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Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNote PSA front intro rx9u 0 # Introduction to Psalms<br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of Psalms<br><br>1. Book One (Psalms 1-41)<br>1. Book Two (Psalms 42-72)<br>1. Book Three (Psalms 73-89)<br>1. Book Four (Psalms 90-106)<br>1. Book Five (Psalms 107-150)<br><br>### What is the Book of Psalms?<br><br>The Book of Psalms is a collection of songs. People called psalmists wrote them for different reasons. In some psalms, the psalmists expressed their praise for God. In other psalms, they asked God for help and expressed confidence in his love and power. In others, they confessed their sins and begged for mercy. The Israelites wrote some psalms to ask Yahweh to defeat their enemies. Other psalms celebrated the event of a new king beginning his reign. Psalmists also wrote to praise the city of Jerusalem. They wrote some psalms to instruct people on how to be wise by honoring Yahweh and obeying his law. Also, pilgrims sang some of the psalms while traveling to Jerusalem to worship there. Some psalms became songs of praise in the temple worship of Yahweh.<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>Translators can use the traditional title of this book, “The Book of Psalms” or just “Psalms.” Another title of this book is “Songs of Praise.” Translators may express this meaning in their own languages, or they may choose to use or transliterate the name from another language version if it is well known. For example, the French title “Les Psaumes” might be understood by everyone in a project language, if French is the language of wider communication in the region. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]])<br><br>### When was the Book of Psalms written?<br><br>The Psalms were written over a long period of time. Moses probably wrote the earliest psalm around 1400 B.C. David and Asaph wrote their psalms between 1020 and 975 B.C. The Korahites may have written their psalms before Jerusalem was destroyed and the Jews were exiled to Babylon in 587 B.C. Psalm 126 appears to come from the period after the exile, which ended in 538 B.C.<br><br>### What are the Messianic psalms?<br><br>Some psalms are called “Messianic psalms.” New Testament writers considered these psalms to prophesy about the Messiah, Jesus Christ. They cited Psalms 2, 8, 16, 22, 34, 40, 41, 45, 68, 69, 89, 102, 109, 110, and 118 at least one time each in the New Testament.<br><br>### What are superscriptions in the Psalms?<br><br>Many psalms give some information called superscriptions before the beginning of the psalm. Some of the expressions in the superscriptions are difficult to understand, so modern versions often have different interpretations of them.<br><br>Seventy-three psalms are called “A psalm of David.” This may mean they were written by King David. Or, it could mean someone wrote them for David or in the style that David used when he composed poetry. The superscriptions of some psalms give the historical situations in which they were written.<br><br>Some superscriptions give instructions about how they should be played and sung. They tell which instruments, singers, or melodies that should be used for that psalm. Fifty-five psalms are addressed “to the choirmaster” or “chief musician.” The psalmists seem to have meant them to be used in temple worship.<br><br>Traditionally, English versions do not give verse numbers to the superscriptions. But many versions in other languages do. Whether or not translators give them verse numbers, they should consider the superscriptions in the Psalms as part of the divinely inspired biblical text.<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### What are some important ways in which Yahweh is pictured in the Book of Psalms?<br><br>The psalmists often pictured Yahweh as:<br><br>* a king who rules over the nation of Israel and over all the nations<br>* a shepherd who leads the people of Israel and also the individual psalm writers<br>* a “rock,” that is, a high rocky mountain on which people can be completely safe from their enemies<br>* a strong warrior who always defeats his enemies.<br><br>### What is the importance of honor and shame in the Book of Psalms?<br><br>When people honor someone, they think well of him and may even admire him. On the other hand, if people shame someone, that person loses honor and is disgraced.<br><br>Psalmists often expressed a great desire that Yahweh would be honored by the Israelites and also by the rest of the world.<br><br>Also, psalmists often expressed fear that they would be shamed by their enemies. When they felt this way, the psalmists wrote of their trust that Yahweh would not allow this to happen.<br><br>## Part 3: Important Translation Issues<br><br>### Why do the ULT and UST display the Book of Psalms as poetry, but some modern versions do not?<br><br>The psalmists wrote the Psalms as Hebrew poetry. The ULT and UST set each line farther to the right on the page than regular text is placed to show that the writing is poetry rather than prose.<br><br>This style typically uses pairs of poetic lines that relate to each other in different ways. Usually, poetic lines are said to be “parallel” to each other. A line that is indented farther to the right is paired with the line above it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])<br><br>Translators will have to decide whether to present the Psalms as poetry or as prose in their own language. Translators will need to consider whether their language has poetic forms that are suitable for expressing the Psalms.<br><br>### Why do some versions number the Psalms differently than others?<br><br>From ancient times, people have numbered the Psalms in different ways. The Jews numbered the Psalms in Hebrew in one way. When they translated the Psalms into Greek, they numbered them in a different way. As a result, the Hebrew numbering and the Greek numbering of Psalms were both passed down through the centuries. They are both still in use today. Translators will probably want to number the Psalms in the same way that most versions in their own country do.<br><br>### How should the translator view the terms Selah and Higgaion that occur in various psalms?<br><br>“Selah” and “Higgaion” seem to be musical terms inserted as directions for singers and musicians. Scholars do not agree as to their meaning. For this reason, translators may decide to transliterate them or leave them out but not try to translate them. PSA 1 intro fan4 0 # Psalm 01 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 1 is usually considered to be a “wisdom psalm,” which gives advice to those who hear it read or sung. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Blessed<br>A main theme in this psalm is what it means to be blessed. Here “blessed” refers to anyone who is well off because of a good relationship to God. The contrasting theme is that there are ungodly people, those who refuse to honor God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]])<br><br>### People who opposed Yahweh<br><br>There are several words in this psalm for those who oppose God: “the wicked” (those who do evil), “sinners” (those who ignore God’s law), and “mockers” (those who mock God and the righteous people). (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) PSA 1 1 w56f writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 1 1 gz4n figs-metaphor 0 who does not walk in the advice of the wicked The “advice of the wicked” is spoken of as if it were a path to follow. Alternate translation: “who does not follow the advice of the wicked” or “who does not do what wicked people advise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 1 1 uqr7 figs-metaphor 0 stand in the pathway with sinners Here the word “pathway” represents the way people live. The word “stand” is in parallel with “walk.” Alternate translation: “imitate the behavior of sinful people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 1 1 nk2a figs-metonymy 0 or sit in the assembly of mockers Sitting with people who mock God represents joining people who mock God. Alternate translation: “or join those who mock God” or “or mock God with others who mock him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 1 2 izu5 figs-abstractnouns 0 his delight is in the law of Yahweh The word “delight” is an abstract noun that can be stated as a verb. A person who can “delight … in the law” is happy because the law is good and because one is obeying it. Alternate translation: “what makes him truly happy is the law of Yahweh” or “what makes him truly happy is to know that he is obeying the law of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 1 2 ns4k 0 Yahweh This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this. PSA 1 3 t59m 0 General Information: This passage introduces an elaborate image in which a righteous person is thought of in terms of a flourishing tree. PSA 1 3 d83j figs-simile 0 He will be like a tree … fruit in its season In the Bible, people are often spoken of as trees. People who delight in Yahweh’s law can do all God wants them to do just as a tree that is planted by water produces good fruit. Alternate translation: “He will be prosperous like a tree … fruit in its season” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 1 3 wir5 0 planted by the streams of water A tree that is planted by a stream can get enough water to be healthy. PSA 1 3 tag1 0 that produces its fruit in its season Healthy trees produce good fruit at the right time. PSA 1 3 xf3j 0 whose leaves do not wither If a tree gets enough water, its leaves do not dry out and die. PSA 1 3 c784 0 whatever he does will prosper Alternate translation: “He will be successful at whatever he does” PSA 1 4 g6a7 figs-explicit 0 The wicked are not so How they are not like that can be stated clearly. “The wicked are not prosperous” or “The wicked do not prosper” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 1 4 lnx8 figs-simile 0 but are instead like the chaff How they are like chaff can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “but instead they are worthless like the chaff” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 1 5 atv6 figs-metaphor 0 will not stand in the judgment This could mean: (1) not standing in the judgment is a metonym for being judged by God and having to leave his presence. Alternate translation: “will not continue to stay before God when he judges them” or “will have to leave God’s presence when he judges them as guilty” or (2) not standing in the judgment is a metaphor for being condemned in the judgment. “Alternate translation: “will be condemned in the judgment” or “will be condemned when God judges them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 1 5 va3s 0 in the judgment The noun judgment can be expressed as a verb. This probably refers to the final judgment when God judges all people. Alternate translation: “when God judges everyone” PSA 1 5 x8sk figs-ellipsis 0 nor sinners in the assembly of the righteous Translators can supply the verb “stand.” Alternate translation: “neither will sinners stand in the assembly of the righteous” or “and sinners will not stand in the assembly of the righteous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 1 5 nr84 figs-metonymy 0 nor sinners in the assembly of the righteous Being accepted by God as righteous is spoken of as standing with the group of righteous people. Alternate translation: “and God will not accept sinners along with the righteous people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 1 6 wmx7 figs-parallelism 0 For Yahweh approves of the way of the righteous, but the way of the wicked will perish These two clauses contrast what happens to righteous people with what happens to wicked people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 1 6 cxy6 figs-metaphor 0 the way of the righteous How people live is spoken of as if it were a “way” or “road” that they are walking on. Alternate translation: “how the righteous live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 1 6 jy56 figs-metaphor 0 the way of the wicked will perish How people live and what they do is spoken of as if it were a “way” or “road” that they walk on. This could mean: (1) the way perishing represents the wicked perishing because of how they live. Alternate translation: “The wicked will die because of how they live” or (2) the way perishing is a metaphor for no longer being able to live the way they do. Alternate translation: “the wicked will no longer be able to live the way they live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 2 intro z14u 0 # Psalm 02 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 2 is usually considered a royal psalm because it is about the king. It was probably first sung when a new person became the king. It is often thought to be about the Messiah because of verse 6 and 7 reference the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofgod]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s protection<br><br>The main theme of this psalm is that God is protecting and empowering the king he has appointed and that it is useless for the foreign nations to oppose God and his king.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Metaphor<br>“Today I have begotten you” here is a metaphor meaning that God acknowledges the king as his special person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 2 1 bht4 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 2 1 e4gn figs-rquestion 0 Why are the nations in turmoil, and why do the peoples make plots that will fail? These questions are used to show surprise that the people are doing things that are so wrong and foolish. Alternate translation: “The nations are in turmoil and the peoples are making plots that will fail.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 2 1 zq9d 0 are the nations in turmoil This probably means that the nations were making a noisy and angry commotion. PSA 2 1 hd4h figs-metonymy 0 the nations This represents either the leaders or the people of the nations. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 2 1 jxy7 0 plots that will fail These are probably plots against God and his people. PSA 2 2 ag3k figs-parallelism 0 The kings of the earth take their stand together … the rulers conspire together These two clauses have similar meanings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 2 2 pt5v figs-explicit 0 take their stand together … conspire together These phrases mean the same thing, implying that the leaders stand together in order to fight against Yahweh and his Messiah. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “gather to fight … plan together to revolt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 2 3 xw9h figs-metaphor 0 Let us tear off the shackles … throw off their chains The people of other nations speak of Yahweh and the Messiah’s rule over them as if it were shackles and chains. Alternate translation: “We should free ourselves from their control; we should not let them rule over us any longer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 2 4 e8l8 0 He … the Lord These phrases refer to Yahweh. Yahweh is often called “the Lord” but the words for “Yahweh” and “the Lord” are different. PSA 2 4 t9zx figs-explicit 0 sits in the heavens Here sitting represents ruling. What he sits on can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “rules in the heavens” or “sits on his throne in heaven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 2 4 zyd3 figs-explicit 0 the Lord mocks them “the Lord mocks those people.” Why he mocks them can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “The Lord mocks them for their foolish plans” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 2 5 z631 figs-abstractnouns 0 terrify them in his rage The abstract noun “rage” can be stated as “furious.” Alternate translation: “he will be furious and terrify them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 2 5 jjb4 0 terrify greatly frighten PSA 2 6 emc4 0 I myself Yahweh is emphasizing that he, and not someone else, has anointed his king. PSA 2 6 v3q9 0 anointed my king Alternate translation: “appointed my king to rule” PSA 2 7 d5l7 figs-explicit 0 I will announce a decree of Yahweh. He The person saying this is the king. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “The king says, ‘I will announce a decree of Yahweh.’ He” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 2 7 h869 0 He said to me Alternate translation: “Yahweh said to me” PSA 2 7 qp2j 0 You are my son! This day I have become your father Among many peoples in that part of the world then, men could decide to legally adopt children, who would become their heirs. Here Yahweh adopts a man and makes him king of Israel. Alternate translation: “I make you my son. This day I have become your father” or “Now you are my son and am your father” PSA 2 8 sy59 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues speaking to the new king of Israel. PSA 2 8 vjb5 figs-parallelism 0 the nations for your inheritance … the farthermost regions of the earth for your possession These phrases express very similar ideas. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 2 8 cv7i 0 the farthermost regions of the earth Alternate translation: “the lands that are very far away” PSA 2 9 uaa7 figs-parallelism 0 You will break them with an iron rod; like a jar of a potter, you will smash them to pieces These phrases express very similar ideas. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 2 9 at9u figs-metaphor 0 You will break them with an iron rod Defeating the nations is spoken of as breaking them, and his power is spoken of as an iron rod. Alternate translation: “You will defeat them completely by your power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 2 9 a2x4 figs-metaphor 0 you will smash them to pieces Destroying nations is spoken of as if they could be smashed like a clay jar. Alternate translation: you will completely destroy them like a clay pot” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 2 9 ggd3 translate-unknown 0 a jar of a potter A potter is a person who makes clay pots and jars. These are fragile and can be broken easily. Alternate translation: “a clay jar” or “a clay pot” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) PSA 2 10 upx2 figs-parallelism 0 So now, you kings, be warned; be corrected, you rulers of the earth These two phrases have similar meanings. Alternate translation: “So now, you kings and rulers of the earth, be warned and corrected” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 2 10 j2nx figs-activepassive 0 be warned This can be stated with an active form. Alternate translation: “listen to this warning” or “be wise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 2 10 nyh6 figs-activepassive 0 be corrected This can be stated with an active form. Alternate translation: “listen to this correction” or “take this correction” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 2 12 w4m8 translate-symaction 0 Kiss the son People would show their king that they were loyal to him by kissing him, perhaps on the feet. Alternate translation: “Show the son that you are truly loyal to him” or “Bow down humbly before his son” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) PSA 2 12 v3bs 0 you will die in the way This may refer to dying right there, before the person has a chance to go away. Alternate translation: “you will die immediately” PSA 2 12 l654 figs-metaphor 0 when his anger burns for just a moment The king’s anger is spoken of as if it were a fire that could burn. Alternate translation: “when he suddenly becomes very angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 2 12 ty9p figs-metaphor 0 seek refuge in him Asking the king for protection is spoken of as seeking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “ask the king to protect them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 3 intro py7j 0 # Psalm 03 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 3 is a psalm of deliverance. It is a morning song intended to be sung in the temple accompanied by musical instruments during morning worship. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s protection<br>Although the psalmist has many enemies and is saying he is without help, God is protecting him and delivering him from danger. PSA 3 1 ylp1 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 3 1 g1yb 0 A psalm of David This could mean: (1) David wrote the psalm or (2) the psalm is about David or (3) the psalm is in the style of David’s psalms. PSA 3 1 xp7i figs-exclamations 0 Yahweh, how many are my enemies! This exclamation shows that David is afraid of his enemies. Alternate translation: “Oh Yahweh, I have so many enemies!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) PSA 3 1 cj3u figs-idiom 0 have risen against me Fighting against someone is spoken of as rising against him. Alternate translation: “come against me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 3 3 mj2u figs-metaphor 0 you, Yahweh, are a shield around me A shield protects a soldier. David speaks as if God were a shield protecting him. Alternate translation: “you, Yahweh, protect me like a shield” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 3 3 llc4 figs-metonymy 0 my glory “you are my glory.” By calling God his glory, David says that God is the one who gives him glory. Since David has just spoken about his enemies and God being his protector, he probably meant that God gives him glory by giving him victory over his enemies. Alternate translation: “you are the one who gives me glory” or “you are the one who gives me victory” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 3 3 hj6j figs-metaphor 0 the one who lifts up my head “you are the one who lifts up my head.” Giving someone courage is spoken of as lifting up his head. Alternate translation: “the one who encourages me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 3 4 bz2m figs-metonymy 0 I lift up my voice Using one’s voice to cry out is spoken of as lifting up his voice. Alternate translation: “I cry out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 3 6 q7wy 0 have set themselves against me on every side Alternate translation: “have surrounded me to destroy me” PSA 3 7 zax2 figs-metonymy 0 Rise up David speaks of starting to do something as getting up. Alternate translation: “Take action” or “Do something” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 3 7 az5m figs-parallelism 0 hit all my enemies … break the teeth of the wicked These phrases say very similar things. The phrases “my enemies” and “the wicked” refer to the same group of people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 3 7 r6xe translate-symaction 0 For you will hit all my enemies on the jaw This was a way of insulting people. David speaks as if Yahweh would come and physically hit his enemies. Alternate translation: “For you will insult all my enemies like someone hitting them on the jaw” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 3 7 k36i figs-metaphor 0 you will break the teeth of the wicked Animals attack with their teeth. Breaking their teeth takes away their power to attack. David speaks as if Yahweh would come and physically fight against the wicked. Alternate translation: “you will make the wicked unable to harm me like someone breaking the teeth of a ferocious animal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 3 8 x9bn figs-abstractnouns 0 Salvation comes from Yahweh The abstract noun “salvation” can be expressed with the verb “save.” Alternate translation: “Yahweh saves his people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 4 intro b2qk 0 # Psalm 04 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 4 is a psalm of deliverance. It is an evening song, intended to be sung in the temple accompanied by musical instruments during evening worship. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Trust<br>God protects all those who truly trust in him for protection. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) PSA 4 1 zjj1 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 4 1 q28k 0 For the chief musician Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship” PSA 4 1 k7md 0 on stringed instruments Alternate translation: “people should play stringed instruments with this song” PSA 4 1 f3xk 0 Answer me when I call Alternate translation: “Respond to me when I call” or “Help me when I call” PSA 4 1 dd31 0 God of my righteousness Alternate translation: “God, who shows that I am righteous” PSA 4 1 n99c figs-metaphor 0 give me room when I am hemmed in Being in danger is spoken of as being in a narrow space. Alternate translation: “rescue me when I am in danger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 4 2 r39v 0 General Information: David sings this part of the song as if he is speaking to his enemies. PSA 4 2 p3x5 figs-rquestion 0 You people, how long will you turn my honor into shame? David uses this question to rebuke his enemies. Alternate translation: “You people continually turn my honor into shame!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 4 2 vy7i 0 turn my honor into shame Shaming him instead of honoring him is spoken of as making his honor become shame. Alternate translation: “shame me instead of honoring me” or “bring me shame when you should be honoring me” PSA 4 2 i8ct figs-rquestion 0 How long will you love that which is worthless and seek after lies? David uses this question to rebuke his enemies. Alternate translation: “You continue to love things that are worthless and seek after lies.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 4 2 mvp9 figs-parallelism 0 love that which is worthless … seek after lies These two phrases are very similar in meaning. The lies are worthless. Alternate translation: “love worthless lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 4 3 w2gh 0 Yahweh has set apart the faithful ones for himself Alternate translation: “Yahweh chooses godly people for himself” PSA 4 4 api1 figs-explicit 0 Tremble in fear The relationship between “tremble” and “fear” and who people should fear can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “Fear Yahweh so much that you tremble” or “Stand in awe of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 4 4 u9p9 0 Tremble shake from fear PSA 4 4 l67w figs-metonymy 0 Meditate in your heart The heart represents a person’s thoughts. Thinking carefully is spoken of as meditating in one’s heart. Alternate translation: “Think carefully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 4 5 h8tj 0 Offer the sacrifices of righteousness Alternate translation: “Offer the right sacrifices” PSA 4 5 ul9j figs-metaphor 0 put your trust in Yahweh Here “trust” is spoken of as if it were an object that could be put somewhere. The abstract noun “trust” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “trust in Yahweh” or “trust Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 4 6 k53m figs-rquestion 0 Who will show us anything good? This question is used either to ask for something or to express a wish about something that has not happened. Alternate translation: “Please show us something good!” or “We wish someone would show us something good!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 4 6 uvl3 figs-metonymy 0 Who will show us anything good? This could mean: (1) showing something good represents bringing good things. Alternate translation: “Who will bring good things to us?” or (2) showing something good represents saying that good things have happened. Alternate translation: “Who will say that anything good has happened?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 4 6 stu3 figs-metaphor 0 lift up the light of your face on us The writer speaks of Yahweh acting favorably towards them as if Yahweh’s face shone a light on them. Alternate translation: “act favorably towards us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 4 7 v4vs figs-synecdoche 0 You have given my heart more gladness The heart represents the person. Alternate translation: “You have given me more gladness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 4 7 b9ht figs-metaphor 0 You have given my heart more gladness than others have Here “gladness” is spoken of as if it is an object that can be given. The abstract noun “gladness” can be stated as “glad.” Alternate translation: “You have made me more glad than others are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 4 7 izx5 figs-metonymy 0 when their grain and new wine abound “New wine” may represent grapes. Alternate translation: “when they reap plentiful harvests of grain and grapes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 4 8 b57u figs-metaphor 0 It is in peace that I will lie down and sleep Peace is spoken of as if it were a place. This can be restated to remove the abstract noun “peace.” Alternate translation: “I will be peaceful when I lie down and sleep” or “I will not be afraid of danger when I lie down and sleep” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 4 8 p2ce figs-doublet 0 make me safe and secure The words “safe” and “secure” mean basically the same thing and emphasize complete safety. Alternate translation: “make me completely safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 5 intro e67h 0 # Psalm 05 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 5 is a psalm of deliverance. Notice how the psalmist both praises God and asks Him for help in defeating the wicked. It was intended to be sung accompanied by flutes. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s help<br>God does not help people who do evil but he blesses those who are good and trust in him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) PSA 5 1 k92k writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 5 1 q7tu 0 For the chief musician Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship” PSA 5 1 tu54 0 with wind instruments Alternate translation: “This song should be accompanied by people who play wind instruments.” PSA 5 1 xts1 figs-explicit 0 Listen to my call to you This is a call for help. Alternate translation: “Listen to me as I call to you for help” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 5 1 i566 0 groanings low sounds that people make with the voice when they are suffering PSA 5 3 i42x figs-parallelism 0 in the morning you hear my cry … in the morning I will bring my petition to you These two phrases are very similar in meaning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 5 3 q5qw 0 I will bring my petition to you Alternate translation: “I will make my request” or “I will ask you for what I need” PSA 5 3 rk6n 0 wait expectantly Alternate translation: “wait, expecting you to do what I ask you to do” PSA 5 6 qjt8 figs-123person 0 Yahweh despises violent and deceitful men Since David is speaking to God in this psalm, this sentence can be stated with the word “you.” Alternate translation: “Yahweh, you despise violent and deceitful men” or “Yahweh, you hate men who do violent acts and deceive others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) PSA 5 7 xxs4 figs-abstractnouns 0 because of your great covenant faithfulness The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “because you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 5 7 wus9 0 your house This refers to God’s temple. Alternate translation: “your temple” PSA 5 8 nj5y figs-metaphor 0 lead me in your righteousness David speaks of righteousness as if it were a path and of teaching as leading. The phrase “your righteousness” means that God is righteous Alternate translation: “teach me to do what is righteous as you do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 5 8 f99i figs-metaphor 0 make your path straight before me David speaks of righteousness as if it were a path. A straight path is easy to see or walk on. Alternate translation: “show me clearly how to live in the right way” or “make it easy for me to do what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 5 9 vyp8 0 General Information: David talks about his enemies. PSA 5 9 yu9i figs-metonymy 0 For there is no truth in their mouth Truth being in the mouth represents speaking truthfully. Alternate translation: “For they never say what is true” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 5 9 w7sn figs-metonymy 0 their inward being is wicked The inward being represents people’s thoughts and desires. Alternate translation: “their thoughts and desires are wicked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 5 9 t93l figs-metonymy 0 their throat The throat represents people’s speech. Alternate translation: “their speech” or “what they say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 5 9 aj6l figs-metaphor 0 their throat is an open tomb Their throat is spoken of as if it were an open tomb, ready for dead bodies to put into it. This could mean: (1) “they say that they will kill people” or (2) “What they say kills people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 5 9 c5lk 0 they flatter with their tongue Alternate translation: “they say nice things about people without really meaning it” PSA 5 9 w8tw figs-metonymy 0 their tongue The tongue represents what people say. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 5 10 b8gr 0 may their schemes be their downfall Alternate translation: “may their schemes cause them to experience disasters” or “may they become less important because of their schemes” PSA 5 10 llj1 0 schemes plans to harm people PSA 5 10 se86 figs-metaphor 0 downfall This is something that causes a person to experience disasters or to lose power. Experiencing disaster or becoming less important is spoken of as falling. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 5 11 p2xk figs-metaphor 0 may all those who take refuge in you rejoice God is spoken of as if he were a refuge, a place where people can be protected. Alternate translation: “May all those who go to you for protection rejoice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 5 11 w32e figs-parallelism 0 those who take refuge in you rejoice … shout for joy because you defend them These two clauses express similar thoughts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 5 11 h7eq figs-metaphor 0 take refuge in you Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “go to you for protection” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 5 11 jnt7 figs-metonymy 0 those who love your name God’s name represents him. Alternate translation: “those who love you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 5 12 t1zz figs-simile 0 you will surround them with favor as with a shield God’s favor is spoken of as if it were a shield. Alternate translation: “you will favor them and protect them as a soldier protects himself with his shield” or “because you are kind to them, you will protect them (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 6 intro gpl3 0 # Psalm 06 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 6 is a deliverance psalm: a call to God for help. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Trouble<br>He is in deep trouble and needs God to help him in his difficult situation. But then God hears his prayer and scatters his enemies.<br><br>### First Person<br><br>This psalm is written using first person making its perspective very personal. There are many uses of the first person in this Psalm. PSA 6 1 qy9s writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 6 1 z78f 0 For the chief musician Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship” PSA 6 1 w19w 0 on stringed instruments Alternate translation: “people should play stringed instruments with this song” PSA 6 1 p2j3 0 set to the Sheminith style This may refer to a style of music. PSA 6 2 at9c figs-synecdoche 0 my bones are shaking The bones represent the whole body. His body may have been shaking because he was sick or extremely tired. Alternate translation: “my whole body is shaking” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 6 3 sd1q 0 very troubled Alternate translation: “terrified” or “worried” PSA 6 3 vw88 figs-rquestion 0 how long will this continue? David uses this question to show that he does not want to continue feeling weak and troubled. Alternate translation: please, do not let this continue!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 6 4 rce3 figs-metaphor 0 Return, Yahweh David speaks of God being kind to him as God returning to him. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, come back to me” or “Have mercy on me, Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 6 4 fuw3 figs-abstractnouns 0 Save me because of your covenant faithfulness The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “Save me because you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 6 5 qb7p figs-parallelism 0 For in death there is no remembrance of you. In Sheol who will give you thanks? These two sentences express similar meanings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 6 5 pn4j figs-metonymy 0 For in death there is no remembrance of you The abstract noun “remembrance” represents praise. Alternate translation: “For when people die, they no longer praise you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 6 5 mb1j figs-rquestion 0 In Sheol who will give you thanks? David uses this question to emphasize that no one in Sheol thanks God. Alternate translation: “No one in Sheol will give you thanks!” or “The dead cannot praise you!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 6 6 ge93 figs-metonymy 0 I am weary with my groaning His groaning represents the pain or distress that he feels. Alternate translation: “I am very tired because of my pain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 6 6 bay4 figs-parallelism 0 I drench my bed with tears; I wash my couch away with my tears These two sentences express the same meaning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 6 6 c1qb 0 I drench my bed with tears Alternate translation: “I make my bed wet with my tears” or “My bed is very wet because of my tears” PSA 6 6 isr5 0 I wash my couch away with my tears Alternate translation: “I make my couch wet with my tears” PSA 6 7 fup4 figs-metonymy 0 My eyes grow dim The ability to see is spoken of in terms of the eyes. Alternate translation: “My vision is blurry” or “I cannot see clearly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 6 7 gny4 figs-metonymy 0 from grief Grief here represents crying. Alternate translation: “from crying” or “because I cry so much” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 6 9 j23z figs-parallelism 0 Yahweh has heard my appeal for mercy … Yahweh has accepted my prayer These two lines have very similar meanings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 6 9 dq36 figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh has accepted my prayer Being willing to do what David has prayed for is spoken of as accepting his prayer. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will respond to my prayer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 7 intro zey1 0 # Psalm 07 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 7 is a deliverance psalm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s protection<br>The author had not wronged anyone, yet his enemy was trying to attack him. But he knew that God would protect him.<br><br>### Cush the Benjamite<br>Note the superscription and the specific circumstances. There is no other reference to this incident in the Scriptures. But there are references to David being opposed by those of the tribe of Benjamin during the time he was serving King Saul. PSA 7 1 wzv4 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 7 1 v239 0 A musical composition of David Alternate translation: “This is a song that David wrote” PSA 7 1 huv1 figs-metaphor 0 take refuge in you! Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “go to you for protection!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 7 2 rzk1 figs-simile 0 they will rip me apart like a lion, tearing me in pieces David speaks of his enemies attacking him as if they would rip his body apart and tear it in pieces as a lion would. Alternate translation: “they will violently kill me like a lion ripping apart its victim’s body and tearing it in pieces” or “they will violently kill me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 7 2 x9fh 0 with no one else able to bring me to safety Alternate translation: “and no one else will be able to save me” PSA 7 5 ej18 figs-metonymy 0 my life The life represents the person. Alternate translation: “me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 7 5 us9e figs-metonymy 0 overtake me This represents capturing him. Alternate translation: “capture me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 7 5 txr8 figs-metonymy 0 let him trample my life to the ground Here “my life” represents the writer. Alternate translation: “allow him to destroy me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 7 5 hav6 0 lay my honor in the dust This refers to lying dead and unburied in disgrace. PSA 7 6 phd3 figs-metonymy 0 Arise, Yahweh, in your anger Arising represents doing something or taking action. Alternate translation: “Do something in your anger” or “Be angry at my enemies and take action: (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 7 6 a9lp figs-metonymy 0 stand up against the rage of my enemies Fighting against people is spoken of as standing up against them. Alternate translation: “fight against the rage of my enemies” or “attack my enemies who rage against me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 7 6 q1qt figs-metonymy 0 the rage of my enemies Their rage represents their attacks. Alternate translation: “the attacks of my enemies” or “my enemies who attack me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 7 6 x2us figs-metaphor 0 wake up Waking up represents starting to do something or take action. Alternate translation: “Take action” or “Do something” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 7 6 sml1 0 for my sake Alternate translation: “for me” or “to help me” PSA 7 7 pk8y figs-synecdoche 0 The countries are assembled Here the word “countries” represents all of the armies that have gathered to attack. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 7 7 rb6b figs-metaphor 0 take once more your rightful place over them Ruling people is spoken of as being over them. Yahweh’s rightful place refers either to heaven or to ruling in general. Alternate translation: “Rule over them from heaven” or “Rule over them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 7 8 e8kb 0 vindicate me Alternate translation: “show them that I am not guilty” PSA 7 9 pw1n 0 establish the righteous people Alternate translation: “make the righteous people strong” or “make the righteous people prosper” PSA 7 9 zql9 figs-metonymy 0 you who examine hearts and minds The hearts and minds represent people’s desires and thoughts. Alternate translation: “you who know our inner thoughts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 7 10 c7u4 figs-metaphor 0 My shield comes from God The word “shield” represents God’s protection. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 7 11 j5zn figs-explicit 0 a God who is indignant each day Who God is angry with can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “a God who is angry with the wicked every day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 7 12 y4zk figs-metaphor 0 God will sharpen his sword and will prepare his bow for battle In verses 12 and 13, David speaks of God deciding to punish the wicked as if God were a warrior preparing to fight against them with weapons. Alternate translation: “God will take action against him like a warrior who sharpens his sword and prepares his bow for battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 7 14 l54a figs-metaphor 0 one who is pregnant with wickedness … conceives destructive plans … gives birth to harmful lies David speaks of the things that a wicked person does as if the person were pregnant and wickedness was the baby. Alternate translation: “the wicked person. He makes plans to destroy people and produces harmful lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 7 16 p524 figs-metaphor 0 His own destructive plans return to his own head, for his violence comes down on his own head Destruction and violence are spoken of as if they hit a person’s head or fall down on it. Alternate translation: “His own destructive plans destroy him, for his violence attacks him” or “When he plans to destroy others, others destroy him; when he attacks others, others attack him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 8 intro rs24 0 # Psalm 08 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 8 is a psalm of worship and praise to God. This was to be sung by a choir.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s creation<br>God has made awesome things in the universe and has exalted humans to be rulers over this creation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/exalt]])<br><br>### A Little Lower than the Heavenly Beings<br><br>[Psalms Psalm 8:4-6](./003.md) is quoted in [Hebrews 2:6-8](../../heb/02/06.md), where it is applied to Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]]) PSA 8 1 lk7t writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 8 1 i9hb 0 For the chief musician Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship” PSA 8 1 ye1p 0 set to the gittith style This may refer to a style of music. PSA 8 1 hn59 figs-metonymy 0 how magnificent is your name in all the earth God’s “name” represents his whole being. Alternate translation: “people all over the world know that you are very great” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 8 2 u11e figs-metaphor 0 Out of the mouth of babies and infants you have established praise This could mean: (1) praise is spoken of as a solid object that God takes out of babies’ mouths and sets up as a defensive wall or (2) God has created the world so that true praise comes to him from babies. Alternate translation: “You have given babies and infants the ability to praise you” or “It is babies and infants who truly praise you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 8 3 uj2i figs-synecdoche 0 your heavens, which your fingers have made God’s fingers represent him. Alternate translation: “the heavens which you have made” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 8 4 yhh5 figs-rquestion 0 Of what importance is the human race that you notice them, or mankind that you pay attention to them? These remarks have been expressed in the form of a question to add emphasis. Alternate translation: “It is amazing that you think about people and are concerned about them!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 8 4 k9i2 0 the human race … mankind Both of these phrases refer to people in general. PSA 8 5 sr48 figs-metaphor 0 have crowned them with glory and honor Glory and honor are spoken of as if they were crowns. The words “glory” and “honor” are similar in meaning. Alternate translation: “have given them glory and honor” or “have caused them to be like kings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 8 6 x6z3 figs-parallelism 0 You make him to rule over the works … you have put all things under his feet These two clauses express similar meanings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 8 6 rc4e 0 You make him … under his feet “you make them … under their feet.” The words “him” and “his” here refer to people. PSA 8 6 xti1 figs-metonymy 0 the works of your hands The hands represent what God has done. Alternate translation: “the things that you made” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 8 6 py2w figs-metaphor 0 you have put all things under his feet Having authority to rule others or control things is spoken of as having them under one’s feet. This means God gave people authority over all that he created. Alternate translation: “you have given him authority over all things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 8 9 y339 figs-exclamations 0 how magnificent is your name in all the earth With this exclamation, David shows his joy and awe about how great God is. Alternate translation: “your name is wonderfully magnificent in all the earth” or “people in all the earth know how magnificent you are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) PSA 8 9 dvi7 figs-metonymy 0 your name God’s “name” represents him or his reputation. Alternate translation: “your reputation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 8 9 bf2u 0 magnificent excellent, great PSA 9 intro zq96 0 # Psalm 09 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 9 is a psalm of praise.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s protection<br>God is a protector. He is all-powerful and his enemies cannot withstand him.<br><br>### Acrostic Psalm<br><br>This psalm along with Psalm 10 form an acrostic. Which means that each unit begins with a successive letter of the Hebrew alphabet.<br><br>### One Psalm or two<br><br>This psalm has a superscription but Psalm 10 doesn’t. This fact and the acrostic nature of the two psalms has lead some scholars to believe these two psalms may have originally been written as one psalm. PSA 9 1 xxu5 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 9 1 w9iy 0 For the chief musician Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship” PSA 9 1 nqw5 0 set to Muth Labben This may refer to a style of music. PSA 9 1 lr4k figs-123person 0 I will give thanks to Yahweh with my whole heart Since this song is addressed to Yahweh, Yahweh can be referred to as “you.” Alternate translation: “Yahweh, I will give thanks to you with all my heart” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) PSA 9 1 f4r1 figs-abstractnouns 0 all your marvelous deeds The noun “deeds” can be expressed with the verb “do.” Alternate translation: “all the marvelous things you do” or “all the marvelous things you have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 9 2 vh6j figs-metonymy 0 I will sing praise to your name Here God’s name represents God. Alternate translation: “I will sing praise to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 9 3 j685 0 turn back Alternate translation: “retreat” or “flee in fear” PSA 9 4 nvz1 figs-metonymy 0 you sit on your throne, a righteous judge Kings had authority to judge people, and they would sit on their throne when they judged. David speaks as if God were an earthly king. Alternate translation: “you judge like a king who sits on his throne, and you are righteous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 9 5 cw1j figs-metaphor 0 you have blotted out their name forever and ever Causing people to be forgotten is spoken of as blotting out their name. Alternate translation: “you have caused them to be forgotten as if their name was blotted out” or “no one will ever remember them again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 9 5 bs94 0 blotted out Alternate translation: “erased” PSA 9 6 dj3h figs-simile 0 The enemy crumbled like ruins The enemy is spoken of as if it were a city full of broken down buildings. Alternate translation: “Our enemies were destroyed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 9 6 b9n1 0 when you overthrew their cities Alternate translation: “when you destroyed their cities” PSA 9 6 pi7j figs-metaphor 0 All remembrance of them has perished Here “remembrance” is spoken of as if it were a living being that could die. Alternate translation: “All remembrance of them has stopped” or “There is no longer any remembrance of them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 9 6 c6yp figs-abstractnouns 0 All remembrance of them has perished The abstract noun “remembrance” can be expressed with the verb “remember.” Alternate translation: “No one remembers them at all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 9 7 x7xg figs-metonymy 0 Yahweh remains forever “Remain” probably represents sitting on the throne as king. Alternate translation: “Yahweh sits on his throne forever” or “Yahweh rules forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 9 7 h8nu figs-metonymy 0 he has established his throne for justice The phrase “his throne” represents God’s rule. This could mean: (1) “He rules in order to judge people” or (2) “He rules over people justly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 9 8 pgg5 figs-parallelism 0 He will judge the world with righteousness … he will execute judgment for the nations with fairness These two clauses express the same meaning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 9 8 dz3w figs-metonymy 0 He will judge the world with righteousness Here “the world” refers to all the people in the world. Alternate translation: “He will judge all the people of the world righteously” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 9 9 y7hd figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh also will be a stronghold for the oppressed God is spoken of as if he were a place that people could go to for safety. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will also protect the oppressed” or “Yahweh will also provide safety for those who are oppressed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 9 10 mb1z figs-metonymy 0 Those who know your name Here the words “your name” represent God. Alternate translation: “Those who know you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 9 10 dj61 0 do not abandon Alternate translation: “do not forsake” or “do not leave” PSA 9 11 nb7x 0 who rules in Zion Alternate translation: “who lives in Jerusalem” PSA 9 11 i7js figs-metonymy 0 tell the nations Here “the nations” represents the people of the nations. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 9 12 lcs5 figs-explicit 0 For the God who avenges bloodshed remembers What he remembers can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “For the God who avenges bloodshed remembers those who were killed” or “For God remembers those who were killed and he punishes the killers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 9 12 wk9a 0 he does not forget the cry Alternate translation: “He does not ignore the cry” PSA 9 13 j8i9 figs-activepassive 0 see how I am oppressed by those who hate me This can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “see how those who hate me oppress me” or “see how badly my enemies treat me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 9 13 p41p figs-metaphor 0 you who can snatch me from the gates of death Death is spoken of as if it were a city that had gates through which people enter it. If someone is near the gates of death, it means that he will die soon. Keeping someone from dying is spoken of as taking him away from the gates of that city. Alternate translation: “you who can rescue me from death” or “you who can keep me from dying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 9 15 re95 figs-metaphor 0 The nations have sunk down into the pit that they made People dig pits so they can catch animals that fall into them. Here digging a pit represents making plans to destroy people. Alternate translation: “The nations are like people who dig a pit for others and then fall into it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 9 15 g4gq figs-metaphor 0 their feet are caught in the net that they hid People hide nets so they can catch animals that get caught in them. Here hiding a net represents making plans to destroy people. Alternate translation: “they are like people who hide a net and get trapped in it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 9 16 fy3r figs-nominaladj 0 the wicked is ensnared by his own actions Here “wicked” is a nominal adjective that refers to any wicked person. A wicked person acting to harm other people is spoken of as if the wicked person had made a trap and then fallen into it and been unable to escape. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “when a wicked person tries to harm other people, his actions will end up harming him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 9 16 z41t 0 is ensnared Alternate translation: “is trapped” PSA 9 17 bw3u 0 turned back Alternate translation: “rejected” PSA 9 17 wmb4 0 all the nations that forget God This refers to “the wicked.” PSA 9 18 f28n figs-activepassive 0 For the needy will not always be forgotten This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will not always forget the needy” or “God will remember the needy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 9 18 ln7u figs-metaphor 0 nor will the hope of the oppressed be forever dashed Hopes are spoken of as if they were objects that could be broken or destroyed. Hopes being destroyed represents the things that people hope for never happening. Alternate translation: “and the oppressed will not hope forever without results” or “and someday what the oppressed hope for will happen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 9 19 zrv7 figs-metonymy 0 Arise Getting up represents starting to do something. Alternate translation: “Do something” or “Take action” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 9 19 dw6d 0 man people PSA 9 19 f879 figs-metonymy 0 be judged Here judging represents punishing. Alternate translation: “be punished” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 9 19 dca3 figs-metonymy 0 in your sight Here sight represents presence. Alternate translation: “in your presence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 9 19 xin9 figs-activepassive 0 may the nations be judged in your sight This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “judge the nations in your presence” or “take the nations into your presence and punish them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 10 intro h366 0 # Psalm 010 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 10 is a psalm of deliverance. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Evil people<br>The wicked people are prospering and think that God does not care. They think that he is not involved in these affairs. They destroy the innocent. The godly need God to come to their rescue and to punish the wicked people for the evil that they are doing to the good people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/innocent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]])<br><br>### Second half of Psalm 9<br><br>As noted in the intro to the last psalm, this one is part of an acrostic poem. This psalm covers the last half on the Hebrew alphabet. It also does not have a superscription to introduce it. However, the psalms do separate well on the subjects they address. One addresses thanksgiving and praise whereas Psalm 10 is a lament. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lament]]) PSA 10 1 he97 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 10 1 l729 figs-rquestion 0 Why, Yahweh, do you stand far off? Why do you hide yourself in times of trouble? The speaker uses these questions to express his distress that God has not helped him. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, it seems as though you are far away from me and you hide from me whenever I am in trouble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 10 2 ml6r 0 schemes evil plans PSA 10 3 hd9r figs-genericnoun 0 the wicked person This refers to wicked people in general. Alternate translation: “wicked people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) PSA 10 3 lk5v figs-abstractnouns 0 his deepest desires The noun “desires” can be expressed with the verb “want. “Alternate translation: “the things that he wants very much to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 10 3 bcd9 0 the greedy Alternate translation: “greedy people” PSA 10 4 nkz2 figs-genericnoun 0 The wicked man This refers here to wicked people in general. Alternate translation: “the wicked person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) PSA 10 4 es9w figs-metaphor 0 has a raised face A raised face represents pride or arrogance. Alternate translation: “has an arrogant attitude” or “is proud” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 10 4 je9x figs-metaphor 0 he does not seek God Here, seeking **God** could mean: (1) asking God for help or (2) thinking about God and obeying him. Alternate translation: “he does not ask God for help” or “he does not think about God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 10 5 h3lz 0 He is secure at all times “He is safe at all times.” He is not really safe, but he thinks that he is. PSA 10 5 ee2m figs-metaphor 0 your righteous decrees are too high for him Something that is hard to understand is spoken of as if it were too high to reach. Alternate translation: “he cannot understand your righteous decrees” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 10 5 bbt7 translate-symaction 0 he snorts at all his enemies People snort at their enemies when they think that their enemies are weak and worthless. Alternate translation: “he thinks that all his enemies are weak and worthless” or “he sneers at all his enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) PSA 10 5 dxb3 0 he snorts This means that he blows air out noisily through his nose. PSA 10 6 j7qk 0 He says Alternate translation: “The wicked man says” PSA 10 6 xus1 0 throughout all generations This probably simply means “forever.” PSA 10 6 y26y figs-metaphor 0 I will not meet adversity Experiencing adversity is spoken of as meeting it. Alternate translation: “I will not have any troubles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 10 7 d42j figs-metonymy 0 His mouth is full of curses and lies and oppression What people say is spoken of as being in their mouth. Alternate translation: “He always curses people, tells lies, and threatens to harm people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 10 7 xj9b figs-metonymy 0 under his tongue are mischief and evil Here the tongue represents speaking. Alternate translation: or “what he says injures and destroys people” or “he speaks words that threaten and hurt people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 10 8 x2zt 0 He waits in ambush The word “he” refers to the wicked man. PSA 10 8 urg9 figs-synecdoche 0 his eyes look for some helpless victim The eyes represent him. Alternate translation: “he looks for some helpless victim” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 10 9 sd5u figs-simile 0 He lurks in secret like a lion in the thicket This speaks of the wicked person as if he were a lion. Alternate translation: “He hides while he waits for the weak to walk near him, the same way a lion quietly waits in the bush for the animal it wants to attack” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 10 9 jkf7 0 lurks This means to hide or wait with intent to harm or kill. PSA 10 9 ug79 0 he lies in wait Alternate translation: “lies down waiting” or “he hides and waits” PSA 10 9 g5jl figs-metaphor 0 He catches the oppressed when he pulls in his net The writer speaks of the wicked person catching people as if he were a hunter using a net to catch animals. Alternate translation: “He catches the oppressed like a hunter that catches an animal in a net and drags it away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 10 10 bcg4 figs-metaphor 0 they fall into his strong nets The writer continues to speak of the wicked person catching people as if he were a hunter, his plans were nets, and the people were animals that fall into his net. Alternate translation: “his victims are caught by his plans like animals that fall into a hunter’s strong nets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 10 11 y4zx figs-genericnoun 0 He says The word “He” refers to the wicked person, and to wicked people in general. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) PSA 10 11 ty8w figs-metaphor 0 God has forgotten Refusing to pay attention to what people do is spoken of as forgetting. Alternate translation: “God does not pay attention” or “God does not care about what I do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 10 11 vdi5 figs-metaphor 0 he covers his face Refusing to pay attention to what someone does is spoken of as covering one’s face. Alternate translation: “God refuses to see what is happening” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 10 11 xd2r figs-metaphor 0 he will not bother to look Paying attention to what someone does is spoken of as looking at it. Alternate translation: “he will not bother to pay attention” or “he will not care” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 10 12 l9k2 figs-metaphor 0 Arise Starting to do something is spoken of as getting up. Alternate translation: “Do something” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 10 12 k3kx figs-metonymy 0 Lift up your hand Here lifting the hand to hit someone represents punishing him. Alternate translation: “Hit him hard” or “Punish the wicked person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 10 13 w9gj figs-rquestion 0 Why does the wicked man reject God and say…“You will not hold me accountable”? The speaker uses this question to show that he is very sad that wicked people do these things. Alternate translation: “Wicked people are always rejecting God and saying…‘You will not hold me accountable.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 10 13 tfq6 figs-metonymy 0 You will not hold me accountable “You will not require me to tell you why I do what I do.” Holding someone accountable here represents punishing him. Alternate translation: “You will not punish me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 10 15 v9ju figs-metonymy 0 Break the arm of the wicked and evil man Here “arm” represents power. Alternate translation: “Destroy the power of the wicked and evil man” or “Make the wicked and evil man weak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 10 15 z4yy figs-doublet 0 wicked and evil These words have the same meaning. You can use one word to express both concepts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 10 15 m5mv figs-metonymy 0 Make him account for his evil deeds Making someone account for his evil deeds represents punishing him. Alternate translation: “Punish him for the evil things he has done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 10 16 zc2f figs-activepassive 0 the nations are driven out of his land This can be stated in active form. “Yahweh forces the people of other nations to leave his land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 10 17 d6nx figs-explicit 0 you have heard the needs of the oppressed It is implied that the oppressed people cried out to God. Alternate translation: “when oppressed people cried out to you, you listened to them tell you what they need” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 10 17 yqz9 figs-metonymy 0 you strengthen their heart A strong heart represents courage, and making people’s hearts strong represents encouraging them. Alternate translation: “you encourage them” or “you make them confident” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 10 18 w3s1 0 no man … will cause terror again Alternate translation: “no one … will cause people to be afraid again” PSA 11 intro zn9r 0 # Psalm 011 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 11 is a worship psalm. It tells how great God is and that God delivers the good people from the evil people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Justice<br>The wicked people try to destroy the good people but God knows everything that is being done and he saves the good people and destroys the evil people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) PSA 11 1 t2nr writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 11 1 ca3b 0 For the chief musician Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship.” PSA 11 1 i5j2 figs-metaphor 0 take refuge in Yahweh Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “go to Yahweh for protection” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 11 1 dp1y figs-rquestion 0 how will you say to me, “Flee like a bird to the mountain”? This question is asked to provide emphasis. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “So do not ask me to run away!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 11 2 lc13 0 For see! The wicked prepare their bows. They make ready their arrows on the strings to shoot in the darkness at the upright in heart Alternate translation: “Look! the wicked are preparing to attack upright people” PSA 11 2 td66 0 upright in heart Here “upright in heart” refers to godly or righteous people. PSA 11 3 dyu6 figs-rquestion 0 For if the foundations are ruined, what can the righteous do? Here “the foundations” may refer to law and order. This rhetorical question is asked to add emphasis. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Righteous people cannot do anything when evil people are not punished when they disobey the laws!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 11 4 je8v figs-synecdoche 0 his eyes watch, his eyes examine the children of mankind Here Yahweh is represented by his “eyes.” Yahweh is aware of everything that happens. Alternate translation: “He examines all that humanity does” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 11 4 u9bt 0 children of mankind Alternate translation: “humanity” PSA 11 5 ars4 0 Yahweh examines Alternate translation: “Yahweh watches carefully” PSA 11 5 qa59 0 do violence Alternate translation: “hurt others” PSA 11 6 t8lu figs-metaphor 0 He rains burning coals and brimstone upon the wicked; a scorching wind will be their portion from his cup! God’s punishment is described as if it were burning coals and brimstone from a volcano. Alternate translation: “He punishes the wicked; there will be no relief for them!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 11 6 i1h8 0 brimstone sulphur PSA 11 7 ai4r 0 see his face Alternate translation: “be in his presence” PSA 12 intro c38b 0 # Psalm 012 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 12 is a judgment psalm, where the author asks God to judge and punish the wicked people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh saves<br>There are so many wicked people now and they are proud of their evil. But God will save the poor who call out to him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/call]])<br><br>### Words<br>This relatively short psalm focuses on the words people use. PSA 12 1 lrn6 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 12 1 l7ap 0 For the chief musician Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship” PSA 12 1 d3jh 0 set to the Sheminith This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 6:1](../006/001.md). PSA 12 1 w9wb 0 Help, Yahweh Alternate translation: “Yahweh, come to my aid” PSA 12 1 ckb5 0 those who have integrity have vanished Alternate translation: “faithful people have all vanished” PSA 12 2 p59u figs-hyperbole 0 Everyone says … everyone speaks The two occurrences of “everyone” are exaggerations, used to emphasize that this is true of very many people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) PSA 12 2 k6d8 figs-metonymy 0 everyone speaks with flattering lips and a double heart Here “lips” is a metonym for what people say, and “a double heart” is a metaphor for deception. Alternate translation: “everyone speaks with flattering words and deception” or “everyone praises people falsely and tells lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 12 3 cis2 figs-metaphor 0 cut off all flattering lips Here “flattering lips” is a metonym for people who flatter others. This could mean: (1) “cut off” is a metaphor for killing. Alternate translation: “kill all who flatter others” or (2) “cut off” is a metaphor for stopping something. Alternate translation: “stop all those who flatter others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 12 3 g9k2 figs-synecdoche 0 every tongue declaring great things Here “every tongue” represents every person who declares great things. Alternate translation: “every person who boasts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 12 4 j1nx figs-metonymy 0 With our tongues will we prevail Here the word “tongues” represents what people say. Alternate translation: “We will prevail because of what we say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 12 4 ay1a 0 will we prevail Alternate translation: “we will succeed” or “we will win” or “we will be victorious” PSA 12 4 n8z2 figs-synecdoche 0 When our lips speak Here the “lips” represents the people who speak. Alternate translation: “When we speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 12 4 le51 figs-rquestion 0 who can be master over us? This rhetorical question is asked to emphasize that they believed no one could rule over them. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “no one can rule over us!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 12 5 bgl1 0 groans These are deep sounds that people make because of pain or some strong emotion. PSA 12 5 qr86 0 I will arise,” says Yahweh This means Yahweh will do something to help the people. PSA 12 6 jt35 figs-simile 0 like silver purified in a furnace on the earth, refined seven times Yahweh’s words are compared to silver that has been purified. Alternate translation: “they are without any imperfection” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 12 7 txp6 0 You keep them Alternate translation: “You keep the righteous people safe” PSA 12 8 q4v9 0 walk on every side Alternate translation: “surround us” PSA 12 8 y7uy figs-activepassive 0 when evil is exalted among the children of mankind This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “when people everywhere are praising evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 12 8 lrt6 0 children of mankind Alternate translation: “human beings” or “people” PSA 13 intro nza7 0 # Psalm 013 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 13 is a psalm of deliverance because the psalmist is calling on God to deliver him from death and his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/call]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s help<br>The author needs God to help him because his enemies will rejoice if they are able to defeat him. The string of rhetorical questions is very effective at heightening the fear David is feeling. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fear]]) PSA 13 1 vsr8 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 13 1 hwf6 0 For the chief musician Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship.” PSA 13 1 xg9c figs-rquestion 0 How long, Yahweh, will you keep forgetting about me? This question is asked to get the reader’s attention and to add emphasis. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, it seems that you have forgotten about me!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 13 1 v3px figs-synecdoche 0 How long … face from me? The words “your face” represent God’s whole being. This rhetorical question is asked to add emphasis. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “It seems like you are hiding from me!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 13 2 pg6n figs-rquestion 0 How long will my enemy triumph over me? This rhetorical question is asked to add emphasis. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Surely my enemies will not always defeat me!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 13 3 vs9y 0 Look at me and answer me Alternate translation: “Give me your attention and listen to me” PSA 13 3 x789 figs-idiom 0 Give light to my eyes This is a way of asking for strength. Alternate translation: “Make me strong again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 13 3 t9hl figs-euphemism 0 or I will sleep in death To “sleep in death” means to die. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) PSA 13 4 ucm3 0 Do not let my enemy say … so that my enemy may not say Alternate translation: “Do not let my enemy say about me … so that my enemy may not say about me” PSA 13 4 x5p1 0 when I am brought down Alternate translation: “when I fall” or “when they defeat me” PSA 13 5 l1in figs-abstractnouns 0 I have trusted in your covenant faithfulness The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “I have trusted that you are faithful to your covenant” or “I have trusted you because you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 13 5 s3s4 figs-synecdoche 0 my heart rejoices in your salvation Here “my heart” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I will rejoice because you have rescued me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 14 intro a269 0 # Psalm 014 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 14 is a deliverance psalm because he is trusting God to deliver the poor. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Evil people<br>Wicked people do not even consider God when they make their plans. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) PSA 14 1 ghg8 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 14 1 l8jh 0 For the chief musician Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship.” PSA 14 1 bwz9 figs-idiom 0 A fool says in his heart This is an idiom that means to say to oneself or to think to oneself. Alternate translation: “A foolish person says to himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 14 1 r75x 0 They are corrupt The word “they” refers to all foolish human beings who say there is no God. PSA 14 2 zm7b 0 children of mankind This phrase refers to all humans. PSA 14 2 vw7w figs-metaphor 0 who seek after him This describes those who desire to know God as if they were actually following him on a path. Alternate translation: “who desire to know him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 14 3 l4ef figs-metaphor 0 They have all turned away This describes people who have rejected God as if they had stopped walking on the right path and had gone in another direction. Alternate translation: “They have all turned away from Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 14 4 v11h figs-rquestion 0 Do they not know anything … who do not call on Yahweh? This rhetorical question is asked to add emphasis. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “They act as if they do not know anything … who do not call on Yahweh. But they know what they are doing!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 14 4 a11q figs-abstractnouns 0 those who commit iniquity The abstract nouns “iniquity” can be stated as “evil deeds.” Alternate translation: “those who do evil deeds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 14 4 amq1 figs-metaphor 0 those who eat up my people This refers to those who do evil things and destroy God’s people as if they were eating food. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 14 5 g962 0 They tremble The word “they” refers to those who do evil things. PSA 14 5 p7fp figs-explicit 0 God is with the righteous assembly To say that “God is with” those who are righteous means that he helps them. This can be stated clearly in the translation. Alternate translation: “God helps those who act righteously” or “God helps those who do the right things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 14 6 a6ad 0 You want The word “you” here refers to the wicked people. PSA 14 6 eb9r 0 to humiliate the poor person Alternate translation: “to make the person who is poor feel ashamed” PSA 14 6 ysx7 figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh is his refuge This speaks of the protection that Yahweh provides as if he were a shelter that one might seek in a storm. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is like a shelter of protection to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 14 7 uji3 figs-exclamations 0 Oh, that the salvation of Israel would come from Zion! This is an exclamation. The writer is saying what he wishes or longs for God to do. Alternate translation: “I wish so much that the salvation of Israel would come from Zion!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) PSA 14 7 xxx6 figs-metonymy 0 Oh, that the salvation of Israel would come from Zion! Here “the salvation of Israel” is a metonym for Yahweh, the one who saves Israel. Alternate translation: “Oh, that Yahweh would come from Zion and save Israel!” or “I wish that Yahweh would come from Zion and rescue his people Israel!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 14 7 h25q figs-parallelism 0 then Jacob will rejoice and Israel will be glad These two phrases mean the same thing. Here both “Jacob” and “Israel” represent the people of Israel. The two phrases can be combined in the translation. Alternate translation: “then all the people of Israel will rejoice greatly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 15 intro j6s2 0 # Psalm 015 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 15 is a wisdom psalm telling how people who honor God should live. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/life]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Godliness<br>This psalm outlines a person who is godly and sees others from a godly perspective. There are several good actions mentioned. Such a person treats his neighbor right, does not slander him, does not take a bribe or interest from him, and keeps his promises even when it is difficult to do so. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]])<br><br>### Moral Conditions for Worship<br><br>Scholars have noted that this psalm contains a list of ten different conditions for those who want to participate in worship at the temple. The list consists of three positives in verse 2, 3 negatives in verse 3, two positives in verse 4, followed by two negatives in verse 5. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) PSA 15 1 u6j8 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 15 1 sql5 figs-metonymy 0 Who may live on your holy hill? God’s “holy hill” represents God’s temple, which was on Mount Zion. Alternate translation: “Who may live in your holy place?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 15 2 jg77 0 speaks truth from his heart Alternate translation: “speaks honestly” PSA 15 3 n4z5 figs-metonymy 0 He does not slander with his tongue Here “tongue” represents what a person says. The word “he” refers to the “righeous person” ([Psalms 15:2](../015/002.md)). Alternate translation: “He does not slander people with his speech” or “He does not say evil things about innocent people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 15 3 ih3s 0 harm hurt PSA 15 4 y2jl 0 The worthless person is despised in his eyes, but he honors those who fear Yahweh Alternate translation: “Righteous people hate those who have rejected God, but they honor those who respect God” PSA 15 4 y1aw 0 The worthless person Alternate translation: “The wicked person” or “The person who has rejected Yahweh” PSA 15 5 qq63 figs-metaphor 0 will never be shaken Here “to be shaken” represents not living safely any longer. This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “will live in safety” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 16 intro hm6c 0 # Psalm 016 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 16 is a psalm of praise, thanking God for all his mercies. The New Testament considers this psalm to be a messianic psalm: a psalm about Christ. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Messiah<br>God has been so good to the psalmist, who will worship no other god. The New Testament considers the tenth verse to be about Christ’s resurrection when it says that he is God’s anointed one, and that God will not leave his body in the grave to decay. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/resurrection]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/anoint]])<br><br>### Superscription<br>The term “Michtam” is used in the superscription for this psalm. There is much discussion about this term, but in the end no one is certain what it means. So it is easiest to transliterate this word into your language, or you are welcome to translate it as “psalm.” PSA 16 1 m94a writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 16 1 u6cp figs-metaphor 0 take refuge in you Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “go to you for protection” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 16 3 b6f8 figs-explicit 0 the holy people who are on the earth Here “holy people” refers to God’s own people who trust him. Alternate translation: “your people who live in this land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 16 4 j4m1 figs-activepassive 0 Their troubles will be … gods This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The troubles of those who seek other gods will increase” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 16 4 b7s4 0 pour out … blood to their gods Alternate translation: “pour out blood as a sacrifice to their gods” PSA 16 4 xj7h figs-exmetaphor 0 or lift up their names with my lips Lifting up their names is a metaphor for praising them, and “lips” is a metonym for what one says. Alternate translation: “or praise them with my words” or “and I will not praise their gods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 16 5 v4p8 figs-metaphor 0 my chosen portion Here David speaks of Yahweh as if he were a portion of land that has been given to him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 16 5 b3bh figs-metaphor 0 my cup Here David speaks of Yahweh as if he were a cup that contains many blessings. Alternate translation: “the one who blesses me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 16 5 efb4 0 You hold onto my lot Alternate translation: “You determine my future” or “You control what will happen to me” PSA 16 6 qf7f figs-metonymy 0 Measuring lines … in pleasant places Here laying down measuring lines is a metonym for measuring land and giving it to someone, and here this is a metaphor for God blessing David in many great ways. