is persuasive and smoother than olive oil” or (2) the writer speaks of the pleasure of kissing the adulteress as if her mouth were smoother than oil. Alternate translation: “her kisses are smoother than olive oil” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 5:4 pd3g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor but in the end she is as bitter as wormwood 0 The writer speaks of the harm that comes from having a relationship with an adulteress as if she tasted as bitter as wormwood. Alternate translation: “but in the end, she is like bitter-tasting wormwood and will cause you harm” 5:4 m3sn wormwood 0 a plant that tastes bitter 5:4 jy84 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor cutting like a sharp sword 0 The writer speaks of the pain that the adulteress will cause to the one who has a relationship with her as if she were a sharp weapon that cuts the person. Alternate translation: “she wounds a person, as if she were a sharp sword” 5:5 kc88 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Her feet go down to death 0 Here “her feet” represent the adulteress as she walks. The writer speaks of her conduct as if she were walking along a path. Alternate translation: “She is walking along a path that leads to death” or “Her lifestyle leads to death” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 5:5 g7qf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor her steps go all the way to Sheol 0 The writer speaks of her conduct as if she were walking along a path. Alternate translation: “she walks all the way to Sheol” or “her conduct takes her all the way to Sheol” 5:6 nxc1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor She gives no thought to the path of life 0 The writer speaks of behavior that gives a person long life as if it were a path that leads to life. Alternate translation: “She does not think about walking along the path that leads to life” or “She is not concerned about conduct that leads to life” 5:6 iki3 Her footsteps wander 0 This could mean: (1) “She wanders about as if she were lost” or (2) “She walks along the wrong path.” 5:7 dwp8 Now 0 Here the teacher shifts from warning about the adulteress to giving advice. 5:7 ry9i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism listen to me … do not turn away from listening 0 These two phrases express the same idea to make the student pay attention. 5:7 e4q8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor do not turn away from listening 0 The writer speaks of stopping an action as if the person physically turned away from it. Alternate translation: “do not stop listening” 5:7 ih1h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche the words of my mouth 0 Here the word “mouth” represents the person who is speaking. Alternate translation: “my words” or “what I am saying” 5:8 y32e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Keep your path far away from her 0 Here the word “path” represents the person’s daily conduct and circumstances. Alternate translation: “Keep yourself far away from her” or “Stay away from her” 5:8 jw5h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche do not come near the door of her house 0 Here “the door of her house” represents the house itself. It may be more appropriate to use the word “go” instead of “come” since the latter might imply that the speaker is at the door of her house. Alternate translation: “do not go near the door of her house” or “do not even go near her house” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) 5:9 pl7u In that way 0 “If you do this.” This phrase refers to what he has just said in previous verses. 5:9 b54w you will not give away your honor to others 0 Possible meanings for the word **honor** are: (1) it refers to one’s reputation. Alternate translation: “You will not lose your good reputation among other people” or (2) it refers to one’s wealth and possessions. Alternate translation: “You will not give away your wealth to other people” or (3) it refers to strength and represents the prime years of one’s life. Alternate translation: “You will not give away the best times of your life to other people” 5:9 bc5b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis or years of your life to a cruel person 0 The writer speaks of a person dying prematurely, possibly by murder, as if the years of his life were items that he gives away to another person. The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “or give years of your life to a cruel person” or “or cause a cruel person to kill you while you are still young” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 5:9 yb9a a cruel person 0 This may refer to the husband of the adulteress, who will deal cruelly with the person who sleeps with her. 5:10 d9br rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor strangers will not feast on your wealth 0 The writer speaks of people taking and enjoying another person’s wealth as if they were feasting on the wealth. Alternate translation: “strangers will not take all of your wealth” 5:10 ksf3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy what you have worked for will not go into the house of strangers 0 Here the word “house” represents the person’s family. Alternate translation: “the things that you have obtained will not end up belonging to the families of strangers” 5:11 la5h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet your flesh and your body waste away 0 The words “flesh” and “body” mean basically the same thing and represent the whole person. Alternate translation: “your body wastes away” or “you waste away” 5:11 i4yh waste away 0 Alternate translation: “physically wear down” or “become weak and unhealthy” 5:12 x4di rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism I hated instruction … my heart despised correction 0 These two phrases express the same idea and emphasize how much this person disliked what the teacher had said. 5:12 m4gr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations How I hated instruction 0 The word “How” is an exclamation that emphasizes the strength of his hatred. The word “instruction” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “I hated it so much when someone would instruct me” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 5:12 b7lf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche my heart despised correction 0 Here the word “heart” represents the person and his emotions. The word “correction” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “I despised people when they corrected me” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 5:13 kvf5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche incline my ear to my instructors 0 Here the word “ear” represents the person who is listening. The writer speaks of listening attentively to someone as if it were leaning forward so that the ear is closer to the one speaking. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Proverbs 4:20](../04/20.md). Alternate translation: “listen to those who instructed me” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 5:14 he4c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism in the midst of the assembly, among the gathering of the people 0 These two phrases mean basically the same thing and refer to the person’s community that has gathered together either: (1) to worship God or (2) to judge him for his offense. 5:15 f76j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism water from your own cistern … running water from your own well 0 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The writer speaks of a man sleeping only with his wife as if he drank water only from his own cistern or well. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 5:15 t8av rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor running water 0 The writer speaks of fresh or flowing water as if the water were running. Alternate translation: “fresh water” or “flowing water” 5:16 pe1s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Should your springs … your streams of water flow in the public squares? 0 The writer asks this rhetorical question to emphasize that his son should not do these things. Alternate translation: “Your springs should not … your streams of water should not flow in the public squares.” 5:16 u3ua rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism Should your springs … your streams of water flow in the public squares? 0 Here the words “springs” and “streams of water” are likely euphemisms for male reproductive fluids. Possible meanings for these metaphorical phrases are: (1) sleeping with women other than one’s wife is spoken of as if it were allowing one’s water to flow in the public streets or (2) having children with women other than one’s wife is spoken of as if it were allowing one’s water to flow in the public streets. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 5:16 ss2w public squares 0 Open areas in a city or town where two or more streets meet. A common place for people to meet each other and talk. 5:17 f7ge Let them be 0 The word “them” refers to the “springs” and “streams of water” and what they stand for. 5:17 s9wf not for strangers with you 0 Alternate translation: “do not share them with strangers” 5:18 xd81 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor May your fountain be blessed 0 The writer speaks of the son’s wife as if she were a fountain. Here the word “blessed” refers to the sense of joy that the man has in his wife. Alternate translation: “May you always find joy with your wife” 5:18 tz7f the wife of your youth 0 This could mean: (1) “the wife whom you married when you were young” or (2) “your young wife.” 5:19 n93j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor she is a loving deer and a graceful doe 0 The writer speaks of the son’s wife as if she were “a loving deer and a graceful doe.” Here “deer” and “doe” mean a female deer. They were symbols of beauty both in their appearance and in their movements. Alternate translation: “she is as beautiful and graceful as a deer or a doe” or “she is as beautiful and graceful as a female deer” 5:19 dv45 graceful 0 This word does not mean “full of grace,” but “beautiful while moving.” 5:19 x1vq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Let her breasts satisfy you 0 This could mean: (1) the wife’s breasts excite the husband’s sexual desire and possibly represent the wife’s entire body. Alternate translation: “Let her breasts satisfy your desires” or “Let her body satisfy your desires” or (2) this is a metaphor in which the writer speaks of the wife’s breasts satisfying the husband’s desires as they would satisfy the thirst of a hungry baby. Alternate translation: “Let her breasts fill you with delight as a mother’s breasts fill her child with food” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 5:19 pb8m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive may you be continually intoxicated by her love 0 Intense excitement and joy from the romantic love of one’s wife is spoken of as if he was drunk from that love. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “let her love control you as alcohol controls someone who is drunk” 5:19 elf2 by her love 0 This could mean: (1) “by your love for her” or (2) “by her love for you.” 5:20 d78f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion For why should you, my son, be captivated by an adulteress; why should you embrace the breasts of an immoral woman? 0 The writer asks these rhetorical questions to emphasize that his son must not do these things. Alternate translation: “My son, do not be captivated by an adulteress! Do not embrace the breasts of an immoral woman!” 5:20 z71k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive be captivated by an adulteress 0 Intense excitement that arises from the desire for a woman is spoken of as if he were being held captive by that woman. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “allow an adulteress to captivate you” or “allow an adulteress to fascinate you” 5:20 zr1u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche why should you embrace the breasts of an immoral woman 0 Here the word “breasts” represents the immoral woman and her sexual attractiveness. Alternate translation: “why should you embrace an immoral woman” 5:20 x9gw an immoral woman 0 This could mean: (1) “a woman who is not your wife” or (2) “a woman who is another man’s wife.” 5:21 jh86 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism sees everything … watches all the paths 0 These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize that God knows everything that everyone does. 5:21 p1ar rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor all the paths he takes 0 The writer speaks of a person’s actions or lifestyle as if it were a path on which the person walks. Alternate translation: “everywhere he goes” or “everything he does” 5:22 u9ya rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification A wicked person will be seized by his own iniquities 0 The writer speaks of a wicked person being unable to avoid the consequences of his iniquities as if those iniquities were people who capture the wicked person. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “A wicked person’s own iniquities will seize him” or “A wicked person will be unable to avoid the consequences of his iniquities” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 5:22 he5d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the cords of his sin will hold him tight 0 The writer speaks of a wicked person being unable to avoid the consequences of his sin as if that sin were a trap made of cords in which the person is caught. Alternate translation: “because of his sin, he will be like an animal caught in a trap” 5:23 x16k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive he is led astray by his great foolishness 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “his great foolishness leads him astray” 5:23 n1a7 by his great foolishness 0 Alternate translation: “because he is very foolish” 6:intro xq95 0 # Proverbs 6 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\n2. A father teaches his son about wisdom (1:8–9:18)\n * Avoid evil companions (1:8–19)\n * Do not reject wisdom (1:20–33)\n * Wisdom prevents people from committing crime or adultery (2:1–22)\n * Humbly trust Yahweh (3:1–12)\n * The value of wisdom (3:13–20)\n * Do not act wickedly (3:21–35)\n * Wisdom will benefit you (4:1–9)\n * Behave wisely and avoid those who do not (4:10–19)\n * Live righteously (4:20–27)\n * Avoid temptation to commit adultery (5:1–23)\n * Practical warnings (6:1–19)\n * Adultery will be punished (6:20–35)\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### My Son\n\nOccasionally, the author addresses a proverb to “my son.” This is not intended to restrict the words of that proverb to only males. Instead, it is simply a form used to pass on advice as a father does to his son.\n\n### Adulteress\n\nThe latter part of this chapter comes back to the theme about the adulteress and warns the young man to avoid her. An adulteress is a woman who commits adultery. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/adultery]])\n\n### Numbers\n\nOccasionally, the author will mention a list of six things, or seven things, that Yahweh hates. These numbers are used to draw attention to the list of things. It is not important whether there are six or seven things in the list.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Rhetorical questions\n\nThe author will use rhetorical questions to draw the reader’s attention to important points. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Animals used as types\n\nThe gazelle and the ant have certain characteristics which the author uses to give wisdom. If your language does not recognize these characteristics in those animals, you could add a footnote to explain or possibly substitute another animal from your culture that would help explain the same concept. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]]) 6:1 sb1b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit set aside your money 0 Implied here is that your promise and the circumstances forced you to save up your money. Alternate translation: “had to save up some of your money” 6:1 z256 a guarantee for your neighbor’s loan 0 This could mean: (1) your neighbor may come to you to ask for a loan or (2) your neighbor wants to take out a loan from someone else, but you promise to pay the lender back if your neighbor cannot. 6:1 p3wd neighbor 0 This same Hebrew word can also mean “friend.” 6:2 p9iu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom you have laid a trap for yourself 0 This is a figure of speech saying that you are going to trap yourself. Alternate translation: “you have made a trap in which you yourself are caught” 6:2 qta7 the words of your mouth 0 Alternate translation: “what you said” or “what you promised to do” 6:3 d6yp save yourself 0 Alternate translation: “protect yourself” or “help yourself out of these problems” 6:3 zn5u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom you have fallen into the hand of your neighbor 0 This is a figure of speech using the term “hand” to mean “harm.” Alternate translation: “your neighbor can bring harm to you if he wants to” or “your neighbor has power over you” 6:3 mzx9 neighbor 0 Alternate translation: “friend” 6:4 be5i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Give your eyes no sleep and your eyelids no slumber 0 “Do not let your eyes sleep; do not let your eyelids slumber.” These two phrases mean the same thing and are repeated to emphasize how important it is not to be lazy. It is also stated negatively for even more emphasis. Alternate translation: “Stay awake, and do what you can” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) 6:4 n831 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche your eyes … your eyelids 0 This is a figure of speech using parts of your face to mean your whole body. Alternate translation: “yourself … yourself” 6:5 xjb3 Save yourself like a gazelle from the hand of the hunter 0 Alternate translation: “Escape from your neighbor like a gazelle that flees from a hunter” 6:5 lcv3 gazelle 0 This is a big, lean animal that eats grass and that people often hunt for meat. It is famous for running away quickly. 6:5 ffv9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy from the hand of the hunter 0 The hand of the hunter refers to the hunter’s control. Alternate translation: “from the control of the hunter” 6:5 fn1g like a bird from the hand of the fowler 0 Alternate translation: “and escape like a bird that flies away from a bird-hunter” 6:6 il7a Look at … consider 0 Alternate translation: “Study … think about” or “carefully observe … ponder” 6:6 xh1r ant 0 An ant is a small insect that lives underground or in a self-built hill. They usually live in groups of thousands, and they can lift things that are much bigger than they are. 6:6 uze2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy consider her ways 0 This is a figure of speech using the “ways” of an ant to refer to the behavior of the ant. Alternate translation: “consider how the ant behaves” 6:7 tmb7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet commander, officer, or ruler 0 These three words mean basically the same thing and are used to emphasized that no one has formal authority over an individual ant. 6:8 w9jc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism it prepares its food in the summer … during the harvest it stores up what it will eat 0 These two phrases mean basically the same thing and are repeated to show how responsible the ant is. 6:8 c8we summer 0 Summer is the time of the year when some trees bear their fruit. 6:9 r6u4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism How long will you sleep … When will you rise from your sleep? 0 The teacher uses these questions to scold the lazy person for sleeping too much. Alternate translation: “Wake up, you lazy person! Get out of your bed!” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 6:10 q6ab A little sleep … of the hands to rest 0 These are the kinds of things that lazy people say. 6:10 f9h7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism A little sleep, a little slumber 0 Both of these statements mean the same thing. They can be stated as complete sentences. Alternate translation: “I will just sleep a little longer. Let me sleep lightly a little longer” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 6:10 c54p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy folding of the hands to rest 0 People often fold their hands while reclining in order to rest more comfortably. Alternate translation: “I will just cross my arms comfortably and rest a little” 6:11 qm7m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit and your poverty will come 0 This can be stated as a new sentence to make clear that this is a result of being lazy. Alternate translation: “If you continue to be lazy, your poverty will come” or “While you sleep, poverty will come” 6:11 zz4v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile your poverty will come like a robber 0 The sudden way a lazy person becomes poor is like the sudden way a robber comes and steals things. Alternate translation: “you will suddenly become poor, just as if a robber came and stole everything you have” 6:11 r7za rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile and your needs like an armed soldier 0 The sudden way a lazy person becomes in need of things is like the sudden way an armed soldier takes things from a person. This can be stated as a complete sentence. Alternate translation: “and your needs will come to you like an armed soldier” or “and you will become needy just as if an armed soldier stole all your things” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 6:11 vt3g an armed soldier 0 Alternate translation: “a soldier who is holding a weapon” or “a man with a weapon” 6:12 sk3y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet A worthless person—a wicked man 0 These two words have the same meaning and emphasize how bad this person is. Alternate translation: “A person with no value—an evil man” 6:12 q9ly rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor lives by the crookedness of his speech 0 Here lies are spoken of as speech that is crooked. Alternate translation: “constantly tells lies” 6:13 b2zu winking his eyes, making signals with his feet and pointing with his fingers 0 All three of these phrases describe a way in which the evil person communicates secretly to deceive other people. 6:13 kq86 winking his eyes 0 If someone winks, he closes one eye very briefly as a secret signal to another person. This might be a sign of trust, of approval, or of something else. 6:14 za5w He plots evil 0 Alternate translation: “He plans evil” or “He prepares to do evil deeds” 6:14 bbx6 he always stirs up discord 0 Alternate translation: “he always causes discord” or “he is constantly looking for conflict and escalating it” 6:15 n8uw Therefore 0 Alternate translation: “For that reason” 6:15 fz64 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification his disaster will overtake him 0 This implies that the disaster is chasing him like a person or an animal, and that it will catch him soon. Alternate translation: “his disaster will catch him” 6:15 j5gd his disaster 0 This refers to the disaster that will happen to him, but also the disaster that he himself caused. 6:15 h6bm in an instant; in a moment 0 Both mean the same thing, and one or both of them can be replaced by “suddenly” or “very quickly.” 6:16 it1e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism six things that Yahweh hates, seven that 0 This whole verse is a parallelism that emphasizes that God hates several things and not just one. Alternate translation: “six things that Yahwah hates; seven things that” 6:16 akh6 that are disgusting to him 0 Alternate translation: “that make him feel disgust” or “that make you disgusting according to him” 6:17 zib9 Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nThis is the list of things that Yahweh hates that was introduced in [Proverbs 6:16](./16.md). 6:17 kpi4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche eyes … tongue … hands 0 All of these body parts refer to a whole person. You can translate each of these with “people.” 6:17 cip3 shed the blood of 0 Alternate translation: “kill” or “murder” 6:18 jq4t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche heart … feet 0 All of these body parts refer to a whole person. You can translate each of these with “people.” 6:18 ex5v wicked schemes 0 Alternate translation: “evil plans” 6:19 g2tz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom breathes out lies 0 This figure of speech uses “breathes” to refer to lying constantly. Alternate translation: “constantly lies” 6:19 r9n1 discord 0 See how you translated this in [Proverbs 6:14](../06/14.md). 6:19 avm1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor one who sows discord 0 This figure of speech is using “sows” to refer to causing or bringing about discord. Alternate translation: “a person who causes discord” 6:20 e5gm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism obey the command of your father … do not forsake the teaching of your mother 0 These two phrases on the one hand mean the same thing. On the other hand, the repeated emphasis on both “father” and “mother” explicitly includes women in the whole teaching-learning process. 6:20 u11d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes do not forsake the teaching of your mother 0 This figure of speech is using the negative “forsake” to mean the positive “obey.” Alternate translation: “obey the teaching of your mother” 6:21 qz2z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor bind them on your heart; tie them about your neck 0 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. They describe the commands and instructions as if they are written down so that you can put it in or on your body to remind yourself. 6:21 b76k bind them on your heart 0 Alternate translation: “love them” or “think about them” 6:22 r61q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism When you walk … when you sleep … when you wake up 0 These three phrases are used together to emphasize that the lessons are valuable all the time. 6:22 hw2r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism they will guide you … they will watch over you … they will teach you 0 The repetition of these phrases is to show that the lessons are valuable for all sorts of things. It also speaks of those lessons as if they were people. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 6:23 u5p1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism the commands … the teaching … the corrections that come by instruction 0 These three phrases mean basically the same thing, and together they show the various types of lessons a father and a mother teach. 6:23 s8lq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor a lamp … a light … the way of life 0 All three of these mean basically the same thing and are repeated to emphasize the fact that the lessons make life better and easier. Alternate translation: “as useful as a lamp … as helpful as light in the darkness … as necessary to follow as the way of life” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 6:23 n5j2 the way of life 0 Alternate translation: “the way that leads to life” or “the way of living that God approves of” 6:24 p7az rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person It keeps you from 0 Here the word “it” refers to the lessons taught by the father and mother in [Proverbs 6:20](../06/20.md). Alternate translation: “It saves you from” or “It protects you from” 6:24 sjp3 the immoral woman … an immoral woman 0 These two words mean basically the same thing. See how you translated the word “adulteress” in [Proverbs 5:3](../05/03.md). 6:24 sw14 immoral 0 Alternate translation: “morally evil” 6:25 ty32 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor do not let her capture you with her eyelashes 0 The writer speaks of the woman’s eyelashes as if they were a trap into which the young man could fall. They are a synecdoche for her beauty and a metonym for the way the woman looks at the young man to make her want her. Alternate translation: “do not allow her to gain control over you by being beautiful and by the way she looks at you” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 6:25 rx3p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy in your heart 0 Here “heart” represents the mind. Alternate translation: “in your thoughts” 6:25 m7d2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy her beauty 0 “what is beautiful about her.” This can also be a metonym for the woman. Alternate translation: “her” 6:25 f4km capture you 0 Alternate translation: “gain control over you” 6:25 vnr8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche her eyelashes 0 The “eyelashes” stand for the beautiful things about her body that she uses to catch a man’s attention. Alternate translation: “her beautiful eyes” 6:26 p3jv the price of a loaf of bread 0 This is talking about the material cost, not the spiritual cost or the moral cost. Alternate translation: “a little bit” 6:26 k5fu may cost you your very life 0 This could mean: (1) the wife of another man will destroy your life because she always wants more or (2) the husband of the other woman will hunt you down and kill you. 6:27 gzh2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Can a man carry a fire against his chest without burning his clothes? 0 This action would be very dangerous and would cause harm. The implied answer to the question is “no.” Alternate translation: “Every man who carries a fire in his chest will burn his clothes.” 6:27 sew8 without burning 0 Alternate translation: “without destroying” or “and not destroy” 6:27 pt18 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy his clothes 0 His clothes stand for him as a whole person. 6:28 r98z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Can a man walk on hot coals without scorching his feet? 0 Walking on hot coals will scorch a person’s feet, so the implied answer is “no.” Alternate translation: “Every man who walks on hot coals will have scorched feet.” 6:28 tw8h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor walk on hot coals 0 This stands for committing adultery. 6:28 fy6m walk 0 That is to slowly walk a long distance, without using tricks or magic. 6:28 kf2l scorching 0 Alternate translation: “burning” 6:29 gh7k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism the man who goes in to his neighbor’s wife 0 This is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “the man who has sexual relations with his neighbor’s wife” 6:30 fwq5 despise a thief 0 Alternate translation: “do not regard a thief with contempt” or “do not think a thief is evil” 6:31 n1t7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive if he is caught 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “if someone catches him” 6:31 b9ns rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom in his house 0 This figure of speech is saying that everything in his house is all that he owns. Alternate translation: “that he owns” 6:32 s8mh The one 0 Alternate translation: “The person” or “The man” 6:33 m2lu what he deserves 0 Alternate translation: “the appropriate punishment for what he has done” 6:33 t99k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy his disgrace 0 This figure of speech is using the term “disgrace” to refer to the feeling of him acting shamefully. Alternate translation: “the memory of his shameful act” 6:33 c8nh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes will not be wiped away 0 This figure of speech is using the negative “will not be wiped away” to refer to it always being there. Alternate translation: “will always remain” 6:34 lyk4 furious 0 very angry 6:34 qsy2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes he will show no mercy 0 The “he” is the neighbor whose wife has committed adultery with another man. Alternate translation: “he will not limit the pain he will cause you” or “he will hurt you as much as he can” 6:34 rc71 when he takes his revenge 0 Alternate translation: “in the moment of his revenge” or “when the moment arrives when he can take his revenge” 6:34 tk3n takes his revenge 0 If a person takes revenge, it is to cause hurt to the person who hurt him first. 6:35 b2ym compensation 0 payment by one who does wrong to the person to whom he has done wrong 6:35 fly2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive he cannot be bought off 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you cannot pay him enough money to change his mind” 6:35 pc8x off, though 0 Alternate translation: “off. This will be true even if” 7:intro pk5f 0 # Proverbs 7 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\n2. A father teaches his son about wisdom (1:8–9:18)\n\n * Avoid evil companions (1:8–19)\n\n * Do not reject wisdom (1:20–33)\r\n * Wisdom prevents people from committing crime or adultery (2:1–22)\r\n * Humbly trust Yahweh (3:1–12)\r\n * The value of wisdom (3:13–20)\r\n * Do not act wickedly (3:21–35)\r\n * Wisdom will benefit you (4:1–9)\r\n * Behave wisely and avoid those who do not (4:10–19)\r\n * Live righteously (4:20–27)\r\n * Avoid temptation to commit adultery (5:1–23)\r\n * Practical warnings (6:1–19)\r\n * Adultery will be punished (6:20–35)\n * The Story of an Adulterer (7:1–27)\n\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Parallelism\n\nProverbs are often written without any surrounding context and in two lines of text. Each line will have a certain relationship to the other line. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])\n\nMany of the proverbs are stated as promises or commands, but they are intended to be advice.\n\n### My Son\n\nOccasionally the author addresses a proverb to “my son.” This is not intended to restrict the words of that proverb to only males, but is still given in the context of a father warning his son.\n\n### Adulteress\n\nThis chapter continues the theme about the adulteress and warns the young man to avoid her. 7:1 at6w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor keep my words 0 Here keeping represents obeying. Alternate translation: “obey my words” 7:1 k635 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor store up my commands within yourself 0 Here God’s commands are spoken of as if they were objects that someone could put into a storeroom. Alternate translation: “memorize my commands” 7:2 a8m4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor keep my instruction 0 Here keeping represents obeying. Alternate translation: “obey my instructions” 7:2 xfb2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom as the apple of your eye 0 The apple of the eye is the pupil inside the eye, which people normally instinctively protect when an object flies at their face. Here “the apple of the eye” represents whatever a person values and protects the most. Alternate translation: “as your most valuable possession” 7:3 g5jv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Tie them on your fingers 0 This could mean: (1) that the writer wanted his son to engrave certain commands from God on a ring and wear it, or (2) that the writer wanted his son to always remember God’s commands, as if he always wore a certain ring. 7:3 c4yy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor write them on the tablet of your heart 0 Here the heart represents a person’s mind, and remembering something well is spoken of as if the person were writing it on a stone tablet. See how you translated this in [Proverbs 3:3](../03/03.md). Alternate translation: “remember my commands well as if you were writing them in stone” 7:4 jn44 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification Say to wisdom, “You are my sister 0 Here wisdom is spoken of as if it were a person. Alternate translation: “Value wisdom as you would love your sister” 7:4 z4x8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification call understanding your kinsman 0 Here the quality of understanding is spoken of as if it were a kinsman or relative. Alternate translation: “treat understanding as you would treat your kinsman” 7:4 j17k kinsman 0 Alternate translation: “relative” or “family member” 7:5 xkl2 the adulterous woman 0 This refers to any woman to whom a man is not married. Alternate translation: “the woman whom you should have nothing to do with” 7:5 y9gh the immoral woman 0 This refers to any woman who is not known to a man. 7:5 s251 with her smooth words 0 Words intended to deceive are spoken of as if they were smooth objects. Alternate translation: “who says pleasant things, but wants to deceive you” 7:6 v7n1 lattice 0 a covering over a window made of thin strips of wood that cross one another in a slanted pattern that forms square-shaped openings in the pattern 7:7 ie51 naive 0 inexperienced or immature 7:8 i1kl her corner 0 Here “her” refers to any female stranger, as referred to in [Proverbs 7:5](../07/05.md). She was standing at a certain corner, waiting for a suitable man to pass by. Alternate translation: “the corner where a female stranger was standing” 7:8 v7v4 corner 0 This refers to where two roads meet. 7:9 zn5n twilight 0 the time of day when it is getting darker and about to become night 7:10 bu68 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor with a false heart 0 Here “heart” represents intentions or plans. Alternate translation: “she planned to deceive someone” 7:11 vkd8 She was loud and wayward 0 Alternate translation: “She talked loudly and acted in the ways she wished to” 7:11 es4s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche her feet did not stay at home 0 The phrase “her feet” represent the woman. Alternate translation: “she did not stay at home” 7:12 h64f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor she waited in ambush 0 Here the woman is spoken of as if she were preparing to physically trap a person or an animal. Also, the idea of trapping someone here represents persuading someone to commit sin. Alternate translation: “she waited to trap someone” or “she waited to find someone she could persuade to sin” 7:13 l1ic she 0 the woman who was introduced in [Proverbs 7:10](./10.md) 7:13 sa2m grabbed him 0 Alternate translation: “took hold of him firmly” 7:13 vef7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom with a strong face 0 Here “strong” represents “stubborn.” A “strong face” means a stubborn expression on a person’s face. This implies that the woman is acting in a stubborn way, that she is deliberately doing what she knows is wrong. Alternate translation: “with a shameless expression on her face” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 7:14 ei2g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy I paid my vows 0 Here “vows” represents what the person promised to sacrifice to God. Alternate translation: “I made the sacrifices I promised to God” 7:15 fys2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche seek your face 0 Here “face” represents the person and especially the person’s presence. Alternate translation: “look for you” or “find out where you are” 7:17 g7k4 sprinkled my bed with 0 Alternate translation: “scattered on my bed” 7:17 ibk7 aloes 0 A type of wood from a tree that smells good. 7:17 q1mx cinnamon 0 This is a spice made from the bark of a tree that smells and tastes good. 7:18 h91x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor let us drink our fill of love 0 Here the pleasures of romantic love are spoken of as if they were something good to drink. Alternate translation: “let us make love to each other as much as we want” 7:19 vc42 is not at his house 0 Alternate translation: “is not at home” 7:20 zw96 full moon 0 The moon is said to be full when it is a perfectly round disk, shining at its brightest. 7:21 ptg3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor she turned him 0 To persuade someone to act in a certain way is spoken of as if it were changing the direction that person was walking. Alternate translation: “she persuaded him” 7:21 ev91 her … she … him 0 The female is the married woman who wants to sleep with “him,” the young man. 7:21 l3nt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy smooth lips 0 Here “lips” represents what a person says. When a person flatters someone else by saying things that are not sincere, these words are spoken of as if they were a smooth object. Alternate translation: “flattering, deceiving words” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 7:21 c6k6 she misled him 0 Alternate translation: “she convinced him to sin with her” 7:22 rvi9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit He went after her suddenly 0 This seems to imply that the young man took very little time to think about what he should do. Alternate translation: “He quickly decided to go after her” 7:22 tal5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile like an ox going to slaughter … a deer caught in a trap 0 The naive and unsuspecting way the young man follows the adulteress is compared to the way two animals are unaware of the danger they are in. 7:22 pk4m slaughter 0 This refers to killing an animal in order to eat its meat. 7:22 qrn6 deer 0 See how you translated this word in [Proverbs 5:19](../05/19.md). 7:23 r6zr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile like a bird rushing into a snare 0 The naive and unsuspecting way the young man follows the adulteress is compared to the way an animal is unaware of the danger he is in. 7:23 t5u4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit until an arrow pierces through its liver 0 This passage implies that a hunter has trapped the deer in order to shoot it with arrows. Alternate translation: “until a hunter shoots it in its most important part” 7:23 i4e6 liver 0 Here this organ represents a very important part of the deer’s body. 7:23 zvp5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom it would cost his life 0 This is a way of saying that this person will die as a result. Alternate translation: “it would kill him” or “he would die soon” 7:24 wen3 Now 0 This is to focus the attention of the speaker’s sons on the conclusion of this lesson. 7:25 gk8c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor May your heart not turn aside onto her paths 0 Here “ways” means the paths that a person chooses to walk on. It represents the person’s behavior, the things that he decides to do in life. Alternate translation: “Make your heart stay far away from the ways of the adulterous woman” or “Do not let your heart want to do the things that the adulterous woman does” 7:25 wm1h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche your heart 0 Here “heart” represents a person, emphasizing his desires. Alternate translation: “you” 7:25 l3s9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism do not be led astray onto her paths 0 This means the same as the sentence before it. It strengthens the first warning. Alternate translation: “do not leave the right path in order to go on her paths” 7:26 xx9k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy She has caused many people to fall down pierced 0 Being pierced by spears or arrows represents being killed. Alternate translation: “She has caused many people to fall dead” 7:27 g21s Her house is on the paths to Sheol … they go down 0 Here “paths” represents the kinds of behavior that foolish people participate in. Sheol was the name for the world of the dead. 7:27 ry42 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism on the paths to Sheol … down to the dark bedrooms of death 0 These two phrases basically mean the same thing and are repeated to emphasize that the woman’s victims will be destroyed. 7:27 prr1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the dark bedrooms of death 0 This expression pictures the dead as sleeping in many different rooms in Sheol. 