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “You have measured off land for me in pleasant places” or “You have given me land in pleasant places” or “You bless me like one who gives land in pleasant places” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 16 6 ag3m 0 Measuring lines These are ropes that people use to measure a plot of land and mark its boundaries. PSA 16 6 af57 figs-metaphor 0 surely a pleasing inheritance is mine Here David speaks of Yahweh’s blessings as if they were an inheritance that he has received. Alternate translation: “I am delighted with all the things that he has given me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 16 8 z682 0 I set Yahweh before me at all times Alternate translation: “I always remember that Yahweh is with me” PSA 16 8 yj9i figs-activepassive 0 so I will not be shaken from his right hand This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “nothing will take me away from his side” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 16 9 in9q 0 General Information: David continues to speak to God. PSA 16 9 p2bc figs-metonymy 0 my heart is glad Here the “heart” represents the speaker’s thoughts and emotions. Alternate translation: “Therefore I am glad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 16 9 e6e1 0 my glory is rejoicing This could mean: (1) the word “glory” represents the honor a person feels. Alternate translation: “I am honored to rejoice in God” or (2) the word translated “glory” really means “liver” and represents the speaker’s emotions. Alternate translation: “I am rejoicing” PSA 16 11 b54u 0 abundant joy Alternate translation: “great joy” or “a large amount of joy” PSA 16 11 hxq5 figs-personification 0 joy resides in your presence The writer speaks of “joy” as if it were a person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 16 11 v4yr figs-idiom 0 in your right hand The words “right hand” indicate being in God’s special presence. Alternate translation: “when I am near you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 17 intro thd2 0 # Psalm 017 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 17 is a prayer for deliverance from all his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Innocence<br>The psalmist is innocent and needs God to rescue him from these enemies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/innocent]]) PSA 17 1 y32y writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 17 1 z6y3 figs-metaphor 0 Give ear to my prayer from lips without deceit The phrase “give ear” is a metaphor for listening, and “lips without deceit” is synecdoche for a person who does not lie. Alternate translation: “Listen to my prayer for I speak without deceit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 17 2 k4su figs-metaphor 0 Let my vindication come from your presence Vindication coming from God represents God judging someone and declaring him innocent. God’s “presence” is a metonym for God himself. Alternate translation: “Let my vindication come from you” or “Declare that I am innocent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 17 2 t9kx figs-synecdoche 0 let your eyes see what is right! Here “your eyes” is synecdoche for God himself, and “see” is a metaphor for paying attention and firmly deciding to do something. Alternate translation: “please see what is right” or “do what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 17 3 pi85 figs-idiom 0 If you test my heart, if you come to me in the night Here “test my heart” means to examine my thoughts and motives. Alternate translation: “If you examine my thoughts in the night” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 17 3 w51q figs-personification 0 my mouth will not transgress Here the mouth is spoken of as if it were capable of acting on its own. It also represents the words that a person speaks. Alternate translation: “I will not tell lies or sin with my words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 17 4 u1m8 figs-metonymy 0 it is at the word of your lips that I have kept myself from the ways of the lawless Here “the word of your lips” is a metonym for God’s instruction, and “the ways of the lawless” is a metaphor for the things that lawless people do. Alternate translation: “it is by obeying your instruction that I have kept myself from doing the things that lawless people do” or “your instruction has caused me to avoid doing wicked things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 17 5 nw8l figs-parallelism 0 My steps have held firmly to your tracks; my feet have not slipped Both of these clauses mean the same thing. The repetition adds emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 17 5 ve61 figs-metaphor 0 my feet have not slipped The writer speaks of his obedience to God as if he were walking on a path. Alternate translation: “I am determined to follow your ways” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) PSA 17 6 fh7p figs-parallelism 0 turn your ear to me … listen when I speak These phrases mean the same thing. Here “your ear” refers to God’s willingness to hear someone who prays to him. Alternate translation: “pay attention to me … listen when I speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 17 7 m4v2 figs-abstractnouns 0 Show your covenant faithfulness in a wonderful way The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “Show in a wonderful way that you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 17 7 g2x5 figs-metonymy 0 your right hand The “right hand” refers to God’s power. Alternate translation: “your mighty power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 17 7 ll6h figs-metaphor 0 take refuge in you Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “go to you for protection” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 17 8 ar64 figs-simile 0 Protect me like the apple of your eye The “apple of your eye” refers to something that is valuable. Alternate translation: “Protect me as you would something most valuable and precious” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 17 8 f3hh figs-metaphor 0 hide me under the shadow of your wings David speaks of God’s protection as if he were a bird protecting its young under its wings. Alternate translation: “Keep me safe as a mother bird protects her babies by gathering them under her wing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 17 10 rd6l figs-synecdoche 0 their mouths speak with pride Here “their mouths speak” represents his enemies when they speak. Alternate translation: “they speak with pride” or “they are always boasting” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 17 11 yzx5 figs-metonymy 0 They have surrounded my steps Here “surrounded my steps” represents how David’s enemies have followed him everywhere he goes in order to capture him. Alternate translation: “My enemies have surrounded me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 17 12 iq89 figs-parallelism 0 like a lion eager for a victim, like a young lion crouching in hidden places These two phrases express very similar ideas. The repetition adds intensity. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 17 12 c8wr figs-simile 0 They are like a lion … like a young lion The writer feels pursued the way a lion hunts its prey (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 17 13 p2s3 figs-metaphor 0 by your sword This is a metaphor for Yahweh’s power and for violent death in war. Alternate translation: “by having them die in war” or “by killing them in battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 17 14 mf1x figs-parallelism 0 Rescue me from men by your hand, Yahweh, from men of this world This clause adds intensity to the words “Rescue my life from the wicked by your sword” ([Psalms 17:13](../017/013.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 17 14 wh2m figs-metonymy 0 by your hand These words represent the power of Yahweh and add intensity to the words “by your sword” ([Psalms 17:13](../017/013.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 17 14 xg3n figs-metaphor 0 You will fill the bellies of your treasured ones with riches The ancient text is hard to understand. This could mean: (1) “treasured” is a metaphor for loved, and “your treasured ones” refers to the people whom God loves. Alternate translation: “you will fill the bellies of the people you love with riches” or (2) “your treasured ones” refers to treasures that God gives to people, the “men of this world” Alternate translation: “you will fill their bellies with rich treasures” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 17 14 knu1 figs-metaphor 0 You will fill the bellies … with riches Here “fill the bellies … with riches” is a metaphor for giving them many valuable things. This could mean: (1) “You will give many riches to the people you love” or (2) “you will give the men of this world many riches” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 17 15 ck39 figs-synecdoche 0 I will see your face in righteousness Here “face” represents Yahweh in all of his being. David is confident he will see Yahweh. Alternate translation: “because I act in the right way, I will be with you one day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 17 15 bpx8 figs-explicit 0 I will be satisfied, when I awake, with a sight of you David believes that after he dies, he will be with Yahweh. This can be made clear in the translation. Alternate translation: “After I die, I will be happy to wake up in your presence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 18 intro enj7 0 # Psalm 018 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 18 is a psalm of praise to God for his strengthening David for war.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s power<br>God has tremendous power and he enabled David to prosper in war. This psalm, and its superscription, also appears in 1 Samuel 22 with some minor differences. PSA 18 1 xfk3 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 18 1 ig1a 0 For the chief musician Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship.” PSA 18 1 vm1x 0 A psalm of David This could mean: (1) David wrote the psalm or (2) the psalm is about David or (3) the psalm is in the style of David’s psalms. PSA 18 1 p2da 0 he sang to Yahweh the words of this song Alternate translation: “he sang this song to Yahweh” PSA 18 1 rhv3 0 on the day that Yahweh rescued him Alternate translation: “after Yahweh had rescued him” PSA 18 1 hna8 figs-metonymy 0 from the hand of Saul Here “hand” stands for the power of Saul. Alternate translation: “from Saul’s power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 18 2 tcf6 figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh is my rock David speaks of Yahweh as if he were a rock. The word “rock” is a picture of a safe place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 18 2 bmi2 figs-doublet 0 my rock, my fortress Here the words “rock” and “fortress” share similar meanings and emphasize that Yahweh provides safety from enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 18 2 v8xz figs-metaphor 0 take refuge in him Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “go to him for protection” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 18 2 k49n figs-metaphor 0 my shield, the horn of my salvation, and my stronghold David speaks of Yahweh as if he were a “shield,” “the horn” of his salvation, and his “stronghold.” Yahweh is the one who protects him from harm. Here a similar idea is repeated three ways for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 18 3 d5g1 0 I will be saved from my enemies Alternate translation: “I will be rescued from my enemies” PSA 18 4 fsd4 figs-metaphor 0 The cords of death surrounded me David speaks of death as if it were a person who could capture him and bind him with ropes. Alternate translation: “I was about to be killed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 18 4 m5rx figs-metaphor 0 rushing waters of worthlessness David is as helpless as if he were being carried away by a rushing flood of waters. Alternate translation: “I felt completely helpless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 18 5 e9l1 figs-personification 0 The cords of Sheol surrounded me; the snares of death trapped me Here “Sheol,” the place of the dead, and “death” are spoken of as if they were people who could surround and trap him. These two clauses have similar meanings and the idea is repeated for emphasis. Alternate translation: “I felt trapped and thought I was going to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 18 6 s721 0 In my distress Alternate translation: “In my great need” or “In my despair” PSA 18 6 jr71 figs-personification 0 my call for help went into his presence Here David speaks of his “call for help” as if it were a person who could come into the presence of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “I prayed to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 18 6 fs4g figs-parallelism 0 it went into his ears Here David speaks of how Yahweh heard his cry for help. The idea is repeated for emphasis. Alternate translation: “he heard my appeal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 18 7 dal8 figs-metaphor 0 Then the earth … shaken because God was angry God’s being angry is spoken of as if the there was a terrible earthquake. Alternate translation: “God was so angry that it was as if the earth … shaken” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 18 7 xka3 figs-doublet 0 the earth shook and trembled The words “shook” and “trembled” mean basically the same thing and emphasize how greatly the earth shook. Alternate translation: “the land moved back and forth” or “the ground moved up and down” or “there was a violent earthquake” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 18 7 svs2 figs-activepassive 0 the foundations of the mountains also trembled and were shaken This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the foundations of the mountains also trembled and shook” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 18 8 al4i figs-metaphor 0 Smoke went up from out of his nostrils … Coals were ignited by it David speaks of Yahweh as if he were breathing fire. This is a picture of how angry God was. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 18 8 zsk4 figs-activepassive 0 blazing fire came out of his mouth. Coals were ignited by it This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “blazing fire came out of his mouth and ignited coals” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 18 9 fkd8 0 He opened The word “He” refers to Yahweh. PSA 18 9 aw5e figs-personification 0 thick darkness was under his feet Though Yahweh does not actually have feet, the Psalmist gives him human characteristics. Alternate translation: “thick darkness was beneath him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 18 10 wt4l figs-personification 0 wings of the wind Here the Psalmist speaks of the wind as if it had wings like an angel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 18 11 a2gi 0 He made darkness … him Here the words “He” and “him” refer to Yahweh. PSA 18 11 edg2 figs-metaphor 0 He made darkness a tent Here darkness is spoken of as if it were a tent. Alternate translation: “He made darkness a covering” or “He made darkness a hiding place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 18 11 jnx8 0 heavy rainclouds Alternate translation: “clouds heavy with rain” or “thick, dark rainclouds” PSA 18 12 t3xj 0 Hailstones stones made of ice PSA 18 13 dn6a figs-simile 0 Yahweh thundered in the heavens Yahweh’s voice sounded like thunder. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 18 13 dvy3 0 the Most High “the Most High” refers to Yahweh. PSA 18 14 cw24 figs-parallelism 0 He shot his arrows and scattered his enemies … lightning bolts dispersed them Both of these clauses have similar meanings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 18 14 h2p3 figs-metaphor 0 He shot his arrows and scattered his enemies Here lighting strikes are being spoken of as if they were arrows (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 18 14 p7tz 0 dispersed them Alternate translation: “sent them in different directions” PSA 18 15 b39a 0 General Information: The writer continues to speak of Yaweh’s great power. PSA 18 15 jfu2 figs-parallelism 0 Then the water channels appeared; the foundations of the world were laid bare These two clauses have similar meanings. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Then the water channels appeared and the bottom of the ocean became visible; you exposed the foundations of the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 18 15 a125 figs-personification 0 at the blast of the breath of your nostrils Though God does not have human physical characteristics as described here, this pictures his mighty strength. The wind is spoken of here as if it came as a mighty blast from God’s nostrils. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 18 16 m4pi 0 He reached down … he took hold … He pulled me The word “He” in these verses refers to Yahweh. PSA 18 16 kef1 figs-metaphor 0 surging water Here the Psalmist speaks of the dangers of his enemies as if they were huge waves or forceful waters, from which Yahweh has rescued him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 18 18 eej1 0 They came against me Here “They” refers to the strong enemies in verse 17. PSA 18 18 s1sk figs-abstractnouns 0 They came against me on the day of my distress but Yahweh was my support The abstract noun “distress” can be stated as an adjective. The abstract noun “support” can be stated as “protected.” Alternate translation: “Strong enemies attacked me on a day when I was distressed, but Yahweh protected me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 18 20 a3vx figs-metonymy 0 my hands were clean Here having clean hands represents being innocent of wrongdoing. Alternate translation: “I was innocent” or “my actions were right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 18 21 y3m6 figs-metaphor 0 I have kept the ways of Yahweh The laws of Yahweh are spoken of as if they were the paths on which one should walk. Alternate translation: “I have obeyed Yahweh’s laws” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 18 21 tu8a figs-metaphor 0 have not wickedly turned away from my God Here being wicked is spoken of as if one left the right path and took the wrong path. Alternate translation: “have not done wickedly by turning away from my God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 18 22 t97s figs-parallelism 0 For all his righteous decrees … I have not turned away from them Both of these clauses have similar meanings. The writer repeats these ideas for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 18 22 gtv3 0 have been before me Alternate translation: “have guided me” or “I have remembered” PSA 18 23 gug9 0 innocent before him Alternate translation: “innocent according to him” PSA 18 23 gz4q 0 I have kept myself from sin Alternate translation: “I have not sinned” PSA 18 24 tu18 figs-metonymy 0 my hands were clean To have “clean hands” means that one is innocent of wrongdoing. See how you translated this in [Psalms 18:20](../018/020.md): Alternate translation: “I was innocent” or “my actions were right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 18 24 t3bt figs-synecdoche 0 before his eyes This refers to God’s presence. Alternate translation: “before him” or “according to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 18 25 tb5y 0 General Information: The writer speaks to Yahweh. PSA 18 25 h851 figs-explicit 0 To the one who is faithful Here “faithful” means to do what God commands one to do. You can state this clearly. Alternate translation: “to those who faithfully obey your commandments” or “to those who faithfully do your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 18 26 cn7t 0 you are clever toward anyone who is twisted Alternate translation: “you outwit anyone who is not honest” PSA 18 27 v6yq 0 you bring down Alternate translation: “you humiliate” PSA 18 27 w4ji figs-idiom 0 with proud, uplifted eyes This idiom refers to those who are proud. Alternate translation: “who are proud” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 18 28 w4pi figs-metaphor 0 For you give light to my lamp; Yahweh my God lights up my darkness The writer speaks of Yahweh’s presence as if he were a light. These clauses have similar meanings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 18 29 jv31 0 For by you I can run over a barricade Alternate translation: “For with your help I can cross any obstacle” PSA 18 30 v53y figs-metaphor 0 He is a shield to everyone who takes refuge in him A shield protects a soldier. David speaks as if God were a shield protecting him. See how you translated this in [Psalms 3:3](../003/003.md). Alternate translation: “You, Yahweh, protect like a shield everyone who takes refuge in you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 18 31 d8xy figs-rquestion 0 For who is God except Yahweh? Who is a rock except our God? The implied answer is no one. Alternate translation: “Only Yahweh is God! Only our God is a rock!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 18 31 xn5i figs-metaphor 0 a rock David speaks of Yahweh as if he were a rock that he could climb to get away from his enemies. See how you translated this in [Psalms 18:2](../018/002.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 18 32 w9ef figs-simile 0 puts strength on me like a belt God gives strength to David as if it were a piece of clothing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 18 32 z4ka figs-metaphor 0 places the blameless person on his path Here David speaks of living a life that is pleasing to God as if he were being placed on the right path. Alternate translation: “causes the blameless person to live a righteous life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 18 33 w92y figs-synecdoche 0 makes my feet swift This refers to enabling a person to run fast. Alternate translation: “makes me run very fast” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 18 33 g696 figs-simile 0 like a deer and places me on the heights The deer is especially quick and stable in the mountains. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 18 34 q1v4 figs-synecdoche 0 He trains my hands Here “my hands” refers to the person. Alternate translation: “He trains me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 18 34 tq4k figs-synecdoche 0 my arms This refers to the person. Alternate translation: “me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 18 35 juz2 figs-metaphor 0 the shield of your salvation Here the writer speaks of God’s protection as if it were a shield. The abstract noun “salvation” can be stated with the verb “save.” Alternate translation: “your protection and saved me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 18 35 x6rm figs-metonymy 0 Your right hand has supported me Here God’s right hand represents his power. Alternate translation: “Your power has supported me” or “You have supported me by your power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 18 35 yr5f figs-metonymy 0 your favor has made me great Here God’s favor represents him acting according to his favor. Alternate translation: “You have made me great according to your favor” or “By your kindness, you have made me great” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 18 36 ui92 figs-metaphor 0 a wide place for my feet beneath me The writer speaks of the safety that God has provided as if it were a wide place for him to stand. Here “my feet” represent the person. Alternate translation: “a safe place for me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 18 36 qhq7 figs-synecdoche 0 my feet have not slipped Here “my feet” refers to the person. The writer refers to the safety of God’s protection as if he were standing on a place where he will not slip or fall. Alternate translation: “I have not slipped” or “I am doing well” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 18 38 v638 0 I smashed them Alternate translation: “I crushed them” or “I broke them to pieces” PSA 18 38 z8w8 0 unable to rise Alternate translation: “unable to stand” PSA 18 38 af9q figs-idiom 0 they have fallen under my feet This idiom means the Psalmist has defeated his enemies. Alternate translation: “I have defeated all of them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 18 39 t3xr figs-simile 0 put strength on me like a belt The Psalmist says that Yahweh has given him strength that surrounds and supports him like a belt. See how you translated this in [Psalms 18:32](../018/032.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 18 39 xyh3 figs-idiom 0 you put under me Here the Psalmist speaks of the defeat of his enemies as if he were standing on them. Alternate translation: “you defeat for me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 18 39 xyp2 figs-idiom 0 those who rise up against me This refers to those who oppose the Psalmist. Alternate translation: “those who are my enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 18 40 h5yv figs-metonymy 0 You gave me the back of my enemies’ necks This represents God giving David victory over his enemies. Alternate translation: “You gave me victory over my enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 18 40 m3tx figs-metonymy 0 You gave me the back of my enemies’ necks This represents God giving David victory over his enemies. Possible images are: (1) David could cut his enemies’ heads off at the neck or (2) David could put his foot down on his enemies’ necks or (3) David could see his enemies’ backs when they ran away from him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 18 40 gp8b 0 I annihilated those who hated me Alternate translation: “I defeated those who hated me” or “I destroyed completely those who hated me” PSA 18 41 whl5 figs-idiom 0 but he did not answer them This means Yahweh did not provide any help. Alternate translation: “but he did not help them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 18 42 tjm8 figs-simile 0 I beat them into fine pieces like dust before the wind The psalmists enemies are compared to dust to show how defeated they are. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 18 42 vu6f figs-simile 0 I threw them out like mud in the streets The psalmist’s enemies are compared to mud in the streets to show how defeated they are. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 18 43 t95d 0 disputes disagreements, arguments PSA 18 43 i9s6 figs-metonymy 0 have made me the head over nations Here “head” represents the ruler. Alternate translation: “appointed me to be the ruler over many nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 18 44 c7dv figs-activepassive 0 foreigners were forced to bow This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God forced foreigners to bow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 18 45 t4uc figs-explicit 0 foreigners came trembling Here “trembling” shows that they were very afraid. This can be stated clearly in the translation. Alternate translation: “foreigners came shaking, showing that they were very afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 18 46 w5z5 figs-activepassive 0 may my rock be praised This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he is my rock and he should be praised” or “may people praise my rock” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 18 46 mv1z figs-metaphor 0 my rock Here the writer speaks of Yahweh’s protection as if he were a rock that prevented his enemies from reaching him. See how you translated this in [Psalms 18:2](../018/002.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 18 46 h9ey figs-activepassive 0 May the God of my salvation be exalted This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “May people exalt the God of my salvation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 18 46 xf2h figs-abstractnouns 0 the God of my salvation The abstract nouns “salvation” can be stated as “saved” or “rescued.” Alternate translation: “the God who rescued me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 18 47 v7ab figs-abstractnouns 0 the God who executes vengeance for me To “execute vengeance” means to punish people for their evil actions. This can be restated to remove the abstract noun “vengeance.” Alternate translation: “the God who punishes people for the evil things they have done to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 18 48 l9y3 figs-activepassive 0 I am set free This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God has set me free” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 18 48 z54b figs-metaphor 0 you lifted me above Yahweh’s protection of the writer is spoken of as if he lifted the writer up so high that his enemies could not reach him to harm him. Alternate translation: “you put me in a safe place high above” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 18 48 k73f 0 who rose against me Alternate translation: “who attacked me” or “who rebelled against me” PSA 18 48 inl3 0 violent men Alternate translation: “cruel men” or “savage men” PSA 18 49 f8x9 figs-explicit 0 among the nations Here the writer means that he will give thanks to Yahweh so that all people will hear of Yahweh’s greatness. Alternate translation: “so all the nations will hear about it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 18 49 qvh1 figs-metonymy 0 to your name Here “name” represents God himself. Alternate translation: “in honor of your name” or “to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 18 50 ggt6 figs-123person 0 victory to his king By using the words “his king,” David is referring to himself as king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) PSA 18 50 sw5u 0 he shows his covenant loyalty to his anointed one … to his descendants forever Alternate translation: “he faithfully loves me as he promised in his covenant, and he will love my descendants forever” PSA 19 intro sn29 0 # Psalm 019 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 19 is a praise psalm, praising God for his creation and for his law.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### God’s law<br>God’s law keeps people from sinning. There are two distinct themes in this psalm. Verses 1-6 are God’s glory in the heavens and the second is praising God for his law. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]]) PSA 19 1 s9h1 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 19 1 j4zh 0 For the chief musician Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship.” PSA 19 1 mn6q 0 The heavens declare The heavens are described as if they were a person. Alternate translation: “The heavens show” or “The heavens look like they declare” PSA 19 1 iz5q figs-personification 0 the skies make his handiwork known The skies are described as if they were a teacher. Alternate translation: “The skies seem to make God’s handiwork known to us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 19 1 a8iy 0 his handiwork Alternate translation: “his creation” or “the world that he has made” PSA 19 2 c72h figs-personification 0 speech pours out What is beautiful about creation is compared to speaking, as if creation were a person. Then those words are compared to water that flows everywhere. Alternate translation: “creation is like a person speaking to everyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 19 3 lmv7 0 There is no speech or spoken words; their voice is not heard These phrases express clearly that the first two verses were a metaphor. Alternate translation: “There is no real speech or spoken words; no one hears an actual voice with their ears” PSA 19 3 pa4x 0 their voice is not heard Other translations read “where their voice is not heard,” emphasizing that creation’s “speech” is available everywhere. PSA 19 4 w3s6 0 General Information: David has just said that creation shows God’s glory. PSA 19 4 c2us 0 their words … their speech This refers to the unspoken “words” of creation that show God’s glory. PSA 19 4 r4zj figs-personification 0 their words go out The words are described as if they were people who go out with a message. Alternate translation: “the words that creation speaks are like people who go out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 19 4 kf9h figs-ellipsis 0 their speech to the end of the world The implied words can be included in the translation. Alternate translation: “their speech goes out to the end of the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 19 4 bdz7 figs-metaphor 0 He has pitched a tent for the sun Here the writer speaks of the place that Yahweh created for the sun as if it were a tent. Alternate translation: “He created a place for the sun” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 19 4 n177 0 among them The word “them” probably refers to the heavens. PSA 19 5 s244 figs-simile 0 The sun is like a bridegroom coming out of his chamber The writer speaks of the sun’s coming out as if it were a bridegroom. Alternate translation: “The sun is like a bridegroom walking joyfully toward his bride” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 19 5 xes3 figs-simile 0 like a strong man who rejoices when he runs his race This compares the sun to an athlete to emphasize the strength and brightness of the sun. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 19 5 l7b8 0 a strong man Alternate translation: “a fast runner” PSA 19 6 tah2 0 horizon the line where the earth and the sky meet PSA 19 6 wz8h figs-explicit 0 to the other Here “other” refers to the other horizon. This can be stated clearly in the translation. Alternate translation: “to the other horizon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 19 6 unx8 figs-doublenegatives 0 nothing escapes its heat This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “everything feels its heat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) PSA 19 7 z9pg figs-synecdoche 0 restoring the soul The words “the soul” refer to the whole person. Alternate translation: “making a person strong again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 19 7 a789 0 the simple Alternate translation: “those who have no experience” or “those who have not learned” PSA 19 8 spr1 figs-synecdoche 0 the heart These words refer to the whole person. Alternate translation: “a person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 19 8 nuk1 0 are right Alternate translation: “are true” or “are correct” PSA 19 8 t8c5 0 bringing light to the eyes This could mean: (1) “bringing understanding to a person” or (2) “making a person healthy again” PSA 19 9 xac8 0 altogether right Alternate translation: “completely right” PSA 19 10 x983 figs-metaphor 0 They are of greater value than gold … they are sweeter than honey Yahweh’s decrees are spoken of as if they could be bought and tasted. Alternate translation: “If you could buy them, they would be of greater value than gold … if you could taste them, they would be sweeter than honey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 19 10 e6s3 figs-ellipsis 0 even more than much fine gold The word “valuable” is understood from the previous phrase and can be repeated. Alternate translation: “even more valuable than a lot of fine gold” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 19 10 k6x4 0 fine gold Alternate translation: “pure gold” or “expensive gold” PSA 19 11 y6a9 0 Yes This word marks that there is more to the truth than what has just been said. Alternate translation: “Moreover” PSA 19 11 s1f4 figs-activepassive 0 by them your servant is warned This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they warn your servant” or “they are a warning for your servant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 19 11 e73b 0 by them … in obeying them The word “them” refers to Yahweh’s righteous decrees. PSA 19 11 nk1k figs-123person 0 your servant is warned David calls himself “your servant” when speaking to God as a sign of respect. Alternate translation: “I am warned” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) PSA 19 12 uj5e figs-rquestion 0 Who can discern all his own errors? This appears in the form of a question to add emphasis and can be translated as a strong statement. Alternate translation: No one can be aware of his own errors!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 19 12 gsx9 0 from hidden faults Alternate translation: “from secret mistakes I have made” PSA 19 13 j82u figs-idiom 0 Keep your servant also from This idiom pictures the servant as being removed from the sins he does not wish to commit. Alternate translation: “Also, protect your servant from doing” or “Also, make sure that I do not commit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 19 13 z1tt figs-123person 0 your servant David calls himself “your servant” when speaking to God as a sign of respect. See how you translated this in [Psalms 19:11](../019/011.md). Alternate translation: “I” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) PSA 19 13 b3bd figs-personification 0 let them not rule over me Sins are described as if they were a king that could rule over someone. Alternate translation: “do not let my sins become like a king who rules over me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 19 13 axe2 0 innocent from many transgressions Alternate translation: “innocent of rebelling against you” or “innocent of committing many sins” PSA 19 14 l16r figs-metonymy 0 the words of my mouth and the thoughts of my heart These expressions taken together describe everything a person says and thinks. Alternate translation: “the things I say and the things I think about” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 19 14 t28d 0 be acceptable in your sight Alternate translation: “receive approval in your sight” or “be pleasing to you” PSA 19 14 bu1w figs-metaphor 0 in your sight Here sight represents judgment or evaluation. Alternate translation: “in your judgment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 19 14 vn8k figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh, my rock The writer speaks of God as if he were a rock that one could climb and be protected from his enemies. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, you are like my rock” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 20 intro h99t 0 # Psalm 020 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 20 is a royal psalm. It is probably a prayer for the king, perhaps when he first became king.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br>### Trust<br>Trusting God is much better than trusting in military might. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) PSA 20 1 v6pl writing-poetry 0 General Information: This Psalm begins with a group of people speaking to the king of Israel. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 20 1 h9gw 0 For the chief musician Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship” PSA 20 1 vrb5 0 help you The word “you” in this Psalm is singular and refers to the king. PSA 20 1 pt3b 0 in the day of trouble Alternate translation: “in times of trouble” or “when you are in trouble” PSA 20 1 dp3k figs-metonymy 0 may the name of the God of Jacob protect you This could mean: (1) here “name” is a metonym for God’s power. Alternate translation: “may the power of the God of Jacob protect you” or “may the God of Jacob protect you by his power” or (2) here “name” is a metonym for God himself. Alternate translation: “may the God of Jacob protect you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 20 2 b9ek figs-metaphor 0 send help from the holy place God helping from his holy place is spoken of as if God were sending help. Alternate translation: “may Yahweh help you from his holy place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 20 2 y51h figs-doublet 0 holy place … Zion Both of these refer to God’s temple in Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 20 3 yz44 figs-idiom 0 May he call to mind The phrase “call to mind” is a way of saying “remember.” It does not mean God forgot. It means to consider or think about. Alternate translation: “May he remember” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 20 3 kyh3 0 May he The word “he” refers to Yahweh. PSA 20 4 r6y3 0 May he grant Alternate translation: “May he give” PSA 20 4 wht8 figs-synecdoche 0 your heart’s desire Here “heart” stands for the entire person. The abstract noun “desire” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “what you desire” or “what you want” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 20 4 u619 figs-abstractnouns 0 fulfill all your plans The abstract noun “plans” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “may he help you to accomplish everything that you plan to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 20 5 h4h3 figs-exclusive 0 we will rejoice in your victory Here “we” refers to the people. They will rejoice in the king’s victory. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) PSA 20 5 bw3j figs-metonymy 0 in the name of our God Here “name” represents honor or reputation. Alternate translation: “in honor of our God” or “for the reputation of our God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 20 5 p9n1 translate-symaction 0 we will raise banners “we will raise victory flags.” They would do this to show that they were praising God because he gave their king victory over his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) PSA 20 5 k3dy 0 grant all your petitions Alternate translation: “give you everything you request from him” PSA 20 6 zm9a 0 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the psalm. It transitions from the people speaking to the king speaking. PSA 20 6 nu7b 0 I know The word “I” probably refers to the king who is speaking in this section. PSA 20 6 d8xz figs-123person 0 his anointed one … answer him … rescue him The king is speaking about himself in the third person. This can be stated in first person. Alternate translation: “me, his anointed one … answer me … rescue me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) PSA 20 6 bd3g 0 from his holy heaven God dwells in heaven as well as in the temple in Jerusalem ([Psalms 20:2](../020/002.md)). PSA 20 6 xcm6 figs-metonymy 0 with the strength of his right hand that can rescue him God’s right hand represents his power. Alternate translation: “with his great strength he will rescue him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 20 7 f9cd figs-metonymy 0 Some trust in chariots and others in horses Here “chariots” and “horses” represent a king’s army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 20 7 xr24 figs-ellipsis 0 others in horses The word “trust” is understood. Alternate translation: “other trust in horses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 20 7 mwu6 figs-exclusive 0 we call Here “we” refers to the writer and the readers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) PSA 20 8 e7uq figs-exclusive 0 we will rise Here “we” refers to the writer and the readers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) PSA 20 8 q1tp figs-activepassive 0 They will be brought down and fall The word “They” refers to the people who trust in chariots and horses. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will bring them down and make them fall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 20 8 g7uv figs-doublet 0 brought down and fall Both these verbs mean basically the same thing. Both of these stand for losing in battle. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 20 8 y7lr figs-doublet 0 we will rise and stand upright “we will get up and stand up straight.” These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Both of these stand for victory in battle. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 20 9 c5i4 0 Yahweh, rescue the king This could mean: (1) the people ask God to protect the king or (2) the king continues to speak about himself in the third person. PSA 20 9 brk5 0 the king; help us when we call Some translations understand the Hebrew differently. Some translate it as the people speaking to Yahweh their king. Alternate translation: “King, help us when we call you” PSA 21 intro mq8x 0 # Psalm 021 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 21 is a royal psalm. The king is praying for victory. Victory in war comes from the power and help from God.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Pronouns<br>There is a shift in pronouns in this psalm. In verses 1-6 the psalm addresses Yahweh in second person but in verse 7 the psalmist uses third person before moving back to second person in the latter part. PSA 21 1 k12k writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 21 1 h69b 0 For the chief musician Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship.” PSA 21 1 bt8s 0 in your strength, Yahweh It is implied that this is strength Yahweh has given the king to defeat his enemies. Alternate translation: because you, Yahweh, have made him strong enough to defeat his enemies” PSA 21 1 bka2 0 How greatly he rejoices Alternate translation: “He rejoices greatly” PSA 21 1 r5nd figs-explicit 0 in the salvation you provide It is implied that God has saved the king from his enemies. The abstract noun “salvation” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “because you have saved him from his enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 21 2 cey2 figs-synecdoche 0 his heart’s desire “his heart’s wish.” Here “heart” stands for the whole person. Alternate translation: “his desire” or “what he wished for” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 21 2 gez6 figs-doublenegatives 0 have not held back “have not refused him.” This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “you have given him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) PSA 21 2 f8dh figs-synecdoche 0 the request of his lips Here “lips” stands for the whole person. Alternate translation: “his request” or “what he requested of you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 21 3 q3ts figs-abstractnouns 0 you bring him rich blessings The abstract noun “blessings” can be stated as “bless” or “good things.” Alternate translation: “you bless him greatly” or “you give him many good things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 21 3 px6p translate-symaction 0 you placed on his head a crown of purest gold To place a crown on a person’s head is a symbol of making him a king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) PSA 21 3 za3g 0 a crown of purest gold Here “purest gold” represents the great honor given to the king. PSA 21 4 yzs5 figs-abstractnouns 0 He asked you for life; you gave it to him The abstract noun “life” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “He asked that you cause him to live for a long time; you caused it to happen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 21 4 y4ml figs-idiom 0 the length of his days forever and ever The idiom “the length of his days” refers to the duration of his life. Alternate translation: “a long life that lasts forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 21 5 i6i4 0 His glory Alternate translation: “The king’s honor” or “The king’s fame” PSA 21 5 k3gt figs-metaphor 0 you have bestowed on him splendor and majesty “you have placed on him splendor and majesty.” Causing the king to be wealthy and powerful is spoken of as if splendor and majesty are objects that are placed on him. Alternate translation: “you have made him wealthy and powerful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 21 6 w2zk 0 you grant him Alternate translation: “you allow him to have” or “you agree to give him” PSA 21 6 rf4f 0 lasting blessings Alternate translation: “a blessings that will last” or “a blessings that will stay” PSA 21 6 v3m2 0 the joy of your presence Alternate translation: “the joy of being in your presence” or “the joy that comes from you being near to you” PSA 21 7 mbf3 figs-abstractnouns 0 through the covenant faithfulness of the Most High The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “because the Most High is faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 21 7 j1gh figs-activepassive 0 he will not be moved This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one will remove him as king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 21 8 w7ck figs-metonymy 0 Your hand will seize Here “hand” represents power. Alternate translation: “Your power will seize” or “You will powerfully seize” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 21 8 irz4 0 Your hand … hate you Possible meaning of all occurrences of **your** and **you** are: (1) they refer to the king or (2) they refer to God. PSA 21 8 yew7 figs-parallelism 0 your right hand will seize those who hate you This means the same thing as the first part of the sentence. It emphasizes that God will give the king the power to stop his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 21 9 lmc9 0 At the time of your anger Alternate translation: “When you are angry and begin to act” PSA 21 9 hhy3 0 your anger … you will burn The words **your** and **you** refers to either: (1) God or (2) the king. PSA 21 9 xdq2 figs-metaphor 0 you will burn them up as in a fiery furnace Yahweh or the king destroying their enemies is spoken of as if their enemies are wood and Yahweh or the king will throw them into a furnace. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 21 9 fc6d figs-parallelism 0 Yahweh will consume them in his wrath, and the fire will devour them Both clauses mean basically the same thing. Yahweh completely destroying his enemies is spoken of as if his wrath is a fire that completely burns up his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 21 10 wsu5 0 You will destroy The word **you** refers to either: (1) God or (2) the king. PSA 21 10 i3zy figs-parallelism 0 from the earth … from among the human race Both phrases mean the same thing. They emphasize that absolutely none of their enemies will survive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 21 11 fhu8 0 they intended “they planned.” The word “they” refers to the enemies of God and the king. PSA 21 11 z63c 0 evil against you Alternate translation: “to do evil things to you” PSA 21 11 h29d 0 they conceived a plot Alternate translation: “they made a plan” or “they created a scheme” PSA 21 12 bsd1 figs-metaphor 0 For you will turn them back; you will draw your bow before them Possible meanings for **your** and **you** are: (1) they refer to the king or (2) they refer to God and speak about him as if he were a warrior with a bow and arrows. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 21 12 ti25 figs-idiom 0 you will turn them back This is a way of saying that God and the king will defeat their enemies in battle. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 21 12 ge87 figs-explicit 0 you will draw your bow before them This implies that he actually shoots his arrows at his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 21 13 aul7 0 Be exalted, Yahweh, in your strength This could mean: (1) “Yahweh, show us that you are very strong” or (2) “Yahweh, because you are strong we will exalt you” PSA 21 13 w52b figs-doublet 0 we will sing and praise your power The words “sing” and “praise” share similar meanings. Here the word “power” represents God and his power. Alternate translation: “with singing we will praise you because you are powerful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 22 intro y7hl 0 # Psalm 022 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 22 is a messianic psalm. It contains references to events during the crucifixion of Christ. It is also a psalm of individual lament and praise. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/crucify]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lament]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Messiah<br>Christ was despised and taunted by his enemies; but finally people all over the earth will bow down to him.<br><br>### New Testament usage<br>This psalm is quoted in different places in the New Testament. Verse 1a is cited in Matthew 27:46 and Mark 15:34 as the words of Christ on the cross. Many of the events in the narratives of the crucifixion are mentioned in this psalm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/cross]]) PSA 22 1 lw3l writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 22 1 k951 0 For the chief musician Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship” PSA 22 1 ux16 0 The rhythm of the deer This may refer to a style of music. PSA 22 1 smt9 0 My God, my God The writer repeats “My God” to emphasize that he is desperate for God to hear him. PSA 22 1 a733 figs-rquestion 0 my God, why have you abandoned me? The writer uses a question to emphasize that he feels like God has abandoned him. It may be best to leave this as a question. It can also be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “my God, I feel like you have abandoned me!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 22 1 z48u 0 you abandoned me Alternate translation: “you left me all alone” PSA 22 1 fnk8 figs-rquestion 0 Why are you so far from saving me and far from the words of my anguish? Again the writer uses a question to emphasize that he feels like God is far away from him. It may be best to leave this as a question. It can also be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You are far from saving me and far from the words of my anguish!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 22 1 y7ec figs-metaphor 0 far from the words of my anguish The writer feeling like God is not listening to him is spoken of as if God were far from his words of anguish. Alternate translation: “why do you not listen when I speak to you about the anguish I feel” or “I have told you about my suffering but you do not come to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 22 2 dzu2 figs-merism 0 in the daytime … at night The writer uses the words “daytime” and “night” to mean he prays to God all the time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) PSA 22 2 j5c4 figs-litotes 0 I am not silent This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “I still speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) PSA 22 3 zle3 figs-metaphor 0 you sit as king with the praises of Israel “the praises of Israel are the throne on which you sit as king.” The praises of Israel are described as if they are a throne upon which God can sit and rule, or as a house in which God can live. Alternate translation: “you are king and the people of Israel praise you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 22 3 viy1 figs-metonymy 0 of Israel Here “Israel” represents the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 22 5 u4pd figs-activepassive 0 were not disappointed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you did not disappoint them” or “you did not fail them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 22 5 vjq8 figs-doublenegatives 0 were not disappointed This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “you saved them” or “you did for them what they needed you to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) PSA 22 6 m3yz figs-metaphor 0 I am a worm and not a man The writer speaks of himself as if he were a worm. This emphasizes that he feels worthless or that the people treat him as if he were worthless. Alternate translation: “But it is like I am a worm and not a man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 22 6 xml4 figs-parallelism 0 disgrace to humanity and despised by the people Both of these phrase mean basically the same thing. The phrase “despised by the people” can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “everyone thinks I am worthless and the people hate me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 22 7 gq6v figs-parallelism 0 taunt me; they mock me; they shake their heads at me These three phrases share similar meanings and emphasize how much people disrespect him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 22 7 nu8j translate-symaction 0 they shake their heads at me This describes an action used to mock someone. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) PSA 22 8 v7ta figs-irony 0 He trusts in Yahweh … delights in him The people are saying this to mock the writer. They do not really believe Yahweh will rescue him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) PSA 22 8 ip8x 0 Let him rescue him Alternate translation: “Let Yahweh rescue him” PSA 22 8 h2ys 0 for he delights in him This could mean: (1) “for Yahweh delights in him” or (2) “for he delights in Yahweh” PSA 22 9 lz9a figs-explicit 0 For you The writer uses the word “For” to begin explaining why he is confused and asking God why he is not coming to help. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 22 9 g6i1 figs-idiom 0 you brought me from the womb This is a way of saying “you caused me to be born.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 22 9 h37n figs-idiom 0 when I was on my mother’s breasts This means that he has been trusting in Yahweh since he was very young. Alternate translation: “even from the time that I drank milk from my mother’s breasts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 22 10 ua28 figs-idiom 0 I have been thrown on you from the womb The phrase “have been thrown on” is a way of saying that Yahweh has taken care of him as if Yahweh had adopted him as his own child. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “It was as though you had adopted me right when I was born” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 22 10 qi4n figs-explicit 0 you are my God This implies that Yahweh has always taken care of the writer. Alternate translation: “you, God, have taken care of me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 22 10 bd6c 0 since I was in my mother’s womb Alternate translation: “since before I was born” PSA 22 11 tz1y figs-litotes 0 Do not be far away from me This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “Come close to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) PSA 22 11 mc7w figs-metaphor 0 for trouble is near The writer speaks about “trouble” as if it were an object that is near him. Alternate translation: “for my enemies are near me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 22 11 sub2 0 there is no one to help Alternate translation: “there is no helper” PSA 22 12 e14p figs-metaphor 0 Many bulls surround me; strong bulls of Bashan surround me The writer speaks about his enemies as if they were bulls. This emphasizes how dangerous and powerful his enemies are. Alternate translation: “I have many enemies and they are like bulls that surround me; they are like strong bulls from Bashan that surround me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 22 13 tfu9 figs-metaphor 0 They open their mouths wide against me The writer speaks about his enemies as if they were lions with the mouths open ready to eat him. His enemies may be speaking lies to discredit him. Or they may be threatening him and attacking him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 22 13 qv8i figs-simile 0 like a roaring lion ripping its victim The writer speaks about his enemies as if they were lions. This emphasizes how powerful and dangerous his enemies are. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 22 14 q64m figs-activepassive 0 I am being poured out like water This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “It is like someone is pouring me out like water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 22 14 d2h5 figs-simile 0 I am being poured out like water The writer speaks about feeling completely exhausted and weak as if he were water being poured out of a jar. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 22 14 pjf3 figs-metaphor 0 all my bones are dislocated “all my bones are out of place.” It is possible the writer is in some kind of physical pain. Or he may be speaking of his emotional pain as if it were physical pain. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 22 14 ws5l figs-simile 0 My heart is like wax … inner parts The writer speaks about no longer having courage as if his heart melted like wax. Here “heart” represents “courage.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 22 14 y32r 0 wax a soft substance that melts at a relatively low temperature PSA 22 14 k6ki 0 within my inner parts Alternate translation: “inside of me” PSA 22 15 fpb6 figs-simile 0 My strength has dried up like a piece of pottery The writer speaks about feeling weak as if his strength were like a dry piece of pottery that can easily break. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 22 15 w7be 0 piece of pottery an object made of baked clay that can be used in the house PSA 22 15 g95x figs-metaphor 0 my tongue sticks to the roof of my mouth “my tongue sticks to the top of my mouth.” The writer may be describing his extreme thirst. Or he may be continuing to speak about being weak as if he were completely dry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 22 15 z793 figs-metaphor 0 You have laid me in the dust of death Possible meanings for **dust of death** are: (1) it refers to a person turning to dust after they die. Alternate translation: “You are about to let me die and become dust” or (2) it is a way of speaking about the grave, which would mean God is causing the writer to die. Alternate translation: “You have laid me in my grave” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 22 15 m487 figs-you 0 You have laid me The “you” is singular and refers to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) PSA 22 16 un7f figs-metaphor 0 dogs have surrounded me The writer speaks about his enemies as if they were dogs. His enemies are coming close to him like wild dogs do to a dying animal. Alternate translation: “my enemies are like dogs that have surrounded me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 22 16 np5i 0 a company of evildoers Alternate translation: “a group of evildoers” or “a gang of evildoers” PSA 22 16 i2n1 0 encircled stood in a circle PSA 22 16 x42c figs-metaphor 0 they have pierced my hands and my feet This continues the dog metaphor. The writer speaks about his enemies as if they were dogs that are biting and piercing his hands and feet with their teeth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 22 16 ai5d 0 pierced stabbed through something with a sharp object PSA 22 17 est5 figs-metaphor 0 I can count all my bones This could mean: (1) the writer is so thin that he can see his bones. Alternate translation: “I can see all of my bones” or “I can feel each of my bones” or (2) this continues the dog metaphor and the writer can see his bones after the dogs have ripped his flesh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 22 17 ce23 figs-doublet 0 look and stare at me The words “look” and “stare” mean basically the same thing and emphasize that people look at him awkwardly and make fun of him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 22 18 fb7u 0 my garments Alternate translation: “my clothes” PSA 22 19 v12t figs-litotes 0 Do not be far away This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “Be very close” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) PSA 22 19 y71k figs-metonymy 0 my strength Here “strength” represents Yahweh who gives him strength. Alternate translation: “you who give me strength” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 22 20 ly82 figs-synecdoche 0 Rescue my soul Here “soul” stands for the whole person. Alternate translation: “Rescue me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 22 20 a8wk figs-metonymy 0 the sword The sword is a common way of referring to a violent enemy. Alternate translation: “those who want to kill me” or “my enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 22 20 li5b 0 my only life Alternate translation: “my precious life” or “the only life I have” PSA 22 20 a1qv figs-metaphor 0 claws of wild dogs The writer speaks about his enemies as if they were dogs to emphasize how dangerous his enemies are. Also, the claws stand for the animals as a whole in a synecdoche. The writer emphasizes this part of the animal because it is what the animals would use to kill someone. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 22 20 h8vu 0 wild dogs The word “wild” here means that no one has captured and tamed the animal. PSA 22 21 vl96 figs-metaphor 0 lion’s mouth … horns of the wild oxen The writer speaks about his enemies as if they were lions and wild oxen to emphasize how dangerous his enemies are. Also, the mouth and horns stand for the animals as a whole in a synecdoche. The writer emphasizes these parts of the animals because they are what the animals would use to kill someone. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 22 21 wgw6 0 wild oxen The word “wild” here means that no one has captured and tamed the animal. PSA 22 22 vq9v figs-metonymy 0 I will declare your name “I will make known your name.” Here “name” stands for God’s character or reputation. Alternate translation: “I will talk about your character” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 22 22 k6ii 0 my brothers Here “brothers” means “my fellow Israelites” or “my fellow worshipers of Yahweh” PSA 22 22 t5p8 0 in the midst of the assembly Alternate translation: “when my fellow Israelites and I gather together” or “when I am surrounded by my fellow worshipers of Yahweh” PSA 22 23 wl3v figs-you 0 You who fear Here “You” is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) PSA 22 23 yc8l figs-parallelism 0 you descendants of Jacob … you descendants of Israel Both of these refer to the same group of people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 22 23 rs9u 0 Stand in awe of him Alternate translation: “Be full of awe for him” or “Let God’s power amaze you” PSA 22 24 t6pw 0 he has not despised or abhorred the suffering of the afflicted one This could mean: (1) he has not despised the afflicted one because he is suffering or (2) he has not belittled the suffering of the afflicted one PSA 22 24 q54x figs-doublet 0 despised or abhorred These two words mean basically the same thing and emphasize that God has not forgotten the one who is afflicted and suffering. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 22 24 w7tf 0 despised strongly disliked or hated PSA 22 24 h5t5 figs-metonymy 0 he has not … abhorred the suffering of the afflicted one Here, suffering is a metonym for the person who suffers. To abhor something is to think of it as horrible. Alternate translation: “he has not … thought of the afflicted one who suffers as horrible” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 22 24 y2dq figs-genericnoun 0 the suffering of the afflicted one … from him … the afflicted one cried This could mean: (1) the author was speaking about how God treats people who are suffering. Alternate translation: “those who suffer … from them … those who are suffering cried” or (2) the author was speaking specifically about how God treated him. Alternate translation: “my suffering because of my affliction … from me … I cried” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) PSA 22 24 r4zy figs-metaphor 0 has not hidden his face from him Hiding one’s face from someone represents ignoring him. Alternate translation: “has not turned his attention away from him” or “has not ignored him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 22 24 fci1 figs-explicit 0 he heard “he listened.” It is implied that he responded when he heard their cry. Alternate translation: “he answered” or “he helped” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 22 25 q298 figs-you 0 because of you Here “you” refers to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) PSA 22 25 w4ny figs-explicit 0 I will fulfill my vows This refers to sacrifices the writer promised to offer to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 22 25 zq18 figs-123person 0 before those who fear him Here “him” refers to Yahweh. It can be stated as “you.” Alternate translation: “in the presence of those who fear you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) PSA 22 26 fhl9 figs-explicit 0 The oppressed will eat and be satisfied This refers to the fellowship meal which occurs after the writer offers to God the sacrifices that he promised. He will invite those who were suffering to eat a part of the animal he sacrificed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 22 26 jvb2 figs-metaphor 0 those who seek Yahweh Those who want to know Yahweh and please him are spoken of as if they are literally seeking to find Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 22 26 x7ys figs-synecdoche 0 May your hearts live forever Here “hearts” represent the whole person. Alternate translation: “May you live forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 22 26 lv3f figs-you 0 May your hearts Here “your” is plural and refers to the oppressed people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) PSA 22 27 sti4 figs-metaphor 0 will remember and turn to Yahweh Starting to obey Yahweh is spoken of as if the people physically turn toward Yahweh. Alternate translation: “will remember Yahweh and obey him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 22 27 s5k2 figs-parallelism 0 all the families of the nations will bow down before you This means the same thing as the first part of the sentence. The writer is emphasizing that everyone from every place will worship and obey Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 22 27 ves3 translate-symaction 0 will bow down before you This is a sign of giving honor and respect to someone. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) PSA 22 27 n554 figs-you 0 before you Here “you” refers to Yahweh. It can be translated in the third person to match the first part of the sentence. Alternate translation: “before him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) PSA 22 28 yp9r figs-metonymy 0 For the kingdom is Yahweh’s “For the kingdom belongs to Yahweh.” Here “kingdom” represents God’s rule as king. Alternate translation: “For Yahweh is king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 22 28 y3zn figs-metonymy 0 he is the ruler over the nations Here “nations” represents the people of the nations. Alternate translation: “he rules the people of the nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 22 29 pb3y 0 will feast The people will eat together at the feast. Alternate translation: “will eat together” or “will eat a festive meal together” PSA 22 29 b7d2 figs-parallelism 0 all those who are descending into the dust … those who cannot preserve their own lives Both phrases refers to the same group. They both refer to all people because all people will die. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 22 29 fkt1 figs-metonymy 0 those who are descending into the dust Here “dust” represents the grave. The phrase “descending into the dust” is a way of referring to someone dying. Alternate translation: “those who are dying” or “those who die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 22 29 wbb7 0 those who cannot preserve their own lives Alternate translation: “those who cannot save their own lives” or “those who cannot keep themselves from dying” PSA 22 30 tak2 figs-metonymy 0 A generation to come Here “A generation” represents the people of a generation. The phrase “to come” speaks about a future time as if it were something that travels and arrives somewhere. Alternate translation: “People in the future generations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 22 30 l73k figs-metonymy 0 the next generation Here “generation” represents the people of that generation. Alternate translation: “the people of the next generation” or “their children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 22 30 j95t 0 of the Lord Alternate translation: “about the Lord” or “about what the Lord has done” PSA 22 31 lt28 figs-abstractnouns 0 tell of his righteousness The abstract noun “righteousness” can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “tell of the righteous things he has done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 23 intro r1f6 0 # Psalm 023 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 23 is a psalm of praise to God for his continued care and protection. The psalmist praises God for always being with him and for caring for him.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Metaphor<br><br>Psalm 23 is an extended metaphor speaking of God as if he were a shepherd, and of the psalmist as if he were a sheep. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 23 1 h1x8 writing-poetry 0 General Information: In much of this psalm, David writes as if he were a sheep and the Lord were his shepherd. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor]]) PSA 23 1 t39n figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh is my shepherd The writer speaks about Yahweh as if he were a shepherd. This emphasizes how God cares for people as a shepherd cares for his sheep. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is like a shepherd to me” or “Yahweh cares for me as a shepherd cares for his sheep” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 23 1 gb7q figs-litotes 0 I will lack nothing This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “I have everything that I need” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) PSA 23 2 ez87 figs-metaphor 0 He makes me to lie down in green pastures The writer speaks about himself as if he were a sheep, and he speaks about Yahweh as if he were a shepherd. Alternate translation: He gives me rest like a shepherd who leads his sheep to lie down in green pastures” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 23 2 p2p4 figs-metaphor 0 he leads me beside tranquil water The writer speaks about himself as if he were a sheep, and he speaks about Yahweh as if he were a shepherd. Alternate translation: “he provides what I need like a shepherd who leads his sheep beside tranquil water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 23 2 l7sx 0 tranquil water “calm water” or “water that flows gently.” This water is safe to drink. PSA 23 3 jdm7 figs-exmetaphor 0 General Information: This psalm continues to tell about how God cares for us as a shepherd cares for his sheep. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor]]) PSA 23 3 ic3m 0 He brings back my life This means God makes a person who is weak and tired to be strong and rested again. PSA 23 3 nx5d figs-metaphor 0 he guides me along right paths Showing a person how to live in a way that pleases God is spoken of as if it were a shepherd showing a sheep the right path to take. Alternate translation: “He shows me how to live right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 23 3 ta7y figs-metonymy 0 for his name’s sake The phrase “his name” here refers to his reputation. Alternate translation: “for his reputation” or “so that people will honor him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 23 4 a7b6 figs-exmetaphor 0 General Information: This psalm continues to tell about how God cares for us as a shepherd cares for his sheep. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor]]) PSA 23 4 fi66 figs-metaphor 0 Even though I walk through a valley of darkest shadow The writer describes a person experiencing terrible trouble as if he were a sheep walking through a dark and dangerous valley. There a sheep could get lost or attacked by a wild animal. Alternate translation: “Though my life is like walking through a dark and dangerous valley” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 23 4 me3c figs-abstractnouns 0 I will not fear harm The abstract noun “harm” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “I will not be afraid of something harming me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 23 4 hqa2 figs-you 0 you are with me Here “you” refers to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) PSA 23 4 yre6 figs-metonymy 0 your rod and your staff comfort me The rod and staff represent protection because shepherds use them to protect their sheep from danger. Alternate translation: “I am not afraid because you protect me like a shepherd who protects his sheep with his rod and staff” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 23 5 ksk5 figs-exmetaphor 0 General Information: Now the writer tells how God is like someone who welcomes a guest into his home and protects him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor]]) PSA 23 5 nqn4 figs-metonymy 0 You prepare a table A table represents a feast because people would put all the food on a table. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 23 5 b3bs 0 in the presence of my enemies The meaning here is that the writer is not worried about his enemies because he is an honored guest of the Lord and therefore protected from harm. Alternate translation: “despite the presence of my enemies” PSA 23 5 hh1r 0 anointed my head with oil People sometimes put oil on their guests’ heads in order to honor them. PSA 23 5 w1iw figs-idiom 0 my cup runs over Here a cup of wine that overflows represents many blessings. Alternate translation: “You fill my cup so much that it overflows” or “You give me many blessings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 23 6 y8zc figs-metaphor 0 Surely goodness and covenant faithfulness will pursue me Yahweh being good and faithful to a person is spoken of as if goodness and covenant faithfulness are things that pursue after a person. The abstract nouns “goodness” and “faithfulness” can be translated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “Surely you will be good and faithful to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 23 6 ep2g figs-abstractnouns 0 all the days of my life The abstract noun “life” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “as long as I live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 23 6 u2bl 0 the house of Yahweh This could mean: (1) this refers to Yahweh’s eternal home, or (2) this refers to Yahweh’s temple in Jerusalem. If possible, translate it so that both meanings could be understood. PSA 23 6 u53m figs-idiom 0 for the length of my days This idiom refers to the duration of his life. Alternate translation: “as long as I live” or “forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 24 intro cw5j 0 # Psalm 024 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 24 is a psalm of praise to God as the almighty God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/almighty]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Righteous people<br>Only the righteous come to worship God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br>### Rhetorical Questions<br>The psalmists uses several rhetorical questions. Each question forms a unit with a response. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 24 1 nne9 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 24 1 hma5 figs-abstractnouns 0 its fullness The abstract noun “fullness” can be stated with the verb “fills.” Alternate translation: “everything that fills it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 24 2 v6lt figs-parallelism 0 For he has founded it upon the seas and established it on the rivers Here “founded it upon the seas” and “established it on the rivers” mean basically the same thing. The Hebrews of that time believed their land was supported by the oceans and deep underground rivers. Alternate translation: For he formed its foundation on the seas and built it on the deep waters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 24 2 d2bq 0 the seas … the rivers These phrases are used together to refer to the huge deep ocean below the earth. PSA 24 2 h6kl 0 on the rivers Alternate translation: “the water that is deep below” PSA 24 3 e3ya figs-parallelism 0 Who will ascend the mountain … in his holy place? Both of these questions mean basically the same thing. The speaker is asking about who is allowed to go and worship Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 24 3 bda3 0 will ascend Alternate translation: “will go up” or “will climb” PSA 24 3 mz8v 0 the mountain of Yahweh This refers to Mount Zion in Jerusalem. PSA 24 3 vj27 0 his holy place This refers Yahweh’s temple. His temple is on Mount Zion in Jerusalem. PSA 24 4 g1lm figs-genericnoun 0 He who has … who has … and has not Here “He” does not refer to a specific person. Alternate translation: “Those who have … who have … and have not” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) PSA 24 4 vsk8 figs-metonymy 0 who has clean hands The word “hands” represents what a person does. For his “hands” to be clean means he does what is right. Alternate translation: “who does what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 24 4 ikc9 figs-metonymy 0 a pure heart Here “heart” represents a person’s thoughts or motives. Alternate translation: “thinks good thoughts” or “does not think about doing what is wrong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 24 4 u76e figs-metonymy 0 who has not lifted up a falsehood Here “falsehood” represents a false idol. To “lift up” means to worship. Alternate translation: “who has not worshiped an idol” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 24 5 z3wj figs-genericnoun 0 He will receive a blessing from Yahweh The word “he” does not refer to a specific person. It refers to the ones with pure hearts mentioned in previous verse. The abstract noun “blessing” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will bless them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 24 5 bc4f figs-abstractnouns 0 righteousness from the God of his salvation The abstract noun “righteousness” can be stated as “righteously.” And, “salvation” can be stated as “save.” Alternate translation: “God will deal righteously with him and save him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 24 6 n5aj figs-metonymy 0 Such is the generation of those who seek him Here “generation” represents people in general. Alternate translation: “The people who seek him are like this” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 24 6 h9nq figs-parallelism 0 those who seek him, those who seek the face of the God of Jacob Both statements mean the same thing. They both refer to those who go to the temple to worship God. Alternate translation: “the ones who approach God, they are the ones who may worship God, the one we Israelites worship” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 24 6 fbc7 figs-metaphor 0 those who seek him Going to the temple to worship Yahweh is spoken of as if the person is literally seeking to find him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 24 6 tsi7 figs-synecdoche 0 the face of the God of Jacob Here “face” stands for the whole person. Alternate translation: “the God of Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 24 7 yi4r figs-parallelism 0 Lift up your heads, you gates; be lifted up, everlasting doors The two phases are very similar in meaning. The words “gates” and “doors” refer to the gates of the temple. The writer is speaking to the gates as if they were a person. A gatekeeper would be the one to open the gates. Alternate translation: “Open up, you ancient gates” or “Open these ancient gates” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 24 7 z61a figs-synecdoche 0 Lift up your heads It is uncertain what specific part of the gate is the “head.” But, it stands for the gate as a whole. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 24 8 bp2e figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh, strong and mighty; Yahweh, mighty in battle The writer speaks about Yahweh as if he were a mighty warrior who fights in battles. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 24 9 hl69 figs-parallelism 0 Lift up your heads, you gates; be lifted up, everlasting doors The two phases are very similar in meaning. The words “gates” and “doors” refer to the gates of the temple. The writer is speaking to the gates as if they were a person. A gatekeeper would be the one to open the gates. See how you translated this in [Psalms 24:7](../024/007.md). Alternate translation: “Open up, you ancient gates” or “Open these ancient gates” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 24 9 fk49 figs-synecdoche 0 Lift up your heads It is uncertain what specific part of the gate is the “head.” But, it stands for the gate as a whole. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 25 intro utp4 0 # Psalm 025 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 25 is a prayer for God’s help.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### The humble<br>God is very good to humble people who seek to obey him. PSA 25 1 sq2m writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 25 1 z3ls figs-metaphor 0 I lift up my life The phrase “lift up my life” is a metaphor. This could mean: (1) the writer is giving himself to Yahweh, which means he is completely depending on Yahweh. Alternate translation: “I give myself to you” or (2) he is offering prayer and adoration to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “I worship and adore you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 25 2 m2b6 figs-activepassive 0 Do not let me be humiliated This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Do not let my enemies humiliate me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 25 2 ff1t figs-idiom 0 rejoice triumphantly over me “rejoice in triumph over me.” The phrase “over me” implies that his enemies have defeated him and stand above in victory. Alternate translation: “defeat me and rejoice about it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 25 3 jw7y figs-explicit 0 May no one who hopes in you be disgraced “Do not let those who hope in you be disgraced.” Disgrace could come from being defeated by their enemies. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Do not let enemies defeat those who hope in you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 25 3 haz8 0 who hopes in you Alternate translation: “who trusts you” PSA 25 3 r1zd 0 act treacherously Alternate translation: “act deceitfully” or “act with trickery” PSA 25 3 le6f 0 without cause Alternate translation: “without a reason” PSA 25 4 a1rg figs-parallelism 0 Make known to me your ways, Yahweh; teach me your paths Both statements mean the same thing. God teaching a person how they should behave is spoken of as if he were showing a person the correct path on which a person should travel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 25 5 ji5y 0 I hope in you Alternate translation: “I depend on you” or “I wait patiently for you” PSA 25 5 t3bw figs-doublet 0 Guide me into your truth and teach me Guide and teach mean the same thing, to give instruction. Alternate translation: “Instruct me to conduct my life by obeying your truth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 25 5 zz1y figs-abstractnouns 0 the God of my salvation The abstract noun “salvation” can be stated as “saves.” Alternate translation: “the one who saves me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 25 6 f922 figs-idiom 0 Call to mind This is an idiom. This does not mean God forgot something. The writer is asking God to think about and consider his acts of compassion and faithfulness. Alternate translation: “Remember” or “Think about” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 25 6 uw7b figs-abstractnouns 0 your acts of compassion and of covenant faithfulness The abstract nouns “compassion” and “faithfulness” can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “how you have been compassionate and faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 25 6 y7a2 figs-personification 0 for they have always existed Here “they” personifies God’s compassion and covenant faithfulness. Alternate translation: “for that is how you have always been” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 25 7 ym66 figs-abstractnouns 0 Do not think about the sins of my youth The abstract noun “sins” can be stated as “sinned.” Alternate translation: “Do not think about how I sinned against you when I was young” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 25 7 ayg8 figs-abstractnouns 0 or my rebelliousness The abstract noun “rebelliousness” can be stated as “rebelled.” Alternate translation: or about how I have rebelled against you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 25 7 rmx6 figs-idiom 0 Call me to mind This is an idiom. This does not mean God forgot something. The writer is asking God to think about him. Alternate translation: “Remember me” or “Think about me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 25 7 dzp2 figs-abstractnouns 0 with covenant faithfulness because of your goodness The abstract nouns “faithfulness” and “goodness” can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “and be faithful to me because of your covenant, because you are good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 25 8 fe3c figs-metaphor 0 the way How God wants a person to behave is spoken of as if it were a way or path on which a person travels. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 25 9 sd77 figs-nominaladj 0 the humble This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “humble people” or “those who are humble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 25 9 g5rh figs-metaphor 0 his way How God wants a person to behave is spoken of as if it were a way or path on which a person travels. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 25 10 y1ce figs-metaphor 0 All the paths of Yahweh are steadfast love and faithfulness The word “paths” is a metaphor for ways. Alternate translation: “Yahweh always loves us because of his covenant and he is always trustworthy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 25 11 i29u figs-metonymy 0 For your name’s sake The phrase “your name” here refers to Yahweh’s reputation. Alternate translation: “For your reputation” or “So that people will honor you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 25 11 zdw5 figs-abstractnouns 0 pardon my sin, for it is great The abstract noun “sin” can be stated as “sinned.” Alternate translation: “please forgive me, for I have sinned much” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 25 12 uen3 figs-rquestion 0 Who is the man who fears Yahweh? This question introduces “the man who fears Yahweh” as a new topic. Alternate translation: “I will tell you about the man who fears Yahweh.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 25 12 r5gg figs-genericnoun 0 is the man who fears … instruct him … he should These words refer to any person who fears Yahweh, not a specific person. Alternate translation: “are those who fear … instruct them … they should” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) PSA 25 12 e57l figs-metaphor 0 The Lord will instruct him in the way that he should choose Yahweh teaching people how they should behave is spoken of as if Yahweh were teaching the people what way or path they should travel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 25 13 vwm7 figs-genericnoun 0 His life … his descendants These words refer to any person who fears Yahweh, not a specific person. Alternate translation: “Their lives … their descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) PSA 25 13 f8pb 0 His life will go along in goodness Alternate translation: “God will cause him to prosper” or “God will cause them to prosper” PSA 25 14 m7sj 0 The friendship of Yahweh is for those “Yahweh is a friend to those.” Some translate it as “Yahweh confides in those.” His confiding in them shows the intimate friendship he has with them. PSA 25 15 utj9 figs-metonymy 0 My eyes are always on Yahweh Here “eyes” represents looking. It is implied that he looks to Yahweh for help. Alternate translation: “I always look to Yahweh to help me” or “I always depend on Yahweh to help me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 25 15 mb6a figs-metaphor 0 for he will free my feet from the net A net is a trap. A person who is in danger is spoken of as if their feet are tangled in a net. Alternate translation: He will rescue me from danger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 25 16 jm85 figs-metaphor 0 Turn toward me Yahweh paying attention to a person and considering him is spoken of as if Yahweh were physically turning towards the person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 25 17 lu85 figs-metonymy 0 The troubles of my heart are enlarged Here “heart” represents a person’s emotions. Alternate translation: “I feel more and more troubled” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 25 17 t6l8 figs-metaphor 0 draw me out from my distress “bring me out of my distress.” This speaks of distress as if it were a place that a person can be brought out of. Alternate translation: “rescue me from my distress” or “relieve me of my distress” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 25 17 px9i figs-abstractnouns 0 my distress The word “distress” is an abstract noun. Alternate translation: “the things that distress me” or “the things that cause me to be afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 25 18 gp57 0 See my affliction Alternate translation: “Notice my affliction” PSA 25 18 kwp4 figs-abstractnouns 0 my affliction The abstract noun “affliction” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “the things that afflict me” or “how afflicted I am” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 25 18 my25 figs-abstractnouns 0 my toils The word “toils” is an abstract noun. Alternate translation: “the things that trouble me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 25 19 it1s 0 they hate me with cruel hatred Alternate translation: “they hate me cruelly” or “they hate me fiercely” PSA 25 20 zk7e figs-activepassive 0 do not let me be humiliated This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Do not let my enemies humiliate me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 25 20 y36b figs-metaphor 0 take refuge in you! Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “go to you for protection!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 25 21 b36j figs-personification 0 May integrity and uprightness preserve me This speaks about “integrity” and “uprightness” as if they were persons who could keep another person safe. These abstract nouns can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “May being honest and doing what is right preserve me” or “Preserve me, Lord, because I am honest and do what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 25 21 d4fj 0 preserve me Alternate translation: “keep me safe” PSA 25 22 vj9z 0 Rescue Israel Alternate translation: “Save Israel” or “Redeem Israel” PSA 25 22 msf4 figs-metonymy 0 Israel … his troubles Here “Israel” represents the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel … our troubles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 26 intro q9dz 0 # Psalm 026 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 26 is a teaching psalm; showing people how they should live by the example of the psalmsist.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Praise<br>The psalmist delights in praising God and doing good deeds. It is striking how this psalm uses the first person pronoun. This is an individual psalm of petition. Each of the four petitions are accompanied with various claims. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/works]]) PSA 26 1 h9z4 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 26 1 b9cq figs-metaphor 0 I have walked The word “walked” is a metaphor for behavior. Alternate translation: “I have behaved” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 26 1 am7u figs-123person 0 in Yahweh The third person use of “Yahweh” can be stated in the second person. Alternate translation: “in you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) PSA 26 1 a4v9 figs-metaphor 0 without wavering Doubting is spoken of as if it were losing balance and waving back and forth. Alternate translation: “without doubting” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 26 2 zxg5 0 Examine me Alternate translation: “Try me” PSA 26 2 iqe7 figs-doublet 0 test the purity of my inner parts and my heart Here “inner parts” and “heart” mean motives. Alternate translation: “test whether my motives are good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 26 3 qc7g figs-metaphor 0 For your covenant faithfulness is before my eyes Here “eyes” represent a person’s thoughts and having something before one’s eyes represents being aware of that thing. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “For I am always aware of your covenant faithfulness” or “For I am always aware that you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 26 3 am2g figs-metaphor 0 I walk about in your faithfulness The word “walk” is a metaphor for behavior. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “I conduct my life according to your faithfulness” or “I behave the way I do because you are faithful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 26 4 b17j 0 I do not associate with Alternate translation: “I do not keep company with” or “I do not sit with” PSA 26 4 j2s7 0 with deceitful people Alternate translation: “with those who deceive others” PSA 26 4 u6k2 figs-parallelism 0 nor do I mingle with dishonest people This means the same as the first part of the sentence. Alternate translation: “and I do not join with dishonest people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 26 4 t3xy 0 dishonest people Alternate translation: “hypocrites” or “those who lie to others” PSA 26 5 hc11 0 the assembly of evildoers Alternate translation: “those who gather to do evil” PSA 26 5 ees1 figs-nominaladj 0 the wicked This is a nominal adjective. Alternate translation: “wicked people” or “those who are wicked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 26 6 idg7 translate-symaction 0 I wash my hands in innocence This seems to refer to a ritual washing of hands in water to symbolize freedom from sin and guilt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) PSA 26 6 u7rx 0 I go around your altar This was an action of worship that the Israelites were accustomed to doing. PSA 26 8 ywm8 0 the house where you live This could mean: (1) if a person wrote this after the time of David, then the writer is referring to the temple in Jerusalem or (2) if David wrote this, then this refers to the tent that God told his people to set up so that they could worship him there. PSA 26 8 adz5 figs-metonymy 0 the place where your glory lives Here “glory” represents the presence and power of God, which is similar to a very bright light. Alternate translation: “the place where people can see the glorious light of your presence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 26 9 k89i figs-metaphor 0 Do not sweep me away with sinners “Sweep away” here is a metaphor for destruction. Alternate translation: “Do not destroy me along with sinners” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 26 9 gb7w figs-ellipsis 0 or my life The word “sweep” is understood. Alternate translation: “or sweep my life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 26 9 dsi8 figs-metonymy 0 people who are bloodthirsty The word “bloodthirsty” represents wanting to kill people. Alternate translation: “people who are eager to shed others’ blood” or “murderers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 26 10 gku4 figs-synecdoche 0 in whose hands “Hands” refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “people in which” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 26 10 g7rx 0 a plot Alternate translation: “a wicked plan” PSA 26 11 qm5d 0 But as for me This phrase shows that the writer is changing from speaking about wicked people to talking about himself. PSA 26 11 vu5m figs-metaphor 0 I will walk in integrity “Walk” here is a metaphor for behavior. Alternate translation: “I will behave with integrity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 26 12 xe4n figs-synecdoche 0 My foot stands Here “foot” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I stand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 26 12 apj3 figs-metaphor 0 level ground Here, **level ground** could mean: (1) a safe place or (2) right behavior (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 26 12 p8c6 0 in the assemblies will I bless Yahweh Alternate translation: “when I gather with the people of Israel I will praise you” PSA 27 intro ru1e 0 # Psalm 027 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 27 is a psalm of praise to God because God keeps the psalmist safe from all his enemies.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s help<br>Because of God’s help, he has nothing to fear, no matter what happens. The psalmist shows his confidence in God; he also asks God for help. PSA 27 1 cx3f writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 27 1 pgd5 figs-metonymy 0 Yahweh is my light Here “light” represents life. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is the source of my life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 27 1 f2iu figs-rquestion 0 whom should I fear? This question emphasizes that there is no one that David should fear. Alternate translation: “I will not be afraid of anyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 27 1 gdw7 figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh is my life’s refuge This speaks about Yahweh as if he were a place where people can go for safety. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is the one who keeps me safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 27 1 b7ym figs-rquestion 0 whom should I dread? This question emphasizes that there is no one that David should be afraid of. Alternate translation: “I will not dread anyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 27 2 b8ta figs-metaphor 0 to devour my flesh Destroying someone completely is spoken of as if it were devouring a person’s flesh. He did not mean that they wanted to eat his body. Alternate translation: “to destroy me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 27 2 afd9 figs-doublet 0 my adversaries and my enemies These words mean the same thing. These are the evildoers who came near to him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 27 2 gj21 figs-metaphor 0 stumbled and fell This represents the writer’s enemies failing to fulfill their plans to harm the writer. Alternate translation: “did not succeed” or “failed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 27 3 a7hp 0 Though an army encamps against me Alternate translation: “though an army surrounds me” or “though an army puts its tents around me” PSA 27 3 nqv6 figs-synecdoche 0 my heart will not fear Here “heart” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I will not be afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 27 3 bf9y figs-metaphor 0 though war rises up against me The writer’s enemies are spoken of as if they themselves were a war. Alternate translation: “though my enemies come to fight against me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 27 3 z488 0 I will remain confident Alternate translation: “I will continue to trust God to help me” PSA 27 4 p5pc 0 have I asked of Yahweh Alternate translation: “I have asked Yahweh to let me do” PSA 27 4 vpq5 figs-metaphor 0 I will seek that A person really wanting something and continually asking God for it is spoken of as if he were seeking to find something. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 27 4 gb9g figs-metaphor 0 to see the beauty of Yahweh The wonderful character of God is spoken of as if it were physical beauty. Alternate translation: “to see how wonderful Yahweh is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 27 4 c2a9 0 to meditate in his temple This could mean: (1) “to ask God what he wants me to do” or (2) “to think carefully about God in his temple.” PSA 27 5 cv9f 0 in the day of trouble Alternate translation: “in times of trouble” or “when I have troubles” PSA 27 5 vjd7 0 he will hide me Alternate translation: “he will protect me” PSA 27 5 cc6r figs-parallelism 0 his shelter … his tent Both of these refer to the tabernacle where the writer is worshiping God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 27 5 mz3d 0 in the cover of his tent The word “cover” represents something that hides and protects. PSA 27 5 j6tu figs-metaphor 0 He will lift me high on a rock God keeping the writer safe from his enemies is spoken of as if God were placing him on a high rock where his enemies cannot reach him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 27 6 a3t2 figs-metonymy 0 my head will be lifted up above my enemies This represents the writer receiving pride or honor when he defeats his enemies. It can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people will honor me when I win the fight against my enemies” or “God will honor me by enabling me to defeat my enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 27 7 p3lq figs-metonymy 0 Hear, Yahweh, my voice The “voice” often represents a person who speak or calls out. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, hear me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 27 7 q1ev figs-explicit 0 answer me This implies that Yahweh hears the writer’s prayer and Yahweh will do what the writer asks. Alternate translation: “answer my prayer” or “do what I request of you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 27 8 jx52 figs-metonymy 0 My heart says Here “heart” represents a person’s mind or thoughts. Alternate translation: “In my heart I say” or “I say to myself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 27 8 kc98 figs-metaphor 0 Seek his face A person going to the temple to pray to Yahweh is spoken of as if the person were seeking to find Yahweh. Here “face” represents all of God. Alternate translation: “Go and pray to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 27 8 lv4r figs-metaphor 0 I seek your face, Yahweh A person going to the temple to pray to Yahweh is spoken of as if the person were seeking to find Yahweh. Here “face” represents all of God. Alternate translation: “I will come to your temple to pray to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 27 9 uv72 figs-metonymy 0 Do not hide your face from me The face here represents Yahweh’s attention, and hiding the face represents rejecting someone. Alternate translation: “Do not reject me” or “Do not stop taking care of me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 27 9 n49l figs-123person 0 do not turn your servant away in anger David said “your servant” to refer to himself in a humble way. Alternate translation: “do not be angry with me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) PSA 27 9 p7vh figs-doublet 0 forsake me or abandon me The words “forsake” and “abandon” mean the same thing. The writer is emphasizing that he does not want God to leave him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 27 9 j546 figs-ellipsis 0 or abandon me The words “and do not” are understood. Alternate translation: “and do not abandon me” or “and do not leave me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 27 9 sm12 figs-abstractnouns 0 God of my salvation The abstract noun “salvation” can be stated as “saves.” Alternate translation: God who saves me” or “because you are the God who saves me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 27 10 w897 figs-hypo 0 Even if my father and my mother forsake me “Even if my father and my mother were to forsake me.” He is not saying that they actually have done this or that they would do it. His point is that even if they did that, God would not abandon him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) PSA 27 10 n75n 0 Yahweh will take me in Alternate translation: “Yahweh will keep me” or “Yahweh will take care of me” PSA 27 11 z7b8 figs-metaphor 0 Teach me your way How a person should behave is spoken of as if it were a way or path that person should travel. Alternate translation: “Teach me how you want me to live” or “Teach me to do what you want me to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 27 11 r72j figs-metaphor 0 Lead me on a level path Yahweh keeping the writer safe from his enemies is spoken of as if Yahweh leads the writer on a level path where he will not stumble and fall. Alternate translation: “Keep me safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 27 12 gs3s figs-abstractnouns 0 Do not give me up to the desires of my enemies The abstract noun “desires” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “Do not let my enemies do to me what they desire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 27 12 s7ry figs-idiom 0 have risen up against me “Risen up” here is an idiom meaning that a witness stood in court to present testimony. Alternate translation: “have stood up in order to speak against me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 27 12 ez4n figs-metaphor 0 they breathe out violence Here violence is spoken for as if it was something a person could breathe out. Alternate translation: “they say that they will do violent things to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 27 13 ts3j figs-rquestion 0 What would have happened to me This rhetorical question can be stated positively. Alternate translation: “Something bad would have happened to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 27 13 c72l figs-abstractnouns 0 the goodness of Yahweh The abstract noun “goodness” can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “the good things that Yahweh does” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 27 13 wld8 figs-idiom 0 in the land of the living This refers to being alive. Alternate translation: “while I am alive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 27 14 g4pq 0 Wait for Yahweh … Wait for Yahweh! This verse may be: (1) the writer speaking to himself or (2) the writer speaking to others or (3) someone speaking to the writer. PSA 27 14 m8gs figs-synecdoche 0 let your heart be courageous Here “heart” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “be courageous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 27 14 yng1 0 Wait for Yahweh! This line is repeated at the end of the psalm as a way of ending the psalm. PSA 28 intro a18t 0 # Psalm 028 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 28 is a psalm of prayer to God that he is not be punished along with the wicked people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Trust<br>The psalmist trusted God completely and God rescued him. This is similar to psalm 7 and 17 because it is an individual lament psalm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lament]]) PSA 28 1 p6ea writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 28 1 t7sd 0 I cry out Alternate translation: “I call out loudly” PSA 28 1 vx2c figs-metaphor 0 my rock This is a metaphor for strength. Alternate translation: “my strength” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 28 1 y82h 0 do not ignore me Alternate translation: “do not be silent to me” or “do not leave me alone” PSA 28 1 y255 figs-metaphor 0 I will join those who go down to the grave People who die are spoken of as if they are going down into the grave. Alternate translation: “I will die like those who are in the grave” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 28 2 i4h9 figs-metonymy 0 Hear the sound of my pleading Here “sound” refers to the content of his request. Alternate translation: “Hear my strong request” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 28 2 t7ig translate-symaction 0 I lift up my hands toward your most holy place Lifting up hands is a symbol of worship. The writer is not worshiping the holy place, but Yahweh who lives in the holy place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) PSA 28 2 a92a 0 your most holy place This could mean: (1) if David wrote this, then this refers to the tent that God told his people to set up so that they could worship him there, or (2) if a person wrote this after the time of David, then the writer is referring to the temple in Jerusalem. PSA 28 3 r4t6 figs-metaphor 0 Do not drag me away God punishing people is spoken of as if he physically drags them away. In this metaphor Yahweh may be dragging them to prison, exile, or death. Alternate translation: “Do not remove me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 28 3 y9zp 0 who speak peace with their neighbors Here “neighbors” refers to people in general. Alternate translation: “who speak peacefully with other people” PSA 28 3 y46g figs-metonymy 0 but have evil in their hearts Here “hearts” represents a person’s mind or thoughts. Alternate translation: “but are thinking something evil about them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 28 4 g3b9 figs-parallelism 0 Give them what their deeds deserve … repay them what their wickedness demands These two phrases mean the same thing. They are used together to emphasize that they deserve for God to punish them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 28 4 z39d figs-metonymy 0 the work of their hands Here “hands” represent what the person has done. Alternate translation: “the things they have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 28 4 d21y 0 render to them their due Alternate translation: “give them what they deserve” PSA 28 5 vma7 0 Because they do not understand … never rebuild them This could mean: (1) David is confident about what God will do to wicked people or (2) David is asking God to destroy the wicked people. PSA 28 5 b1cw figs-explicit 0 they do not understand the deeds of Yahweh It is implied that “do not understand” means they ignore or do not honor Yahweh’s works. Alternate translation: “they do not regard with honor what Yahweh has done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 28 5 a757 figs-metonymy 0 the work of his hands Here “hands” represents what Yahweh has done or created. Alternate translation: “what he has created” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 28 5 uqh3 figs-metaphor 0 he will tear them down and never rebuild them The punishment of the wicked people is spoken of as if they were a building or a city that God would destroy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 28 6 jfr4 figs-metonymy 0 he has heard the sound of my pleading Here “sound” represents what the writer said. Alternate translation: “has heard what I said when I pleaded to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 28 7 g4ne figs-abstractnouns 0 Yahweh is my strength The abstract noun “strength” can be stated as “strong.” Alternate translation: “Yahweh makes me strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 28 7 vh7h figs-metaphor 0 my shield This represents Yahweh’s protecting the writer. Alternate translation: “he protects me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 28 7 r9jp figs-synecdoche 0 my heart trusts Here “heart” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I trust” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 28 7 bl9l figs-activepassive 0 I am helped This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he helps me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 28 7 uts5 figs-synecdoche 0 my heart greatly rejoices Here “heart” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I greatly rejoice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 28 8 pd6u figs-abstractnouns 0 Yahweh is the strength of his people The abstract noun “strength” can be stated as “strong.” Alternate translation: “Yahweh makes his people strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 28 8 vd99 figs-metaphor 0 he is the saving refuge of his anointed one Yahweh keeping the king safe is spoken of as if Yahweh were a place that the king could go for safety. Alternate translation: “he keeps safe the one he appointed to be king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 28 8 yh2k figs-metonymy 0 his anointed one The represents the king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 28 9 at1a figs-metaphor 0 your inheritance This speaks about the people of God as if they were something God inherited. Alternate translation: “your possession” or “those who belong to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 28 9 e7e7 figs-metaphor 0 Be their shepherd and carry them forever The writer speaks about Yahweh as if he were a shepherd and the people are his sheep. A shepherd would carry a sheep if it needed help or protection. Alternate translation: “Be like their shepherd and protect them forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 29 intro b4tt 0 # Psalm 029 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 29 is a worship psalm. It tells how Yahweh rules all nature.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s power<br>God is powerful. All he has to do is to speak in order to control nature.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Metonymy<br><br>The voice of the Yahweh stands for Yahweh himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 29 1 kq7e writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 29 1 bc7z figs-idiom 0 you sons of God The phrase “sons of” is a way of saying “having the characteristics of.” Alternate translation: “you mighty men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 29 1 i354 figs-abstractnouns 0 ascribe to Yahweh glory and strength The abstract nouns “glory” and “strength” can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “praise Yahweh because he is glorious and strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 29 2 yv1p figs-abstractnouns 0 Ascribe to Yahweh the glory his name deserves The abstract noun “glory” can be stated as a verb or adjective. Alternate translation: “Honor Yahweh just as his name deserves” or “Proclaim that Yahweh is glorious just as his name deserves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 29 2 rcj6 figs-metonymy 0 his name deserves The phrase “his name” refers to Yahweh or his reputation. Alternate translation: “as is proper because of who he is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 29 2 e4f6 figs-explicit 0 Bow down to Yahweh The implied information is that the people were to bow down in worship. Alternate translation: “Bow down to worship Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) PSA 29 2 da1b figs-abstractnouns 0 in the splendor of holiness The abstract nouns “splendor” and “holiness” can be translated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “because he is gloriously beautiful and holy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 29 3 dml8 0 General Information: The psalm shows Yahweh’s power and glory. PSA 29 3 t9g6 figs-activepassive 0 The voice of Yahweh is heard over the waters God’s voice is louder and clearer than all other sounds and noises. It can be heard over other loud sounds such as the sound of the waters. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “When Yahweh speaks his voice is louder than the sound of the sea” or “Yahweh shouts louder than the sound of the waters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 29 3 z58f 0 over the waters This refers to the seas or the oceans. These waters make a very loud noise as the waves rise and fall. PSA 29 3 u41c figs-metonymy 0 The voice of Yahweh All occurrences of “voice” here represent Yahweh speaking. The writer is emphasizing that when Yahweh speaks, the sound is so loud it is heard over the waters, and it is so powerful it can destroy the largest trees. Alternate translation: “When Yahweh speaks, his voice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 29 3 b7zk figs-metaphor 0 the God of glory thunders This speaks about God speaking as if it were the sound of thunder. Just like the sound of thunder, Yahweh’s voice can be heard over large distances. Alternate translation: “The voice of the glorious God is loud like thunder” or “When the glorious God speaks it rumbles like thunder” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 29 3 srk7 0 over many waters Alternate translation: “over the large bodies of water” PSA 29 6 s8av 0 Connecting Statement: The writer continues describing the power of God’s voice. PSA 29 6 kdn3 figs-simile 0 He makes Lebanon skip like a calf The ground of Lebanon shaking is spoken of as if it were a young calf skipping. This emphasizes that when Yahweh speaks, the power of his voice shakes the ground. Alternate translation: “He makes the land of Lebanon shake like a calf skipping” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 29 6 y9uu 0 skip jump lightly back and forth PSA 29 6 war4 figs-ellipsis 0 Sirion like a young ox The words “he makes” and “skip” are understood from the first phrase. They can be repeated here. The ground of Sirion shaking is spoken of as if it were a young ox skipping. This emphasizes that when Yahweh speaks, the power of his voice shakes the ground. Alternate translation: “he makes Sirion skip like a young ox” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 29 6 n725 translate-names 0 Sirion This is a mountain in Lebanon. It is also called Mount Hermon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) PSA 29 7 wk16 figs-metonymy 0 The voice of Yahweh sends out flames of fire All occurrences of “voice” here represent Yahweh speaking. Alternate translation: “When Yahweh speaks he causes lightning to flash in the sky” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 29 7 rc8c 0 flames of fire This refers to lightning. PSA 29 9 ht1n figs-metonymy 0 The voice of Yahweh causes Here “voice” represents Yahweh speaking. Alternate translation: “When Yahweh speaks, the sound causes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 29 9 sqa7 0 the oaks to twist Alternate translation: “the large trees to shake” PSA 29 9 f33q figs-metaphor 0 strips the forests bare Removing the leaves of the trees is spoken of as if it was removing their clothing. Alternate translation: “strips off the leaves from the trees” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 29 10 mk7u figs-metonymy 0 Yahweh sits as king This means that Yahweh rules. Alternate translation: “Yahweh rules” or “Yahweh is king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 29 10 b6k6 0 over the flood Here “flood” refers to waters that cover the earth. PSA 29 11 vm7e figs-metonymy 0 Yahweh blesses his people with peace The word “peace” is an abstract noun. Alternate translation: “Yahweh blesses his people by causing them to prosper and to live peacefully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 30 intro eee3 0 # Psalm 030 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 30 is a psalm of praise and thanksgiving to God. The psalmist was near death but God rescued him.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### The psalmist’s death<br>If he had died, it would not have been a help to God. But since God rescued him he can praise God. PSA 30 1 iaj9 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 30 1 e8py 0 a song at the dedication of the temple Alternate translation: “This song was sung when the temple was dedicated” PSA 30 1 ig1t figs-metaphor 0 you have raised me up The writer speaks of God rescuing him and keeping him from dying as if God had drawn him up from a deep well. Alternate translation: “you rescued me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 30 3 gel6 figs-metonymy 0 brought up my soul from Sheol Since “Sheol” was the place where dead people go, it refers to death. Alternate translation: “kept me from dying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 30 3 sw64 figs-synecdoche 0 brought up my soul Here “my soul” refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “brought me up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 30 3 ryd7 figs-metonymy 0 from going down to the grave The “grave” represents death. Alternate translation: “from dying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 30 4 jui4 figs-abstractnouns 0 Give thanks when you remember his holiness The abstract nouns “thanks” and “holiness” can be stated as “thank” and “holy.” Alternate translation: “Remember that God is holy and thank him” or “Remember what God has done because he is holy and thank him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 30 5 n3py figs-abstractnouns 0 his anger is only for a moment “his anger lasts only a moment.” The abstract noun “anger” can be stated as “angry.” Alternate translation: “he is angry for only a moment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 30 5 ls29 figs-metonymy 0 a moment Here “moment” represents a short amount of time. Alternate translation: “a short time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 30 5 zm7v figs-abstractnouns 0 but his favor is for a lifetime The abstract noun “favor” can be stated as the adjective “good.” Alternate translation: “but he is good to us all of our lives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 30 5 vw11 figs-metaphor 0 Weeping comes for a night, but joy comes in the morning This speaks about “weeping” and “joy” as if they were something that travels and arrives at a certain time. Alternate translation: “We may cry during the night, but the next morning we will be joyful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 30 6 v3a5 figs-abstractnouns 0 In confidence The word “confidence” is an abstract noun. The writer recalls a time when he was prospering and felt confident and safe. Alternate translation: “When I was confident” or “When I felt safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 30 6 p1kl figs-metaphor 0 I will never be shaken The word “shaken” is a metaphor for defeat. Alternate translation: “No one will defeat me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 30 7 d155 figs-abstractnouns 0 by your favor The abstract noun “favor” can be stated as the verb “favored” or the adjective “kind.” Alternate translation: “when you favored me” or “when you were kind to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 30 7 m53d figs-metaphor 0 you established me as a strong mountain The writer’s security is spoken of as if he were a strong mountain. Alternate translation: “you made me as secure as a high mountain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 30 7 q4uk figs-idiom 0 when you hid your face This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “when you stopped helping me” or “when you rejected me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 30 7 y2rt 0 I was troubled Alternate translation: “I was fearful” or “I was worried” PSA 30 8 m69p figs-metaphor 0 sought favor from my Lord The phrase “sought favor” means to ask for help. Alternate translation: “I pleaded for you to help me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 30 8 n1hs figs-123person 0 from my Lord The writer is referring to Yahweh in third person. It can be stated in second person. Alternate translation: “from you, my Lord” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) PSA 30 9 npv8 figs-rquestion 0 What advantage is there in my death, if I go down to the grave? The writer uses this question to emphasize that he would be of no value to God if he were dead. Alternate translation: “There is no advantage if I die and go down to the grave.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 30 9 h9v9 figs-rquestion 0 Will the dust praise you? Will it declare your trustworthiness? The writer uses these questions to emphasize that his dead and decayed body cannot praise God. Alternate translation: “The dust will certainly not praise you or tell others about how trustworthy you are.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 30 9 ds6c figs-metonymy 0 the dust This refers to the body of the writer which will decay and become dust when he is dead. Alternate translation: “my decayed body” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 30 11 fh4q figs-abstractnouns 0 You have turned my mourning into dancing It was customary for the Jews to dance when they were very happy. The abstract nouns “mourning” and “dancing” can be stated as verbs. Alternate translation: “You have caused me to stop mourning and to dance with joy instead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 30 11 y5wj figs-metonymy 0 you have removed my sackcloth Sackcloth was associated with mourning and sorrow. Alternate translation: “You have caused me to no longer be sad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 30 11 l9jm figs-metaphor 0 clothed me with gladness The writer speaks of gladness as if it were a garment that he could put on. Alternate translation: “caused me to be glad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 30 12 b717 figs-synecdoche 0 my glory will sing praise to you Here “my glory” refers to the writer’s soul or heart or inner being. This represents the entire person of the writer, who worships God because God has made him glad. Alternate translation: “I will sing praise to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 31 intro j2an 0 # Psalm 031 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 31 is a psalm of deliverance. The psalmist’s enemies thought they had defeated him, but God protected him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Abandonment<br>Even though everyone deserted and despised the psalmist, God did not abandon him. PSA 31 1 ggk4 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 31 1 yu4y 0 For the chief musician Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship” PSA 31 1 fs4i figs-metaphor 0 In you, Yahweh, I take refuge Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “I go to you, Yahweh, for protection” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 31 1 f8jw figs-activepassive 0 never let me be humiliated This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “do not let others humiliate me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 31 2 x6bw figs-parallelism 0 be my rock of refuge, a stronghold to save me The phrase “be my rock of refuge” is a request for protection. The second phrase emphasizes the first phrase. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 31 2 tq1e figs-metaphor 0 my rock of refuge Yahweh is spoke of as if he were a huge rock that would protect the writer from attack. Alternate translation: “like a huge rock on which I can be safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 31 2 p9xb figs-metaphor 0 a stronghold to save me Yahweh is spoken of as if he were a strong fortress in which the writer would be protected from his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 31 3 m5q1 figs-metaphor 0 my rock Yahweh is spoke of as if he were a huge rock that would protect the writer from attack. Alternate translation: “like a huge rock on which I can be safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 31 3 d9h8 figs-metaphor 0 my fortress Yahweh is spoken of as if he were a strong fortress in which the writer would be protected from his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 31 3 kti8 figs-metonymy 0 for your name’s sake In this phrase “name” represents Yahweh. Alternate translation: “so that your name may be honored” or “so that I may worship you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 31 3 nm5d figs-doublet 0 lead and guide me The words “lead” and “guide” mean basically the same thing and strengthen the request that Yahweh lead him. Alternate translation: “lead me where you want me to go” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 31 4 xp2k figs-metaphor 0 Pluck me out of the net that they have hidden for me The writer is spoken of as if he were a bird caught in a hidden net, and waiting for Yahweh to free him from the trap. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 31 4 pg5z figs-metaphor 0 you are my refuge Yahweh is spoken of as if he is a place where the writer can hide from people who are attacking him. Alternate translation: “you always protect me” or “you give me constant protection” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 31 5 e3hz figs-personification 0 Into your hands God is spirit, but he is here spoken of as if he has hands. Here “your hands” refers to Yahweh’s care. Alternate translation: “Into your care” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 31 5 ez3i figs-synecdoche 0 I entrust my spirit Here “my spirit” refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “I place myself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 31 5 m7ux 0 God of trustworthiness Alternate translation: “you are a God I can trust” PSA 31 6 d1f4 figs-distinguish 0 I hate those who serve worthless idols Here the word “worthless” refers to all idols. This can be clarified in translation. Alternate translation: “Idols are worthless. I hate those who serve them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) PSA 31 7 z4ew figs-doublet 0 I will be glad and rejoice in your covenant faithfulness The words “glad” and “rejoice” share similar meanings and emphasize the intensity of joy. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “I will be very glad because you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 31 7 x1wl figs-parallelism 0 you saw my affliction … you knew the distress of my soul Both of these phrases express the idea that God knows about the writer’s troubles. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 31 7 ji14 figs-synecdoche 0 the distress of my soul Here “my soul” refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “my distress” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 31 8 x76g figs-synecdoche 0 You have set my feet Here “my feet” refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “You have set me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 31 8 d4bb figs-metaphor 0 a wide open place The Hebrews thought of wide open spaces as a metaphor for safety and freedom. Alternate translation: “a place where I am free” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 31 9 iv54 0 I am in distress Alternate translation: “I am suffering greatly” PSA 31 9 amp8 figs-synecdoche 0 my soul and my body The terms “soul” and “body” are used to describe the complete person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 31 10 p8pm figs-metonymy 0 For my life is weary Here “my life” refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “I have become very weak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 31 10 nw2b 0 with sorrow … with groaning Alternate translation: “because of my sorrow … because of my groaning” PSA 31 10 l7fj figs-ellipsis 0 my years with groaning The phrase “is weary” is missing, but is implied. Alternate translation: “my years are weary with groaning” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 31 10 a1r3 figs-metonymy 0 My strength fails Here “My strength” refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “I have become weak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 31 10 b5c7 figs-metonymy 0 my bones are wasting away Here “my bones” refers to the physical health of the writer. Alternate translation: “my health is failing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 31 11 n8g3 0 people disdain me Alternate translation: “people insult me” PSA 31 11 w86t 0 are appalled at my situation Alternate translation: “are shocked at my condition” PSA 31 12 w6b3 figs-simile 0 as a dead man whom no one thinks about People do not think about dead people. The writer does not think people think about him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 31 12 dnb7 figs-simile 0 like a broken pot The writer speaks of himself as if he was completely useless. “as useless as a broken pot” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 31 13 ll6r figs-ellipsis 0 the whispering of many It is implied that “many” refers to people. Alternate translation: “many people talking about me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 31 13 pf7q 0 terrifying news from every side Alternate translation: “scary reports from many sources” PSA 31 13 d84i figs-idiom 0 take away my life This idiom means to kill someone. Alternate translation: “kill me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 31 15 pr1h figs-metonymy 0 My times are in your hand Here “your hand” refers to Yahweh’s power. Alternate translation: “You have the power to decide my future” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 31 15 c577 0 from those who pursue me Alternate translation: “from people who try to capture me” PSA 31 16 x22n figs-metaphor 0 Make your face shine on your servant The writer speaks of Yahweh acting favorably towards him as if Yahweh’s face shone a light on him. Alternate translation: “Act favorably towards your servant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 31 16 hjf7 figs-abstractnouns 0 save me in your covenant faithfulness The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “save me because you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 31 17 fg5c figs-activepassive 0 Do not let me be humiliated This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Do not let others make me feel ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 31 17 vud9 0 May the wicked be humiliated! Alternate translation: “I wish that God would disgrace wicked people!” PSA 31 17 mw8m figs-nominaladj 0 the wicked This refers to “wicked people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 31 17 n96w figs-metonymy 0 May they be silent in Sheol Here “in Sheol” represents death. Alternate translation: “Let them die so they cannot speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 31 18 rvr4 figs-activepassive 0 May lying lips be silenced This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “May someone make these lying lips silent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 31 18 jqf6 figs-metonymy 0 lying lips These represent lying people. Alternate translation: “people who lie” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 31 18 dig8 figs-nominaladj 0 that speak against the righteous defiantly Here “the righteous” refers to people who are righteous. Alternate translation: “that say terrible things about righteous people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 31 18 r22l 0 with arrogance and contempt These terms have similar meanings. Alternate translation: “with a complete lack of respect” PSA 31 19 c7i2 figs-abstractnouns 0 is your goodness This can be expressed with a verb. Alternate translation: “are the good things you do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 31 19 dge4 figs-metaphor 0 that you have stored up Yahweh’s goodness is spoken of as if it was something that could be stored up like a harvest. Alternate translation: “that you are keeping ready to use” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 31 19 ld4z 0 those who revere you Alternate translation: “those who respect you greatly” PSA 31 19 iu38 figs-metaphor 0 take refuge in you Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. See how you translated this in [Psalms 31:1](../031/001.md). Alternate translation: “those who go to you for protection” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 31 20 q6pa figs-parallelism 0 In the shelter of your presence, you hide them … You hide them in a shelter These phrases both mean that God protects them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 31 20 v252 figs-metaphor 0 In the shelter Yahweh’s presence is spoken of as if it is a strong building where the writer would be safe. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 31 20 dx2q figs-metonymy 0 You hide them in a shelter Here a “shelter” represents a safe place. Alternate translation: “You provide a safe place for them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 31 20 jre5 figs-metonymy 0 from the violence of tongues Here “tongues” refer to the people who are speaking violent things against the writer. Alternate translation: “where their enemies cannot speak evil at them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 31 21 jkp6 figs-abstractnouns 0 he showed me his marvelous covenant faithfulness The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “he showed me that he is wonderfully faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 31 22 uq2j figs-activepassive 0 I am cut off from your eyes This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “You have removed me from your presence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 31 22 aku2 figs-synecdoche 0 your eyes Here Yahweh is represented by his “eyes.” Alternate translation: “you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 31 22 pa4l figs-abstractnouns 0 you heard my plea for help Here “plea” can be expressed with a verb. Alternate translation: “you heard me plead for help” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 31 23 a8kd figs-nominaladj 0 the faithful This refers to the faithful people. Alternate translation: “the people who are faithful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 31 23 el6y figs-idiom 0 he pays back the arrogant in full Here “pay back” is an idiom that refers to punishment. Alternate translation: “he gives the proud people all of the punishment that they deserve” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 32 intro le2f 0 # Psalm 032 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 32 is a psalm of confession of sin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/confess]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Confession of sin<br>This psalm tells of the sorrow of unconfessed sin; it also tells of the blessing of confession and of receiving God’s forgiveness. It is such a blessing when God forgives sin. Trouble comes when sin is hidden and not confessed. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/forgive]]) PSA 32 1 w4yz writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 32 1 tgw8 0 A psalm of David This could mean: (1) David wrote the psalm or (2) the psalm is about David or (3) the psalm is in the style of David’s psalms. PSA 32 1 pzp9 figs-parallelism 0 whose transgression is forgiven, whose sin is covered These phrases have similar meanings. They can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “who God forgives his transgression and covers his sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 32 1 sch5 figs-metaphor 0 whose sin is covered Here sin that is forgiven is spoken of as if it were covered so that it can not be seen. Alternate translation: “whose sin is ignored” or “whose sin is deliberately forgotten” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 32 2 k682 figs-activepassive 0 to whom Yahweh reckons no guilt This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “whom Yahweh sees as innocent” or “who is not guilty according to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 32 2 m29u figs-synecdoche 0 in whose spirit there is no deceit Here “spirit” refers to the person. Alternate translation: “in whom there is not deceit” or “who is completely honest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 32 3 s6cx figs-synecdoche 0 my bones were wasting away Here “my bones” refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “I was wasting away” or “I was getting weaker” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 32 3 svq8 figs-idiom 0 all day long This idiom means “continually.” Alternate translation: “all the time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 32 4 j9jl figs-merism 0 day and night These extremes include everything in between. Alternate translation: “all the time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) PSA 32 4 xw1r figs-synecdoche 0 your hand was heavy upon me Here “hand” refers to Yahweh. The entire phrase is an idiom that means “you afflicted me.” Alternate translation: “you made me suffer greatly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 32 4 fkc1 figs-simile 0 My strength withered as in summer drought David’s strength is compared to a small, green plant that turns brown and crumbles in the dry season. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 32 6 rpw8 0 at a time of great distress Alternate translation: “when they are in great trouble.” PSA 32 6 yl7l figs-metaphor 0 When the surging waters overflow, the waters will not reach them Difficulties are spoken of as if they were a flood of water. Alternate translation: “Then when difficulties come like a flood of water, those people will be safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 32 7 r54z figs-metaphor 0 You are my hiding place Yahweh is spoken of as if he was a safe place from the attacks of the writer’s enemies. Alternate translation: “You are like a place where I can hide myself from my enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 32 7 u3z7 figs-metaphor 0 You will surround me with the songs of victory This metaphor apparently means that Yahweh’s protection of the writer is the cause for songs of victory to be sung. Alternate translation: “Because of you I will sing songs of victory” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 32 8 x1lw figs-doublet 0 I will instruct you and teach you in the way The words “instruct” and “teach” mean basically the same thing and emphasize careful instruction. Alternate translation: “I will teach you everything about the way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 32 8 mh9j 0 I will instruct Here the “I” is probably Yahweh who talks directly to David. PSA 32 8 s74m figs-metaphor 0 in the way which you should go Living in the correct way is spoken of as if it were a path that the writer should walk. Alternate translation: “how you should live your life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 32 8 lj3f figs-metonymy 0 with my eye upon you Here “my eye” refers to Yahweh’s attention. Alternate translation: “and direct my attention to you” or “and watch over you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 32 9 ry6h figs-simile 0 Do not be like a horse … no understanding The writer compares people with no understanding to horses and mules. This could mean: (1) the writer is speaking Yahweh’s words to his readers, “You all must not be like a horse … no understanding” or (2) Yahweh is speaking to the writer as though to a group of people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 32 9 g1b3 0 bridle and bit Two tools that are used by people to guide horses and mules go where the rider wants them to go. PSA 32 9 cv6w 0 where you want them to “where anyone wants them to go.” The “you” here is singular and refers to no one in particular. PSA 32 10 ann9 figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh’s covenant faithfulness will surround the one who trusts in him Yahweh being faithful to a person and protecting that person is spoken of as if Yahweh’s covenant faithfulness surrounded the person. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “Because Yahweh is faithful to his covenant, he will protect the one who trusts in him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 32 11 zxp2 figs-idiom 0 Be glad in Yahweh Here “in Yahweh” refers to what Yahweh has done for them. “Be glad because of what Yahweh has done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 32 11 n71r figs-nominaladj 0 you righteous This refers to people. Alternate translation: “you righteous people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 32 11 gs62 0 shout for joy Alternate translation: “shout joyfully” or “shout because of joy” PSA 32 11 ame7 figs-synecdoche 0 who are upright in heart Here “heart” refers to the person. Alternate translation: “people who are upright” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 33 intro m4ih 0 # Psalm 033 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 33 is a worship song. It tells how great God is.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### God’s power<br>God is the creator and also the God of his people, Israel. Whatever he plans works out. He alone provides safety in battle. PSA 33 1 b979 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 33 1 x3gc figs-idiom 0 Rejoice in Yahweh Here “in Yahweh” refers to what Yahweh has done for them. “Rejoice because of what Yahweh has done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 33 1 jn1l 0 praise is appropriate for the upright Alternate translation: “to praise Yahweh is appropriate for upright people” PSA 33 4 mcg5 figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Each verse consists of two lines that have very similar meanings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 33 4 t8rm figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh’s word is upright Here “upright” is used as a metaphor for something that is true. Alternate translation: “Yahweh always does what he says that he will do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 33 5 n6zg figs-abstractnouns 0 He loves righteousness and justice These abstract nouns can be stated as actions. Alternate translation: “He loves doing what is right and just” or “He loves those who do what is right and just” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 33 5 e631 figs-metaphor 0 The earth is full of Yahweh’s covenant faithfulness People everywhere in the world being able to see evidence of Yahweh’s covenant faithfulness is spoken of as if his covenant faithfulness filled the earth. The abstract noun “covenant faithfulness” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “People everywhere on earth can see that Yahweh is faithful to his covenant” or “Throughout the earth, there is evidence that Yahweh is faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 33 6 qhw8 figs-activepassive 0 By the word of Yahweh the heavens were made This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “By using his word, Yahweh made the heavens” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 33 6 bb33 figs-metonymy 0 by the breath of his mouth This refers to Yahweh’s word. Alternate translation: “by his word” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 33 7 xt7h figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Each verse consists of two lines that have very similar meanings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 33 7 k6ey figs-simile 0 like a heap “like behind a dam.” The writer describes the creation of the sea as if God piles up all the waters together. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 33 7 eg5a figs-metaphor 0 he puts the oceans in storehouses The writer describes the creation of the oceans as if God put them in a storehouse. Alternate translation: “he puts the oceans in their place, just like a man puts grain in a storehouse” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 33 8 vc67 figs-metonymy 0 Let the whole earth This refers to the people on the earth. Alternate translation: “Let everyone on earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 33 8 ame6 figs-idiom 0 stand in awe of him Here “stand in awe” is an idiom that means “be in awe.” Alternate translation: “honor him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 33 9 c3h8 figs-idiom 0 stood in place Here “stood in place” is an idiom that means “was created.” Alternate translation: “started to exist” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 33 10 x22s figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Each verse consists of two lines that have very similar meanings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 33 10 zp3d 0 Yahweh frustrates Alternate translation: “Yahweh destroys” or “Yahweh breaks” PSA 33 10 r5ri figs-metonymy 0 the alliances of nations Here “nations” refers to the people of these nations. Alternate translation: “the alliances of the people of different nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 33 10 sn2l 0 alliances An alliance is an agreement between two or more nations to support each other in a war against a common enemy. PSA 33 10 evm2 0 the plans of the peoples Alternate translation: “the evil plans of the peoples” PSA 33 11 gp8c figs-idiom 0 stand forever Here “stand” is an idiom that means “endure.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 33 11 ww4p figs-ellipsis 0 the plans of his heart for all generations The missing term “stand” is implied. Alternate translation: “the plans of his heart stand for all generations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 33 11 vhg2 figs-synecdoche 0 the plans of his heart Here “his heart” refers to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “his plans” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 33 11 lea7 figs-idiom 0 for all generations “for all future generations.” This is an idiom that means “forever.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 33 12 w4nk figs-metonymy 0 Blessed is the nation Here “the nation” refers to the people of the nation. Alternate translation: “Blessed are the people of the nation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 33 12 ph21 0 whose God is Yahweh Alternate translation: “who worship Yahweh as God” PSA 33 12 k4jm figs-metaphor 0 as his own inheritance The people Yahweh has chosen to worship him are described here as if they were an inheritance that he has received. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 33 14 r7tm figs-metaphor 0 he looks down The place where Yahweh lives is spoken of as if it is above the earth where people live. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 33 15 ch4n figs-metonymy 0 shapes the hearts of them all Here “hearts” refers to the thinking of these people. The writer speaks of Yahweh guiding the thinking of the people as if he were a potter who was shaping a bowl. Alternate translation: “guides their thinking as a potter shapes a bowl” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 33 16 w54n figs-activepassive 0 No king is saved by a vast army This could be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “A large army is not what saves a king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 33 17 hgn8 figs-synecdoche 0 A horse is a false hope for victory Here “a horse” represents the strongest part of the army. Alternate translation: “Having an army with strong horses does not provide security” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 33 18 v87c 0 See This word shows that a new theme begins in this Psalm. Alternate translation: “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you” PSA 33 18 fy9c figs-metonymy 0 Yahweh’s eye Here “eye” refers to Yahweh’s attention. Alternate translation: “Yahweh’s attention” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 33 18 y8yf figs-idiom 0 those who hope in his covenant faithfulness The idiom to “count on” means to “wait for” or to “expect.” The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated as an adverb. Alternate translation: “those who expect him to act faithfully because of his covenant” or “those who wait for him to act because he is faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 33 19 z5yv figs-synecdoche 0 to deliver their lives from death Here “their lives” refers to the people. Alternate translation: “to keep them from dying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 33 20 j64c figs-idiom 0 We wait for Yahweh Here “wait” is an idiom that refers to trust. Alternate translation: “We trust in Yahweh” or “We hope in Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 33 20 l55j figs-metaphor 0 he is our help and our shield Here Yahweh is spoken of as if he is a shield that protects soldiers in battle. Alternate translation: “he is our helper and protects us like a shield” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 33 21 ujv3 figs-synecdoche 0 Our hearts rejoice Here “hearts” refer to the people. Alternate translation: “We rejoice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 33 21 eu9i figs-metonymy 0 in his holy name Here “holy name” refers to Yahweh’s holy character. Alternate translation: “in his holy character” or “in him because he is holy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 33 22 nn9g figs-metaphor 0 Let your covenant faithfulness, Yahweh, be with us Yahweh acting faithfully towards the people is spoken of as if Yahweh’s covenant faithfulness were with them. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adverb. Alternate translation: “May you always act faithfully towards us because of your covenant, Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 33 22 jye8 0 as we put our hope in you Alternate translation: “as we hope for your help” PSA 34 intro az5s 0 # Psalm 034 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 34 is a teaching psalm and includes thanksgiving. It teaches that living right leads to a good life. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/life]])<br><br>The psalm does not relate directly to the superscription given about Abimelech.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s help<br>Good people can have problems, but God brings them through these. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]]) PSA 34 1 p9iv writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 34 1 w9ay 0 A psalm of David This could mean: (1) David wrote the psalm or (2) the psalm is about David or (3) the psalm is in the style of David’s psalms. PSA 34 1 j36y 0 pretended to be insane Alternate translation: “acted like a crazy person” PSA 34 1 m4gs figs-explicit 0 before Abimelech This refers to a specific historical event that the Hebrews knew well. Alternate translation: “when he was in Abimelech’s house” or “when he was Abimelech’s prisoner” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 34 1 klk3 figs-metonymy 0 his praise will always be in my mouth Here “in my mouth” refers to David speaking about Yahweh. Alternate translation: “I will always praise him out loud” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 34 2 rk7h figs-nominaladj 0 the oppressed This refers to people who are oppressed. Alternate translation: “the oppressed people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 34 3 me7c 0 Praise Yahweh with me The verb “praise” is a command to a group. Alternate translation: “Everyone should praise Yahweh with me” PSA 34 3 n56p figs-idiom 0 lift up his name Here “lift up” is an idiom that refers to exalting Yahweh. Alternate translation: “tell people how great he is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 34 3 hjw1 figs-metonymy 0 his name Here “his name” refers to Yahweh’s character. Alternate translation: “his character” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 34 4 def1 figs-metaphor 0 I sought Yahweh Here “sought Yahweh” means David was asking Yahweh for help. Alternate translation: “I prayed to Yahweh” or “I asked Yahweh for help” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 34 5 t6s5 figs-metaphor 0 Those who look to him Here “look to” represents seeking help from him. Alternate translation: “Those who look at him for help” or “those who expect help only from him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 34 5 ndy9 figs-idiom 0 are radiant This idiom refers to their appearance as being joyful. Alternate translation: “are joyful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 34 5 caz9 figs-synecdoche 0 their faces are not ashamed Here “their faces” refers to the people who look to Yahweh. It can also be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “they are not ashamed” or “they are proud” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) PSA 34 6 cib3 figs-123person 0 This oppressed man David describes himself as an oppressed man. Alternate translation: “I was oppressed and” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) PSA 34 6 qw3c figs-idiom 0 Yahweh heard him Here “heard” means that Yahweh helped him. Alternate translation: “Yahweh heard me” or “Yahweh helped him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 34 7 qu9z figs-metaphor 0 camps around The angel of Yahweh is spoken of as if he were an army that camps around someone in order to protect them. Alternate translation: “guards” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 34 8 qed8 figs-metaphor 0 Taste and see that Yahweh is good Yahweh’s goodness is spoken of as something that can be tasted and seen. Alternate translation: “Try and experience that Yahweh is good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 34 8 j8ma figs-metaphor 0 takes refuge Yahweh is spoken of as if he were a place where people can hide for protection from their enemies. Alternate translation: “trust him to protect them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 34 9 vv95 figs-litotes 0 There is no lack for those who fear him This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “Those who fear him will always have what they need” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) PSA 34 10 ch59 figs-litotes 0 will not lack anything good This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “will always have the good things they need” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) PSA 34 11 ge81 0 sons Here this does not refer to literal sons of the writer, but to the people he is teaching about Yahweh. Alternate translation: “my students” PSA 34 12 gmc4 figs-rquestion 0 What man is there who desires life and loves many days, that he may see good? The implicit answer to this question is “every man.” This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Every man desires life and desires to live many days and have a good life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 34 13 h79u figs-parallelism 0 keep your tongue from evil … keep your lips from speaking lies These two phrases refer to the same thing and it is said in different ways to emphasize its importance. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 34 13 jy3g figs-synecdoche 0 Then keep your tongue from evil Here “tongue” refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “Therefore, do not speak evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 34 13 d237 figs-synecdoche 0 keep your lips from speaking lies Here “lips” refers to the person speaking. Alternate translation: “do not speak lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 34 14 l778 figs-metaphor 0 Turn away from evil Here “Turn away” is a metaphor for avoiding evil. Alternate translation: “Refuse to do evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 34 14 sjg9 figs-metaphor 0 Seek peace Here “seek” means to be concerned about peace. Alternate translation: “Try hard to live in peace with other people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 34 15 x87w figs-metonymy 0 The eyes of Yahweh are on the righteous Here “the eyes of Yahweh” refer to his careful watching. “The righteous” is a reference to righteous people. Alternate translation: “Yahweh carefully watches over the righteous people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 34 15 ihz6 figs-synecdoche 0 his ears are directed toward their cry Here Yahweh is represented by his “ears.” To be directed toward something means to pay attention to it. Alternate translation: “he pays attention to their cry” or “he answers their cry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 34 16 b3yv figs-metaphor 0 to cut off the memory of them from the earth Yahweh will cause people to so completely forget them when they die that it is as if he used a knife to cut off any memory of them. Alternate translation: “so that when they are dead, people will forget them completely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 34 17 ib9f figs-idiom 0 Yahweh hears Here “hears” means that Yahweh desires to respond to them. Alternate translation: “Yahweh pays attention to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 34 18 ers6 figs-idiom 0 Yahweh is close Here “is close” means “ready to help.” Alternate translation: “Yahweh is always ready to help” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 34 18 km9m figs-metaphor 0 the brokenhearted This is a nominal adjective that refers to people who are brokenhearted. Deep sadness is spoken of as if the person’s heart is broken. Alternate translation: “people who are very sad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 34 18 zhw6 figs-metaphor 0 those who are crushed in spirit People who are deeply discouraged are spoken of as if their spirits are crushed. Alternate translation: “people who are deeply discouraged” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 34 19 s9nw figs-nominaladj 0 the righteous This refers to people who are righteous. Alternate translation: “the righteous people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 34 20 p78v figs-synecdoche 0 He keeps all his bones, not one of them will be broken Here “all his bones” is literal, but it also implies that Yahweh takes care of the entire person. Alternate translation: “He provides complete protection for him, he will not be harmed in any way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 34 21 zrq9 figs-personification 0 Evil will kill the wicked Evil is described as if it were a man who can kill people. Alternate translation: “The evil deeds of wicked people will kill them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 34 21 rj4c figs-nominaladj 0 the wicked This refers to wicked people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 34 21 v5tb figs-activepassive 0 Those who hate the righteous will be condemned This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will condemn those who hate the righteous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 34 21 a6li figs-nominaladj 0 the righteous This refers to righteous people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 34 22 pl7j figs-activepassive 0 None of those who take refuge in him will be condemned This can be stated in active form. It can also be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will forgive everyone who takes refuge in him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) PSA 34 22 wb23 figs-metaphor 0 take refuge in him Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “go to him for protection” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 35 intro d3ln 0 # Psalm 035 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 35 is a prayer for deliverance. His enemies are coming against him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Enemies<br>When his enemies were sick, he tried to comfort them, but when he was in trouble his enemies use this as a time to attack him. PSA 35 1 u6dy writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 35 2 uj8w figs-metaphor 0 Grab your small shield and large shield The writer describes God as a warrior who is preparing himself for battle. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 35 2 f9eb 0 small shield and large shield these are defensive weapons PSA 35 3 e4ia figs-metaphor 0 Use your spear and battle ax The writer describes God as a warrior who is preparing himself for battle. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 35 3 qr78 0 spear and battle ax these are offensive weapons PSA 35 3 z8vr figs-metaphor 0 those who chase me This could mean: (1) these enemies are literally chasing the writer or (2) this is a metaphor for people who are enemies of the writer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 35 3 k4rj figs-synecdoche 0 say to my soul This refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “say to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 35 3 wz6p figs-abstractnouns 0 I am your salvation This can be stated without the abstract noun. Alternate translation: “I am your savior” or “I will save you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 35 4 w6yz figs-activepassive 0 May those who seek my life be shamed and dishonored This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “May Yahweh shame and dishonor those who seek my life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 35 4 pv5x 0 May those Alternate translation: “I desire that” PSA 35 4 s62m figs-metaphor 0 who seek my life Here “seek my life” means they desire to kill the writer. The writer is represented by his “life.” Alternate translation: “who are trying to kill me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 35 4 fq9w figs-activepassive 0 May those who plan to harm me be turned back and confounded This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “May Yahweh turn back and confound those who plan to harm me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 35 4 g34u figs-metaphor 0 be turned back “be turned back” here is a metaphor for being unable to accomplish their goal. Alternate translation: “be unsuccessful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 35 4 mks4 0 confounded Alternate translation: “confused” PSA 35 5 wp56 figs-simile 0 as chaff before the wind The writer’s enemies are spoken of as if they are chaff that is easily blown away. Alternate translation: “blown away by the wind like chaff” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 35 6 ayu2 figs-metonymy 0 their way Here “their way” refers to their lives. Alternate translation: “their lives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 35 6 w5gp figs-metaphor 0 dark and slippery This refers to a way that is hidden and dangerous. Alternate translation: “hidden and full of dangers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 35 6 ehs5 figs-metaphor 0 chases them This refers to the angel of Yahweh being opposed to the writer’s enemies. Alternate translation: “works against them” or “opposes them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 35 7 h8ne figs-metaphor 0 they set their net for me The schemes of the wicked are spoken of as if they were a net that they set to catch the writer. Alternate translation: “they want to catch me in a net like a small animal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 35 7 j68b figs-metaphor 0 they dug a pit for my life The schemes of the wicked are spoken of as if they were a pit that they dug to catch the writer. Alternate translation: “they wanted to capture me in a pit like a big animal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 35 7 kw8m figs-synecdoche 0 my life This refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 35 8 iq5p figs-personification 0 Let destruction overtake them by surprise Destruction is spoken of as if it was a dangerous animal that would suddenly attack them. Alternate translation: “Let them be destroyed suddenly” or “Let them be surprised because you destroy them suddenly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 35 8 d6rv figs-metaphor 0 the net that they have set The schemes of the wicked are spoken of as if they were a net that they place to catch the writer. Alternate translation: “the net that they placed in order to capture me like an animal and harm me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 35 8 e9d9 figs-metaphor 0 Let them fall into it This is the same metaphor as in verse 7. The net is intended to catch the writer. Alternate translation: “Let them fall into the pit that they dug for me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 35 8 n85r 0 fall into it This could mean: (1) fall into the pit of verse 7 or (2) fall into destruction. PSA 35 8 q1k1 figs-abstractnouns 0 to their destruction The abstract noun “destruction” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “so that they will be destroyed” or “that is how you should destroy them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 35 9 gv3z figs-abstractnouns 0 in his salvation The abstract noun “salvation” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “because you save me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 35 10 dy1n figs-metonymy 0 All my bones Here “bones” refers to the deepest inner being of a person. Alternate translation: “My whole inner being” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 35 10 fcx1 figs-rquestion 0 Yahweh, who is like you … those who try to rob them? The implicit answer to this question is that no one is like Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, there is no one like you … those who try to rob them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 35 10 kuz3 figs-doublet 0 the poor and needy The words “poor” and “needy” mean basically the same thing and emphasize that Yahweh saves many who need his help. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 35 11 j8nd figs-idiom 0 rise up This means they testify in a trial. Alternate translation: “volunteer to give a testimony” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 35 12 ns9v figs-metaphor 0 They repay me evil for good This is a metaphor which means they give back evil in exchange for the good they have received. Alternate translation: “In return for my doing good things for them, they do evil things to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 35 12 j7e3 figs-abstractnouns 0 evil … good These abstract nouns can be stated in other forms. Alternate translation: “evil things … good things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 35 12 v5ej 0 I am sorrowful Alternate translation: “I am extremely sad” PSA 35 13 jiu2 0 when they were sick The word “they” refers to the “unrighteous witnesses” ([Psalms 35:11](../035/011.md)). PSA 35 13 t4yd 0 I wore sackcloth Alternate translation: “I showed that I was sad” PSA 35 13 gt7d translate-symaction 0 with my head bowed on my chest This was a symbol of prayer. “with my head bent down in prayer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) PSA 35 14 zuy5 figs-simile 0 in grief as for my brother The writer was as sad as if his own brother had died. Alternate translation: “grieving as if my own brother was ill” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 35 14 kn9w figs-simile 0 I bent down in mourning as for my mother The writer mourned as if his own mother had died. Alternate translation: “I mourned as if my own mother had died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 35 14 zqf9 translate-symaction 0 I bent down This was a symbol of pain and suffering. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) PSA 35 15 ff5f 0 gathered together Alternate translation: “assembled together” or “came together” PSA 35 15 w4hv figs-idiom 0 against me This means they came together for the purpose of attacking the writer. Alternate translation: “to make plans against me” or “to plan my destruction” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 35 15 qu3u figs-metaphor 0 They tore at me Here the treated the writer as if he were a piece of cloth that they could tear to pieces. Alternate translation: “They attacked me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 35 16 l7dx 0 With no respect at all they mocked me (1) “With the worthless people they ridiculed me” or (2) “Without respect they made fun of me” PSA 35 16 j13z translate-symaction 0 they grind their teeth at me in rage This is a sign of anger and hate. “they made grinding noises with their teeth at me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) PSA 35 17 x3er figs-rquestion 0 how long will you look on? This rhetorical question indicates that the writer wants God to stop simply looking on and to start to help him. Alternate translation: “how long will you only watch them doing this?” or “when will you help me?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 35 17 te6n figs-synecdoche 0 Rescue my soul Here “soul” refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “Rescue me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 35 17 ygg1 figs-ellipsis 0 my life from the lions The word “save” is implied. Alternate translation: “save my life from the lions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 35 17 kep3 figs-synecdoche 0 my life This refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 35 17 d2a8 figs-metaphor 0 from the lions Here the writer speaks of his enemies as if they were vicious lions. Alternate translation: “from my enemies who attack me like wild animals” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 35 19 p53g 0 Do not let my deceitful enemies Alternate translation: “Do not let my enemies, who tell lies about me,” PSA 35 19 a7lv 0 their wicked schemes Alternate translation: “their evil plans” PSA 35 20 pjw3 figs-abstractnouns 0 they do not speak peace The abstract noun “peace” can be stated as “peacefully.” Alternate translation: “they do not speak peacefully to people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 35 20 sg2n 0 devise deceitful words Alternate translation: “look for ways to tell lies” PSA 35 20 e21a 0 those in our land who live in peace Alternate translation: “those who live peacefully in our land” PSA 35 20 p638 figs-abstractnouns 0 live in peace The abstract noun “peace” can be stated in other forms. Alternate translation: “live peacefully with others” or “do no harm to anyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 35 21 vvg2 figs-explicit 0 They open their mouths wide against me The reason they open their mouths is to accuse the writer. Alternate translation: “They shout at me in order to accuse me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 35 21 b5wt figs-exclamations 0 Aha, Aha This is something an excited person says when he has suddenly seen or understood something, especially something other people did not expect him to see. It emphasizes the statement that follows. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) PSA 35 21 s32p figs-synecdoche 0 our eyes have seen it Here “our eyes” refers to the enemies’ eyes. It is implied that they are saying they saw the writer do something wrong. Alternate translation: “we have seen it” or “we saw the wrong things that you did” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 35 22 gn7x figs-explicit 0 You have seen it Here “it” refers to the false accusations of the writer’s enemies. Alternate translation: “You have seen how they falsely accused me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 35 22 tt5p figs-litotes 0 do not be silent “do not ignore what they did” This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “judge them because of what they did” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) PSA 35 22 a6yk figs-litotes 0 do not be far from me This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “be very close to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) PSA 35 23 hkj2 figs-metaphor 0 Arouse yourself and awake This does not mean that God is actually asleep. The writer wants God to intervene. Both words mean basically the same thing and emphasize the urgency of this request. Alternate translation: “I feel like you are sleeping! Wake up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 35 23 g2zc figs-abstractnouns 0 to my defense This abstract noun “defense” can be stated as “defend.” Alternate translation: “to defend me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 35 23 qri7 figs-metonymy 0 my cause This refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 35 24 h9ku 0 do not let them rejoice over me Alternate translation: “do not let them be glad because I am suffering” PSA 35 25 g22z figs-idiom 0 say in their heart This is an idiom that means to say to oneself. Alternate translation: “say to themselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 35 25 lj61 figs-exclamations 0 Aha This is an exclamation that is used when something is suddenly seen or understood. It emphasizes what follows. Alternate translation: “Yes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) PSA 35 25 vuc2 figs-explicit 0 we have what we wanted It is implied that the writer’s enemies wanted him to be declared guilty. Alternate translation: “he has been declared guilty just as we desired” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 35 25 p58l figs-metaphor 0 We have devoured him The writer’s enemies speak of his destruction as if they were wild animals who had eaten him. Alternate translation: “We have swallowed him up” or “We have destroyed him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 35 26 fck7 0 May they be put to shame and may they be confounded who rejoice at my distress Alternate translation: “May those who rejoice at my distress be put to shame and confounded” PSA 35 26 p6id 0 May they be put to shame Alternate translation: “May they feel shame” PSA 35 26 m9cp 0 may they be confounded Alternate translation: “may they be confused” or “may they be humiliated” PSA 35 26 q1m6 figs-activepassive 0 May those who exalt themselves over me be clothed with shame and dishonor This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “May you clothe with shame and dishonor those who exalt themselves over me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 35 26 y2xu 0 exalt themselves over me Alternate translation: “consider themselves better than I am” or “think they have the right to treat me badly” PSA 35 26 j7j7 figs-abstractnouns 0 clothed with shame and dishonor Here shame and dishonor are spoken of as if they were shameful clothes that the writer could wear. These abstract nouns can be stated as verbs. Alternate translation: “shamed and dishonored” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 35 26 he8a figs-doublet 0 shame and dishonor These terms mean about the same thing and are used to emphasize how degraded they will be. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 35 27 ywv7 0 my vindication Here “vindication” refers to Yahweh proclaiming or judging the psalmist innocent. PSA 35 27 f434 0 may they say continually Alternate translation: “may they always say” PSA 35 27 zr5u figs-activepassive 0 Yahweh be praised This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Let us praise Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 35 27 l9kp 0 who delights in Alternate translation: “who is happy with” or “who is glad for” PSA 35 27 ra7f 0 welfare well-being, happiness PSA 35 28 b4q3 figs-abstractnouns 0 tell of your justice The abstract noun “justice” can be stated as “right.” Alternate translation: “proclaim that you act in the right way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 36 intro a634 0 # Psalm 036 General Notes<br>## Formatting in this chapter<br><br>Psalm 36 is a psalm of praise. It speaks of how good God is to those who love him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/love]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### God and man<br>Evil people do not think about God; but he is such a pleasure to all who honor him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) PSA 36 1 d19d writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 36 1 hw62 0 For the chief musician Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship.” PSA 36 1 eg5r figs-genericnoun 0 An evil man This does not refer to a specific man, but to evil people in general. Alternate translation: “Evil people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) PSA 36 1 pzl6 figs-metonymy 0 from deep in his heart Here “heart” refers to the inner being of a person. Alternate translation: “from his inner being” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 36 1 zm16 figs-synecdoche 0 in his eyes Here “eyes” refers to the wicked person. Alternate translation: “in him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 36 2 fd1w 0 he comforts himself, thinking Alternate translation: “he prefers to believe” or “he wants to think” PSA 36 2 z7qc figs-activepassive 0 his sin will not be discovered and be hated This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will not discover and hate his sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 36 3 v6yt 0 His words are Alternate translation: “What he says is” PSA 36 3 pir7 0 do good Alternate translation: “do things that are good” PSA 36 4 d3zz figs-metaphor 0 he sets out on an evil way The sinful actions of the man are spoken of as if he was walking along a path that was evil. Alternate translation: “he begins to do evil things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 36 4 w34n figs-abstractnouns 0 he does not reject evil Here “evil” can be stated in another form. Alternate translation: “he does not reject evil behavior” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 36 5 wiw8 figs-metaphor 0 Your covenant faithfulness … reaches to the heavens The greatness of God’s covenant faithfulness is spoken of as if it were an object that reached as high as the heavens. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “Your covenant faithfulness … is very great” or “You … are as faithful to your covenant as the heavens are high above the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 36 5 m314 figs-metaphor 0 reaches to the clouds The greatness of God’s loyalty is spoken of as if it was very high. Alternate translation: “is as high as the clouds” or “is enormously great” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 36 6 s49q figs-simile 0 like the mountains of God … like the great deep These phrases describe the greatness of God’s righteousness and judgments as if they were very high and deep. Alternate translation: “as high as the highest mountains … as deep as the deepest sea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 36 6 e8gt 0 you preserve Alternate translation: “you help” or “you save” PSA 36 7 vs32 figs-abstractnouns 0 How precious is your covenant faithfulness The word “precious” refers to how greatly the writer values Yahweh’s covenant faithfulness. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “I greatly value how you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 36 8 vy98 figs-metaphor 0 They feast upon the abundance of your house Eating much food as guests in a house is a metaphor for God providing all his people need. Alternate translation: “They will have all they need because you will provide it to them” or “You have plenty to give, and you will provide them with all they need” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 36 8 mw7h figs-metaphor 0 you let them drink from the river of your delights There are two metaphors here. God’s abundant blessings are spoken of as if they are the water in a flowing river. Also, those who receive those blessings are spoken of as if they are drinking them like water. Alternate translation: “your precious blessings are like a river from which you will let them drink” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 36 9 wc6m 0 fountain of life Alternate translation: “source of life” PSA 36 9 f7u5 figs-metaphor 0 in your light we will see light Here “light” is a metaphor for true knowledge. Alternate translation: “when you enlighten us, we will know the truth” or “your light is what enables us to know the truth about you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 36 10 d1ua figs-metaphor 0 Extend your covenant faithfulness fully to those who know you The writer speaks of Yahweh continuing to act faithfully towards the people as if Yahweh were to extend his covenant faithfulness or make it longer. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adverb. Alternate translation: “Continue to act faithfully to those who know you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 36 10 jtd4 figs-abstractnouns 0 your defense to the upright of heart The abstract noun “defense” can be stated as a verb. “Continue” is implied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “Continue to protect the upright of heart” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 36 10 qms7 figs-synecdoche 0 the upright of heart Here “heart” refers to the people. Alternate translation: “the upright” or “people who act righteously” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 36 11 z9yf figs-synecdoche 0 the foot of the arrogant man … the hand of the wicked Here “foot” and “hand” refer to the evil people. These are not specific men. This refers to evil people in general. Alternate translation: “arrogant people … wicked people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) PSA 36 11 a5wg 0 drive me away Alternate translation: “send me away” or “make me leave my place” PSA 36 12 mm9r figs-metaphor 0 evildoers have fallen; they are knocked down and are not able to get up All three phrases describe the evildoers as defeated. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 36 12 q7yf figs-activepassive 0 they are knocked down This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you have knocked them down” or “you have destroyed them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 36 12 bmn7 0 are not able to get up Alternate translation: “cannot get up” PSA 37 intro tv7e 0 # Psalm 037 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 37 is a teaching psalm. It provides guidance about how to live a moral and God-fearing life. It teaches that evil people do not prosper in the future. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br>### Envy<br>Do not envy evil people. Although it appears as though they prosper, soon they will be destroyed and the good people will continue on living. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/life]]) PSA 37 1 bd2s writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 37 1 a1ye 0 Do not be irritated because of evildoers Alternate translation: “Do not let wicked people upset you” or “Do not be bothered by what wicked people do” PSA 37 2 y2vk figs-simile 0 dry up as the grass … wither as the green plants Evildoers are spoken of as if they are grass and plants that dry up and die in the hot weather. These two similes both mean they will die. Alternate translation: “die” or “come to an end” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 37 3 eb2r figs-metaphor 0 graze in faithfulness Faithfulness is spoken of as if it was an animal that would be strengthened by feeding in good pasture. Alternate translation: “nourish faithfulness” or “increase your faithfulness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 37 4 pbq2 figs-metonymy 0 the desires of your heart Here “heart” represents the person’s inner being and thoughts. Alternate translation: “your deepest, inner desires” or “the things that you desire the most” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 37 5 wt82 figs-idiom 0 Give your ways to Yahweh Here “give your ways” is an idiom that means to ask Yahweh to control your life. Alternate translation: “Ask Yahweh to guide your actions in life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 37 5 i61n figs-idiom 0 act on your behalf This is to represent another in legal issues. Here, when one trusts in Yahweh, he will defend that person and grant justice to that person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 37 6 lt22 figs-parallelism 0 like the daylight … like the day at noon Both of these phrases mean about the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 37 6 n8jl figs-simile 0 like the daylight This means “in full view of everyone.” Alternate translation: “as clear to see as the light of day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 37 6 jt1t figs-simile 0 like the day at noon This means “as visible as the noon sun.” Alternate translation: “as visible as the light at the brightest time of day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 37 7 vgp6 0 Be still Alternate translation: “Be quiet” PSA 37 9 qq5y figs-metaphor 0 will be cut off The destruction of the wicked is spoken of as if they were a branch of a plant that was cut off and thrown away. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 37 9 ijv6 0 but those who wait for Yahweh Alternate translation: “but those who trust in Yahweh” PSA 37 9 rvq6 figs-metaphor 0 will inherit the land The possession of the land is spoken of as if it will be received as an inheritance. Alternate translation: “will receive the land as their own possession” or “will live safely in the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 37 10 zbl4 figs-idiom 0 will disappear This idiom refers to the death of the evil man. Alternate translation: “will die and you will no longer see him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 37 11 ma58 figs-nominaladj 0 the meek This refers to the people who are meek. Alternate translation: “the meek people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 37 11 bs1x figs-metaphor 0 will inherit the land The possession of the land is spoken of as if it will be received as an inheritance. See how you translated this in [Psalms 37:9](../037/009.md). Alternate translation: “will receive the land as their own possession” or “will live safely in the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 37 12 vej2 figs-genericnoun 0 The wicked man This does not refer to a specific man. It refers to wicked people in general. Alternate translation: “The wicked person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) PSA 37 12 k2zu figs-nominaladj 0 the righteous This does not refer to specific people. This refers to people who are righteous. Alternate translation: “the righteous person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 37 12 y9px writing-symlanguage 0 grinds his teeth The wicked man hates the righteous person so much that he grinds his teeth together to show his anger. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) PSA 37 13 g21a figs-explicit 0 his day is coming It is implied that “his day” will be a day of judgment. Alternate translation: “the day is coming when Yahweh will judge and punish him” or “the day is coming when Yahweh will judge and punish the wicked person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 37 14 wde8 figs-nominaladj 0 The wicked This refers to the wicked people. Alternate translation: “The wicked people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 37 14 yet9 figs-synecdoche 0 have drawn out their swords … have bent their bows Both “swords” and “bows” are weapons used to attack people. The fact that they are “drawn” and “bent” means they are ready to start attacking. Alternate translation: “have prepared their weapons in order to attack” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 37 14 f2i7 figs-metaphor 0 to cast down This destruction of the needy people is spoken of as if they were clay pots that would break into pieces when thrown down on the ground. Alternate translation: “to destroy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 37 14 r9uh figs-doublet 0 the oppressed and needy These terms both refer to people who are powerless to defend themselves. Alternate translation: “people who are not able to resist them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 37 15 p5xq figs-synecdoche 0 Their swords will pierce their own hearts Swords are examples of weapons and “hearts” represent the people. To “pierce the heart” is an idiom that means “to kill.” Alternate translation: “Their weapons will be turned against them and they will kill themselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 37 16 d3e8 0 Better is the little that the righteous has than the abundance of many wicked people Alternate translation: “It is better to be poor and righteous than to be wicked with great wealth” PSA 37 16 brs7 figs-nominaladj 0 Better is the little that the righteous has The nominal adjective “the little” refers to few possessions. The nominal adjective “the righteous” refers to a righteous person. Alternate translation: “Better are the few possessions that a righteous person has” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 37 16 w4rb figs-nominaladj 0 the abundance This refers to the wealth of the wicked people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 37 17 psr9 figs-metonymy 0 For the arms of the wicked people will be broken Here “arms” represent the strength of the wicked people. Breaking their arms represents taking away their power. This could be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “For Yahweh will remove the strength of the wicked people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 37 18 f64m figs-idiom 0 watches over the blameless To “watch over” means to protect someone. Here “the blameless” refers to the blameless people. Alternate translation: “protects the blameless people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 37 18 ck1b figs-idiom 0 day by day This is an idiom that means “continually.” Alternate translation: “every day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 37 19 itw1 figs-idiom 0 when times are bad This phrase refers to disasters, such as famine. Alternate translation: “when calamities occur” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 37 20 y7p7 figs-simile 0 Yahweh’s enemies will be like the glory of the pastures The writer compares Yahweh’s enemies to the flowers blooming in the fields. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 37 20 c5yy figs-metaphor 0 be consumed and disappear in the smoke The writer speaks of the destruction of the wicked as if they were weeds or wilted flowers in the field that are burned off after the harvest. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will destroy them as fire turns the weeds of the field into smoke” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 37 21 bz3p figs-doublet 0 is generous and gives These mean the same thing and emphasize the generosity of the righteous. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 37 22 u3r4 figs-parallelism 0 Those who are blessed by God will inherit the land; those who are cursed by him will be cut off This is a contrastive form of Parallelism. Those who are blessed by God in contrast to those who are cursed by God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 37 22 bf1j figs-activepassive 0 Those who are blessed by God This can be stated as active. Alternate translation: “Those whom God blesses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 37 22 tev2 figs-metaphor 0 will inherit the land The possession of the land is spoken of as if it had been received as an inheritance. See how you translated this in [Psalms 37:9](../037/009.md). Alternate translation: “will receive the land as their own possession” or “will be allowed to live safely in the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 37 22 u6uk figs-activepassive 0 those who are cursed by him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “those whom Yahweh curses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 37 22 n6u3 figs-metaphor 0 will be cut off The destruction of the wicked is spoken of as if they were a branch of plant that was cut off and thrown away. See how you translated this in [Psalms 37:9](../037/009.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 37 23 cq19 figs-activepassive 0 It is by Yahweh that a man’s steps are established … commendable in God’s sight These can be stated to show the logical connection and clarify the passive clause. Alternate translation: “If a man lives in a commendable way in Yahweh’s sight, Yahweh will establish his steps” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 37 23 fba1 figs-activepassive 0 It is by Yahweh that a man’s steps are established This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is the one who enables a man to be successful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 37 23 c8pu figs-genericnoun 0 a man … the man This does not refer to a specific man, but to people in general. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) PSA 37 23 na5m figs-metonymy 0 a man’s steps Steps represent the way a person lives. Alternate translation: “the way a man lives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 37 24 c1m3 figs-metaphor 0 Though he stumbles, he will not fall down Here “stumble” and “fall” refer to the man’s reaction to difficult times. Alternate translation: “Though he has difficult times, he will not utterly fail” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 37 24 k1r7 figs-metonymy 0 holding him with his hand Here “his hand” refers to Yahweh’s power, and “holding him” refers to protecting him. Alternate translation: “protecting him with his power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 37 25 g5w1 figs-activepassive 0 the righteous person abandoned This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh forsake the righteous person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 37 25 nq7e figs-genericnoun 0 the righteous person This does not refer to a specific person. It is a general statement. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) PSA 37 25 rv2w figs-synecdoche 0 begging for bread Here “bread” represents food in general. Alternate translation: begging for food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 37 26 jp6j figs-idiom 0 All the day long he is This idiom means this action is a habit of his life. Alternate translation: “He is always (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 37 26 iry2 0 his children become a blessing Alternate translation: “his children grow up to bless others” PSA 37 27 v1dr figs-metaphor 0 Turn away from To stop doing something is spoken of as if the person turned away from it. Alternate translation: “Stop doing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 37 28 ybg7 figs-activepassive 0 They are preserved forever This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will protect them forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 37 28 ga2f figs-metaphor 0 will be cut off The destruction of the wicked is spoken of as if they were a branch of plant that was cut off and thrown away. See how you translated this in [Psalms 37:9](../037/009.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 37 29 t6ic figs-metaphor 0 will inherit the land The possession of the land is spoken of as if it had been received as an inheritance. See how you translated this in [Psalms 37:9](../037/009.md). Alternate translation: “will receive the land as their own possession” or “will be allowed to live safely in the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 37 30 u8ut figs-nominaladj 0 the righteous This refers to the people who are righteous. Alternate translation: “the righteous people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 37 30 w34s figs-synecdoche 0 The mouth of the righteous person Here “mouth” represents the whole person who speaks. Alternate translation: “The righteous person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 37 30 hy67 figs-abstractnouns 0 speaks wisdom The abstract noun “wisdom” can be stated as “wise.” Alternate translation: “gives wise advice to others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 37 30 xy8u figs-abstractnouns 0 increases justice The abstract noun “justice” can be stated as an action. Alternate translation: “encourages other people to live rightly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 37 31 bga8 figs-metonymy 0 The law of his God is in his heart Here “in his heart” refers to his deepest inner being. Alternate translation: “He treasures the commands of his God in his inner being” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 37 31 nf23 figs-metaphor 0 his feet will not slip Here failure to obey Yahweh is spoken of as slipping off a safe path and falling. Alternate translation: “he will walk safely in the way God wants him to walk” or “he will safely do the things God wants him to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 37 32 jz23 figs-genericnoun 0 The wicked person … the righteous person These words refer to any wicked or righteous person or to wicked and righteous people in general, not to specific people. Alternate translation: “Wicked people … righteous people” or “Any wicked person” or “any righteous person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) PSA 37 32 w8bk figs-explicit 0 watches the righteous person Here the watching implies observing the righteous in order to do them harm. Alternate translation: “waits in ambush for the righteous person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 37 33 ea9s figs-genericnoun 0 the evil person’s hand These words refer to the hand of any evil person, not of any specific person. Here “hand” represents power or control. Alternate translation: “evil people’s hands” or “the power of the evil person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 37 33 z9fb figs-activepassive 0 when he is judged This refers to Yahweh judging the righteous man. Alternate translation: “When Yahweh judges him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 37 34 eu5a figs-metaphor 0 he will raise you up to possess the land Here “raise you up” refers to God giving honor to those who wait for him. Alternate translation: “he will honor you by giving you the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 37 34 lj8c figs-nominaladj 0 the wicked This refers to wicked people. Alternate translation: “the wicked people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 37 34 k2fq figs-metaphor 0 are cut off The destruction of the wicked is spoken of as if they were a branch of a plant that was cut off and thrown away. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Psalms 37:9](../037/009.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 37 35 ec1h figs-genericnoun 0 the wicked and terrifying person This does not refer to a specific person. It is a general statement. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) PSA 37 35 d6gn figs-simile 0 spread out like a green tree in its native soil Here the prosperity of the wicked man is spoken of as if he were a healthy tree growing in good soil. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 37 36 lz97 figs-activepassive 0 he could not be found This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I could not find him” or “Yahweh had taken him away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 37 37 pn9i figs-genericnoun 0 the man of integrity This does not refer to a specific person. It is a general statement. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) PSA 37 37 cy8i 0 mark the upright Alternate translation: “note carefully the good people” or “notice the good people” PSA 37 38 dqj8 figs-activepassive 0 the future for the wicked man is cut off This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will end his family line” or “he will not have any descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 37 38 pn38 figs-metonymy 0 the future This refers to his descendants. Alternate translation: “his descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 37 38 al71 figs-genericnoun 0 the wicked man This does not refer to a specific person. It is a general statement. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) PSA 37 38 a22i figs-metaphor 0 is cut off The destruction of the wicked is spoken of as if they were a branch of a plant that was cut off and thrown away. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Psalms 37:9](../037/009.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 37 39 m69g figs-abstractnouns 0 Salvation of the righteous comes from Yahweh The abstract noun “Salvation” can be expressed as an action. Alternate translation: “Yahweh rescues the righteous people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 37 39 rjp3 figs-nominaladj 0 the righteous This refers to the righteous people. Alternate translation: “the righteous people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 37 40 jus5 figs-parallelism 0 helps … rescues … saves This same idea is repeated in several different ways to emphasize that Yahweh is dependable and able to give aid. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 37 40 qwg7 figs-metaphor 0 they have taken refuge in him Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “they have gone to him for protection” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 38 intro ysy3 0 # Psalm 038 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 38 is a confession of sin and a prayer for deliverance. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/confess]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br>### Author’s sickness<br>The author was very sick and his enemies were seeking ways to destroy him. PSA 38 1 nsf9 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 38 1 n1x9 0 A psalm of David This could mean: (1) David wrote the psalm or (2) the psalm is about David or (3) the psalm is in the style of David’s psalms. PSA 38 1 nd38 figs-parallelism 0 do not rebuke me in your anger … do not punish me in your wrath These phrases mean basically the same thing and the idea is repeated for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 38 2 z5x4 figs-metaphor 0 your arrows pierce me The severity of Yahweh’s punishment of the writer is spoken of as if Yahweh had shot arrows into the writer. Alternate translation: “Your punishment is as painful as if you had shot arrows into me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 38 2 w3fq figs-metaphor 0 your hand presses me down Yahweh’s punishment of the writer is spoken of as if Yahweh was smashing the writer with his hand. Here, “hand” refers to Yahweh’s power. Alternate translation: “your power knocks me down” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 38 3 c6im 0 General Information: David continues describing what his guilt and shame does to his body. He uses hyperbole to emphasize the effects of this lesson. PSA 38 3 m6l5 figs-synecdoche 0 there is no health in my bones because of my sin Here “my bones” represents the body of the writer. Alternate translation: “my whole body is diseased because of my sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 38 4 m7wm figs-metaphor 0 my iniquities overwhelm me The writer’s iniquities are spoken of as if they are a flood of water that covers him. Alternate translation: “my iniquities cover me like a flood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 38 4 p4hm figs-metaphor 0 they are a burden too heavy for me The writer’s iniquities are spoken of as if they are a heavy load that he cannot lift. Alternate translation: “they are like a load that is too heavy for me to lift” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 38 5 cy8n 0 General Information: David continues describing what his guilt and shame does to his body. He uses hyperbole to emphasize the effects of this lesson. PSA 38 5 yf37 figs-explicit 0 My wounds are infected and smell Here “smell” refer to his sores having a bad smell that is associated with rotting flesh. Alternate translation: “My wounds are infected and stink as they rot” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 38 6 z27f figs-metaphor 0 I am stooped over The pain of the writer’s wounds have caused him to be bent over as if he were an old, feeble man. Alternate translation: “I am bent over in pain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 38 7 b2u7 figs-metaphor 0 I am filled with burning The writer’s is so sick with fever that it is as if he is burning inside. Alternate translation: “My body is burning with fever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 38 7 a9kv figs-synecdoche 0 there is no health in my flesh Here “my flesh” refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “I am completely sick” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 38 8 zm7m figs-metaphor 0 utterly crushed The writer’s illness is so severe that it is as if a huge weight is pressing down on him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 38 8 z68c figs-synecdoche 0 anguish of my heart Here “my heart” refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “my anguish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 38 9 f3ph figs-synecdoche 0 my heart’s deepest yearnings Here “my heart” refers to the writer. It may be helpful to state that the writer desires good health. Alternate translation: “My strongest desires” or “that I desire you to heal me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 38 9 dqp9 figs-activepassive 0 my groanings are not hidden from you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you are able to see all my moans of sorrow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 38 10 ifg6 figs-idiom 0 My heart pounds This idiom means his heart beats intensely. Alternate translation: “My heart beats loudly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 38 10 xnw5 0 my strength fades Alternate translation: “I become very weak” PSA 38 10 e7ld 0 my eyesight dims Alternate translation: “I can no longer see well” PSA 38 12 bt4z figs-metaphor 0 lay snares for me The plots of the writer’s enemies are spoken of as if they were traps that they had set to catch him like an animal. Alternate translation: “set traps to catch me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 38 12 xc5c figs-parallelism 0 speak destructive words and say deceitful words These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize the hurtful nature of what these people say. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 38 13 z4gn figs-simile 0 I am like a deaf man … hear nothing The writer does not listen to what his enemies are saying. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 38 13 hm4h figs-simile 0 I am like a mute man … says nothing The writer does not speak evil words to or about his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 38 13 s5pm 0 a mute man a person who cannot speak PSA 38 14 th66 0 does not hear The writer does not listen to what his enemies are saying. (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile) PSA 38 14 ir1x 0 has no reply The writer does not speak evil words to or about his enemies. (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile) PSA 38 15 px8y 0 you will answer This could mean: (1) “you will answer me” or (2) “you will answer my enemies.” PSA 38 16 gan3 0 will not gloat over me Alternate translation: “will not delight over my trouble” PSA 38 16 bq5f figs-synecdoche 0 If my foot slips Here “my foot” represents the writer. The slipping of his foot is a metaphor that refers to the writer’s troubles and misfortunes. Alternate translation: “If I make mistakes that cause me trouble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 38 17 s48p figs-metaphor 0 I am about to stumble This metaphor could mean: (1) “I am so sick that I am about to die” or (2) “I will soon be ruined.” It may be best not to interpret the metaphor in the text. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 38 17 sbz5 0 I am in constant pain Alternate translation: “I am always in pain” PSA 38 19 ie1w figs-parallelism 0 But my enemies are numerous … are many These two phrases mean basically the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 38 20 ca7b figs-metaphor 0 They repay me evil for good The actions of the writer’s enemies are spoken of as a financial transaction where they gave him evil things in exchange for good things. The abstract nouns “evil” and “good” can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “They do evil thing to me after I was good to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 38 20 ai9q figs-metaphor 0 hurl accusations at me The way the writer’s enemies accuse him is spoken of as if they were throwing accusations at him like rocks. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 38 20 bbb4 figs-metaphor 0 pursued what is good The writers desire for what is good is spoken of as if he were running after good things. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 38 21 czy3 figs-parallelism 0 Do not abandon me … do not stay far away from me These two phrases have very similar meanings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 38 21 nrs8 figs-metaphor 0 do not stay far away from me Because Yahweh has not yet answered the writer’s request, he speaks of Yahweh as if Yahweh were standing far away from the writer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 38 22 zv2x figs-metaphor 0 Come quickly to help me God is spoken of as if he is running to the writer to help him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 38 22 a3xa figs-abstractnouns 0 my salvation The abstract noun “salvation” can be stated as an action. Alternate translation: “you are the one who saves me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 39 intro z1zc 0 # Psalm 039 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 39 is a psalm of deliverance from sickness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Life<br>Life on earth is short. The psalmist wanted God’s healing so he can enjoy the rest of his life. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/life]])<br><br>This psalm shares some characteristics of another wisdom book called Ecclesiastes or Koheleth but is more positive. PSA 39 1 lx3e writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 39 1 rc8d 0 For the chief musician Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship,” PSA 39 1 br39 translate-names 0 Jeduthun One of David’s chief musicians had this same name. This may refer to him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) PSA 39 1 dv6b figs-idiom 0 I will watch what I say Here “watch” is an idiom that mean “pay attention to.” Alternate translation: “I will pay attention to the things that I say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 39 1 s4wx figs-metonymy 0 so that I do not sin with my tongue Here “tongue” refers to the writer’s speech. Alternate translation: “so that I do not speak an offense against Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 39 1 e8kh figs-metaphor 0 muzzle To “muzzle” means to keep a mouth shut. Here David means that he will not speak while he is with an evil person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 39 2 fa7x figs-doublet 0 I kept silent; I kept back my words These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize that the writer did not speak at all. Alternate translation: “I was completely silent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 39 2 k9fs 0 I kept back my words Alternate translation: “I did not speak” PSA 39 3 u5ie figs-synecdoche 0 My heart became hot … it burned like a fire Here “heart” represents the whole person. The anxious thoughts of the writer are spoken of as if they were a fire burning inside him. Alternate translation: “I became very anxious when I thought about these things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 39 4 vey1 figs-parallelism 0 the end of my life … the extent of my days These phrases mean basically the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 39 4 bac9 0 Show me how transient I am Alternate translation: “Show me how brief my life is” or “Show me how soon I will die” PSA 39 5 in3w figs-metaphor 0 only the width of my hand The writer speaks of his lifespan is if it could be measured by the width of his hand. Alternate translation: “only a very short time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 39 5 ej3j figs-simile 0 my lifetime is like nothing before you This simile states that the length of the writer’s life is so short that it does not exist. This is an exaggeration to stress how short it is. Alternate translation: “the length of my life is barely any time at all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) PSA 39 5 l7in figs-metaphor 0 Surely every man is a single breath Life is short, and the psalmist speaks of it here as if it were only as long as the time it takes for a person to breathe one breath. Alternate translation: “The time that humans live is as short as a single breath of a person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 39 6 wkn8 figs-simile 0 Surely every man walks about like a shadow The lives of people are spoken of as if they are as insignificant as shadows. Alternate translation: “Everyone disappears like shadows do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 39 6 i78f figs-explicit 0 although they do not know who will receive them Here it is implied that they do not know what will happen to their wealth after they die. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 39 7 y9ll figs-rquestion 0 Now, Lord, for what am I waiting? The writer asks this question to emphasize that people cannot help him. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “So now, Yahweh, I can expect to receive nothing from anyone else.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 39 9 ll7d figs-parallelism 0 I am silent … cannot open my mouth These phrases mean basically the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 39 9 whi2 0 because it is you who has done it Alternate translation: “because my punishment comes from you” PSA 39 10 kf2h figs-metaphor 0 Stop wounding me God’s punishment of the writer is spoken of as if God was wounding him with a weapon. Alternate translation: “Please stop punishing me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 39 10 hd77 0 I am overwhelmed Alternate translation: “I am defeated completely” PSA 39 10 n2ex figs-metaphor 0 the blow of your hand God’s punishment of the writer is spoken of as if God was striking him with his fist. Here “hand” represents God’s judgment. Alternate translation: “your judgment on me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 39 11 skf5 figs-simile 0 consume the things they desire like a moth God will take away the things they value in the same way as a moth eats a piece of cloth. Alternate translation: “consume the things they desire like a moth eats away at clothing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 39 11 uzd7 figs-metaphor 0 all people are nothing but vapor The writer speaks of the frailty of people as if they were mist that disappears quickly. Alternate translation: “everyone is completely fragile” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 39 12 rx3j figs-parallelism 0 Hear my prayer … listen to me … listen to my weeping These three phrases mean basically the same thing and show how strongly the writer wants God to respond to him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 39 12 ae4r figs-metaphor 0 Do not be deaf to me The writer speaks of Yahweh’s lack of response to him as if Yahweh was deaf. Alternate translation: “Do not ignore me as if you could not hear me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 39 12 nnj1 figs-simile 0 I am like a foreigner with you, a refugee The writer speaks of Yahweh’s lack of response as if Yahweh considered him to be a total stranger to him. Alternate translation: “I am like a complete stranger to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 39 13 k2nr figs-metonymy 0 Turn your gaze from me Here “your gaze” represents Yahweh’s punishment. Alternate translation: “Please stop punishing me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 39 13 kfn1 figs-metonymy 0 so that I may smile again Here “smile” is associated with being happy. Alternate translation: “so that I can be happy again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 40 intro ik39 0 # Psalm 040 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br>Psalm 40 is a psalm of praise. Many also see it as a messianic psalm, a psalm about Christ. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Sacrifices<br>God is not interested in sacrifices but wants people to obey him and fulfill his plans for them. PSA 40 1 k46g writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 40 1 q9w4 0 For the chief musician Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship.” PSA 40 1 yu4m 0 I waited patiently for Yahweh This means the writer was waiting for Yahweh to help him. PSA 40 1 j6iw figs-doublet 0 he listened to me … heard my cry These mean the same thing, and can be combined into one statement. Alternate translation: “he listened to me when I called out to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 40 2 jcv4 figs-parallelism 0 out of a horrible pit, out of the miry clay These two metaphors mean the same thing. The writer’s danger is spoken of as if it was a deadly pit full of mud. This emphasizes the danger. Alternate translation: “from being trapped in a horrible pit full of sticky mud” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 40 2 yav8 figs-synecdoche 0 he set my feet on a rock Here “my feet” refers to the writer, and “a rock” refers a place of safety. Alternate translation: “he provided safety for me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 40 3 kgu6 0 He has put a new song in my mouth This could mean: (1) “He has taught me the words to a new song” or (2) “He has given me a new reason to sing.” PSA 40 3 bl9j figs-synecdoche 0 in my mouth Here “my mouth” refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “in me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 40 3 n4gq figs-abstractnouns 0 praise to our God The noun “praise” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “a song to praise our God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 40 3 z44r figs-metonymy 0 Many will see it Here “see it” refers to hearing the writer sing his song about what God has done for him. Alternate translation: “Many people will hear me tell what Yahweh has done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 40 4 cal5 0 Blessed is the man who makes Yahweh his trust Alternate translation: “Blessed is the man who trusts in Yahweh” or “Those who trust in Yahweh are blessed” PSA 40 4 z621 figs-nominaladj 0 the proud This refers to the people who are proud. Alternate translation: “proud people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 40 4 f9yc 0 to lies The Hebrew word is unclear. This could mean: (1) “lies” or (2) “false gods.” PSA 40 5 x7v4 figs-activepassive 0 your thoughts which are about us cannot be numbered This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one can count all the things you think about us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 40 5 kzt9 figs-parallelism 0 cannot be numbered … more than could be counted These phrases mean essentially the same thing. The first is stated in negative form, and the second is stated in positive form. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) PSA 40 6 z1vh figs-hyperbole 0 You have no delight in sacrifice or offering This is an exaggeration to express that other things are much more important to God. Alternate translation: “Sacrifices and other offerings are not the things that delight you most” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) PSA 40 6 xz9n figs-metonymy 0 you have opened my ears Here “ears” refers to the ability to hear. Alternate translation: “you have enabled me to hear your commands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 40 6 mi62 figs-hyperbole 0 you have not required burnt offerings or sin offerings This is an exaggeration to show that these things were not the most important to God. Alternate translation: “animals burned on the altar and other offerings for our sins are not what you require most” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) PSA 40 7 jn6f figs-explicit 0 the scroll of the document This refers to a scroll on which was written the word of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “the written scroll” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 40 8 va1l figs-metonymy 0 your laws are in my heart Here “my heart” refers to the inner being of the writer. Alternate translation: “I am always thinking about your laws within my inner being” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 40 9 k2b6 0 I have proclaimed good news of your righteousness in the great assembly Alternate translation: “I have told a large assembly of people the good news of your righteousness.” PSA 40 9 epq1 figs-ellipsis 0 good news of your righteousness This refers to the good news that God rescues his people. Alternate translation: “good news that because you are righteous, you rescue your people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 40 9 gk2t figs-metonymy 0 my lips have not kept back from doing this Here “my lips” represents the writer, emphasizing his speech. Alternate translation: “I have not stopped myself from proclaiming these things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 40 10 vb9c figs-litotes 0 I have not concealed your righteousness in my heart “I have not kept your righteousness a secret.” This can also be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “I have openly told every one about your righteousness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) PSA 40 10 am3c figs-metonymy 0 in my heart Here this refers to the writer’s inner being. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 40 10 cn4q figs-litotes 0 I have not concealed your covenant faithfulness or your trustworthiness from the great assembly This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “I have told everyone in the great assembly about your covenant faithfulness or your trustworthiness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) PSA 40 10 bp5z figs-abstractnouns 0 your covenant faithfulness The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as “faithful.” Alternate translation: “how faithful you are to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 40 10 u78d figs-abstractnouns 0 your trustworthiness This abstract noun “trustworthiness” can be stated as “trustworthy.” Alternate translation: “how trustworthy you are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 40 11 qc48 figs-personification 0 let your covenant faithfulness and your trustworthiness always preserve me Here “covenant faithfulness” and “trustworthiness” are spoken of as if they were living people who could protect the writer. Alternate translation: “I want your covenant faithfulness and your trustworthiness to always preserve” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 40 12 c6b2 figs-metaphor 0 Troubles that cannot be numbered surround me Here troubles are spoken of as if they were objects that surround and trap the speaker. Alternate translation: “there are more troubles around me than I can count” or “more troubles come to me than I can count” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 40 12 ra9w figs-litotes 0 that cannot be numbered This is stated in negative form to intensify the number.See how you translated this in [Psalms 40:5](../040/005.md). Alternate translation: “that are vast in number” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) PSA 40 12 ff9r figs-metonymy 0 my iniquities This refers to the consequences of his sin. Alternate translation: “the consequences of my iniquities” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 40 12 qng1 figs-personification 0 have caught up with me The writer’s iniquities are spoken of as if they were his enemies who were harming him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 40 12 x56q 0 I am no longer able to see anything Versions differ in how to understand this difficult passage. It may mean that the speaker is crying so much that he cannot see anything because of his tears. PSA 40 12 ixl8 figs-metonymy 0 my heart has failed me Here “heart” refers to the writer’s inner confidence. Alternate translation: “I am very discouraged” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 40 14 hl37 figs-activepassive 0 Let them be ashamed and completely disappointed who pursue my life to take it away This can be reordered and stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Let those who pursue my life to take it awy be ashamed and completely disappointed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 40 14 l9j5 0 Let them be ashamed and completely disappointed Alternate translation: “Please make them ashamed and completely disappointed” PSA 40 14 ff5k figs-metaphor 0 who pursue my life to take it away Here “pursue my life” means they desire to kill the writer. The writer is represented by his “life.” Alternate translation: “who are trying to kill me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 40 14 knx2 figs-activepassive 0 Let them be turned back and brought to dishonor, those who delight in hurting me This can be reordered and stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Let those who delight in hurting me be turned back and brought to dishonor” or “Please have someone turn back those who delight in hurting me and bring them to dishonor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 40 14 k5tz 0 turned back Alternate translation: “unable to continue” PSA 40 15 fqa6 0 Let them be shocked because of their shame, those who say to me, “Aha, aha!” Alternate translation: “Let those who say to me, ‘Aha, aha!’ be shocked because of their shame” PSA 40 15 i1aw 0 Let them be shocked because of their shame Alternate translation: “I hope that they will be shocked when you shame them” PSA 40 15 rbg9 figs-exclamations 0 Aha, aha! These words indicate that the speaker has seen the hearer doing evil that the hearer did not think anyone knew about. You can use here words in your language that mean the same thing but sound different. See how this is translated in [Psalms 35:21](../035/021.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) PSA 40 16 az21 figs-doublet 0 rejoice and be glad These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize the intensity of joy. Alternate translation: “be very joyful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 40 16 yq7n figs-abstractnouns 0 loves your salvation The abstract noun “salvation” can be stated as an action. Alternate translation: “love you because you saved them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 40 17 v567 figs-doublet 0 poor and needy These words mean the same thing and emphasize how helpless the writer is. Alternate translation: “very needy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 40 17 ep4r 0 the Lord thinks about me Alternate translation: “the Lord cares for me” PSA 40 17 a8vb figs-parallelism 0 You are my help … you come to my rescue These phrases mean the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 40 17 g2mh 0 You are my help Alternate translation: “You are the one who helps me” PSA 40 17 zf6l 0 you come to my rescue Alternate translation: “you come to save me” PSA 40 17 c1t7 figs-litotes 0 do not delay This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “respond quickly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) PSA 41 intro q9l9 0 # Psalm 041 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 41 is a psalm of deliverance. The author’s friends had become his enemies who wanted to see him die but he trusted God to rescue him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br>### Enemies<br>The author’s best friend had become an enemy. His enemies were happy because they were sure his sickness would result in death. PSA 41 1 y6js writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 41 1 ay4z 0 For the chief musician Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship.” PSA 41 1 bd73 0 he who is concerned for the weak … rescue him The words “he” and “him” refer to anyone who is concerned for the weak. PSA 41 1 glk5 0 the weak Alternate translation: “weak people” or “poor people” PSA 41 2 j2lj 0 he … him … his These words refer to anyone who is concerned for the weak. PSA 41 3 lt8b figs-metonymy 0 Yahweh will support him on the bed of suffering The phrase “the bed of suffering” refers to when a person lies in bed because he is sick. Alternate translation: “When he is sick and in bed, Yahweh will support him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 41 3 ygd6 figs-metonymy 0 you will make his bed of sickness into a bed of healing The phrase “a bed of healing” refers to when a person rests in bed and recovers from his sickness. Alternate translation: “you, Yahweh, will heal him of his sickness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 41 5 yg22 figs-ellipsis 0 his name perish If a person’s name dies, it means that people forget that he had ever lived. Alternate translation: “when will his name perish” or “when will people forget about him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 41 6 evn1 0 If my enemy comes to see me The words “my enemy” refers to any enemy in general, and not to one specific enemy. PSA 41 6 m4zm figs-idiom 0 he says worthless things This could mean: (1) “he says meaningless things” or (2) his enemies say things to make him think that they are his friends when they are not. Alternate translation: “he says deceitful things” or “they pretend to be concerned about me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 41 6 c5vp figs-synecdoche 0 his heart gathers up my disaster for itself His enemies try to learn all of the bad things about him. Here the word “heart” refers the whole person. Bad circumstances are spoken of as if they were objects that can be gathered. Alternate translation: “he tries to learn about all of my disasters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 41 7 sq8r 0 against me they hope for my hurt This could mean: (1) “they hope that very bad things will happen to me” or (2) “they are planning to hurt me.” PSA 41 8 l22y figs-personification 0 An evil disease … to him His enemies speak of “disease” as if it were a person who has captured him. Alternate translation: “He is sick with a fatal disease” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 41 8 hfg4 0 An evil disease This could mean: (1) “A fatal disease” or (2) “Something evil” PSA 41 8 cay3 figs-explicit 0 now that he is lying down, he will rise up no more Here the words “lying down” refer to lying in bed because of illness. That he will not “rise up” means that he will continue to lie down, which is a euphemism for death. Alternate translation: “now that he is sick in bed, he will die there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) PSA 41 9 jzy3 figs-idiom 0 has lifted up his heel against me This is an idiom that means his friend betrayed him. Alternate translation: “has betrayed me” or “has turned against me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 41 10 r3b3 figs-declarative 0 But you, Yahweh, have mercy on me and raise me up This is a request. Alternate translation: “Please, Yahweh, have mercy on me and raise me up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative]]) PSA 41 10 cz3d figs-idiom 0 raise me up This means to raise him up from his bed, or to make him recover from his disease. Alternate translation: “make me well” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 41 10 h6l4 figs-metaphor 0 so that I may pay them back The writer speaks of revenge on his enemies as if it were paying to them what he owes. Alternate translation: “so that I may take revenge on them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 41 11 m2j9 figs-events 0 By this I know that you delight in me, for my enemy does not triumph over me The word “this” refers to what the writer will say next. For clarity, the clauses may be reversed. Alternate translation: “Because my enemy does not triumph over me, I know that you delight in me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-events]]) PSA 41 11 h7zl figs-explicit 0 By this I know that you delight in me, for my enemy does not triumph over me This can also be translated in future tense, since Yahweh has not yet healed him. Alternate translation: “If you enable me to do that, with the result that my enemies do not defeat me, I will know that you are pleased with me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 41 12 dfw3 0 you support me in my integrity Alternate translation: “you support me because of my integrity” PSA 41 12 jj35 figs-metaphor 0 will keep me before your face The writer speaks of being in Yahweh’s presence as being in a place where Yahweh can see him and he can see Yahweh’s face. Alternate translation: “will keep me with you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 41 13 s4va 0 General Information: This verse is more than the end of this psalm. It is the closing statement for all of Book 1 of the Psalms, which starts at Psalm 1 and ends with Psalm 41. PSA 41 13 xi7f figs-merism 0 from everlasting to everlasting This refers to two extremes and means for all time. Alternate translation: “for all eternity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) PSA 41 13 d4ws figs-doublet 0 Amen and Amen The word “Amen” is repeated to emphasize approval of what has been said. Alternate translation: “May it certainly be so” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 42 intro mu68 0 # Psalm 042 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 42 is a psalm of praise for all that God has done and a prayer for deliverance from the psalmist’s enemies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br>### Yahweh’s deliverance<br>The psalmist praises God as he remembers what God has done for him in the past, and he puts his trust in him. He needs rescuing from his enemies. Scholars believe that this psalm is about a man in exile longing for Jerusalem.<br><br>### Psalm 42 and Psalm 43<br>Some scholars believe that these two psalms were originally written together as one psalm.<br><br>### Superscription<br>This psalm is called “a Maschil of the sons of Korah.” The word “Maschil” in the original language has caused scholars to have various opinions about its meaning. Some say it means to instruct, while others say that the word is referring to the skill used in creating the psalm. Still others think it means that meditation should be used in reading this psalm. PSA 42 1 t39i writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 42 1 rt7c 0 For the chief musician Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship.” PSA 42 1 c3mx 0 A maschil This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 32:1](../032/001.md). PSA 42 1 h2nj 0 As the deer pants after streams of water, so I thirst for you, God The author compares his desire for God to the desire of a thirsty deer for water. PSA 42 1 mi8s 0 pants heavy breathing from an animal or person that is very tired or thirsty PSA 42 1 flj9 figs-metaphor 0 I thirst for you, God The author speaks of his strong desire for God as if it were a strong thirst for water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 42 2 xe9q figs-metaphor 0 I thirst for God The author speaks of his strong desire for God as if it were a strong thirst for water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 42 2 bsl8 figs-rquestion 0 when will I come and appear before God? The author does not ask this question to get an answer but to show his strong desire to be before God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 42 3 mfk4 figs-metaphor 0 My tears have been my food The author refers to his tears as if they are food that he eats. This means that he is so sad that he cannot eat. Alternate translation: “My tears are like my food and I eat nothing else” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 42 3 nw17 figs-merism 0 day and night This phrase refers to the entire day by referring to both its beginning and end. Alternate translation: “all day long” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) PSA 42 3 hy3m figs-hyperbole 0 my enemies are always saying to me This is an exaggeration. His enemies are not saying this constantly; they are saying it often. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) PSA 42 3 sa8l figs-rquestion 0 Where is your God? The author’s enemies use this question to mock him and to express that they do not see his God helping him. Alternate translation: “Your God is not here to help you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 42 4 d12n figs-idiom 0 call to mind This is an idiom that means to remember or think about something. Alternate translation: “remember” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 42 4 k59b figs-metonymy 0 I pour out my soul Here the word “soul” refers to the emotions. The author speaks of his soul as if it is a liquid that he pours out. The phrase means that he is expressing his emotional grief. Alternate translation: “I express my sorrow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 42 4 c6f8 0 the throng Alternate translation: “the crowd of people” PSA 42 4 gv3q figs-hendiadys 0 joy and praise This phrase uses two different words to express one idea. Alternate translation: “joyful praise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]]) PSA 42 5 xs1j figs-rquestion 0 Why are you bowed down, my soul? Why are you upset within me? The author refers to his inner self as his “soul,” which represents himself. He asks these questions to rebuke himself. Alternate translation: “I should not be bowed down. I should not be worried” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 42 5 cc84 figs-metaphor 0 bowed down The writer speaks of depression or discouragement as if it were his soul being bent over. Alternate translation: “discouraged” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 42 5 fyf2 figs-imperative 0 Hope in God The writer continues to speak to his own soul and commands it to trust God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]]) PSA 42 6 lp5z 0 My God, my soul The writer begins to speak to God about his soul. PSA 42 6 s443 figs-idiom 0 I call you to mind This phrase means to remember or to think about something. Alternate translation: “I think of you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 42 6 u6xn figs-explicit 0 the land of the Jordan This is probably a reference to northern Israel, where the Jordan river originates. Alternate translation: “the land where the Jordan river begins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 42 6 ka3s 0 peaks mountain tops PSA 42 6 xh39 translate-names 0 hill of Mizar This is the name of a hill at the base of Mount Hermon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) PSA 42 7 c6aq figs-personification 0 Deep calls to deep at the noise of your waterfalls The word “deep” refers to deep waters, which here are likely the streams rushing down Mount Hermon. The writer speaks of them as if they are people calling out to one another as they hear the sound of their own descent from the mountain. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 42 7 exq2 figs-metaphor 0 all your waves … have gone over me The author speaks of his great misfortune and sadness as if they are deep waters that drown him with one wave after another. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 42 7 d5k7 figs-doublet 0 your waves and your billows The word “billows” is another word for “waves.” Together the two words emphasize the greatness of the waves. Alternate translation: “all of your great waves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 42 8 ef4n figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh will command his covenant faithfulness in the daytime The writer speaks of Yahweh’s covenant faithfulness as if it were a person whom he commands to be with him. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will show me his covenant faithfulness in the daytime” or “Yahweh will show me in the daytime how faithful he is to his covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 42 8 jsc8 0 his song This could mean: (1) “the song that he gives me” or (2) “the song about him” PSA 42 8 xm7t 0 the God of my life Alternate translation: “the God who gives me life” PSA 42 9 si6j figs-metaphor 0 I will say to God, my rock The writer speaks of God as if he were a huge rock that would provide protection from enemy attack. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 42 9 b1ik 0 Why do I go mourning To “go mourning” is to perform customs related to being very sad. PSA 42 10 bp1m figs-simile 0 As with a sword in my bones The writer describes his adversaries’ rebukes as his receiving a fatal wound. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 42 10 r4wg figs-hyperbole 0 they always say to me This is an exaggeration; his enemies are not saying this constantly but are saying it often. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) PSA 42 10 ae82 figs-rquestion 0 Where is your God? The writer’s enemies use this question to mock him and to express that they do not see God helping him. Alternate translation: “Your God is not here to help you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 42 11 evd8 figs-rquestion 0 Why are you bowed down, my soul? Why are you upset within me? The author refers to his inner self as his “soul,” which represents himself. He asks these questions to rebuke himself. See how you translated this in [Psalms 42:5](../042/005.md). Alternate translation: “I should not be bowed down, I should not be worried” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 42 11 wp6h figs-metaphor 0 bowed down The writer speaks of depression or discouragement as if it were his soul being bent over. See how you translated this in [Psalms 42:5](../042/005.md). Alternate translation: “discouraged” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 42 11 ghd7 figs-imperative 0 Hope in God The writer continues to speak to his own soul and commands it to trust God. See how you translated this in [Psalms 42:5](../042/005.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]]) PSA 43 intro x44y 0 # Psalm 043 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 43 is a psalm of deliverance. It is a plea for rescue from the psalmist’s enemies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Encouragement<br>The author should not be discouraged because he trusts in God to deliver him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])<br><br>### Psalm 42 and Psalm 43<br>Some scholars believe that these two psalms were originally written together as one psalm. PSA 43 1 il4d writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 43 2 quk8 0 the God of my strength This could mean: (1) “the God who protects me” or (2) “the God who gives me strength.” PSA 43 2 a96e figs-rquestion 0 Why have you rejected me? Why do I go about in mourning because of the oppression of the enemy? The writer asks these questions in order to complain to God and express his emotions, not to receive an answer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 43 2 cpw2 0 Why do I go about in mourning To “go about in mourning” is to perform customs related to being very sad. PSA 43 2 d84h figs-abstractnouns 0 because of the oppression of the enemy The word “oppression” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “because my enemy oppresses me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 43 3 e7jd figs-metaphor 0 send out your light and your truth The writer speaks of God’s deliverance as if it were a light that shows him the way and truth that teaches him how to live. Alternate translation: “guide me with your light and truth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 43 3 uhy4 figs-metonymy 0 holy hill This refers to the hill in Jerusalem where the temple is located and thus to the temple itself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 43 3 rr6l 0 to your dwelling Alternate translation: “to the place where you live” PSA 43 4 r8lp 0 God my exceeding joy Alternate translation: “God who is my very great joy” or “God who gives me very great joy” PSA 43 5 qb88 figs-rquestion 0 Why are you bowed down, my soul? Why are you upset within me? The author refers to his inner self as his “soul,” which represents himself. He asks these questions to rebuke himself. See how you translated this in [Psalms 42:5](../042/005.md). Alternate translation: “I should not be bowed down. I should not be worried” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 43 5 wn18 figs-metaphor 0 bowed down The writer speaks of depression or discouragement as if it were his soul being bent over. See how you translated this in [Psalms 42:5](../042/005.md). Alternate translation: “discouraged” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 43 5 z1zd figs-imperative 0 Hope in God The writer continues to speak to his own soul and commands it to trust God. See how you translated this in [Psalms 42:5](../042/005.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]]) PSA 43 5 dgl5 figs-doublet 0 my salvation and my God The phrase “my salvation” refers to God. If necessary the two phrases can be combined. Alternate translation: “my God who saves me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 44 intro cu7e 0 # Psalm 044 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 44 is a deliverance psalm. It is a prayer for God’s help against enemies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Enemies<br>When Israel entered the Promised Land, God fought for them and drove out their enemies. Since their enemies have now defeated them, they are in need of God’s help. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])<br><br>### Superscription<br>This psalm is called “a Maschil.” The word “Maschil” in the original language has caused scholars to have various opinions about its meaning. Some say it means to instruct, while others say that the word is referring to the skill used in creating the psalm. Still others think it means that meditation should be used in reading this psalm. PSA 44 1 gi44 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 44 1 n2t8 0 For the chief musician Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship.” PSA 44 1 vwd3 0 A psalm of the sons of Korah Alternate translation: “This is a psalm that the sons of Korah wrote.” PSA 44 1 d1rs figs-idiom 0 We have heard with our ears, God The word “ears” adds emphasis to the statement that they have heard and understood the things that the writer is about to describe. The writer addresses this statement to God. Alternate translation: “God, we have heard clearly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 44 1 ifj6 figs-parallelism 0 in their days, in the days of old Both of these phrases use the word “days” to refer to the time period when the ancestors of the people of Israel were alive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 44 2 rd1l 0 You drove out the nations Alternate translation: “You forced the people from other nations to leave” PSA 44 2 w5ar figs-metonymy 0 with your hand Here the word “hand” refers to God’s power. Alternate translation: “by your power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 44 2 sst2 figs-metaphor 0 you planted our people The writer speaks of God’s causing the Israelites to live in the land as if he were planting them in the soil like he would a tree. Alternate translation: “you caused our people to live there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 44 3 f15t figs-metonymy 0 by their own sword The word “sword” refers to military power. Alternate translation: “by fighting with their own swords” or “by their own army’s strength” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 44 3 ixc7 figs-metonymy 0 their own arm Here the word “arm” refers to power. Alternate translation: “their own power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 44 3 cr9y figs-ellipsis 0 the light of your face You may supply a verb for this phrase. Alternate translation: “the light of your face obtained the land for their possession” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 44 3 ekr9 figs-metonymy 0 your right hand, your arm Here the words “hand” and “arm” both refer to God’s power. Combined, they emphasize the greatness of God’s power. Alternate translation: “your great power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 44 3 a1dc figs-metaphor 0 the light of your face The writer speaks of Yahweh looking with favor upon them and being kind to them as if Yahweh’s face shone a light on them. Alternate translation: “your kindness” or “your good favor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 44 4 md4f figs-metonymy 0 victory for Jacob The people of Israel are referred to by the name of their ancestor “Jacob.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 44 5 cn87 0 Through you … through your Alternate translation: “By you … by your” PSA 44 5 l9n9 figs-metaphor 0 push down … tread them under … rise up The writer speaks of his enemies’ defeat as if they are “down” and of their preparing to fight as if they are “up.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 44 5 u2c5 figs-metonymy 0 through your name Here the word “name” refers to God’s power and authority. Alternate translation: “by your power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 44 5 ze87 0 tread them under Alternate translation: “tread them under our feet” or “walk on top of them” PSA 44 8 ql57 figs-abstractnouns 0 we have made our boast The word “boast” can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “we have boasted” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 44 8 qb7z figs-metonymy 0 we will give thanks to your name Here the word “name” refers to God, himself. Alternate translation: “we will give thanks to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 44 9 tw86 figs-metaphor 0 thrown us off The writer speaks of God’s rejection of Israel as if he were discarding an unwanted piece of clothing. Alternate translation: “rejected us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 44 10 bc8x 0 spoil resources and treasures that an army collects after winning a battle PSA 44 11 cmt5 figs-simile 0 You have made us like sheep to be slaughtered The writer compares the Israelites to sheep that people kill and eat. As sheep are helpless before those who kill them, so the Israelites are helpless before their enemies. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “You have allowed our enemies to kill us like they would kill a sheep and eat it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 44 11 k8qj 0 scattered us among the nations Alternate translation: “caused us to live in many different nations” PSA 44 12 zm14 figs-metaphor 0 sell your people for nothing The writer speaks of Yahweh allowing Israel’s enemies to conquer them as if he were selling the people of Israel to their enemies but does not require any payment from their enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 44 13 j3ej figs-parallelism 0 You make us a rebuke to our neighbors, scoffed and mocked by those around us These two phrases are parallel emphasizing how the people among whom they live mock them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 44 13 ys4c figs-abstractnouns 0 You make us a rebuke to our neighbors The word “rebuke” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “You make us something that our neighbors rebuke” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 44 13 z6rm figs-activepassive 0 scoffed and mocked by those around us This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “those around us scoff at us and mock us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 44 14 d6zg figs-parallelism 0 an insult among … a shaking of the head These phrases are parallel emphasizing how intensely the nations around them mock them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 44 14 cf7w figs-abstractnouns 0 You make us an insult among the nations The word “insult” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “You make the nations around us insult us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 44 14 l1b9 figs-abstractnouns 0 a shaking of the head among the peoples The phrase “a shaking of the head” can be translated in verbal form. Alternate translation: “something at which the peoples shake their heads” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 44 14 d7ze 0 a shaking of the head This was a gesture that people used to show scorn to others. PSA 44 15 lk1b figs-metaphor 0 my dishonor is before me The writer speaks of his dishonor as if it were an object that is always in front of him for him to see. The phrase means that he is always thinking about his dishonor. Alternate translation: “I think about my dishonor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 44 15 l48m figs-metaphor 0 the shame of my face has covered me The writer speaks of his shame as if it is an object that covers him like a blanket would cover him. Alternate translation: “the shame of my face has overwhelmed me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 44 15 w1hq 0 the shame of my face “the shame that shows on my face.” This refers to his facial expressions that his shame causes. PSA 44 16 p8lw figs-synecdoche 0 because of the voice of him who rebukes and insults Here the words “the voice” represents the person insulting him. Alternate translation: “because of what the person says who rebukes and insults me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 44 16 s49c figs-doublet 0 rebukes and insults These words have similar meanings and emphasize the harsh nature of what this person says. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 44 18 qi6w figs-parallelism 0 Our heart has not turned back … have not gone from your way These two phrases are parallel. The writer speaks of loyalty to God as if it were following him, and disloyalty as if it were turning away from him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 44 18 mf97 figs-metonymy 0 Our heart has not turned back Here the word “heart” refers to the emotions, and specifically to loyalty and devotion. Alternate translation: “We have not stopped being loyal to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 44 19 d4u4 figs-metaphor 0 you have severely broken us The writer speaks of God’s punishment as if it were breaking a fragile object. Alternate translation: “you have punished us severely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 44 19 dfs9 figs-metaphor 0 in the place of jackals The writer speaks of Israel after God’s punishment as if it were a wild, uninhabitable place. Alternate translation: “and made our land like a place where jackals live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 44 19 c511 0 jackals a type of wild dog PSA 44 19 v695 figs-metaphor 0 covered us with the shadow of death The writer speaks of death as if it is an object that casts a shadow over those who are about to die. Alternate translation: “made us so that we are about to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 44 20 k5hu figs-metonymy 0 If we have forgotten the name of our God Here the word “name” refers to God, himself. To forget God is to stop worshiping him. This is something that did not happen. Alternate translation: “If we had forgotten our God” or “If we had stopped worshiping our God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) PSA 44 20 g9jv translate-symaction 0 spread out our hands to a strange god Spreading out the hands is a gesture that people used to worship and pray to a god. Alternate translation: “worshiped a strange god” or “prayed to a strange god” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) PSA 44 21 rv5k figs-rquestion 0 would not God search this out? The writer uses this question to express that God would know if they worshiped another god. Alternate translation: “God would certainly find out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 44 21 ih8n figs-metonymy 0 he knows the secrets of the heart Here the word “heart” refers to the mind and thoughts. Alternate translation: “he knows what a person secretly thinks” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 44 22 mxt3 figs-hyperbole 0 we are being killed all day long The phrase “all day long” is an exaggeration to emphasize that their people are being killed frequently. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “we are always in danger of people killing us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 44 22 exg2 figs-activepassive 0 we are considered to be sheep for the slaughter This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people consider us to be sheep for the slaughter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 44 22 vl87 figs-metaphor 0 sheep for the slaughter The writer compares the Israelites to sheep that people kill and eat. As sheep are helpless before those who kill them, so the Israelites are helpless before their enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 44 23 b9h3 figs-rquestion 0 Awake, why do you sleep, Lord? This does not mean that God is actually asleep. The writer speaks of God’s seeming inactivity as if God is sleeping. He asks the question to rebuke God for appearing not to be concerned about their troubles. Alternate translation: “Wake up! I feel like you are sleeping, Lord!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 44 23 z7sm figs-metaphor 0 do not throw us off The writer speaks of God’s rejection of Israel as if he were discarding an unwanted piece of clothing. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Psalms 44:9](../044/009.md). Alternate translation: “do not reject us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 44 24 h91h figs-rquestion 0 Why do you hide your face … our oppression? The writer uses this question to complain that God appears to be ignoring them. Alternate translation: “Do not hide your face … our oppression.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 44 24 hj18 figs-metaphor 0 hide your face The writer speaks of God ignoring them as if God were hiding his face so that he could not see them. Alternate translation: “ignore us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 44 24 jb65 figs-abstractnouns 0 forget our affliction and our oppression The words “affliction” and “oppression” mean basically the same thing and emphasize the severity of their affliction. These words may also be translated as verbs. Alternate translation: “forget that people afflict us and oppress us” or “forget that people greatly afflict us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 44 25 rzd7 figs-parallelism 0 For we have sunk down into the dust; our bodies cling to the earth These parallel phrases share similar meanings. The writer describes his people as lying on the ground in a posture of defeat and humiliation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 44 25 f1gv figs-metaphor 0 For we have sunk down into the dust The writer speaks of their humiliation as if their bodies were objects, such as ice, that melt and soak into the dirt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 44 25 q4te figs-metaphor 0 our bodies cling to the earth The writer speaks of their humiliation as if their bodies were stuck to the ground and they could not raise themselves up. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 44 26 gbh3 figs-idiom 0 Rise up This is a command to stand. This phrase refers to beginning to act on something. Alternate translation: “Take action” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 44 26 uu4n figs-abstractnouns 0 for the sake of your covenant faithfulness The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “to show that you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 45 intro hk23 0 # Psalm 045 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 45 is a royal psalm written for the king’s wedding day.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Beauty<br>The king has a beautiful palace, and his bride is also beautiful.<br><br>### Superscription<br>This psalm is called “a Maschil.” The word “Maschil” in the original language has caused scholars to have various opinions about its meaning. Some say it means to instruct, while others say that the word is referring to the skill used in creating the psalm. Still others think it means that meditation should be used in reading this psalm. PSA 45 1 v3sl writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 45 1 p8j6 0 For the chief musician Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship” PSA 45 1 f1a1 0 set to Shoshannim This may refer to a style or the tune of the music. Sometimes it is translated as “set to the tune of ‘Lilies.’” PSA 45 1 ty3v 0 A psalm of the sons of Korah Alternate translation: “This is a psalm that the sons of Korah wrote.” PSA 45 1 tug8 0 A maschil This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 32:1](../032/001.md). PSA 45 1 c73i figs-metaphor 0 My heart overflows on a good subject The writer speaks of his heart as if it were a container that overflows with liquid. The word “heart” represents his emotions, which are excited by the song that he sings. Alternate translation: “My emotions are excited about a good subject” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 45 1 puh2 0 a good subject “a noble theme” or “a beautiful word.” This refers to the song that he has written. PSA 45 1 w2cc 0 composed to have written or created a song PSA 45 1 chy8 figs-metaphor 0 my tongue is the pen of a ready writer The writer speaks of his tongue as if it were a pen. He speaks words as skillfully as an experienced writer writes words. Alternate translation: “my tongue is like the pen of person who writes well” or “I speak words as skillfully as an experienced writer can write words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 45 2 x1mq figs-hyperbole 0 You are fairer than the children of mankind This phrase is an exaggeration that emphasizes that the king is better looking than anyone else. The phrase “children of mankind” is an idiom and refers to all humans. Alternate translation: “You are more handsome than any other man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 45 2 an93 figs-metaphor 0 grace is poured onto your lips The writer speaks of grace as if it were oil that someone has used to anoint the king’s lips. The word “lips” refers to the king’s speech. The phrase means that the king speaks eloquently. Alternate translation: “it is as if someone has anointed your lips with oil” or “you speak eloquently” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 45 3 y2u2 figs-explicit 0 Put your sword on your side Warriors carried their swords in a sheath that hung from a belt around their waist. The sword would rest against their side. This phrase describes an action of someone preparing for battle. Alternate translation: “Prepare yourself for battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 45 4 cyr3 0 ride on triumphantly The writer tells the king to ride his horse or chariot to victory. PSA 45 4 s46i figs-abstractnouns 0 because of trustworthiness, meekness, and righteousness The abstract nouns “trustworthiness,” “meekness,” and “righteousness” can be stated as adjectives. This could mean: (1) these are qualities of the mighty one. Alternate translation: “because you are trustworthy, meek, and righteous” or (2) these are virtues that he fights to uphold for the people whom he rules. Alternate translation: “in order to fight for what is trustworthy, meek, and right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 45 4 td7g figs-metonymy 0 your right hand will teach you fearful things Most soldiers held their swords with their right hands when they fought. Here, the phrase “right hand” refers to his ability to fight, which the writer speaks of as if it were a person who can teach the king through the experience he gains in battle. Alternate translation: “You will learn to accomplish great military feats by fighting in many battles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 45 4 ij55 0 fearful things “awesome deeds.” This refers to military victories that cause his enemies to fear him and his allies to revere him. PSA 45 5 k74n 0 the peoples fall under you This phrase refers to the king defeating his enemies. This could mean: (1) “the peoples fall at your feet in surrender” or (2) “the peoples fall dead at your feet.” PSA 45 5 zn7a 0 your arrows are in the hearts of the king’s enemies “your arrows have pierced the hearts of your enemies.” The writer speaks to the king while referring to the king in the third person. PSA 45 6 d479 figs-metonymy 0 Your throne … is forever and ever The word “throne” represents the kingdom and rule of the king. Alternate translation: “Your kingdom … is forever and ever” or “You will reign … forever and ever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 45 6 mh74 0 Your throne, God Possible meanings are that the word **God**: (1) is a title for the king, who is God’s representative or (2) modifies the word “throne” and means “Your kingdom that God has given you.” PSA 45 6 h2tn figs-metonymy 0 a scepter of justice is the scepter of your kingdom The word “scepter” represents the king’s authority to rule his kingdom. Alternate translation: “you rule your kingdom with justice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 45 7 w1rj figs-metaphor 0 God, your God, has anointed you with the oil of gladness The writer speaks of gladness as if it were an oil that God used to anoint the king. That God has anointed him is a symbolic action that represents God’s choosing him to be king. Alternate translation: “when God appointed you as king, he made you very glad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) PSA 45 8 s741 0 General Information: Here the writer begins to describe what appears to be the wedding ceremony of the king and his bride. PSA 45 8 ggv6 translate-unknown 0 myrrh, aloes, and cassia These are aromatic plant substances that people used to make perfumes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) PSA 45 8 mam8 0 ivory palaces Ivory is a hard white substance that forms animal’s tusks. This phrase describes a palace with walls and furniture that people have decorated with ivory. PSA 45 8 ldy1 figs-metonymy 0 stringed instruments have made you glad The words “stringed instruments” refers to the music that people make by playing the stringed instruments. Alternate translation: “the music of stringed instruments has made you glad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 45 9 at3w 0 honorable women These women are wives of the king who receive his approval. PSA 45 9 bvd2 figs-explicit 0 the queen This is a reference to the woman who will become queen. Alternate translation: “your bride, the queen” or “your bride, who will be the queen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 45 9 w8kb translate-names 0 Ophir This is the name of a place that had a reputation for its fine gold. The location is unknown. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) PSA 45 10 d768 0 Listen, daughter The writer begins to speak to the queen and refers to her as “daughter” because she is a young woman. PSA 45 10 z8va figs-metaphor 0 incline your ear The writer speaks of listening carefully to something as if it were bending one’s ear towards the person who is speaking. Alternate translation: “listen carefully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 45 10 u572 figs-metaphor 0 forget your own people The writer speaks of the queen no longer following the beliefs and customs of her native people as if it were forgetting them. Alternate translation: “no longer follow the customs of your people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 45 10 zi39 figs-metonymy 0 your father’s house Here the word “house” refers to family. Alternate translation: “your relatives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 45 11 vj28 0 In this way Alternate translation: “and” or “so” PSA 45 11 tyk3 figs-euphemism 0 the king will desire your beauty This is a polite way to say that the king will want to sleep with the queen as his wife. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) PSA 45 12 y2m6 0 General Information: The writer continues to speak to the queen. PSA 45 12 b5qz figs-metaphor 0 The daughter of Tyre The writer speaks of the people who live in Tyre as if they are Tyre’s children. Alternate translation: “The people of Tyre” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 45 13 z961 figs-explicit 0 The royal daughter This is a reference to the woman whom the king will marry. Alternate translation: “The king’s bride” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 45 13 fc31 0 all glorious “very beautiful.” This refers to the woman’s appearance. PSA 45 13 aze7 figs-activepassive 0 her clothing is worked with gold Her clothing is decorated or embroidered with gold. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “she wears clothing that someone has embroidered with golden thread” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 45 14 chm2 0 General Information: The author continues to speak about the queen but begins to address the king again. PSA 45 14 v2p3 figs-activepassive 0 She will be led to the king in embroidered dress This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People will lead her to the king as she wears an embroidered dress” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 45 14 mrv3 0 embroidered a design made by sewing colored threads into cloth PSA 45 14 ji2m figs-activepassive 0 the virgins, her companions who follow her, will be brought to you Here the word “you” refers to the king. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people will bring to you the virgins, her companions who follow her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 45 15 j9m5 figs-personification 0 They will be led by gladness and rejoicing This phrase describes “gladness and rejoicing” as a person who leads others to celebrate. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Gladness and rejoicing will lead them” or “They will proceed with gladness and rejoicing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 45 15 jxe5 figs-doublet 0 gladness and rejoicing These two words mean basically the same thing and emphasize the intensity of gladness. Alternate translation: “great gladness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 45 16 x1cw 0 Connecting Statement: The writer continues to address the king. PSA 45 16 jy9e 0 In the place of your fathers will be your children This means that the king’s sons will replace him as king, just as he replaced his ancestors as king. PSA 45 16 wu3k figs-hyperbole 0 you will make princes in all the earth The phrase “in all the earth” is an exaggeration to emphasize that they will rule over many nations. Alternate translation: “you will make rulers over many nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) PSA 45 17 n62l figs-metonymy 0 I will make your name to be remembered in all generations Here the word “I” refers to the writer. The word “name” refers to the king’s character and reputation. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will cause people in every generation to know about your greatness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 46 intro w4ye 0 # Psalm 046 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 46 is a psalm of praise to God.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>God is all-powerful, controls nature, and protects his people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]]) PSA 46 1 pye4 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 46 1 b2mp 0 For the chief musician Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship.” PSA 46 1 t2j8 0 A psalm of the sons of Korah Alternate translation: “This is a psalm that the sons of Korah wrote” PSA 46 1 q7sv translate-unknown 0 set to Alamoth This may refer to a style of music. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) PSA 46 1 sf97 figs-metaphor 0 God is our refuge and strength The writer speaks of God as if he were a place where people can go for safety. Alternate translation: “God gives us safety and strength” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 46 2 d2ga figs-metaphor 0 the mountains should be shaken into the heart of the seas The writer speaks of the deepest part of the sea as if it were the sea’s heart. Here he describes an earthquake that causes the mountains to crumble and fall into the sea. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the mountains should shake so violently that they fall into the depths of the sea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 46 3 nvd8 0 though its waters roar and rage “though the waters of the sea roar and rage.” The words “roar” and “rage” describe the violent movements of the sea during a strong storm. PSA 46 3 v7sn figs-explicit 0 mountains tremble with their swelling The phrase “their swelling” refers to the waters of the sea as they rise and crash against the mountains. Alternate translation: “the swelling waters cause the mountains to tremble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 46 4 x5va writing-symlanguage 0 There is a river whose streams make the city of God happy The imagery of a running river symbolizes peace and prosperity for the city of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) PSA 46 4 n4fc figs-metonymy 0 make the city of God happy The phrase “the city of God” refers to Jerusalem, and represents the people who live in that city. Alternate translation: “make the people who live in Jerusalem happy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 46 4 ft9r figs-explicit 0 the holy place where the Most High dwells This phrase describes “the city of God.” Alternate translation: “the holy place where the Most High lives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 46 5 v4ku 0 in the middle of her; she will not be moved … help her The words “her” and “she” refer to “the city of God.” PSA 46 5 kf8d figs-metaphor 0 she will not be moved Here, the word “moved” is the same word translated as “shaken” in [Psalms v. 2](./001.md). The writer speaks of the destruction of Jerusalem by armies as if an earthquake were to destroy it. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “nothing will be able destroy her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 46 6 ese7 figs-metaphor 0 The nations raged Here, the word “raged” is the same word that the writer used in [Psalms v. 3](./001.md) to describe the waters of the sea. The writer speaks of the fear of the nations as if it was the violent movements of the sea during a strong storm. Alternate translation: “The nations are terrified” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 46 6 m4wd figs-metaphor 0 the kingdoms were shaken Here, the word “shaken” is the same word that the writer used in [Psalms v. 2](./001.md) to describe the effect of an earthquake on the mountains. The writer speaks of the overthrow of kingdoms by armies as if an earthquake were to destroy them. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “armies overthrew the kingdoms” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 46 6 hp6t figs-metaphor 0 he lifted up his voice “God lifted up his voice.” The writer speaks of the “voice” as an object that a person can pick up and raise into the air. This means that the voice becomes louder. Alternate translation: “God shouted” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 46 6 p2kl figs-metonymy 0 the earth melted The writer speaks of the earth as an object, such as ice, that can melt. Here “the earth” represents mankind, and to melt represents fear. Alternate translation: “the people of the earth tremble with fear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 46 7 lc6w figs-metaphor 0 the God of Jacob is our refuge The writer speaks of God as if he were a place where people can go for safety. Alternate translation: “the God of Jacob gives us safety” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 46 7 nkp6 figs-metonymy 0 the God of Jacob This could mean: (1) “the God whom Jacob worshiped” or (2) “Jacob” is a metonym for the nation of Israel and means “the God of Israel.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 46 9 lwa3 0 He makes wars cease Alternate translation: “He makes nations stop fighting wars” PSA 46 9 b5gh figs-idiom 0 to the ends of the earth This is an idiom that refers to everywhere in the word. Alternate translation: “everywhere in the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 46 9 v24c 0 he breaks the bow … burns up the shields One way in which Yahweh will make all wars to cease is by destroying the weapons that the armies use to fight one another. PSA 46 9 gst2 translate-textvariants 0 shields Some versions understand this Hebrew word as “chariots.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]]) PSA 46 10 y22y 0 Be quiet and know that I am God Here, God begins to speak. PSA 46 10 ua4x figs-explicit 0 Be quiet In this context, these words are likely a command to the nations to stop their wars. Alternate translation: “Stop fighting” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 46 10 u2j9 0 know that I am God Here the word “know” means to understand and to confess that Yahweh is the true God. PSA 46 10 ssq3 figs-parallelism 0 I will be exalted among the nations; I will be exalted on the earth These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that the people of every nation in the world will exalt God. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People from every nation will exalt me; people all over the earth will exalt me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 46 11 gl4e figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh of hosts is with us; the God of Jacob is our refuge The writer speaks of God as if he were a place where people can go for safety. See how you translated these lines in [Psalms 46:7](../046/007.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 47 intro j9a7 0 # Psalm 047 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 47 is a psalm of praise to God.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s power<br>God is powerful over all the nations in the world. PSA 47 1 l66j writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 47 1 xf2n 0 For the chief musician Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship” PSA 47 1 uqb5 figs-explicit 0 Clap your hands Clapping your hands is associated with celebration. Alternate translation: “Clap your hands in celebration” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 47 1 n5aa 0 shout to God with the sound of triumph “shout to God with joyful voices.” Here the word “triumph” refers to the joy associated with victory. PSA 47 3 bqu5 figs-parallelism 0 He subdues peoples under us and nations under our feet These two phrases are parallel and mean that God enabled Israel to conquer their enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 47 3 j5mi 0 subdues to conquer and place under the authority of another PSA 47 3 sa4s figs-metaphor 0 under us … under our feet The writer speaks of conquering other nations as if it were putting those nations underneath their feet. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 47 4 p3vm figs-metaphor 0 He chooses our inheritance for us The writer speaks of the land of Israel as if it were an inheritance that God has given the people as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “He chooses this land as an inheritance for us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 47 4 e7vk figs-metonymy 0 the glory of Jacob Here the word “glory” refers to a source of pride and represents the land that God has given to his people as an inheritance. Alternate translation: “the land in which Jacob takes pride” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 47 4 qvz6 figs-metonymy 0 Jacob whom he loved The word “Jacob” refers to the nation of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 47 5 y2zq figs-metaphor 0 God has gone up with a shout The writer speaks of God’s conquering the nations as if God were a king ascending his throne, which was located in the temple. Alternate translation: “God has gone up into the temple as people shouted” or “God has ascended to his throne as people shouted” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 47 5 z2zz figs-parallelism 0 Yahweh with the sound of a trumpet This phrase parallels the previous phrase. The verb may be supplied for clarity. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has gone up as people blew trumpets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 47 6 wn5w figs-parallelism 0 Sing praises to God, sing praises; sing praises to our King, sing praises The phrase “sing praises” is repeated for emphasis. You may omit the repetition if it is awkward in your language. Alternate translation: “Sing, sing praises to God; sing, sing praises to our King” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 47 9 vxi7 0 The princes of the peoples Alternate translation: “The rulers of all the nations” PSA 47 9 kg5b 0 gathered together to the people Possible meanings are that the rulers of the nations: (1) “gather in front of the people” or (2) “gathered together with the people” so that all may worship God as king. PSA 47 9 eew2 figs-metaphor 0 the shields of the earth belong to God Possible meanings are that **shields**: (1) refers to instruments of war. Alternate translation: “God has more power than the weapons of all the kings on the earth” or (2) refers to the rulers of the nations who are spoken of as shields who protect their nations. Alternate translation: “the kings of the earth are subject to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 48 intro wfx3 0 # Psalm 048 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 48 is a psalm of praise for Jerusalem.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Jerusalem<br>Jerusalem has mighty defenses. Foreign nations will be amazed. It is something to remember and testify about. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/testimony]])<br><br>It is helpful to know that “Mount Zion” is often used to refer to the city of Jerusalem. PSA 48 1 s5c1 writing-poetry 0 General Information: This psalm is a song about Jerusalem being God’s dwelling place. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 48 1 az4y figs-activepassive 0 greatly to be praised This can be stated in active from. Alternate translation: “people are to praise him greatly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 48 1 az2x 0 the city of our God on his holy mountain This is a reference to Jerusalem, which was built on Mount Zion. PSA 48 1 dj9j 0 the city of our God This could mean: (1) “the city where our God lives” or (2) “the city that belongs to our God” PSA 48 2 nl3f 0 Beautiful in elevation “Beautiful and high.” The word “elevation” refers to how high mount Zion is. PSA 48 2 y3e3 figs-metonymy 0 the joy of the whole earth, is Mount Zion Here the word “earth” refers to everyone living on the earth. The word “joy” may be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “Mount Zion gives joy to everyone on earth” or “everyone on earth rejoices because of Mount Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 48 2 r8gx 0 on the sides of the north Possible meanings are that this phrase: (1) refers to the direction of the north or (2) is another name for Mount Zion meaning “the mountain of God.” PSA 48 3 qb5z figs-metaphor 0 God has made himself known in her palaces as a refuge The writer speaks of God as if he were a place where people can go for safety. Alternate translation: “God has made himself known as one who gives safety to the people in Mount Zion’s palaces” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 48 4 lw4p 0 see The word “see” here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows. PSA 48 4 fnx9 figs-metonymy 0 assembled themselves Here the kings represent their armies. Alternate translation: “assembled their armies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 48 4 yk23 0 they passed by together Alternate translation: “together they passed by Jerusalem” PSA 48 5 q1px 0 They saw it Alternate translation: “They saw Jerusalem” PSA 48 5 k5fi 0 dismayed greatly troubled PSA 48 6 xy4p figs-personification 0 Trembling took hold of them there The writer speaks of the kings’ fear as if it were a person who caused the kings and their armies to tremble. Alternate translation: “There they trembled with fear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 48 6 ees5 figs-metaphor 0 pain as when a woman is in labor The writer speaks of the kings’ fear as if it were the pain that a woman experiences in childbirth and speaks of that pain as if it were a person. The verb may be supplied from the previous clause. Alternate translation: “pain took hold of them, as when a woman is in labor” or “they became afraid, like a woman is afraid of experiencing labor pains” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 48 7 e8iv figs-metaphor 0 With the east wind you break the ships of Tarshish This could mean: (1) this is a metaphor in which the author describes the kings being afraid as if they were ships that shake because God destroys them with a strong wind. Alternate translation: “They shook with fear, as the ships of Tarshish shake when you break them with the east wind” or (2) this is an apostrophe in which the author describes God’s great power. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) PSA 48 7 qp44 0 the east wind This could mean: (1) “a wind blowing from the east” or (2) “a strong wind.” PSA 48 7 n4q7 0 the ships of Tarshish This could mean: (1) ships that sail to or are built in the city of Tarshish or (2) any large ocean-going ship. PSA 48 8 b3ds figs-explicit 0 As we have heard It is implied that what they have heard is the great things that God has done in the past. Alternate translation: “As we have heard about the great things that God has done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 48 8 g7aa figs-explicit 0 so have we seen This means that they have seen the proof that the things that they have heard are true. Alternate translation: “so we have seen God do great things now” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 48 8 pr7i figs-parallelism 0 in the city of Yahweh of hosts, in the city of our God Both of these phrases refer to Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “in the city of our God, Yahweh of hosts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 48 8 pa6r 0 establish it “make it secure.” Here the word “establish means to preserve and make something secure. PSA 48 9 fec8 figs-abstractnouns 0 your covenant faithfulness The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “how faithful you are to your covenant” or “how faithful you are to us because of your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 48 9 wf6y 0 in the middle of your temple Alternate translation: “as we are in your temple” PSA 48 10 wrg5 figs-metonymy 0 As your name is … so is your praise to the ends of the earth Here the word “name” represents God’s character and reputation. The two phrases compare the greatness of God’s reputation with how greatly people praise him. Alternate translation: “Your name is very great … and so people throughout the world praise you greatly” or “People all throughout the world have heard of you … so people throughout the world praise you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 48 10 qf2g figs-idiom 0 to the ends of the earth This is an idiomatic expression that means everywhere in the word. See how you translated this in [Psalms 46:9](../046/009.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 48 10 w3p6 figs-metaphor 0 your right hand is full of righteousness The writer speaks of righteousness as if it were an object that God could hold in his hand. Here the word “hand” refers to God’s power and authority to rule. Alternate translation: “you rule with righteousness” or “you are righteous as you rule” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 48 11 w7c2 figs-personification 0 Let Mount Zion be glad The writer speaks of Mount Zion as if it were a person who could be glad. The phrase refers to the people who live in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “Let those who live on Mount Zion be glad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 48 11 csq8 figs-metaphor 0 let the daughters of Judah rejoice The writer speaks of the towns in Judah as if they were Judah’s children. The phrase refers to the people who live in those towns. Alternate translation: “let the people who live in the cities of Judah rejoice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 48 12 r196 figs-parallelism 0 Walk around Mount Zion, go round about her These two phrases are parallel. Alternate translation: “Walk all the way around Mount Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 48 13 d5xm 0 notice well Alternate translation: “notice in detail” PSA 48 14 wub8 figs-abstractnouns 0 he will be our guide The word “guide” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “he will guide us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 48 14 rmz8 0 to death This could mean: (1) “until we die” or (2) “forever.” PSA 49 intro r9r3 0 # Psalm 049 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 49 is a wisdom psalm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Riches<br>Riches do not last forever. They cannot save a person from death, and they cannot be taken from a person at death. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) PSA 49 1 wm6j writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 49 1 f4gj 0 For the chief musician Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship” PSA 49 1 a8dr figs-parallelism 0 Hear this, all you peoples; give ear, all you inhabitants These two phrases are parallel. Together they strengthen the command for all people to listen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 49 1 ski6 figs-idiom 0 give ear This idiomatic expression means to use one’s ears to listen. Alternate translation: “listen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 49 2 f6b7 figs-metaphor 0 both low and high The writer speaks of people who are weak or insignificant in society as being low and of people who are important and powerful as being high. Together, the words “low” and “high” represent all people. Alternate translation: “both important people and unimportant people” or “people of every social class” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) PSA 49 2 cq6d figs-merism 0 rich and poor together Together the words “rich” and “poor” refer to all people, regardless of wealth. Alternate translation: “all people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) PSA 49 3 r7z1 figs-synecdoche 0 My mouth will speak wisdom Here the word “mouth” refers to the whole person who speaks. Alternate translation: “I will speak wise words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 49 3 hx37 figs-metonymy 0 the meditation of my heart will be of understanding Here the word “heart” represents the mind and thoughts. The abstract nouns “meditation” and “understanding” can be translated as verbs. Alternate translation: “the thoughts upon which I meditate will help you to understand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 49 4 wva9 figs-metaphor 0 incline my ear The writer speaks of listening carefully to something as if it were bending one’s ear towards the person who is speaking. Alternate translation: “listen carefully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 49 4 ge9u 0 with the harp Alternate translation: “as I play the harp” PSA 49 5 yhr6 figs-rquestion 0 Why should I fear … heels? The writer asks this question to emphasize that he has no reason to fear when bad things happen. Alternate translation: “I have no reason to fear … heels.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 49 5 vu7z 0 the days of evil “when evil things happen.” Here the word “days” refers to general periods of time. PSA 49 5 ug31 figs-metaphor 0 when iniquity surrounds me at my heels This could mean: (1) the writer speaks of the evil desires of his enemies as if it were a predator ready to overtake him. Alternate translation: “when the iniquity of sinful men is ready to overcome me” or (2) the writer’s enemies surround him as they commit their iniquity. Alternate translation: “when my enemies surround me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 49 6 z2gn figs-explicit 0 those who trust in their wealth These people trust their wealth will keep them from having to suffer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 49 6 w369 0 about the amount of their riches a large amount of something PSA 49 7 mmh3 0 It is certain that no one Alternate translation: “There is no way that any of them can” or “No one can” PSA 49 7 cj1n figs-explicit 0 no one can redeem his brother or give God a ransom for him Both of these phrases express that a person cannot give God enough money to be able to avoid death. Alternate translation: “no one can pay money to God so that their brother will not die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 49 8 n5rb figs-abstractnouns 0 the redemption of one’s life is costly The word “redemption” can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “it costs too much to redeem a person’s life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 49 9 nw4t 0 so that his body should not decay This refers to the body decomposing in the grave. PSA 49 10 q1ib figs-metaphor 0 he will see decay The writer speaks of experiencing something as if it were seeing that thing. Alternate translation: “he will die and his body will decay” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 49 10 v4i4 figs-merism 0 Wise men die; the fool and the brute alike perish The author refers to all people by referring to those who have the most and least wisdom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) PSA 49 10 vpc1 0 brute This means a person who is stupid or unintelligent. PSA 49 11 lu71 0 Their inner thought Alternate translation: “Their belief” PSA 49 11 brb9 figs-ellipsis 0 the places where they live, to all generations The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “the places where they live will continue to all generations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 49 11 zu1i figs-idiom 0 they call their lands after their own names “they name their lands after themselves.” This phrase expresses ownership. Alternate translation: “they own their own lands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 49 12 ma8l 0 But man, having wealth Alternate translation: “But man, even if he has wealth” PSA 49 13 chs8 figs-metaphor 0 This, their way, is their folly The writer speaks of the fate of fools as if it is the destination at the end of the path on which they walk. Alternate translation: “This is the fate of those who practice folly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 49 13 aze6 0 yet after them Alternate translation: “yet after they die” PSA 49 14 z1qc 0 General Information: The author continues to describe people who believe their wealth will save them. PSA 49 14 yp7j figs-simile 0 Like sheep The writer compares people who will all die to a flock of sheep. Just as sheep cannot escape when the butcher decides to slaughter them, so men will not escape when it is their time to die. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 49 14 le72 figs-activepassive 0 they are appointed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God has appointed them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 49 14 jp6p figs-personification 0 death will be their shepherd The writer speaks of men dying by personifying death as a shepherd who leads them into the grave. Alternate translation: “death will take them away as a shepherd leads away sheep to be slaughtered” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 49 14 fu5c figs-metaphor 0 in the morning Here the word “morning” is a metaphor that refers to a time when God will vindicate righteous people and save them from evil people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 49 14 xwx2 figs-personification 0 their bodies will be consumed in Sheol The writer speaks of Sheol, the place of the dead, as if it were a person or animal. He speaks of the decay of dead bodies as if Sheol were eating them. Alternate translation: “their bodies will decompose in the grave” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 49 15 hdm9 figs-personification 0 God will redeem my life from the power of Sheol The writer speaks of Sheol as if it were a person who has power over those who die. From the context, it is implied that this power refers to consuming the bodies of the dead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 49 15 vf45 figs-synecdoche 0 God will redeem my life Here the word “life” refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “God will redeem me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 49 16 gm8v 0 the glory of his house increases The word “glory” here refers to wealth or riches. This could mean: (1) “when he gains more wealth in his house” or (2) “when his family becomes richer.” PSA 49 17 a1l5 0 he will take nothing away Alternate translation: “he will take nothing with him to the grave” PSA 49 17 cz54 figs-euphemism 0 his glory will not go down after him The phrase “go down” refers to when the man dies. Alternate translation: “his glory will not go along with him when he dies” or “he will not keep his reputation when he dies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) PSA 49 18 eq9c figs-synecdoche 0 He blessed his soul Here the word “soul” refers to the whole person. This phrase means that he considered himself to be happy and successful because of his riches. Alternate translation: “He congratulated himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 49 19 hq9g figs-euphemism 0 he will go to the generation of his fathers “he will go to where his fathers’ generation is.” This is a euphemism that means that the rich man will die and join his ancestors in the grave. Alternate translation: “he will join his ancestors in the grave” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) PSA 49 19 dvh8 figs-metaphor 0 they will never see the light again The word “they” refers to the rich man and his ancestors. The word “light” may refer to the sun or be a metaphor for life. Alternate translation: “they will never see the sun again” or “they will never live again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 50 intro cbd7 0 # Psalm 050 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 50 is a wisdom psalm. It tells what pleases God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Sacrifices<br>God does not need animal sacrifices; he does not eat meat or drink blood. The world and everything in it belong to God. He wants people to be thankful and to depend on him. God rejects evil people who reject his covenant. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/blood]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) PSA 50 1 v4hj writing-poetry 0 General Information: This psalm is a song that teaches people. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 50 1 wpn8 0 The Mighty One, God, Yahweh The author uses three different names to speak of God. PSA 50 1 s58x figs-metonymy 0 called the earth Here the word “earth” refers to the people who live on the earth. Alternate translation: “called all people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 50 1 ycf8 figs-merism 0 from the rising of the sun to its setting This phrase refers to the directions east, where the sun rises, and west, where the sun sets. The writer uses these two extremes to represent everywhere on earth. Alternate translation: “everywhere on earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) PSA 50 2 k7vg 0 Zion, the perfection of beauty This could mean: (1) “Zion, whose beauty is perfect” or (2) “Zion, the most beautiful city.” PSA 50 2 k22a figs-metaphor 0 God has shone The writer speaks of God as if he were a light that shines. This refers to God causing people to know about his glory. Alternate translation: “God’s glory shines like a light” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 50 3 ymh5 figs-litotes 0 does not stay silent The writer uses this negative statement to emphasize the positive. Alternate translation: “speaks so that everyone can hear him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) PSA 50 3 m31d figs-metaphor 0 a fire devours before him The writer speaks of a fire burning things as if it were eating them. Alternate translation: “a fire burns in front of him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 50 3 pw8f 0 it is very stormy around him Alternate translation: “there is a great storm around him” PSA 50 4 d22v figs-metonymy 0 He calls to the heavens above and to the earth This could mean: (1) God is calling on all who live in heaven and on earth to be witnesses as he judges his people or (2) God is speaking to heaven and earth as if they are people, and he is calling them to be witnesses as he judges his people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 50 6 fxq3 figs-metonymy 0 The heavens will declare This could mean: (1) the writer uses the word “heavens” to refer to the angels who live there or (2) the writer speaks of “the heavens” as if they are a person who testifies about God’s righteousness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 50 8 ef2a 0 I will not reprove you for your sacrifices “I will reprove you, but not for your sacrifices.” God explains that their sacrifices are not the reason that he is reproving them. PSA 50 8 s2pk 0 reprove tell someone he is guilty of doing wrong PSA 50 8 m19c figs-idiom 0 your burnt offerings are always before me This explains why God is not rebuking them for their sacrifices. The phrase “are always before me” refers to being in God’s presence and means that his people are always sacrificing their burnt offerings to him. Alternate translation: “you are always sacrificing burnt offerings to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 50 9 a3jw 0 folds areas surrounded by walls in which sheep and goats are kept PSA 50 10 sbr7 figs-hyperbole 0 the cattle on a thousand hills The phrase “on a thousand hills” does not represent the total number of cattle that God owns. The number is an exaggeration that emphasizes that God owns all of the cattle in the world. The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “all the cattle in the world are mine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 50 10 f9vg translate-numbers 0 thousand hills “1,000 hills” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) PSA 50 11 dx4m figs-idiom 0 I know all the birds Here the word “know” implies ownership. Alternate translation: “I own all the birds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 50 12 gaw2 figs-hypo 0 If I were hungry This describes something that could not happen, since God does not get hungry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) PSA 50 13 ybv9 figs-rquestion 0 Will I eat the flesh of bulls or drink the blood of goats? God asks this rhetorical question to emphasize that he does not do these things and so has no need for their sacrifices. Alternate translation: “I do not eat the flesh of bulls or drink the blood of goats.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 50 14 tja9 figs-123person 0 Offer to God Here God refers to himself. Alternate translation: “Offer to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) PSA 50 14 hz6p figs-metaphor 0 pay your vows to the Most High The writer speaks of “vows” as if they are currency which a person pays to God. Alternate translation: “fulfill your vows to the Most High” or “do what you have promised the Most High to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 50 15 si2v figs-idiom 0 in the day of trouble Here the word “day” refers to any period of time. Alternate translation: “whenever you have troubles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 50 16 ab6c figs-123person 0 But to the wicked God says Here God is still speaking and speaks of himself in the third person. Alternate translation: “But to the wicked I say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) PSA 50 16 ww85 figs-nominaladj 0 to the wicked The word “wicked” refers to wicked people in general. Alternate translation: “to wicked people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 50 16 mat4 figs-metaphor 0 have taken my covenant in your mouth God speaks of wicked people reciting the words of his covenant as if they are putting the covenant in their mouth. Alternate translation: “talk about my covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 50 17 zuf2 figs-rquestion 0 since you hate instruction and throw my words away This is the end of the rhetorical question begun with the words “What have you to do” ([Psalms 50:16](../050/016.md)). God uses this question to rebuke wicked people. This question can be turned into a statement: “It is not right for you to declare my statutes and my covenant, since you hate instruction and throw my words away.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 50 17 l69z figs-metaphor 0 throw my words away God speaks of the wicked people rejecting what he says as if they were throwing away trash. Alternate translation: “reject what I say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 50 18 v2nw figs-idiom 0 you agree with him This could mean: (1) that they approve of the thief’s actions. Alternate translation: “you approve or him” or (2) that they join the thief in their actions. Alternate translation: “you join him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 50 19 p5te figs-metaphor 0 You give your mouth to evil God speaks of a person speaking evil things as if that person’s mouth is a messenger whom the person sends to do evil things. Alternate translation: “You are always saying evil things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 50 19 eu22 figs-synecdoche 0 your tongue expresses deceit The word “tongue” represents the person who is speaking. Alternate translation: “you are always telling lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 50 20 zjx3 figs-parallelism 0 You sit and speak against your brother; you slander your own mother’s son These two phrases have the same meaning but use different words. God accuses them of speaking falsely against members of their own family. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 50 20 ea7a figs-idiom 0 You sit and speak To “sit and speak” against someone implies that this person deliberately thinks of bad things to say about someone. Alternate translation: “You always think of ways to speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 50 21 br29 figs-explicit 0 you thought that I was someone just like yourself Since God had kept silent and not yet rebuked the wicked people for their actions, they thought that God approved of what they did. Alternate translation: “you thought that I was someone who acts just like you do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 50 21 w99y 0 reprove tell someone he is guilty of doing wrong PSA 50 21 j3hc figs-idiom 0 bring up … all the things you have done God speaks of listing all of the evil things that they have done. Alternate translation: “list … all the things you have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 50 21 pf7h figs-idiom 0 right before your eyes Here, to be “before your eyes” means that it is in a place where they can see. This means that they will not be able to deny the charges that God brings against them. Alternate translation: “right in front of you” or “so that you can not deny them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 50 22 jz7u figs-metaphor 0 you who forget God God speaks of the wicked rejecting him as if they have forgotten him. He speaks of himself in the third person. Alternate translation: “you who reject me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) PSA 50 22 ql5f figs-metaphor 0 I will tear you to pieces God speaks of destroying the wicked as if he were a lion eating its prey. Alternate translation: “I will destroy you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 50 23 u8xr figs-metaphor 0 plans his path in the right way God speaks of a the way a person lives as if it were a path that the person travels. Alternate translation: “lives his life the right way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 50 23 u5xv figs-abstractnouns 0 I will show God’s salvation The abstract noun “salvation” can be stated as “save.” God refers to himself in the third person. Alternate translation: “I will save him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) PSA 51 intro uij8 0 # Psalm 051 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 51 is a psalm of repentance from sin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Repentance<br>The psalmist is truly sorry for having sinned. He repented and God forgave his sins. God wants true sorrow for having sinned, not sacrifices. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/true]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/forgive]])<br><br>### Author of Psalm<br>Scholars are divided over whether this psalm was authored by King David as is mentioned by the superscription. If nothing else, we can assume the last two verses were added later since Jerusalem is intact with well-built walls during King David’s reign. PSA 51 1 v8pw writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. In this psalm David asks God for forgiveness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 51 1 rl6b 0 For the chief musician Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship.” PSA 51 1 ia5j 0 A psalm of David This could mean: (1) David wrote the psalm or (2) the psalm is about David or (3) the psalm is in the style of David’s psalms. PSA 51 1 sf45 figs-explicit 0 when Nathan the prophet came to him It can be stated clearly what Nathan did when he came to David, because this psalm is in response to that. Alternate translation: “when Nathan the prophet came to David and rebuked him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 51 1 dlr2 figs-abstractnouns 0 because of your covenant faithfulness The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “because you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 51 1 pm2w 0 for the sake of the multitude of your merciful actions Alternate translation: “because you do so many merciful things” PSA 51 1 jan2 figs-metaphor 0 blot out my transgressions Forgiving sins is spoken of as either: (1) blotting them out or (2) erasing a written record of the sins. Alternate translation: “forgive my sins like someone wiping something away” or “forget my sins like someone who erases a record of sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 51 2 rtj9 figs-parallelism 0 Wash me thoroughly from my iniquity … cleanse me from my sin These two phrases mean the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 51 2 q5ks figs-metaphor 0 Wash me thoroughly from my iniquity Being acceptable to God is spoken of as being clean. God makes people acceptable by forgiving their sins. Alternate translation: “Wash away all my sin” or “Forgive all my sins so that I will be acceptable to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 51 2 h3by 0 thoroughly completely, totally PSA 51 2 ja25 figs-metaphor 0 cleanse me from my sin Being acceptable to God is spoken of as being clean. God makes people acceptable by forgiving their sins. Alternate translation: “Make me clean from my sin” or “forgive me for my sin so that I will be clean” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 51 3 qpz2 figs-metaphor 0 my sin is always before me Not being able to forget his sins is spoken of as if they were always in front of him where he can see them. Alternate translation: “I am always aware of my sins” or “I cannot forget my sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 51 4 t9px figs-metaphor 0 what is evil in your sight The word “sight” here represents judgment. Yahweh saw and did not approve of David’s actions. Alternate translation: “what you judge to be evil” or “what you consider to be evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 51 5 j8f9 figs-metaphor 0 I was born in iniquity Being a sinner is spoken of as being in iniquity. Alternate translation: “I was already a sinner when I was born” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 51 5 i2cz figs-metaphor 0 as soon as my mother conceived me, I was in sin Being a sinner is spoken of as being in sin. Alternate translation: “even when my mother conceived me, I was a sinner” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 51 6 w9f4 0 See, you desire trustworthiness The use of “See” here draw our attention to the contrast between this sentence and “See, I was born in iniquity” (verse 5). “Truly I was born in iniquity … But you desire trustworthiness” PSA 51 6 kqg1 figs-metonymy 0 you desire trustworthiness in my inner self The **inner self** represents either: (1) the person’s desires or (2) the whole person. Alternate translation: “you want me to desire trustworthiness” or “you want me to be trustworthy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 51 7 fc52 figs-metaphor 0 Purify me … I will be clean … wash me … I will be whiter than snow Being acceptable to God is spoken of as being clean or white. God makes people acceptable by forgiving their sins. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 51 7 v7q2 figs-metaphor 0 Purify me with hyssop The writer speaks of God as if God were a priest who would sprinkle water on him to make him acceptable to God. Alternate translation: “Make me acceptable by sprinkling water on me with hyssop” or “Forgive me for my sins so that I will be acceptable to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 51 7 im87 translate-unknown 0 hyssop This is a plant that the priests used to sprinkle water or blood on people or things to make them ceremonially clean, that is, acceptable to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) PSA 51 7 l5n6 figs-simile 0 whiter than snow Not having sin is spoken of as being white. Alternate translation: “very, very white” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 51 8 g7v8 figs-doublet 0 joy and gladness These two words mean basically the same thing and emphasize his desire to hear joyful things. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 51 8 p4ef figs-metaphor 0 so that the bones that you have broken may rejoice Feeling terrible sadness is spoken of as if his bones were broken. Alternate translation: “for you have caused me terrible sadness in my inner being. Let me rejoice again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 51 9 gs6c figs-metaphor 0 Hide your face from my sins Thinking about someone’s sins is spoken of as seeing them. Forgiving or refusing to think about the sins is spoken of as choosing not to see them. Alternate translation: “Do not look at my sins” or “Do not remember my sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 51 9 b3jc figs-metaphor 0 blot out all my iniquities Here, forgiving or refusing to think about someone’s sins could mean: (1) blotting them out or (2) erasing a written record of the sins. Alternate translation: (1) “forgive my sins like someone wiping something away” or (2) “forget my sins like someone who erases a record of sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 51 10 q6ng figs-metonymy 0 Create in me a clean heart Here the “heart” represents the feelings and desires. Being completely devoted and obedient to God is spoken of as having a clean heart. Alternate translation: “Make me completely devoted to you” or “Make me want to obey you always” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 51 10 bn5a figs-metonymy 0 renew a right spirit within me Here “spirit” represents the attitude and desires of a David. Alternate translation: “make my attitude right” or “make me always want to do what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 51 11 v6gj figs-metaphor 0 Do not drive me away from your presence “Do not force me to go away from you.” Being rejected by God is spoken of as being forced to go away from him. Alternate translation: “Do not reject me as one of your people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 51 12 t5fh 0 sustain me Alternate translation: “hold me up” or “assist me” PSA 51 13 az4f 0 your ways Alternate translation: “the way you want people to live” or “what you want people to do” PSA 51 13 tzw4 0 transgressors … sinners These two words refer to the same people here. PSA 51 14 i5mg figs-metonymy 0 shedding blood This phrase refers to killing another person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 51 15 mb7z figs-synecdoche 0 Lord, open my lips, and my mouth will express your praise Here the person is represented by his “mouth.” Being able to talk is spoken of as the lips being open. Here not being able to speak is a symbol of being guilty of sin and not being able to make a defense. Alternate translation: “Lord, make me able to speak, and I will praise you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 51 16 rlr8 figs-explicit 0 you do not delight in sacrifice … you have no pleasure in burnt offerings This means that God wants something more important than these things. Alternate translation: “A sacrifice is not enough to please you … you want something more than burn offerings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 51 17 ib5d 0 The sacrifices of God Alternate translation: “The sacrifices that please God” PSA 51 17 e3fd figs-metaphor 0 a broken spirit A broken spirit represents a humble attitude. Alternate translation: “humility” or “a person who becomes humble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 51 17 r49l figs-metonymy 0 a broken and a contrite heart Being humble and sorry for one’s sin is spoken of as having a broken and contrite heart. The heart represents the emotions and will. Alternate translation: “sorrow and humility” or “a person who is sorry for his sin and humble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 51 18 sl4i figs-metaphor 0 rebuild the walls of Jerusalem The walls of a city protect the city and the people in it. This could mean: (1) “enable us to rebuild the walls of Jerusalem” or (2) “protect Jerusalem and make it strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 51 19 qe3h 0 our people will offer bulls on your altar A bull is an adult male cow. Bulls were often used as sacrificial animals, according to God’s instruction. PSA 52 intro gx5r 0 # Psalm 052 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 52 is a wisdom psalm. It teaches that God will destroy evil people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Evil people<br>Although the evil people feel secure with their wealth and evil deeds, God will destroy them. But people who do good are secure because God protects them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/works]])<br><br>### Superscription<br>This psalm is called “a Maschil of David.” The word “Maschil” in the original language has caused scholars to have various opinions about its meaning. Some say it means to instruct, while others say that the word is referring to the skill used in creating the psalm. Still others think it means that meditation should be used in reading this psalm. PSA 52 1 xe8m writing-poetry 0 General Information: In this psalm the word “you” refers to Doeg. When Saul wanted to kill David, Doeg told Saul where David was so that Saul could find him. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 52 1 eve8 0 For the chief musician Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship.” PSA 52 1 px5f 0 A maschil This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 32:1](../032/001.md). PSA 52 1 iv91 translate-names 0 Doeg … Ahimelech These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) PSA 52 1 gv61 figs-rquestion 0 Why are you proud of making trouble, you mighty man? This question shows how angry David was at the one who made trouble. Alternate translation: “You should not be so proud of making trouble, you mighty man.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 52 1 tc43 figs-irony 0 you mighty man David may have been using irony when he called Doeg this. Alternate translation: “you, who think you are so mighty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) PSA 52 1 u3iv figs-metaphor 0 The covenant faithfulness of God comes every day David speaks of God’s covenant faithfulness as if it were something that could come. David was probably referring to God’s promises to protect his people from wicked people. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated as an adjective or an adverb. Alternate translation: “Every day, God is faithful to keep the promises of his covenant” or “Every day, God faithfully protects his people from wicked people like you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 52 2 yc5s 0 a sharp razor a sharp blade PSA 52 2 hlt7 figs-simile 0 Your tongue plans destruction like a sharp razor, working deceitfully Here the tongue is compared to a sharp razor which is capable of causing great harm. Alternate translation: “Your tongue harms people like a sharp razor does, when you plan destruction and deceive others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 52 2 mc21 figs-synecdoche 0 Your tongue Here “your tongue” refers to the person David is speaking to. Alternate translation: “You” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 52 3 n4c1 0 Connecting Statement: David continues speaking to the “mighty man” of [Psalms 5:1](../005/001.md) PSA 52 3 u7f1 0 lying rather than speaking righteousness Alternate translation: “you love lying more than speaking what is right” PSA 52 4 c8a7 figs-metaphor 0 words that devour others Here words that harm others are spoken of as if they were animals that devour people. Alternate translation: “words that harm others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 52 4 brj2 figs-synecdoche 0 you deceitful tongue This refers to the person the author is speaking to. Alternate translation: “you speaker of deceit” or “you liar” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 52 5 b3i7 figs-parallelism 0 take you up … pluck you … root you All three of these phrases are different ways of saying “remove you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 52 5 r2bt figs-metaphor 0 root you out of the land of the living Being alive on earth is spoken of as if people are plants with roots in the ground. God killing someone is spoken of as digging up the plant’s roots and taking it out of the ground. Alternate translation: “he will take you out the land of the living” or “He will kill you so that you will no longer be on earth with living people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 52 5 cdy6 translate-transliterate 0 Selah This may be a musical term that tells people how to sing or play their instruments here. Some translations write the Hebrew word, and some translations do not include it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]]) PSA 52 6 mke5 0 The righteous will also see it and fear Alternate translation: “The righteous will also see God remove him and they will fear” PSA 52 7 edv2 0 See Alternate translation: “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you” PSA 52 7 qv2z figs-metonymy 0 did not make God his refuge Here “refuge” represents a protector. Alternate translation: “did not make God his protector” or “did not ask God to protect him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 52 8 u1wy 0 a green olive tree Green olive trees are strong and secure. They do not fall over. PSA 52 8 e2xz figs-simile 0 I am like a green olive tree in God’s house Being safe and secure is spoken of as being like a strong tree. Alternate translation: “I am strong in God’s house, like a green olive tree” or “Because I worship in God’s house, I am secure like a green olive tree” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 52 8 ydi4 0 in God’s house This refers to God’s temple. PSA 52 8 bgx6 figs-abstractnouns 0 I will trust in the covenant faithfulness of God forever and ever The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “I will trust in God forever and ever because he is faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 52 9 cj6z figs-metonymy 0 I will wait for your name, because it is good God’s name represents God himself. Waiting for God represents waiting for God to help him. Alternate translation: “I will wait for you, because you are good” or “I will wait for you to help me, because you are good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 53 intro u3hp 0 # Psalm 053 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 53 is a wisdom psalm. It warns people who do evil that God will judge them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br>### God’s watching mankind<br>God looks down from heaven and sees that all humans are evil and corrupt. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]])<br><br>### Superscription<br>This psalm is called “a Maschil of David.” The word “Maschil” in the original language has caused scholars to have various opinions about its meaning. Some say it means to instruct, while others say that the word is referring to the skill used in creating the psalm. Still others think it means that meditation should be used in reading this psalm. PSA 53 1 btc5 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 53 1 kkk8 0 For the chief musician Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship” PSA 53 1 a9tq translate-transliterate 0 set to Mahalath This may refer to a style of music. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]]) PSA 53 1 c5we 0 A maschil This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 32:1](../032/001.md). PSA 53 2 cmh4 0 the children of mankind This refers to all people. PSA 53 2 dy8r figs-metaphor 0 who seek after him Seeking God as a person would look for someone is spoken of as “seeking” God. This could mean: (1) wanting to know God. Alternate translation: “who want to know him” or (2) worshiping God. Alternate translation: “who worship him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 53 3 ki3t figs-metaphor 0 They have all turned away Rejecting God and what is right is spoken of as turning away. Alternate translation: “They have all turned away from doing what is right” or “They have all rejected God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 53 4 l2u4 figs-rquestion 0 Do those who commit iniquity have no understanding—those … God? This question is used to show the shock that the writer feels because the people are so sinful. It can be written as two statements. “Those who commit iniquity act as though they do not know anything. They devour my people as if they were eating bread, and they do not call on God!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 53 4 l75m figs-metaphor 0 those who devour my people as if they were eating bread Destroying people is spoken of as devouring them. Doing it as if they were eating bread implies that they did it very easily or without feeling guilty about it. Alternate translation: “those who destroy my people as freely as if they were eating bread” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 53 5 q6fe figs-metonymy 0 God will scatter the bones of whoever will camp against you Scattering people’s bones represents killing them and allowing their bones to remain wherever they have died and not be buried properly. “God will completely destroy whoever will camp against you, and their bones will lie scattered on the ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 53 5 pl76 figs-metonymy 0 whoever will camp against you Camping against people represents attacking them. Enemy armies would travel and set up camps to live in temporarily near the people they wanted to attack. Alternate translation: “whoever will attack you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 53 6 mle3 figs-exclamations 0 Oh, that the salvation of Israel would come The word “Oh” here introduces an exclamation that expresses a hope or prayer. Alternate translation: “I hope that the salvation of Israel will come” or “I pray that the salvation of will come” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) PSA 53 6 awk5 figs-metonymy 0 the salvation of Israel would come from Zion The salvation represents God, the savior, whose temple is in Zion. Alternate translation: “the savior of Israel would come from Zion” or “God would come from Zion and save Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 53 6 hj3c 0 When God brings back his people from the captivity Alternate translation: “When God saves his captive people” PSA 53 6 fw2j figs-parallelism 0 Jacob will rejoice and Israel will be glad! These two phrases have the same meaning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 53 6 xbm3 figs-metonymy 0 Jacob Here “Jacob” refers to the descendants of Jacob, the Israelites. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 54 intro vvf3 0 # Psalm 054 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 54 is a deliverance psalm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Rescue<br>Evil people want to kill David; but God has rescued him in the past and he trusts God to rescue him again. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])<br><br>### Superscription<br>This psalm is called “a Maschil of David.” The word “Maschil” in the original language has caused scholars to have various opinions about its meaning. Some say it means to instruct, while others say that the word is referring to the skill used in creating the psalm. Still others think it means that meditation should be used in reading this psalm. PSA 54 1 fa4h writing-poetry 0 General Information: This psalm is a prayer for help. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 54 1 s1kh 0 For the chief musician Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship” PSA 54 1 nwg2 0 on stringed instruments Alternate translation: “people should play stringed instruments with this song” PSA 54 1 w9pi 0 A maschil This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 32:1](../032/001.md) PSA 54 1 ql33 translate-names 0 Ziphites people from the city of Ziph in the Judean mountains, southeast of Hebron. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) PSA 54 1 db2i figs-metonymy 0 Save me, God, by your name Here God’s name represents his character. It may represent specifically his power or his justice. Alternate translation: “Save me, God, by your power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 54 1 jb6d figs-metonymy 0 judge me in your might Judging David here represents showing people that David is not guilty. When God uses his might to save David, people will know that God has judged him as not guilty. Alternate translation: “In your might, show people that I am not guilty” or “Show people that I am not guilty by using your power to rescue me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 54 2 r9er figs-metonymy 0 give ear to the words Giving one’s ear represents listening. Alternate translation: “listen to the words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 54 2 mc9y figs-synecdoche 0 the words of my mouth Here the speaker is represented by his mouth. Alternate translation: “my words” or “what I am saying to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 54 3 u6zz figs-metonymy 0 have risen up against me Rising up against someone represents preparing to attack him or actually attacking him. Alternate translation: “have prepared to attack me” or “are attacking me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 54 3 n85b 0 pitiless men Alternate translation: “men who have no mercy” PSA 54 3 uub9 figs-metonymy 0 have sought after my life Seeking after someone’s life represents trying to kill him. Alternate translation: “have tried to kill me” or “want to kill me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 54 3 qx9n figs-metonymy 0 they have not set God before them Setting God before them represents paying attention to God. Alternate translation: “they do not pay attention to God” or “they ignore God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 54 4 f6wz figs-metaphor 0 who upholds me Defending David and keeping him safe is spoken of as upholding or supporting him. Alternate translation: “who defends me” or “who keeps me safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 54 5 gch4 figs-metaphor 0 He will repay my enemies with evil Punishment is spoken as if it were payment. Alternate translation: “He will do the evil to my enemies that they have done to me” or “He will cause the evil that my enemies have done to me to be done to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 54 5 y135 0 in your faithfulness, destroy them Here David changes from talking about God to talking to God. Alternate translation: “God, destroy them because you are faithful to me” PSA 54 6 kq3s figs-synecdoche 0 I will give thanks to your name, Yahweh, for it is good Yahweh’s name represents him. Alternate translation: “I will give thanks to you, Yahweh, for you are good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 54 7 q8mm figs-synecdoche 0 my eye has looked The eye represents the person. Alternate translation: “I have looked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 54 7 z3ih figs-metonymy 0 my eye has looked in triumph on my enemies This could mean: (1) seeing that his enemies have been defeated. Alternate translation: “I have seen that my enemies have been defeated” or (2) defeating his enemies. Alternate translation: “I have defeated my enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 55 intro fx5e 0 # Psalm 055 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 55 is a deliverance psalm. The psalmist is praying that God will deliver him from his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Betrayal<br>The author wishes he could get far away from his enemies after his best friend betrayed him. He asks God to completely destroy his enemies. He is trusting God to save him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])<br><br>### Superscription<br>This psalm is called “a Maschil of David.” The word “Maschil” in the original language has caused scholars to have various opinions about its meaning. Some say it means to instruct, while others say that the word is referring to the skill used in creating the psalm. Still others think it means that meditation should be used in reading this psalm. PSA 55 1 gsm2 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 55 1 v48i 0 For the chief musician Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship” PSA 55 1 y5nc 0 on stringed instruments Alternate translation: “people should play stringed instruments with this song” PSA 55 1 lzt7 0 A maschil This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 32:1](../032/001.md) PSA 55 1 v59z figs-metonymy 0 Give ear to my prayer Giving one’s ear represents listening. Alternate translation: “Listen to my prayer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 55 1 v8bq figs-metaphor 0 do not hide yourself from my plea Refusing to pay attention to his plea is spoken of as hiding himself from it. Alternate translation: “do not ignore my plea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 55 3 ag8m figs-metonymy 0 because of the voice of my enemies Here “voice” represents what they say. Alternate translation: “because of what my enemies say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 55 3 iqu1 figs-metaphor 0 they bring trouble on me Causing trouble is spoken of as bringing trouble. Alternate translation: “they cause me to have great troubles” or “they do wicked things to me and so I suffer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 55 4 z3pk figs-metonymy 0 My heart trembles within me Here, “heart trembles” refers to his emotional pain and suffering. This suffering is because of fear. Alternate translation: “I am suffering because I am so afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 55 4 jr4q figs-metaphor 0 the terrors of death have fallen on me Becoming very afraid, or terrified, is spoken of as if terror is a thing that falls on a person. Alternate translation: “I am very much afraid that I will die” or “I am terrified that I will die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 55 5 spg6 figs-metaphor 0 Fearfulness and trembling have come on me Becoming fearful and trembling is spoken of as if fearfulness and trembling are things that come on a person. Alternate translation: “I have become very fearful and I tremble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 55 5 lr6z figs-metaphor 0 horror has overwhelmed me Feeling horror is spoken of as if horror were a thing that can cover people. Alternate translation: “I feel terrible horror” or “I am extremely afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 55 6 xih1 figs-exclamations 0 Oh, if only I had wings like a dove! This exclamation expresses something the writer wishes for very much. Alternate translation: “I wish very much that I had wings like a dove” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) PSA 55 6 dd1u 0 Then would I fly away Alternate translation: “If I did have wings, I would fly away” PSA 55 7 kwx9 0 See, then I would wander Alternate translation: “I would do that and more: I would wander” PSA 55 8 kzu3 0 General Information: The writer finishes telling about what he had said. PSA 55 8 v8vq 0 tempest a strong storm PSA 55 9 rlv7 figs-metaphor 0 Devour them Destroying something is spoken of as eating all of it. Possible meanings are “Destroy my enemies’ plans” or “Destroy my enemies.