8:intro z8jj 0 # Proverbs 8 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\n2. A father teaches his son about wisdom (1:8–9:18)\n * Avoid evil companions (1:8–19)\n * Do not reject wisdom (1:20–33)\n * Wisdom prevents people from committing crime or adultery (2:1–22)\n * Humbly trust Yahweh (3:1–12)\n * The value of wisdom (3:13–20)\n * Do not act wickedly (3:21–35)\n * Wisdom will benefit you (4:1–9)\n * Behave wisely and avoid those who do not (4:10–19)\n * Live righteously (4:20–27)\n * Avoid temptation to commit adultery (5:1–23)\n * Practical warnings (6:1–19)\n * Adultery will be punished (6:20–35)\n * The Story of an Adulterer (7:1–27)\n * Wisdom benefits the wise (8:1–36)\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Wisdom calls out\n\nThe addressee of this chapter is broader than “my son,” but is personal like the previous chapters’ use of “my son.” In this case, Wisdom is calling out for all to come and learn of her, in contrast to the adulteress mentioned in chapters 5–7. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]]) 8:1 qsc7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 # General Information:\n\nIn chapter 8 wisdom is spoken of as a woman who teaches people how to be wise. Many verses in chapter 8 have parallelisms. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 8:1 v9h5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Does not Wisdom call out? 0 This question is used to remind the readers of something they should already know. Alternate translation: “Wisdom calls out” 8:1 i9hu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification Does not Wisdom call out? 0 Here wisdom is imagined as a woman. If a language does not allow this kind of metaphor, other possible translations are: (1) “Is not wisdom like a woman who calls out?” (2) “Does not a woman named Wisdom call out?” 8:1 pt6p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Does not Understanding raise her voice? 0 Here “Understanding” means the same as “Wisdom.” 8:1 k4ug raise her voice 0 Alternate translation: “speak” 8:3 z73y the gates at the entrance into the city 0 In ancient times, cities usually had outer walls with gates in them. 8:3 nkc9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification she calls out 0 This continues to refer to Wisdom, personified as a woman. 8:4 gv2w 0 # General Information:\n\nWisdom speaks to the people in verses 4–36. 8:4 jxm5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy my voice is for the sons of mankind 0 Here “voice” represents the words that are spoken. Alternate translation: “my words are for the sons of mankind” 8:4 j5l1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the sons of mankind 0 This is metonymy representing all human beings. Alternate translation: “all people” 8:5 er9q naive 0 inexperienced or immature 8:5 t3h2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns learn wisdom 0 The abstract word “wisdom’ refers to what a wise person believes and to the way in which he acts. Alternate translation: “learn how a wise person acts” or “learn what it means to be wise” 8:5 bg5r you must get an understanding mind 0 Alternate translation: “you must begin to understand things with your mind” 8:6 uv73 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche when my lips open 0 Here “lips” represents a person’s mouth, with which he speaks. Alternate translation: “when I open my mouth to speak” 8:6 a3zk upright 0 proper or just 8:7 s9bj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche my mouth speaks 0 Here “mouth” represents a person who speaks. Alternate translation: “I speak” 8:7 f6mp what is trustworthy 0 Alternate translation: “what people should believe” 8:7 juy2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche wickedness is disgusting to my lips 0 Here “lips” represents a person who is speaking. Alternate translation: “wickedness is disgusting to me” or “saying wicked things would be disgusting to me” 8:7 hz9e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns wickedness 0 Here, **wickedness** represents wicked speech. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **wickedness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. 8:8 am3k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche the words of my mouth 0 The “mouth” stands for the person who is speaking. Alternate translation: “The things I teach” 8:8 btx5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor nothing twisted 0 Twisting a message is a metaphor for changing a true message into a false one. Alternate translation: “nothing false” 8:9 nn5r straight 0 honest and clear 8:9 jyh4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy my words are upright for those who find knowledge 0 This probably means that those who find knowledge will easily understand that the speaker’s words are upright. Here “words” represent a message or teaching. Alternate translation: “those who know what is right and what is wrong consider what I teach to be right” 8:9 f1c2 upright 0 true and honest 8:10 w8ks Acquire my instruction rather than silver 0 Alternate translation: “You should try much harder to understand my instructions than to get silver” 8:11 wl6p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations For Wisdom is better than jewels; no treasure is equal to her 0 Here Wisdom, personified as a woman, is not speaking. However, it is possible to make Wisdom the speaker here as well. Alternate translation: “For I, Wisdom, am better than jewels; no treasure is equal to me” 8:12 mj24 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification I, Wisdom, live with Prudence 0 Prudence is also represented here as a person. 8:12 b8xj Prudence 0 caution or good judgment 8:12 jk94 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns I possess knowledge and discretion 0 The abstract ideas “knowledge” and “discrete” can be expressed in other ways. Alternate translation: “I am knowledgeable and discreet” or “I know many things, and I am careful” 8:12 xcu8 discretion 0 being careful about what we say and do; being cautious not to cause hurt or harm to others 8:13 rf21 perverted speech 0 Alternate translation: “wicked talk” 8:13 gp8g perverted 0 turned from what is right 8:14 cnc2 good advice 0 Alternate translation: “wise suggestions” 8:14 guc9 advice 0 counsel that is given to help someone 8:14 sne9 sound 0 good, reliable 8:14 w3ju rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification I am insight 0 Here Wisdom is spoken of as if she were insight. Alternate translation: “I have insight” 8:16 hg7e nobles 0 noblemen, leading members of important families in the nation 8:17 xz9h love 0 This refers to brotherly love or love for a friend or family member. This is natural human love between friends or relatives. 8:17 e3jr diligently 0 with careful and continued effort 8:18 k7hf With me are riches and honor 0 Alternate translation: “I have riches and honor” 8:18 a275 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases lasting wealth and righteousness 0 This explains what is meant by “riches and honor.” This can be made clear with the connecting statement “therefore.” Alternate translation: “therefore, I will give lasting wealth and righteousness to those who find me” 8:18 q481 righteousness 0 Alternate translation: “the ability to live in a right way” 8:19 eyc2 My fruit 0 what wisdom produces or causes 8:19 rqy3 my produce 0 the benefit or gain that wisdom causes 8:20 tks1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I walk in the path of righteousness 0 Living the right way is spoken of as walking on the right road. Alternate translation: “I live right” or “I do what is right” 8:20 rg74 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor in the midst of the paths of justice 0 This tells more of what is meant by “the path of righteousness.” Alternate translation: “I do what is perfectly just” or “I only do what is just” 8:21 mg4q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor treasuries 0 storehouses for valuable things. Wisdom is spoken of as a woman who fills the storehouses of her followers with valuable things. 8:22 xu3p the first of his deeds then 0 Alternate translation: “I was the first of the things he created then” 8:23 mh2d In ages long ago 0 Alternate translation: “Very long ago” 8:23 v4tq ages 0 The word “age” refers to a general, extended period of time. 8:23 mth7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns from the beginnings of the earth 0 The idea of beginnings can be translated in a less abstract way. Alternate translation: “from when God created the earth” 8:25 u2m1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Before the mountains were settled 0 “Before the bases of the mountains were put into place.” This can also be put into active form. Alternate translation: “Before God made the foundations of the mountains and put them into their proper places” 8:26 z5y4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification I was born 0 This is wisdom speaking about herself. 8:26 asn5 was born 0 Alternate translation: “I was alive” 8:27 nk15 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification I was there 0 This is wisdom speaking about herself. 8:27 z8lx established 0 To establish something is to bring into being on a stable basis. Alternate translation: “created” or “made” 8:27 b5db rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit when he drew a circle on the surface of the deep 0 This refers to setting a limit to how far someone in a ship at sea can see all around himself. Alternate translation: “when he marked on the ocean’s surface how far a person at sea can see in every direction” 8:27 ae6e the deep 0 Alternate translation: “the ocean” 8:28 wnj8 established 0 brought into permanent being 8:28 z2v2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive when the springs in the deep became fixed 0 This can be put into active form. Alternate translation: “when God fixed the springs in the deep” 8:28 zv8f the springs in the deep 0 The ancient Hebrews thought that the ocean got its water from springs at the bottom of the sea. 8:29 pd76 when he made his limit for the sea 0 “when he created the shorelines for the oceans. The “limit for the sea” divided the oceans from the dry land. 8:29 vk7f when there was set the limit for the foundations of the dry land 0 The Hebrew word for “earth” also often means “land.” 8:29 f3j9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive when there was set the limit for the foundations of the dry land 0 This can be put into active form. Alternate translation: “when God set the limit for the foundations of the earth” 8:30 ph2f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification I was beside him 0 This is still wisdom speaking. Wisdom now says she was right next to Yahweh, implying that she was his assistant in creating the world. 8:30 ky7x skilled craftsman 0 This is a person who has trained for years to make useful things very well, like furniture or houses. 8:30 k4ct rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns I was his delight 0 “I was what made him happy.” The word “delight” is an abstract noun that can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “he was happy because of me” 8:30 a22n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom day after day 0 This is a way to express the idea of a habitual action or of a continuous condition. Alternate translation: “continually” or “the whole time” 8:31 pw91 his whole world 0 Alternate translation: “the whole world he created” or “everything he created” 8:31 wnq9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom the sons of mankind 0 This refers to human beings in general. Alternate translation: “the people he brought into existence” 8:32 ly1a Now 0 This is to focus the attention of the children to the conclusion of this lesson. 8:32 hwt3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification listen to me 0 This is still wisdom talking about herself. 8:32 m6ib rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor those who keep my ways 0 Here “my ways” represents wisdom’s behavior. Alternate translation: “those who do what I teach” or “the people who follow my example” 8:33 ky6l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes do not neglect 0 “do not disregard” Alternate translation: “be sure to pay attention to” or “be sure to follow” 8:34 i55j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism watching every day at my doors, waiting beside the posts of my doors 0 These two phrases basically mean the same thing. Wisdom is described as having a home; possible meanings of **watching** are: (1) a wise person waits outside wisdom’s home in the morning in order to serve her, or (2) a wise person waits outside wisdom’s house for her to come and teach him. 8:35 z6lm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification finds me 0 This is still wisdom talking about herself. 8:36 hfn9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification hate me 0 This is still wisdom talking about herself. 8:36 yl6t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit he who fails 0 The complete thought is, “he who fails to find me” 8:36 w73k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy his own life 0 Here “life” represents the person’s self. 9:intro y75r 0 # Proverbs 9 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\n2. A father teaches his son about wisdom (1:8–9:18)\n * Avoid evil companions (1:8–19)\n * Do not reject wisdom (1:20–33)\n * Wisdom prevents people from committing crime or adultery (2:1–22)\n * Humbly trust Yahweh (3:1–12)\n * The value of wisdom (3:13–20)\n * Do not act wickedly (3:21–35)\n * Wisdom will benefit you (4:1–9)\n * Behave wisely and avoid those who do not (4:10–19)\n * Live righteously (4:20–27)\n * Avoid temptation to commit adultery (5:1–23)\n * Practical warnings (6:1–19)\n * Adultery will be punished (6:20–35)\n * The Story of an Adulterer (7:1–27)\n * Wisdom benefits the wise (8:1–36)\n * Wisdom and folly (9:1–18)\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Wisdom calls out\n\nThe addressee of chapters 8 and 9 is broader than “my son,” but is personal like the previous chapters’ use of “my son.” In this case, Wisdom is calling out for all to come and learn of her. 9:1 m12a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses begin a parable in which wisdom is imagined to be a woman who is giving good advice to people. 9:1 s64d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification Wisdom has built 0 The writer speaks about wisdom as if it were a woman who has built her own house. 9:2 x5sw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy She has slaughtered her animals 0 This refers to animals whose meat will be eaten in the dinner that Wisdom will give. Alternate translation: “She has killed the animals for meat at dinner” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 9:2 ywr6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit mixed her wine 0 In ancient Israel, people often mixed wine with water. Alternate translation: “prepared her wine by mixing it with water” 9:2 h2zm she has set her table 0 Alternate translation: “she has prepared her table” 9:3 p6e2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses begin to give the message of Wisdom, who is personified as a woman. 9:3 akl3 She has sent out her maids 0 These maids went out and invited people to come to the feast that Wisdom had prepared. 9:3 ugn5 her maids 0 Young women or girls who are in the service of a respectable, adult woman, such as Wisdom. 9:3 n6ha she calls out 0 Alternate translation: “she loudly recites her invitation” 9:3 x798 the highest points of the city 0 The invitation is shouted from the highest points so that it will be best heard by all the people. 9:4 h6sj Who is naive? Let … the one lacking good sense 0 These two phrases describe the same group of people, those who need more wisdom in their lives. Here the question is addressed to all such people. Alternate translation: “Anyone who is naive, let … anyone lacking good sense” 9:4 dj7m is naive 0 Alternate translation: “is inexperienced or immature” 9:4 s4da turn aside here 0 Alternate translation: “leave his path and come into my house” 9:5 h6ck 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the message of Wisdom. 9:5 n3eu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you Come … eat … drink 0 All of these commands are plural; Wisdom is addressing many people at the same time. 9:5 stm9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit the wine I have mixed 0 In ancient Israel, people often mixed wine with water. Alternate translation: “prepared her wine by mixing it with water” 9:6 b9ma rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you Leave … live … walk 0 All of these commands are plural; Wisdom is addressing many people at the same time. 9:6 ejw3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Leave your naive actions 0 Here naive actions are spoken of as if they were a place that a person could leave. Alternate translation: “Stop your naive behavior” 9:6 f53k naive actions 0 Alternate translation: “inexperienced, immature actions” 9:6 lpn8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the path of understanding 0 Here the process of understanding wisdom is spoken of as if it were a path that a person could follow. Alternate translation: “the manner of living that a wise person has” 9:7 x5sc 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the message of Wisdom. 9:7 vif7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Whoever disciplines … whoever rebukes 0 These two phrases basically say the same thing. 9:7 kjm2 a mocker 0 Someone who habitually mocks people. Alternate translation: “someone who says insulting things about other people” or “someone who likes to make other people look bad” 9:7 m22a receives abuse 0 Alternate translation: “receives harsh treatment” 9:7 g88g whoever rebukes 0 Alternate translation: “whoever corrects” 9:8 fpc4 Do not reprove 0 Alternate translation: “Do not correct” 9:9 c8r2 Give to a wise person, and he … teach a righteous person, and he 0 These two commands actually represent conditional statements. Alternate translation: “If you give to a wise person, he … if you teach a righteous person, he” 9:9 y95j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Give to a wise person … teach a righteous person 0 These two phrases basically say the same thing. 9:9 n1f2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Give to a wise person 0 This refers to giving instruction to a wise person. 9:10 s7rg 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses finish the message of Wisdom. 9:10 l6yl The fear of Yahweh 0 See how you translated this phrase in [Proverbs 1:7](../01/07.md). 9:11 uv8i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive through me your days will be multiplied 0 This may be put into active form. Alternate translation: “I will multiply your days” or “I will cause you to live many more days” 9:11 wpx5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification through me 0 Wisdom, personified as a woman, continues to speak here. 9:11 rk9c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism your days will be multiplied, and years of life will be added to you 0 These two phrases basically mean the same thing and are used to emphasize the great benefits wisdom has. 9:11 u5qf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor years of life will be added to you 0 Wisdom speaks of years of life as if they were physical objects. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I will add years of life to you” or “I will add years to your life” or “I will enable you to live longer” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 9:12 z3ez If you are wise … and if you mock 0 These two statements seem to mean that wise people gain advantages for themselves because of their wisdom, and mockers suffer because of their behavior. 9:12 zei6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you will carry it 0 This speaks of the consequence of one’s bad behavior as if it were a heavy load that one had to carry on his back. 9:13 q38d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses begin to describe foolishness, which is also personified as a woman. 9:13 ix9a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification The woman of foolishness 0 It is possible to translate “foolishness” as a description such as “A foolish woman.” However, if a language allows wisdom to be personified, as in the previous part of this chapter, it may also allow foolishness to be personified. Alternate translation: “The woman Foolishness” 9:13 lbv9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism she is untaught and knows nothing 0 These two expressions basically mean the same thing, which is repeated to show how useless the foolish woman is. Alternate translation: “she does not know anything at all” 9:13 tk38 she is untaught 0 Alternate translation: “she has not learned from experience” or “she is young and naive” 9:15 cqd1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom walking straight on their way 0 This seems to be an idiom for “thinking only of their own affairs” or “minding their own business.” 9:16 ck1n is naive 0 Alternate translation: “is inexperienced or immature” 9:16 rs92 turn aside here 0 Alternate translation: “leave his path and come here” 9:16 zyq4 she says 0 This is the foolish woman who was introduced in [Proverbs 9:13](./13.md). 9:16 lfx9 those who have no sense 0 Alternate translation: “those who do not have wisdom” or “those who are not wise” 9:17 jsi6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Stolen waters are sweet, and bread of secrecy is delicious 0 The foolish woman speaks of the pleasure of stolen waters and bread of secrecy to tell men that if they sleep with her, they will have pleasure. This can be stated clearly in a simile: “You can enjoy me just as you enjoy water that you have stolen or bread that is secret” 9:18 kg4h that the dead are there 0 Alternate translation: “that the men who have gone to her are now dead” 9:18 k1fh in the depths of Sheol 0 “Sheol” refers to the world of the dead. 10:intro fhy5 0 # Proverbs 10 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 10 starts a new section of the book, which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Themes\n\nThere are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often using contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, and wicked/righteous. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) 10:1 i2yb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\nMany verses in Chapter 10 are contrasting parallelisms 10:1 tab7 The proverbs of Solomon 0 After the introduction of Chapters 1–9, Chapter 10 begins the collection of the proverbs; short sayings that teach wisdom. 10:2 ffz8 accumulated 0 acquired over time 10:3 df3m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Yahweh does not let the soul of the righteous person go hungry 0 Here “soul” refers to the person. This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh makes sure those who do what is right have food to eat” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) 10:4 e3ef rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy A lazy hand 0 “Hand” represents the strength and ability of a person. Alternate translation: “A person unwilling to work” 10:4 yly7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy hand of the diligent 0 “Hand” represents the strength and ability of a person. Alternate translation: “person who works hard” 10:6 k7j2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom are upon the head 0 The “head” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “are given to” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 10:6 y4mb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy mouth of the wicked 0 The “mouth” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “words the wicked speak” 10:6 k4dp covers up 0 hides the truth 10:7 e1w8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy name 0 The word “name” represents a person’s reputation. Alternate translation: “memory” 10:8 e725 come to ruin 0 Alternate translation: “be destroyed” or “be made useless” 10:9 ps6l crooked 0 not straight; deformed; dishonest; deceitful 10:10 mi1k rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction He who winks the eye 0 “Winking the eye” represents a secretive sign for being cruel to someone else. Alternate translation: “He who makes a signal with a gesture” 10:10 p957 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor will be thrown down 0 A person who is ruined is spoken of as if he were thrown down. Alternate translation: “others will ruin him” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 10:11 f47s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy The mouth of the righteous 0 Here “mouth” represents what a persons says. Alternate translation: “The speech of a righteous person” 10:11 tv58 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun the righteous 0 This refers to righteous people in general. Alternate translation: “righteous people” 10:11 h2ny rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor is a water spring of life 0 This person’s speech is spoken of as if it preserved living animals or people, as a water spring would do in a dry land. 10:11 bz8g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the mouth of the wicked covers up violence 0 That is, the wicked person appears to say harmless things, but plans to violent things against other people. 10:11 elp1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the mouth of the wicked 0 Here “mouth” represents what a persons says. Alternate translation: “the speech of a wicked person” 10:11 jt58 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun the wicked 0 This refers to wicked people in general. Alternate translation: “wicked people” 10:12 ph1a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification love covers over 0 Love acts like a person who quiets trouble between people instead of stirring it up. 10:13 n8pk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy on the lips of a discerning person 0 “Lips” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “in what a sensible person says” 10:13 ww93 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy a rod is for the back 0 “Rod” represents strong, physical punishment and “the back” represents the person who receives the punishment. Alternate translation: “a person who has no sense needs forceful punishment” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 10:14 ej72 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the mouth of a fool 0 “Mouth” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “the words from a foolish person” 10:15 fd3s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor his fortified city 0 This represents wealth as a safe place. Alternate translation: “his safety” 10:16 im19 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The wage … the profit 0 These terms normally refer to the money a worker earns. Here they represents the results of either doing what is right or doing what is wrong. 10:17 k6n3 There is a path to life for the one who follows discipline 0 Alternate translation: “The person who obeys wise instruction will have a long and happy life” 10:17 st2j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive but the one who rejects correction is led astray 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “but the one who does not obey wise instruction will not have a good life” 10:18 d6bj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy has lying lips 0 “Lips” represent what a person says. Alternate translation: “tells lies” 10:19 zc3a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes transgression is not lacking 0 This phrase uses a negative to emphasize a positive idea. Alternate translation: “there is much sin” 10:20 h1pz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy The tongue of the righteous person 0 “Tongue” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “Whatever a righteous person says” 10:20 pvj4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor is pure silver 0 “Silver” represents valuable sayings. Alternate translation: “is extremely valuable” 10:21 h4rr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy The lips of the righteous 0 “Lips” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “The sayings of a righteous man” 10:21 kp6k nourish 0 cause them to develop or grow stronger 10:23 l951 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Wickedness is a game a fool plays 0 A game is an activity people do for pleasure. Alternate translation: “Fools find pleasure in wickedness” 10:24 xai5 overtake 0 overcome someone 10:25 ci43 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile The wicked are like the storm 0 Just as storm comes and sweeps everything away so wicked people will disappear. 10:25 v58h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor is a foundation that lasts forever 0 “Foundation” represents the base or a beginning of something that people build over. Alternate translation: “is a start for something that lasts forever” 10:26 fk5l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Like vinegar on the teeth and smoke in the eyes, so is the sluggard to those who send him 0 “Vinegar” and “smoke” represent things that hurt a person’s teeth and eyes. Alternate translation: “Sending a lazy person to accomplish a task is irritating and unpleasant” 10:26 i1xh vinegar 0 a sour liquid used to flavor or preserve foods 10:27 rv8w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the years of the wicked 0 “Years” represent the time a person lives. Alternate translation: “the lifetime of the evil person” 10:28 pds2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the years of wicked people 0 Here “years” represent the time a person lives. Alternate translation: “the lifetime of the evil person” 10:30 ub25 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes will never be overthrown 0 This can be stated as active and positive: Alternate translation: “will be secure” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 10:31 f7hy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Out of the mouth of the righteous person 0 “Mouth” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “From the righteous man’s words” 10:31 amx2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the perverse tongue will be cut out 0 “Tongue” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “God will shut the mouths of people who say what is false” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 10:32 y79y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy lips of the righteous person know what is acceptable 0 “Lips” represent what a person says. Alternate translation: “righteous person knows how to speak acceptably” 10:32 ay8q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy mouth of the wicked 0 “Mouth” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “the words of the wicked” 11:intro uk6v 0 # Proverbs 11 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 11 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with individual proverbs.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Themes\n\nThere are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often using contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) 11:1 hzq7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\nMany verses in Chapter 11 are contrasting parallelisms 11:1 g3jt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Yahweh hates scales that are not accurate 0 “Scales” represent measuring accurately in negotiating. Alternate translation: “God hates deceiving scales” or “God hates it when people are deceitful” 11:1 pe2q but he delights in a precise weight 0 Here, **precise weight** represents accuracy in negotiating. Alternate translation: “but he delights in honest ways” or “but he is happy when people are honest” 11:3 rj24 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the treacherous 0 This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “treacherous people” or “those who are treacherous” 11:4 r538 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Wealth is worthless on the day of wrath 0 The “day of wrath” represents a specific event, such as the “day of Yahweh” or “judgment day” or “last days.” Alternate translation: “A person’s wealth will do him no good when God comes to judge” 11:5 lc4r makes his way straight 0 Alternate translation: “has clear direction” 11:5 vhe9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the wicked 0 This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “those who are wicked” 11:6 v49j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the treacherous 0 This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “those who are treacherous” 11:6 b5vy the treacherous are trapped by their cravings 0 Alternate translation: “those who do evil are captured by their passions” 11:6 rhq7 treacherous 0 ready to betray trust; traitorous; deceptive 11:7 dz8x the hope that was in his strength 0 Alternate translation: “the confidence he has in his own power” 11:7 zn33 comes to nothing 0 Alternate translation: “disappears” 11:8 z4am rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive The righteous person is kept away from trouble 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God keeps away from trouble the person who does what is right” 11:8 u873 it comes 0 Alternate translation: “trouble comes” 11:9 r7vl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy With his mouth the godless 0 “Mouth” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “The words of the godless” 11:11 sim1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the city becomes great 0 “City” represents the community or people group. Alternate translation: “the people group prospers” or “the community becomes prosperous” 11:11 p4sd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy by the mouth of the wicked 0 “Mouth” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “the words of evil people” 11:13 en2e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor keeps a matter covered 0 “Covered” represents keeping things concealed as much as possible. Alternate translation: “does not tell” or “does not speak about the matter” 11:14 a9wq advisors 0 those who give recommendations as a guide to action; counselors 11:15 j2ce one who hates giving 0 Alternate translation: “one who refuses to give” 11:16 bvh9 ruthless people 0 people without pity or compassion; cruel people 11:16 h7rd grasp for wealth 0 Alternate translation: “are greedy for wealth” 11:17 dxp9 one who 0 Alternate translation: “a person who” 11:18 imr8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor sows what is right 0 To “sow” represents spreading out to gain more. Alternate translation: “spreads out what is right” 11:18 ln8a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor reaps the wages of truth 0 To “reap” represents acquiring or gathering in” Alternate translation: “will surely be rewarded” 11:19 ibb6 the one who 0 Alternate translation: “the person who” 11:19 un2d pursues evil 0 Alternate translation: “chases after evil” or “seeks to do evil” 11:20 r5lt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy whose hearts are perverse 0 “Heart” represents the feelings, attitudes and motivations of a person. Alternate translation: “who have wicked thoughts” 11:21 gh2a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes will not go unpunished 0 This phrase uses a negative to emphasize a positive idea. Alternate translation: “will certainly be punished” 11:22 y2me rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Like a gold ring … without discretion 0 A beautiful woman without discretion is compared to a useless and unsuitable golden ring in a pig’s nose. 11:22 fe2p without discretion 0 Alternate translation: “without common sense” or “who is foolish” 11:24 x29n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor There is one who scatters—he will accumulate even more 0 This is a metaphor for a person who becomes more wealthy by being generous. Alternate translation: “Some people give freely to others and yet become more wealthy” 11:24 v6x4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit one who scatters 0 You may need to make explicit that the person scatters seeds for crops to grow. Alternate translation: “one who scatters much seed” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 11:24 gmp8 will accumulate even more 0 Alternate translation: “will gain even more” 11:24 p1q7 withholds what he should give 0 This refers to a person who thinks that he can become rich by refusing to be generous. 11:25 q9vb will prosper 0 Alternate translation: “will gain more” 11:25 lf1i the one who 0 Alternate translation: “the generous person who” or “anyone who” 11:26 eb69 the man who refuses to sell 0 This describes the person who hoards his wealth instead of helping those in need. 11:26 h1qp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor good gifts crown the head of him who sells it 0 “Crown” represents the reward or award for the person who is willing to sell grain. Alternate translation: “good gifts are given as a crown of honor to him who sells it” or “the person who sells it is honored with many blessings” 11:27 k6ug The one who diligently seeks 0 the one who seeks with careful and continued effort 11:28 q218 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom will fall 0 This is an idiom. Here “fall” represents destruction or failure. Alternate translation: “will be destroyed” or “awaits a bad future” 11:28 p1e2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile like the leaf, righteous people will flourish 0 “Leaf” represents growth and prosperity. Alternate translation: “righteous people will prosper in the same way a healthy green leaf grows” 11:28 mf6v righteous people will flourish 0 This means that righteous people will thrive or prosper. 11:29 p1pb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor inherit the wind 0 The “wind” is a metaphor for something that cannot be grasped or has no value. Alternate translation: “inherit nothing” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 11:30 q7ul rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile The righteous person will be like a tree of life 0 A person who does what is right is compared to a tree that produces life as its fruit. Alternate translation: “Those who do right will bring life to themselves and others” 11:30 hlz7 tree of life 0 See how you translated this in [Proverbs 3:18](../03/18.md). 11:31 s8p9 how much more 0 Alternate translation: “even more so” 12:intro x2lg 0 # Proverbs 12 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 12 continues the section of the book (Chapter 10–22) which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Themes\n\nThere are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often using contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility and integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) 12:1 ktr2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\nThe author uses parallelism throughout this chapter. Verses 1–15 contrast wisdom and foolishness. 12:1 r7h6 Whoever 0 Alternate translation: “Any person who” 12:1 tz7m the one who hates correction 0 Alternate translation: “the person who does not want to be told what to do” 12:1 nj5f is stupid 0 Alternate translation: “is foolish” or “is unwise” 12:3 nly2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive A person cannot be established by wickedness 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “No one can become safe and secure by doing what is wicked” 12:3 md5p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor cannot be uprooted 0 “Uprooted” represents being pulled out of the ground like a plant or a tree. This cannot happen to those who do right. Alternate translation: “are as stable as a tree with deep roots” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 12:4 wh4l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor A worthy wife is her husband’s crown 0 A crown represents the greatest honor a person can receive. Alternate translation: “A good wife is a sign of great honor for her husband” 12:4 ced6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile she who brings shame is like a disease that rots his bones 0 A disease that rots the bones represents the spoiling of a person’s life. Alternate translation: “a wife’s shameful acts destroy her husband’s influence and happiness” 12:6 sw3s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The words of wicked people are an ambush waiting for a chance to kill 0 The deceitful things that wicked people say in order to harm other people are spoken of as if their words are waiting to kill someone by surprise. Alternate translation: “The deceitful things wicked people say are like a person who waits to kill someone by surprise” 12:6 n6s7 the words of the upright keep them safe 0 Alternate translation: “the advice from an upright person keeps people safe” 12:6 au1h the upright 0 Alternate translation: “the righteous person” or “the honest person” or “the just person” 12:7 qw8f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Wicked people are overthrown 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “People will overthrow the wicked people” or “People will remove the wicked people from power” 12:7 t5c3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy house 0 The term “house” is often used figuratively in the Bible to refer to a person’s ancestors, descendants or other relatives. Alternate translation: “family” or “descendants” 12:8 hfu6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive A person is praised by how much wisdom he has 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “People will praise those who have wisdom” 12:8 hq69 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive the one who makes perverse choices is despised 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people will hate the one who always thinks evil thoughts” or “people will hate the one who takes good things and twists them into bad” 12:10 uxx4 is cruel 0 Alternate translation: “causes suffering” 12:11 wl9h worthless projects 0 Alternate translation: “worthless plans” or “worthless tasks” 12:12 b6y1 the fruit 0 This refers to a person’s actions and thoughts. Just as fruit on a tree shows what kind of tree it is, in the same way a person’s words and actions reveal what his character is like. 12:13 ak1y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy An evil person is trapped by his wicked talk 0 “Trapped” represents being caught in a snare or being tricked. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The wicked things an evil person says will trap him” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 12:14 z5v9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy just as the work of his hands rewards him 0 The phrase, “the work of his hands” represents work done by physical labor. Alternate translation: “just as the good work he does rewards him” 12:15 lr2l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom in his own eyes 0 This phrase represents the idea he has from his own observation, imagination or memory. Alternate translation: “in his own opinion” 12:15 wlp9 advice 0 wise suggestions 12:16 n8pr is prudent 0 Alternate translation: “is wise” or “has good sense.” 12:18 k26n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile The words of one who speaks rashly are like the thrusts of a sword 0 The phrase, “thrusts of a sword” represents cruel words that hurt another. Alternate translation: “What a person says without thinking can hurt as much as if he stabbed with a sword” 12:18 avt2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the tongue of the wise 0 “Tongue” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “what wise people say” 12:18 mpg6 brings healing 0 Alternate translation: “comforts and heals” 12:19 wm6n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Truthful lips last forever 0 “Lips” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “A truthful person endures forever” 12:19 r5ql rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy a lying tongue is only for a moment 0 “Tongue” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “the one who lies lasts only for a moment” 12:20 xs9w advisors 0 those who give recommendations as a guide to action; counselors 12:21 d4zt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes No ill comes 0 The negative, “No” cancels out the idea of “ill” (bad things that happen). Alternate translation: “Good things come” 12:22 x3ha rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Yahweh hates lying lips 0 “Lips” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “Yahweh detests those who tell lies” 12:23 qi9m conceals his knowledge 0 Alternate translation: “does not tell everything he knows” 12:24 j53h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy The hand of the diligent 0 “Hand” represents what a person does -- his works. Alternate translation: “Diligent people” 12:24 ymw6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy will be put to forced labor 0 “Forced labor” describes what a person must do who is not free to do what he wants. Alternate translation: “will become a slave” 12:25 qts2 Anxiety 0 uneasy feeling of fear or dread, worry 12:25 n82f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor weighs him down 0 “Weighing down” represents the idea of putting a very heavy load on a person so he cannot move freely. This phrase means to make a person sad or depressed. Alternate translation: “causes him to become sad or depressed” 12:25 z6n9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns but a good word makes him glad 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **word**, you could express the same idea with the verb “speak.” Alternate translation: “but when others speak kindly to him, he is cheerful again” 12:27 gdt7 would not roast their own game 0 “Game” means animals caught and killed while hunting. And “roast” is a way of cooking food. 12:27 vz9v precious wealth 0 Alternate translation: “valuable treasure” 13:intro nh7k 0 # Proverbs 13 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 13 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Themes\n\nThere are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) 13:1 ugs5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy A wise son hears 0 Here “hears” represents listening in order to do it. Alternate translation: “A wise son obeys” 13:1 sy9c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy will not listen to rebuke 0 Here “listen” represents paying attention in order to do it. Alternate translation: “will not learn from rebuke” or “will not obey, despite rebuke” 13:2 zu98 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy From the fruit of his mouth 0 Here “fruit” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “From the words of his mouth” or “From what he says” 13:2 w883 the appetite 0 the desire or liking for something 13:2 mgn1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the treacherous 0 This nominal adjective can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “the treacherous person” 13:3 xb3d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy his mouth 0 Here “mouth” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “what he says” 13:3 bd6a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor opens wide his lips 0 Opening the lips represents speaking, and opening them wide represents speaking too often or too much. Alternate translation: “speaks a lot” or “talks too much” 13:4 c7yc The appetite … the appetite 0 See how you translated this in [Proverbs 13:2](../13/02.md). 13:4 z2sk craves but gets nothing 0 Alternate translation: “strongly desires but gets nothing” 13:4 rj8j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive the appetite of diligent people will be richly satisfied 0 Here “appetite” represents desire. Alternate translation: “diligent people will have a richly satisfied life” or “being diligent will make people richly satisfied” 13:4 z1wm diligent people 0 people who work with careful and continued effort 13:5 i9t2 repugnant 0 causing a strong feeling of disgust 13:6 gt48 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification Righteousness protects those 0 “Righteousness” represents a way of life approved by Yahweh. This quality acts like a person who protects. Alternate translation: “A way of life approved by Yahweh protects” 13:6 iac2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy who are faultless in their path 0 Here “path” represents how a person directs his life. Alternate translation: “who are faultless in their way of living” or “who live lives of integrity” 13:6 r21h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification wickedness turns away those who commit sin 0 Here “wickedness” represents an evil conduct of life. This quality acts like a person who turns away those who commit sin. Alternate translation: “wickedness turns sinners away from a successful path” or “wickedness ruins sinners’ lives” 13:7 z16h who enriches himself 0 Alternate translation: “who makes himself rich” 13:8 mre8 does not hear a threat 0 This could mean: (1) no one will threaten to steal from him because he has nothing anyone would want to steal or (2) he will not listen when people correct him because he has nothing to lose if they punish him. Alternate translation: “does not listen to rebuke” 13:9 ev8k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The light of righteous people rejoices 0 Here the light represents the righteous person’s life or good behavior, and rejoicing represents causing people to rejoice. Alternate translation: “The life of a righteous person is like a light that causes people to rejoice” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 13:9 ibt9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the lamp of wicked people will be put out 0 Here the lamp represents the life or behavior of wicked people, and “be put out” is an idiom that means that a fire is stopped. The lamp being put out represents either the person dying or the person’s life not giving any joy. Alternate translation: “the lives of wicked people are like a lamp whose fire will be stopped” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 13:10 c8hy Pride only breeds conflict 0 Alternate translation: “Pride always causes conflict” 13:10 n32q listen to 0 Alternate translation: “heed” or “follow” 13:10 ujq3 good advice 0 suggestions that are helpful and profitable 13:11 u1q4 Wealth dwindles away 0 Alternate translation: “Wealth decreases” or “Wealth slowly disappears” 13:11 i2l4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy working with his hand 0 The phrase “working with his hand” refers to physical work instead of only mental or other types of work. Many people give physical work a low value. Alternate translation: “working with physical strength” 13:11 j3nn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor make his money grow 0 Money is compared to a tree that grows. Alternate translation: “make his money increase” 13:12 v8h6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy When hope is postponed 0 Here “hope” represents the thing a person hopes for. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “When a person hopes for something but does not receive it for a very long time” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 13:12 gfi6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom it breaks the heart 0 Breaking a person’s heart represents overwhelming that person with sadness. Alternate translation: “it causes intense sadness” 13:12 k7pf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor a longing fulfilled is a tree of life 0 Someone receiving what they hoped for and becoming very happy is spoken of as if the fulfillment of their hope were a tree that gives life. Alternate translation: “a longing fulfilled is like a tree of life” 13:12 isa3 tree of life 0 “a tree that gives life” or “a tree whose fruit sustains life.” See how you translated this in [Proverbs 3:18](../03/18.md). 13:13 a5vy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive he who respects the commandment will be rewarded 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “they will reward the one who respects the command” 13:14 uhi9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor fountain of life 0 A fountain is a good source of water and here represents a source of life. Alternate translation: “a bountiful source of life” 13:14 h871 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor snares of death 0 Here “snares” represent dangers that will kill. Alternate translation: “traps that lead to death” 13:15 r4vi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor but the way of the treacherous is never-ending 0 Here a person’s behavior or conduct is spoken of as if it were a way or path that a person walks. A person being ruined by their own treachery is spoken of as if they are on a way or path that never ends. Alternate translation: “but the behavior of the treacherous will cause their own destruction” 13:15 up13 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the treacherous 0 This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “the treacherous person” 13:16 g6vs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor a fool parades his folly 0 To “parade” means to display in front of everyone. Alternate translation: “a fool displays his foolishness to everyone” 13:17 h4gr falls into trouble 0 Alternate translation: “is unreliable” or “does something evil” 13:17 pfh6 a faithful envoy 0 Alternate translation: “a faithful messenger” or “a faithful diplomat” 13:18 m4d7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns learns from correction 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **correction**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “learns when someone corrects him” 13:19 h11i is sweet 0 Alternate translation: “is a delight” or “brings joy” 13:19 fv8k the appetite 0 the desire or liking for something 13:20 k77z will suffer harm 0 Alternate translation: “will experience harm” or “will be ruined” 13:21 ddh8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification Disaster runs after sinners 0 “Disaster” is given human characteristics like the ability to run. Alternate translation: “Sinners have trouble wherever they go” 13:21 ecr7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive righteous people are rewarded with good 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God rewards righteous people with good” 13:22 amv1 his grandchildren 0 Alternate translation: “the sons of his sons” or “the children of his children” or “his descendants” 13:22 fi9c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive a sinner’s wealth is stored up for the righteous person 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the one who does right will receive the wealth that a sinner has stored up” 13:23 z3px An unplowed field 0 Alternate translation: “A field that is not prepared for food production” or “An empty field not ready for planting” 13:23 h46l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor but it is swept away by injustice 0 “Swept away” represents completely removing something. This can be stated in active from. Alternate translation: “but injustice takes away that food” or “but unjust people take the food away” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 13:24 jp8a is careful to instruct him 0 Alternate translation: “makes sure to instruct him” 13:25 a593 he satisfies his appetite 0 Alternate translation: “he has satisfied himself” or “he fulfills his desires” 13:25 azl9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the stomach of the wicked is always hungry 0 Here “stomach” represents the desires of a person. Alternate translation: “the wicked person is always hungry for more” 14:intro gbj2 0 # Proverbs 14 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 14 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Themes\n\nThere are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) 14:1 r3rp builds her house 0 Alternate translation: “builds up her house” or “makes her house better” 14:1 tv3l house 0 This could mean: (1) this may refer to her actual house, that is the building she lives in or (2) this may refer to her family. 14:1 l2y8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche with her own hands 0 The woman is represented by her “hands.” Alternate translation: “by herself” or “by the way she behaves” 14:2 qgn4 The one who … the one who 0 Alternate translation: “The person who … the person who” 14:2 qnc4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor walks uprightly 0 “Walks” represents the conduct of life. Alternate translation: “conducts his life in a just and honest way” 14:2 we9s despises him 0 Alternate translation: “grossly disrespects him” or “shows that he hates him” 14:2 c17i in his ways despises him 0 The word “his” refers to the dishonest man and “him” refers to Yahweh. 14:3 a16n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the mouth of … the lips of 0 The mouth and the lips both refer to what a person says. 14:3 ixb4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy a rod for his back 0 The rod with which people will punish the fool by hitting him on his back for his foolish words is a metonym for the words that come out of his mouth. Alternate translation: “words that will cause people to punish him” 14:3 c2ir the wise 0 This word is plural. “wise men” or “wise people” 14:3 gru7 will preserve them 0 Alternate translation: “will keep them from harm” or “will keep them safe” 14:4 w12s the feeding trough 0 A “trough” is a container in which you put the food for animals. 14:4 e3k8 an abundant crop 0 Alternate translation: “a good harvest” 14:4 diy9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy by the strength of an ox 0 “Strength” represents the strong work an ox can do. Alternate translation: “because of the work an ox does” 14:5 j6d2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom breathes out lies 0 This figure of speech uses “breathes” to refer to lying constantly. Alternate translation: “constantly lies” See how you translated this phrase in [Proverbs 6:19](../06/19.md). 14:6 wm35 and there is none 0 Alternate translation: “and wisdom is not there” or “but he will not find wisdom” 14:6 ek6h comes easy to 0 Alternate translation: “is easily found by” or “acquires without difficulty” 14:6 xv2j the one who is discerning 0 Alternate translation: “the one who is wise” or “a person who has understanding” 14:7 ud4w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy on his lips 0 The word “lips” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “from his speech” or “with his comments” 14:8 e2qn the prudent 0 a person who has good judgment or sense 14:8 vp9q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy his own way 0 The word “way” represents the conduct of life of a person. Alternate translation: “his conduct” or “how he lives” 14:8 vug2 the folly of fools is deception 0 The foolishness of fools is that they think they are wise, when they are not. 14:9 m1s1 when the guilt offering is sacrificed 0 “at guilt” or “at the guilt offering” The meaning behind this phrase is that fools do not apologize to God or men for the things they do wrong. 14:9 t24p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive but among the upright favor is shared 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “but the upright enjoy favor together” or “but God’s favor is experienced together among the upright” 14:10 xxe9 its own bitterness 0 Alternate translation: “its own sorrow” or “its own sadness” 14:10 y94d no stranger 0 Alternate translation: “those who do not know him” 14:11 c5yp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the tent 0 The word “tent” represents everything that happens within it. Alternate translation: “the household” 14:11 d165 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor flourish 0 The word “flourish” means vigorous blooming of flowers and so represents anything that grows strongly. Alternate translation: “to do well and last long” or “to be healthy” or “to be very successful” 14:12 y8gw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor There is a way that seems right to a man 0 The word “way” represents the conduct of life a person follows. Alternate translation: “People think that the way they are living is the right way” 14:13 n7lp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor A heart can laugh 0 The word “heart” represents a person’s feelings, attitudes and motivations. Alternate translation: “A person’s feelings can show laughter” 14:13 j3ih be in pain 0 Alternate translation: “experience pain” or “hurt” 14:14 a8j9 The one who 0 Alternate translation: “The person who” 14:14 c5in rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor what his ways deserve 0 The word “ways” represents a person’s conduct of life. Alternate translation: “what he deserves, based on how he lived” 14:14 qe8k what is his 0 Alternate translation: “what belongs to him” or “what he has a right to” 14:15 i558 naive 0 inexperienced or immature 14:15 h73m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor his steps 0 Here the idea of footsteps represents a person’s behavior. Alternate translation: “his actions” 14:16 z79v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor turns away from evil 0 Here evil is spoken of as if it were a place. Alternate translation: “avoids doing evil” 14:16 dy6s confidently dismisses 0 Alternate translation: “boldly ignores” 14:17 yez8 is quick to become angry 0 Alternate translation: “becomes angry quickly” 14:18 j5kv naive 0 inexperienced or immature 14:18 c2ql rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy inherit foolishness 0 Here “inherit” represents having permanent possession of something. 14:18 aj35 foolishness 0 The word “foolishness” is an abstract noun that represents foolish thinking and foolish actions. 14:18 rq9a prudent people 0 Alternate translation: “wise people” 14:18 spn1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor are crowned with knowledge 0 Here knowledge is spoken of as if it were a beautiful ornament worn on one’s head, such as a turban with jewels. Alternate translation: “wear knowledge as a turban” 14:19 b4i8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction bow down 0 This means to bend over to humbly express respect and submission toward someone. 14:19 e892 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy at the gates of the righteous 0 The word “gates” represents an entrance to meet with another. This means the wicked will have to wait for the righteous person and beg to enter his presence. Alternate translation: “to meet with the righteous person” 14:20 h5ns rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive The poor person is hated even by his own companions 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Everyone hates the poor person even his own neighbors” 14:21 fy3m The one … the one 0 Alternate translation: “The person … the person” 14:21 d4gp the poor 0 Alternate translation: “poor people” 14:22 m1cw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Do not those who plot evil go astray? 0 The assumed answer to this question is “yes.” Alternate translation: “Those who plot evil will go astray.” 14:22 ie8f who plot evil 0 Alternate translation: “who make evil plans” or “who make plans to do evil things” 14:22 mmn3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns those who plan to do good will receive covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness 0 The abstract nouns “faithfulness” and “trustworthiness” can be stated as “faithful” and “trustworthy.” Alternate translation: “God will show himself to be trustworthy and faithful to his covenant to those who plan to do what is good” 14:23 k11f but when there is only talk 0 Alternate translation: “but if you only talk” or “but when all a person does is talking” 14:24 dc97 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The crown of wise people 0 The word “crown” represents the highest achievement possible and visible to all. Alternate translation: “The reward of wise people” 14:24 u3bw the folly of fools 0 See how you translated this phrase in [Proverbs 14:8](../14/08.md). 14:25 wkc7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom breathes out lies 0 This figure of speech uses “breathes” to refer to lying constantly. See how you translated this phrase in [Proverbs 6:19](../06/19.md). Alternate translation: “constantly lies” 14:27 c8u2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor fountain of life 0 A “fountain” is a bountiful source of water and represents here the source of life. Alternate translation: “source of life” 14:27 r5t6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor from the snares of death 0 A “snare” is a sort of trap used to hunt animals and represents something tricky and dangerous that will kill. Alternate translation: “from the trap that will kill” 14:28 vxf7 the great number of his people 0 Alternate translation: “how many people he rules” 14:28 yp94 the prince is ruined 0 Alternate translation: “the prince has nothing and his kingdom will fall” 14:29 n61r the quick-tempered 0 a person who is quick to become angry 14:30 lqn3 A tranquil heart 0 Alternate translation: “A peaceful mindset” or “An attitude that is at peace” 14:30 l819 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor rots the bones 0 The word “rots” represents the decay of a person and “bones” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “causes a person to be unhealthy in body and spirit” 14:31 k67r The one who … the one who 0 Alternate translation: “The person who … the person who” 14:31 b6nz curses 0 This means to express a desire that bad things will happen to someone. 14:31 xhv2 the poor … the needy 0 Alternate translation: “a poor person … a needy person” 14:31 k2td shows favor to 0 Alternate translation: “is kind to” or “helps” 14:32 t8gr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive is brought down by his evil actions 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “evil actions push over” or “evil actions destroy” 14:33 axk6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Wisdom rests in the heart 0 The word “heart” represents the feelings, attitudes and motivations of a person. Alternate translation: “Wisdom is in the attitude” 14:33 t41l the discerning 0 Alternate translation: “a discerning person” 14:33 r61l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive she lets herself be known 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “she makes sure people know her” 14:33 xi3x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification she 0 The word “she” refers to wisdom. 14:34 dl6h is a disgrace 0 Alternate translation: “brings shame upon to any people” or “should cause any people to be ashamed” 14:35 qjf7 who acts prudently 0 Alternate translation: “who acts wisely” or “who makes sure bad things do not happen” 14:35 vi56 the one who 0 Alternate translation: “the servant who” 15:intro l872 0 # Proverbs 15 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 15 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Themes\n\nThere are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) 15:1 x2lh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor A gentle answer turns away wrath 0 Causing a person to stop being angry is spoken of as if it were turning that person’s wrath away. Alternate translation: “Answering a person gently will calm that person’s wrath” 15:1 hu6m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor but a harsh word stirs up anger 0 Causing a person to become more angry is spoken of as if it were stirring up or awakening anger. Alternate translation: “but speaking harshly causes that person to become more angry” 15:2 w6ic rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche The tongue of wise people compliments knowledge 0 Here the word “tongue” refers to the person who speaks. Alternate translation: “Wise people compliment knowledge when they speak” 15:2 sjz8 compliments knowledge 0 Alternate translation: “makes knowledge attractive” or “uses knowledge correctly” 15:2 ncr7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the mouth of fools pours out folly 0 The writer speaks of fools’ mouths as if they were containers and of folly as if it were the liquid that filled them. When fools speak, their mouths pour out the liquid. The word “mouth” represents those who speak. Alternate translation: “fools are always speaking folly” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 15:3 w8rc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche The eyes of Yahweh are everywhere 0 Here the word “eyes” represents Yahweh and emphasizes his ability to see everything. Alternate translation: “Yahweh sees everything” 15:3 bw6f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the evil and the good 0 The words “evil” and “good” refer to people. Alternate translation: “evil people and good people” 15:4 wt85 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy A healing tongue is a tree of life 0 The word “tongue” refers to speech. The writer speaks of the words of a person who says things that help and encourage others as if they were a tree that provides life-giving nourishment. Alternate translation: “Kind words are like a tree that gives life” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 15:4 eg2w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy a deceitful tongue crushes the spirit 0 The phrase “a deceitful tongue” refers to speech that is deceitful or hurtful. The writer speaks of a person being hurt or in despair as if that person’s spirit were an object that words have crushed. Alternate translation: “deceitful speech causes a person to despair” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 15:5 kix4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns he who learns from correction 0 The word “correction” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “he who learns when someone corrects him” 15:5 x86t is prudent 0 Alternate translation: “is wise” 15:6 h7yy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns the earnings of the wicked person give 0 The word “earnings” can be translated as a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “the wealth that a wicked person earns gives” 15:7 tk6t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The lips of wise people scatter knowledge about 0 The word “lips” represents what wise people say. The writer speaks of knowledge as if it were seeds that wise people scatter around when they speak. Alternate translation: “The speech of wise people spreads knowledge” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 15:7 wet2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche not so the hearts of fools 0 This could mean: (1) the word “hearts” is synecdoche for the fools themselves and means that they do not scatter knowledge like wise people do. Alternate translation: “fools do not scatter knowledge about” or (2) fools do not have knowledge in their hearts, with “hearts” being a metonym for the thoughts. Alternate translation: “fools do not understand knowledge” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 15:8 a5ry upright people 0 Alternate translation: “people who live rightly” 15:8 fci9 is his delight 0 Alternate translation: “pleases him” 15:9 ui9i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Yahweh hates the way of wicked people 0 The lifestyles of wicked people are spoken of as if they are paths on which those people walk. Alternate translation: “Yahweh hates the way that wicked people live” 15:9 pj1l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the one who pursues what is right 0 Being diligent to live rightly is spoken of as if it were chasing after right things. Alternate translation: “the person who strives to live rightly” 15:10 j3mw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor anyone who forsakes the way 0 Here “the way” refers to the way of righteousness. A person who stops doing what is right is spoken of as if he has stopped walking on the correct path. Alternate translation: “anyone who stops living rightly” 15:10 jus3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns he who hates correction 0 The word “correction” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “the person who hates it when others correct him” 15:11 n1e2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet Sheol and destruction are open before Yahweh 0 The words “Sheol and destruction” both refer to the place of the dead. Yahweh knowing everything about the place of the dead is spoken of as if it were open before Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Yahweh knows everything about the place where dead people are” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 15:11 b6if rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion how much more the hearts of the sons of mankind? 0 This rhetorical question emphasizes that since Yahweh knows everything about the place of the dead, it is more obvious that he knows everything about the hearts of men. Alternate translation: “so he certainly knows the hearts of the sons of mankind!” 15:11 r3gz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the hearts of the sons of mankind 0 Here the word “hearts” represents the thoughts and motivations. The phrase “the sons of mankind” is an idiom for humanity. Alternate translation: “the thoughts of humans” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 15:12 dl8g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns The mocker resents correction 0 The word “correction” can be translated with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “The mocker hates when others correct him” 15:12 f5d9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit he will not go to the wise 0 It is implied that he will not go to the wise to seek their counsel or advice. Alternate translation: “he will not go to the wise to seek their counsel” 15:13 b4lv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche A joyful heart makes the face cheerful 0 Here the word “heart” represents the person. Alternate translation: “When a person is joyful, his face is cheerful” 15:13 dm7a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor crushes the spirit 0 The writer speaks of a person being discouraged as if that person’s spirit were an object that is crushed. See how you translated this in [Proverbs 15:4](../15/04.md). Alternate translation: “makes a person discouraged” 15:14 d9uh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy The heart of the discerning 0 Here the word “heart” represents the mind and thoughts. Alternate translation: “The mind of the discerning person” or “The discerning person” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 15:14 k3ct rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche the mouth of fools feeds on folly 0 Here the word “mouth” represents the person. The writer speaks of fools desiring foolish things as if they ate foolish things. Alternate translation: “foolish people desire folly as if it were the food that they eat” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 15:15 r1yn All the days of oppressed people are miserable 0 Alternate translation: “Oppressed people are miserable all of their days” 15:15 en6x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche a cheerful heart has an unending feast 0 Here the word “heart” represents the person. The writer speaks of a cheerful person enjoying life as if that person were celebrating a feast that does not end. Alternate translation: “the cheerful person enjoys life, as if he were celebrating an unending feast” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 15:15 m9lg an unending feast 0 Alternate translation: “a feast that never ends” 15:16 iix3 with confusion 0 Alternate translation: “with anxiety” 15:17 via5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy a meal with vegetables 0 The vegetables represent a small meal with very little food. Alternate translation: “a small meal” or “very little food” 15:17 ux23 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns where there is love 0 The word “love” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “where people love one another” 15:17 m9u4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive a fatted calf served with hatred 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “a fatted calf that someone serves with hatred” 15:17 x4f2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy a fatted calf 0 This refers to a calf that has been fed a lot of food so that it will become fat. Here it represents a delicious meal or a feast. Alternate translation: “a luxurious meal” or “a feast” 15:17 vw92 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns with hatred 0 The word “hatred” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “where people hate one another” 15:18 p4ji rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor stirs up arguments 0 Causing people to argue more is spoken of as if it were stirring up or awakening arguments. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **arguments**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “argue.” Alternate translation: “causes people to argue more” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 15:19 awv2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The path of the sluggard … the path of the upright 0 The writer speaks of a person’s life as if it were a path on which the person walks. Alternate translation: “The life of the sluggard … the life of the upright” 15:19 gy92 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile The path of the sluggard is like a place with a hedge of thorns 0 The writer compares the lifestyle of the sluggard with trying to walk through a hedge of thorns. Both cause the person to suffer pain. Alternate translation: “The life of the sluggard is like a person trying to walk through a hedge of thorns” 15:19 zqz8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the path of the upright is a built-up highway 0 The writer speaks of the blessings that upright people experience in life as if they were walking on a smooth road. 15:19 c95z built-up highway 0 This is a road that is wide, flat, and without obstacles or potholes. 15:21 itu5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the one who has understanding walks a straight path 0 The writer speaks of a person doing the right thing as if he were walking straight ahead on a path. Alternate translation: “the person who has understanding does what is right” 15:22 p1yb Plans go wrong 0 Alternate translation: “Plans fail” 15:22 et1u where there is no advice 0 Alternate translation: “when there is no one to give advice” 15:22 re1s advisors 0 people who give recommendations as a guide to action 15:22 q31z they succeed 0 Alternate translation: “plans succeed” 15:23 wg81 a pertinent reply 0 Alternate translation: “a fitting reply” or “an appropriate answer” 15:23 jnm2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations how good is a timely word 0 This exclamation emphasizes that a word spoken at the right time is very good. Alternate translation: “a word that a person speaks at the right time is very good” 15:24 b9kb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The path of life leads upward … from Sheol beneath 0 The writer speaks of a lifestyle that results in life as if it were a path that goes upward towards life and of a lifestyle that results in death as if it were a path that leads down to the place of the dead. 15:25 h2dg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche house 0 This is a synecdoche for the person’s household, property, and wealth. 15:26 h9s4 the words of kindness are pure 0 Alternate translation: “kind words are pure” or “pleasant words are pure” 15:28 avu5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy The heart of the righteous person ponders before it answers 0 Here the word “heart” is a metonym for the mind and thoughts. This represents the person who thinks. Alternate translation: “The person who does right ponders what to say before he answers” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 15:28 zzd4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the mouth of wicked people pours out all its evil 0 The writer speaks of wicked people’s mouths as if they were containers and speaks of evil as if it were the liquid that filled them. When wicked people speak, their mouths pour out the liquid. The word “mouths” represents those who speak. Alternate translation: “wicked people are always saying evil things” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 15:28 zr4l the mouth of wicked people pours out all its evil 0 It may be more natural in you language to translate all these words as either singular or plural. Alternate translation: “the mouth of the wicked person pours out all its evil” or “the mouths of wicked people pour out all their evil” 15:29 nq5q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Yahweh is far away from wicked people 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh not listening to wicked people as if he were physically far away from them. Alternate translation: “Yahweh does not listen to wicked people” or “Yahweh does not answer wicked people” 15:30 msq2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The light of the eyes 0 The writer speaks of an expression of joy on one’s face as if the person’s eyes emitted light. Alternate translation: “A cheerful expression” 15:30 d2bg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche brings joy to the heart 0 The word “heart” represents the person. This could mean: (1) the person who has a cheerful expression becomes joyful or (2) other people become joyful when they see someone with a cheerful expression. Alternate translation: “causes a person to be joyful” 15:30 hhj8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche good news is health to the body 0 Here the word “body” represents the person. Alternate translation: “receiving good news makes a person feel good” 15:31 vet3 you will remain among wise people 0 This could mean: (1) people will continue to consider you to be a wise person or (2) you will continue to enjoy the company of wise people. 15:32 l9cd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns listens to correction 0 The word “correction” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “listens when others correct him” 15:33 nhk9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns The fear of Yahweh teaches wisdom 0 The words “fear” and “wisdom” can be translated with verbal phrases. Alternate translation: “When one fears Yahweh, he will learn to be wise” 15:33 t56g The fear of Yahweh 0 See how you translated this phrase in [Proverbs 1:7](../01/07.md). 15:33 w2h2 humility comes before honor 0 This means that a person must first learn humility before Yahweh will honor him. 16:intro mu2u 0 # Proverbs 16 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 16 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### King and royalty\n\nSome of these proverbs mention a king. As in other cases, this is intended to apply to all rulers.\n\n### Themes\n\nThere are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) 16:1 bqu9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy The plans of the heart belong to a person 0 Here the word “heart” represents the person’s mind and thoughts. Alternate translation: “A person makes plans in his mind” 16:1 hf8a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor from Yahweh comes the answer from his tongue 0 This could mean: (1) Yahweh speaks his answer to a person’s plans, which is a metaphor meaning that Yahweh determines the outcome of that person’s plans or (2) Yahweh enables a person to speak words about the plans that he has made. 16:1 j1hu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche the answer from his tongue 0 The person is represented by his “tongue” to emphasize his speech. Alternate translation: “the answer that he speaks” 16:2 m6li rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor All of a person’s ways are pure in his own eyes 0 The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. The writer speaks of what a person does as if that person were walking down a path. Alternate translation: “A person thinks that everything he does is pure” or “A person judges everything he does as pure” 16:2 ky4t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Yahweh weighs the spirits 0 Here the word “spirits” represents people’s desires and motives. The writer speaks of Yahweh discerning and judging a person’s desires and motives as if he were weighing that person’s spirit. Alternate translation: “Yahweh judges the person’s motives” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 16:4 ccq1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis even the wicked for the day of trouble 0 The verbal phrase may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “he has made even the wicked for the day of trouble” 16:5 lkb8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche everyone who has an arrogant heart 0 Here the word “heart” represents the person. Alternate translation: “everyone who is arrogant” 16:5 cq2g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes they will not go unpunished 0 The two negatives in this phrase strongly emphasize the positive. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will certainly punish them” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 16:6 t6t9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns By covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness iniquity is atoned for 0 The abstract nouns “faithfulness” and “trustworthiness” can be stated as “faithful” and “trustworthy.” If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. This could mean: (1) Alternate translation: “Because Yahweh is faithful to his covenant and trustworthy he forgives people’s sins” or (2) Alternate translation: “Yahweh will forgive the sins of those who are faithful to the covenant and trustworthy” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 16:6 sn15 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor people turn away from evil 0 The writer speaks of people no longer doing evil things as if they were turning away from evil. Alternate translation: “people stop doing evil things” 16:7 i6tc he makes 0 Alternate translation: “Yahweh makes” 16:8 u992 a large income 0 Alternate translation: “earning a lot of money” 16:8 a4dx with injustice 0 Alternate translation: “with wrongdoing” 16:9 wyx2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy In his heart a person plans out his way 0 Here the word “heart” represents the mind and thoughts. The writer speaks of a person’s actions as if the person were walking on a path. Alternate translation: “A person plans in his mind what he will do” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 16:9 y8rt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Yahweh directs his steps 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh determining the outcome of a person’s plans as if Yahweh were telling that person where to walk. 16:10 ak2q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Insightful decisions are on the lips of a king 0 Here the word “lips” is a metonym for what the king says. Alternate translation: “What a king says are insightful decisions” 16:10 ul24 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche his mouth should not betray justice 0 The word “mouth” represents the king himself. Alternate translation: “he should not speak deceitfully when he judges” 16:11 hb1i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Honest scales come from Yahweh 0 Yahweh requires justice and fairness when doing business. Dishonest people used heavier or lighter weights in their scales in order to gain more when buying or selling. 16:11 c4kd all the weights in the bag are his work 0 Merchants carried their weights in bags. This could mean: (1) Yahweh has determined how much every weight must weigh or (2) Yahweh is concerned with every weight that a merchant uses. 16:12 tie4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive that is something to be despised 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that is something that people despise” or “that is something that Yahweh despises” 16:12 yr8j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy for a throne is established by doing what is right 0 Here the word “throne” represents the king’s rule. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “for the king establishes his reign by doing what is right” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 16:13 sfa1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche lips that say what is right 0 Here the word “lips” represents the person who speaks. Alternate translation: “a person who speaks the truth” 16:14 lfm4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor A king’s wrath is a messenger of death 0 The writer speaks of an angry king causing someone to die as if the king’s wrath were a messenger that he sends out to kill someone. Alternate translation: “An angry king can put people to death” 16:15 av7j 0 # General Information:\n\nVerse 15 contrasts with verse 14. 16:15 f1pr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor In the light of a king’s face is life 0 The writer speaks of an expression of joy on the king’s face as if his face emitted light. Alternate translation: “When the king is cheerful, people live” 16:15 a5n5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile his favor is like a cloud that brings a spring rain 0 The writer compares the king showing favor towards someone with a cloud that brings rain to make crops grow. Both promise blessing to those who receive them. 16:16 rgj4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations How much better it is to get wisdom than gold 0 This exclamation emphasizes that having wisdom is much better than having gold. Alternate translation: “It is much better to get wisdom than to get gold” 16:16 bn5c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive To get understanding should be chosen more than silver 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “A person should choose to get understanding more than to get silver” 16:17 ffx6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The highway of upright people 0 The writer speaks of the lifestyle of upright people as if it were a well-built road, free of obstacles. Alternate translation: “The righteous way that upright people live” 16:17 a2qn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor turns away from evil 0 The writer speaks of avoiding or no longer doing evil things as if it were turning away from evil. Alternate translation: “keeps them from doing evil” 16:18 qp3l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy a haughty spirit 0 Here the word “spirit” represents the person’s attitude and temperament. Alternate translation: “an arrogant attitude” 16:18 yz53 a downfall 0 Alternate translation: “ruin” or “failure” 16:19 s4fk spoil 0 goods taken in battle 16:20 zg3i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive what they are taught 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “what someone has taught them” or “what they have learned” 16:21 lrv9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive The one who is wise in heart is called discerning 0 This person will have a reputation of being a discerning person. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “People will call the one who is wise in heart discerning” or “The one who is wise in heart will have a reputation of being a discerning person” 16:21 hq6m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy The one who is wise in heart 0 Here the heart represents the mind and thoughts. Alternate translation: “The one who is wise” or “The one who is wise in his thinking” 16:21 w5ly rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor sweetness of speech 0 The writer speaks of kind or pleasant speech as if it were something that tastes sweet. Alternate translation: “kind speech” or “pleasant speech” 16:22 y5ux rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Understanding is a fountain of life 0 The writer speaks of “Understanding” as if it were a fountain that continuously flows with water and which sustains the life of those who drink from it. Alternate translation: “Understanding is like a fountain flowing with life-giving water” 16:23 rbc8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy The heart of a wise person gives 0 Here the word “heart” represents the mind and thoughts. Alternate translation: “The thoughts of a wise person gives” 16:23 qa4q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy gives insight to his mouth 0 Here the word “mouth” is a metonym for speech. Alternate translation: “makes his speech wise” 16:23 i4qn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy to his lips 0 Here the word “lips” is a metonym for speech. Alternate translation: “to what he says” 16:24 r6ef rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy sweet to the soul 0 Here, **soul** could mean: (1) it represents a person’s inward desires and pleasures. Alternate translation: “sweet enough to make a person happy” or (2) it can mean “throat” and is a metonym for a person’s tongue and ability to taste. Alternate translation: “sweet to a person’s taste” 16:24 ye3n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche healing to the bones 0 Here the word “bones” represent a person’s body. Alternate translation: “healing to the body” 16:25 v8l9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy There is a way that seems right to a man 0 The writer speaks of a person’s conduct or behavior as if it were a road on which the person is traveling. Alternate translation: “A person thinks that the way he is living is right” 16:25 es6x but its end is the way to death 0 The word “its” refers to “way” in the previous line. This “way” is the road that leads to death. 16:26 fc7p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification The laborer’s appetite works for him 0 The writer speaks of the appetite as if it were a person who works on behalf of the laborer. This means that the person who labors is motivated by his desire to eat. Alternate translation: “The laborer works to satisfy his appetite” 16:26 gb4l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification his hunger urges him on 0 The writer speaks of “hunger” as if it were a person who urges the laborer to continue working. Alternate translation: “he keeps on working because he is hungry” 16:27 r16q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor A worthless person digs up mischief 0 The writer speaks of a person trying to find ways to harm other people as if that person were digging in the ground to find something buried. Alternate translation: “A worthless person looks for mischief as if he were digging for something in the ground” 16:27 sga2 worthless 0 Alternate translation: “useless” or “wicked” 16:27 q5zk mischief 0 trouble 16:27 xs7m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile his speech is like a scorching fire 0 The writer compares the way this person’s words hurt others with the way that fire burns things. Alternate translation: “he hurts people with his words, like a fire scorches the things it touches” 16:28 x2b5 a gossip 0 a person who gossips or spreads rumors 16:29 mk94 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit A man of violence lies to his neighbor 0 It is implied that this man lies to his neighbor in order to get his neighbor to join him in violent actions. Alternate translation: “A man of violence entices his neighbor” 16:29 i6a5 A man of violence 0 Alternate translation: “A violent man” or “A man who practices violence” 16:29 f3dd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor leads him down a path that is not good 0 The writer speaks of a person’s actions as if they were a road on which the person walks. Alternate translation: “gets him to do things that are not good” 16:29 m8qs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit a path that is not good 0 The writer uses an understatement to emphasize how bad this path is. Alternate translation: “a very bad path” or “a terrible path” 16:30 p1tu The one who winks the eye … those who purse the lips 0 Both of these are facial gestures which people might use to signal their plans to others. See how you translated “winks the eye” in [Proverbs 10:10](../10/10.md). 16:30 wy6w will bring evil to pass 0 Alternate translation: “will do evil things” 16:31 aj89 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Gray hair is a crown of glory 0 The writer speaks of gray hair as if it were a crown. “Gray hair” is a metonym for old age. Alternate translation: “A person who has lived long enough to have gray hair is like one who wears a glorious crown on his head” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 16:31 y1am rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive it is gained 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “a person gains it” 16:32 x3rg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor one who rules his spirit 0 The writer speaks of a person being able to control his own temper and emotions as if he ruled over his spirit like a king rules his people. Alternate translation: “one who controls his temper” 16:33 ei8c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive The lots are cast into the lap 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “A person throws the lots into his lap” 16:33 js5x the decision is from Yahweh 0 This could mean: (1) Yahweh decides how the lots will land or (2) it is not the lots, but Yahweh who determines what will happen. 17:intro br3v 0 # Proverbs 17 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 17 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Themes\n\nThere are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) 17:1 ecu4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy to have quiet 0 Here “quiet” refers to “peace.” Alternate translation: “to have peace” 17:1 p2y8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis than a house full of feasting with strife 0 The words “to have” are understood from the previous phrase. They can be repeated. Alternate translation: “than to have a house full of feasting with strife” or “than to be in a house full of feasting where there is strife” 17:3 fh66 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit The crucible is for silver and the furnace is for gold 0 This refers to how gold and silver are refined. A metal is refined by heating it to a high temperature so that it melts and the impurities may be removed. Alternate translation: “The crucible is used to refine silver and the furnace is used to refine gold” 17:3 fi3n crucible 0 a pot in which metals are melted at a very high temperature 17:3 aq7i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Yahweh refines hearts 0 This speaks of Yahweh testing people to help them stop being evil and foolish as if their hearts were a metal that Yahweh was refining to remove everything that is impure. Alternate translation: “Yahweh tests peoples’ hearts” 17:4 bar9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche wicked lips 0 The word **lips** can be translated as either: (1) a synecdoche for the person or (2) a metonym for the words that come out from those lips. Alternate translation: “a wicked person” or “wicked talk” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 17:4 cj9s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom gives ear 0 This idiom means “listens.” 17:4 ef8i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche destructive tongue 0 The word **tongue** can be translated as either: (1) a synecdoche for the person or (2) a metonym for the words that the tongue produces. Alternate translation: “a destructive person” or “destructive talk” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 17:5 a5ue rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the poor 0 This refers to poor people. Alternate translation: “those who are poor” 17:5 gs4i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns his Maker 0 This is a name that refers to Yahweh. This is also an abstract noun that can be written as a verb. Alternate translation: “the one who made him” 17:5 dj8b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit at misfortune 0 This refers to the misfortune of others. Alternate translation: “at others’ misfortune” or “at other peoples’ troubles” 17:6 y71i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor are the crown of 0 This speaks of older peoples’ grandchildren being a sign of honor for them as if their grandchildren were a crown. Alternate translation: “bring honor and respect to” 17:6 v99u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the aged 0 This refers to older people. Alternate translation: “those who are older” or “older people” 17:7 i2ze Eloquent speech 0 Alternate translation: “Fine speech” or “Excellent speech” 17:7 clc1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche much less are lying lips suitable for royalty 0 This describes people lying as if it were actually their “lips” that were lying. Alternate translation: “even more it is not suitable for royalty to lie” 17:8 mi9y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile A bribe is like a magic stone to the one who gives it 0 This speaks of a person’s bribe working by comparing it to a magical stone or amulet. Alternate translation: “A bribe works like a magical stone for the one who gives it” or “A bribe works like magic for the one who is giving the bribe” 17:8 iq11 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom wherever he turns 0 Here “turning” refers to the various things the person does. Specifically, this refers to the different things the person does by bribery. Alternate translation: “in whatever he does” or “in everything he tries to do by giving bribes” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 17:9 nk6k an offense 0 an action or word that has hurt him 17:9 r2e2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit who repeats a matter 0 This refers to bringing up a past situation in which a friend was hurt or offended. Alternate translation: “who repeats a past offense” 17:9 s8p6 alienates close friends 0 Alternate translation: “causes people to stop being close friends” or “causes close friends to stop liking each other” 17:10 dra2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor A rebuke goes deeper into a person … than a hundred blows go into a fool 0 This compares how a rebuke effects a man of understanding to how a beating effects a fool. This speaks of the effect on these people as if it could be measured by the depth that it goes into them. Alternate translation: “A rebuke has more effect on a person … than a hundred blows have on a fool” 17:10 fs5v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns a person who has understanding 0 “a person who has good judgment.” The word “understand” can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “a person who understands” 17:10 hy6y a hundred blows go 0 Alternate translation: “a beating of a hundred blows goes” 17:11 rz73 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns seeks rebellion 0 The word “rebellion” can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “seeks to rebel” 17:11 zqf6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive a cruel messenger will be sent against him 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “a cruel messenger will come against him” 17:11 suj6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom will be sent against him 0 To be “sent against” someone means to be sent to harm them. Alternate translation: “will be sent to harm him” 17:12 fk5m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive a bear robbed of her cubs 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “a bear who has just lost her cubs” 17:12 j1ly rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns in his foolishness 0 The word “foolishness” can be expressed as an adjective. Alternate translation: “who is acting foolish” 17:13 p537 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification evil will never leave his house 0 Here “evil” is spoken of as if it were a person who would not leave the man’s house. Here the word “house” may be taken literally, but it is also a metonym for his family. Alternate translation: “bad things will continue to happen to him and his family” or “bad things will never stop happening to him and his family” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 17:14 e1bw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile The beginning of conflict is like one who releases water everywhere 0 This compares how easily a conflict spreads to how spilled water flows everywhere. Alternate translation: “Starting a conflict is like pumping water and letting it run everywhere” 17:14 al2h has broken out 0 Alternate translation: “starts”or “begins” 17:15 z95a acquits 0 justifies, declares someone not guilty 17:16 kk5n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Why should a fool pay money to learn about wisdom, when he has no ability to learn it? 0 This rhetorical question emphasizes that the fool should not do this. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “A fool should not pay money to learn about wisdom because he does not have the ability to learn it.” 17:17 az6z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit a brother is born for times of trouble 0 One of the purposes of a brother is to be there to help his brother or sister in times of trouble. Alternate translation: “a brother is there for times of trouble” 17:18 f3yd no sense 0 Alternate translation: “no good judgement” 17:18 r6wn binding promises 0 This refers to promises that must be kept and are often a burden on the person who made them. 17:19 bpz3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit causes bones to be broken 0 This means that someone will trip on the threshold and break bones, probably in their foot. Alternate translation: “is sure to cause someone trip and break their the bones in their foot” or “is sure to cause someone to trip and injure himself” 17:20 a3mi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy who has a crooked heart 0 The “heart” represents a person’s feelings, attitudes and motivations. Alternate translation: “who is deceptive” or “who is dishonest” 17:20 s659 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy has a perverse tongue 0 The “tongue” represents a person’s speech. Alternate translation: “speaks perversely” or “speaks wickedly” 17:20 qjp9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom falls into calamity 0 “falls into trouble” To “fall into” something means to get into that situation. Alternate translation: “will have calamity” 17:22 b1n1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor A cheerful heart is good medicine 0 This speaks of a cheerful heart as being good medicine because it makes you feel better. Alternate translation: “A cheerful heart is like medicine that makes you feel better” 17:22 ga2p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy A cheerful heart 0 The “heart” represents a person’s feelings, attitudes and motivations. Alternate translation: “Being cheerful” 17:22 u1vh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy a broken spirit 0 Here the “spirit” represents a person’s feelings and emotional state. A broken spirit refers to a poor emotional state. Alternate translation: “depression” 17:22 gei3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy dries up the bones 0 A person’s bones represent their physical health and strength. If a person’s bones dry up it means that they are very sick and unhealthy. Alternate translation: “makes a person unhealthy and weak” 17:23 r7p6 to pervert the ways of justice 0 Alternate translation: “to prevent justice from being rendered” or “to pervert justice” 17:24 ba2e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor sets his face toward wisdom 0 This speaks of a person’s focus on acting wisely as if he were looking at wisdom. Alternate translation: “focuses on acting wisely” 17:24 r7ww rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche the eyes of a fool are 0 This refers to a fool by his eyes to emphasize what he is focusing on. Alternate translation: “the fool is” 17:24 qef2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the ends of the earth 0 This speaks of a fool’s impossible dreams as if they were the ends of the earth to emphasize that they are unrealistic. Alternate translation: “strive for things that are as far from him as the ends of the earth” or “focus on impossible things” 17:25 cn74 A foolish son is a grief to his father 0 This speaks of a son causing his father grief as if the son himself were “grief.” Alternate translation: “A foolish son brings grief to his father” 17:25 mw1t A foolish son … and bitterness to the woman 0 This speaks of a son causing his mother bitterness as if the son himself were “bitterness.” Alternate translation: “A foolish son … and brings bitterness to the woman” 17:25 t9yj who bore him 0 Alternate translation: “who gave birth to him” 17:25 lm5j bitterness 0 emotional pain, sorrow 17:26 lw6w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes it is never good … neither is it good 0 These statements can be written in positive form. Alternate translation: “it is always wrong … and it is evil” 17:26 wfd1 the righteous person 0 Another possible meaning is “the innocent person,” anyone whom others have accused of a crime that he did not commit. 17:26 s7mg flog 0 whip severely 17:26 dj91 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns who have integrity 0 The word “integrity” can be expressed with the adjective “honest.” Alternate translation: “who are honest” 17:27 je2b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit uses few words 0 This refers to the way he speaks. Alternate translation: “speaks with few words” 17:28 b5ay rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Even a fool is thought to be wise 0 This can be written in active form. Alternate translation: “People even think a fool is wise” 17:28 i81a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom keeps his mouth shut 0 This means that he does not speak. Alternate translation: “does not speak” 17:28 q1jm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive he is considered to be intelligent 0 This can be written in active form. Alternate translation: “people consider him to be intelligent” 18:intro k5qz 0 # Proverbs 18 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 18 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Themes\n\nThere are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) 18:1 n34r isolates himself 0 Alternate translation: “keeps away from other people” 18:1 vun3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification quarrels with all sound judgment 0 This speaks of a person disagreeing with sound judgment as if “sound judgment” were a person he fought with. Alternate translation: “he disagrees with all sound judgment” 18:1 r3yq sound judgment 0 Alternate translation: “good judgment” or “wise choices” 18:2 u731 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes A fool finds no pleasure in understanding, but only 0 “A fool does not care about understanding, but only about” This means the fool considers “understanding” the opposite of pleasure. Alternate translation: “A fool detests understanding and only finds pleasure in” 18:2 ey4y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit but only in revealing what is in his own heart 0 This means that the fool only finds pleasure in telling other people what he feels and desires in his heart. Alternate translation: “but only in telling others what is in his own heart” 18:2 yp8r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy what is in his own heart 0 The contents of a person’s heart refers to the person’s thoughts and feelings. Alternate translation: “what he thinks” 18:3 fw1y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification contempt comes with him—along with shame and reproach 0 Here “contempt,” “shame,” and “reproach” are spoken of as if they are people who accompany a wicked man. This could mean: (1) people show contempt towards the wicked man and cause him to feel shame and reproach. Alternate translation: “people feel contempt for him along with shame and reproach” or (2) the wicked man shows contempt for others and causes them to feel shame and reproach. Alternate translation: “he shows his contempt for other people and causes them to feel shame and reproach” 18:3 ps5e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet shame and reproach 0 These two words have similar meaning and are used together to emphasize the “shame” felt by either the wicked man or other people. 18:4 izv2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism The words of a man’s mouth are deep waters; & the fountain of wisdom is a flowing stream 0 These two lines are parallel and it is implied that the man in the first line is a wise man. Alternate translation: “The words of a wise man’s mouth are deep waters; … the fountain of wisdom is a flowing stream” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 18:4 nv82 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The words of a man’s mouth are deep waters 0 This speaks of a wise man’s words being profound as if they were profound and as deep as deep waters. Alternate translation: “The words of a man’s mouth are as profound as deep waters” or “The words of a man’s mouth are deep and profound” 18:4 mk4j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche a man’s mouth 0 Here the man is referred to by his mouth to emphasize what he says. Alternate translation: “of a man” 18:4 mn87 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the fountain of wisdom is a flowing stream 0 This speaks of the source of wisdom being plentiful as if it were a gushing spring. The gushing of the spring is spoken of as if it were a flowing stream. Alternate translation: “the source of wisdom is as plentiful as the water of a gushing spring” 18:5 fi7d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes It is not good to … to the righteous person 0 These phrases can be written in positive form. Alternate translation: “It is good to treat the wicked person as he deserves, and to be just to the righteous person” 18:6 p2qv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche A fool’s lips bring 0 Here the fool is referred to by his “lips” to emphasize what he says. Alternate translation: “what a fool says brings” 18:6 w2xd bring 0 Alternate translation: “cause” 18:6 zxu7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor his mouth invites a beating 0 This speaks of the fool saying things that cause people to want to beat him as if he were inviting them to beat him. Alternate translation: “his mouth makes people want to beat him” 18:6 z4ii rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy his mouth 0 Here what the fool says is referred to as his “mouth.” Alternate translation: “what he says” 18:7 iwj7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy A fool’s mouth … with his lips 0 Both of these phrases refer to what a fool says. Alternate translation: “What a fool says … by what he says” 18:7 v6hu is his ruin 0 Alternate translation: “will ruin him” 18:7 e4r4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he ensnares himself 0 This speaks of the man causing problems and trouble for himself as if he were trapping himself like a man traps an animal. Alternate translation: “he will cause problems for himself” 18:8 iu3y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile The words of a gossip are like delicious morsels 0 This speaks of the words of a gossip being desirable to listen to as if they were delicious food to eat. Alternate translation: “The words of a gossip are desirable to listen to” or 18:8 vd95 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession The words of a gossip 0 This refers to what a gossiping person says. Alternate translation: “The words that a gossiping person speaks” 18:8 lms4 morsels 0 small bites of food 18:8 mr15 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor they go down into the inner parts of the body 0 This speaks of the words of a gossip going into a person’s mind and affecting his thoughts as if they were food that was going into his stomach. Alternate translation: “and they enter a person’s mind and affect his thoughts” 18:9 uih2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor one who is slack in his work is a brother to the one who destroys 0 This speaks of the one who is slack being similar to the one who destroys as if they were actually related. Alternate translation: “is closely related to” or “is very similar to” 18:9 i66j is slack 0 Alternate translation: “is lazy” or “is not interested” 18:9 mch5 the one who destroys the most 0 Alternate translation: “the one who destroys everything” or “the one who is always destructive” 18:10 ktq8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The name of Yahweh is a strong tower 0 This speaks of Yahweh protecting his people as if he were a strong tower in which they could take refuge. Alternate translation: “Yahweh protects like a strong tower” or “Yahweh protects his people like a strong tower” 18:10 f4nm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy The name of Yahweh 0 Here Yahweh is referred to by his name. Alternate translation: “Yahweh” 18:10 dtz5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the righteous 0 This refers to righteous people. Alternate translation: “those who are righteous” or “righteous people” 18:10 gkx2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor runs into it and is safe 0 This speaks of people seeking safety from Yahweh and Yahweh protecting them as if he were a strong tower that they ran into for safety. Alternate translation: “run to him and they are safe” or “seek him and they are safe” 18:11 vhu8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The wealth of the rich is his fortified city 0 This speaks of a rich person depending on his wealth as if his wealth were a fortified wall that protects him. Alternate translation: “The wealthy person depends on his wealth as a city depends on its fortified wall” 18:11 bgq7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the rich 0 This refers to people who are rich. Alternate translation: “the rich person” 18:11 tz4b fortified city 0 a city with strong defenses like walls and towers 18:11 kei5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile in his imagination it is like a high wall 0 This speaks of the rich person believing his wealth will keep him safe like a high wall keeps those inside a city safe. Alternate translation: “he thinks it protects him as well as a high wall” 18:12 r28e Before his downfall a person’s heart is proud 0 Alternate translation: “First a person’s heart is proud, but then comes his downfall” 18:12 uet1 downfall 0 This refers to a significant decline in a person’s reputation or health. 18:12 t2l5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche a person’s heart 0 Here a person is referred to by his heart to emphasize his thoughts and feelings. Alternate translation: “a person” 18:12 dy4x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns humility comes before honor 0 The word “humility” may be expressed as an adjective and the word “honor” may be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “a person must be humble before he can be honored” 18:13 cj6q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns it is his folly and shame 0 The abstract nouns “folly” and “shame” may be expressed as adjectives. Alternate translation: “it is foolish of him, and he should be ashamed” 18:14 jnm1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche A person’s spirit will survive sickness 0 Here a person is referred to by his spirit to emphasize his attitude. Alternate translation: “A person who is hopeful will survive sickness” or “If a person is full of hope in his inner being, he will survive being sick” 18:14 v3f4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion but a broken spirit who can bear it? 0 This is a rhetorical question, expecting the answer that few can bear it. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “but it is very hard to bear a broken spirit.” 18:14 b1vb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom a broken spirit 0 This refers to being depressed. Alternate translation: “being depressed” 18:15 e4fm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche The heart of the intelligent acquires 0 Here the intelligent person is referred to by his heart to emphasize his desires. Alternate translation: “The intelligent desire to acquire” 18:15 p7l8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the intelligent 0 This refers to people who are intelligent. Alternate translation: “those who are intelligent” or “intelligent people” 18:15 ptl8 acquires 0 Alternate translation: “gains” or “obtains” 18:15 xwh7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the hearing of the wise seeks it out 0 Here the wise person is referred to by his hearing to emphasize what he desires to listen to. Alternate translation: “the wise seeks to learn about it” 18:15 a1ba rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the wise 0 This refers to people who are wise. Alternate translation: “those who are wise” or “wise people” 18:15 enq3 seeks it out 0 Here the word “it” refers to “knowledge” 18:16 zkj3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom may open the way 0 Here to “open the way” means to create an opportunity. Alternate translation: “may create an opportunity for him” 18:16 wr8f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom bring him before 0 This means to be allowed to see someone. Alternate translation: “let him meet” or “let him be introduced to” 18:17 ct71 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal The first to plead his case 0 This refers to the person who pleads his case before his opponent pleads his case. Alternate translation: “The first person to plead his case” or “The person who pleads his case first” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 18:18 qs89 Casting the lot 0 Alternate translation: “Casting lots” 18:18 n3hk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit separates strong opponents 0 This refers to people who are fighting harshly over a dispute. When they are separated, they are no longer fighting over their dispute. Alternate translation: “causes opponents to stop fighting over their dispute” 18:19 dcj5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor An offended brother is harder to be won than a strong city 0 This speaks of the difficulty of making peace with a brother you have offended by comparing it to the difficulty of winning a war against a strong city. Alternate translation: “If you offend your brother, finding a way to have peace with him again may be harder than waging a battle to win a city” 18:19 zq5y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile quarreling is like the bars of a castle 0 This speaks of the difficulty of resolving quarreling by comparing it to the difficulty of breaking down the bars of a castle. Alternate translation: “resolving quarreling is as difficult as breaking down the bars of a castle” 18:19 ef13 castle 0 a fortified palace 18:20 qaf4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism From the fruit of his mouth one’s stomach is filled; with the harvest of his lips he is satisfied 0 These two lines have the same meaning and are used together to emphasize what is said. They can be combined. Alternate translation: “A person is satisfied by the results of the good things that he says” 18:20 h4tr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the fruit of his mouth 0 This speaks of the good things that a person says as if they were fruit that came from his mouth. Alternate translation: “his wise speech” or “his good words” 18:20 p1z6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor one’s stomach is filled 0 This speaks of a person being satisfied or content by the result of what they have said as if they had eaten and become satisfied” Alternate translation: “a person is satisfied” 18:20 r4ee rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the harvest of his lips 0 This speaks of the good things that a person says as if they were fruit that is harvested. Alternate translation: “his wise speech” or “his good words” 18:20 x66t he is satisfied 0 Alternate translation: “he is pleased” 18:21 flt4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Death and life are controlled by the tongue 0 This can be written in active form. Alternate translation: “The tongue can lead to life of death” or “What people say can lead to life or death” 18:21 n65f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy by the tongue … love the tongue 0 Here the “tongue” refers to speech. Alternate translation: “by what people say … love speaking” 18:21 l141 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor will eat its fruit 0 This speaks of a person receiving the consequence for what he says as if the consequences were fruit that he receives. Alternate translation: “will receive its consequences” 18:24 wg3n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive many friends is brought to ruin by them 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “many friends--they will bring him to ruin” or “many friends--his friends will destroy him” 18:24 zc7f comes closer than 0 Alternate translation: “is more faithful than” or “stays more loyal than” 19:intro nbz8 0 # Proverbs 19 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 19 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Themes\n\nThere are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) 19:1 ev8n Better is a poor person 0 Alternate translation: “It is better to be a poor person” 19:1 bpi4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom who walks in his integrity 0 This is an idiom. Here walking refers to living. Alternate translation: “who lives in his integrity” or “who lives an honest life” 19:1 wj4i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns is perverse in speech 0 The word “speech” may be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “speaks perversely” or “speaks in an evil way” 19:2 u1uj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit to have desire without knowledge 0 This refers to people trying to do something without the knowledge for how to correctly do it. Alternate translation: “to work hard without knowing what you are doing” 19:2 f2pu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the one who runs too fast misses the path 0 This speaks of a person doing something too quickly and making mistakes as if running too quickly and missing the path. Alternate translation: “the one who acts too quickly makes mistakes” or “the one who acts too quickly makes poor choices” 19:3 ivv9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche his heart rages 0 Here a person is referred to by his “heart” to emphasize his emotions. Alternate translation: “he rages” 19:4 q8uv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Wealth adds many friends 0 This means that a person who is wealthy will have many friends because wealth attracts people. The full meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “Those who are wealthy easily find many friends” 19:4 v5qy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit a poor person is separated from his friends 0 A poor person is separated from many of his friends because of his poverty. The meaning of this can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “poverty causes a person to lose his friends” 19:5 l99e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives A false witness will not go unpunished 0 This can be written in positive and active form. Alternate translation: “They will certainly punish a false witness” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 19:5 i2ws rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes he who breathes out lies will not escape 0 This means that he will be captured. Alternate translation: “they will capture the one who breathes out lies” 19:5 q13j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom breathes out lies 0 This is an idiom. Here “breathes” refers to lying constantly. See how you translated this phrase in [Proverbs 6:19](../06/19.md). Alternate translation: “constantly lies” 19:6 gms6 a generous person 0 someone who often gives away things 19:6 q978 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole everyone is a friend 0 The word “everyone” is an exaggeration. Alternate translation: “it seems that everyone is a friend” or “almost everyone is a friend” 19:7 vs3i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit how much more do his friends who go far away from him! 0 This phrase is an exclamation to show that this is more likely than the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “therefore his friends will certainly hate him and go far away from him!” 19:8 ll4q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy loves his own life 0 Here the person is referred to by his “life” to emphasize himself being alive. Alternate translation: “loves himself” 19:8 v9e9 keeps understanding 0 Alternate translation: “has understanding” 19:9 phm9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives A false witness will not go unpunished 0 This can be written in positive and active form. See how you translated this phrase in [Proverbs 19:5](../19/05.md). Alternate translation: “They will certainly punish a false witness” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 19:9 a1nm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom breathes out lies 0 This figure of speech uses “breathes” to refer to lying constantly. See how you translated this phrase in [Proverbs 6:19](../06/19.md). Alternate translation: “constantly lies” 19:10 f4zn It is not fitting 0 Alternate translation: “It is not right” 19:10 pq5q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis much less for a slave 0 The words “it is” and “fitting” are understood from the previous phrase. They can be repeated. Alternate translation: “it is much less fitting for a slave” or “it is even worse for a slave” 19:11 ah27 Discretion makes a person slow to anger 0 Alternate translation: “A person who has discretion is slow to become angry” 19:11 j1li Discretion 0 This means to know what should be done in a particular situation. See how you translated this word in [Proverbs 1:4](../01/04.md). 19:11 p96c it is his glory to overlook 0 Alternate translation: “it will bring him glory to overlook” or “others will consider it honorable if he overlooks” 19:11 gc21 to overlook 0 to forget on purpose 19:12 vbv5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile The wrath of the king is like the roaring of a young lion 0 Here the lion’s roaring refers to attacking. The wrath of a king is compared to the unpredictable and dangerous attack of a young lion. Alternate translation: “The wrath of the king is as dangerous as the attack of a young lion” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 19:12 m29g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile but his favor is like dew on the grass 0 The favor of the king is compared to the refreshing water that appears on grass in the morning. Alternate translation: “but his favor is refreshing like dew on grass” or “but his favor is refreshing like the dew on the ground in the morning” 19:13 v325 is ruin to his father 0 Alternate translation: “will ruin a father” 19:13 s1nw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor a quarreling wife is a constant dripping of water 0 This speaks of an annoying wife as if she were the constant dripping of water. Alternate translation: “a quarreling wife is as annoying and distracting as a constant dripping of water” 19:13 l7wk a quarreling wife 0 Alternate translation: “an arguing wife” or “a disagreeing wife” 19:14 t54q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive A house and wealth are inherited from parents 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Children inherit a house and wealth from their parents” 19:14 csr4 prudent 0 See how you translated this word in [Proverbs 12:23](../12/23.md). 19:14 jw8q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive a prudent wife is from Yahweh 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh gives a prudent wife” 19:15 ye6v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification Laziness throws a person into a deep sleep 0 This speaks of how laziness causes a person to sleep a lot as if laziness forcefully throws the person into sleep. Alternate translation: “Laziness makes a person sleep a lot” or “A lazy person sleeps a lot” 19:15 jcb5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom go hungry 0 This is an idiom which means to not eat. Alternate translation: “not eat” or “be hungry” 19:16 xr2k the command 0 Alternate translation: “the command that he was taught” 19:16 v2yl guards his life 0 Alternate translation: “protects his life” 19:16 ik59 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom his ways 0 This is an idiom which refers to how he lives. Alternate translation: “the way that he lives” or “how he lives” 19:17 zw6r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Whoever is kind to the poor lends to Yahweh 0 Yahweh considers kindness shown to the poor to be kindness shown to him. One of the ways people are kind to the poor is by giving. Alternate translation: “The person who gives to the poor is giving to Yahweh” 19:17 qx9d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the poor 0 This refers to poor people. Alternate translation: “those who are poor” or “poor people” 19:18 nw29 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit while there is hope 0 This refers to while the child is young and will still accept discipline and instruction. The full meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “while he is young” or “while he can still be taught” 19:18 md5c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit and do not set your desire on putting him to death 0 This could mean: (1) this phrase describes punishing your child. Alternate translation: “but do not punish him so severely that he might die” or (2) this phrase describes what it is like if you do not punish your child. Alternate translation: “for if you do not punish him you are helping him destroy himself” 19:18 hky1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom set your desire on putting him 0 This idiom means to be determined to cause something to happen. Alternate translation: “be determined to put him” 19:19 n85t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom A hot-tempered person 0 This idiom refers to a person who is easily angered. Alternate translation: “A person who does not control his temper” or “A person who becomes angry quickly” 19:19 f2vs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom must pay the penalty 0 This refers to the person bearing the consequences for what happens when he gets angry. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “must bear the consequences of his anger” or “must bear the consequences of what he does in his anger” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 19:19 s1da rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit if you rescue him 0 “if you save him.” This refers to rescuing him when he has acted out of his anger. The meaning of this can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “if you rescue him after he has had an outburst” 19:19 dnq3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal a second time 0 “another time” or “again” 19:20 gby8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Listen to advice and accept instruction 0 These two phrases mean basically the same and are repeated to emphasize how important it is. 19:20 egn7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Listen to advice 0 This is an idiom. Here “listening” does not mean to merely listen, but to learn from the advice you are given and to follow it. Alternate translation: “Pay attention to advice” or “Follow advice” 19:21 c7qg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy in a person’s heart 0 Here the “heart” is used to refer to the “mind” to emphasize a person’s desire. Alternate translation: “in a person’s mind” or “that a person desires” 19:21 f82d the purpose of Yahweh 0 Alternate translation: “Yahweh’s purpose” or “Yahweh’s plans” 19:21 q568 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom that will stand 0 This idiom means to “happen.” Alternate translation: “that will happen” 19:23 x7qy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Honor for Yahweh leads people to life; anyone who has it will be satisfied 0 This means that they will live a long time if they honor Yahweh. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “Those who honor Yahweh will live a long time; anyone who honors Yahweh will be satisfied” 19:23 h31x anyone who has it 0 Here the word “it” refers to “honor for Yahweh.” 19:23 gyg5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive satisfied and not afflicted by harm 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “satisfied; nothing will harm him” or “satisfied; he will be safe” 19:24 wf2e sluggard 0 See how you translated this word in [Proverbs 10:26](../10/26.md). 19:24 r5yj buries his hand in the dish 0 “dips his hand in the dish” or “puts his hand in his plate.” In the Biblical culture people usually ate with their hands as people do in many cultures today. 19:24 r3ts rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit he will not even bring it back up to his mouth 0 He does not bring his hand back to his mouth because he is too lazy. Alternate translation: “but he is too lazy to bring his hand up to his mouth to feed himself” 19:25 svj3 Strike a mocker, and the naive person 0 Alternate translation: “If you strike a mocker, the naive person” 19:25 k69j Strike a mocker 0 Alternate translation: “Punish a mocker” 19:25 zh2b naive person 0 Alternate translation: “inexperienced person” or “immature person” 19:25 v49d prudent 0 See how you translated this word in [Proverbs 12:23](../12/23.md). 19:25 m391 discipline one who is discerning, and 0 Alternate translation: “if you discipline one who is discerning,” 19:25 wwq5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns he will gain knowledge 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **knowledge**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “know.” Alternate translation: “he will know more” 19:26 g233 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit brings shame and reproach 0 This could mean: (1) he brings it to himself. Alternate translation: “brings shame and reproach to himself” or (2) he brings it to his family. Alternate translation: “brings shame and reproach to his family” 19:27 n4av rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy If you cease to hear instruction 0 Here “listening and obeying” is spoken of as if it were “hearing.” Alternate translation: “If you stop paying attention to instruction” or “If you stop obeying instruction” 19:27 s24z you will stray from 0 Alternate translation: “you will abandon” or “you will turn your back on” 19:27 y3ln the words of knowledge 0 Alternate translation: “knowledge” 19:28 d2w1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the mouth of the wicked swallows iniquity 0 This speaks of how wicked people enjoy doing evil by saying that they swallow iniquity as easily as they swallow food. Alternate translation: “the wicked enjoy doing evil as much as they enjoy eating food” 19:28 aq9f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche the mouth of the wicked swallows 0 The phrase “the mouth of the wicked” represents wicked people. Alternate translation: “wicked people swallow” or “the wicked swallow” 19:28 g9y4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the wicked 0 This refers to wicked people. Alternate translation: “the wicked person” 19:29 d4f3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns Condemnation is ready for mockers and flogging for 0 The words “condemnation” and “flogging” may be expressed as verbs. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is ready to condemn mockers and to flog” 19:29 ray2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis flogging for the backs of fools 0 The words “is ready” are understood from the previous phrase and may be repeated. Alternate translation: “flogging is ready for the backs of fools” or “he is ready to flog the backs” 19:29 r21d flogging 0 beating with a whip or stick 20:intro e8g2 0 # Proverbs 20 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 20 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Themes\n\nThere are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) 20:1 p893 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Wine is a mocker and strong drink is a brawler 0 These two phrases mean basically the same thing and are combined to emphasize the danger of too much alcohol. 20:1 v7zx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Wine is a mocker 0 Here “wine” refers to the person who is drunk with wine. Alternate translation: “A person who is drunk with wine mocks” 20:1 qa7m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy strong drink is a brawler 0 Here “strong drink” refers to a person who is drunk with strong drink. Alternate translation: “a person who is drunk with strong drink starts fights” 20:1 c6m7 a brawler 0 a person who fights noisily, usually in a public place 20:1 ne6h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive whoever is led astray by drink is not wise 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “whoever drinks until they can no longer think clearly” 20:1 g7rv by drink 0 Here “drink” refers to alcoholic drinks 20:1 k4sv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes is not wise 0 This means the opposite of “wise” which is “foolish.” Alternate translation: “is foolish” 20:2 p628 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile The fear of a king is like the fear of a young lion that is roaring 0 This compares how people fear a king’s wrath to how they fear a young roaring lion. Alternate translation: “The king’s wrath makes people as afraid as if they were facing a young lion roaring at them” 20:2 xa6x makes him angry 0 Alternate translation: “makes the king angry” 20:2 rl5y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism forfeits his life 0 This refers to being killed. “Life” here refers to physical life. Alternate translation: “will die” 20:3 ru7h It is an honor 0 “It is honorable.” This means that a person will be honored. 20:3 gf5b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor every fool jumps into an argument 0 This speaks of entering an argument quickly as if the argument were something the fool physically jumped into. Alternate translation: “every fool quickly gets into an argument” or “every fool is quick to join an argument” 20:4 cva3 plow 0 to prepare land for planting 20:4 tdr6 in autumn 0 Alternate translation: “during the season for planting crops” 20:4 z5wi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit but will have nothing 0 This means that there will be nothing growing in his field for him to harvest. Alternate translation: “but will have nothing to harvest” 20:5 f8de rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile The purpose in a human heart is like deep water 0 This speaks of how difficult it is to understand the reasons for a person’s actions by comparing it to the difficulty of reaching the water in a deep well. Alternate translation: “It is as difficult to understand the purpose in the human heart as it is to reach the water in a deep well” or “The purpose of in the human heart is very difficult to understand” 20:5 qr3j someone with understanding 0 Alternate translation: “a person who has understanding” 20:5 fk7w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor will draw it out 0 This speaks of figuring out the purpose of the human heart as if it was water being drawn from a deep well. Alternate translation: “will cause the purpose to be known” or “will figure it out” 20:6 lmq9 is loyal 0 Alternate translation: “is faithful” or “is trustworthy” 20:6 xut9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion but who can find one who is faithful? 0 The implicit answer is “few can find someone like that.” This rhetorical question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “but few men can find a person who is faithful!” or “but it is hard to find a person who really is faithful!” 20:7 s7th rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom walks in his integrity 0 Here walking refers to living. See how you translated this phrase in [Proverbs 19:1](../19/01.md). Alternate translation: “lives by his integrity” or “lives an honest life” 20:7 y2ed rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit his sons who follow after him 0 This simply means that they “follow after him” since they are younger than he and his children. If this phrase is awkward in your language it may be left to be implied. Alternate translation: “his sons after him” or “his sons” 20:8 j9up rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor is winnowing with his eyes all the evil that is before him 0 This speaks of the king judging between various types of evil as if he were separating them as a person winnows grain. Alternate translation: “sees and sorts the different kinds of evils that are brought before him” 20:9 p5m8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Who can say, “I have kept my heart pure; I am clean from my sin”? 0 The implicit answer to this question is, “No one can say that.” This rhetorical question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one can say that his heart is clean and that he is free from sin” 20:9 s43m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy my heart 0 Here a person’s “heart” refers to his thoughts and desires. Alternate translation: “my thoughts” 20:9 d5hx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor clean 0 A person who God considers spiritually acceptable is spoken of as if the person where physically clean. 20:9 xb5x I am clean from my sin 0 Alternate translation: “I am without sin” or “I have not sinned” 20:11 yym3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Even a youth is known by his actions 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “People know a young man by his actions” 20:11 m4db whether his conduct is pure and upright 0 Alternate translation: “whether his conduct is pure and upright or not” 20:11 xm83 his conduct 0 Alternate translation: “his deeds” or “what he does” 20:11 we5b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet pure and upright 0 These two words basically mean the same thing and emphasize how good this young person is. They can be combined into one word if necessary. Alternate translation: “pure” 20:13 h9et rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom come to poverty 0 The phrase “come to” here means to transition into a new situation; to become. Alternate translation: “become poor” 20:13 ee3x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy open your eyes 0 Here “opening one’s eyes” is spoken of as “being awake.” Alternate translation: “stay awake” or “be alert” 20:14 zh4l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit “Bad! Bad!” says the buyer, but when he goes away he boasts 0 Here a buyer is criticizing what someone is selling to get a low price from him. After he buys he boasts about the good price that he pursuaded the seller to give him. The full meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “‘Bad! Bad!’ says the buyer criticizing the seller’s wares, but after he buys he goes away he boasting about the low price that he paid” 20:15 cv2k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor lips of knowledge are a precious jewel 0 This speaks of the value of lips of knowledge by comparing them to a precious jewel. Alternate translation: “lips of knowledge are as valuable as an expensive jewel” 20:15 tt4d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy lips of knowledge 0 Here “words” are referred to as “lips.” Alternate translation: “wise words” or “words of knowledge” 20:16 sn35 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Take a garment of one who has put up security for a stranger 0 When lending money, the lender would take something from the borrower, such as a garment, as a guarantee of repayment. He would return it after the money was repaid. If the borrower was too poor, someone else could give something to the lender as a guarantee for him. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “Take a garment as security from the one who guarantees that what a stranger has borrowed will be paid back” 20:16 cv1m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom puts up security 0 This is an idiom. It means that someone gives something to a lender as a guarantee that what was borrowed will be paid. Alternate translation: “guarantees that what has been borrowed will be paid back” or “promises to pay a loan” 20:16 e647 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom hold it in pledge 0 This is an idiom. To “hold something in pledge” means to hold on to something that someone has given as a pledge, or promise, that he will pay a debt. Alternate translation: “hold onto his coat as a guarantee of repayment” 20:17 zi4r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Bread gained by deceit 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Bread that someone gained by deceit” 20:17 gjt2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns by deceit 0 The word “deceit” can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “by deceiving others” 20:17 lnt5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Bread 0 Here “bread” refers to food in general. Alternate translation: “Food” 20:17 fz1i tastes sweet 0 Alternate translation: “tastes good” 20:17 tu5a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor but afterward his mouth will be full of gravel 0 This speaks of the food tasting unpleasant as if his mouth were actually full of gravel instead of food. Alternate translation: “but afterwards it tastes like gravel in his mouth” or “but soon it tastes like sand in his mouth” 20:17 du9w gravel 0 small pieces of rock 20:18 mjl4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Plans are established by advice 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “People establish plans based on advice” 20:19 i4ch A gossip 0 This means someone who gossips a lot. 20:19 i2mb you should not associate with 0 Alternate translation: “you should not be friends with” 20:20 v9ff If a person curses 0 This means if a someone express a desire that bad things will happen to someone else. 20:20 el23 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor his lamp will be snuffed out in the middle of darkness 0 This speaks of a person dying suddenly and unexpectedly as if his life were a lamp snuffed out in the dark. Alternate translation: “his life will end as suddenly as the light of a lamp that is snuffed out in the dark” or “he will die suddenly” 20:20 e6a4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive his lamp will be snuffed out 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “his lamp will go out” 20:20 un31 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche his lamp 0 This refers to a lamp with a burning flame. Here the lamp’s flame is referred to as the lamp itself. Alternate translation: “the flame of his lamp” 20:20 a13a snuffed out 0 to cause a flame to go out 20:21 mk5b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit at the beginning 0 This refers to a person receiving his inheritance before he is supposed to receive it. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “before the right time” 20:22 pj94 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom I will pay you back 0 This means to do wrong to someone because they have done wrong to you. Alternate translation: “I will punish you” 20:22 ti5g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Wait for Yahweh 0 This means to have faith that Yahweh will deal with the situation. Alternate translation: “Have faith in Yahweh” or “Hope in Yahweh” 20:23 x2rc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Yahweh hates unequal weights and dishonest scales are not good 0 These two phrases basically mean the same thing and are combined to emphasize how bad this is. 20:24 re6n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive A person’s steps are directed by Yahweh 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh directs a person’s steps” 20:24 i9ej rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche A person’s steps 0 This refers to the various things a person does. Alternate translation: “A person’s actions” 20:24 mfy9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion how then can he understand his way? 0 The implicit answer is that he cannot understand it. This rhetorical question may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “therefore, a person cannot understand his way” 20:24 s44t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom understand his way 0 This is an idiom. The phrase “his way” refers to the person’s life. Alternate translation: “understand why some things happen in his life” 20:25 qfw5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor It is a snare 0 This speaks of something being dangerous as if it were a trap or a snare. Alternate translation: “It is dangerous” 20:25 x37x to say rashly 0 to say something quickly and without careful consideration of what it might mean 20:25 tt8z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit making his vow 0 The person has made a vow declaring that something is holy and dedicated to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “dedicating it to Yahweh” or “declaring it holy” 20:26 cgd9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor winnows the wicked 0 This speaks of the king separating the wicked people as if they were grain that he was winnowing. Alternate translation: “separates the wicked” 20:26 m44h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the wicked 0 This refers to wicked people. Alternate translation: “those who are wicked” or “the wicked people” 20:26 rs2y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he turns a threshing wheel over them 0 This speaks of the king punishing the wicked as if he were driving a threshing wheel over them. Alternate translation: “he severely punishes them” 20:26 sy6b threshing wheel 0 “threshing cart.” This is a tool used to crush grain and help separate it from the chaff. 20:27 x5vx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The spirit of a person is the lamp of Yahweh, searching all his inmost parts 0 This speaks of a person’s spirit as if it were a lamp. A person’s spirit helps him to understand his inner self. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has given us a spirit to understand our deepest selves, just as a lamp makes you see in the dark” 20:28 f9he rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness preserve the king 0 The abstract nouns “faithfulness” and “trustworthiness” can be stated as “faithful” and “trustworthy.” This can also be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The king preserves himself by being trustworthy and faithful to the covenant” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 20:28 dyd6 preserve the king 0 keep the king safe from harm 20:28 dym8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy his throne is made secure by love 0 Here “throne” represents the king’s power to rule. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **love**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Also, If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “a king ensures that he will rule for a long time by loving others” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 20:30 g7u1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Blows that make a wound cleanse away evil and beatings make the innermost parts clean 0 Both statements mean the same thing and are repeated for emphasis. Using physical punishment to correct a person is spoken of as if the evil were dirt and the beatings cleansed him. Alternate translation: “Beating a person who has done wrong will correct him and cause him to be a better person” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 21:intro ge8s 0 # Proverbs 21 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 21 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Themes\n\nThere are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) 21:1 w5md rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The king’s heart is a stream of water in the hand of Yahweh 0 The writer speaks of the king’s heart as if it were an irrigation ditch in a dry area through which people direct water to plants that need it. Alternate translation: “Yahweh controls the king’s heart as a man directs water for irrigation” 21:1 t1m8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy The king’s heart 0 The heart is a metaphor for what a person thinks and what he wants to do. Alternate translation: “The king’s thoughts and actions” or “What the king thinks and what he wants to do” 21:2 yz3c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Every person’s way is right in his own eyes 0 The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. The writer speaks of what a person does as if it that person were walking down a path. Alternate translation: “Every person thinks that what he does is good” or “Every person judges what he does as good” 21:2 xmb4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor who weighs the hearts 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh deciding whether a person desires to do what is right as if Yahweh were looking at a physical object and deciding whether it is of good quality. Alternate translation: “who will judge the motives” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 21:3 qs6t To do what is right 0 Alternate translation: “To do what Yahweh thinks is right” 21:3 ezq6 To do what is … just 0 Alternate translation: “To treat people the way Yahweh wants people to treat other people” 21:3 f31f just is more acceptable to Yahweh 0 Alternate translation: “just—Yahweh wants this more” 21:4 ps7v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Haughty eyes and a proud heart 0 The words “eyes” and “heart” are synecdoches for a person who considers himself better than other people and wants other people to know it. Alternate translation: “People who want others to think that they are better than other people” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 21:4 xvr4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Haughty eyes 0 This is a synecdoche for a person who wants others to know that he thinks he is better than they are. 21:4 gk4s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche proud heart 0 This is a synecdoche for a person who thinks he is better than others. 21:4 y68u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the lamp of the wicked 0 The things that help the wicked are spoken of as a lamp. Alternate translation: “the things that help a wicked person like a lamp helps to see in the dark” 21:5 mmd8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the diligent 0 This nominal adjective can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “a diligent man” or “a man who works hard” 21:5 xi4l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns comes only to poverty 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **poverty**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “only becomes poor” 21:6 vsi8 Acquiring riches 0 Alternate translation: “Gaining wealth” 21:6 bc5d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy a lying tongue 0 The tongue is a metonym for the words a person uses the tongue to speak. Alternate translation: “speaking lies” 21:6 w3kd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor a fleeting vapor 0 The writer likens the riches a person gains by lying to a mist that quickly goes away in the morning. Alternate translation: “a disappearing mist” 21:6 l9ag rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor a snare that kills 0 The writer speaks of the riches that a person gains by lying as if it were the bait in a hunter’s trap; the word “snare” is a metonym for the bait that attracts the animal into the snare. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 21:7 zn7h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification The violence of the wicked will drag them away 0 The writer speaks as though violence were a person who could drag other people away. God will punish wicked people who harm their innocent neighbors. 21:7 ce4f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns violence of the wicked 0 Here, **violence** refers to violent deeds or things people do to harm their innocent neighbors. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **violence**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. The word **wicked** is a nominal adjective that refers to wicked people. Alternate translation: “The violent actions of wicked people” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 21:7 i5j5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit drag them away 0 This phrase refers to dragging a net through water to catch fish. The wicked being destroyed by their own actions is spoken of as if their actions trapped them in a net like one would catch fish. AT “drag them away like fish” or “destroy them as easily as one catches fish in a net” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 21:8 qgr2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom The way of a guilty person is crooked 0 This compares the way one lives to a crooked road one may travel. This is also an idiom. Alternate translation: “The way a guilty person lives is crooked” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 21:8 y9c2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor crooked 0 Here “crooked” means bent or not straight. This is a metaphor for morally wrong. Alternate translation: “wrong” 21:9 gff3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit a corner of the roof 0 Houses in those days had flat roofs. Ancient Israelites spent much time on their roofs, where it was often cooler than inside the house, and sometimes people would build a shelter large enough for a person to sleep in on one corner of the roof. 21:9 j9e1 quarrelsome wife 0 Alternate translation: “wife who often argues and complains” 21:10 x3rs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification The appetite of the wicked craves evil 0 The writer speaks of a person’s appetite, the physical desire for food and drink, as if it were a person who could desire something. The word “wicked” is a nominal adjective that refers to evil people, and the word “evil” is a nominal adjective that refers to evil deeds. Alternate translation: “Evil people desire to do evil deeds just as they desire to eat and drink” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 21:10 a2dz craves 0 desires strongly 21:10 d5qd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom his neighbor finds no favor in his eyes 0 The idiom to “find favor” means to have someone approve of and act kindly towards the one who finds favor. Also, the eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents a person’s thoughts and attitude towards another person. Alternate translation: “his neighbor does not receive favor from him” or “he does not act kindly towards his neighbor” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 21:11 rd8s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive When the mocker is punished 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “When someone punishes the mocker” 21:11 a11r the naive 0 Alternate translation: “those who have no experience” or “those who are not mature” 21:11 a6a5 the mocker 0 Alternate translation: “the person who mocks others” 21:11 m512 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive when the wise person is instructed 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “when someone instructs the wise person” 21:11 ylu9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor lays hold of knowledge 0 Here knowledge is spoken of as if it were an object that someone could grasp and keep for himself. 21:12 t3bj The righteous 0 This could mean: (1) any righteous person or (2) “Yahweh the one who is righteous.” 21:12 bc3u watches the house 0 Alternate translation: “pays careful attention to the house” “looks to see what happens to the house” 21:12 tem1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he brings wicked people to disaster 0 Here disaster is spoken of as if it were a place that someone could be brought to. Alternate translation: “he destroys them” 21:13 uc5n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom The one who shuts his ears to the cry of the poor 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “The one who will not listen when poor people ask for help” 21:13 iv38 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy he will not be answered 0 The word “answered” is a metonym for a person hearing another person ask for help and acting to help. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one will do anything to help him” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 21:14 h1vz appeases anger 0 Alternate translation: “makes an angry person feel better so he is no longer angry” 21:15 p2ln rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns When justice is done 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **justice**, you could express the same idea with a noun phrase. These words can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “When rulers do what is just” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 21:16 cj4z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom wanders from the way of understanding 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “no longer lives wisely” 21:16 t6m2 he will rest in the assembly of the dead 0 Alternate translation: “he will remain in the assembly of dead spirits” 21:18 mh2v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor is ransom for 0 The word “ransom” is a metaphor for one person who takes the place of another person. Here the person who does what is wrong is punished instead of the person who does what is right. 21:18 qt7k the treacherous 0 a person who harms those who trust him by lying and otherwise dealing falsely 21:18 n28n upright people 0 Alternate translation: “righteous people” or “honest people” or “just people” 21:20 r84p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj wise 0 This nominal adjective can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “wise person” 21:20 nw25 swallows it all up 0 Alternate translation: “uses it all for no good purpose” or “wastes it” 21:22 d84j scales the city 0 Alternate translation: “climbs up and over the wall that surrounds the city” 21:22 v5jk the city of the mighty ones 0 Alternate translation: “a city in which mighty men are living” or “a city of mighty warriors” 21:22 p6cm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom he brings down 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “he destroys” 21:22 w292 the stronghold in which they trusted 0 Alternate translation: “the walls and towers around the city that they did not think anyone would be able to get past into the city, so they felt safe” 21:23 xw3q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet Whoever guards his mouth and tongue 0 Both “mouth” and “tongue” refer to what a person says. Alternate translation: “Whoever is careful in what he says” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 21:24 c77j The proud and haughty person … acts with arrogant pride 0 Alternate translation: “You can expect a proud and haughty people to act with arrogant pride” 21:24 m76a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet proud and haughty 0 These two words mean basically the same thing and emphasize how prideful the person is. 21:24 rf25 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy “Mocker” is his name 0 The word “name” is a metonym for what people would call him. Alternate translation: “a mocker is what you should call him” 21:25 pzb9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification The desire of the lazy kills him 0 The writer speaks of what a person wants as if it were a person who could kill a lazy person. Here the lazy person wants to be idle and not work. Alternate translation: “A lazy person only wants to be idle, and because of that he will die” or “A lazy person will die because he does not want to work” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 21:25 dt4f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche his hands refuse 0 The hand is a synecdoche for the person. Alternate translation: “he refuses” 21:26 vgt6 craves 0 desires strongly 21:26 es9x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes gives and does not hold back 0 The phrase “does not hold back” can be stated positively, and what he gives can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “gives everything he should” or “gives generously” 21:27 fq9a The sacrifice of the wicked is detestable 0 The writer does not mention Yahweh here, as in [Proverbs 15:8](../15/08.md), but the reader should understand that it is Yahweh who detests the sacrifice of the wicked. 21:27 l3le rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the wicked 0 The nominal adjective “wicked” can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “the wicked person” or “wicked people” 21:27 iy31 it is even more detestable 0 Alternate translation: “Yahweh detests the sacrifice even more” 21:28 h8d4 will speak for all time 0 This is because people will never forget what he said. 21:29 z6tg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom makes his face hard 0 This could mean: (1) “pretends to be courageous” or (2) “will not listen to correction.” 21:29 ts1r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor is certain about his ways 0 A person’s actions are spoken of as if they were a path upon which the person walks. Alternate translation: “is certain about what he does” or “is confident about what he does” 21:30 n8kt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns There is no wisdom, there is no understanding, and there is no advice that 0 The words “there is” are repeated to emphasize the abstract nouns “wisdom,” “understanding,” and “advice.” Yahweh is greater than anything that anyone can know or think or say. Your language may require that you not repeat “there is no.” The abstract nouns can be translated as adjectives or verbs. Alternate translation: “There is no wise person, there is no one who understands anything, and there is no one who tells others what to do who” or “There is no wisdom, understanding, or advice that” 21:30 k3pe stand against Yahweh 0 Alternate translation: “defeat Yahweh” or “work against what Yahweh wants to do” or “show that he is right and Yahweh is wrong” 21:31 j1hq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive The horse is prepared for the day of battle 0 These words can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Soldiers prepare horses for the day of battle” 21:31 i6w8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom the day of battle 0 The word “day” refers to time that may be longer or shorter than a day. Alternate translation: “when there is a battle” 22:intro t5zj 0 # Proverbs 22 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 22 ends the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.\n\nThe second half of this chapter and the first half of the next chapter are attributed to the “Wise Men.” The exact identity of the men is unknown.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Themes\n\nThere are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Rhetorical questions\n\nWith this new section of proverbs, the author begins to use many rhetorical questions. The obvious answers should convince the reader. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 22:1 but9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive A good name is to be chosen over great riches 0 These words can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “A person should choose a good name rather than great riches” 22:1 m8c7 A good name 0 Alternate translation: “To have others think that one is a good person” 22:3 nt9p A prudent man 0 “A man who is wise” or “A man who has good sense.” See how you translated “prudent” in [Proverbs 12:16](../12/16.md). 22:3 cm2a the naive 0 Alternate translation: “the inexperienced and immature” 22:5 e8f6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Thorns and snares lie in the path of the perverse 0 The writer speaks of the way perverse people live as if it were a path on which the perverse will have trouble because of the natural “thorns” and man-made “snares.” 22:5 r2h1 snares 0 traps to catch animals 22:5 dku9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the perverse 0 This nominal adjective can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “perverse people” 22:5 f1ap rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor whoever guards his life 0 A person doing what he needs to do so he can live a long time is spoken of as if that person were keeping thieves away from a physical object. Alternate translation: “people who want to live a long time” 22:6 je4e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the way he should go 0 How a person lives is spoken of as if it were a path on which he walks. Alternate translation: “how he should live” 22:7 dk14 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit borrows … lends 0 You may need to make explicit what it is that is borrowed or lent. Alternate translation: “borrows money … lends money” 22:8 l36j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor He who sows injustice will reap trouble 0 The writer speaks of a ruler or other powerful person treating those less powerful unjustly as if he were planting seeds that will give birth to plants that bring trouble. Alternate translation: “If a person treats those less powerful than he is unjustly, they will cause him trouble later on” 22:8 htf6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the rod of his fury will fade away 0 The word “rod” is a metonym for power over other people. This could mean: (1) the unjust ruler will lose the power that he had that allowed him to treat other people unjustly or (2) when the people respond to the injustice he had done by harming him, he will have no power to stop them. Alternate translation: “he will no longer have the power that he had used to harm people” 22:8 yu9g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy rod of his fury 0 The word “rod” is a metonym for power over other people. The unjust man was harming innocent people as if he were very angry with them. Alternate translation: “the rod he had used as if he were punishing people” or “the power he used to harm others” 22:8 kpt4 will fade away 0 The word translated “fade away” is also used of plants drying up. 22:9 nxi8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive The one who has a generous eye will be blessed 0 These words can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will bless the one who has a generous eye” 22:9 zhf7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy one who has a generous eye 0 The eye is a metonym for seeing what other people need, and the “generous eye” not only sees but gives what the other people need. The eye is also a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “generous person” or “person who is willing to give things to other people” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 22:9 vs46 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy bread 0 Since bread was the main food for many people in biblical times, it is often used to refer to food in general. 22:10 t6nt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns disputes and insults will cease 0 The abstract nouns “disputes” and “insults” can be translated as verbs. Alternate translation: “people will no longer argue with each other or say things to hurt each other” 22:11 xzb6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche loves a pure heart 0 It is his own heart that the person wants to be pure. The heart is a synecdoche for the person. Alternate translation: “loves having a pure heart” or “wants to be pure” 22:11 tlq4 is gracious 0 Alternate translation: “is kind” 22:12 swt2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche The eyes of Yahweh keep watch over 0 The eyes are a synecdoche for the person. The writer speaks as if Yahweh had physical eyes like a person. Alternate translation: “Yahweh keeps watch over” or “Yahweh guards knowledge” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 22:12 s2lr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy keep watch over knowledge 0 Keeping watch is s metonym for protecting. Alternate translation: “protect knowledge” 22:12 zw3l he overthrows 0 Alternate translation: “he destroys” 22:12 q7yt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the treacherous 0 The nominal adjective treacherous can be translated as a noun phrase. Translate “treacherous” as in [Proverbs 11:3](../11/03.md). Alternate translation: “a treacherous person” 22:13 jg67 The lazy person says 0 The quote that follows is a lie and an excuse for not working. If your language introduces false statements in a special way, you can use that here. 22:14 eq5h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy The mouth of an adulteress is a deep pit 0 The word “mouth” is a metonym for the words that come out of the mouth. The writer speaks of a person being unable to escape having people punish him for evil deeds as if that person had fallen into a hole someone had dug in the ground from which he could not escape. Alternate translation: “The words spoken by an adulteress will draw you in, and it will be as if you have fallen into a deep and dangerous pit” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 22:14 xrc5 an adulteress 0 See how you translated this in [Proverbs 5:3](../05/03.md). 22:14 l326 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Yahweh’s anger is stirred up 0 Here “stirred up” means that his anger increased. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is angry” 22:14 fin1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor falls into it 0 Adultery is spoken of as if it is something that a person can fall into. Alternate translation: “sins because of the adulteress” 22:15 fuj4 Foolishness is bound up in the heart of a child 0 Alternate translation: “The heart of a child is full of foolish things” 22:15 j283 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the rod of discipline 0 The writer speaks of a parent using any form of discipline as if that parent were hitting the child with a wooden rod. 22:15 dk18 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor drives it far away 0 The writer speaks as if foolishness were a person that another person could use a physical rod to drive away. Alternate translation: “will make a child wise” 22:16 w7rc to increase his wealth 0 Alternate translation: “to become richer” or “to gain more money” 22:16 fm7f gives to rich people 0 Alternate translation: “gives money to rich people” 22:16 d4td rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom will come to poverty 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “will become poor” 22:17 nnv4 0 # General Information:\n\nVerse 17 begins the introduction to a new section of the Book of Proverbs. 22:17 lgs9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Incline your ear and listen 0 Here the word “ear” represents the person who is listening. The writer speaks of listening attentively to someone as if it were leaning forward so that the ear is closer to the one speaking. See how you translated “incline your ear” in [Proverbs 4:20](../04/20.md). Alternate translation: “Pay attention and listen” or “Listen attentively” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 22:17 l38x the words of the wise 0 Alternate translation: “what wise people say” 22:17 pi8n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom apply your heart to 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “do your best to understand and remember” 22:17 i9n2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns my knowledge 0 The person speaking is probably the same as the father from [Proverbs 1:8](../01/08.md). He may be speaking of “the words of the wise” as “my knowledge.” If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **knowledge**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “know.” Alternate translation: “the knowledge I have, which I am sharing with you” or “what I know” 22:18 nl9j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy all of them are ready on your lips 0 The person being ready to speak is spoken of as if it were the words that were ready. Alternate translation: “you are able to speak of them at any time” 22:19 wr39 today—even to you 0 “today. Yes, I am teaching you,” The speaker is emphasizing that it is the hearer, not someone else whom he is teaching, and he is teaching the hearer because the hearer needs to learn. If it is awkward in your language to emphasize in this way, you can emphasize in another way or the words “even to you” can be left untranslated. 22:20 bb5s 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue and end the introduction that began in [Proverbs 22:17](./17.md). 22:20 q77c rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants thirty sayings 0 Some translations read, “excellent sayings.” 22:21 q8xu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion to teach you … who sent you? 0 These words end the rhetorical question that began with the words “Have I not written” in Proverbs 22:20. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. “You need to know that I have written … to teach you … who sent you.” 22:21 l5jf to those who sent you 0 This implies that the hearer is or will be one whom others send to gain and bring back information. 22:22 y27s 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses begin the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). 22:22 aq5t Do not rob … or crush 0 If your language has a way of showing that this is the way one person would speak strongly to another, different from a general rule that people are supposed to obey, you should use it here. 22:22 su1v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the poor 0 This nominal adjective can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “any poor person” or “poor people” 22:22 tq59 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor crush 0 grind into powder. This is a metaphor for “treat unjustly.” 22:22 ws7l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the needy 0 This nominal adjective can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “any needy person” or “any person who does not have what he needs to live” 22:22 z1ia rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy at the gate 0 The place where people bought and sold items and settled legal arguments is used as a metonym for business and legal activity. Alternate translation: “in court” 22:23 a2vp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Yahweh will plead their case 0 The metaphor is of a lawyer defending the needy in front of a judge. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will defend the needy from those who oppress them” or “Yahweh will see that the needy receive justice” 22:23 m5k2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he will rob of life those who robbed them 0 Yahweh is not a thief, but like a thief he will take life from those who do not choose to give it. Alternate translation: “he will destroy those who oppress poor people” 22:24 cpi3 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). 22:24 w16m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor someone who is ruled by anger 0 someone who is unable to control his anger 22:24 cc8z rages 0 shows violent anger 22:25 s2i8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you will take bait for your soul 0 A person who wants to be like an angry person is like an animal taking the bait in a trap. Alternate translation: “you will be like an animal that eats the bait that closes a trap and is unable to escape” 22:25 jh2k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy bait for your soul 0 The soul is a metonym for the person’s life. Alternate translation: “bait that someone has put out so he can kill you” 22:26 ftq6 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). 22:26 rnd6 strikes hands 0 A person would strike his hand against another person’s hand to bind himself to do what he had agreed to do. Here the speaker warns the hearer not to strike hands as a way to promise to pay off someone’s debts. 22:26 wt7u in making a pledge 0 Alternate translation: “and agree to pay what someone owes to another person” 22:28 tb1b 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). 22:28 g63s ancient 0 very old 22:28 djq5 boundary stone 0 a large stone that shows where one person’s land ends and another person’s land begins 22:28 j4id fathers 0 ancestors 22:29 y4ub rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Do you see a man skilled at his work? 0 This rhetorical question is actually a command. Alternate translation: “Think of someone you know who is skilled at his work” 22:29 e6ii rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy stand before 0 This represents becoming a servant of the important person. Kings and other important people will think so highly of him that they will use his services. 23:intro eva7 0 # Proverbs 23 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 23 continues the section beginning in the previous chapter of the book and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.\n\nThe second half of this chapter and the first half of the next chapter are attributed to general sayings.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Themes\n\nThere are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) 23:1 z181 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). 23:2 lu62 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole put a knife to your throat 0 Possible meanings of this exaggeration are: (1) “be very careful not to eat too much” or (2) “do not eat anything at all” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 23:3 zfk9 Do not crave 0 “Do not strongly desire.” See how you translated “craves” in [Proverbs 21:9](../21/09.md). 23:3 zkz5 his delicacies 0 Alternate translation: “his special and expensive food” 23:3 tjm2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom it is the food of lies 0 This is an idiom. “he is giving it to you so he can deceive you” 23:4 a4va 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). 23:4 wh19 Do not work too hard 0 Alternate translation: “Do not work so much that you are always tired” 23:5 n9hd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor light upon it 0 land like a bird upon the wealth (verse 4). This is a metaphor for looking at the wealth for a short time. 23:5 sp17 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor it will surely take up wings like an eagle and fly off 0 A person losing his wealth is spoken of as if the wealth were a bird. Alternate translation: “the wealth will disappear as quickly as an eagle can fly away” 23:5 ryq4 wings like an eagle 0 wings like an eagle’s wings 23:6 afl6 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). 23:6 su9w do not crave 0 “do not strongly desire.” See how you translated “craves” in [Proverbs 21:9](../21/09.md). 23:6 jtt7 his delicacies 0 “his special and expensive food.” See how you translated this in [Proverbs 23:3](../23/03.md). 23:7 lbe8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom his heart is not with you 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “he really does not want you to enjoy the meal” 23:8 aw14 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole You will vomit up the little you have eaten 0 This is an exaggeration for wishing one had not eaten anything. Alternate translation: “You will wish that you had not eaten anything” 23:8 z3l6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you will have wasted your compliments 0 Compliments are spoken of as if they were valuable objects. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **compliments**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “he will not be happy even if you say good things about him and the food” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 23:9 nk6j 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). 23:9 u4q5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns in the hearing of a fool 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **hearing**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “where a fool can hear you” 23:10 iha4 ancient 0 very old. See how you translated this in [Proverbs 22:28](../22/28.md). 23:10 de8r boundary stone 0 This is a large stone to show where one person’s land ends and another person’s land begins. See how you translated this in [Proverbs 22:28](../22/28.md). 23:10 a9cb encroach 0 This means to slowly take or begin to use land (or some thing) that belongs to someone else. 23:10 n6i1 orphans 0 children whose parents are dead 23:11 p1uf their Redeemer 0 Yahweh 23:11 bgi8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he will plead their case against you 0 The metaphor is of a lawyer defending the needy in front of a judge. Alternate translation: “he will defend the orphans against you” or “he will see that the orphans receive justice and punish you” 23:12 w7ey 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). 23:12 pgj6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Apply your heart to 0 This is an idiom. See how you translated this in [Proverbs 22:17](../22/17.md). Alternate translation: “Do your best to understand and remember” 23:12 v2r3 instruction 0 This could mean: (1) “what people who know what is right and what is wrong tell you” or (2) “what people say and do when they correct you.” 23:12 jul6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis your ears 0 The ellipsis can be filled in. Alternate translation: “apply your ears” or “listen carefully” 23:12 gn45 to words of knowledge 0 Alternate translation: “to me when I tell you what I know” 23:13 c9zs 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). 23:13 qfa7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns Do not withhold instruction from a child 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **instruction**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “Do not neglect to instruct a child” or “Do not refuse to instruct a child” 23:13 r8dq withhold 0 refuse to give something that one knows another person needs 23:14 jx2r rod 0 piece of wood 23:14 e27r It is you who must beat him … and save his soul 0 “You are the one who must beat him … and save his soul.” No one else will do it. The hearer is responsible to save the child’s soul from Sheol, and the way to save him is to beat him. 23:14 z89f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy save his soul from Sheol 0 If the hearer beats his children with the rod, they will not die young because they have done foolish or evil things. The word “soul” is a metonym for the person. Sheol is the world of the dead; going to the world of the dead is a euphemism for dying. Alternate translation: “you will keep him from the world of the dead” or “you will keep him from dying” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 23:15 h5yu 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). 23:16 sij3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche when your lips speak 0 “Your lips” means the whole person. Alternate translation: “when you speak” 23:17 qz55 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). 23:17 zgy6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Do not let your heart envy sinners 0 The word “heart” is a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “Do not allow yourself to envy sinners” or “Make sure you do not envy sinners” 23:18 d3fz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive your hope will not be cut off 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will not allow anyone to cut off your hope” or “God will keep the promises he made to you” 23:19 qj67 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). 23:19 f128 Hear—you!—my son 0 “Listen carefully, my son.” The speaker speaks an extra word to make sure the hearer is paying attention. 23:19 jg2g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor direct your heart in the way 0 Deciding to do what is right is spoken of as if one person were showing another person the correct path to follow. Alternate translation: “make sure you do what is wise” 23:20 sag8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche gluttonous eaters of meat 0 This could mean: (1) “people who eat more meat than they need to” or (2) “meat” represents food in general. Alternate translation: “people who eat more food than they need to” 23:21 z3sn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification slumber will clothe them with rags 0 The word “slumber” is an exaggeration for a person spending so much time enjoying food and drink that he does not do necessary work. This activity is spoken of as if it were a parent putting clothes on a child. Alternate translation: “because they spend so much time eating and drinking, they will do no work and so will become poor” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 23:22 bzi7 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). 23:22 s9it rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes do not despise 0 This can be stated positively. Alternate translation: “show respect for” 23:23 smm2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns Buy the truth, but do not sell it; buy wisdom, instruction, and understanding 0 Another possible meaning is “Buy the truth, and do not sell wisdom, instruction, or understanding.” The words “truth,” “wisdom,” “instruction,” and “understanding” are abstract nouns that are spoken of as if they were physical items that a person can buy and sell in a market. They can be translated as verbs. Alternate translation: “Do what you need to do so you can know what is true, so you can be wise, so you can learn how to act, and so you can tell good from bad; never think of anything else as more important than these things” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 23:24 rzg3 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). 23:24 qls1 The father of the righteous person will greatly rejoice, and he who begets a wise child will be glad in him 0 Another possible meaning is that the words “he that begets a wise child” explain who “the father of the righteous person” is. Alternate translation: “The father of the righteous person, he who begets a wise child, will greatly rejoice and will be glad in him” 23:24 b6a9 will be glad in him 0 Alternate translation: “will be glad because of him” 23:26 c77m 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). 23:26 ds3t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy give me your heart 0 The word “heart” is a metonym for what a person thinks and decides to do. This could mean: (1) “pay careful attention” or (2) “trust me completely.” 23:26 zdk9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche let your eyes observe 0 The eyes are a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “observe” or “look carefully at” 23:27 b64j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism prostitute … immoral woman 0 There are two types of sexually immoral women. The “prostitute” is unmarried, “another man’s wife” is married. Together they form a merism for any kind of sexually immoral woman. 23:27 y9ln rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor a prostitute is a deep pit 0 The word “pit” is a metaphor for what happens to men who sleep with prostitutes. Alternate translation: “sleeping with a prostitute is like falling into a deep pit” 23:27 i17l prostitute 0 Here the word refers to any unmarried woman who engages in sexual activity, not only those who do so for money. 23:27 zt34 deep pit … narrow well 0 These are two places easy to fall into and hard to get out of, the “pit” because it is “deep” and the “well” because it is “narrow.” 23:27 fys1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor an immoral woman is a narrow well 0 Doing evil for which one will be punished is spoken of as falling into a narrow place from which one cannot escape. Alternate translation: “Sleeping with another man’s wife is like falling into a narrow well” 23:27 ezr3 well 0 a hole in the ground that people have dug to get to water 23:28 x4yu lies in wait 0 stays hidden, ready to attack when a victim approaches 23:28 ll5s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the treacherous 0 This nominal adjective can be translated as an adjective or verb. Alternate translation: “treacherous people” or “those who harm others by deceiving them” 23:29 ek29 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). 23:29 l7du rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Who has woe? Who has sorrow? Who has fights? Who has complaining? Who has wounds for no reason? Who has bloodshot eyes? 0 The writer uses these questions to prepare the reader for the point he is about to make about a particular type of person. He does not expect an answer to each question. Your language may have a different way of introducing a lesson. Alternate translation: “Listen to me while I tell you what kind of person has woe, sorrow, fights, complaining, wounds for no reason, and bloodshot eyes.” 23:29 yw3q bloodshot eyes 0 Alternate translation: “eyes red, like the color of blood” 23:30 kqg7 Those who linger over wine, those who try the mixed wine 0 These words answer the questions in verse 29 and describe people who drink too much wine. 23:30 g2tp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism linger over wine 0 spend much time drinking wine and so drink much wine 23:30 t96n the mixed wine 0 This could mean: (1) different wines mixed together or (2) other drinks that are stronger than wine. 23:31 v5x1 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). 23:32 ip9z In the last 0 Alternate translation: “After you drink it” 23:32 cr4n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor it bites like a serpent … it stings like an adder 0 The word “it” refers to “the wine when it is red.” “Bites” and “stings” are metaphors for the way too much wine makes people feel. Alternate translation: “it makes you feel as bad as if a serpent had bitten you or an adder had stung you” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 23:32 q4ct adder 0 a type of poisonous snake 23:33 qfg7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche your heart will utter perverse things 0 The “heart” represents the person and emphasize what he thinks and decides to do. Alternate translation: “you will think about and decide to do perverse things” 23:33 d1kc perverse things 0 things that God says are morally wrong and bad; things that are wicked 23:34 s7qb 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). It is the continuation of the description of a drunk person. 23:34 q7lv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom lies on the top of a mast 0 The place on the mast where the person lies can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “lies in the basket near the top of a mast” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 23:34 lxy2 mast 0 the long wooden pole to which are attached the sails of a sailing ship 23:35 c4na They hit me, & but I was not hurt. They beat me, but I did not feel it. 0 Because the drunk person is not thinking clearly, he is imagining that people are hitting and beating him, yet he feels no pain and cannot remember anything. 23:35 d6ej When will I wake up? 0 The drunk person is wondering when he will be sober again; when the effect of the wine will stop. 24:intro nl8m 0 # Proverbs 24 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 24 continues the section beginning in the previous chapter and is mainly filled with short, individual proverbs.\n\nThe second half of this chapter finishes the section.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Lazy man story\n\nUnlike much of Proverbs, verses 30–34 tell a short story about a lazy man, which ends in a very memorable proverb.\n\n### Themes\n\nThere are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) 24:1 d1dq 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). 24:2 dw7g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche their hearts 0 The words “their hearts” refer to the whole person. Alternate translation: “they” 24:2 m8px rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche their lips 0 The words “their lips” refer to the whole person. Alternate translation: “they” 24:2 es5l talk about trouble 0 Alternate translation: “talk about causing harm” or “talk about creating problems” 24:3 f9id 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). 24:3 hiy4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns Through wisdom a house is built 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **wisdom**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. These words can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “People need to be wise if they are to build a good house” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 24:3 q4cp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns by understanding it is established 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **understanding**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. These words can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “People need to understand what is morally good and what is morally bad if they are to establish a house” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 24:3 mq3v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy it is established 0 The word “established” means made stable and strong. The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house, and the house being physically stable and strong is a metaphor for a family that lives in peace. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 24:4 ry4y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns By knowledge the rooms are filled 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **knowledge**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. These words can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “People need to know what is precious and pleasant if they are to fill their rooms” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 24:5 gah6 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). 24:5 gya2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns warrior of wisdom 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **wisdom**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “wise.” Alternate translation: “wise warrior” 24:5 my2f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns a man of knowledge increases his strength 0 The abstract nouns “knowledge” and “strength” can be translated as the verb “know” and the adjective “strong.” Alternate translation: “a man who knows many things is stronger because he knows these things” 24:6 i9sa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns by wise direction 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **direction**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “if you have wise people telling you what to do” 24:6 e43z wage your war 0 Alternate translation: “fight your war” 24:6 nll1 advisors 0 those who tell government officials what those officials should do 24:7 ten9 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). 24:7 r9t9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom too high for a fool 0 This is an idiom. “too difficult for a fool to understand” 24:7 e2pv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy open his mouth 0 The mouth is a metonym for the words that come from the mouth. Alternate translation: “speak” 24:8 f77e 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). 24:8 f9l9 a master of schemes 0 one who is skillful at making evil plans. Alternate translation: “a mischievous person” or “a troublemaker” 24:10 xt51 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). 24:10 dbq1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom your strength is small 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “you have very little strength” or “you are certainly weak” 24:11 t92q 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). 24:11 xc8k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive those who are being taken away 0 These words can be translated in active form by using the term “they” which could be anyone, but are probably government officials. Alternate translation: “those whom they are taking away” 24:11 n8k2 taken away 0 Another possible meaning is “dragged away.” 24:11 ru95 staggering 0 walking unsteadily and almost falling. This word would also describe the way a person walks when he is being dragged away. 24:11 kl46 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns the slaughter 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **slaughter**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. The writer speaks as if those who take them away think of them as no better than animals. If your language has a word for killing animals that would fit here, you might want to use it. Alternate translation: “where people will kill them as they would kill animals” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 24:12 k5el If you say, “Behold, & this,” does 0 The writer is answering something that the reader may wrongly be thinking. Alternate translation: “You may say, ‘Behold, … this,’ but does” 24:12 akd7 Behold, we 0 Alternate translation: “Listen to us! We” or “But we” or “We have done nothing wrong, because we” 24:12 yi61 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion does not the one who weighs the heart understand what you are saying? 0 The writer assumes the readers know the answer and asks this for emphasis. Alternate translation: “the one who weighs the heart understands what you are saying.” 24:12 cx5x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism the one who 0 The writer expects the reader to know that “the one” is Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, who” 24:12 zda4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy weighs the heart 0 The word “heart” is a metonym for what a person thinks and desires. The writer speaks as if what a person thinks and desires were a physical object that a person could weigh, and weighing an object is a metaphor for looking closely at something to see how good it is. Alternate translation: “knows how good what people really think and desire is” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 24:12 pa6x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion The one who guards your life, does he not know it? 0 The writer assumes the readers know the answer and asks this for emphasis. Alternate translation: “The one who guards your life knows it.” 24:12 m55q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Will God not give to each one what he deserves? 0 The writer assumes the readers know the answer and asks this for emphasis. Alternate translation: “God will give to each one what he deserves.” 24:13 q7s6 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). 24:14 p5t6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive your hope will not be cut off 0 This could mean: (1) this is a simple passive that can be translated as in active form. Alternate translation: “no one will take your hope away” or (2) this is litotes that can be translated in positive form. Alternate translation: “your hope will surely continue” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) 24:15 i96h 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). 24:15 s1ww rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Do not lie in wait 0 The words “lie in wait” are an idiom. Translate “lie in wait” as in [Proverbs 1:11](../01/11.md). Alternate translation: “Do not hide and wait for the right time” 24:15 g6w6 his home 0 the home of the righteous person 24:16 jrm7 rises again 0 Alternate translation: “gets back on his feet” or “stands up again” 24:16 k8ly rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification wicked people are brought down by calamity 0 The writer speaks as if “calamity” were a person who could do bad things to other people. These words can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will use calamity to bring down the wicked people” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 24:16 u49k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor are brought down 0 This is a metaphor of a person who was standing but someone has brought him down to the ground or made him fall. 24:16 ze9b calamity 0 times when bad things happen to people and their property 24:17 rpu6 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). 24:17 t9ei your enemy falls 0 Alternate translation: “something bad happens to your enemy” 24:17 by2h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche let not your heart be glad 0 This is a strong command. The word “heart” represents the person. Alternate translation: “do not allow yourself to be glad” or “stop yourself from being glad” 24:18 b18i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom turn away his wrath from him 0 The words “turn away his wrath” are an idiom for no longer being angry. What Yahweh would do instead can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “stop being angry with him and be angry with you instead” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 24:19 yp9l 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). 24:20 mmf6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the lamp of wicked people will go out 0 The lamp is used as a metaphor for life. The life of wicked people will end just as a lamp goes out. 24:21 j1fr 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). 24:21 vvr9 Fear 0 a deep respect and awe for a person in authority 24:22 jzb3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion who knows the extent of the destruction that will come from both of them? 0 The writer asks this question to emphasize the disaster. Alternate translation: “no one knows the extent of the destruction that will come from both of them.” 24:22 ub7e both of them 0 these words refer to Yahweh and the king 24:23 jq5s These also are sayings of the wise 0 This sentence starts a new collection of proverbs. 24:23 ci6n a case at law 0 a situation that is brought before a judge in which someone is accused of breaking the law 24:24 lma6 Whoever says to the wicked person, & will be cursed by peoples and hated by nations 0 The word “nations” is a metonym for the people who live in the nations. These words can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “People will curse whoever says to the wicked person, … , and the people of other nations will hate him” 24:24 rfb9 the wicked person … a righteous person 0 This could mean: (1) people should never call any wicked person a righteous person or (2) no one should say of a person guilty of a crime that he is innocent. Alternate translation: “a person guilty of a crime … innocent” 24:25 xwv5 will have delight 0 Alternate translation: “will be very happy” 24:25 ufh1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification gifts of goodness will come to them 0 Gifts are spoken of as if they were people who could move by themselves. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **goodness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “people will give them good gifts” (See also: and[[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 24:25 uy7d gifts of goodness 0 Alternate translation: “good things” or “blessings” 24:26 sz6f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom gives a kiss on the lips 0 A kiss was a sign of respect and devotion in that culture. Alternate translation: “shows true friendship” 24:28 u5rp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy with your lips 0 The lips are a metonym for the words a person speaks. Alternate translation: “by what you say” 24:29 cke7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom pay him back 0 This is an idiom. “take revenge against him” 24:31 w3gw Thorns 0 useless plants with sharp spines 24:31 j4m7 nettles 0 plants that are covered with stinging leaves and hairs 24:31 chw4 was broken down 0 Alternate translation: “had fallen down” 24:32 u9za received instruction 0 Alternate translation: “learned a lesson” 24:34 d7gx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis and poverty comes 0 This finishes a thought begun with the words “A little sleep, a little slumber, a little folding of the hands to rest” (Proverbs 24:33). You may need to fill in the omitted words. “You may say to yourself, ‘A little sleep, a little slumber, a little folding of the hands to rest,’ but then poverty will come” 24:34 v85w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification poverty comes marching upon you 0 Some translations read, “poverty comes upon you like a robber.” Poverty is spoken of as if it were a person or animal that can attack a lazy person. 24:34 zx1y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile your needs like an armed soldier 0 Needs are spoken of as if they were a person who could attack the lazy person. Alternate translation: “your needs will come to you like an armed soldier” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 25:intro l94s 0 # Proverbs 25 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 25 begins the second section of the book (Chapter 25–29) which is attributed to Solomon.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Themes\n\nThere are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) 25:2 x2ec to conceal a matter 0 Alternate translation: “to keep some things secret” 25:2 cj4p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis but the glory 0 The ellipsis can be filled in. Alternate translation: “but it is the glory” 25:2 dg6e search it out 0 Alternate translation: “search that matter out” or “search for those things that God has concealed” 25:3 jtp4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Like the heavens are for height and the earth is for depth, so the heart of kings is unsearchable 0 The hearts of kings are compared to the size of the heavens and the earth. Alternate translation: “Just as no one can measure the height of the heavens or the depth of the earth, even so no one can understand the heart of kings” 25:3 b947 heavens 0 This refers to everything we see above the earth, including the sun, moon, and stars. 25:4 jgm1 dross 0 the material in a metal that people do not want and they remove by heating the metal 25:5 vvu5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy his throne will be established by doing 0 The throne is a metonym for the power to rule. These words can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the king will establish his throne by doing” or “he will have the power to rule because he does” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 25:7 w69g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit It is better for him to say to you, “Come up here,” than 0 Here “up” means to move to a place at the table that is closer to the king. It is a great honor for a person to sit closer to the king. Alternate translation: “It is better for someone to invite you to sit closer to the king than” 25:7 qf2z before a nobleman 0 Alternate translation: “in front of a nobleman” 25:8 t9ug rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion For what will you do in the end when your neighbor puts you to shame? 0 This question is asked to make the reader consider the possibility that he may have misunderstood the situation. The way in which the neighbor might put the reader to shame can be stated plainly. Alternate translation: “For you will not know what to do in the end when your neighbor puts you to shame.” or “For if your neighbor has an explanation, he will put you to shame, and you will have nothing to say to defend yourself.” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 25:9 lgk7 your case 0 Alternate translation: “your disagreement” 25:9 c77l do not disclose another’s secret 0 Alternate translation: “do not share your neighbor’s secret with other people” 25:10 fr3g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive an evil report about you that cannot be silenced 0 Here “evil report” refers to harmful things that the person will tell others. The phrase “cannot be silenced” can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you will not be able to stop him from telling other people harmful things about you” or “he will tell people evil things about you and you will never have a good reputation again” 25:11 e2ay rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Apples of gold in settings of silver is a word spoken in the right situation 0 The goodness of “a word spoken at the right time” is spoken of as if it were the physical beauty of “apples of gold in settings of silver.” Most translations translate this metaphor as a simile and change the order of the phrases. Alternate translation: “A word spoken at the right time is beautiful like apples of gold in settings of silver” 25:11 sq35 Apples of gold in settings of silver 0 The ancient Israelites did not know the apples that most people know today. This could mean: (1) “apples” should be translated as “design.” Alternate translation: “a golden design carved into a silver bowl” or (2) “apples” refers to another type of fruit with a golden color that someone has placed on a silver plate or bowl. Alternate translation: “Golden colored fruit placed in a silver bowl” 25:11 ptu8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive is a word spoken 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “is a message that someone speaks” 25:12 ir54 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor A gold ring or jewelry made of fine gold is a wise rebuke to a listening ear 0 The value and importance of “a wise rebuke” is spoken of as if it had the beauty and value of gold. Most translations translate this metaphor as a simile and change the order of the phrases. Alternate translation: “A wise rebuke to a listening ear is beautiful and valuable like a golden ring or golden jewelry” 25:12 i38p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche listening ear 0 The ear is a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “person who is willing to listen” 25:13 tc4q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Like the cold of snow at harvest time is a faithful messenger 0 Here a faithful messenger is being compared to the cold of snow, because both are pleasant. 25:13 sxk7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the cold of snow 0 Snow only fell on the tops of mountains, and the harvest took place in hot weather, so this is probably a metaphor for cool, fresh water from a clean stream. If your language has no word for snow, consider “cool, fresh, clean water.” 25:13 v57a snow 0 white flakes of ice that fall from the sky like rain 25:13 z9pn brings back the life of his masters 0 This means he makes his masters, who are weak and tired, to be strong and rested again. 25:14 hbd4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Clouds and wind without rain is the one who boasts … not give 0 Most translations translate this metaphor as a simile and change the order of the phrases. Rain was important to the Israelites because only small amounts of it fell, so a cloud without rain was useless and brought disappointment to the Israelites. Alternate translation: “The one who boasts … not give is like clouds and wind without rain” or “The one who boasts … not give is useless and a disappointment, like clouds and wind without rain” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 25:15 v2wv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive With patience a ruler can be persuaded 0 These words can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Someone who is patient can persuade a ruler” or “Someone who is patient can speak to a ruler and change his mind” 25:15 eed7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor a soft tongue can break a bone 0 The word “tongue” is a metonym for the words the person speaks using the tongue. The word “bone” is a metaphor for strong opposition. Alternate translation: “gentle speech can overcome strong opposition” 25:16 dc7b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 # General Information:\n\nVerse 16 states a general principle, and verse 17 gives one specific example. The idea of eating too much honey and then vomiting it up is a metaphor for taking too much of any good thing and regretting it later. 25:18 r378 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile A man who bears false witness against his neighbor is like a club used in war, or a sword, or a sharp arrow 0 A false witness is compared to three weapons that can hurt or kill people. 25:19 p8jx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile An unfaithful man in whom you trust in a time of trouble is like a bad tooth or a foot that slips 0 A foolish man is compared to a part of the body that causes trouble for a person. Alternate translation: “Trusting in an unfaithful man in time of trouble will bring you pain like a bad tooth or a foot that slips” 25:20 j5q4 carbonate of soda 0 This is a kind of mineral that hisses and bubbles violently when it comes into contact with acids like vinegar. Many translations translate this phrase as “a wound.” 25:20 ef6r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit sings songs 0 You may need to make explicit what kind of songs the singer sings. Alternate translation: “sings happy songs” 25:20 z9sh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche a heavy heart 0 The heart is a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “a sad person” 25:22 eb7p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom shovel coals of fire on his head 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “cause him to have a guilty conscience and be ashamed of what he has done” 25:23 xj7i the north wind 0 In Israel, wind from the north often brought rain. Translators are free to substitute different kinds of wind for the same effect, for example, “a cold wind.” 25:23 z36v a tongue that tells secrets 0 Some versions read “someone who tells secrets.” 25:23 gn4t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche result in angry faces 0 The face is a synecdoche for the person. Alternate translation: “makes other people so angry you can see it in their faces” 25:24 siz4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit a corner of the roof 0 Houses in those days had flat roofs. Ancient Israelites spent much time on their roofs, where it was often cooler than inside the house, and sometimes people would build a shelter large enough for a person to sleep in on one corner of the roof. 25:24 urg5 a quarreling wife 0 a wife who often argues or complains 25:25 p4p8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Like cold waters to one who is thirsty, so is good news from a far country 0 Cold water is compared to good news that is both refreshing and delightful. 25:26 p3dy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Like a fouled spring or a ruined fountain is a righteous person tottering before wicked people 0 One expects a spring or fountain to have clear water, just as one expects a righteous man to stand for what he believes. A polluted spring or fountain is compared to a righteous man who falls. 25:26 tiq8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor tottering before wicked people 0 Tottering is a metaphor for either: (1) refusing to fight wicked people or (2) joining in their wickedness. Alternate translation: “who allows wicked people to do wickedness” or “who starts to do what wicked people do” 25:26 fe9h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor tottering 0 This is a metaphor for being unable to continue to do good. Alternate translation: “unable to stand” 25:26 e13r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom before wicked people 0 This could mean: (1) “when wicked people attack him” or (2) “when wicked people urge him to do evil.” 25:27 h7jf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile It is not good to eat too much honey; that is like searching for honor after honor. 0 Both wanting others to honor you and eating honey are good, but you can eat too much honey, and you can try too hard to have people honor you. 25:27 x6in rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes It is not good 0 This can be stated positively. Alternate translation: “It is a bad thing” 25:27 ea11 that is like searching for honor after honor 0 The meaning of the original language is uncertain. Some versions of the Bible translate this as “that is like speaking too many compliments to people.” Alternate translation: “that is like always thinking about how others should honor you” 25:28 gl3p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile A person without self-control is like a city breached and without walls. 0 Both a person without self-control and a city without walls are weak and vulnerable. 25:28 jh45 breached and without walls 0 Alternate translation: “whose walls an army has knocked down and destroyed” 26:intro juh9 0 # Proverbs 26 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 26 continues the second section of the book (Chapter 25–29) which is attributed to Solomon.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Themes\n\nThere are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. Wisdom and folly are particularly prominent in this chapter.(See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) 26:1 w8yc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Like snow in summer or rain in harvest 0 Normally snow does not fall during the summer and rain does not fall during the harvest. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “Just as it would be very strange to have snow in summer or rain during the harvest” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 26:2 kdg7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile so an undeserved curse does not alight 0 A curse that does not harm a person is spoken of as if it were a bird that does not land. Alternate translation: “so an undeserved curse does not land on its mark” 26:2 mf19 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive an undeserved curse 0 This can be stated with an active form. Alternate translation: “a curse on a person who does not deserve it” 26:2 t3fg alight 0 land on someone or something 26:3 v3b7 A whip is for the horse, a bridle is for the donkey and a rod is for the back of fools 0 A whip, a bridle, and a rod are things that people use to make the horse, donkey, and fool do what they want. 26:3 le7r a bridle is for the donkey 0 A bridle is made of straps. People put it on a donkey’s head and hold one of the straps to make the donkey go the way they want it to go. 26:3 q1bg a rod is for the back of fools 0 In the Bible, people would hit their children or their slaves with a wooden rod in order to discipline them. 26:5 rz54 Answer a fool and join in on his folly 0 Joining in on a fool’s folly when answering him represents answering him in a foolish way. Alternate translation: “Answer a fool according to his folly” or “Answer a fool foolishly” 26:5 q48w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor so he will not become wise in his own eyes 0 The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “so that he will not become wise according to his judgement” or “so that he does not consider himself to be wise” 26:6 ang1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Whoever sends a message by the hand of a fool 0 Here the hand represents the fool’s responsibility to deliver the message. Alternate translation: “Whoever sends a fool to deliver a message” 26:6 ife4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor cuts off his own feet 0 Cutting off one’s own feet is an exaggeration for harming one’s self. Alternate translation: “harms himself like a person who cuts off his own feet and drinks violence” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 26:6 a1zc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor drinks violence 0 Violence is spoken of as if it were a poisonous liquid that someone might drink. Alternate translation: “harms himself by being violent” 26:7 h8yx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Like the legs … is a proverb in the mouth of fools 0 The phrases can be reordered. Alternate translation: “A proverb in the mouth of fools is like the legs of a paralytic which hang down” or “A proverb in the mouth of fools is as useless as the legs of a paralytic which hang down” 26:7 m6mr a paralytic 0 a person who is unable to move or feel all or part of his body 26:7 nq9k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy in the mouth of fools 0 Here “mouth” is a metonym for speaking. Alternate translation: “in the speech of fools” or “that fools say” 26:8 vhn4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit tying a stone in a sling 0 In order to throw a stone very far, people put it into a sling and swing the sling so that the stone will fly from it very quickly. The result of tying a stone in a sling can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “tying a stone in a sling so that it cannot be thrown” 26:8 fy3g giving honor to a fool 0 Alternate translation: “honoring a fool” 26:9 l82z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Like a thorn … is a proverb in the mouth of fools 0 How the two are alike can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “A proverb in the mouth of fools is as dangerous as a thorn that goes into the hand of a drunkard” 26:9 z794 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche a thorn that goes into the hand of a drunkard 0 This could mean: (1) if a drunk person holds a thornbush, a thorn will prick his hand, or (2) if a drunk person is angry, he will pick up a thornbush and swing it at people. For the second meaning, the word “thorn” represents a thornbush. 26:9 q3gg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy in the mouth of fools 0 Here “mouth” is a metonym for speaking. Alternate translation: “in the speech of fools” or “that fools say” 26:10 lu8m hires a fool 0 Alternate translation: “gives a job to a fool” 26:11 dgd2 As a dog returns to his own vomit 0 Alternate translation: “As a dog eats its own vomit” 26:12 cxr5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Do you see someone who is wise in his own eyes? 0 This question is used to lead the reader to think about someone who is wise in his own eyes. The phrase “is wise in his own eyes” means “thinks he is wise,” and here it implies that the person is not truly wise. Alternate translation: “Consider the person who thinks he is wise but is not.” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 26:12 n43z There is more hope for a fool than for him 0 Alternate translation: “A fool can become wise more easily than he can” 26:13 y1yv The lazy person says, “There is a lion … between the open places!” 0 The lazy person lies and says that he cannot go outside and work because there is a lion on the road or between the open places. 26:13 xyz8 There is a lion on the road 0 See how you translated this in [Proverbs 22:13](../22/13.md). 26:13 ufn8 the open places 0 This refers to the places in town where there is a lot of room for people to walk around or where people gather. Alternate translation: “the town plazas” or “the streets” 26:14 bfi2 hinges 0 metal pieces that attach a door to something and allow it to open and close 26:14 uv1d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile As the door turns on its hinges, so is the lazy person upon his bed 0 Both the door and the lazy person move, but they do not go anywhere. 26:15 j4ce puts his hand into the dish 0 Alternate translation: “puts his hand into the dish to get food” or “reaches for food” 26:15 x6us rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole he has no strength to lift it up to his mouth 0 This is an exaggeration for doing necessary work that would clearly do him good. 26:16 e6pb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The lazy person is wiser in his own eyes than seven men 0 The phrase “his own eyes” represents his thoughts. Alternate translation: “The lazy person thinks he is wiser than seven men” 26:17 xh36 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Like one who takes hold of the ears of a dog, is a passerby who becomes angry at a dispute that is not his own 0 This can be reordered. Alternate translation: “A passerby who becomes angry at some other people’s dispute is like a person who grabs hold of a dog’s ears” 26:17 z69e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Like one who takes hold of the ears of a dog 0 The implied information is that the dog will get angry and bite the person. Alternate translation: “Like a person who angers a dog by grabbing its ears” or “Like a person who grabs a dog’s ears and is bitten by the dog” 26:17 ul2w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit is a passerby who becomes angry at a dispute that is not his own 0 The implied information is that the passerby will start arguing, and the people who were fighting will get angry with him and hurt him. 26:19 kd8e the one who deceives 0 Both the “madman” (Proverbs 26:18) and the one who deceives hurt people but do not take responsibility for it. 26:19 g1qd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Was I not telling a joke? 0 The deceiver uses this question to imply that since he his joke was only for fun, he should not be blamed for any harm he has caused. Alternate translation: “I did nothing wrong. I was only telling a joke.” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 26:20 ivv3 gossiper 0 a person who gossips a lot 26:21 l2ug rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit As charcoal is to burning coals and wood is to fire 0 What charcoal does to coals and what wood does to fire can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “As charcoal helps coals burn and as wood helps fire burn” 26:21 ud8h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor kindling strife 0 To kindle something means to set it on fire. Setting strife on fire is a metaphor for causing people to fight or argue. Alternate translation: “causing people to fight” or “causing people to argue” 26:22 ye74 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile The words of a gossip are like delicious morsels 0 This speaks of gossip being desirable to listen to as if it were delicious food to eat. Alternate translation: “The words of a gossip are desirable to listen to” or 26:22 rb3s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor they go down into the inner parts of the body 0 This speaks of the words that a gossip says going into a person’s mind and affecting his thoughts as if they were food that was going into his stomach. This sentence is equivalent to [Proverbs 18:8](../18/08.md). Alternate translation: “and they enter a person’s mind and affect his thoughts” 26:23 i9mz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Like the glaze overlaying an earthen vessel so are burning lips and an evil heart 0 This simile means that a person who says things to hide the evil in their heart are like a earthen vessel covered in glaze to make it look good. These phrases can be reordered. Alternate translation: “People who have burning lips and an evil heart are like an earthen vessel covered with glaze” 26:23 ky5d the glaze overlaying an earthen vessel 0 “the shiny glaze that covers a clay pot.” A clay pot is cheap and common. So people covered it was a glaze to make it shiny and appear more expensive. 26:23 u5wy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche so are burning lips and an evil heart 0 This represents a person who has burning lips and an evil heart. Alternate translation: “so is a person who has burning lips and an evil heart” or “so is a person who says nice things but whose heart is evil” 26:23 s94p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor burning lips 0 The word “burning” is a metaphor for “strongly emotional” and the word “lips” is a metonym for “speech.” Alternate translation: “emotional speech” or “saying nice things” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 26:23 p5hf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy an evil heart 0 The heart represents a person’s thoughts, attitudes, desires, or feelings. Alternate translation: “evil thoughts” or “evil desires” 26:24 rhg2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor disguises his feelings with his lips 0 Disguising his feelings represents keeping people from knowing what his feelings are. The phrase “his lips” is a metonym for what he says. Alternate translation: “hides his feelings with what he says” or “speaks in such a way that people cannot know his true feelings” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 26:24 qu8b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he lays up deceit within himself 0 Being deceitful is spoken of as if he were storing deceit within himself. Possible meanings are that “deceit” refers to lies. Alternate translation: (1) “he likes his many lies” or (2) deceit refers secret plans to harm people. Alternate translation: “he secretly plans to harm people” 26:25 f4gf but do not believe him 0 Alternate translation: “but do not believe what he says” 26:25 q7ln rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor for there are seven abominations in his heart 0 The number seven represents completeness. This could mean: (1) “abominations” refers to attitudes that God hates. Alternate translation: “for his heart is completely filled with hateful things” or (2) “abominations” refers to his hatred for people. Alternate translation: “for his heart is completely filled with hatred” 26:26 iv6j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Though his hatred is covered with deception 0 This can be stated actively. Alternate translation: “Though deception covers his hatred” or “Though he covers his hatred with deception” 26:26 d99d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Though his hatred is covered with deception 0 Keeping people from knowing that he hates them is spoken of as covering his hatred. Alternate translation: “Though he lies to keep people from knowing that he hates them” or “Though he lies so that people will not know that he hates them” 26:26 slh6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor his wickedness will be exposed in the assembly 0 Being exposed represents being discovered or becoming known. Alternate translation: “his wickedness will become known in the assembly” or “the assembly will discover his wickedness” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 26:26 d2jn the assembly 0 Alternate translation: “the community of Israel” 26:27 sg61 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Whoever digs a pit will fall into it 0 It is implied that the person digs the pit as a trap so that someone will fall into it. Alternate translation: “Whoever digs a pit to trap someone will fall into it” or “If someone digs a pit in order to trap someone, the one who dug it will fall into it” 26:27 nj1w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit the stone will roll back on the one who pushed it 0 It is implied that the person pushed a large stone so that it would roll downhill and crush someone there. Alternate translation: “if someone pushed a stone so that it would roll downhill and crush someone, the stone will roll back on him instead” or “if someone maked a stone roll so that it would hurt someone, the stone will crush him instead” 26:28 wvw9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche A lying tongue hates the people it crushes 0 The phrase “a lying tongue” represents a person who tells lies. Crushing people represents causing them trouble. Alternate translation: “A liar hates those he hurts by his lies” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 26:28 dfi2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche a flattering mouth brings about ruin 0 The phrase “a flattering mouth” represents a person who flatters people. This could mean: (1) a person who flatters others causes trouble or (2) a person who flatters others ruins them 26:28 qp8a flattering 0 praising someone in a manner that is not sincere, or praising someone about things that are not true 27:intro ec7g 0 # Proverbs 27 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 27 continues the second section of the book (Chapter 25–29) which is attributed to Solomon.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Themes\n\nThere are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) 27:1 f85w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Do not boast about tomorrow 0 This is a warning not to brag about what you expect to happen tomorrow. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “Do not speak proudly about your plans for tomorrow” 27:1 t368 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor what a day may bring 0 Something happening on a certain day is spoken of as if the day were to bring that event. Alternate translation: “what will happen on a day” or “what will happen tomorrow” 27:2 cyj6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis and not your own mouth … and not your own lips 0 The words “let praise you” are understood from the first phrase. They can be repeated. Here a person is represented by his “mouth” and “lips” because those are the parts of the body used to speak. Alternate translation: “and do not let your own mouth praise you … and do not let your own lips praise you” or “and do not praise yourself … and do not praise yourself” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 27:2 jhl7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis a stranger 0 The words “let praise you” are understood from the first phrase. The words can be repeated here. Alternate translation: “let a stranger praise you” 27:3 snl3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the provocation of a fool is heavier than both 0 The difficulty of being patient with a fool who provokes you is spoken of as if that difficulty were heavy. Alternate translation: “the provocation of a fool is harder to tolerate than either of them” or “It is harder to be patient when a fool provokes you than it is to be patient while carrying them” 27:3 hs8d the provocation of a fool 0 “the trouble caused by a fool.” “Provocation” means actions or words that cause anger or irritation. 27:4 j57v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns There is the cruelty of rage and the flood of anger, but who is able to stand before jealousy? 0 The abstract nouns “rage”, “anger” and “jealousy” can be translated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “A raging person is cruel and an angry person is overwhelming, but who can stand before a jealous person?” 27:4 l3ui cruelty 0 Alternate translation: “harshness” 27:4 srl1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the flood of anger 0 “the destructiveness of anger.” Anger is spoken of here as if it were a powerful flood. 27:4 nh38 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion but who is able to stand before jealousy? 0 This question implies that no one can stand before jealousy. It can be reworded as a statement. Alternate translation: “but no one is able to stand before jealousy” 27:4 inj9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor to stand before jealousy 0 Here standing represents being strong and resisting being harmed by a jealous person who attacks. Alternate translation: “to resist a jealous person” or “to remain strong when a jealous person attacks him” 27:5 yva8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns Better is an open rebuke 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **rebuke**, you could express the same idea with the verb “rebuke.” Alternate translation: “It is better to be openly rebuked” 27:5 pz3x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns than hidden love 0 “than love that is not openly shown.” If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **love**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “than to be loved secretly” 27:6 d5v5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Faithful are the wounds caused by a friend 0 “The wounds that a friend causes are trustworthy.” The word “wounds” here represents the pain and sadness that a person feels when a friend rebukes or corrects him. 27:6 uw1k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Faithful are the wounds caused by a friend 0 The trustworthiness of a friend’s rebuke is spoken of as if the sadness that his rebuke causes is trustworthy. Alternate translation: “Though it causes sadness, a friend’s rebuke is trustworthy” 27:6 wzd4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit but an enemy may kiss you profusely 0 It can be stated clearly that the enemy’s kisses are not trustworthy. Alternate translation: “but the enemy’s many kisses are not trustworthy” or “but an enemy may try to deceive you by kissing you profusely” or 27:6 d2u7 profusely 0 Alternate translation: “abundantly” or “too many times” 27:7 diy7 A person who has eaten to the full 0 Alternate translation: “A person who is satisfied” or “A person who has eaten enough to be full” 27:7 v4fr rejects even a honeycomb 0 A honeycomb would normally be desirable, but not to the person who has already eaten enough to be satisfied. 27:7 aj75 every bitter thing is sweet 0 Alternate translation: “everything that is bitter tastes sweet” 27:8 tmr6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Like a bird that wanders from its nest is a man who strays from where he lives 0 The words “wanders” and “strays” mean the same thing in this verse. 27:9 p2m8 Perfume 0 The word “perfume” here means a desirable oil or ointment. 27:9 zj6k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy make the heart rejoice 0 Here “the heart” represents the feelings or emotions of a person. Alternate translation: “make a person feel joyful” or “make a person glad” 27:9 fa3b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the sweetness of a friend comes from his sincere counsel 0 This could mean: (1) “sweetness” represents kindness. Alternate translation: “we recognize our friend’s kindness by his counsel” or (2) “sweetness” represents what we appreciate about a person. Alternate translation: “what we appreciate about a friend is his advice” 27:10 c6gz your brother’s house 0 Here the word “brother” is a general reference to relatives, such as members of the same tribe, clan, or people group. 27:10 zin1 calamity 0 extreme troubles and misfortune 27:11 v2t7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy make my heart rejoice 0 Here the “heart” represents the person’s feelings or emotions. Alternate translation: “make me feel joyful” or “make me glad” 27:11 sv31 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit then I will give back an answer to the one who mocks me 0 Here “answer” does not mean to answer a question. It means to respond or to reply to someone who is mocking. How this relates to the clause before it can be made clear. AT “then I will reply to the one who mocks me by telling him about you” 27:11 gm95 mocks 0 makes fun of someone, especially in a cruel way 27:12 y47t A prudent man sees trouble and hides himself, but the naive people go on and suffer because of it 0 See how you translated a similar phrase in [Proverbs 22:3](../22/03.md). 27:12 jm89 A prudent man 0 Alternate translation: “A man who is wise” or “A man who has good sense” 27:12 j5th the naive people 0 Alternate translation: “the inexperienced and immature people” 27:12 bv11 suffer 0 experience something very unpleasant, such as illness, pain, or other hardships 27:13 l1r3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Take a garment of one who has put up security for a stranger 0 When lending money, a lender would take something from the borrower, such as a garment, as a guarantee of repayment. He would return it after the money was repaid. If the borrower was too poor, someone else could give something to the lender as a guarantee for him. See how you translated this in [Proverbs 20:16](../20/16.md). Alternate translation: “Take a garment as security from the one who guarantees that what a stranger has borrowed will be paid back” 27:13 q6ci rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom who has put up security 0 This means for someone to give something to a lender as a guarantee that what was borrowed will be paid. See how you translated this in [Proverbs 20:16](../20/16.md). Alternate translation: “who has guaranteed that what has been borrowed will be paid back” or “who has promised to pay a loan” 27:13 gvg7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom hold it in pledge 0 To “hold something in pledge” means to hold on to something that someone has given as a pledge, or promise, that he will pay a debt. See how you translated this in [Proverbs 20:16](../20/16.md). Alternate translation: “hold onto his coat as a guarantee of repayment” 27:14 xjs1 Whoever gives his neighbor a blessing 0 Alternate translation: “If anyone gives his neighbor a blessing” 27:14 z5ga rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive that blessing will be considered to be a curse 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the neighbor will consider that blessing to be a curse” 27:15 bh2v quarreling 0 This means making people angry with each other or causing strong disagreements between people. 27:15 caj9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit the constant dripping 0 The implied information is that it is rain that is constantly dripping. Alternate translation: “the constant dripping of rain” 27:15 ldj6 a rainy day 0 Alternate translation: “a day of continual rain” 27:16 e46j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile restraining her is like restraining the wind, or trying to catch oil in your right hand 0 The implied information is that it is as difficult or useless to try and restrain her as it is to try to restrain the wind or catch oil in your hand (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 27:16 tfg7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit restraining her 0 “holding her back” or “keeping her under control.” The implied information is that it is trying to stop her from quarreling. Alternate translation: “restraining her from quarreling” 27:16 z86v restraining the wind 0 Alternate translation: “holding back the wind” or “keeping the wind under control” 27:17 w3va rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Iron sharpens iron; in the same way, a man sharpens his friend. 0 These two phrases are comparing how iron and a man can be improved. Alternate translation: “As iron can sharpen another piece of iron, so a man’s character is improved by contact with his friend” 27:18 gbr2 who tends 0 Alternate translation: “who takes care of” 27:18 d71d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive the one who protects his master will be honored 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “a master will honor the one who protects him” 27:19 z68a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy a person’s heart 0 Here this means a person’s thoughts. Alternate translation: “what a person thinks” 27:20 nv5h rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Abaddon 0 This is a name that means “destroyer.” Alternate translation: “the Destroyer” 27:20 c28l are never satisfied 0 Alternate translation: “are never filled up” 27:20 q6ud rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy a man’s eyes 0 Here the “eyes” represent a man’s desires. Alternate translation: “a man’s desires” 27:21 c4r4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit A crucible is for silver and a furnace is for gold 0 This refers to how gold and silver are refined. A metal is refined by heating it to a high temperature so that it melts and the impurities may be removed. See how you translated the very similar phrase in [Proverbs 17:3](../17/03.md). Alternate translation: “A crucible is used to refine silver and a furnace is used to refine gold” 27:21 eg8j rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown crucible 0 a container used for heating substances to very high temperatures 27:21 eza1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown furnace 0 an oven that can be made extremely hot 27:21 b7qd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive a person is tested when he is praised 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “when one praises a person, they are also testing that person” 27:22 m5zv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Even if you crush a fool … yet his foolishness will not leave him 0 This means that even if a fool is made to suffer hardship or pain (being crushed is often a metaphor for suffering in Hebrew), he will remain foolish. 27:22 ir3k rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown pestle 0 a hard tool with a rounded end, used for crushing things in a bowl 27:23 ixh6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Be sure you know the condition of your flocks and be concerned about your herds 0 These two phrases have basically the same meaning and are used together for emphasis. 27:23 de7k your flocks 0 Alternate translation: “flocks of sheep” 27:23 b9bu your herds 0 Alternate translation: “herds of goats” 27:24 v1t6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Does a crown endure for all generations? 0 This question expects a negative answer to make the point that the reign of earthly rulers does not last forever. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “A crown does not endure for all generations” 27:24 gu92 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy a crown 0 Here “crown” is a metonym for a king’s rule over his kingdom. Alternate translation: “a king’s rule” 27:25 n1ai the new growth appears 0 Alternate translation: “the new sprouts appear” or “the new grass starts to grow” 27:26 ra5w Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nVerses 26 and 27 go together with verses 23 to 25 as one proverb. 27:26 dar8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Those lambs will provide your clothing 0 The implied information is that the wool (hair) from the lambs can be used to make clothing. Alternate translation: “The lambs’ wool will provide you with clothing” 27:26 j2vp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit the goats will provide the price of the field 0 The implied information is that the money received by selling the goats will be enough to buy a field. Alternate translation: “selling your goats will provide the price of the field” 27:27 q28m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit nourishment for your servant girls 0 The implied information is that there will also be enough goats’ milk to feed the servant girls. Alternate translation: “there will be goat’s milk to nourish your servant girls” 27:27 xjw4 nourishment 0 Alternate translation: “food” 28:intro g91u 0 # Proverbs 28 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 28 continues the second section of the book (Chapter 25–29) which is attributed to Solomon.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Themes\n\nThere are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) 28:2 b4c7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns Because of the transgression of a land 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **transgression**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “Because of how a land transgresses” 28:2 qks4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the transgression of a land 0 This is a metonym for the sins of the people living in a land. Alternate translation: “the transgression of the people of a land” 28:2 ivf7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit with a man of understanding and knowledge 0 The implied information is that this man is a ruler or leader. The abstract nouns “understanding” and “knowledge” can be translated as verbs. Alternate translation: “with a man who understands and knows how to rule” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 28:3 tx2c who oppresses 0 Alternate translation: “who severely mistreats” 28:3 pb4k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile like a beating rain that leaves no food 0 The poor man who oppresses other poor people is compared to a rain that falls so hard that it leaves no crop to harvest. 28:3 p9vx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor beating rain 0 This is a metaphor for a rain coming down hard enough to cause crops to be driven down. Alternate translation: “damaging rain” 28:4 z1ah forsake the law 0 Alternate translation: “forsake God’s law” 28:4 j98f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor those who keep the law 0 To “keep the law” means to do what God’s law requires. Alternate translation: “those who obey God’s law” 28:4 whf7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor fight against them 0 “struggle against them.” This means to strongly oppose or resist them. 28:5 pi7r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations Evil men 0 Here “men” means people in general. Alternate translation: “People who do evil things” 28:5 t38q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns do not understand justice 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **justice**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “do not understand what is just” 28:5 k5mh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor those who seek Yahweh 0 Those who want to know Yahweh and please him are spoken of as if they are literally seeking to find Yahweh. 28:5 ru6t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit understand everything 0 The implied information is that those who seek Yahweh understand all about justice. Alternate translation: “completely understand what is just” 28:6 q4ty It is better for a poor person … than for a rich person 0 Alternate translation: “It is better to be a poor person … than it is to be a rich person” 28:6 pfi9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor walks in his integrity 0 This represents a person living a life of integrity. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **integrity**, you could express the same idea with an adverb. Alternate translation: “walks honestly” or “lives honestly” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 28:6 jdf4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor who is crooked in his ways 0 Rich people who are dishonest are spoken of as if they walk on crooked or twisted paths. Alternate translation: “who is not honest in what he does” 28:7 b5pv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor He who keeps the law 0 To “keep the law” means to do what God’s law requires. Alternate translation: “He who obeys God’s law” 28:7 h42h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns a son who has understanding 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **understanding**, you could express the same idea with a verb. Alternate translation: “a son who understands” 28:7 rh6n of gluttons 0 “of people who eat too much.” A “glutton” is a person who often eats and drinks excessively. 28:7 q9hm shames his father 0 Alternate translation: “puts his father to shame” or “dishonors his father” 28:8 uef7 makes his fortune 0 Alternate translation: “increases his wealth” 28:8 i36g charging too much interest 0 Alternate translation: “charging extra money to borrow” 28:8 tj5f interest 0 money paid by a borrower for the use of someone else’s money 28:8 xz6i gathers his wealth 0 Alternate translation: “brings his wealth together” 28:8 e1qz for another 0 Alternate translation: “for another person” 28:8 s7xf pity 0 a strong feeling of sadness or sympathy for someone 28:9 w428 If one 0 Alternate translation: “If a person” 28:9 s7cf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche turns away his ear from hearing the law 0 This represents the whole person turning away from and rejecting God’s law. Alternate translation: “turns away from hearing and obeying the law” 28:9 ztw6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive even his prayer is detestable 0 “even his prayer is offensive to God.” This can be written in active form. Alternate translation: “God detests even his prayer” 28:9 a3bi detestable 0 See how you translated this in [Proverbs 3:32](../03/32.md). 28:10 hgy2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Whoever misleads the upright into an evil way 0 This is a metaphor for leading upright people in an evil direction. Alternate translation: “Whoever causes the upright to go in an evil direction” 28:10 pv8z Whoever misleads … evil way will fall 0 Alternate translation: “If anyone misleads … evil way, he will fall” 28:10 m6rz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the upright 0 This refers to upright persons in general. Alternate translation: “upright persons” 28:10 tw7h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor will fall into his own pit 0 “will fall into the trap that he has dug.” This is a metaphor for ending up in the same bad place as others had been led toward. Alternate translation: “will end up in the same evil place toward which he guided other people” 28:10 yg55 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the blameless 0 This refers to blameless persons in general. Alternate translation: “blameless persons” 28:10 w756 will have a good inheritance 0 Alternate translation: “will inherit what is good” 28:11 eg7v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor be wise in his own eyes 0 The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “be wise in his own thoughts” or “think he is wise” 28:11 pj9j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns who has understanding 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **understanding**, you could express the same idea with a verb. Alternate translation: “who understands” 28:11 ynr5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom will find him out 0 This is an idiom that means the poor person will be able to determine whether or not the rich person is really wise. Alternate translation: “will see his true nature” 28:12 qew3 When the righteous triumph 0 Alternate translation: “When righteous people succeed” 28:12 zkn5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom when the wicked arise 0 This is an idiom that means when the wicked gain power or start to rule. Alternate translation: “when the wicked rise to power” 28:12 emq6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the wicked 0 This refers to wicked people in general. Alternate translation: “wicked people” 28:12 g949 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit people are sought out 0 You may need to make explicit that those who “are sought out” have hidden themselves to escape from the wicked. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “they seek people out” or “they seek out the people who hide from them” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 28:13 h8gm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor hides his sins 0 “covers his sins.” This is the opposite of confessing and forsaking sins, and is spoken of as covering sins rather than bringing them into the open 28:13 e7kw will not prosper 0 Alternate translation: “will not succeed” or “will not advance” 28:13 m9fz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive the one who confesses them and forsakes them will be shown mercy 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God will show mercy to the one who confesses and forsakes them” 28:14 nh5t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive The one who always lives with reverence is blessed 0 This can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “God will bless the one who always lives with reverence” 28:14 ffn2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns lives with reverence 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **reverence**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “lives a reverent life” 28:14 ijf7 reverence 0 This refers to deeply respecting Yahweh and showing that respect by obeying him. 28:14 ymm8 whoever hardens his heart 0 Alternate translation: “the one who hardens his heart” 28:14 ebu1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom hardens his heart 0 This is an idiom that means to be stubborn or unwilling to obey God. Alternate translation: “refuses to obey God” 28:14 l7ee rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor will fall into trouble 0 This represents ending up in misery and distress. Alternate translation: “will end up in trouble” 28:15 z8ti rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Like a roaring lion or a charging bear is a wicked ruler over poor people 0 Poor people who are helpless against an evil ruler are compared to people who have a lion roaring at them or a bear attacking them. 28:15 x5l1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown a charging bear 0 A bear is a large, furry, dangerous animal that walks on four legs and has sharp claws and teeth. 28:16 et9j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns The ruler who lacks understanding 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **understanding**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “The ruler who does not understand” 28:16 az95 oppressor 0 a person who treats people harshly and makes their lives very difficult 28:16 lv7n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns the one who hates dishonesty 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **dishonesty**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “the one who hates being dishonest” 28:16 eae9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom prolong his days 0 This could mean: (1) this is an idiom that means his living for more time. Alternate translation: “live longer” or (2) this is an idiom that means extending the length of his reign. Alternate translation: “rule for a longer time” 28:17 rm8g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy he has shed someone’s blood 0 Here “blood” represents a person’s life. To “shed blood” means to murder someone. Alternate translation: “he has killed someone” or “he has murdered someone” 28:17 v592 fugitive 0 a person who is running away to avoid being captured 28:17 iz6w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom until death 0 “until he dies.” This means for the rest of his life. Alternate translation: “all of his life” 28:18 nhr1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Whoever walks with integrity will be kept safe 0 This can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “God will keep safe anyone who walks with integrity” 28:18 u4m5 Whoever 0 Alternate translation: “Anyone who” 28:18 f45f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor walks with integrity 0 This represents a person living a life of integrity. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **integrity**, you could express the same idea with an adverb. Alternate translation: “walks honestly” or “lives honestly” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 28:18 kvc6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the one whose way is crooked 0 A dishonest person is spoken of as if he walks on crooked or twisted paths. Alternate translation: “the one who does not live honestly” 28:18 x79a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor will suddenly fall 0 What will happen to a dishonest person is spoken of as if he suddenly fell down. Alternate translation: “will suddenly be ruined” or “will suddenly perish” 28:19 dlk7 works his land 0 This means to till, sow, and care for his crops. 28:19 uq9z whoever follows 0 Alternate translation: “anyone who follows” 28:19 t64p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom follows worthless pursuits 0 “chases after worthless projects.” The person who is busy doing things that do not produce anything is spoken of as chasing after useless things. 28:19 b8y8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony will have plenty of poverty 0 The person following worthless pursuits is spoken of as getting the opposite of plenty of food. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **poverty**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “will be very poor” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 28:20 ix4q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes the one who gets rich quickly will not go unpunished 0 The double negative “will not go unpunished” is used for emphasis. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God will certainly punish the one who gets rich quickly” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 28:20 nt6p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit the one who gets rich quickly 0 The implied information is that this person gains wealth by unfaithful or dishonest means. Alternate translation: “the one who tries to get rich quickly” 28:21 kg9c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole for a piece of bread a man will do wrong 0 “A piece of bread” here is an exaggeration for a very small bribe or reward. Alternate translation: “a man will sin for very little gain” 28:21 phu7 do wrong 0 Alternate translation: “sin” 28:22 v63d A stingy man 0 “A selfish man.” This is a person who does not like to share his possessions or spend money. 28:22 f7a8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom hurries after riches 0 The stingy man is spoken of as if he was chasing after wealth. Alternate translation: “is greedy for riches” 28:22 mz2h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom poverty will come upon him 0 The result of being stingy is spoken of as if poverty was overtaking the stingy person. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **poverty**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “he will suddenly become poor” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 28:23 sr8r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Whoever disciplines someone, afterward will find more favor from him than from the one who flatters him with his tongue 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **favor**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “A person will favor the one who disciplines him more than he favors the person who flatters him with his tongue” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 28:23 q2x8 Whoever disciplines 0 Alternate translation: “If a person disciplines” 28:23 hi86 disciplines 0 trains people to obey a set of guidelines for moral behavior 28:23 k6hl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy flatters him with his tongue 0 The tongue here represents speaking. Alternate translation: “flatters him with words” 28:23 l9i1 flatters 0 praises someone in a manner that is not sincere, or praises someone about things that are not true 28:24 xcp2 Whoever robs 0 Alternate translation: “The one who robs” 28:24 qt94 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations says, “That is no sin,” he 0 This can be expressed as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “says that it is not a sin, he” 28:24 ie7m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom the companion of 0 Possible meanings are: (1) “the friend of” or (2) an idiom that means having the same character as. Alternate translation: “the same kind of person as” 28:25 e3ce A greedy man 0 a person who selfishly wants more things, money or food than what he needs 28:25 bkj4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor stirs up conflict 0 The action of the greedy man is spoken of as if he were stirring up or awakening conflict. Alternate translation: “causes conflict” 28:26 pnc4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche One who trusts in his own heart 0 Depending on one’s self is spoken of as trusting in one’s own heart. Alternate translation: “The person who relies on himself” 28:26 dyj3 whoever walks 0 Alternate translation: “any person who walks” 28:26 g7hy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom walks in wisdom 0 This could mean: (1) this is an idiom that means to live wisely. Alternate translation: “lives wisely” or (2) this is an idiom that means to follow the teachings of wise people. Alternate translation: “follows wise teachings” 28:27 yhn4 The one 0 Alternate translation: “The person” 28:27 y6e6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the poor 0 This refers to poor people in general. Alternate translation: “poor people” 28:27 iwx5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes lack nothing 0 This double negative is used for emphasis. Alternate translation: “have everything they need” 28:27 ykd8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive whoever closes his eyes to them will receive many curses 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. This could mean: (1) they will receive many curses from the poor. Alternate translation: “the poor will give many curses to whoever closes his eyes to them” or (2) they will receive many curses from people in general. Alternate translation: “people will give many curses to whoever closes his eyes to the poor” or (3) they will receive many curses from God. Alternate translation: “God will give many curses to whoever closes his eyes to the poor” 28:27 cgl4 whoever closes 0 Alternate translation: “anyone who closes” 28:27 x8x1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy closes his eyes to 0 Closing the eyes represents not responding to the needs of the poor. Alternate translation: “ignores” or “chooses not to help” 28:28 ku38 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom When the wicked arise 0 This is an idiom that means when wicked people gain power or start to rule. Alternate translation: “When wicked people rise to power” 28:28 xc51 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole people hide themselves 0 This is an exaggeration for doing everything they can to avoid having wicked people harm them. Alternate translation: “people go into hiding” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) 28:28 vjp8 perish 0 This could mean: (1) “go away” or (2) “fall from power” or (3) “are destroyed.” 28:28 pd87 increase 0 This could mean: (1) “multiply” or (2) “rise to power.” 29:intro pkl4 0 # Proverbs 29 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 29 concludes the second section of the book (Chapter 25–29) which is attributed to Solomon.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Themes\n\nThere are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) 29:1 rl7a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor who stiffens his neck 0 A person becoming stubborn is spoken of as if he stiffens his neck. Alternate translation: “who becomes stubborn” or “who refuses to listen” 29:1 nb5z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive will be broken in a moment 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God will suddenly break him” 29:1 y5ft rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor beyond healing 0 “and no one will be able to heal him.” Sickness is a metaphor for any kind of bad situation. Alternate translation: “and no one will be able to help him” 29:2 w7r2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the people sigh 0 The people let out long, loud breaths that show that they are weary and sad. Alternate translation: “the people will be weary and sad” 29:4 v6du rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns by justice 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **justice**, you could express the same idea with a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “by doing what is just” or “by making just laws” 29:5 x5x6 flatters his neighbor 0 knowingly tells his neighbor things that are not true so that the neighbor will do what the speaker wants him to do 29:5 udx2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor spreading a net for his feet 0 The writer compares the flattery of a person to setting that person up to being caught in a trap. Alternate translation: “setting a trap to catch that person” 29:6 k8iq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom In the sin of an evil person is a trap 0 When an evil person sins, it is as if he is stepping into a trap. He desires to do evil to other people, but God will use what he does to punish him. 29:8 g91s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy set a city on fire 0 Here the word “city” represents the people who live in the city. Mockers causing the people to experience turmoil and possibly to become violent is spoken of as if they set the city on fire. Alternate translation: “create turmoil for the people of a city” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 29:8 vcu6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom turn away wrath 0 This idiom means to cause angry people no longer to be angry. Alternate translation: “calm the wrath of angry people” 29:9 el5g has an argument with 0 Another possible meaning is “goes to court against.” 29:9 tzx7 he rages and laughs 0 The fool becomes very angry and tries to keep the wise person from speaking or the court judge from judging. 29:9 kn5t rages 0 This means to be loud and excited and to move with powerful movements like a strong storm. This is a negative word. 29:9 qmv5 there will be no rest 0 Alternate translation: “they will not be able to settle the problem” 29:10 jbu4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom seek the life of 0 This idiom means to “want to kill.” 29:12 ui7k pays attention 0 “listens.” See how you translated this in [Proverbs 17:4](../17/04.md). 29:12 b9es rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor all his officials will be wicked 0 The actions of the ruler are spoken of by stating the result they will cause. Alternate translation: “it is as if he is teaching his officials to be wicked” 29:13 f56w oppressor 0 a person who treats people harshly and makes their lives very difficult 29:13 psq6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Yahweh gives light to the eyes of them both 0 This idiom means “Yahweh makes both of them alive.” 29:14 x486 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy his throne 0 The throne is a metonym for the kingdom he rules from his throne. Alternate translation: “his kingdom” 29:15 ybi8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification The rod and reproof give wisdom 0 The writer speaks as if a rod and reproof were people who could give wisdom as a physical gift. Alternate translation: “If a parent uses the rod on his child and reproves him, the child will become wise” or “If parents discipline their child and tell him when he has done wrong, the child will learn to live wisely” 29:15 p19z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy The rod 0 Parents in Israel used wooden rods as instruments to discipline children by striking them. Alternate translation: “discipline” 29:15 m43w reproof 0 When a person gives reproof to another person, or reproves that person, he tells that person that he does not approve of what that other person is doing. 29:16 th5t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns transgression increases 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **transgression**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “more people will transgress and their sins will become worse” 29:16 ha78 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns the downfall of those wicked people 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **downfall**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “fall,” which is a metaphor for losing the power to rule. Alternate translation: “those wicked people fall” or “those wicked people lose their power to rule” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 29:18 s41b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive the one who keeps the law is blessed 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will bless the one who keeps the law” 29:19 kl1y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive A slave will not be corrected by words 0 This can be translated in active form.”You will not be able to correct a slave simply by talking to him” 29:20 qfr9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion See a man who is hasty in his words? 0 The writer is using a question to get the reader’s attention. Alternate translation: “You should notice what happens to a man who is hasty in his words.” 29:21 k1j6 who pampers his slave 0 Alternate translation: “who allows his slave to avoid work and who treats his slave better than he treats other slaves” 29:21 qas4 at the end of it 0 Alternate translation: “at the end of the slave’s youth” or “when the slave is grown” 29:21 qs95 there will be trouble 0 These words translate a Hebrew word whose meaning no one knows for sure. Some understand it to mean that the slave will be weak, others that the slave will rule the household. 29:22 s7ha rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor stirs up strife 0 Causing people to argue more is spoken of as if it were stirring up or awakening arguments. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **strife**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “argue.” See how you translated similar words in [Proverbs 15:18](../15/18.md). Alternate translation: “causes people to argue more” or “causes people to argue and fight” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 29:22 ad7m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom a master of rage 0 This idiom means “a person who becomes angry easily.” 29:23 z268 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive one who has a humble spirit will be given honor 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “men will give honor to a person who has a humble spirit” or “a person who has a humble spirit will receive honor from men” or “Yahweh will cause men to honor a person who has a humble spirit” 29:24 jpz1 hates his own life 0 Alternate translation: “becomes his own enemy” 29:24 ej5k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit he hears the curse and says nothing 0 This could mean: (1) people have put the “one who shares with a thief” under oath to tell the truth about what he knows about what the thief stole, and he knows he will be punished if he tells the truth. Alternate translation: “he does not dare to testify under oath” or (2) people do not know who the thief is but they call on God to curse the thief, and the “one who shares” is afraid to confess and so come out from under the curse because he is afraid of the thief. Alternate translation: “he says nothing even after people have cursed him” 29:25 t7d5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The fear of man makes a snare 0 Being afraid of what other people might do is spoken of as stepping into a trap. Alternate translation: “Anyone who is afraid of what other people might do to him is like a person who has become snared in a trap” 29:25 k5l2 a snare 0 a trap that catches animals with ropes 29:25 t3gk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive the one who trusts in Yahweh will be protected 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will protect the one who trusts in him” 29:26 sa3k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Many are those who seek the face of the ruler 0 The word “face” is a metonym for the ruler listening to people telling him what they want him to do and then doing it. Alternate translation: “Many people want their ruler to pay attention to them” 29:26 w96b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns from Yahweh is justice for a person 0 It is Yahweh, not human rulers, who will see that people treat a person justly. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **justice**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “just.” Alternate translation: “it is Yahweh who is truly just towards a person” 29:27 c4s9 detestable 0 a person who should be hated. See how you translated this in [Proverbs 3:32](../03/32.md). 30:intro aud8 0 # Proverbs 30 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 30 is a chapter in Proverbs attributed to Agur, who is a person otherwise unknown.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Agur\n\nHis full title is Agur, Son of Jakeh. Agur comes from a Hebrew word that means “gatherer” and so some scholars believe this is not a real name, but possibly a way of referring to Solomon as a gatherer of proverbs. However, it is still prudent to simply use this as a name.\n\n### Three things and four\n\nFrom verses 15 through 32, the author uses a specific technique to explain some things. He says there are three things and even four and lists items that exemplify a feature like “small and yet wise.” The numbering is not meant to be so literal, but as a memory device that introduces the items. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]])\n\n### Themes\n\nThere are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) 30:1 u8l9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Agur … Jakeh … Ithiel … Ucal 0 These are the names of men. 30:1 v8qt Agur son of Jakeh 0 This is the literal son of Jakeh, not a grandchild. 30:1 ic3d the utterance 0 Alternate translation: “the message” 30:1 y7qf to Ithiel, to Ithiel and Ucal 0 Alternate translation: “to Ithiel—that is, to Ithiel and Ucal” 30:2 n4d9 Surely 0 Alternate translation: “Certainly” or “There is no doubt that” 30:2 ij38 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns I do not have the understanding of a human being 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **understanding**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “I do not understand anything the way human beings are supposed to understand them” 30:3 ln5f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns nor do I have knowledge of the Holy One 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **knowledge**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “nor do I really know anything about the Holy One” 30:4 kw1a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Who has … down? Who has … hands? Who has … cloak? Who has … earth? 0 The writer asks these questions to get the reader thinking about how much greater Yahweh is than people. Alternate translation: “No person has ever … down. No person has ever … hands. No person has ever … cloak. No person has ever … earth.” or “Who has … down? Who has … hands? Who has … cloak? Who has … earth? No one has ever done any of these things.” 30:4 eb1b heaven 0 where God lives 30:4 bz7z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor gathered up the wind in the hollow of his hands 0 The writer speaks of the wind as if it were something that a person could catch and hold in his hand. Alternate translation: “has caught the wind in his hands” 30:4 g4i7 the hollow of his hands 0 the way his hands are shaped when he is scooping up, for example, water or sand. “his cupped hands” 30:4 l4kf gathered up 0 brought small scattered objects into a pile so they can be lifted 30:4 rce5 has established all the ends of the earth 0 Alternate translation: “has set up the limits for where the earth ends” or “has marked the boundaries for the ends of the earth” 30:4 t7g1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion What is his name, and what is the name of his son? 0 The writer uses these questions to command the reader to give an answer. Alternate translation: “Tell me his name and the name of his son, if you know them.” 30:4 jv39 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony Surely you know! 0 The writer uses irony to show that neither he nor the reader know any person who can do what the “who” in the earlier questions can do. Alternate translation: “I do not think you really know anyone who can do those things.” 30:5 mna2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor is tested 0 Words are spoken of as if they were metals that need someone to clean the bad parts out of them. Alternate translation: “is like a precious metal from which someone has removed all the useless material” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 30:5 u15z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he is a shield to those who take refuge in him 0 The word “shield” is a metaphor for something that protects a person. Alternate translation: “he protects those who come and ask him to protect them” 30:6 lu63 add to his words 0 say more than he has said 30:6 e39x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive you will be proved to be 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “he will prove that you are” 30:8 v3d5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Put vanity and lies far away from me 0 This could mean: (1) “Do not allow people to speak vanity and lies to me” or (2) “Do not allow me to speak vanity and lies” 30:8 jw32 vanity 0 false, useless words 30:8 wk6q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Give me neither poverty nor riches 0 The writer speaks as if “poverty” and “riches” were physical objects that someone could give to another. They are also abstract nouns that can be stated as “poor” and “rich.” Alternate translation: “Do not allow me to be either very poor or very rich” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 30:9 vrk2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo if I have too much, I might deny you and say 0 This describes a hypothetical situation that has not happened but is possible if the writer becomes rich. 30:9 t24i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo if I become poor, I might steal and profane 0 This describes a hypothetical situation that has not happened but is possible if the writer becomes poor. 30:9 f4ah I might steal and profane the name of my God 0 Alternate translation: “I might make people who know that I have stolen things think that there is no God” or “I might harm God’s reputation by stealing” 30:10 rz4a slander 0 speak falsely about another person with the desire to harm him 30:10 ycc9 he will curse 0 Alternate translation: “the servant will curse” 30:10 u5fu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive you will be held guilty 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “people will hold you guilty” 30:11 sz6e a generation that curses … and does not bless 0 Alternate translation: “a generation of people who curse … and do not bless” 30:11 z4bb generation 0 type or class or group 30:12 h8cq a generation that is 0 Alternate translation: “a generation of people that are” 30:12 dp6p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor is pure in their own eyes 0 The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “considers themselves pure” or “believes they are pure” 30:12 re7r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor they are not washed of their filth 0 The words “washed” and “filth” speak of God forgiving people who sin as if he were washing physical filth off of the people. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “God has not forgiven them of their sins” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 30:12 fyp5 filth 0 This should be translated with a polite term that includes human or animal vomit and waste. 30:13 ey4d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy eyes are raised up … their eyelids lifted up 0 This describes people who think that they are better than other people. Their eyes show that they are proud, and the way they look at others shows that they think they are better than those other people. 30:14 zca7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor There is a generation whose teeth are swords, and their jawbones are like knives, so they may devour the poor … and the needy 0 The people of the generation who speak very harmful things is spoken of as if they were wild animals with teeth and jawbones made of swords and knives, and they eat the poor and needy. 30:14 z22j jawbones 0 the bones of the face where teeth grow 30:15 yr92 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The leech has two daughters 0 This is an example of something that always wants more. Alternate translation: “Greed has two daughters” 30:15 ik61 leech 0 a type of worm that attaches itself to the skin and sucks blood 30:15 n8v6 0 Another possible meaning is “and they are both named Give Me.” Alternate translation: “Give and give” 30:15 snu6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry There are three things that are never satisfied, four that never say, “Enough” 0 This use of the numbers “three” and “four” together here is likely a poetic device. Alternate translation: “There are four things that are never satisfied, who never say, ‘Enough’” 30:15 xlu4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes are never satisfied 0 This can be stated positively. Alternate translation: “always want more” 30:16 d8p5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification land that is never satisfied with water 0 Land that is no longer producing food because there has been no rain is spoken of as if it were a person who does not have enough water to drink. 30:17 hr1j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns scorns obedience to a mother 0 The word “obedience” is a metonym for the mother herself. It is also an abstract noun that can be stated as “obey.” Alternate translation: “considers his mother worthless and will not obey her” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 30:17 pr2u his eyes … the vultures 0 The writer says that the person will die by giving two pictures of what happens to people who die away from where people live. 30:17 l9a8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive his eyes will be pecked out by the ravens of the valley 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the ravens of the valley will peck out his eyes” 30:17 x3vs ravens 0 large, shiny, black birds that eat plants and dead animals 30:17 sxz9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive he will be eaten by the vultures 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the vultures will eat him” 30:17 k8je vultures 0 any one of several large birds that eat dead animals and have small, featherless heads 30:18 njh2 There are three things that are … four that I do not understand: 0 The use of the numbers “three” and “four” here is likely a poetic device. Alternate translation: “There are some things that are too wonderful for me that I do not understand—four of them are:” 30:19 u9rp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor in the heart of the sea 0 The “heart” refers to the middle. Alternate translation: “in the middle of the sea” or “on the open sea” 30:20 h26k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism she eats and she wipes her mouth 0 This seems to be both a euphemism and a metaphor for committing adultery and then taking a bath. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 30:21 s3e3 Under three things the earth trembles, and under four it cannot bear up 0 The use of the numbers “three” and “four” here is likely a poetic device. “There are some things that make the earth tremble, that it cannot endure. Four of these are:” 30:22 xv9v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive a fool when he is filled with food 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “a fool who has had enough to eat” 30:23 l8m1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive a hated woman when she marries 0 That is, people rightly hated her before she married; once she marries, she will be worse than she was before she married. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “a woman whom good people have hated when she marries” or “an outcast woman when she marries” 30:23 dwd5 takes the place of her mistress 0 rules the household 30:26 p11p rock badgers 0 an animal with small, rounded ears, short legs, and no tail 30:28 l4zb lizard 0 a small reptile that has four legs, a long, slender body, and a tail 30:29 u31f There are three things that are … four that are stately in how they walk 0 The use of the numbers “three” and “four” here is likely a poetic device. Alternate translation: “There are some things that walk stately. Four of these are” 30:29 dc44 stately 0 majestic or dignified, like a king 30:31 e3z8 strutting rooster 0 an adult male chicken that walks proudly 30:33 kgm4 churning 0 strongly stirring 30:33 nj7p butter 0 Animal milk that someone has stirred and made thick. 31:intro dd9p 0 # Proverbs 31 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 31 begins with 9 verses from King Lemuel. The last portion of this chapter is a poem about a godly wife. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]])\n\n### King Lemuel\n\nThis person is unknown in Scripture, other than here. It is important to recognize that the words in this chapter are words of his mother addressed to him. They are formed like advice of a mother to her son.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### An acrostic poem\n\nVerse 10 through 31 is tightly formed as a poem in the original language. There are 22 lines in the Hebrew language that each begin with a successive letter of the alphabet. However, each language will have a different set of letters. Therefore, it is important to realize this was a single composition with a single theme of a noble or godly wife.\n\n### Themes\n\nThere are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) 31:2 nw5l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion What, my son? What is it, son of my womb? What do you want, son of my vows? 0 The rhetorical question **What** could mean: (1) “What are you doing?” or “You should not be doing what you are doing” or (2) “What shall I tell you?” or “Listen to what I am telling you” or (3) “Do not do the things I am about to warn you against.” 31:2 ag7f my son … son of my womb … son of my vows 0 The speaker wants the hearer to notice carefully and to respect the one who is talking to him. 31:2 ye5f son of my womb 0 The womb is a synecdoche for the person. It is best to use a polite term for the body part in which babies grow before they are born. 31:2 p2hh son of my vows 0 Here, **vows** could mean: (1) the mother’s marriage vows or (2) a vow after she married that if God allowed her to have a child she would dedicate him to God. 31:3 irw8 Do not give your strength to women 0 “Do not work hard trying to have sex with women,” either outside of marriage or with concubines. 31:3 tuq5 or your ways to those who destroy kings 0 Alternate translation: “or allow those who destroy kings to advise you” 31:3 j3yt your ways 0 This could mean: (1) “the way you live your life” or (2) “the work you do” 31:3 v8um those who destroy kings 0 probably the immoral “women” to whom he is not to give his strength 31:4 s8mw Lemuel 0 This is the name of a man. See how you translated this in [Proverbs 31:1](../31/01.md). 31:5 ex8n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive what has been decreed 0 This can be translated in active form. This could mean: (1) “what God has decreed” or (2) “what the kings themselves have decreed” 31:5 w2jv pervert the rights of all the afflicted 0 Alternate translation: “deny afflicted people their legal rights” 31:5 y3ds pervert 0 exchange good for evil 31:5 mdn6 all the afflicted 0 Alternate translation: “all those people whom others wrongfully harm” 31:6 q63s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis and wine 0 The ellipsis can be filled in. Alternate translation: “and give wine” 31:6 i7g7 in bitter distress 0 Alternate translation: “who’s souls are bitter” or “who are in misery” 31:7 f15v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns his poverty 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **poverty**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “how poor he is” 31:7 cb4b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns his trouble 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **trouble**, you could express the same idea with a clause. Alternate translation: “the bad things that are happening to him” 31:8 r3tl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Speak for those who cannot speak 0 Speaking is a metonym for using words to defend innocent people. Alternate translation: “Defend those who cannot defend themselves” 31:8 mxp7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy for the causes of all who are perishing 0 The cause represents the person whose cause it is. Alternate translation: “so that people will treat all who are perishing justly” 31:8 e1y9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis for the causes 0 The ellipsis can be filled in. Alternate translation: “speak for the causes” or “speak out for” 31:9 yc2m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet poor and needy people 0 These two words have basically the same meaning and are used together for emphasis. Alternate translation: “people who are poor and cannot get the things that they need” 31:10 ufh2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Who can find a capable wife? 0 The writer asks a question to show that he is beginning a new section. Alternate translation: “Not many men can find a capable wife.” or “Not many men can find a wife who is able to do many things well.” 31:10 v97s Her value is far more than jewels 0 Alternate translation: “She is more precious than jewels” 31:11 i7un rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes he will never be poor 0 This litotes can be stated positively. Alternate translation: “he will always have what he needs” 31:13 usy5 wool 0 sheep’s hair that is used to make cloth 31:13 xs1v flax 0 a plant whose fiber is used to make linen 31:13 n9qr with the delight of her hands 0 Possible meanings are that the word **delight** describes: (1) how she feels as she works, “gladly with her hands,” or (2) how she feels about the wool and flax, “with her hands on things that she enjoys working with” 31:14 h984 merchant 0 someone who buys and sells 31:15 ry3t distributes the work for her female servants 0 Alternate translation: “tells her female servants what work each of them is to do that day” 31:16 fgc9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the fruit of her hands 0 The money she has earned from the work she did with wool and flax ([Proverbs 31:13](../31/13.md)) is spoken of as if it were fruit growing off a tree. The hands are a synecdoche for the person. Alternate translation: “the money she has earned” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 31:17 vv53 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom She dresses herself with strength 0 Putting on clothes is a metonym for preparing for work. Alternate translation: “She prepares herself for hard physical work” 31:17 fn86 makes her arms strong 0 Alternate translation: “she strengthens her arms by doing her work” 31:18 d4np perceives 0 sees by looking carefully 31:18 jpw6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole all night long her lamp is not extinguished 0 This is probably an exaggeration: she works late into the night, but not from dusk to dawn. Alternate translation: “She burns a lamp through the night as she works” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 31:19 d3iv spindle 0 a thin rod or stick with pointed ends that is used in making thread 31:20 en6l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy reaches out with her hand to poor 0 The hand is a metonym for the help the woman uses her hand to give. Alternate translation: “helps poor” 31:20 s1we reaches out with her hands to 0 These words translate the same words translated “puts her hands on” in [Proverbs 31:19](../31/19.md). 31:21 tt96 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy are clothed in scarlet 0 Here “scarlet” does not refer to the color of the cloth, but that the clothing is expensive and warm. Alternate translation: “have expensive, warm clothing” 31:21 ail4 scarlet 0 The color red, but with a hint of orange. 31:22 a3x1 linen 0 cloth made of flax yarn 31:23 ra37 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Her husband is known 0 This can be translated in active form. The verb “know” is a metonym for respect. Alternate translation: “People respect her husband” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 31:23 dbz1 when he sits with the elders of the land 0 to make laws and settle arguments 31:24 d6wi linen 0 cloth made from flax yarn 31:24 ghw5 sashes 0 long pieces of cloth worn around the waist or over one shoulder 31:25 k3bi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor She is clothed with strength and honor 0 Having strength and honor is spoken of as if the woman were wearing them. This can be translated in active form. The abstract nouns “strength” and “honor” can be translated by an adjective and a verb, respectively. Alternate translation: “Everyone can see that she is strong, and so they honor her” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 31:25 a29g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole laughs at the time to come 0 This is probably an exaggeration to show that she is not afraid. Alternate translation: “is not afraid of what will happen in the future” 31:26 lb6q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy opens her mouth with wisdom 0 The act of opening her mouth is a metonym for speaking. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **wisdom**, you could express the same idea with an adverb or an adjective. Alternate translation: “she speaks wisely” or “she speaks wise words” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 31:26 q9jl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the law of kindness is on her tongue 0 The phrase “on her tongue” refers to her speaking, as the tongue is part of the mouth. The phrase “the law of kindness” refers to her teaching people to be kind. Alternate translation: “she teaches people to be kind” 31:27 uqe6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor watches over the ways of her household 0 The word “ways” refers to the way people live. Alternate translation: “makes sure her whole family lives in a way that pleases God” 31:27 ynb8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom does not eat the bread of idleness 0 To “eat the bread of” something means to do something. Alternate translation: “she is not idle” 31:27 j79l idleness 0 doing nothing and being lazy 31:28 hq5u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy rise up and 0 This could mean: (1) literally “stand up and” or (2) as a metonym, “actively.” 31:28 lqv2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations call her blessed 0 saying that good things have happened to her because she has done good things. This can be translated as a direct quote. Alternate translation: “congratulate her” or “say, ‘Yay, Mom!’” 31:29 fl85 you surpassed 0 Alternate translation: “you have done better than” 31:30 e8cj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns Elegance is deceptive 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **elegance**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “A gracious woman can deceive people” or “A woman with good manners could really be evil” See how you translated this in [Proverbs 11:16](../11/16.md). 31:30 qcq1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns beauty is vain 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **beauty**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “a woman who is beautiful now will not always be beautiful” 31:30 k9e4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive she will be praised 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “people will praise her” 31:31 df11 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the fruit of her hands 0 The money she has earned from the work she did with wool and flax ([Proverbs 31:13](../31/13.md)) is spoken of as if it were fruit growing off a tree. The hands are a synecdoche for the person. See how you translated this in [Proverbs 31:16](./16.md). Alternate translation: “the money she has earned” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 31:31 ef6y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy let her works praise her in the gates 0 She will be praised for her works, not by her works. Those “in the gates” are the important people of the city who conduct business and legal affairs near the gates of the city. Alternate translation: “may the important people of the city praise her because of the works she has done”