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 55 9 xsb3 figs-metonymy 0 confuse their language “Language” here represents what the people were saying to each other, and probably refers specifically to them talking about plans to do evil. Confusing it represents making the people unable to understand each other. Alternate translation: “confuse them when they speak to each other” or “confuse their plans” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 55 10 adq2 figs-personification 0 they go about on its walls “violence and strife go about on her walls” ([Psalms 55:9](../055/009.md)). Violence and strife are spoken of as if they were people. This can be expressed by telling about the people who cause violence and strife. Alternate translation: “people walk about on the city’s walls, being violent and fighting” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 55 10 mjb4 0 on its walls “along the tops of the city walls.” Cities had thick walls around them to protect them from enemies. People could walk along the tops of the walls to see if any enemies were coming to the city. PSA 55 10 wnf2 figs-personification 0 wickedness and trouble are in the middle of it Wickedness and trouble are spoken of as if they were people. This can be expressed by telling about the people who do wickedness and trouble. Alternate translation: “people do wickedness and cause trouble in the middle of the city” or “people do sinful things and cause trouble in it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 55 11 r85i figs-personification 0 Wickedness is in the middle of it Wickedness is spoken of as if it were a person. This can be expressed by telling about the people who do wicked things. Alternate translation: “People do wicked things in the middle of the city” or “people destroy things in the city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 55 11 c726 figs-personification 0 oppression and deceit do not leave its streets Oppression and deceit are spoken of as if they were people. This can be expressed by telling about the people who oppress and deceive others. Alternate translation: “People oppress and deceive others in the city streets, and they do not leave” or “People are always oppressing and deceiving others in the city streets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 55 11 av8t 0 its streets This may refer to the marketplaces in the city. PSA 55 12 fkh4 figs-metaphor 0 I could have borne it Tolerating or enduring a rebuke is spoken of as bearing or carrying it. Alternate translation: “I could have tolerated the rebuke” or “I would not be so sad about the rebuke” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 55 12 sl4f figs-metaphor 0 raised himself up against me Being proud of oneself and insulting another is spoken of as raising oneself up against another. Alternate translation: “insulted me” or “despised me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 55 13 q1xj figs-apostrophe 0 But it was you The psalmist speaks as though the person who had rebuked and taunted him were there listening to him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) PSA 55 13 h4d4 0 myself, my companion and my close friend This can be divided and a new sentence begun. Alternate translation: “myself. You were my companion and my close friend” PSA 55 14 uy9r 0 We The word “we” refers to the psalmist and his friend. PSA 55 14 jnv2 0 with the throng This could mean: (1) “together” or (2) “with the crowd.” PSA 55 15 a7kh figs-personification 0 Let death come suddenly on them Death is spoken of as if it were a person that could attack people. Alternate translation: “Let my enemies die suddenly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 55 15 v19n figs-metaphor 0 let them go down alive to Sheol Dying suddenly is spoken of as if people were to go to Sheol so fast that they do not even die first. Alternate translation: “let them suddenly go to Sheol” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 55 15 wv2z figs-metaphor 0 wickedness is where they live Wickedness is spoken of as if it were a thing that could be in a certain place. The habitual wickedness of his enemies is spoken of as if wickedness were with them or near them. Alternate translation: “they always do wicked things where they live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 55 15 ngt3 figs-metaphor 0 right among them This phrase intensifies the idea of wickedness being very near them. Here wickedness is spoken of as being not only in their homes, but right where they are. Alternate translation: “They always do wicked things wherever they are” or “wherever they are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 55 16 v37m 0 As for me This phrase shows that the writer has stopped talking about one thing and is now about to talk about himself. Alternate translation: “But I” PSA 55 17 wtr4 0 moan the sound people and animals make when they are in pain PSA 55 17 jq8f figs-synecdoche 0 he will hear my voice Here, **voice** represents either: (1) the psalmist or (2) the psalmist’s complaints and moans. Alternate translation: “he will hear me” or “he will hear my moaning” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 55 18 g4qm figs-metonymy 0 my life Here “my life” represents the psalmist. Alternate translation: “me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 55 18 t38c 0 for those who fought against me were many Alternate translation: “for many people fought against me” PSA 55 19 hz58 0 will hear them Some versions say “will hear me.” Alternate translation: “will hear my enemies” or “will hear what my enemies say” PSA 55 19 tum6 figs-explicit 0 humiliate them How God will humiliate them can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “will defeat and humiliate them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 55 20 c1lx figs-metonymy 0 has raised his hands against those Raising the hand against people represents attacking them. This may be a metaphor for saying things that put people in danger or cause them trouble. Alternate translation: “has attacked those” or “has betrayed those” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 55 21 s648 figs-metonymy 0 His mouth Someone’s “mouth” represents what he says. Alternate translation: “What my friend said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 55 21 r2m2 figs-simile 0 His mouth was smooth as butter Speech that is pleasant or nice to hear is spoken of as if it were smooth and easy to swallow. Alternate translation: “What he said was pleasant like smooth butter” or “He said nice things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 55 21 qub5 0 was hostile Alternate translation: “was mean” or “was hateful” PSA 55 21 xd9f 0 his words Alternate translation: “what he said” PSA 55 21 xz3a figs-simile 0 his words were softer than oil People put oil on their skin to make it feel nice, and they put it on wounds to help them heal. Speech that is kind or helpful is spoken of as if it were soft or soothing. Alternate translation: “what he said was kind and soothing like oil” or “he said kind things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 55 21 h4sa figs-metaphor 0 they were actually drawn swords Speech that causes people trouble is spoken of as if it were swords that wound people. Alternate translation: “what he said wounded people as drawn swords do” or “what he said caused people trouble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 55 21 b32u 0 drawn swords The word “drawn” here means that the swords were pulled out of their covers and ready to be used. PSA 55 22 r4ww 0 Place your burdens Here the psalmist is speaking to other godly people. PSA 55 22 es9t figs-metaphor 0 Place your burdens on Yahweh Here troubles are spoken of as if they were burdens that people have to carry. Trusting God to help us when we have troubles is spoken of as putting our burdens on him so that he can carry them for us. Alternate translation: “Give Yahweh your problems” or “Trust God to help you with all your troubles like someone who trusts a stronger person to carry his load” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 55 22 vk43 0 he will sustain you Taking care of someone or helping someone when he has troubles is spoken of as supporting him. Alternate translation: “he will take care of you” or “he will help you” PSA 55 22 x43r figs-metaphor 0 he will never allow a righteous person to totter A person who is about to be severely harmed by some sort of disaster is spoken of as if he is tottering or swaying and is about to fall down. Alternate translation: “he will not let a righteous person sway and fall down” or “he will not let a righteous person to be destroyed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 55 23 el52 0 But you, God The author speaks to God now. PSA 55 23 b5vk 0 the pit of destruction This probably refers to the grave or hell. PSA 55 23 u8sz figs-metonymy 0 will bring the wicked down into the pit of destruction This represents causing people to die. Alternate translation: “will cause the wicked to die” or “will cause wicked people to die and go to the place where dead people are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 55 23 kab2 0 bloodthirsty and deceitful men Alternate translation: “people who lie and who want to kill others” or “deceitful murderers” PSA 55 23 pe8d 0 even half as long as others Alternate translation: “even half as long as other people live” PSA 56 intro h1w3 0 # Psalm 056 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 56 is a psalm of deliverance. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Fear<br>Although the psalmist’s enemies are trying to harm him, he is not afraid because God is protecting him.<br><br>### Superscription<br>The word “Michtam” is used in the superscription for this psalm. There is much discussion about this word but, in the end, no one is certain what it means. It is easiest to transliterate this word into your language, or you can simply translate it as “psalm.” PSA 56 1 xsm1 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 56 1 by4v 0 For the chief musician Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship;” PSA 56 1 azv1 0 set to Jonath elem rehokim This probably tells what musical style or tune to use when singing this psalm. Alternate translation: “Sing this psalm using the tune of ‘Jonath elem rehokim’” or “Sing this using the Jonath elem rehokim style” PSA 56 1 urm9 translate-unknown 0 Jonath elem rehokim This may mean “Dove on Distant Oak Trees.” Translators may either write the meaning or copy the Hebrew words. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]]) PSA 56 1 y6cg 0 A psalm of David This could mean: (1) David wrote the psalm or (2) the psalm is about David or (3) the psalm is in the style of David’s psalms. PSA 56 1 q2la 0 A michtam The meaning of the word “michtam” is uncertain. You may use the word “psalm” instead. This can be written as: “This is a psalm that David wrote.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 16:1](../016/001.md). PSA 56 1 sz95 0 press their assault Alternate translation: “come closer and closer in order to attack me” PSA 56 2 e4w9 figs-metaphor 0 My enemies trample me The enemies’ fierce attack is spoken of as if they were crushing his body by marching on it. Alternate translation: “My enemies attack me severely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 56 3 zht6 0 you The word “you” refers to God. PSA 56 4 ggu8 figs-rquestion 0 what can mere man do to me? Here a question is used to show that the psalmist is not afraid of people, because they cannot seriously harm him. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “mere man can do nothing to me!” or “mere man cannot harm me badly!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 56 4 x7n4 0 mere man “just humans” or “people.” This implies that people are not powerful, but God is powerful. PSA 56 5 n8j3 0 All the day long Alternate translation: “All the time” PSA 56 5 fnl7 figs-metaphor 0 they twist my words Repeating what someone says but changing it a little so that it means something different is spoken of as twisting their words. Alternate translation: “they say that I said things than I did not say” or “they claim that I said things, but they lie” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 56 5 q7xi 0 all their thoughts are against me for evil Alternate translation: “they always have evil thoughts against me” or “they always think of evil things to do to me” PSA 56 6 gh4r figs-metaphor 0 they mark my steps Watching what a person does in order to see how to cause him trouble is spoken of as watching his steps, just as someone who wants to capture a person watches where that person walks. Alternate translation: “they watch everything I do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 56 6 u2v9 figs-metonymy 0 just as they have waited for my life Waiting to kill someone is spoken of as waiting for his life. Alternate translation: “as they wait to kill me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 56 7 huf5 figs-explicit 0 Do not let them escape doing iniquity What they might escape can be sued clearly. Alternate translation: “Do not let them escape your punishment for their iniquity” or “Do not let them escape when you punish them for the wicked things they do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 56 7 p8t9 figs-metaphor 0 Bring down the peoples Defeating the enemies is spoken of as bringing them down. Alternate translation: “Defeat the peoples” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 56 8 anm7 figs-metaphor 0 You number my wanderings God’s concern for the psalmist is spoken of as if God counted each time that the psalmist has walked in sadness and with no place to go for comfort. Alternate translation: “You care about all the times that I have been wandering alone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 56 8 m8ng figs-metaphor 0 put my tears into your bottle God’s concern for the psalmist is spoken of as if God saved the psalmist’s tears in a bottle. The tears represent crying. Alternate translation: “you know how much I have cried and you care about me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 56 8 yv3x figs-metaphor 0 are they not in your book? God’s concern for the psalmist is spoken of as if he wrote the number of the psalmist’s tears in his book. This question is used to remind God about how greatly he cares for the psalmist. Alternate translation: “you have written about them in your book!” or “you remember my cries!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 56 9 rvm7 0 will turn back Alternate translation: “will retreat” or “will turn and run away” PSA 56 9 ui3x figs-explicit 0 God is for me This means that God favors him. In this context it implies that God fights against the psalmist’s enemies in order to protect him. Alternate translation: “God is fighting for me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 56 11 an7m figs-rquestion 0 What can anyone do to me? Here a question is used to show that the psalmist is not afraid of people, because they cannot seriously harm him. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “People can do nothing to me!” or “People cannot harm me badly!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 56 12 mw9n figs-metaphor 0 The duty to fulfill my vows to you is on me Being obligated to do something is spoken of as if the duty to do something is on a person. Alternate translation: “I must fulfill my vows to you” or “I must do what I promised you I would do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 56 13 y3b3 figs-synecdoche 0 you have kept my feet from falling The feet here represent the person. Falling here probably represents being killed by his enemies. Alternate translation: “you have kept me from falling” or “you have kept me from being killed by my enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 56 13 y78t figs-metaphor 0 so that I may walk before God Living and being seen by God is spoken of as walking before God. Alternate translation: “so that I may live in God’s presence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 56 13 npe7 figs-metonymy 0 in the light of the living Here “the light of the living” probably represents God’s enabling people to live. Alternate translation: “with the life that you give” or “because you enable me to live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 57 intro hv64 0 # Psalm 057 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 57 is a psalm of deliverance. It praises God for the many times he has delivered David. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Fear<br>Since God is protecting the psalmist, he has nothing to fear from his enemies.<br><br>### Superscription<br>The word “Michtam” is used in the superscription for this psalm. There is much discussion about this word but, in the end, no one is certain what it means. It is easiest to transliterate this word into your language, or you can simply translate it as “psalm.” PSA 57 1 i8s5 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 57 1 ga1f 0 For the chief musician Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship” PSA 57 1 s96j 0 set to Al Tashheth This probably tells what musical style or tune to use when singing the psalm. Alternate translation: “sing this psalm using the tune of ‘Al Tashheth’” or “sing this using the Al Tashheth style” PSA 57 1 yl31 translate-unknown 0 Al Tashheth This means “Do Not Destroy.” Translators may either write the meaning or copy the Hebrew words. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]]) PSA 57 1 g4tb 0 A psalm of David This could mean: (1) David wrote the psalm or (2) the psalm is about David or (3) the psalm is in the style of David’s psalms. PSA 57 1 jt8t 0 A michtam The meaning of the word “michtam” is uncertain. You may use the word “psalm” instead. This can be written as: “This is a psalm that David wrote.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 16:1](../016/001.md). PSA 57 1 wv56 figs-metaphor 0 I take refuge in you Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “I go to you for protection” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 57 1 yn99 figs-metaphor 0 I stay under your wings for protection The psalmist speaks of God as if he were a mother bird that protects its babies by huddling them under its wings. Alternate translation: “I trust you to protect me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 57 1 s371 figs-abstractnouns 0 until this destruction is over The abstract noun “destruction” can be stated as “destructive.” Alternate translation: “until this destructive storm is over” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 57 2 r2mu 0 who does all things for me This explains why he will cry out to God. It can be translated with “because.” Alternate translation: “because he does all things for me” PSA 57 3 k9zh figs-metaphor 0 those who crush me The enemies’ fierce attack is spoken of as if they were crushing his body by marching on it. Alternate translation: “those who attack me severely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 57 3 t1vd figs-metaphor 0 God will send me his loving kindness and his faithfulness God’s being kind and faithful is spoken of as if he were sending his kindness and faithful. The abstract nouns “kindness” and “faithfulness” can be stated as “kind” and “trustworthy.” Alternate translation: “God will be kind to me and trustworthy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 57 4 v2nz figs-metaphor 0 My life is among lions The psalmist speaks of his enemies as if they were lions. Alternate translation: “I live among fierce enemies” or “Fierce enemies surround me like lions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 57 4 e5fn figs-metaphor 0 those who are ready to devour me Destroying is spoken of as devouring or eating something up. Some versions understand the Hebrew text to mean “fiery beasts.” Both images speak of his enemies as if they were wild beasts. Alternate translation: “those who are ready to destroy me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 57 4 j2hr figs-metaphor 0 people whose teeth are spears and arrows The enemies’ spears and arrows are spoken of as if they were lions’ teeth. The psalmist continues to speak of his enemies as if they were lions. Alternate translation: “people who kill others with spears and arrows as lions kill with their sharp teeth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 57 4 zdv3 figs-doublet 0 spears and arrows Since both of these terms are weapons, if your culture knows only one, it is acceptable to use it alone. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 57 4 nz7w figs-metaphor 0 whose tongues are sharp swords The tongue represents what someone says, and the enemies’ cruel words are spoken of as if they were swords. Alternate translation: “whose cruel words are like sharp swords” or “who cause terrible trouble for me by what they say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 57 5 t2dt figs-metaphor 0 Be exalted, God, above the heavens The psalmist is asking God to show that he is exalted. Being exalted above the heavens represents being great. Alternate translation: “God, show that you are exalted above the heavens” or “God, show that you are great in the heavens” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 57 5 ij37 0 let your glory be above all the earth The psalmist is asking God to show his glory. Alternate translation: “show your glory over all the earth” PSA 57 6 ywr3 figs-metaphor 0 They spread out a net for my feet His enemies’ plans to capture him are spoken of as if they had spread out a net on the ground to trap him. Alternate translation: “It is as though my enemies have spread a net out to trap me” or “They planned to capture me like people who spread out a net to trap an animal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 57 6 pp5u figs-metaphor 0 They dug a pit in front of me His enemies’ plans to capture him are spoken of as if they had dug a pit for him to fall into. Alternate translation: “It is as though they dug a pit for me to fall into” or “They planned to capture me like people who dig a hole in the ground to trap an animal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 57 6 cj6r figs-metaphor 0 They themselves have fallen into the middle of it The harm that came to his enemies when they tried to capture him is spoken of as if they fell into the trap that they had made for him. Alternate translation: “They themselves fell into the pit they had dug for me” or “But they themselves were hurt by what they planned to do to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 57 7 mvj7 figs-metonymy 0 My heart is fixed, God, my heart is fixed Being confident is spoken of as one’s heart being firm rather than shaken or easily moved. The phrase is repeated to show that he has complete confidence in God and will not change. Alternate translation: “I am completely confident in you, God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 57 7 gt62 figs-explicit 0 I will sing praises Who he will sing to can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “I will sing praises to you, God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 57 8 z1em figs-explicit 0 Wake up, my honored heart It can be stated clearly that the purpose of waking up is to sing praises to God. Waking up may be a metaphor for starting or preparing to do something. The heart represents the psalmist or his emotions. Alternate translation: “Wake up, my honored heart, to sing praises to God” or “I will prepare my honored heart to sing praises to God” or “I am honored to wake up and sing praises to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 57 8 yl5r figs-explicit 0 wake up, lute and harp It can be stated clearly that the purpose of waking up is to sing praises to God. The psalmist speaks as though the lute and harp were people who could wake up to sing praises to God. Alternate translation: “Wake up, lute and harp, and sing praises to God” or “I will play the lute and harp while I sing praises to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 57 8 hr4g figs-personification 0 I will wake up the dawn The dawn is spoken of as if it were alive, and getting up before dawn happens is spoken of as waking it up. The purpose of getting up before dawn is to praise God. Alternate translation: “I will get up before dawn” or “I will get up before the sun rises” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 57 10 vaa3 figs-parallelism 0 For great is your unfailing love, reaching to the heavens … your faithfulness to the clouds These two phrases are very similar in meaning. The greatness of God’s unfailing love and the greatness of his faithfulness are spoken of as if they could be measured in distance. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 57 10 tna7 figs-metaphor 0 For great is your unfailing love, reaching to the heavens The greatness of God’s unfailing love is spoken of as if it could be measured in distance. Alternate translation: “Your unfailing love is as great as the distance from the earth to the heavens” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 57 10 ywg7 figs-ellipsis 0 your faithfulness to the clouds The words “great is your” and “reaching” are understood from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “great is your faithfulness, reaching to the clouds” or “your faithfulness is as great as the distance from the earth to the clouds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 57 11 yyx8 figs-metaphor 0 Be exalted, God, above the heavens The psalmist is asking God to show that he is exalted. Being exalted above the heavens represents being great. Alternate translation: “God, show that you are exalted above the heavens” or “God, show that you are great in the heavens” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 57 11 n64e 0 may your glory be exalted over all the earth The psalmist is asking God to show his glory. Alternate translation: “show your glory over all the earth” PSA 58 intro dhx6 0 # Psalm 058 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 58 is a deliverance psalm. It asks God for deliverance from the unjust rulers. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Deliverance<br>Although the leaders are very evil and unfair, God can deliver his people from their oppression. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/oppress]])<br><br>### Superscription<br>The word “Michtam” is used in the superscription for this psalm. There is much discussion about this word but, in the end, no one is certain what it means. It is easiest to transliterate this word into your language, or you can simply translate it as “psalm.” PSA 58 1 qfv5 writing-poetry 0 General Information: This psalm is a song about wicked people. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 58 1 d8qb 0 For the chief musician Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship” PSA 58 1 zc3z 0 set to Al Tashheth This probably tells what musical style or tune to use when singing the psalm. See how you translated this in [Psalms 57:1](../057/001.md). PSA 58 1 x97c 0 A psalm of David This could mean: (1) David wrote the psalm or (2) the psalm is about David or (3) the psalm is in the style of David’s psalms. PSA 58 1 xu51 figs-rquestion 0 Do you rulers speak righteousness? The author uses this question to rebuke the rulers because they do not speak righteously. Alternate translation: “You rulers do not say what is right!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 58 1 f3j3 figs-rquestion 0 Do you judge uprightly, you people? The author uses this question to rebuke the judges who do not judge uprightly. Alternate translation: “You people never judge people uprightly!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 58 2 n278 figs-you 0 you … your The words “you” and “your” refer to the mighty men who are judges ([Psalm 58:1](../058/001.md)) and so is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) PSA 58 2 c5jn 0 No The author answers the two questions he had just asked. PSA 58 2 d1u5 figs-metonymy 0 you commit wickedness in your heart The heart refers to the people’s thoughts or plans. Alternate translation: “you commit wickedness in your thoughts” or “you think about doing wicked things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 58 2 fc72 figs-metaphor 0 you distribute violence throughout the land with your hands Doing violence in various places throughout the land is spoken of as distributing or spreading the violence throughout the land, as if violence were some kind of stuff or things. Alternate translation: “you yourselves do violent deeds everywhere in the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 58 3 e66x figs-parallelism 0 The wicked go astray even when they are in the womb … they go astray from birth This is the same idea expressed in two different ways. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 58 3 d7k2 figs-metaphor 0 they go astray Doing wrong things is spoken of as if people are walking on a road, and they turn off and go the wrong way. Alternate translation: “they do wrong things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 58 4 mff7 figs-metaphor 0 Their poison is like a snake’s poison The wicked things people say are spoken of as if they were poison. Alternate translation: “Their wicked words cause trouble as a snake’s poison harms people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 58 4 f4ca figs-simile 0 they are like a deaf adder that stops up its ears Wicked people who do not listen to advice or rebukes are spoken of as if they were snakes that do not respond to a charmer’s music. Alternate translation: “they refuse to listen like a deaf adder that stops up its ears” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 58 4 tt5a figs-personification 0 a deaf adder that stops up its ears An adder that does not respond to a charmer’s music is spoken of as if it could put something in its ears so that it will not hear. Alternate translation: “an adder that does not listen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 58 4 w1f7 0 adder a kind of poisonous snake PSA 58 5 b6id 0 charmers people who play or sing music in order to control snakes PSA 58 5 hi9v figs-explicit 0 no matter how skillful they are What the snake charmers were skillful at can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “no matter how skillful the charmers are at controlling snakes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 58 6 ptb3 0 General Information: The author lists things that he would like God to do to wicked people. PSA 58 6 x2zu figs-parallelism 0 Break their teeth … break out the great teeth of the young lions In both of these phrases, the wicked people are spoken of as if they were lions, and making them powerless to kill people is spoken of as breaking their teeth. Alternate translation: “Take away their power to kill. Make them powerless like young lions whose teeth have been broken and fallen out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 58 7 na9t figs-metaphor 0 Let them melt away as water that runs off The wicked people are spoken of as if they were ice or water. No longer existing is spoken of as melting or draining away into the dry ground. Alternate translation: “Make them disappear like water that runs off” or “Make them vanish like ice that melts and drains into the ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 58 7 c9dm 0 let them be as though they had no points Alternate translation: “let their arrows be as though they had no points” PSA 58 8 hb5w figs-simile 0 Let them be like a snail that melts and passes away No longer existing is spoken of as melting and disappearing. Alternate translation: “Let the wicked vanish like a snail that melts and no longer exists” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 58 8 hi5z 0 snail small animal that the Israelites considered unclean and that looks like it is melting as it moves by sliding over slime it has produced PSA 58 8 uu2z figs-simile 0 like the untimely-born child of a woman that never sees the sunlight Not existing is spoken of as being like a baby that is born dead. Alternate translation: “like a baby who is born too early too live and see the sunlight” or “like a baby that was born dead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 58 9 ut8v figs-metaphor 0 Before your pots can feel the thorn’s burning heat … the green thorns and the burning thorns alike The wicked are spoken of as if they were thornbush branches, and God’s swift punishment of them is spoken of as if he were to quickly blow them away or sweep them away. Alternate translation: “God will destroy wicked people faster than a whirlwind can blow away thornbush branches that have been put under a cooking pot and lit with fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 58 9 khw3 figs-you 0 your David is speaking to God’s people, so this is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) PSA 58 9 ka8t 0 the thorn’s burning heat … the green thorns and the burning thorns Alternate translation: “the heat from the burning thorn branches … the green thorn branches and the burning thorn branches” PSA 58 10 wz3e figs-genericnoun 0 The righteous will rejoice when he sees The phrase “the righteous” refers to righteous people in general. Alternate translation: “Righteous people will rejoice when they see” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) PSA 58 10 gi2k figs-metaphor 0 he will wash his feet in the blood of the wicked Getting one’s feet wet by walking on blood is spoken of as washing the feet in blood. Alternate translation: “the righteous will make their feet wet in the blood of the wicked” or “the righteous will march on the blood of the wicked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 58 10 ll57 figs-metaphor 0 he will wash his feet in the blood of the wicked This exaggeration expresses that a great number of wicked people will die. Alternate translation: “so many wicked people will die that when the righteous march on their blood, it will seem as if they could wash their feet in it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) PSA 59 intro zf27 0 # Psalm 059 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 59 is a deliverance psalm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Protection<br>The author prays for God to defeat his enemies. God is his protector. Therefore, he will praise God.<br><br>### Superscription<br>The word “Michtam” is used in the superscription for this psalm. There is much discussion about this word but, in the end, no one is certain what it means. It is easiest to transliterate this word into your language, or you can simply translate it as “psalm.” PSA 59 1 w4sd writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 59 1 p57e 0 For the chief musician Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship” PSA 59 1 me33 0 set to Al Tashheth This probably tells what musical style or tune to use when singing the psalm. See how you translated this in [Psalms 57:1](../057/001.md). PSA 59 1 il5y 0 A psalm of David This could mean: (1) David wrote the psalm or (2) the psalm is about David or (3) the psalm is in the style of David’s psalms. PSA 59 1 ks3t 0 A michtam The meaning of the word “michtam” is uncertain. You may use the word “psalm” instead. This can be written as: “This is a psalm that David wrote.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 16:1](../016/001.md). PSA 59 1 hk4w figs-metonymy 0 set me on high A high place represents a safe place where his enemies cannot reach him. Alternate translation: “put me in a safe place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 59 1 rjh7 figs-metonymy 0 rise up against me Rising up against someone represents attacking him. Alternate translation: “attack me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 59 2 ica6 figs-idiom 0 bloodthirsty men The word “bloodthirsty” contains “blood,” which refers to murder and “thirsty,” which refers to desire. Alternate translation: “people who desire to kill” or “people who like to kill people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 59 3 c6a4 figs-idiom 0 they wait in ambush to take my life David’s enemies are in hiding and are waiting quietly for the time when they can attack him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 59 4 zre5 figs-idiom 0 awake Deciding to do something and beginning to do it is spoken of as waking up. Alternate translation: “do something” or “take action” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 59 4 b239 figs-explicit 0 and see What he wants God to see can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “and see what is happening to me” or “and see what they are doing to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 59 5 shi6 figs-idiom 0 arise Deciding to do something and beginning to do it is spoken of as getting up. Alternate translation: “do something” or “take action” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 59 5 t4a1 figs-metonymy 0 all the nations The word “nations” here represents the people of the nations that do not honor God. Alternate translation: “the people of all the nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 59 6 aej6 0 They return at evening The word “they” refers to the wicked transgressors. PSA 59 6 r2ww figs-simile 0 they howl like dogs The psalmist speaks of his enemies threatening to attack people as if they were dogs howling, growling, or barking at people. Alternate translation: “they threaten to attack people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 59 6 fcr7 figs-explicit 0 go around the city Why they go around the city can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “go around the city to attack anyone they find” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 59 7 i5i6 0 See Here the word “See” is being used to draw attention to something. Alternate translation: “Hear” PSA 59 7 rh1u figs-metaphor 0 they belch out with their mouths Saying terrible things is spoken of as belching. These terrible things may have been insults or threats. Alternate translation: “they say terrible things” or “they shout out terrible words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 59 7 q9fv 0 belch burp loudly; allow air from the stomach to come out of the mouth with a loud, rude noise PSA 59 7 vs38 figs-metaphor 0 swords are in their lips The cruel things that the wicked people were saying are spoken of as if they were swords. Alternate translation: “they say cruel things that cause people trouble as much as swords destroy people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 59 7 d23a figs-rquestion 0 Who hears us? This question is used to show that they believed that God would not hear and punish them. Alternate translation: “No one can hear us!” or “Your God does not hear us!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 59 8 k3ws 0 laugh at them “laugh at them scornfully” or “mock them.” God would laugh at them because they are worthless and powerless. PSA 59 8 x3cx 0 you hold all the nations in derision Alternate translation: “you ridicule all the nations” or “you know that the people of the nations are fools” PSA 59 8 tjt6 0 derision ridicule PSA 59 9 av6p figs-metonymy 0 my strength God’s being the psalmist’s strength represents God protecting him. Alternate translation: “you are my strength” or “you are my protector” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 59 9 mi4w figs-metaphor 0 you are my high tower A high tower is a place that people could go to for shelter from their enemies. The psalmist speaks of God protecting him as if God were a strong, safe shelter. Alternate translation: “you protect me like a high tower” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 59 10 v7d9 figs-explicit 0 My God will meet me with his covenant faithfulness This phrase implies that God will come to him in order to save him. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “My God, who is faithful to his covenant, will come to save me” or “My God will come to save me because he is faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 59 10 tb7v figs-abstractnouns 0 my desire on my enemies The abstract noun “desire” can be expressed with the verb “want.” Alternate translation: “what I want to happen to my enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 59 11 c9tk 0 Scatter them Alternate translation: “Cause them to wander around” PSA 59 11 yf94 figs-metonymy 0 our shield God’s protecting the righteous is spoken of as if God were a shield. Alternate translation: “our protector” or “the one who protects us like a shield” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 59 12 iz4q figs-metonymy 0 For the sins of their mouths and the words of their lips The mouths and lips represent the things people say. Alternate translation: “Because they sin by what they say” or “Because of the sinful things they say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 59 12 a3ed figs-activepassive 0 let them be captured in their pride This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “let people capture them because of their pride” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 59 12 xb2v 0 that they express Alternate translation: “that they say” PSA 59 13 u1ga figs-metaphor 0 Consume them in wrath, consume them so that they will be no more Destroying them completely is spoken of either as burning them up or eating them. Alternate translation: “Be angry with them and destroy them completely so there will be no more of them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 59 13 h4zf figs-metonymy 0 in Jacob Jacob here refers to Israel. Alternate translation: “in Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 59 13 ct9i figs-metonymy 0 to the ends of the earth “to even the most distance places on earth.” This represents all places on earth. Alternate translation: “everywhere on earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 59 14 v4xe figs-simile 0 howling like dogs The psalmist speaks of his enemies threatening to attack people as if they were dogs howling, growling, or barking at people. Alternate translation: “threatening to attack us” or “threatening to attack us like wild dogs” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 59 15 w18t 0 satisfied content, having everything they want PSA 59 16 a9we figs-metaphor 0 you have been my high tower and a refuge High towers and refuges are places that people can go to for shelter from their enemies. The psalmist speaks of God protecting him as if God were a strong, safe shelter. Alternate translation: “you have protected me like a high tower and a refuge” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 59 16 vmt2 0 in the day of my distress Alternate translation: “whenever I have had troubles” PSA 59 17 q7yw figs-sentences 0 To you, my strength, I will sing praises “To you, my strength” can be combined as one clause. Alternate translation: “You are my strength, so I will sing praises to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-sentences]]) PSA 59 17 g4db figs-metonymy 0 my strength God’s being the psalmist’s strength represents God protecting him. Alternate translation: “my protector” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 59 17 m2u5 figs-metaphor 0 for God is my high tower High towers are places that people can go to for shelter from their enemies. The psalmist speaks of God protecting him as if God were a strong, safe shelter. Alternate translation: “you have protected me like a high tower” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 59 17 shn4 figs-abstractnouns 0 the God of covenant faithfulness The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. This can be expressed in a separate sentence. Alternate translation: “He is the God who is faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 60 intro wza8 0 # Psalm 060 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 60 is a psalm of war.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Protection<br>God has preserved the land of Israel, and now he will give them victory over the countries of Moab and Edom. PSA 60 1 ev3m writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 60 1 usc3 0 For the chief musician Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship” PSA 60 1 vsl6 0 set to Shushan Eduth This probably tells what tune or musical style to use when singing the psalm. Alternate translation: “sing this psalm using the tune of ‘Shushan Eduth’” or “sing this using the Shushan Eduth style” PSA 60 1 m8be translate-unknown 0 Shushan Eduth This means “Lily of the Promise.” Translators may either write the meaning or copy the Hebrew words. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]]) PSA 60 1 tb2l 0 A michtam The meaning of the word “michtam” is uncertain. You may use the word “psalm” instead. This can be written as: “This is a psalm that David wrote.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 16:1](../016/001.md). PSA 60 1 x59t translate-names 0 Aram Naharaim … Aram Zobah “Aram of the two rivers … the Aramean nation of Zobah.” These are places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) PSA 60 1 xt5a figs-synecdoche 0 Joab This refers to Joab and the army that he led. Alternate translation: “Joab and his army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 60 1 uk1f translate-numbers 0 twelve thousand Edomites “12,000 Edomites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) PSA 60 1 jey3 figs-metaphor 0 you have cast us off God’s rejecting people is spoken of as if he had thrown them away. Alternate translation: “you have rejected us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 60 1 tsh1 figs-metonymy 0 you have broken through our defenses God’s allowing Israel’s enemies to break through their defenses is spoken of as God himself had done it. Alternate translation: “you have allowed our enemies to break through our defenses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 60 2 cda8 0 Connecting Statement: The psalmist continues speaking to God. PSA 60 2 rmg6 figs-metaphor 0 You have made the land tremble; you have torn it apart The psalmist speaks of the disaster in his country as if it were an earthquake. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 60 2 qsa7 figs-metaphor 0 heal its fissures Making the people strong again is spoken of as repairing the fissures in the ground or walls. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 60 2 n526 0 fissures large cracks in the ground or walls PSA 60 3 k155 figs-metonymy 0 You have made your people see difficult things Here “see” represents “experience” or “suffer.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 60 3 m2ay figs-metaphor 0 drink the wine of staggering Being helpless is spoken of as staggering around, barely able to stand upright. The abstract noun “staggering” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “the wine that makes us stagger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 60 4 fj97 figs-metaphor 0 you have set up a banner God’s guiding his people in battle is spoken of as if God were a human king or commander who had set up a banner for the army. Alternate translation: “you are like a king who sets up a banner” or “you command us in battle like a king who raises up a banner” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 60 4 f9q6 0 banner “battle flag.” This is a flag that a king or commander would raise up on a pole to show that the army should gather. PSA 60 4 xr7x figs-activepassive 0 to be displayed against those who carry the bow This can be stated with an active clause. However some versions have different interpretations of this phrase. Alternate translation: “to display against those who carry the bow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 60 4 pya3 figs-metonymy 0 to be displayed against those who carry the bow The phrase “those who carry the bow” refers to the enemy soldiers in battle. Alternate translation: “to display when he takes his army into battle against your enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 60 5 lb5k figs-metonymy 0 with your right hand God’s right hand represents his power. Alternate translation: “by your power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 60 5 p226 figs-metonymy 0 answer me Answering here represents responding to his request. Alternate translation: “respond to my request” or “answer my prayer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 60 7 ft6i figs-metaphor 0 Ephraim also is my helmet God speaks of the tribe of Ephraim as if it were his army. The helmet symbolizes equipment for war. Alternate translation: “Ephraim is like a helmet I have chosen” or “the tribe of Ephraim is my army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 60 7 d6zr 0 helmet a hard hat that soldiers wear to protect their heads from injury PSA 60 7 c5sk figs-metaphor 0 Judah is my scepter God chose men from the tribe of Judah to be the kings of his people, and he speaks of that tribe as if it were his scepter. Alternate translation: “the tribe of Judah is like my scepter” or “Judah is the tribe through whom I rule my people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 60 8 k3r4 figs-metaphor 0 Moab is my washbasin God speaks of Moab being unimportant as if Moab were a washbasin or a lowly servant. Alternate translation: “Moab is like a bowl that I use for washing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 60 8 lax6 figs-metaphor 0 over Edom I will throw my shoe God was probably speaking of taking ownership of Edom as if he were symbolically throwing his shoe onto that land to show that he owns it. However some versions have other interpretations. Alternate translation: “I take ownership of the land of Edom” or “I throw my shoe onto the land of Edom to show that it is mine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) PSA 60 10 ika5 figs-rquestion 0 But you, God, have you not rejected us? The psalmist uses this question to express his sadness that it seems that God has rejected them. Alternate translation: “But God, it seems like you have rejected us.” or “God, you seem to have abandoned us.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 60 10 v89k figs-metaphor 0 You do not go into battle with our army The psalmist speaks of God helping their army as if God were to go and fight with them. Alternate translation: “you do not help our army when we go into battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 60 11 sm5b 0 is futile Alternate translation: “is worthless” PSA 60 12 x5wt 0 will triumph Alternate translation: “will defeat our enemies” PSA 60 12 i34s figs-metaphor 0 he will trample down our enemies The psalmist speaks of God helping their army defeat their enemies as if God were to trample down the enemies. Alternate translation: “he will enable us to trample down our enemies” or “he will make us able to defeat our enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 61 intro is6k 0 # Psalm 061 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 61 is a psalm of praise.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Vow<br>The author has vowed to praise God every day of his life because God has blessed him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/vow]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) PSA 61 1 u44c writing-poetry 0 General Information: This is a song about God’s faithfulness. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 61 1 y257 0 For the chief musician Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship” PSA 61 1 w7m6 0 on a stringed instrument Alternate translation: “people should play a stringed instrument with this song” PSA 61 1 dkq1 figs-doublet 0 Hear my cry, God; attend to my prayer These clauses have a similar meaning. Alternate translation: “God, listen to me and answer my prayer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 61 2 z96p figs-metaphor 0 lead me to the rock that is higher than I Here the writer speaks of God as if he were a high rock that he could climb for protection. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 61 4 fq5b figs-metaphor 0 take refuge under the shelter of your wings Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Here there is a second metaphor that speaks of Yahweh’s protection as if he was a hen protecting her baby chicks under her wings. Alternate translation: “go to you for protection as a chick is safe under the wings of its mother” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 61 5 yk96 figs-metaphor 0 you have given me the inheritance The writer speaks of God’s blessings as if they were an inheritance that he has received. Alternate translation: “you have given to me the blessings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 61 5 jwf1 figs-metonymy 0 who honor your name Here “your name” means God himself. Alternate translation: “who honor you” or “who have an awesome respect for you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 61 6 f381 figs-parallelism 0 You will prolong … many generations These two clauses have similar meanings. The idea is repeated for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 61 6 m1j7 0 You will prolong the king’s life Alternate translation: “You will extend the king’s life” or “You will cause the king’s life to last a long time” PSA 61 6 dq7t figs-metonymy 0 his years will be like many generations Here “years” refers to how long the king will live. Alternate translation: “he will live for many generations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 61 7 j14f figs-explicit 0 He will remain before God forever Here “to remain before God” means to be in God’s presence or to be with God. This can be stated clearly in the translation. Alternate translation: “God will be with him forever” or “God will be with the king forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 61 8 ut6s figs-metonymy 0 I will sing praise to your name forever Here “name” stands for God himself. Alternate translation: “I will always sing praise to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 61 8 yd7n 0 my vows These refer to the promise to offer sacrifices to God every day. PSA 62 intro dc2q 0 # Psalm 062 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 62 is a psalm of deliverance. It expresses trust that God will save the psalmist from his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Trust<br>Although the psalmist’s enemies have attacked him when he was feeling weak, he trusts in God to deliver him. God is powerful and kind. PSA 62 1 fc8k writing-poetry 0 General Information: This psalm is a song about God’s faithfulness. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 62 1 a4ay 0 For the chief musician Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship” PSA 62 1 zun4 translate-names 0 Jeduthun One of David’s chief musicians had this same name. This may refer to him. See how you translated this in [Psalms 39:1](../039/001.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) PSA 62 1 l5l8 0 my salvation comes from him Alternate translation: “he is the one who rescues me” or “he is the one who saves me” PSA 62 2 hy6d figs-metaphor 0 He alone is my rock and my salvation The writer speaks of God’s ability to protect him as if God were a rock. Alternate translation: “He is the only one who can protect and rescue me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 62 2 ngh3 figs-metaphor 0 he is my high tower The writer speaks of God’s ability to protect him as if God were a high tower. Alternate translation: “he keeps me away from the grasp of my enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 62 2 s4ie figs-activepassive 0 I will not be greatly moved This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “nothing can ever move me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 62 3 b6ts 0 all of you Alternate translation: “my enemies” or “all my enemies” PSA 62 3 z326 figs-rquestion 0 How long … will you attack a man … or a shaky fence? David uses a rhetorical question to express his frustration. No answer is expected. Alternate translation: “It seems like my enemies will never stop attacking me. I feel that I am as weak against you as a leaning wall or a broken-down fence.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 62 3 c4q6 0 attack a man Alternate translation: “attack me” PSA 62 4 n82a 0 They consult with him only to Alternate translation: “They intend to” or “They plan to” PSA 62 4 a18i 0 consult with him … bring him … bless him … curse him In these verses, David is referring to himself by “him.” PSA 62 4 j3uz figs-metonymy 0 with their mouths This refers to their speech or their words. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 62 4 zqm3 figs-metonymy 0 in their hearts This refers to their thoughts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 62 5 nl4l 0 my hope is set on him Alternate translation: “for I place my hope in him” PSA 62 6 fy6x figs-metaphor 0 He alone is my rock and my salvation; he is my high tower The writer speaks of God as if he were a rock and a high tower. Both of these metaphors show how God provides protection from one’s enemies. Here “salvation” means that God rescues the writer. See how you translated this in [Psalms 62:2](../062/002.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 62 6 izy6 figs-activepassive 0 I will not be moved This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “nothing can move me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 62 7 c9fh figs-metaphor 0 the rock of my strength and my refuge are in God The writer speaks of God as if he were a rock that keeps one safe from his enemies. He also speaks of God as if he were a shelter that provides protection. Alternate translation: “God always gives me strength and protection” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 62 8 yq3j figs-idiom 0 pour out your heart This refers to telling God your inner feelings as if you were pouring out a liquid. Alternate translation: “give your deepest concerns to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 62 8 ss3p figs-exclusive 0 refuge for us The word “us” refers to David and the people he is speaking to. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) PSA 62 9 zu93 figs-merism 0 men of low standing … men of high standing are a lie This refers to men of all levels of wealth and importance. The phrases “are vanity” and “are a lie” have the same meaning. One cannot confidently trust in anyone. Alternate translation: “you cannot place your trust in men, no matter how important they are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 62 9 ckm7 0 weighed together, they are lighter than nothing If you put all of these kinds of men together on a scale, they would have no weight. This means that they have no real value to you. PSA 62 10 ubx1 figs-doublet 0 oppression or robbery These two words have basically the same meaning. You cannot trust in money that you get by taking it from other people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 62 10 eu3d figs-metaphor 0 for they will bear no fruit The writer speaks of riches as if they were trees or vines that could bear fruit. Alternate translation: “for they will provide nothing good for you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 62 10 j6sj figs-idiom 0 do not fix your heart on them Here “fix your heart” is an idiom that means to desire something greatly. Alternate translation: “do not desire them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 62 11 x8ts 0 God has spoken once, twice have I heard this This means that God has said this more than once. PSA 62 11 kc1v figs-metaphor 0 power belongs to God God being characterized by power is spoken of as if power belonged to him. The abstract noun “power” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “God is powerful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 62 12 n56f figs-metaphor 0 Also to you, Lord, belongs covenant faithfulness God being characterized by covenant faithfulness is spoken of as if covenant faithfulness belonged to him. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “You, Lord, are also faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 62 12 gl1p figs-metaphor 0 for you pay back every person for what he has done The writer speaks of God’s rewards as if he were paying a wage for work. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 63 intro py5b 0 # Psalm 063 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 63 is a psalm of praise.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Praise<br>The author praises God for who he is and for having protected him. PSA 63 1 rct4 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 63 1 jrr4 0 A psalm of David This could mean: (1) David wrote the psalm or (2) the psalm is about David or (3) the psalm is in the style of David’s psalms. PSA 63 1 d7d1 0 earnestly sincerely PSA 63 1 c3we figs-parallelism 0 my soul thirsts for you, and my flesh longs for you These two clauses have basically the same meaning and are used together to emphasize how greatly the writer desires to be with God. Alternate translation: “my whole being greatly desires to be with you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 63 1 x4mg 0 dry and weary land Alternate translation: “hot, dry desert” PSA 63 3 w2ui figs-abstractnouns 0 Because your covenant faithfulness is better than life, my lips The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adverb and the abstract noun “life” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “I value you being faithful to your covenant more than I value living, so my lips” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 63 3 cx75 figs-synecdoche 0 my lips will praise you Here “my lips” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I will praise you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 63 4 vx4a figs-metonymy 0 I will lift up my hands in your name Here “in your name” means “to you.” Alternate translation: “I will worship you and pray to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 63 5 x5ky figs-simile 0 It will be as if I ate a meal of marrow and fatness Here the writer speaks of knowing and worshiping God as being more satisfying than eating a good meal. Alternate translation: “I will be happier than a person who eats a meal of fat and choice food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 63 5 y596 figs-synecdoche 0 with joyful lips my mouth will praise you Here “with joyful lips my mouth” represents the whole person who will praise God joyfully. Alternate translation: “I will praise you joyfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 63 6 a4ez figs-parallelism 0 when I think about you on my bed … in the night hours These two clauses have the same meaning. The ideas are repeated to emphasize how much the writer thinks about God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 63 7 ca2e figs-metaphor 0 in the shadow of your wings I rejoice The writer speaks of God as if he were a bird protecting its young under his wings. Alternate translation: “I rejoice because you protect me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 63 8 y8gh 0 I cling to you Alternate translation: “I need you” or “I depend on you” PSA 63 8 ua1a figs-metonymy 0 your right hand supports me Here, the right hand is used as a symbol of strength and power. Alternate translation: “you support me” or “you lift me up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 63 9 tm7l figs-explicit 0 will go down into the lowest parts of the earth This means they will die and go to the place of the dead. This can be stated clearly in the translation. Alternate translation: “will die and descend into the place of the dead” or “will die and go down into the place of the dead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 63 10 y78j figs-metonymy 0 they will be given over to those whose hands use the sword Here “the sword” represents death in battle, and “those whose hands use the sword” refers to enemies who kill them in battle. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will cause them to die in battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 63 10 i1md figs-explicit 0 they will become food for the jackals Here “they” refers to the corpses of those who die in battle. Alternate translation: “jackals will eat their dead bodies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 63 10 ru7l 0 the jackals “jackals” here are a kind of long-legged wild dog. They feed on carrion, game, and fruit. PSA 63 11 q4st figs-explicit 0 the king will David is speaking about himself. This can be stated clearly in the translation. Alternate translation: “I, the king of Israel, will” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 63 11 lcq4 0 swears by him … proud of him The word “him” refers to “God.” PSA 63 11 a434 figs-synecdoche 0 but the mouth of those who speak lies will be stopped up Here “the mouth” represents the whole person. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “but God will silence the liars” or “but God will silence those who lie” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 64 intro t6rs 0 # Psalm 064 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 64 is a psalm of deliverance. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Plotting of enemies<br>The author’s enemies have plotted against him but God has saved him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) PSA 64 1 b1fk writing-poetry 0 General Information: This psalm is a prayer for help. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 64 1 j144 0 For the chief musician Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship” PSA 64 1 y5d6 0 preserve save PSA 64 2 aj26 figs-metonymy 0 Hide me from the secret plotting of evildoers Here “Hide” represents protecting, and “the secret plotting of evildoers represents” represents the harm that evildoers secretly plan to do to David. Alternate translation: “Protect me from the harm that evil doers secretly plan to do to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 64 2 czb5 figs-ellipsis 0 from the commotion The words “hide me” are understood from the previous phrase and can be repeated here. Alternate translation: “hide me from the commotion” or “protect me from the commotion”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 64 2 u721 0 the commotion of the doers of iniquity Here, **commotion** could mean: (1) a noisy disturbance. Alternate translation: “the noisy disturbance that the doers of iniquity make” or (2) a crowd that makes a noisy disturbance. Alternate translation: “the noisy crowd of doers of iniquity” PSA 64 3 zhn8 figs-simile 0 They have sharpened their tongues like swords The writer speaks of his enemies’ tongues as if they were as sharp as swords. Here “tongues” represents the harsh words that the enemies speak. Alternate translation: “The harsh things that they say hurt me like a sharp sword” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 64 3 ugs8 figs-metaphor 0 arrows, bitter words The writer speaks of his enemies’ bitter words as if they were arrows being shot at him. Alternate translation: “bitter words which pierce me like arrows” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 64 5 blg6 figs-rquestion 0 Who will see us? The evildoers do not expect an answer to their question because they think no one will see them. Alternate translation: “No one will see what we are doing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 64 6 jn8k figs-metaphor 0 The inner thoughts and hearts of man are deep The writer speaks of man’s “inner thoughts” and “hearts of man” as if they were a deep body of water that no one can explore all the way to the bottom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 64 6 mfc5 figs-doublet 0 inner thoughts … hearts of man Both of these phrases refer to man’s private or inner thoughts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 64 7 g91b 0 General Information: The writer continues to speak of the “evildoers” of [Psalms 64:1](../064/001.md). PSA 64 7 a77p figs-metaphor 0 But God will shoot them … with his arrows The writer speaks of God’s punishment of the evildoers as if God were shooting arrows at them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 64 8 xs48 figs-metaphor 0 They will be made to stumble The writer speaks of God’s causing the evildoers’ plans to fail as if God were making them stumble in their paths. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will make them stumble” or “God will cause their plans to fail” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 64 8 f4zp figs-metonymy 0 since their own tongues are against them Here “tongues” represents the words that they say. Alternate translation: “since the words that they say are against them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 64 9 gv21 0 what he has done Alternate translation: “what God has done” PSA 64 10 v64d figs-metaphor 0 take refuge in him Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “go to him for protection” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 64 10 pzy4 figs-idiom 0 all the upright in heart will take pride in him Here “upright in heart” is an idiom that means godly or righteous. Alternate translation: “all the people who are godly will praise him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 65 intro zl1t 0 # Psalm 065 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 65 is a psalm of praise to God.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### God’s power<br>God answered prayers and gave the people justice and hope. God created nature and controls it, sending rain so the grain and pastures grow well. PSA 65 1 g299 writing-poetry 0 General Information: This psalm is a song of praise. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 65 1 qt1y 0 For the chief musician Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship” PSA 65 1 ce6n figs-personification 0 For you, God in Zion, our praise waits This speaks of praise as if it were a person who could act on its own. Alternate translation: “To you alone, God in Zion, we will offer our praise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 65 1 sw4a figs-activepassive 0 our vows will be carried out to you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “we will do what we have promised you that we would do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 65 3 z8fr figs-personification 0 Iniquities prevail against us David speaks about iniquity as if it were a person that is able to defeat or oppress. Alternate translation: “It is as if our own sins were defeating us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 65 3 wz7b 0 you will forgive them The word “them” refers to our “iniquities.” PSA 65 4 s325 0 whom you choose … your courts The words “you” and “your” in this verse refer to Yahweh. PSA 65 4 r5l8 figs-hyperbole 0 live in your courts This exaggeration expresses that the man is in the temple very frequently to worship Yahweh. Alternate translation: “worship often in your courts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) PSA 65 4 g4b9 figs-activepassive 0 We will be satisfied with the goodness of your house, your holy temple This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The goodness of your house, your holy temple, will satisfy us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 65 4 x47k figs-exclusive 0 We will be Here the word “we” refers to David and the people of Israel, but not to God, to whom he is speaking. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) PSA 65 4 re8y 0 your house, your holy temple Alternate translation: “your house, which is your holy temple” PSA 65 5 g2mg 0 In righteousness Alternate translation: “Because you are righteous” PSA 65 5 q2jg 0 you who are Alternate translation: “you are” PSA 65 5 f2m8 figs-doublet 0 of all the ends of the earth … across the sea These two phrases have similar meanings. Alternate translation: “of all the people who live throughout the earth and across the sea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 65 5 m7rv figs-metonymy 0 of all the ends of the earth This refers to the people who live all over the earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 65 6 sza2 figs-metaphor 0 you who are belted with strength The writer speaks of God as if he wore his strength like a belt. Alternate translation: “showing that you are very powerful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 65 7 q7ky figs-parallelism 0 the roaring of the seas, the roaring of their waves These two phrases have the same meaning and are used together to create a vivid impression on the hearer or reader. Alternate translation: “the continuous roaring of the seas” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 65 7 r4p4 0 roaring a loud noise caused by the wind and waves PSA 65 7 uww2 0 the commotion of the peoples This is also something that God makes quiet. PSA 65 7 dyr9 0 commotion loud noise PSA 65 8 u5vn 0 evidence proof or something that shows that another thing is true PSA 65 8 vup2 figs-metonymy 0 you make the east and the west rejoice The phrase “the east and the west” refers to the people who live all over the earth. Alternate translation: “you cause people everywhere to shout joyfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) PSA 65 9 e5cr 0 help the earth This refers to the soil of the earth. PSA 65 9 mt8r 0 you greatly enrich it Alternate translation: “you make the soil very good so that good things will grow in it” PSA 65 9 rfe2 figs-metonymy 0 the river of God is full of water This refers to the supply of water in the sky that God sends to water the earth and fill the streams. Alternate translation: “you fill the streams with water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 65 10 zg5e figs-you 0 You … you … you … you The writer is speaking to Yahweh, so these words are all singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) PSA 65 10 d2yu 0 its furrows Alternate translation: “the earth’s furrows” PSA 65 10 v5qu 0 furrows A furrow is a long narrow trench made in the ground for planting seeds or for watering the field where grains have been planted. PSA 65 10 l2ln 0 ridges edges PSA 65 11 r7wm figs-you 0 You … your The words “You” and “your” refer to Yahweh and so are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) PSA 65 11 pc5y figs-personification 0 You crown the year with your goodness Here the “year” is given the human quality of wearing a crown. Alternate translation: “You have honored the year with a good harvest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 65 11 q39j figs-metaphor 0 your wagon tracks overflow with abundance Yahweh making the soil so good and fertile that it produces an abundant harvest is spoken of as if Yahweh were traveling through an empty land in a cart, leaving abundant food behind wherever he goes. Alternate translation: “everywhere you have been, you have left abundant food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 65 12 f7hf 0 The pastures … drip with dew There is so much dew in the pastures that they are said to drip with it. Alternate translation: “The pastures … are full of dew” or “Much dew drips in the pastures of the wilderness” PSA 65 12 m2ds figs-personification 0 the hills are clothed with joy The writer speaks of the beauty of the hills as if they were joyful people, and of joy as if it were clothing. Alternate translation: “the hills are like people wearing joy” or “the hills are like joyful people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 65 13 l7rv 0 The pastures are clothed with flocks The writer speaks of the pastures as being so covered with flocks that it is like the pastures are wearing a garment. PSA 65 13 le4m 0 pastures a large field where animals feed on the grass PSA 65 13 h9k9 0 flocks group of animals, such as sheep and goats PSA 65 13 kh7i figs-personification 0 they shout for joy, and they sing The pastures, hills and valleys are so bountiful, that they seem to shout and sing for joy. Alternate translation: “they are like joyful singing people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 65 13 e1qd 0 they shout The word “they” refers to the pastures and valleys. PSA 66 intro xwm8 0 # Psalm 066 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 66 is a psalm of praise.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh saves<br>Just as God brought Israel through the wilderness, he took the author through hard times but saved him. The author will worship God by sacrificing animals to him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) PSA 66 1 wxl5 writing-poetry 0 General Information: This psalm is a song of praise. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 66 1 kzn5 0 For the chief musician Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship” PSA 66 1 cmh2 figs-metonymy 0 Make a joyful noise to God, all the earth A “joyful noise to God” represents singing and shouting praises to God. Alternate translation: “Let all the earth sing and shout joyfully to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 66 1 j76g figs-metonymy 0 all the earth This refers to all the people who live on the earth. Alternate translation: “everyone on earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 66 2 si2u figs-parallelism 0 Sing out the glory of his name; make his praise glorious These phrases have similar meanings and are used together to emphasize how wonderful God is. Alternate translation: “Sing about how wonderful God’s name is; sing wonderful praise about how great God is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 66 2 n3za figs-metonymy 0 the glory of his name God’s name here represents God himself. Alternate translation: “his glory” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 66 3 sr8b 0 How terrifying are your deeds The works of God cause us to be in awe and terrified because we know he is powerful and holy. PSA 66 3 id4t 0 By the greatness of your power Alternate translation: “Because you have great power” PSA 66 4 p1ln figs-metonymy 0 All the earth will worship you This refers to all of the people who live on the earth. Alternate translation: “All the people on earth will worship you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 66 4 y7hi figs-metonymy 0 they will sing to your name Here “your name” refers to God himself. Alternate translation: “they will praise and honor you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 66 5 vn26 0 he … his These words refer to God. PSA 66 5 y91w 0 he is fearsome in his deeds toward the sons of mankind Alternate translation: “he causes people to feel fear and wonder when they see his deeds” PSA 66 5 ebc3 0 the sons of mankind Alternate translation: “humanity” PSA 66 6 t4bb 0 He … him These words refer to God. PSA 66 6 ipc9 figs-explicit 0 He turned the sea into dry land; they went through the river on foot This refers to the crossing of the Red Sea. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 66 6 dbi6 0 they went The word “they” refers to God’s people, the Israelites. PSA 66 6 c4mh figs-exclusive 0 we rejoiced The word “we” refers to the Israelites, their ancestors, David, and the people he is speaking to. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) PSA 66 7 fhu2 0 He … his These words refer to God. PSA 66 7 v55x figs-synecdoche 0 his eyes These phrase “his eyes” refers to God himself. Alternate translation: “he sees” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 66 7 csw4 0 let not the rebellious exalt themselves Alternate translation: “let not the rebellious people exalt themselves” or “let not the rebellious people be proud” PSA 66 8 p33g figs-parallelism 0 Give blessing to God … let the sound of his praise be heard These two clauses have similar meanings. The idea is repeated to emphasize the importance of praising God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 66 9 nub8 figs-exclusive 0 us … our These words refer to David and the people he is speaking to. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) PSA 66 9 qfj9 figs-metaphor 0 he does not permit our feet to slip The writer speaks of God’s protection as preventing his people from slipping as they walk or falling off a cliff. Alternate translation: “he has not allowed us to fall into disaster” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 66 11 eq4q figs-metaphor 0 You brought us into a net The writer speaks of God’s punishment as if God had captured his people in a net. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 66 11 wp2k 0 a net a trap for a bird or an animal PSA 66 11 ib6n figs-metaphor 0 you laid a heavy burden on our backs The writer speaks of what the people have endured as having to carry heavy loads on their backs. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 66 12 el5w figs-metaphor 0 You made people ride over our heads This is a picture of being horribly defeated in battle. Alternate translation: “It is as if our enemies defeated us in battle and then drove their chariots over our fallen bodies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 66 12 ua43 figs-metaphor 0 went through fire and water God tested them with natural disasters like fires and floods. Alternate translation: “we suffered like people who suffer from fires and floods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) PSA 66 12 t7hr figs-metaphor 0 spacious place The writer speaks of the blessings that the people of Israel now have as if they had been brought into a wide open space where they are safe. Alternate translation: “open place where we are safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 66 14 t3nu figs-synecdoche 0 which my lips promised and my mouth spoke Here “lips” and “mouth” refer to the words of promise that were spoken. Alternate translation: “which I promised” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 66 15 fl6u 0 aroma of rams Alternate translation: “smell of the smoke of sacrificed rams” PSA 66 16 kd6i figs-synecdoche 0 I will declare what he has done for my soul The word “soul” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I will tell you what he has done for me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 66 17 utu4 figs-synecdoche 0 I cried to him with my mouth The word “mouth” represents the whole person who cries out to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 66 17 s7eh figs-activepassive 0 he was praised with my tongue Here “tongue” represents words or speech. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I praised him with my tongue” or “I praised him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 66 18 f2m2 0 seen sin Alternate translation: “loved sin” or “held iniquity” PSA 66 18 kk8n figs-explicit 0 would not have listened to me Here “would not have listened” implies that God would not have answered his prayer. This can be made clear in the translation. Alternate translation: “would not have heard me call out to him” or “he would not have answered my prayer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 66 19 n9pa figs-parallelism 0 But God has truly heard; he has paid attention These two clauses have similar meanings and are used together to emphasize that God has heard his prayer. Alternate translation: “But God has truly heard my prayer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 66 19 itl3 figs-personification 0 the voice of my prayer Here the author’s prayer is given the personal quality of having a voice. Alternate translation: “my prayer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 66 20 sj37 0 who has not turned away my prayer Here “turned away’ represents ignoring his prayer. Alternate translation: “who has not ignored my prayer” PSA 66 20 p1vb figs-explicit 0 or his covenant faithfulness from me The phrase “has not turned away” is understood from the previous phrase and can be repeated here. The idea of “his covenant faithfulness” can be translated with the phrase “being faithful to his covenant.” Alternate translation: “and has not turned away his covenant faithfulness from me” or “and has not stopped being faithful to his covenant with me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 67 intro g3hz 0 # Psalm 067 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 67 is a worship psalm.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Praise<br>People all over the world should be praising God. PSA 67 1 w6h8 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 67 1 v59b 0 For the chief musician Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship” PSA 67 1 d6gg 0 on stringed instruments Alternate translation: “people should play stringed instruments with this song” PSA 67 1 h266 figs-metaphor 0 cause his face to shine on us The writer speaks of Yahweh acting favorably towards them as if Yahweh’s face shone a light on them. Alternate translation: “act favorably towards us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 67 2 y8i3 figs-activepassive 0 your ways may be known on earth This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people may know your ways on earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 67 2 ahn5 figs-ellipsis 0 your salvation among all nations The writer desires for everyone to know that God has the power to save them. This can be made clear in the translation. Alternate translation: “and the people of all nations may know that you have the power to save them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 67 4 w7lh figs-metonymy 0 let the nations … govern the nations Here “nations” represents the people who live in all the nations on the earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 67 4 g91t 0 with justice Alternate translation: “fairly” or “justly” PSA 67 5 e74n figs-parallelism 0 Let the peoples praise you … let all the peoples praise you The second clause intensifies the meaning of the first to emphasize how important it is to praise God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 67 6 ew33 figs-personification 0 The earth has yielded its harvest Here the writer speaks of “the earth” as if it has chosen to provide a harvest to the people. Alternate translation: “We have reaped a bountiful harvest from our crops” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 67 7 m77g figs-metonymy 0 all the ends of the earth honor him This means that people everywhere should honor God because of his blessings. Alternate translation: “I desire that all people everywhere on the earth may have an awesome respect for him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 68 intro i82v 0 # Psalm 068 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 68 is a worship psalm.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s greatness<br>God is exceedingly great. He takes care of the weak and helpless. He is glorious in his temple. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])<br><br>### No Common Theme<br>Scholars have found this psalm the most difficult to interpret. There does not appear to be any unity to this psalm. PSA 68 1 c4xg writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 68 1 mf9s 0 For the chief musician Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship” PSA 68 1 e798 0 A psalm of David This could mean: (1) David wrote the psalm or (2) the psalm is about David or (3) the psalm is in the style of David’s psalms. PSA 68 1 ebe6 figs-metaphor 0 Let God arise God beginning to act is spoke of as if he stands up. Alternate translation: “Let God begin to act” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 68 1 e3kc figs-activepassive 0 let his enemies be scattered This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “let God chase away his enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 68 2 ea3v figs-metaphor 0 As smoke is driven away, so drive them away God’s enemies are spoken of as if they are smoke that is easily blown away by the wind. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Drive them away as the wind blows away smoke” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 68 2 s3mi figs-metaphor 0 as wax melts before the fire God’s enemies are spoken of as if they are wax that is easily melted by a fire. Alternate translation: “cause them to disappear as wax melts before a fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 68 2 ea8r figs-nominaladj 0 the wicked This refers to the wicked people in general. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 68 3 s74b figs-nominaladj 0 the righteous This refers to the righteous people in general. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 68 3 e8rg figs-doublet 0 rejoice and be happy These means the same thing and emphasizes the amount of joy they feel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 68 4 u8td figs-metonymy 0 to his name This refers to God. Alternate translation: “to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 68 4 mtd6 figs-metaphor 0 the one who rides through the plains God’s presence among people is spoken of as if he rides on the earth in a horse or chariot. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 68 5 nn11 figs-metaphor 0 A father of the fatherless God is spoken of as a compassionate God who acts like a father to orphans. Alternate translation: “One who acts like a father to children who have no parents” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 68 5 jev5 figs-metaphor 0 a judge of the widows God is spoken of as a merciful God who protects widows. Alternate translation: “a protector of widows” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 68 6 ae7w figs-metaphor 0 God puts the lonely into families God is spoken of as if he places lonely people into families. “God provides families for those who have no one to live with” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 68 6 pki3 figs-metaphor 0 he brings out the prisoners with singing God is spoken of as the one who leads prisoners out of their confinement. Alternate translation: “God frees prisoners and makes them sing with happiness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 68 6 ri2g figs-nominaladj 0 the rebellious This nominal adjective refers to rebellious people and can be translated with either an adjective or a noun. Alternate translation: “rebellious people” or “people who rebel against him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 68 6 xq7k figs-metaphor 0 a parched land God’s punishment of the rebellious is spoken of as if he forces them to live in a hot desert land. Alternate translation: “a very hot and dry land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 68 7 txl9 0 General Information: David begins to tell the story of God leading the Israelites through the desert to Mt. Sinai. PSA 68 7 nqa1 figs-parallelism 0 when you went out … when you marched through These two phrases refer to the same event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 68 7 vqt5 0 you went out before your people Alternate translation: “you led your people” PSA 68 7 ba2j figs-metaphor 0 when you marched through the wilderness God is spoken of as if he was a soldier marching ahead of the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 68 8 t35q 0 the heavens also dropped rain … God’s presence Alternate translation: “God caused it to rain” PSA 68 8 br66 figs-parallelism 0 in the presence of God This idiom here refers to God’s appearance before the Israelites. Alternate translation: “when God appeared to the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 68 9 p896 figs-metaphor 0 you strengthened your inheritance when it was weary The land of Israel is spoken of as if it was a person who could be weary, or could gain strength. Alternate translation: “you caused the land to produce good crops” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 68 9 h87l figs-metaphor 0 your inheritance The land that God gave to the Israelites is spoken of as if it was an inheritance that a father passed on to his children. Alternate translation: “the land that you gave to us Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 68 10 k4fw figs-nominaladj 0 the poor This refers to poor people in general. Alternate translation: “poor people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 68 11 uv8e 0 General Information: David continues the story of the journey of the Israelites through the desert. In this part of the story, the Israelites are victorious in war over their enemies. PSA 68 11 t91n figs-metaphor 0 those who announced them … army The large number of people told the Lord’s message to others. They are spoken of as if there were a large army. Since this phrase is feminine, some versions translate it as, “the women who announced them … army.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 68 12 bm73 figs-synecdoche 0 Kings of armies flee, they flee The kings represent themselves and their entire armies. It is understood that they flee because they are defeated by Israel’s army. Alternate translation: “Kings and their armies flee from us because they are defeated” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 68 12 gj9s 0 plunder things that are taken from the defeated army and brought to the victorious army’s home. PSA 68 13 u9e3 0 doves covered with silver … gold This means that some of the plunder is very valuable because it is covered with precious metals. PSA 68 13 m4ps figs-rquestion 0 When some of you people stayed among the sheepfolds, why did you do this? This question is used to rebuke the people who did not participate in the battle. Alternate translation: “Those who stayed among the sheepfolds should not have stayed; they should have gone to the battle.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 68 14 zi84 figs-simile 0 scattered kings there … snowed on Mount Zalmon There were so many dead kings and soldiers on the mountain that they are spoken of as if they were snow covering the mountain. Alternate translation: “defeated so many enemy kings and soldiers there that they were like snowflakes covering Mount Zalmon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 68 14 qik2 figs-synecdoche 0 scattered kings Here “kings” refers to their armies as well. Alternate translation: “scattered the enemy kings and their armies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 68 14 d4j9 translate-names 0 Mount Zalmon This is the name of a mountain. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) PSA 68 15 j4i6 figs-parallelism 0 A mighty mountain is the … a high mountain is the These two phrase have similar meanings and are used together to strengthen each other. Alternate translation: “a mighty and high mountain is the hill country of Bashan” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 68 16 g53a figs-rquestion 0 Why do you look in envy … for the place he will live? This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “The high hill country of Bashan should not look in envy at the mountain which God desires for the place he will live.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 68 17 gr2n translate-numbers 0 twenty thousand, thousands upon thousands This is probably not meant to be an exact number, but to indicate a large number. Alternate translation: “many thousands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) PSA 68 18 z2qx 0 ascended To “ascend” is to move up, to go toward the sky. PSA 68 19 g3s6 figs-metaphor 0 daily bears our burdens “carries our heavy loads every day.” The Lord’s care for his people is spoken of as if he was physically carrying their troubles as a burden. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 68 19 t8d1 figs-abstractnouns 0 the God who is our salvation The words “is our salvation” can be translated with the verb “save.” Alternate translation: “the God who saves us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 68 21 w9jd figs-metaphor 0 will strike through the heads of his enemies God is spoken of as a warrior who will kill his enemies by striking them in their heads in order to kill them. Alternate translation: “will kill his enemies by striking them in the head” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 68 21 kk8w figs-explicit 0 the hairy scalps It seems to have been the custom for soldiers not to cut their hair during the time of war. Alternate translation: “the long-haired skulls” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 68 21 u633 figs-metaphor 0 walk in offenses against him Offending God is spoken of as walking among the offenses. Alternate translation: “habitually offend him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 68 22 f82v 0 I will bring them back The word “them” refers to God’s enemies. PSA 68 22 t4dp figs-metaphor 0 the depths of the sea This speaks of the most remote parts of the earth where people might try to escape from God as if they were the depths of the sea. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 68 23 qyf9 figs-metaphor 0 crush your enemies The total destruction of Israel’s enemies is spoken of as if the Israelites had crushed them under their feet. Alternate translation: “totally defeat your enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 68 23 c62p figs-metaphor 0 dipping your foot in blood The violence of from the destruction of the enemies is spoke of in very graphic form, as if the Israelites would be standing in the blood of their dead enemies. Alternate translation: “stepping in their blood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 68 23 g8uz figs-metaphor 0 the tongues of your dogs may have their share The bloodshed from the battle against Israel’s enemies is spoken of as if it is so extensive that the dogs will lap up the flowing blood with their tongues. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 68 24 k3xf 0 processions A procession is a group of people walking together in an orderly manner as part of a ceremony. PSA 68 25 kyt4 0 minstrels people who play musical instruments PSA 68 26 qq11 0 Bless God in the assemblies; praise Yahweh, you who are from the fountain of Israel It may be helpful to change the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “You who are from the fountain of Israel, praise Yahweh and bless God in the assembly” PSA 68 26 smi2 figs-metaphor 0 from the fountain of Israel The word “fountain” is a metaphor for the ability of the man Israel to be the ancestor of many people: as much water comes from a fountain, so Israel is the ancestor of many people. This also implies that the call is to those who serve God as the man Israel did. Alternate translation: “true descendants of Israel” or “all of you descendants from Israel”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 68 27 nt5p 0 their multitudes “their group.” The word “their” refers to the leaders of Judah. PSA 68 28 f4wh 0 Your God, Israel, has decreed your strength Some versions understand the Hebrew text differently: “Summon your strength, God” or “Use your strength, God” PSA 68 28 f4rw 0 Your God, Israel, has decreed Alternate translation: “People of Israel, your God has decreed” PSA 68 28 wau7 figs-exclusive 0 to us The word “us” refers to the writer and the people of Israel, but not to Yahweh, to whom he is speaking. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) PSA 68 29 zq5a figs-exclusive 0 to us The word “us” refers to the writer and the people of Israel, but not to Yahweh, to whom he is speaking. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) PSA 68 29 isi1 0 Reveal your power to us from your temple at Jerusalem Alternate translation: “When you are present in the temple at Jerusalem, show us your power” PSA 68 29 fem7 figs-abstractnouns 0 Reveal your power The abstract noun “power” can be stated as “strong.” Alternate translation: “Show us that you are strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 68 30 c8e8 figs-metaphor 0 the wild beasts in the reeds Many scholars believe these wild beasts are a metaphor that refers to the people of Egypt. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “the people of Egypt who are like wild beasts in the reeds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 68 30 g1z9 figs-metaphor 0 the peoples, that multitude of bulls and calves The peoples of other nations are spoken of as if they were a large group of cattle. Alternate translation: “the powerful nations, who are like herds of bulls” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 68 30 c6zu 0 scatter to disperse or to cause something to spread quickly in different direction PSA 68 31 n487 figs-explicit 0 Princes will come out of Egypt It is implied that these princes come from Egypt in order to offer gifts to God in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “Then the leaders of Egypt will bring gifts to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 68 31 c5dx figs-metonymy 0 Cush This refers to the people of Cush. Alternate translation: “The Cushites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 68 31 i46u translate-symaction 0 reach out with her hands to God This is a symbolic action that represents worship to God. Alternate translation: “lift up her hands to praise God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) PSA 68 32 gn8g figs-synecdoche 0 you kingdoms of the earth Here “kingdoms” refers to the citizens of the kingdoms. Alternate translation: “you people who are citizens of kingdoms all over the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 68 33 x1i6 figs-ellipsis 0 To him who rides on the heaven of heavens The word “Sing” is implied as the beginning of this verse. Here God is described as if he rides in a chariot in the sky. Alternate translation: “Sing to God who rides across the sky in his chariot” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 68 33 npf5 figs-idiom 0 he lifts up his voice with power This idiom means he speaks powerfully. Alternate translation: “he shouts powerfully” or “he speaks loudly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 68 34 a3cn 0 Ascribe strength to God Here, **Ascribe** means to give credit to someone. Alternate translation: “Strength belongs to God” PSA 68 34 ul58 figs-abstractnouns 0 his strength is in the skies The abstract noun “strength” can be stated as “powerful.” Alternate translation: “in the skies he also shows that he is powerful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 68 35 m2ya figs-apostrophe 0 God, you are fearsome in your holy place Here the author speaks directly to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) PSA 68 35 sy6i figs-doublet 0 strength and power These two words mean basically these same thing. They emphasize how much strength God provides to his people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 69 intro im3w 0 # Psalm 069 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 69 is a psalm of deliverance. The author prays to be saved from his enemies and for them to be punished. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Deliverance<br>The author prays for God to rescue him from his enemies. They show him no mercy, and he asks God to show them no mercy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]]) PSA 69 1 emd2 writing-poetry 0 General Information: This psalm is a prayer for help. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 69 1 x1w1 0 For the chief musician Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship” PSA 69 1 jj9x 0 set to Shoshannim This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 45:1](../045/001.md). PSA 69 1 b6zx figs-metaphor 0 for the waters have put my life in danger The writer describes the troubles in his life as if he were drowning in a flood of water. Alternate translation: “for it feels like I am drowning in the waters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 69 2 tpg9 figs-metaphor 0 I sink in deep mire The writer describes the troubles in his life as if he were sinking in deep mud. Alternate translation: “For it feels like I am sinking in deep mud and will die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 69 2 ry13 0 mire thick mud PSA 69 2 u4k9 figs-litotes 0 there is no place to stand The writer uses a negative statement to stress how unstable and uncertain his condition is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) PSA 69 2 bt2v figs-metaphor 0 I have come into deep waters, where the floods flow over me The writer describes his problems as if he was drowning in a deep, raging river. Alternate translation: “t feels like I am in deep waters, and the floodwaters flow over me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 69 3 qdk1 0 weary very tired PSA 69 3 d5w4 figs-idiom 0 my eyes fail This idiom means the writer has cried so much that his eyes do not see well any longer. Alternate translation: “my eyes are swollen from tears” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 69 4 ks2e figs-hyperbole 0 more than the hairs on my head This is an exaggeration to express how many enemies the writer has. Alternate translation: “more than I can count, like the hairs on my head” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) PSA 69 4 v3ns figs-idiom 0 cut me off This idiom means “kill me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 69 5 z5mb figs-abstractnouns 0 my foolishness The abstract noun “foolishness” can be stated as “foolish.” Alternate translation: “the foolish things that I have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 69 5 c1z9 figs-litotes 0 my sins are not hidden from you This can be expressed as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “you know all my sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) PSA 69 6 l21p 0 Let not those … let not those Alternate translation: “Do not let those … do not let those” PSA 69 6 d5j2 figs-activepassive 0 Let not those who hope in you be put to shame because of me This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Please do not allow anyone to put those who wait for you to shame because of me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 69 6 ana6 figs-activepassive 0 let not those who seek you be brought to dishonor because of me This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Please do not allow anyone to bring dishonor on those who seek you because of me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 69 6 djs5 figs-metaphor 0 those who seek you Here, seeking **God** could mean: (1) asking God for help or (2) thinking about God and obeying him. Alternate translation: (1) “those who ask you for help” or (2) “those who worship and obey you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 69 7 se7t 0 For your sake Alternate translation: “On your behalf” or “For you” PSA 69 7 td6l figs-metaphor 0 I have borne rebuke The rebukes of the writer’s enemies are spoken of as if they are a heavy load that he has had to carry. Alternate translation: “I have endured the insults of my enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 69 7 l47r figs-metaphor 0 shame has covered my face The writer speaks of the shame that he feels as if it is a foul thing on his face that everyone can clearly see. Alternate translation: “I am thoroughly humiliated” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 69 8 f38a figs-metaphor 0 I have become a stranger to my brothers The writer speaks of himself as if he were not part of his own family. Alternate translation: “My brothers no longer know or accept me at all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 69 8 au3m figs-parallelism 0 a stranger to my brothers … an alien to my mother’s children These two phrases mean the same thing. They are repeated to stress his separation from his own family. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 69 8 w5cm figs-ellipsis 0 an alien to my mother’s children It is implied that “I have become” should be understood here. The writer speaks of himself as if he were not part of his own family. Alternate translation: “my brothers no longer know or trust me at all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 69 9 dwj8 figs-personification 0 the zeal of your house has eaten me up The writer speaks of his zeal for God’s temple as if it was a wild animal that devours the writer. Alternate translation: “the zeal I have for your house consumes me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 69 9 d4m8 figs-idiom 0 has eaten me up This idiom means that the writer’s zeal for the temple takes over all of his thoughts and actions. Alternate translation: “completely controls all that I think and do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 69 9 ckq9 figs-metaphor 0 the rebukes … have fallen on me The writer speaks of the rebukes of Gods’ enemies as if they were rocks that were thrown at the writer. Alternate translation: “those who rebuke you have also thrown their rebukes at me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 69 10 y39q translate-symaction 0 I wept and did not eat food The fact that the writer was fasting indicates that he was sad about the way people treated God’s temple. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 69 10 dn9i 0 they insulted me Alternate translation: “my enemies rebuked me because of it” PSA 69 11 la4h translate-symaction 0 I made sackcloth my clothing Wearing rough, cheap clothing was a symbol of mourning over sin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) PSA 69 11 q7ys figs-metaphor 0 I became the object of a proverb The writer speak of himself as if he was the sad or foolish person in a proverb. Alternate translation: “I became the example of a sad person spoken of in their proverbs” or “they laugh at me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 69 12 m9ar figs-metonymy 0 Those who sit in the city gate Here “city gate” is associated with leadership of a town. Alternate translation: “The important people of the city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 69 12 u3uq figs-metaphor 0 I am a song of drunkards The writer speaks of himself as if he was the person about whom the drunkards sing mocking songs. Alternate translation: “the drunkards of the city sing disgusting songs about me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 69 13 t3wv 0 at a time that you will accept Alternate translation: “in your accepted time” or “when you are willing” PSA 69 13 ye88 figs-abstractnouns 0 answer me in the trustworthiness of your salvation The abstract nouns “trustworthiness” and “salvation” can be stated as “faithfully” and “rescue.” Alternate translation: “rescue me because you faithfully love me, as you have promised to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 69 14 glu5 figs-parallelism 0 Pull me out … do not let me sink These two phrases mean the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 69 14 ce9q figs-metaphor 0 Pull me out of the mire, and do not let me sink The writer speaks of his danger from his enemies as if he was sinking into a pit of mud. “Do not allow me to sink anymore in the mud” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 69 14 q3rm figs-idiom 0 let me be taken away Here “take away” refers to being removed from danger. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “take me away” or “rescue me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 69 14 zv92 figs-ellipsis 0 rescued out It is understood that “let me be” is implied here. It can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “please rescue me out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 69 14 llk8 figs-metaphor 0 rescued out of the deep waters The writer speaks about his danger from his enemies as if he was drowning in deep water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 69 15 ks55 figs-metaphor 0 the floods of water overwhelm me The writer speaks about his danger from his enemies as if flood waters were covering him completely. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 69 15 d558 figs-personification 0 the deep swallow me up The writer speaks of the deep as if it was a deadly animal that was about to eat him. Alternate translation: “the deep waters swallow me up like a dangerous animal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 69 15 iz9u figs-personification 0 Do not let the pit shut its mouth on me Here the “pit” is spoken of as if it has a mouth like a person and could eat the writer. Alternate translation: “Do not let the pit consume me” or “Do not let the pit of death close over me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 69 16 ywk4 figs-abstractnouns 0 your covenant faithfulness is good The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “you are good and faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 69 16 ir4z 0 your mercies for me are many Alternate translation: “you are very merciful to me” PSA 69 16 w23e figs-metaphor 0 turn to me The idea of turning towards someone means to pay attention to them or help them. Alternate translation: “help me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 69 17 l6nz figs-idiom 0 Do not hide your face from your servant To hide one’s face means to refuse to hear or help someone. Alternate translation: “Please help your servant” or “Please help me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 69 17 fq4r 0 in distress Alternate translation: “in great trouble” PSA 69 18 a5r7 figs-metaphor 0 redeem me The writer asks God to redeem him as if the writer were a slave whose freedom God could purchase. Alternate translation: “free me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 69 18 emr2 figs-metaphor 0 ransom me The writer asks God to ransom him as if the writer were a captive whose release could be paid for with money. Alternate translation: “rescue me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 69 19 jv1e figs-abstractnouns 0 my rebuke, my shame, and my dishonor These abstract nouns can be stated as actions. Alternate translation: “how people have rebuked me, shamed me, and dishonored me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 69 19 cbu1 figs-idiom 0 my adversaries are all before you Here “before you” means that God sees and knows all about them. Alternate translation: “you know who all my enemies are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 69 20 d7kg figs-idiom 0 broken my heart This idiom means a person is extremely sad. Alternate translation: “offended me deeply” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 69 20 dm8h figs-metaphor 0 I am full of heaviness The writer’s great sadness is spoken of as if he was full of a heavy weight. Alternate translation: “I am heavy with sorrow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 69 20 zw1r 0 to take pity to feel sorrow or sadness PSA 69 21 lfl7 figs-metaphor 0 They gave me poison for my food This is probably figurative. The food that people gave to the writer was so bad that it tasted like poison. Alternate translation: “They gave me food that tasted like poison” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 69 22 bt4m figs-metaphor 0 Let their table before them become a snare … let it become a trap The writer would like for his enemies’ food to completely ruin them as if they were small animals caught in a snare or a trap. Alternate translation: “May their food ruin them like a snare … may it destroy them like a trap” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 69 22 fd3h figs-metonymy 0 their table This refers to food that was served on the tables, possibly at a feast. Alternate translation: “their own food” or “sacrificial feasts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 69 23 v67i figs-metaphor 0 Let their eyes be darkened The writer speaks of eyes that cannot see well as if they were darkened. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Please make them unable to see anything” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 69 23 d56n figs-metaphor 0 make their loins shake Weak backs are spoken of as if they are shaking in weakness. Alternate translation: “cause their backs to be too weak for them to do anything” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 69 23 rry1 0 their loins Alternate translation: “their sides” or “their backs” PSA 69 24 x9dl figs-metaphor 0 Pour out your indignation on them God’s demonstration of his anger is described as if he poured it out on his enemies like water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 69 24 j3n9 0 indignation anger of a person who has suffered injustice PSA 69 24 a5mh 0 the fierceness of your anger Alternate translation: “your burning anger” or “your strong anger” PSA 69 24 mws1 figs-metaphor 0 overtake them God’s judgment on his enemies is described as if he ran after them and caught them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 69 25 hl9y figs-abstractnouns 0 be a desolation This abstract noun can be stated as “abandoned.” Alternate translation: “become abandoned” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 69 26 u691 0 they persecuted the one Alternate translation: “they persecuted the man” PSA 69 26 q569 figs-metonymy 0 you struck down Here to be “struck down” refers to punishment. Alternate translation: “you punished” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 69 26 x39c figs-metonymy 0 those you have wounded Here to be “wounded” refers to causing them to suffer. Alternate translation: “those you have caused to suffer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 69 27 ha19 0 Accuse them of having committed iniquity after iniquity Alternate translation: “Keep making a record of all their sins” PSA 69 27 ix9p 0 iniquity after iniquity Alternate translation: “very many sins” PSA 69 27 fv3w figs-idiom 0 do not let them come into your righteous victory To come into God’s victory is an idiom that means to receive a reward from him. Alternate translation: “do not let them receive your righteous reward” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 69 28 qt7j figs-metonymy 0 Let them be blotted out of Here “them” refers to the names of the enemies. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Wipe out their names in” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 69 28 el1y figs-ellipsis 0 not be written down It is inferred that “let them” is understood. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “do not write down their names” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 69 29 k8wx figs-abstractnouns 0 let your salvation, God, set me up on high The abstract noun “salvation” can be stated with the verb “save.” Here “on high” refers to a place of safety.” Alternate translation: “God, save me and put me in a safe place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 69 30 m7bv figs-metonymy 0 the name of God Here “name” refers to God himself. Alternate translation: “God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 69 30 bl7i figs-abstractnouns 0 with thanksgiving This abstract noun can be stated with the verb “thank.” Alternate translation: “by thanking him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 69 31 q988 figs-explicit 0 better than an ox or a bull It is understood that the ox and the bull are to be offered to God as sacrifices. Alternate translation: “better than sacrificing an ox or sacrificing a bull” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 69 31 axd8 figs-distinguish 0 a bull that has horns and hooves This phrase distinguishes the full grown bulls from other younger cows. Alternate translation: “a bull that is full grown with horns and hooves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) PSA 69 32 b8xa figs-nominaladj 0 The meek This refers to meek people in general. Alternate translation: “Meek people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 69 32 ky6t figs-metaphor 0 you who seek after God Seeking **God** could mean: (1) asking God for help or (2) thinking about God and obeying him. Alternate translation: “you who ask God for help” or “you who think about God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 69 32 i99y figs-synecdoche 0 let your hearts live Here “hearts” refer to the people. Here “live” is an idiom that means to be encouraged. Alternate translation: “may you be encouraged” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) PSA 69 33 arn6 figs-metonymy 0 Yahweh hears Here “hears” means to respond. Alternate translation: “Yahweh answers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 69 33 ij3h figs-nominaladj 0 the needy This refers to needy people in general. Alternate translation: “needy people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 69 33 eag2 0 his prisoners Alternate translation: “those who have suffered for him” PSA 69 34 k14w figs-personification 0 Let heaven and earth praise him … the seas Here heaven and earth and the seas are spoken of as if they are people who are able to praise God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 69 34 p3qb figs-ellipsis 0 the seas and everything that moves in them It is implied that “Let … praise him” should be understood here. Alternate translation: “let he seas and everything that moves in them praise him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 69 35 m398 figs-metonymy 0 God will save Zion Here “Zion” refers to the people in Zion. Alternate translation: “God will save the people of Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 69 35 w8jf 0 have it as a possession The word “it” refers to the land of Judah. PSA 69 36 s9pk figs-metonymy 0 who love his name Here “name” refers to God himself. Alternate translation: “who love God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 70 intro qdg2 0 # Psalm 070 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 70 is a psalm of deliverance. The psalmist asks God to deliver him from his enemies.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Help<br>The author needs help and needs it immediately.<br><br>### Psalm 40<br>This psalm is an almost exact duplicate of Psalm 40:13-17. PSA 70 1 eg6f writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 70 1 m2am 0 For the chief musician Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship” PSA 70 1 f84m 0 A psalm of David This could mean: (1) David wrote the psalm or (2) the psalm is about David or (3) the psalm is in the style of David’s psalms. PSA 70 2 f38b 0 those who Alternate translation: “the people who” PSA 70 2 t9us figs-idiom 0 take my life This idiom means “kill me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 70 2 l7y2 figs-activepassive 0 be ashamed and humiliated This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “may God put them to shame and bring disgrace upon them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 70 2 sxa6 figs-activepassive 0 let them be turned back and brought to dishonor This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “may God turn them around and make them ashamed for what they have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 70 2 g5lq figs-metaphor 0 turned back To be stopped or thwarted is spoken of as being turned back from their attack. Alternate translation: “stopped” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 70 3 b66b 0 those who say, “Aha, aha.” This is an expression of mocking laughter. You may replace “Aha, aha” with whatever laughing sounds like in your language. Alternate translation: “those who mock and laugh at me” PSA 70 4 hi48 figs-metaphor 0 seek you Seeking **God** could mean: (1) asking God for help or (2) thinking about God and obeying him. Alternate translation: “ask you for help” or “think about you and obey you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 70 4 fiv4 figs-doublet 0 rejoice and be glad These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize the intensity of gladness. Alternate translation: “rejoice greatly” or “be very glad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 70 4 k76h figs-abstractnouns 0 love your salvation The abstract noun “salvation” can be stated as an action. Alternate translation: “love you because you saved them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 70 4 ymr2 figs-hyperbole 0 always say This exaggeration emphasizes that it is important to praise God often. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) PSA 70 4 xit2 figs-activepassive 0 May God be praised This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Let everyone praise God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 70 5 k146 figs-doublet 0 poor and needy Here the words “poor” and “needy” mean basically the same thing and emphasize that he is unable to help himself. Alternate translation: “very needy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 70 5 s6qa figs-metaphor 0 hurry to me The writer speaks of God as if he were running to the writer in order to help him. Alternate translation: “come quickly to help me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 70 5 r77i figs-parallelism 0 you are my help and you rescue me Here the phrase “you rescue me” explains how God is his “help.” Alternate translation: “you help me by rescuing me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 70 5 ww8h figs-litotes 0 do not delay This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “please come quickly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) PSA 71 intro r8sf 0 # Psalm 071 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 71 is a psalm of deliverance. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s help<br>God has helped the psalmist all his life. Now that he is old, his enemy thinks that God has abandoned him; but the psalmist trusts in God and will praise Yahweh with songs of praise. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) PSA 71 1 b9md writing-poetry 0 General Information: This psalm is a prayer for help. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 71 1 lb3w figs-metaphor 0 In you, Yahweh, I take refuge Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “go to you, Yahweh, for protection” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 71 1 ew7k figs-activepassive 0 let me never be put to shame This can be stated in active form. See how “do not let me be humiliated” is translated in [Psalms 25:2](../025/002.md). Alternate translation: “never let my enemies put me to shame” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 71 2 xl47 figs-idiom 0 make me safe in your righteousness This could mean: (1) “make me safe because you always do what is right” or (2) “make me safe as I do what you want me to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 71 2 q2dk figs-metonymy 0 turn your ear to me Here “your ear” refers to God’s willingness to hear someone who prays to him. See how this is translated in [Psalms 17:6](../017/006.md). Alternate translation: “pay attention to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 71 2 qwt1 0 save me Alternate translation: “keep me safe” PSA 71 3 a39u figs-metaphor 0 Be to me a rock for refuge The psalmist requests that Yahweh make him as safe as he would be if he were hiding in a large rock or cliff where his enemies could not find him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 71 3 w8pz 0 rock … rock These are hills or mountains, not rocks one can hold in one’s hand. PSA 71 3 usz4 0 you have given a command Alternate translation: “you have commanded your angels” PSA 71 3 xd9e figs-metaphor 0 you are my rock and my fortress The psalmist believes that Yahweh will protect him and make him as safe as if he were hiding on top of a large mountain or inside a man-made fortress. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 71 4 p4mg figs-metonymy 0 out of the hand of the wicked, out of the hand of the unrighteous This could mean: (1) the word “hand” is a metonym for power. Alternate translation: “from the power of the wicked, from the power of the unrighteous” or (2) “hand” refers to the person himself. Alternate translation: “from wicked people, from unrighteous … people” or “so that wicked people and unrighteous … people cannot harm me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 71 4 pb9a figs-ellipsis 0 wicked, out of the hand of the unrighteous “wicked; rescue me out of the hand of the unrighteous.” You can make clear the understood information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 71 4 pdn5 figs-nominaladj 0 wicked … unrighteous … cruel These adjectives can be translated as noun phrases. Alternate translation: “wicked people … unrighteous people … cruel people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 71 5 tph7 figs-metonymy 0 you are my hope Here “hope” is a metonym for the one in whom the psalmist hopes. Alternate translation: “you are the one whom I confidently expect to help me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 71 6 rmx7 figs-activepassive 0 By you I have been supported from the womb This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “You have supported me from the womb” or “You have taken care of me ever since I came out of my mother’s womb” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 71 6 h427 0 you are he Alternate translation: “you are the one” PSA 71 7 cq9t 0 I am an example to many people Alternate translation: “Many people see how I live and want to live as I do” PSA 71 8 di1q figs-synecdoche 0 My mouth will be filled with your praise … with your honor The psalmist speaks of his desire to praise and honor Yahweh with the words he speaks as if his mouth were full of words the way it can be full of food. Alternate translation: “My mouth will be filled with words that praise you … that honor you” or “I will always praise you … will always honor you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 71 8 vh1s figs-metonymy 0 your praise Here “praise” refer to the words that he will use to praise Yahweh. Alternate translation: “words that tell people how great you are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 71 8 dq42 figs-metonymy 0 your honor Here “honor” refer to the words that he will use to honor Yahweh. Alternate translation: “words that cause people to honor you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 71 8 z7sk 0 all the day Alternate translation: “all day long” or “at all times” PSA 71 9 hwz9 figs-parallelism 0 Do not throw me away … do not abandon me These two phrases have basically the same meaning and are used together for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 71 9 ve6g figs-metaphor 0 Do not throw me away “Do not force me to go away from you.” For God to reject him is spoken of as God forcing him to go away. See how this is translated in [Psalms 51:11](../051/011.md). Alternate translation: “do not reject me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 71 9 l9jz 0 do not abandon me Alternate translation: “do not leave me forever” PSA 71 10 wp8v figs-explicit 0 watch for my life It is implied that they are watching for an opportunity to take his life. The euphemism “to take a life” means to kill. Alternate translation: “watch for an opportunity to take my life” or “wait for an opportunity to kill me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) PSA 71 11 kar6 figs-explicit 0 They say This can be translated to make explicit that they are talking about him. Alternate translation: “They say about me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 71 11 fv3j 0 pursue and take him Alternate translation: “follow him when he runs away, and kill him” PSA 71 12 acn7 figs-metaphor 0 do not be far from me Because Yahweh has not yet answered the writer’s request, he speaks of Yahweh as if Yahweh were standing far away from the writer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 71 12 eu8k 0 hurry to help me Alternate translation: “help me soon” PSA 71 13 fkp7 0 Let them be put to shame and destroyed, those who are hostile to my life Alternate translation: “Let those who are hostile to my life be put to shame and destroyed” PSA 71 13 zj77 figs-activepassive 0 Let them be put to shame and destroyed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Put them to shame and destroy them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 71 13 m9nd figs-synecdoche 0 those who are hostile to my life The words “my life” represent the person. The idiom “hostile to my life” means that these are people who try to harm him by accusing him of wrongdoing. Alternate translation: “those who accuse me of doing wrong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 71 13 jq5a 0 let them be covered with rebuke and dishonor, those who seek my hurt Alternate translation: “let those who seek my hurt be covered with rebuke and dishonor” PSA 71 13 bfc1 figs-activepassive 0 let them be covered with rebuke and dishonor This can be stated in active form. The abstract nouns “rebuke” and “dishonor” can be stated as verbs. Alternate translation: “may everyone rebuke them, and may no one honor them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 71 13 i5m7 figs-abstractnouns 0 those who seek my hurt The noun “hurt” can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “those who are looking for ways to harm me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 71 14 ew9i 0 more and more Alternate translation: “more all the time” or “always more than I have before” PSA 71 15 ukx5 0 My mouth will tell about your righteousness and your salvation all the day, although I cannot understand it Alternate translation: “I do not completely understand your righteousness and your salvation, but my mouth will tell about them all the day” PSA 71 15 r4ct figs-synecdoche 0 My mouth will tell The mouth is synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “I will tell” or “I will speak with my mouth and tell” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 71 15 diu6 figs-abstractnouns 0 your righteousness This can be restated to remove the abstract noun “righteousness.” Alternate translation: “how righteous you are” or “all the good things you do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 71 15 hjv1 figs-abstractnouns 0 your salvation The abstract noun “salvation” can be stated as an action. Alternate translation: “how you have saved me” or “how you save people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 71 16 mem9 figs-go 0 I will come This could mean: (1) “I will go to where people worship Yahweh” or (2) “I will go to my enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) PSA 71 16 ntp3 0 with the mighty acts of the Lord Yahweh This could mean: (1) “I will tell them of the mighty deeds the Lord Yahweh has done” or (2) “because the Lord Yahweh has given me strength to do mighty acts.” PSA 71 16 xcy8 0 will make mention of Alternate translation: “will talk about” PSA 71 17 af7a figs-explicit 0 taught me The implied information may be stated clearly. “taught me many things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 71 18 u6gc 0 God, do not forsake me Alternate translation: “God, please do not forsake me” PSA 71 18 u45h figs-abstractnouns 0 I have been declaring your strength The abstract noun “strength” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “I have been telling how strong you are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 71 18 bs2s 0 to the next generation Alternate translation: “to those who are children today” PSA 71 18 k6sb figs-ellipsis 0 your power to everyone who is to come The omitted information may be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “and as I declare your power to everyone who is to come” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 71 18 x4ym figs-hyperbole 0 everyone who is to come This exaggeration refers to everyone the writer can speak to. Alternate translation: “so as many people as I can tell will know” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) PSA 71 19 mu1p figs-metaphor 0 Your righteousness also, God, is very high The psalmist speaks of the good things God has done as though they were put together as a high building or a mountain. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 71 19 a913 figs-rquestion 0 who is like you? This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “there is no one like you!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 71 20 wi74 0 revive strengthen or make lively again PSA 71 20 sf33 figs-metaphor 0 from the depths of the earth “The depths of the earth” here is a metaphor for where people go when they die. The psalmist had not already died, but in this exaggeration he speaks as if he had. Alternate translation: “when we are near death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) PSA 71 21 b5t3 0 May you increase … turn again and comfort Some translations read, “You will increase … you will turn again and comfort.” Alternate translation: “I want you to increase … I want you to turn again and comfort” PSA 71 21 e1ew figs-hendiadys 0 turn again and comfort me This describes one action through two phrases. Alternate translation: “comfort me again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]]) PSA 71 22 ix4p 0 to you I will sing praises with the harp, Holy One of Israel Alternate translation: “to you, who is the Holy One of Israel, I will sing praises while I play the harp” PSA 71 23 aku6 figs-synecdoche 0 My lips will shout for joy “Lips” represent the whole person. Alternate translation: “I will shout for joy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 71 23 we4f figs-ellipsis 0 even my soul, which you have redeemed The words the psalmist has omitted can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “and my soul, which you have redeemed, will sing praises” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 71 23 ijs7 figs-synecdoche 0 my soul Here “soul” refers to the whole person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 71 24 wy5p figs-synecdoche 0 My tongue will also talk Here “tongue” refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “I will also talk” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 71 24 mf6u 0 they have been put to shame and are confused, those who sought my hurt Alternate translation: “those who sought my hurt have been put to shame and are confused” PSA 71 24 h4mq figs-activepassive 0 for they have been put to shame and are confused This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “for God has put to shame and confused them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 71 24 kz4y 0 those who sought my hurt This refers to the enemies of the writer. ([Psalms 71:10](../071/010.md)). See how “those who seek my hurt” is translated in [Psalms 71:13](./013.md). PSA 72 intro h1hi 0 # Psalm 072 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 72 is a psalm for the king when he begins to be the king. David wrote it as a blessing on his son, Solomon. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Blessings for the king<br>May the king be honored throughout the world. May he help the poor. May there be prosperity while he is king.<br><br>### Close of Book Two<br>The whole collection of Psalms has been divided into several “books.” This is the last psalm of the second book. It is attributed to Solomon, the son of David. PSA 72 1 u47g writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. Possible meanings for the header **a psalm of Solomon** are: (1) David wrote this psalm about Solomon (“the king’s son”) or (2) Solomon (who, as David’s son, was “the king’s son”) wrote this psalm as a prayer about himself or (3) another king wrote it about his son in the style of Solomon. People in those days would often speak of themselves as if they were someone else. However, it would be best to translate this as though the psalmist is speaking of someone else, not of himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) PSA 72 1 sep9 figs-123person 0 Give the king your righteous decrees, God, your righteousness to the king’s son This could mean: (1) “Give me, the king, your righteous decrees, God, your righteousness to my son” or (2) “Give me, the king, your righteous decrees, God, your righteousness to me, the king’s son.” People in those days would often speak of themselves as if they were someone else. However, it would be best to translate this as though the psalmist is speaking of someone else, not of himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) PSA 72 1 vw1m 0 Give the king your righteous decrees Alternate translation: “Enable the king to judge rightly” PSA 72 1 p2xg figs-ellipsis 0 your righteousness to the king’s son The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Here the word “righteousness” refers to making righteous decisions. Alternate translation: “give your righteousness to the king’s son” or “enable the king’s son to rule with righteousness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 72 2 d3dt 0 May he judge If David wrote this, he is talking about his son, “the king’s son,” he is speaking of the time when his son will be king. If Solomon wrote it, even though he is writing about himself, it would be best to translate as though he were writing about someone else. Either way, “May the king judge” is the best translation. PSA 72 2 d51c 0 your people … your poor The psalmist is speaking to God. PSA 72 2 faw9 figs-ellipsis 0 your poor The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. The adjective “poor” refers to poor people. Alternate translation: “may he judge your poor people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 72 3 fx1z figs-metonymy 0 May the mountains produce peace … may the hills produce righteousness The psalmist speaks of the people of Israel as if they were the mountains and hills on which they live. He speaks of the mountains and the hills as if they were the entire land of Israel, as if that land were a garden that produces fruit, and of peace and righteousness as if they are that fruit. Alternate translation: “May the people of the land live in peace … may they do everything in a righteous way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 72 4 ln6a 0 he … he These refer to the one who will “judge” ([Psalms 72:2](../072/002.md)). PSA 72 4 lx1g figs-metaphor 0 break in pieces the oppressor The writer speaks of the king defeating or punishing people who oppress others as if those people were objects that the king would break into pieces. Alternate translation: “punish the person who oppresses others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 72 5 qf1t figs-metonymy 0 while the sun endures, and as long as the moon lasts The sun and the moon are metonyms for the day and the night, which together are a merism for all time. Alternate translation: “forever, and without ending” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) PSA 72 6 fay4 figs-simile 0 May he come down like rain on the mown grass The king will be good, and he will do good things for his people as if he were rain doing good for freshly cut grass. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 72 6 bsl9 0 May he come Alternate translation: “I desire that he come” PSA 72 6 v3st figs-ellipsis 0 like showers that water “May he come down like showers that water.” The king will be good, and he will do good things for his people as if he were rain doing good for the ground. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 72 7 ch52 figs-nominaladj 0 the righteous The adjective “righteous” can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “righteous people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 72 7 pqr9 0 in his days This could mean: (1) “while the king rules” or (2) “as long as the righteous person lives” or “as long as the righteous people live.” PSA 72 7 r4e2 figs-metaphor 0 may there be an abundance of peace The psalmist speaks as if peace were a physical object like food. An “abundance” is when there is much of something. This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns “abundance” and “peace.” Alternate translation: “may righteous people live peacefully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 72 7 m2kd figs-idiom 0 till the moon is no more “as long as the moon shines” or “forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 72 8 mm24 0 May he have dominion Alternate translation: “May the king have dominion” PSA 72 8 vh7b figs-merism 0 from sea to sea, and from the River to the ends of the earth Both of these expressions are merisms and refer to the whole earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) PSA 72 8 v5fy 0 from sea to sea from the Dead Sea and the Sea of Kinnereth in the east to the Mediterranean Sea in the west. PSA 72 8 m3b5 0 the River “the Euphrates River,” which the Israelites would travel to on land by going north PSA 72 8 dxj8 figs-metaphor 0 the ends of the earth as far as people could travel on land by different routes to the south. The Israelites spoke of the earth as if it were a flat surface with ends. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 72 9 c1h1 figs-metaphor 0 lick the dust This is a metaphor for extreme humiliation. Alternate translation: “do everything they can so he will allow them to live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 72 10 ds5s translate-names 0 Tarshish This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) PSA 72 10 jht5 0 render pay PSA 72 10 h88r 0 offer gifts Alternate translation: “give gifts” PSA 72 10 pg7c translate-names 0 Seba This is the name of a country. It is not the same country as Sheba. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) PSA 72 11 j7ze 0 fall down before him Alternate translation: “bow down before him” or “honor him as their king” PSA 72 11 ivl3 figs-metonymy 0 all nations Here the word “nations” represents the people who live in the nations. Alternate translation: “the people who live in every nation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 72 12 cj1a 0 no other helper Alternate translation: “no one else to help him” PSA 72 13 w2hi 0 He has pity on the poor and needy Alternate translation: “He wants to stop the poor and needy from suffering” PSA 72 13 dra6 figs-doublet 0 the poor and needy Here the nominal adjectives “poor” and “needy” mean basically the same thing and emphasize that they are unable to help themselves. Alternate translation: “those who are poor and those who are needy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 72 14 iey7 figs-synecdoche 0 redeems their lives Here “lives” refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “redeems them” or “saves them” or “rescues them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 72 14 a1wj figs-doublet 0 oppression and violence These two words mean basically the same thing and emphasize how badly the needy suffer. These abstract nouns can be stated as verbs. Alternate translation: “those who oppress them and hurt them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 72 14 gq3a figs-metonymy 0 their blood is precious in his sight Here “their blood” is a metonym for their well-being. The sight of Yahweh represents his judgment or evaluation. Alternate translation: “their well-being is very important to him” or “he wants them to live well” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 72 14 u32y 0 in his sight See how this phrase is translated in [Psalms 19:14](../019/014.md). PSA 72 15 e29x figs-idiom 0 May he live! This saying was used to honor the king by expressing a desire to have him live a long time. Alternate translation: “May the king live a long time!” or “I desire that the king live a long time!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 72 15 gew3 figs-activepassive 0 May the gold of Sheba be given to him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “May they give him the gold of Sheba” or “May he receive the gold of Sheba” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 72 15 zya3 figs-idiom 0 all day long This idiom means “continually” and does not refer only to one day. Alternate translation: “continually” or “all the time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 72 16 d9j4 figs-abstractnouns 0 abundance of grain An “abundance” is when there is much of something. This abstract noun can be stated as “much” or “plenty” Alternate translation: “much grain” or “plenty of grain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 72 16 nb8u 0 crops plants that people grow for food PSA 72 16 d8rg 0 wave Use the word for what long grass does when a gentle wind blows on it and it moves slowly back and forth. PSA 72 16 p8u5 figs-simile 0 like Lebanon “like the cedar trees in Lebanon.” These trees were beautiful and had wood that was good for building. The meaning of this can be made clear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 72 16 rl8f figs-simile 0 the people flourish in the cities like the grass of the field The prosperity of the people in the cities is spoken of as if they were grass that grows abundantly in the fields. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 72 17 d3jj figs-idiom 0 May his name endure forever This saying is used to honor God by expressing the desire for people to always remember him. Alternate translation: “May people always know about him” or “May people never forget who he is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 72 17 ly6h figs-metonymy 0 his name Here “his name” refers to God’s reputation. Alternate translation: “the king’s name” or “the king’s reputation” or “the king’s fame” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 72 17 ys89 figs-ellipsis 0 as long as the sun The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “as long as the sun endures” or “as long as the sun shines” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 72 17 dq84 figs-activepassive 0 may people be blessed in him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “may God cause him to do good things for people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 72 17 ru3v 0 call him blessed Alternate translation: “recognize that God has blessed them” PSA 72 18 ti3p 0 General Information: These verses are more than the end of this psalm. It is the closing statement for all of Book 2 of the Psalms, which starts at Psalm 42 and ends with Psalm 72. PSA 72 18 j629 figs-activepassive 0 May Yahweh God, the God of Israel, be blessed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “May people bless Yahweh God, the God of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 72 19 nw8m figs-activepassive 0 May his glorious name be blessed forever This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “May people bless his glorious name forever” or, treating “name” as a metonym for Yahweh himself, “May people forever know how glorious he is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 72 19 s32j 0 his glorious name be blessed Alternate translation: “he, who is glorious, be blessed” PSA 72 19 qe7e figs-activepassive 0 may the whole earth be filled with his glory This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “may his glory fill the whole earth” or “may he fill the whole earth with his glory” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 72 19 q3wa 0 Amen and Amen The word “Amen” is repeated to emphasize approval of what has been said. See how you translated this in [Psalms 41:13](../041/013.md). Alternate translation: “May it certainly be so” PSA 72 20 ktc5 figs-activepassive 0 The prayers of David son of Jesse are finished This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “David, the son of Jesse has finished his prayers” or “This is the last prayer of the David the son of Jesse” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 73 intro t2n1 0 # Psalm 073 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 73 is a wisdom psalm. It explains the problem of wicked people who seem to prosper. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br>### Evil people<br>Sometimes it seems that wicked people have no problems and everything works for them. Despite this, they will be destroyed. In contrast, the righteous always have God to help them through problems. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])<br><br>### Psalms by Asaph<br>There are twelve psalms attributed to Asaph; the first one is Psalm 50, which is in Book Two, and the other eleven (Psalm 73–83) are at the beginning of Book Three. PSA 73 1 p92k writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 73 2 bq59 figs-metaphor 0 my feet almost slipped; my feet almost slipped out from under me The psalmist speaks of being unable to trust God and wanting to sin as if he had almost fallen while walking on a slippery path. Alternate translation: “I almost stopped trusting in God; I was almost guilty of committing a great sin against him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 73 3 eb9z 0 I was envious of the arrogant Alternate translation: “I envied the arrogant” or “I did not want arrogant people to have the good things that they had” PSA 73 3 jit7 figs-nominaladj 0 the arrogant The adjective “arrogant” can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “arrogant people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 73 3 k8tb figs-abstractnouns 0 the prosperity of the wicked The word “prosperity” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “how the wicked have so many good things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 73 3 tu1r figs-nominaladj 0 the wicked The adjective “wicked” can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “wicked people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 73 4 b59h 0 General Information: Asaph begins to describe how he sometimes wants to complain to God about those who are “arrogant” and “wicked” ([Psalms 73:3](../073/003.md)). PSA 73 5 uzu7 figs-metonymy 0 the burdens of other men The words “burdens” is a metonym for the struggles of daily life (need for food, shelter, clothing, and health). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 73 5 t5qn 0 they are not afflicted like other men Alternate translation: “they do not suffer the way other people do” PSA 73 6 kp3l 0 General Information: Asaph continues to describe how he sometimes wants to complain to God about those who are “arrogant” and “wicked” ([Psalms 73:3](../073/003.md)). PSA 73 6 r8m8 figs-simile 0 Pride adorns them like a necklace around their neck; violence clothes them like a robe This means the wicked show everyone how proud and violent they are as if they were wearing a necklace or beautiful robe. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 73 6 c2uh 0 necklace … robe This refers to things that rich and important people wear. PSA 73 6 fyb1 0 necklace a chain usually made of gold or jewels that goes around the neck PSA 73 7 ttd1 figs-metaphor 0 Out of such blindness comes sin Because they are like blind people who cannot see where they are going, they sin without knowing it. Being blind is a metaphor for a person being unable to see how wicked he is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 73 7 l8fr figs-metaphor 0 evil thoughts pass through their hearts Here the psalmist describes people’s thoughts as if they were people. He also describes the inner beings of wicked people as if they were a building in which those people could walk. Alternate translation: “in their inner beings they are always thinking about more evil things to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 73 8 alc5 0 General Information: Asaph continues to describe how he sometimes wants to complain to God about those who are “arrogant” and “wicked” ([Psalms 73:3](../073/003.md)). PSA 73 8 fmq4 figs-explicit 0 They mock Whom they mock can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “They mock God and his people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 73 9 b91p figs-metonymy 0 They set their mouth against the heavens Here “their mouth” is a metonym for their speech, and “heavens” is a metonym for God, who lives in the heavens. Alternate translation: “They speak against God, who is in the heavens” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 73 9 cln7 figs-synecdoche 0 their tongues march through the earth The word “tongues” represents the people themselves. This could mean: (1) “they go through the earth saying bad things about God” or (2) “they go everywhere and boast about themselves.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 73 10 t3at 0 General Information: Asaph continues to describe how he sometimes wants to complain to God about those who are “arrogant” and “wicked” ([Psalms 73:3](../073/003.md)). PSA 73 10 ack4 0 his people turn to them This could mean: (1) “God’s people love the wicked people” or (2) “the wicked people return to this place” PSA 73 10 k4em 0 abundant waters are drained out This could mean: (1) “God’s people listen gladly to the words of the wicked people” or (2) “the wicked people have plenty of food to eat and wine to drink” PSA 73 11 k4v1 0 They say the wicked people say PSA 73 11 iqv8 figs-rquestion 0 How does God know? Is there knowledge with the Most High? These rhetorical questions are to show contempt for God. These questions can be translated as statements. Alternate translation: “Surely God does not know what we are doing. The Most High has no knowledge of it.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 73 13 i3dh 0 General Information: In verses 13 and 14, Asaph continues to describe how he sometimes wants to complain to God about those who are “arrogant” and “wicked” ([Psalms 73:3](../073/003.md)). In verse 15 he begins to talk about what he is really thinking. PSA 73 13 m4jl 0 I have The word “I” refers to Asaph. PSA 73 13 l9bt figs-metaphor 0 guarded my heart Asaph speaks of guarding his heart as if he were guarding a city or building against enemies. Alternate translation: “I have kept my thoughts pure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 73 13 v713 figs-metaphor 0 washed my hands in innocence The writer speaks of his purity as if he had washed his hands with innocence instead of with water. See how you translated this in [Psalms 26:6](../026/006.md). Alternate translation: “my actions have remained pure” or “I have washed my hands to show that I am innocent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 73 14 svu5 0 all the day long Alternate translation: “always” or “every day” PSA 73 14 gtr9 0 I have been afflicted “You have made me suffer.” See how “they are not afflicted” is translated in [Psalms 73:5](../073/005.md). PSA 73 14 c72g 0 I have been … disciplined Alternate translation: “I have been … punished” PSA 73 15 c23c figs-hypo 0 If I had said, “I will say these things,” then I would have betrayed this generation of your children This hypothetical situation did not happen. Alternate translation: “I never said, ‘I will say these things,’ so I did not betray this generation of your children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) PSA 73 16 z5qd 0 these things The good things that happen to “the wicked” ([Psalms 73:4](../073/004.md)-[Psalms 12](./010.md)). PSA 73 17 r3rj 0 their fate Alternate translation: “what happens to wicked people when they die” or “how wicked people die” PSA 73 18 n9na 0 put them The word “them” refers to the wicked. PSA 73 18 pt49 0 slippery places “unsafe or unstable ground.” See how “slipped” is translated in [Psalms 73:2](../073/002.md). PSA 73 19 b63l figs-metaphor 0 How they become a wilderness in a moment The word “wilderness” is a metaphor for a person who has lost everything good. Alternate translation: “How quickly they are destroyed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 73 20 d2qf figs-simile 0 like a dream after one wakes up The wicked will last no longer than what a person sees in a dream. It disappears as soon as the person wakes up. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 73 21 dz6z figs-synecdoche 0 my heart was grieved The word “heart” represents the person emphasizing their thoughts and feelings. Alternate translation: “I was very sad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 73 21 r3jv figs-metaphor 0 I was deeply wounded The psalmist speaks of emotional pain as if it were physical pain by being pierced with a knife or arrow. Alternate translation: “I felt like someone had wounded me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 73 22 ei39 figs-doublet 0 ignorant and lacked insight These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize how little he knew. Alternate translation: “very ignorant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 73 22 sb92 0 lacked insight Alternate translation: “understood nothing” PSA 73 22 xw9q 0 you This “you” refers to God. PSA 73 23 v8cf 0 I am always with you The word “I” here represents Asaph. The word “you” here represents God. PSA 73 23 mif5 figs-synecdoche 0 you hold my right hand The person’s “right hand” refers to the whole person. This shows an intimate relationship with God that offers stability and security. Alternate translation: “You hold me close” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 73 24 yt7j 0 receive me to glory This could mean: (1) “put me where people will honor me” or (2) “honor me by taking me to where you are.” See how “receive me” is translated in [Psalms 49:15](../049/015.md). PSA 73 25 l5a5 figs-rquestion 0 Whom have I in heaven but you? You can translate this as a statement. Alternate translation: “There is no one for me in heaven but you!” or “You are the only one I have in heaven!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 73 25 p7l4 0 in heaven Alternate translation: “among the gods” or “among the supernatural beings” PSA 73 26 u7tm figs-doublet 0 My flesh and my heart These two phrases share similar meanings. Together they represent the whole person. Alternate translation: “My body and my mind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) PSA 73 27 zd6j 0 General Information: Asaph continues to talk about God. PSA 73 27 i4nr figs-metaphor 0 Those who are far from you Here the idea of staying far from God is compared to being unwilling to obey him. Alternate translation: “Those who do not want to obey you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 73 28 s5pl figs-metaphor 0 my refuge The writer speaks of Yahweh as if he were a place to which a person could flee for safety. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 74 intro nd5v 0 # Psalm 074 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 74 is a psalm of deliverance. The people have been completely conquered and they pray for God to deliver them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br>### God’s power<br>The enemies have destroyed God’s temple and are insulting the people. God is powerful. He made everything and he chose Israel for his people. He should avenge himself on these enemies that have burnt his temple. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]])<br><br>### Superscription<br>This is called a “Maschil.” The word in the original language has caused scholars to have various opinions about its meaning. Some say it means to instruct, while others say that the word is referring to the skill used in creating the psalm. Still others think it means that meditation should be used in reading this psalm. PSA 74 1 vy9v writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 74 1 k7ui 0 A maschil This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 32:1](../032/001.md). PSA 74 1 c2uv figs-rquestion 0 God, why have you rejected us forever? This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “God, we have done nothing wrong, but you have rejected us forever!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 74 1 nb2u figs-rquestion 0 Why does your anger burn against the sheep of your pasture? This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “We are the ones you have promised to care for, and we have done nothing wrong, but now you are angry with us!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 74 1 ap93 figs-metaphor 0 the sheep of your pasture Asaph speaks of the people of Israel as if they were sheep. Alternate translation: “against Israel, who are like the sheep whom you feed in your pasture” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 74 2 wr2p 0 Call to mind “Pay attention to.” God has not forgotten his people, but he does not seem to be thinking about them. PSA 74 2 n7ia 0 your own heritage Alternate translation: “yours forever” PSA 74 3 i8hy 0 General Information: These verses describe an actual event, a physical attack on the temple of Israel in Jerusalem. PSA 74 3 vn6h 0 Come look Asaph is addressing God, asking him to come look at the destruction. PSA 74 4 df7h 0 roared The adversaries were shouting loudly with a great cry of victory. PSA 74 6 sqm2 0 engravings This refers to carvings on wood, metal, or stone in the temple. PSA 74 7 d2f6 0 General Information: Asaph continues to describe the destruction of the temple. PSA 74 7 h8rv 0 They … they Here “they” refers to the adversaries mentioned in [Psalms 74:4](../074/004.md). PSA 74 8 dt7g 0 They … They Here “they” refers to the adversaries mentioned in [Psalms 74:4](../074/004.md). PSA 74 8 aq36 figs-idiom 0 They said in their hearts This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “They said to themselves” or “They thought to themselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 74 9 c4rh 0 General Information: Asaph is addressing God about the destruction he sees. PSA 74 9 y2uq figs-metaphor 0 We do not see any more signs This could mean: (1) “We do not see any more miraculous signs from God” or (2) “All our sacred symbols are gone” or (3) the “signs” are the flags and symbols of an army representing the army itself. Alternate translation: “They have completely destroyed our army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 74 10 d7ac figs-rquestion 0 How long, God, will the enemy throw insults at you? This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “God, the enemy has been throwing insults at you for too long!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 74 10 qxe3 figs-rquestion 0 Will the enemy blaspheme your name forever? This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “It seems as if you will never stop the enemy from blaspheming your name!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 74 10 nv8x figs-metonymy 0 blaspheme your name The word “name” is a metonym for God himself. Alternate translation: “say that you are bad” or “insult you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 74 11 mc4f figs-rquestion 0 Why do you hold back your hand, your right hand? The psalmist speaks of God as if he had a physical body. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Stop holding back your hand, your right hand!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 74 11 m38y figs-metonymy 0 hold back your hand Here the word “hand” is a metonym for power. Alternate translation: “not show your power” or “not use your power to destroy your enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 74 11 hk11 0 your right hand Alternate translation: “your strongest hand” PSA 74 11 nc4l figs-metonymy 0 Take your right hand from your garment The psalmist speaks of God as if he had a physical body. “Stop hiding your power and take action” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 74 12 n2ul 0 General Information: This begins a new theme: Asaph is proclaiming God’s mighty deeds in the history of his people. PSA 74 12 r8vz 0 God has been my king from ancient times This could mean: (1) Asaph is speaking as Israel’s representative, “God has been our king since we Israelites first became a nation” or (2) “God, my king, was alive even in ancient times.” PSA 74 12 tqm1 figs-abstractnouns 0 bringing salvation The abstract noun “salvation” can be translated with the verb “to save.” Here Yahweh saving people is spoken of as if salvation were an object that he brings with him. Alternate translation: “saving people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 74 13 gap9 figs-explicit 0 You divided … in the waters Asaph is probably speaking of the time God brought Israel out of Egypt, divided the Sea of Reeds, led Israel through it on dry land, then drowned Pharaoh’s army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 74 13 ag39 figs-personification 0 You divided the sea by your strength Asaph is speaking of God as if God had a physical body. “You are so strong you were able to make dry land in the middle of the sea.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 74 13 r6uh 0 the sea Alternate translation: “the great water” PSA 74 13 f387 figs-metaphor 0 you smashed the heads of the sea monsters in the waters Asaph is probably speaking of Pharaoh and his army as if they were sea monsters. If possible, translate these words literally. Alternate translation: “when you killed Pharaoh’s army, it was as if you smashed the heads of sea monsters in the waters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 74 14 t17u 0 General Information: Asaph continues to speak of what God did long ago. He is probably speaking of when God brought Israel out of Egypt and drowned Pharaoh’s army in the Sea of Reeds. If possible, these words should be translated literally. PSA 74 14 dzv3 figs-metaphor 0 leviathan Leviathan is a sea monster. It represents a cruel enemy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 74 15 dqs2 figs-metaphor 0 You broke open springs and streams Yahweh causing springs and streams to flow out of the ground as if he broke open the ground so that they could flow. Alternate translation: “You caused springs and streams to flow out of the ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 74 16 i6gg 0 General Information: Asaph continues to recount God’s creative power. PSA 74 17 h3n1 0 the borders of the earth Alternate translation: “the boundaries of the land and the sea” PSA 74 18 c6xs 0 General Information: Asaph is pleading for God’s help. PSA 74 18 g7dq figs-idiom 0 Call to mind “Pay attention to.” See how this is translated in [Psalms 74:2](../074/002.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 74 18 x7xk figs-metaphor 0 the enemy hurled insults at you Asaph speaks of insulting words as if they were physical objects, like stones, which the enemy was throwing at Yahweh. Alternate translation: “the enemy insulted you many times” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 74 19 x5rc figs-metaphor 0 the life of your dove Asaph speaks of himself as if he were a dove, a defenseless bird. This phrase may also be a metaphor for the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “me, your dove” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 74 19 zrd5 0 dove A small, defenseless bird often kept as a pet. PSA 74 19 tp9a figs-metaphor 0 a wild animal This phrase may be a metaphor for the enemies of Israel. Alternate translation: “a savage enemy that is like a wild animal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 74 19 rgi5 figs-litotes 0 Do not forget forever the life of your oppressed people “Do not continue forever to do nothing to help your oppressed people.” This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “Come soon to help your oppressed people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) PSA 74 20 y6si 0 General Information: Asaph continues his lament to Yahweh. PSA 74 20 x6j9 figs-metaphor 0 the dark regions of the land are full of places of violence Asaph speaks of “regions” as if they were containers in which one could put “places of violence.” Alternate translation: “violent people do evil deeds in dark places in the land wherever they can” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 74 20 ul6r figs-metaphor 0 the dark regions of the land The word “dark” is probably a metaphor for a place where bad things happen or for the lands to which the Israelites had been sent in exile, but these words should be translated literally if possible. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 74 21 b3w6 0 Do not let the oppressed be turned back in shame Alternate translation: “Do not let wicked people defeat the oppressed and make them ashamed” PSA 74 21 l26m 0 the oppressed These are people who are treated cruelly by powerful people. PSA 74 21 z7yj figs-doublet 0 the poor and oppressed The words “poor” and “oppressed” mean basically the same thing and emphasize that Yahweh saves many who need his help. See how these words are translated in [Psalms 35:10](../035/010.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 74 22 be6c 0 defend your own honor Alternate translation: “show everyone that you are right” PSA 74 22 a6kn 0 call to mind “Pay attention to.” God has not forgotten how fools insult him, but he does not seem to be thinking about it. See how this is translated in verse [Psalms 2](./001.md). PSA 74 23 c7dc figs-metonymy 0 the voice of your adversaries The word “voice” is a metonym for the words people use when they speak. Alternate translation: “what your adversaries are saying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 74 23 n9n5 figs-ellipsis 0 or the uproar of those who continually defy you The psalmist speaks of the words of those who defy God as if they were the loud sound of animals or non-living objects like water or the wind. Alternate translation: “and pay attention to the loud and meaningless words of those who continually defy you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 74 23 cyg8 0 defy boldly oppose PSA 75 intro rtb1 0 # Psalm 075 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 75 is a wisdom psalm; teaching what will happen to evil people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br>### Punishment<br>God has warned the evil people that they will be punished. He will strengthen the good people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]]) PSA 75 1 nc37 writing-poetry 0 General Information: The people of God are speaking in 75:1, and God speaks in 75:2-3. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 75 1 isd5 0 For the chief musician Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship” PSA 75 1 wue5 0 set to Al Tashheth This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 57:1](../057/001.md). PSA 75 1 tu5l 0 A psalm of Asaph “This is a psalm that Asaph wrote.” See how this is translated in [Psalms Psalm 53](../053/001.md). PSA 75 3 a6n9 0 all the inhabitants Alternate translation: “all the people who live on it” PSA 75 3 xv9l figs-metaphor 0 make steady the earth’s pillars “keep the earth from being destroyed” or Alternate translation: “keep my people safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 75 4 ix6p figs-nominaladj 0 I said to the arrogant … and to the wicked The words “the arrogant” and “the wicked” are nominal adjectives that can be translated with nouns. The verb for the second phrase may be supplied from the first. Alternate translation: “I said to the arrogant people … and I said to the wicked people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 75 4 wl2r 0 I said This could mean: (1) God is speaking or (2) Asaph is speaking. PSA 75 4 yz7y figs-pronouns 0 Do not be arrogant … Do not lift The speaker is speaking to many wicked people, so these forms are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) PSA 75 4 wg7k figs-metaphor 0 Do not lift up the horn Asaph speaks of wicked people as if they were animals with horns on their heads, stretching their necks and holding their heads high to frighten other animals. Alternate translation: “Do not be confident” or “Do not boast about how strong you are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 75 5 zai8 figs-pronouns 0 Do not lift up your … do not speak The speaker is speaking to many wicked people, so these forms are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) PSA 75 5 dl75 figs-metaphor 0 Do not lift up your horn to the heights Asaph speaks of wicked people as if they were animals with horns on their heads, stretching their necks and holding their heads as high as they can to frighten other animals. Alternate translation: “Be especially sure not to boast that you are greater than God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 75 5 cfl3 figs-idiom 0 with an insolent neck Asaph speaks of wicked people who defy or challenge God as if they were animals with horns on their heads, stretching their necks and holding their heads high to frighten other animals. Alternate translation: “arrogantly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 75 6 eqm6 figs-metonymy 0 It is not from the east … that lifting up comes Asaph speaks of the one who lifts up as if he were the action of lifting up. He also speaks of God giving strength and honor to a person as if God were physically lifting that person up. Alternate translation: “The one who will lift you up will not be someone who comes from the east” or “The one who will make you strong and have people honor you will not be someone who comes from the east” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 75 7 h39y 0 General Information: Asaph speaks about God. PSA 75 7 ii5h figs-explicit 0 he brings down and he lifts up The objects of the verbs can be stated clearly: “he brings some people down and he lifts other people up.” The words “brings down” and “raises up” are metaphors for God making people powerful and taking away their power. Alternate translation: “he makes one man king in place of another man” or “he takes away one man’s power and gives power to another man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 75 8 hs8p figs-metaphor 0 a cup of foaming wine … mixed with spices When Yahweh punishes the people they will be like people who have drunk strong wine and become ill. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 75 8 w9az figs-metaphor 0 foaming wine The foam is a metaphor for the power of the wine to make people drunk, Alternate translation: “strong wine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 75 8 gn3y 0 spices dried leaves or ground seeds PSA 75 8 i928 0 pours it out pours it from a large container into the cups that the people will drink from PSA 75 8 x1zf 0 drink it to the last drop Alternate translation: “drink every drop of it” PSA 75 10 vl5i 0 He says God says PSA 75 10 eip6 figs-metaphor 0 cut off all the horns of The horns of an animal are a metaphor for the power of a person. Alternate translation: “take away all power from” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 75 10 qr6b figs-metaphor 0 the horns of the righteous will be raised up The horns of an animal are a metaphor for the power of a person. This can be translated as a statement in active form. Alternate translation: “I will raise up the horns of the righteous” or “I will make the righteous powerful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 76 intro ml6q 0 # Psalm 076 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 76 is a worship psalm.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br>### Yahweh’s greatness<br>God is great. He has conquered all the nations surrounding Israel. Everyone should bring him gifts. PSA 76 1 qjr7 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 76 1 ps6c 0 For the chief musician Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship” PSA 76 1 ec3c 0 on stringed instruments Alternate translation: “people should play stringed instruments with this song.” PSA 76 1 a8wr 0 A psalm of Asaph “This is a psalm that Asaph wrote” See how this is translated in [Psalms 53:1](../053/001.md). PSA 76 1 l846 0 made himself known in Judah Alternate translation: “caused the people of Judah to know who he is” or “made himself famous in Judah” PSA 76 1 mmj6 figs-metonymy 0 his name is great in Israel The words “his name” are a metonym for his reputation. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel consider him good and powerful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 76 2 z5vd 0 his dwelling place Alternate translation: “the place where he has chosen to live” PSA 76 3 e4xp figs-metaphor 0 There he broke the arrows of the bow, the shield, the sword, and the other weapons of war These words are probably a metaphor for God causing the people of Judah to live in peace without being afraid of enemies making war on them, but the words should be translated literally. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 76 4 z2fb 0 General Information: Asaph speaks of God as if God was a soldier returning from a mountain after winning a great battle. PSA 76 4 h3jm figs-doublet 0 You shine brightly and reveal your glory The second phrase strengthens the first phrase in that Yahweh’s glory relates to Yahweh shining brightly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 76 4 zyy2 figs-metaphor 0 You shine brightly The words “shine brightly” are a metaphor for being great. Alternate translation: “You show how extremely great you are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 76 5 at6f figs-activepassive 0 The bravehearted were plundered This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Your people killed the brave soldiers of their enemies and then took all their possessions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 76 5 xyy9 figs-euphemism 0 fell asleep Here “fell asleep” is a euphemism for died. Alternate translation: “died” or “fell down dead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) PSA 76 6 zz9f figs-abstractnouns 0 At your rebuke The abstract noun “rebuke” refers to saying something in an angry or critical way. Alternate translation: “When you rebuked them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 76 6 uud7 figs-euphemism 0 fell asleep This phrase is a polite way to say that they died. Alternate translation: “died” or “fell down dead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) PSA 76 7 tzq2 figs-rquestion 0 who can stand in your sight when you are angry? This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one can stand in your sight when you are angry.” or “You can destroy anyone at whom you are angry.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 76 8 gys7 0 you made your judgment heard Alternate translation: “you pronounced judgment” or “you announced how you were going to punish wicked people” PSA 76 8 ls8s figs-metonymy 0 the earth was Here “the earth” is a metonym for the people living on the earth. Alternate translation: “the people of the earth were” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 76 9 rt43 0 execute judgment Alternate translation: “carry out judgment” or “punish wicked people” PSA 76 10 ylu2 0 Surely your angry judgment Alternate translation: “It is certain that your angry judgment” PSA 76 10 wqa6 0 your angry judgment against humanity will bring you praise This could mean: (1) “people will praise you because you are angry at the wicked and judge them” or (2) “people who are angry with you will do things that cause people to praise you.” PSA 76 10 f4xe figs-metaphor 0 you gird yourself with what is left of your anger Yahweh’s anger is spoken of as something that he can tie around himself like a belt. Alternate translation: “you tie your remaining anger around you like a belt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 76 11 kw7a 0 him who is to be feared Alternate translation: “Yahweh, whom they should fear” PSA 76 12 vwa6 figs-idiom 0 He cuts off the spirit of the princes The phrase “He cuts off the spirit” is an idiom that means He breaks the spirit or He humbles. Alternate translation: “He humbles the princes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 76 12 qgb5 figs-activepassive 0 he is feared by the kings of the earth This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the kings of the earth fear him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 77 intro ks6q 0 # Psalm 077 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>The author felt abandoned by God. This is a psalm of lament. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lament]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Lament<br>God used to be close to the psalmist, but now it seems that God has completely abandoned him. Long ago, God took care of Israel and brought the people safely through the sea. PSA 77 1 r8dd writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 77 1 t66u 0 For the chief musician Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship” PSA 77 1 cek3 translate-names 0 Jeduthun One of David’s chief musicians had this same name. This may refer to him. See how you translated this in [Psalms 39:1](../039/001.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) PSA 77 2 hz8d 0 I stretched my hands out Alternate translation: “I prayed with my arms extended” PSA 77 2 a5dd figs-synecdoche 0 My soul refused to be comforted The “soul” represents the person. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I would not allow anyone to try to comfort me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 77 3 kq82 figs-parallelism 0 I thought of God as I groaned; I thought about him as I grew faint These two phrases share similar meanings and are combined for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 77 3 cc7s 0 as I grew faint Alternate translation: “as my spirit grew faint” or “as my spirit was overwhelmed” PSA 77 4 lga2 0 General Information: After speaking about God, Asaph speaks to God in verse 4 and then returns to speaking about God. PSA 77 4 kc23 0 You held my eyes open Alternate translation: “I said to God, ‘You held my eyes open.’” PSA 77 4 bfk2 figs-metonymy 0 held my eyes open Open eyes is a metonym for being unable to sleep. Alternate translation: “kept me from sleeping” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 77 5 u2n5 figs-parallelism 0 the days of old, about times long past If necessary, “days of old” and “times long past” can be combined. Alternate translation: “about things that happened a very long time ago” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 77 6 i4r9 figs-idiom 0 I called to mind This is an idiom for remembering. Alternate translation: “I remembered” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 77 6 kh2e 0 what had happened Another possible meaning is “what was happening.” PSA 77 7 ie4q figs-doublet 0 Will the Lord reject me forever? Will he never again show me favor? These two phrases express feeling rejection from the Lord. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 77 7 gat1 0 show me favor Alternate translation: “do things that show that he is pleased with me” PSA 77 8 ydt2 0 General Information: Because Asaph was not sure of the answer to these questions, they are probably literal questions and should be translated literally. PSA 77 8 d9gm figs-abstractnouns 0 Was his covenant faithfulness gone forever? Asaph speaks of Yahweh no longer acting faithfully to his covenant as if Yahweh’s covenant faithfulness had gone away. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “Has he stopped being faithful to his covenant forever?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 77 9 q3fw figs-doublet 0 Had God forgotten to be gracious? Had his anger shut off his compassion? These are two expressions stating similar concept of God not showing compassion. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 77 9 qup5 figs-personification 0 Had his anger shut off his compassion Asaph speaks of anger as if it were a person shutting a door to keep another person, compassion, from coming out, Alternate translation: “Had God stopped showing us compassion because he was angry with us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 77 10 v28j 0 I said This could mean: (1) the psalmist was speaking to himself or (2) the psalmist was speaking to Yahweh. PSA 77 10 m81u figs-metonymy 0 the changing of the right hand of the Most High toward us The “right hand” is a metonym for power, authority or strength. Alternate translation: “the Most High no longer uses his power to help us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 77 11 xb3t 0 General Information: The writer begins to speak to Yahweh. PSA 77 11 esp5 figs-idiom 0 call to mind “remember” See how this is translated in [Psalms 74:2](../074/002.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 77 11 ul2k 0 your wonderful deeds of old Alternate translation: “the wonderful things you did long ago” PSA 77 12 br6v figs-doublet 0 I will ponder all your deeds and will reflect on them. These two phrases express the concept of meditating on what Yahweh has done. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 77 12 vsp7 0 ponder think deeply about PSA 77 12 ju2f 0 reflect on them Alternate translation: “think of what they mean” PSA 77 13 hk88 0 General Information: The writer continues to speak to Yahweh. PSA 77 13 tr7z figs-rquestion 0 what god compares to our great God? This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “no god compares to our great God.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 77 14 vh9m figs-abstractnouns 0 revealed your strength among the peoples The abstract noun “strength” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “shown people from many people groups how strong you are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 77 15 nc87 0 gave your people victory … the descendants Alternate translation: “gave us, your people, victory … us who are the descendants” PSA 77 15 cz77 figs-abstractnouns 0 gave your people victory The abstract noun “victory” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “caused your people to be victorious” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 77 15 ani3 0 the descendants of Jacob and Joseph This refers to the entire nation of Israel. PSA 77 16 ms5u figs-personification 0 The waters saw you … they were afraid … the depths trembled Asaph speaks of the water as if it were a person who saw something that terrified him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 77 16 a22h figs-doublet 0 the waters saw you, and they were afraid; the depths trembled “water” and “depth” refers to large bodies of water such as the sea or ocean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 77 16 yh2l 0 depths deepest waters PSA 77 17 cbk2 figs-personification 0 The clouds poured down water Asaph speaks of the clouds as if they were people pouring water out of containers. Alternate translation: “Much rain fell” or “It rained very hard” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 77 17 cil6 figs-metaphor 0 your arrows flew about This is a metaphor that describes lightning as God’s arrows. Alternate translation: “the lightning you made flashed like arrows” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 77 17 x29a 0 flew Use your language’s word for what an arrow does after someone shoots it. PSA 77 18 ks1j figs-personification 0 thunderous voice This is personification, referring to the thunder as the voice of God. Alternate translation: “voice, which was as loud as thunder” or “very loud voice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 77 18 nr2p figs-hyperbole 0 lightning lit up the world This is an exaggeration to emphasize that the lightning lit up everything the writer could see. Alternate translation: “lightning lit up everything as far as you could see” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) PSA 77 19 mc1k figs-doublet 0 Your path … your way These two phrases have similar meanings and are combined for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 77 19 xj78 figs-personification 0 your footprints Asaph is speaking of Yahweh as if Yahweh was a person with feet. While this is personification, it should be translated literally, if possible. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 77 19 k4y3 figs-activepassive 0 your footprints were not seen This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one saw your footprints” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 77 20 iq66 figs-simile 0 You led your people like a flock This simile compares God’s people to a flock of animals. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 77 20 w73a 0 by the hand of The phrase “by the hand of” here means “by the action of” or “through the action of.” PSA 77 20 m5wn figs-synecdoche 0 hand Here “hand” is synechdoche for the whole person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 78 intro grf1 0 # Psalm 078 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 78 is a wisdom psalm using Israel’s history. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Israel’s complaining<br>Although God did one miracle after the other, the people of Israel still complained and failed to believe Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]])<br><br>### Superscription<br>This is called a “Maschil.” The word in the original language has caused scholars to have various opinions about its meaning. Some say it means to instruct, while others say that the word is referring to the skill used in creating the psalm. Still others think it means that meditation should be used in reading this psalm. PSA 78 1 w9rf writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 78 1 n8s4 0 A maschil This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 32:1](../032/001.md). PSA 78 1 d6i3 figs-abstractnouns 0 Hear my teaching The noun “teaching” can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “Hear what I teach” or “Hear me as I teach you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 78 1 eqz7 figs-synecdoche 0 the words of my mouth The word “mouth” represents the person. Alternate translation: “my words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 78 2 h2db figs-idiom 0 open my mouth in parables The idiom “open my mouth” means to speak. Alternate translation: “speak in parables” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 78 2 z2j2 0 sing about “tell.” See how “pours out” is translated in [Psalms 19:2](../019/002.md). PSA 78 2 wp1x 0 hidden things If your language has a word for sayings that are purposely difficult to understand, you might use it here. PSA 78 3 l6qu 0 General Information: Verse 3 continues the sentence begun in verse 2. PSA 78 4 ypn2 0 We will not keep them from their descendants This can be written in positive form. Alternate translation: “We will certainly tell our descendants about them” PSA 78 4 n25r 0 the praiseworthy deeds of Yahweh Alternate translation: “the things we praise Yahweh for” PSA 78 5 py7k 0 he established Alternate translation: “Yahweh established” PSA 78 5 vj5d 0 covenant decrees Other possible meanings are “testimonies” or “laws.” PSA 78 7 mlc7 0 General Information: The writer speaks of the “children” of [Psalms 78:5-6](./005.md). PSA 78 9 m1ru 0 The Ephraimites … day of battle This is possibly a metaphor for not keeping the covenant (verse 10), but it is best to translate literally. PSA 78 9 xu77 0 The Ephraimites Alternate translation: “The Ephraimite soldiers” PSA 78 9 v8af figs-explicit 0 were armed with bows The soldiers probably also had arrows. Alternate translation: “had bows and arrows for weapons” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 78 12 yx1l translate-names 0 land of Zoan This refers to the area around the city of Zoan, which was in Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) PSA 78 15 era1 0 He split Alternate translation: “God split” PSA 78 15 c2kx figs-hyperbole 0 enough to fill the depths of the sea This is probably hyperbole. Alternate translation: “more water than they could possibly drink” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) PSA 78 16 sa5m 0 streams small rivers PSA 78 18 tv84 0 They challenged God They wanted God to prove that he could do what he said he would do before they would believe him. PSA 78 18 ms11 0 in their hearts Alternate translation: “with their whole hearts” PSA 78 18 x27j 0 to satisfy their appetites Alternate translation: “so they could eat as much as they desired” PSA 78 19 di5n 0 They spoke the Israelites spoke PSA 78 19 gpm7 figs-rquestion 0 Can God really lay out a table for us in the wilderness? This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “We do not believe that God can really lay out a table for us in the wilderness!” or “God, prove to us that you can really lay out a table for us in the wilderness!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 78 19 ui27 figs-idiom 0 lay out a table The idiom “lay out a table” means to prepare a table for a meal. Here the word “table” is a metonym for the food on the table. Alternate translation: “provide us with food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 78 20 xnn4 0 waters gushed out much water came out quickly PSA 78 20 pe8w figs-rquestion 0 But can he give bread also? Will he provide meat for his people? The people are laughing at God to insult him with these questions. Alternate translation: “But we will not believe that he can give us bread also or provide meat for his people until we see him do it.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 78 20 crp3 figs-rquestion 0 bread … meat food from plants or food from animals. Though this is a merism for all kinds of food, it is best to translate it literally if possible. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 78 21 fd1k figs-metaphor 0 his fire burned against Jacob The writer speaks of Yahweh’s anger as if it were a fire, and of Yahweh acting in anger against Jacob as if that fire burned Jacob. Alternate translation: “his anger was like a fire that burned Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 78 21 wp71 0 Jacob This refers to the nation of Israel PSA 78 21 k1pp figs-personification 0 his anger attacked Israel The writer speaks of Yahweh punishing Israel when he was angry as if his anger were a person who attacked Israel. Alternate translation: “because he was angry, he attacked Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 78 22 ze3v 0 did not trust in his salvation Alternate translation: “did not trust him to save them” PSA 78 23 er7j figs-personification 0 he commanded the skies Asaph speaks of the skies as if they were a person who could hear and obey God’s commands. Alternate translation: “he spoke to the sky” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 78 23 bs7u 0 skies This could mean: (1) “sky” or (2) “clouds.” PSA 78 23 wx6j figs-metaphor 0 opened the doors of the sky Asaph speaks of the sky as if it were a storeroom with doors. Alternate translation: “opened the sky as if it were a storeroom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 78 24 mrr5 0 He rained down manna for them to eat, and gave them the grain from heaven These two lines speak of the same event. PSA 78 24 u9dw 0 He rained down manna Alternate translation: “He caused manna to fall from the sky like rain” PSA 78 25 l158 figs-synecdoche 0 the bread of angels This refers to the manna that God provided for the people. The word “bread” represents food in general. Alternate translation: “the same kind of food that angels eat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 78 25 a5x1 figs-abstractnouns 0 food in abundance The abstract noun “abundance” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “abundant food” or “a large amount of food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 78 26 t8wt 0 He caused Alternate translation: “God caused” PSA 78 27 f33h figs-metaphor 0 He rained down meat on them like dust The writer speaks of Yahweh causing birds to fall from the sky as if the birds were rain that Yahweh caused to fall. He compares the large amount of birds to dust. Alternate translation: “He caused meat to fall from the sky like rain, and there was so much of it that it covered the ground like dust” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 78 27 x2ac 0 meat birds PSA 78 27 mw2h figs-hyperbole 0 as numerous as the sands of the sea No one can count the grains of sand. There were more birds than anyone could count, but this is an exaggeration: there were probably not literally the same number of birds as grains of sand. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) PSA 78 29 uu98 0 craved strongly desired PSA 78 31 sne1 0 Then while the food was still in their mouths ([Psalms 78:31](../078/031.md)) PSA 78 31 pz58 figs-personification 0 God’s anger attacked them “God was angry and attacked them.” See how “his anger attacked Israel” is translated in [Psalms 78:21](../078/021.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 78 31 qn52 figs-euphemism 0 brought down This is a euphemism that means he caused them to die. Alternate translation: “killed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) PSA 78 32 lg44 figs-metonymy 0 did not believe his wonderful deeds The word “deeds” is a metonym for God, who did the deeds. What they did not believe can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “did not believe that he would take care of them even though he had done such wonderful deeds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 78 33 wg5l 0 General Information: The writer continues telling of what God did to the Israelites. PSA 78 33 k4p9 figs-euphemism 0 cut short their days Here the word “days” refers to a lifetime. The idiom “to cut short … days” means to cause someone to die before they have lived a long life. Alternate translation: “killed them while they were still young” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) PSA 78 33 b6nk figs-metaphor 0 their years were filled with terror Asaph speaks of years as if they were containers. Alternate translation: “year after year they were afraid all the time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 78 34 njc9 figs-idiom 0 to seek him to ask him what they needed to do so he would protect them (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 78 34 y7s9 0 afflicted them, they would … they would return and look These are different people from those whose days God “cut short.” When some of them died, others would “start to seek” God. PSA 78 34 kt48 0 would return Alternate translation: “would repent” or “would be truly sorry for their sins” PSA 78 34 ut52 0 look earnestly Alternate translation: “look urgently” or “look as best they could” PSA 78 35 nd5q 0 General Information: The tells of what the Israelites did. PSA 78 35 g7l1 0 call to mind “remember.” See how this is translated in [Psalms 20:3](../020/003.md). PSA 78 35 lz71 figs-metaphor 0 God was their rock The writer speaks about God as if he were a hill or mountain where people could go to be safe from their enemies. Alternate translation: “God was the one who protected them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 78 35 xc3l 0 their rescuer Alternate translation: “the one who rescued them” PSA 78 36 bh83 0 flatter him Alternate translation: “tell him he was wonderful when they did not believe it” PSA 78 36 u1ms figs-metonymy 0 with their mouth The word “mouth” is a metonym for the words they spoke using their mouths. Alternate translation: “by saying what they said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 78 37 dml1 figs-idiom 0 their hearts were not firmly fixed on him Here “hearts” is a metonym for their thoughts. To be loyal to him is spoken of as being solidly attached to him. Alternate translation: “their thoughts were not focused on him” or “they were not loyal to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 78 38 zr2s 0 forgave their iniquity Alternate translation: “forgave them even though they had done evil deeds” PSA 78 38 x9x1 figs-metaphor 0 held back his anger Asaph speaks of God’s anger as if it were an angry person whom God held onto to keep him from attacking the one who had made him angry. Alternate translation: “did not punish them even though he was angry with them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 78 38 n79l figs-metaphor 0 did not stir up all his wrath Asaph speaks of God’s wrath as if it were a sleeping person whom God allowed to sleep and did not awaken. Alternate translation: “did not allow himself to become fully angry with them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 78 39 uw3m figs-idiom 0 called to mind “remembered.” See how “call to mind” is translated in [Psalms 20:3](../020/003.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 78 39 kj81 figs-metonymy 0 they were made of flesh The word “flesh,” which is weak and then dies, is a metonym for human weakness and death. Alternate translation: “the Israelites were weak and would someday die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 78 40 pfz7 0 the barren regions Alternate translation: “places where nothing grows” PSA 78 41 e1t4 0 they challenged God They wanted God to prove that he could do what he said he would do before they would believe him. See how you translated this in [Psalms 78:18](../078/018.md). PSA 78 42 hig2 0 General Information: The writer speaks of how God had rescued the Israelites. PSA 78 43 m414 translate-names 0 Zoan a city in Egypt (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) PSA 78 44 f9kn 0 General Information: The writer describes what God did. PSA 78 45 k7ba 0 swarms of flies so many flies that it looked like a cloud PSA 78 45 iz2f figs-metaphor 0 that devoured them The flies made the Egyptians almost as unhappy as they would have if they had eaten the Egyptians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) PSA 78 45 bl66 0 overran their land Alternate translation: “went everywhere in their land” PSA 78 46 ze3g 0 gave their crops to the grasshopper and their labor to the locust Alternate translation: “allowed the grasshoppers to eat all their crops and allowed the locusts to eat everything they had worked hard to produce” PSA 78 46 wy2b 0 grasshopper a plant-eating insect with long legs used for jumping PSA 78 46 w8fu figs-metaphor 0 He gave their crops to the grasshopper Asaph speaks of the crops as a gift that God gave to the grasshoppers. Alternate translation: “He allowed the grasshopper to eat their crops” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 78 46 n1cm figs-metaphor 0 their labor to the locust “he gave their labor to the locust.” Asaph speaks of the people’s labor as if it were a gift that God gave to the grasshoppers. The word “labor” is a metonym for the crops that their labor had produced. Alternate translation: “he allowed the locusts to eat the crops they had worked so hard to produce” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 78 47 wa4x 0 General Information: The writer continues to describe what God did to the Egyptians. PSA 78 47 kzp7 0 sycamore a tree that gives fruit PSA 78 48 m24k 0 lightning bolts lightning that makes loud thunder PSA 78 48 w4nt 0 He rained hail Alternate translation: “He brought hail” or “He caused hail to fall” PSA 78 49 jlg2 figs-personification 0 The fierceness of his anger lashed out against them Asaph speaks of God’s fierceness as if it were a person who could attack another person. Alternate translation: “He was angry with them, so he suddenly and fiercely attacked them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 78 49 f8zm 0 The fierceness of his anger Alternate translation: “His fierce anger” PSA 78 49 qct3 0 lashed out against them Alternate translation: “attacked them when they were not expecting anything to happen” PSA 78 49 eh6a figs-personification 0 He sent wrath, fury, and trouble like agents who bring disaster Asaph speaks of wrath, fury, and trouble as though they are people God can send to do his work for him. Alternate translation: “He was so angry that he wanted to harm the Egyptians, so he made trouble for them and brought them to disaster” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 78 49 p12j 0 fury anger that makes someone want to harm others PSA 78 50 wz8d 0 General Information: The writer continues to describe what God did to the Egyptians. PSA 78 50 fr3i figs-metaphor 0 He leveled a path for his anger The psalmist speaks of anger as if it were a person who could walk Yahweh getting ready to punish the people as if he were making a smooth road for a person to walk on. Alternate translation: “He was so angry that he did everything he could to harm them” or “It was as if his anger was an army and he made a smooth road for it to march on” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 78 50 p57t 0 he did not spare them from death Alternate translation: “he did not keep the Egyptians from dying” or “he did not permit the Egyptians to live” PSA 78 50 d3e4 figs-metaphor 0 gave them over to the plague Asaph speaks of the plague as if it were a person who was going to harm the Egyptians. Alternate translation: “he made them all very ill with the plague” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 78 51 kng7 figs-idiom 0 the firstborn of their strength This phrase refers to the firstborn males of each family. Alternate translation: “the firstborn males” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 78 51 a3cw figs-metonymy 0 in the tents of Ham Here the word “tents” is a metonym for families. The word “Ham” refers to Egypt by the name of their ancestor. Alternate translation: “among the families of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 78 52 s28c 0 General Information: The writer continues to describe what God did for the people of Israel. PSA 78 52 bep8 figs-simile 0 like sheep … like a flock The writer speaks about the Israelites as if they were sheep. This means God cared for and protected the people like a shepherd does his sheep. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 78 53 fxw6 0 overwhelmed completely covered PSA 78 54 w66a 0 General Information: The writer continues to describe what God did for the people of Israel. PSA 78 54 bzp1 figs-metonymy 0 his right hand acquired The words “right hand” are a metonym for power. Alternate translation: “he won for himself using his own power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 78 55 er9f 0 assigned them their inheritance This could mean: (1) God assigned the Israelites their inheritance in the land in which the other nations had once lived or (2) God assigned to the nations he had driven out an inheritance somewhere else. “gave them land that would always be theirs” PSA 78 55 ph3l figs-idiom 0 in their tents This could mean: (1) he settled Israel in their own tents in the land or (2) he settled Israel in the tents from which he had driven the other nations. Most of these “tents” were actually houses, both when the other nations lived in them and when the Israelites lived in them. Alternate translation: “in their homes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 78 56 ft4l 0 General Information: The writer continues to describe what God did for the people of Israel. PSA 78 56 be26 figs-doublet 0 challenged and defied These words mean almost the same thing. The writer uses them both to emphasize that the Israelites did not believe that God would either provide for them or punish evil as he had said he would. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 78 56 n34f 0 challenged They wanted God to prove that he could do what he said he would do before they would believe him. See how you translated this idea in [Psalms 78:18](../078/018.md). PSA 78 56 wzz7 0 defied refused to obey PSA 78 57 dcj9 figs-doublet 0 were unfaithful and acted treacherously These words mean almost the same thing. The writer uses them both to emphasize that the Israelites did not do for God what they had said they would do. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 78 58 s4jj 0 General Information: The writer continues to describe what God did for the people of Israel. PSA 78 58 um4c figs-parallelism 0 made him angry with their high places and provoked him to jealous anger with their idols These two phrases are in parallel and have similar meanings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 78 60 g4ie 0 General Information: The writer continues to describe what God did for the people of Israel. PSA 78 61 l5jm figs-metonymy 0 He allowed his strength to be captured and gave his glory into the enemy’s hand Asaph speaks of God’s strength and glory as if they were physical objects that people could capture and hold. The words “strength” and “glory” are probably mentonyms for the ark of the covenant. The word “hand” is a metonym for the enemy’s power. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “He allowed his enemies to capture the glorious ark of his covenant; he simply gave it to them so they could do whatever they wanted with it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 78 62 af4s 0 General Information: The writer continues to describe what God did for the people of Israel. PSA 78 62 j359 figs-metaphor 0 He handed his people over to the sword Asaph speaks of God’s people as if they were a small object God would give as a gift, and of the sword, a metonym for death in war, as if it were a person who could receive a gift. Alternate translation: “He allowed people to kill all his people in war” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 78 62 tj9q 0 he was angry with his heritage Alternate translation: “he was angry with the people he had said would be his forever” PSA 78 63 zrz5 figs-metaphor 0 Fire devoured their young men This could mean: (1) “The enemy used fire to kill all their young men” or (2) “Their young men died quickly in battle like a fire burns dry grass.” Do not communicate that these people used guns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 78 63 fil5 0 devoured To “devour” is to eat everything very quickly. PSA 78 63 l8nc 0 wedding the celebration when people marry PSA 78 64 t7aj figs-metonymy 0 Their priests fell by the sword Here the word “sword” represents soldiers who fought with swords. The phrase “fell by the sword” is an idiom that means to die in battle. Alternate translation: “Their priests died in battle” or “Enemies killed their priests with swords” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 78 64 zgw6 0 their widows could not weep This could mean: (1) someone forced the widows not to weep or (2) so many priests died that there was no time for proper funerals. PSA 78 64 cve4 0 widows women whose husbands have died PSA 78 65 p4ds figs-metaphor 0 the Lord awakened as one from sleep The Lord not acting for a period of time is spoken of as if he were asleep, and his beginning to act is spoken of as if he awakened. Alternate translation: “the Lord began to act as if he had awakened from sleep” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 78 65 ny1d 0 like a warrior who shouts because of wine This could mean: (1) like a warrior who had drunk too much wine and has become angry because he was awakened and so wants to fight or (2) like a warrior who drank much wine but is now able to think and fight well because he has slept. PSA 78 67 wl1g 0 General Information: The writer continues to describe what God did for the people of Israel. PSA 78 67 rr45 figs-metonymy 0 the tent of Joseph Here the word “tent” is a metonym for a family. In this phrase it refers to the descendants of Joseph. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Joseph” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 78 67 fzh7 0 Joseph … Ephraim Ephraim was Joseph’s son. PSA 78 68 as8e 0 Judah … Mount Zion Mount Zion was in the land where the tribe of Judah lived. PSA 78 69 dkr9 figs-simile 0 He built his sanctuary like the heavens This simile could mean: (1) Yahweh has made his sanctuary as high as the heavens. Alternate translation: “He built his sanctuary high, like the heavens” or (2) Yahweh has made his sanctuary as permanent as the heavens. Alternate translation: “He built his sanctuary to last permanently, like the heavens last forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 78 69 bq5q figs-ellipsis 0 like the earth The verb may be supplied from the previous line. The writer compares the permanence of Yahweh’s sanctuary to the permanence of the earth. Alternate translation: “He built his sanctuary to last permanently, like the earth lasts permanently” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 78 70 w3bv 0 General Information: The writer continues to describe what God did PSA 78 70 c6qm figs-explicit 0 from the sheepfolds “from where he was working in the sheepfolds” [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] PSA 78 70 c6y9 0 sheepfolds spaces with walls around them where sheep are kept safe PSA 78 71 x189 figs-metaphor 0 to be shepherd of Jacob, his people, and of Israel, his heritage The word “shepherd” is a metaphor for one who leads and protects other people. Alternate translation: “to lead and protect the descendants of Jacob, his people, and of Israel, his heritage” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 78 71 f6sh 0 his heritage “the ones he had chosen to be his forever” See how this is translated in [Psalms 78:62](../078/062.md). PSA 78 72 q2pe figs-metaphor 0 David shepherded them The word “shepherded” is a metaphor for leading and protecting. Alternate translation: “David led them and protected them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 79 intro k1lh 0 # Psalm 079 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 79 is a deliverance psalm and a prayer for revenge against their enemies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Destruction<br>Jerusalem has been destroyed and its people killed. God should destroy these enemy nations who do not pray to him. PSA 79 1 q2wf writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 79 1 yd8b 0 your inheritance “the land that was to be yours forever” See how this is translated in [Psalms 68:9](../068/009.md). PSA 79 3 da6v figs-metonymy 0 They have shed their blood like water The word “blood” is a metonym for innocent life. To shed blood is to kill innocent people. Most people saw water every day, so for blood to be as common as water, many innocent people would have to die. Alternate translation: “They have killed so many innocent people that the blood is everywhere, like water after it rains” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 79 4 ab9w figs-metonymy 0 We have become a reproach for our neighbors, mocking and derision to those who are around us The words “reproach,” “mocking,” and “derision” are metonyms for those whom others reproach, mock, and deride. Alternate translation: “We have become people whom our neighbors reproach; those around us mock and deride us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 79 4 kc2x 0 We have become The pronoun “We” refers to God’s people. PSA 79 4 beg9 0 derision strong laughter to shame a person PSA 79 5 us3y figs-rquestion 0 How long will your jealous anger burn like fire? This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “It seems as though your jealous anger will never stop burning like fire.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 79 5 fx6v figs-abstractnouns 0 will your jealous anger burn The abstract noun “anger” can be stated as “angry.” Alternate translation: “will you be jealous and angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 79 5 g11j figs-simile 0 burn like fire This simile compares the expression of God’s anger to a fire that destroys things. Alternate translation: “destroy us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 79 6 dj2l figs-parallelism 0 General Information: These two pairs of phrases each share similar meanings and are combined for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 79 6 ez9d figs-metaphor 0 Pour out your wrath on the nations Asaph speaks of God’s wrath as if it were a liquid. Alternate translation: “Since you are angry, punish the nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 79 6 b6qd figs-metonymy 0 do not call upon your name The word “name” is a metonym for the person’s power and authority. Alternate translation: “do not belong to you” or “do not ask you to help them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 79 7 wy1b figs-metonymy 0 they have devoured Jacob The word “Jacob” is a mentonym for his descendants, the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “they have completely destroyed the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 79 8 l3hg 0 Do not hold the sins of our forefathers against us Alternate translation: “Do not continue to remember the sins of our forefathers and punish us for them” or “Forgive us for the sins of our forefathers” PSA 79 8 wp6e figs-metaphor 0 we are very low The writer speaks of the people being weak and discouraged as if they were in a low position. Alternate translation: “we are very weak” or “we are very discouraged” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 79 9 el14 figs-abstractnouns 0 God of our salvation The word “salvation” can be translated with the verb “save”: “God who saves us.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 79 9 bk3k figs-metonymy 0 for the sake of the glory of your name The word “name” is a metonym for his reputation, for what people know about him. Alternate translation: “so that people will know about your glory” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 79 9 m8z9 figs-metonymy 0 for your name’s sake God’s name here represents his whole being and the honor that he deserves. Alternate translation: “so that people will honor you” or “for your own sake” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 79 10 pgc2 figs-rquestion 0 Why should the nations say, “Where is their God?” This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “The nations should not be able to say, ‘Where is their God?’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 79 10 q444 figs-rquestion 0 Where is their God? This taunt can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Their God cannot do anything!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 79 10 syh5 figs-metonymy 0 May the blood of your servants that was shed be avenged on the nations before our eyes To shed blood is a metonym for killing innocent people. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Avenge your innocent servants whom the nations killed where we can see you do it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 79 10 b56d 0 before our eyes Alternate translation: “in our sight” or “while we are present” PSA 79 11 ppy3 figs-metaphor 0 May the groans of the prisoners come before you Asaph speaks of the sound made by prisoners in pain and sorrow as if it were a person who appears before a king. Alternate translation: “Listen carefully to the groans of the prisoners and help them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 79 11 ggp2 figs-idiom 0 children of death This is an idiom that refers to people who are condemned to death. Alternate translation: “those who are condemned to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 79 12 mm85 figs-metaphor 0 Pay back … the insults … Lord Asaph speaks of the evil deeds that the neighboring countries did against Israel as “insults,” and as if they were physical items. He asks the Lord to count those deeds, and for every one that the neighboring countries committed, he asks the Lord to have someone do seven evil deeds to the neighboring countries. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 79 12 guy1 0 Pay back Alternate translation: “Return” or “Give back” PSA 79 12 v85q figs-metaphor 0 into the laps onto their knees and thighs as they are sitting. This is a metaphor for “directly and personally.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 79 13 uf6h figs-metaphor 0 we your people and sheep of your pasture will give you thanks The word “sheep” is a metaphor for helpless people whom a shepherd protects and leads. Alternate translation: “we who are your people, whom you protect and lead, will thank you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 79 13 qt1i 0 tell your praises to all generations Alternate translation: “make sure that all generations to come know all the good things you have done” PSA 79 13 y9ux figs-metonymy 0 your praises This represents the things that people will praise them the Lord for. Alternate translation: “continue to praise you for the things that you have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 80 intro lis5 0 # Psalm 080 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 80 is a deliverance psalm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s help<br>Israel’s enemies threaten them. The psalmist asks Yahweh to look down with joy on them, then they will be saved. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Metaphor<br><br>The author uses an extended metaphor of Israel as a vine planted by God which is being uprooted. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 80 1 ijk8 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 80 1 lsl8 0 For the chief musician “This is for the director of music to use in worship” See how this is translated in [Psalms 4:1](../004/001.md). PSA 80 1 gk4a 0 set to the Shoshannim This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 45:1](../045/001.md). PSA 80 1 q2t5 figs-metaphor 0 Shepherd of Israel Asaph is referring to God as the one who leads and protects Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 80 1 aa1a figs-metaphor 0 you who lead Joseph like a flock The word “Joseph” refers to the nation of Israel. Asaph speaks of the people as if they were a flock of sheep that Yahweh, who is the shepherd, leads. Alternate translation: “you who lead the descendants of Joseph as though they were a flock of sheep” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 80 1 zxu9 figs-metonymy 0 Joseph Here Joseph represents the nation of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 80 1 w585 figs-explicit 0 you who sit above the cherubim You may need to make explicit that the cherubim are those on the lid of the ark of the covenant. The biblical writers often spoke of the ark of the covenant as if it were Yahweh’s footstool upon which he rested his feet as he sat on his throne in heaven above. Alternate translation: “you who sit on your throne above the cherubim on the ark of the covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 80 1 qzy5 figs-metaphor 0 shine on us Asaph speaks of God as if he were the sun, giving light, a metaphor for moral goodness. Alternate translation: “give us light” or “show us the right way to live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 80 2 k49s figs-idiom 0 stir up your power The phrase “stir up” means to “put into action.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 80 3 yn32 figs-metaphor 0 make your face shine on us The writer speaks of Yahweh acting favorably towards them as if Yahweh’s face shone a light on them. Alternate translation: “act favorably towards us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 80 3 h5vg figs-activepassive 0 and we will be saved This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “and please save us” or “so that you can save us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 80 4 h8am 0 your people Israel PSA 80 5 xu1m figs-metaphor 0 You have fed them with the bread of tears and given them tears to drink in great quantities The words “bread of tears” and “tears to drink” are metaphors for continual sadness. Alternate translation: “You have made sure that they are very sad all the time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 80 7 p7tt 0 General Information: Asaph is speaking on behalf of the people of Israel. He begins in verse 8 to speak of the way God settled Israel in their land as if God were a man who cleared ground and planted a grapevine. The image of the grapevine continues through verse 16. PSA 80 7 m1s6 figs-metaphor 0 make your face shine on us The writer speaks of Yahweh acting favorably towards them as if Yahweh’s face shone a light on them. See how you translated this in [Psalms 80:3](../080/003.md). Alternate translation: “act favorably towards us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 80 7 s2tp figs-activepassive 0 we will be saved This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you will save us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 80 8 wf8l figs-metaphor 0 You brought a vine out of Egypt Asaph compares the nation of Israel to a vine made ready to transplant. Alternate translation: “You brought us, like a vine, out of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 80 8 bze6 figs-metaphor 0 you drove out nations and transplanted it The psalmist speaks of his people as if they were a plant that Yahweh was transplanting. Alternate translation: “you drove out nations from their land and gave it to us, the vine, and planted us there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 80 9 p51x figs-metaphor 0 General Information: Asaph continues speaking of Israel in their land as if Israel were a grapevine in a vineyard. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 80 9 da43 0 You cleared the land for it Alternate translation: “You cleared the land for the vine” PSA 80 9 z9lb 0 it took root Alternate translation: “the vine took root” or “the vine began to grow” PSA 80 9 g1jw 0 filled the land Alternate translation: “its branches covered the land” PSA 80 10 fi6a figs-activepassive 0 The mountains were covered with its shade, the cedars of God by its branches This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Its shade covered the mountains, its branches the cedars of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 80 10 bmv4 figs-ellipsis 0 the cedars of God by its branches “and the cedars of God were covered by its branches,” which copies the verb from the previous sentence. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “and its branches covered the cedars of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 80 10 rx8y 0 cedars of God This could mean: (1) “the highest cedar trees,” the cedar trees that grew on the “mountains” in the land of Lebanon north of Israel, or (2) “God’s own cedar trees.” PSA 80 11 x87h 0 the sea the Mediterranean Sea to the west of Israel PSA 80 11 rmb1 0 shoots the parts of new plants that are just starting to grow above the ground PSA 80 12 un6e 0 General Information: Asaph continues speaking of Israel in their land as if Israel were a grapevine in a vineyard. PSA 80 12 fi84 0 its walls walls of stone, not of wood PSA 80 13 pyu2 translate-unknown 0 boars wild pigs that ruin gardens and farms and attack people. If your readers do not know what these are, use the word for a wild animal that ruins gardens and farms and attacks people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) PSA 80 13 l9qw 0 forest land where there are many trees PSA 80 13 sl1n 0 beasts wild animals of any kind PSA 80 13 q1bx 0 field land where there are many plants but no trees PSA 80 14 fln7 0 General Information: Asaph finishes speaking of Israel in their land as if Israel were a grapevine in a vineyard. PSA 80 14 ifq4 figs-explicit 0 Turn back The writer wants God to turn back in order to help them. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “Turn back to us” or “Come and help us again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 80 14 z9yp 0 take notice Alternate translation: “look at” PSA 80 14 n1vp figs-metaphor 0 this vine The writer continues comparing the nation of Israel to the vine. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 80 15 am7w figs-metonymy 0 This is the root that your right hand planted The right hand represents the Yahweh’s power and control. Alternate translation: “This is the root that you, Yahweh, planted” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 80 15 zd8b 0 shoot the part of a new plant that is just starting to grow above the ground. See how you translated this in [Psalms 80:11](../080/011.md). PSA 80 16 k41m 0 down; they perish because of your rebuke This could mean: (1) “down; your people perish because of your rebuke.” or (2) “down. May your enemies perish because of your rebuke!” PSA 80 17 rs8s figs-metonymy 0 your hand This refers to Yahweh’s power and control. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 80 17 t6vz figs-synecdoche 0 the man of your right hand the nation of Israel, which Yahweh has chosen as his people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 80 17 pxv7 figs-idiom 0 right hand When a man in Israel wanted to honor another man, he would have that other man stand at his right side, close to his right hand. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 80 18 hml7 figs-metaphor 0 we will not turn away from you Here “turn away” is a metaphor for rejecting someone. This can also be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “we will not stop worshiping and obeying you” or “we will always worship and obey you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 80 19 sz4h figs-metaphor 0 shine on us The writer speaks of Yahweh acting favorably towards them as if Yahweh’s face shone a light on them. See how you translated this in [Psalms 80:3](../080/003.md). Alternate translation: “act favorably towards us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 80 19 q2fl figs-activepassive 0 we will be saved This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you will save us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 81 intro dvt7 0 # Psalm 081 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 81 is a wisdom psalm. It is meant to be sung at “new moon” and “full moon” ceremonies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Obedience<br>If Israel would obey and worship God, he would destroy their enemies. PSA 81 1 m6jf writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 81 1 v66t 0 A psalm of Asaph A psalm that Asaph wrote. PSA 81 1 f39e 0 For the chief musician Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship;” PSA 81 1 mdg7 0 set to the Gittith This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 8:1](../008/001.md). PSA 81 1 thx5 figs-abstractnouns 0 God our strength The abstract noun “strength” can be stated as “strong.” Alternate translation: “God who causes us to be strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 81 1 e6id figs-synecdoche 0 the God of Jacob Here “Jacob” represents all of his descendants. Alternate translation: “the God of Israel, the nation of Jacob’s descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 81 2 ft8a 0 play the tambourine, the pleasant lyre with the harp These are musical instruments. PSA 81 2 cm4s translate-unknown 0 tambourine a musical instrument with a head like a drum that can be hit and with pieces of metal around the side that sound when the instrument is shaken (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) PSA 81 3 rlg9 0 the new moon This is the beginning of the lunar month. PSA 81 3 d9nm 0 the day of the full moon This is the middle of the lunar month. PSA 81 3 k5wx 0 when our feast day begins Alternate translation: “and on the days when our feasts begin” PSA 81 4 aq4w 0 For it Here “it” refers to the feast day. PSA 81 4 q9gy figs-activepassive 0 a decree given by the God of Jacob This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the God of Jacob decreed it” or “the God of Jacob commanded it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 81 4 pf9k figs-synecdoche 0 the God of Jacob Here “Jacob” represents all of his descendants. Alternate translation: “the God of Israel, the nation of Jacob’s descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 81 5 n95q 0 issued it as a regulation Alternate translation: “gave it as a law” PSA 81 5 l2yn figs-synecdoche 0 in Joseph Here “Joseph” represents all of the Israelites. Alternate translation: “to the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 81 5 qm81 figs-explicit 0 when he went against the land of Egypt This refers to the historical events in Egypt when the people of Israel were enslaved and God rescued them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 81 5 i688 figs-metonymy 0 the land of Egypt Here “land” represents the people. Alternate translation: “the people of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 81 6 j91r 0 General Information: Here God begins speaking. PSA 81 6 wgu2 figs-synecdoche 0 removed the burden from his shoulder Here “the burden from his shoulder” represents the forced labor the Israelites had to do as slaves in Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 81 6 r64s figs-synecdoche 0 his hands were freed from holding the basket Here “holding the basket” represents the forced labor the Israelites had to do as slaves in Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 81 7 hx7m 0 In your distress Alternate translation: “In your great suffering” PSA 81 7 wi77 figs-explicit 0 I answered you from a dark thundercloud When God came to the Israelites, he hid the fullness of his presence and glory in a dark and threatening cloud. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 81 7 u6w7 figs-explicit 0 I tested you at the waters of Meribah God tested the children of Israel to see if they would trust him to supply water in the desert of Meribah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 81 8 d1bd 0 General Information: Yahweh reminds the people what he said while they were in the desert. PSA 81 8 nrg3 0 for I will warn you Alternate translation: “because I am giving you a warning” PSA 81 8 eir9 figs-metonymy 0 Israel Here “Israel” represents the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “Israelites” or “people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 81 8 p48d 0 if you would only listen to me! Alternate translation: “how I wish you would listen to me” or “but you must start listening to me!” PSA 81 10 pl1b figs-metaphor 0 Open your mouth wide, and I will fill it God taking care of all the needs of the people is spoken of as if he were a mother bird feeding her baby birds. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 81 11 e2fa 0 General Information: Now Yahweh tells what actually happened after he warned the people. PSA 81 11 h3st 0 to my words Alternate translation: “to what I said” or “to me” PSA 81 12 h3uc figs-metaphor 0 So I gave them over to their own stubborn way God allowing the people to remain stubborn is spoken of as if God were giving them over to an enemy to let the enemy harm them. Alternate translation: “Therefore, I let them be stubborn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 81 13 ttu3 figs-metaphor 0 oh, that my people would walk in my paths God wanting the people to obey him is spoken of as if he wanted the people to walk on his paths or roads. Alternate translation: “I wish that they would obey my laws” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 81 14 ex41 figs-metonymy 0 turn my hand against Here “hand” represents Yahweh’s power. Alternate translation: “I would destroy” or “I would defeat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 81 15 xkc3 figs-123person 0 who hate Yahweh … before him Yahweh is speaking about himself in the third person. Alternate translation: “who hate me … before me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) PSA 81 15 yp2m 0 cringe in fear Alternate translation: “bow down in fear” or “fall down in fear” PSA 81 15 pck7 figs-activepassive 0 May they be humiliated forever This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I would humiliate them forever” or “I will punish them forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 81 16 q9k3 figs-metaphor 0 I would feed Israel with the finest wheat God causing the best wheat to grow in Israel is spoken of as if he would literally feed the wheat to the people. Alternate translation: “I would allow the Israelites to eat the finest wheat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 81 16 ix1f 0 feed Israel … satisfy you Both “Israel” and “you” refer to the Israelites. PSA 81 16 vv42 figs-explicit 0 honey out of the rock This refers to wild honey. Bees would build hives in the holes in rocks and make the honey there. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 82 intro a4le 0 # Psalm 082 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 82 is a psalm of judgment against the leaders of the other nations. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Favoritism<br>The leaders of the nations need to protect the poor and needy and not to favor the evil rich people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/favor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Metonymy<br><br>The leaders of the nations are represented by their gods. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) PSA 82 1 why9 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 82 1 c9rs 0 the divine assembly Alternate translation: “the heavenly council” or “the meeting in heaven” PSA 82 1 xb2b figs-abstractnouns 0 he renders judgment “he gives judgment.” The abstract noun “judgment” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “he judges” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 82 1 x4p7 0 the gods This could mean: (1) these are other spiritual beings who dwell in heaven. Alternate translation: “the divine beings” or “the heavenly judges” or (2) these are human judges that God has appointed. Either way, it does not mean they are gods like Yahweh is god. It means God has given them great power and authority. Alternate translation: “the rulers” PSA 82 2 h4lp figs-rquestion 0 How long will you judge unjustly and show favoritism to the wicked? Yahweh uses a question to rebuke the gods for not judging people fairly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 82 3 k9hy figs-nominaladj 0 poor … fatherless … afflicted … destitute These words are nominal adjectives. They can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “those who are poor … those who are fatherless … those who are afflicted … those who are destitute” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 82 3 a8r9 0 maintain the rights of the Alternate translation: “do what is right for the” PSA 82 4 f1ay figs-nominaladj 0 poor … needy … wicked These are all nominal adjectives. They can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “those who are poor … those who are needy … those who are wicked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 82 4 x9up figs-metonymy 0 take them out of the hand of the wicked Here the word “hand” represents power or control. Alternate translation: “stop the wicked people from harming them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 82 5 c2bz 0 They neither This could mean: (1) “they” refers to the gods or (2) “they” refers to the wicked people. PSA 82 5 ar42 figs-metaphor 0 they wander around in the darkness Doing what is evil is spoken of as if they were walking in a very dark place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 82 5 r4ui figs-metaphor 0 all the foundations of the earth crumble The gods corrupting the moral order that Yahweh established is spoken of as if the gods were shaking the earth and making it fall apart. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 82 5 l1x8 0 crumble fall apart PSA 82 6 ie8b 0 You are gods, and all of you sons of the Most High Here “gods” refers to the same group as in [Psalms 82:1](../082/001.md). Whether this refers to spiritual beings or human beings, they are not gods like Yahweh is God, and they are not literally his sons. By calling them “gods” and “sons of the Most High,” Yahweh is acknowledging that he has given them great power and authority. PSA 82 6 nch3 figs-123person 0 sons of the Most High Yahweh is speaking about himself as “the Most High.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) PSA 82 7 b7ra 0 Nevertheless you Alternate translation: “However you” PSA 82 7 h2cu figs-idiom 0 and fall This is a way of speaking of a person dying. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 82 8 rpl1 0 General Information: The writer is speaking again. PSA 82 8 acl5 figs-metonymy 0 judge the earth Here “earth” represents the people. Alternate translation: “judge the people of the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 82 8 lz8v figs-metaphor 0 for you have an inheritance in all the nations “for all the nations are your inheritance.” Yahweh taking all the people as his own and ruling over them is spoken of as if the nations were a possession that he inherited. Alternate translation: “for you rule over all the people of every nation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 82 8 j3wm figs-metonymy 0 all the nations Here “nations” represents the people of the nations. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 83 intro kij7 0 # Psalm 083 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 83 is a deliverance psalm. It is a prayer for deliverance from the many nations allied against Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Destruction<br>God should destroy these enemy nations like he destroyed Israel’s enemies during the time of the Judges. PSA 83 1 iiq7 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 83 1 c7u9 0 remain unmoved Alternate translation: “do nothing to help us” PSA 83 2 rq2g 0 Look, your enemies are making a commotion Here “making a commotion” means they are rioting and rebelling. Alternate translation: “Look, your enemies are rebelling against you” PSA 83 2 bzq3 figs-idiom 0 those who hate you have raised their heads The phrase “raised their heads” is way of saying they are rebelling against God. Alternate translation: “those who hate you are defying you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 83 3 h1c2 0 your protected ones “those whom you protect.” This refers to the Israelites. PSA 83 4 fk1e figs-metonymy 0 the name of Israel will no longer be remembered Here “name” represents a reputation or the memory of someone. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one will ever remember the Israelites existed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 83 5 ygx6 0 They schemed together with one strategy Alternate translation: “Your enemies have agreed together with one plan” PSA 83 5 nn8v 0 they made an alliance against you Alternate translation: “they have joined together against you” PSA 83 6 gj4d 0 General Information: The writer continues to list the people groups who want to destroy Israel. PSA 83 6 nv9e figs-metonymy 0 the tents of Edom This refers to the people of Edom who lived in tents. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 83 6 mn94 translate-names 0 Hagrites This is the name of a people group that lived on the east side of the Jordan River. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) PSA 83 7 sfe5 figs-metonymy 0 Gebal, Ammon, Amalek … Philistia These all represent the people of each area or tribe. Alternate translation: “the people of Gebal, the Ammonites, the Amalekites … the Philistines” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 83 7 t9lx translate-names 0 Gebal This is the name of a region south of the Dead Sea. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) PSA 83 8 fx46 figs-metonymy 0 Assyria This represents the people of Assyria. Alternate translation: “the people of Assyria” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 83 8 h5ji figs-metonymy 0 they have become an arm for the descendants of Lot Here “arm” is a metonym that represents “help.” Alternate translation: “they have become a help for the descendants of Lot” or “they are helping the descendants of Lot” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 83 8 tdc2 figs-explicit 0 the descendants of Lot This refers to the people of the nations of Moab and Ammon. You can make clear the understood information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 83 9 urp2 figs-explicit 0 Do to them as you did to Midian … Sisera and to Jabin The writer is asking God to defeat Israel’s enemies as he has done in the past. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 83 9 htz5 figs-metonymy 0 did to Midian Here “Midian” represents the people of Midian. Alternate translation: “did to the Midianites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 83 9 ic8x translate-names 0 Sisera … Jabin These are names of men. Jabin was king of Hazor. Sisera was the commander of Jabin’s army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) PSA 83 9 ed1d translate-names 0 Kishon River This is the name of a river in northern Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) PSA 83 10 m286 translate-names 0 Endor This is the name of a town in northern Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) PSA 83 10 brp3 figs-simile 0 became like manure for the earth This means the bodies of Sisera and Jabin were not buried but were left to rot. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 83 11 pes3 figs-explicit 0 General Information: The writer continues to remind God of other enemies he has defeated for Israel in the past. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 83 11 d9z1 translate-names 0 Oreb … Zeeb … Zebah … Zalmunna These are all names of kings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) PSA 83 12 iu21 0 They said Here “They” refers to Oreb, Zeeb, Zebah and Zalmunna. PSA 83 12 umg2 figs-metaphor 0 the pastures of God This speaks about the land of Israel as if it were land for sheep to graze and God were the shepherd watching over it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 83 13 uun3 figs-simile 0 General Information: The writer uses similes to describe God’s total destruction of Israel’s enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 83 13 f5ey figs-simile 0 make them like the whirling dust, like chaff before the wind Both statements speak of God destroying his enemies as if he were a strong wind easily blowing them away. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 83 14 j9u1 figs-simile 0 like the fire that burns the forest, and like the flame that sets the mountains on fire Both statements speak of God’s punishment as if it were a fire, and the enemies of God are things that burn in the fire. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 83 15 ax1z figs-simile 0 Chase them with your strong wind, and terrify them with your windstorm Both statements ask God to destroy the enemies with storms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 83 16 c54c figs-synecdoche 0 Fill their faces with shame Here “faces” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “Make them very ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 83 16 q834 figs-metonymy 0 they might seek your name Here “name” represents God’s power. God’s enemies acknowledging that God is powerful is spoken of as if they are seeking to find Yahweh. Alternate translation: “they might acknowledge that you are powerful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 83 16 rq63 0 seek your name This could mean: (1) God’s enemies admit that God is powerful or (2) God’s enemies are asking God for help or (3) God’s enemies start to worship and obey him. PSA 83 17 q6j1 figs-activepassive 0 May they be put to shame and be terrified forever This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Make them ashamed and terrified forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 83 17 l9px 0 may they perish in disgrace Alternate translation: “may they die while they are ashamed” PSA 83 18 y45v 0 Then they will know This can also be stated as the writer making a request to God. Alternate translation: “Cause them to know” PSA 83 18 tw1g figs-metaphor 0 are the Most High over all the earth God ruling over everything in the earth is spoken of as if he were elevated higher than everything else. Alternate translation: “are supreme, and you rule all things on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 84 intro mf13 0 # Psalm 084 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 84 is a worship psalm.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Obedience<br>God blesses all who want to obey him. Praising God in his temple is better than anything else. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])<br><br>### Similarity to Psalm 42-43<br>There are many similarities between these psalms and some scholars suggest they were written by the same people. PSA 84 1 mkj6 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 84 1 wu9e 0 For the chief musician Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship” PSA 84 1 yxs9 0 set to the Gittith This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 8:1](../008/001.md). PSA 84 1 yte3 0 How lovely Alternate translation: “How beautiful” PSA 84 2 ueb8 0 I long for the courts of Yahweh Alternate translation: “I really want to be in the courts of Yahweh” PSA 84 2 fp2u figs-synecdoche 0 the courts of Yahweh Here “courts” represent the temple. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 84 2 dw38 0 my desire for it has made me exhausted Alternate translation: “my desire has exhausted me” or “I am tired because I want it so much” PSA 84 2 jf7p figs-synecdoche 0 My heart and all of my being call out Here “heart” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I call out with all of my being” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 84 2 ctf7 0 the living God This means God is living and he also has the power to cause other things to live. PSA 84 3 c9d8 translate-unknown 0 sparrow … swallow These are types of birds. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) PSA 84 3 y2c8 0 found her a house Alternate translation: “found her a home” or “made her a home” PSA 84 3 pqi7 figs-ellipsis 0 the swallow a nest Here the words “has found” or “has made” are understood. Alternate translation: “the swallow has found a nest” or “the swallow has made a nest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 84 3 xwe2 0 where she may lay her young Alternate translation: “where she may lay her eggs and care for her babies” PSA 84 4 c9r1 0 they who live in your house This could mean: (1) “they” refers to the priests who permanently serve at the temple or (2) “they” refers to people in general who come and worship at the temple. PSA 84 4 rs8w 0 praise you continually Alternate translation: “keep praising you again and again” PSA 84 5 nkn2 figs-genericnoun 0 Blessed is the man Here “man” refers to people in general. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) PSA 84 5 pd3t figs-metaphor 0 whose strength is in you God is spoken of as if strength was actually found in him. Alternate translation: “whom you strengthen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 84 5 kb9x figs-metaphor 0 in whose heart are the highways up to Zion This expression is about heart-felt desire. Alternate translation: “Who love to go up to Zion” or “Who earnestly wish go up to Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 84 5 lwg6 0 highways roads built higher than the surrounding ground PSA 84 5 spb2 0 up to Zion The temple was in Jerusalem on the top of the highest hill, called Mount Zion. PSA 84 6 jep9 0 the Valley of Tears This refers to a dry, arid place. Some Bible versions have “the Valley of Baca.” The word “Baca” means “weeping.” PSA 84 6 p6ml 0 The early rains This means the rain that falls in autumn before the cold season. This is during the months of October and November on Western calendars. PSA 84 6 hln3 figs-metonymy 0 blessings Here the word “blessings” is a metonym for the pools of water that make people who live in dry lands happy. Alternate translation: “pools of water that make them happy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 84 7 w1gb figs-idiom 0 They go from strength to strength This is a way of saying they get stronger. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 84 7 jnf4 0 They go Here “They” refers to those who strongly desire to go to the temple to worship God. PSA 84 9 jrd6 figs-metaphor 0 God, watch over our shield The king who protects his people is spoken of as if he were a shield. Alternate translation: “God, watch over our king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 84 10 r2ll figs-ellipsis 0 For one day in your courts is better than a thousand elsewhere This can be stated with the understood information. Alternate translation: “I would rather be in your courts for one day than to be somewhere else for a thousand days” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 84 10 k1rk translate-numbers 0 a thousand “1,000” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) PSA 84 10 ih7r 0 be a doorkeeper Alternate translation: “be a guard at the door” or “stand at the door” PSA 84 10 rz91 figs-nominaladj 0 the wicked This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “wicked people” or “those who are wicked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 84 11 d9l1 figs-metaphor 0 For Yahweh God is our sun and shield Yahweh who guides and protects his people is spoken of as if he were the sun and a shield. Alternate translation: “For Yahweh God guides us like the light from the sun, and he protects us like a shield” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 84 11 ge8a figs-abstractnouns 0 Yahweh will give grace and glory The abstract nouns “grace” and “glory” can be stated as verbs. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will be kind to us and honor us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 84 11 tv3q 0 who walk in integrity The way a person conducts their lives or behaves is spoken of as if the person were walking. Alternate translation: “who live honestly” or “who are honest” PSA 84 12 tfi5 figs-genericnoun 0 blessed is the man Here “man” means people in general. Alternate translation: “blessed are those” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) PSA 85 intro vtd4 0 # Psalm 085 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 85 is a worship psalm.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Blessings<br>God has given so many blessings. If the people stop their sinning, then the land will be filled by the glory of God and his blessings. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]])<br><br>### Group Prayer<br>Note how this psalm uses the plural to show that it is a group praying. PSA 85 1 d8a7 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 85 1 h493 0 For the chief musician Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship.” PSA 85 1 iym4 figs-metonymy 0 you have showed favor to your land Here “land” represents the nation and people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 85 1 p2e2 0 well-being This refers to a person being happy, healthy and prosperous. PSA 85 1 hjx5 figs-synecdoche 0 of Jacob Here “Jacob” represents Jacob’s descendents, the Israelites. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 85 2 bm36 figs-metaphor 0 you have covered all their sin Here sin that is forgiven is spoken of as if it were covered so that it can not be seen. Alternate translation: “you have deliberately forgotten their sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 85 2 zdx5 0 their sin This writer thought of himself as belonging to God’s people. Alternate translation: “our sin” PSA 85 3 n2va figs-metaphor 0 You have withdrawn all your wrath God no longer punishing the Israelites is spoken of as if wrath were an object that Yahweh could take away from the Israelites. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 85 3 eh2w figs-metaphor 0 you have turned back from your hot anger God no longer being angry with the Israelites is spoken of as if anger were a fire that God from which God turned away. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 85 4 r347 figs-abstractnouns 0 God of our salvation The abstract noun “salvation” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “God who saves us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 85 4 u4ty figs-metaphor 0 let go of your displeasure with us Asking God to stop being angry with the Israelites is spoken of as if displeasure were an object the writer wants God to let go of. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 85 5 b6ih figs-rquestion 0 Will you be angry with us forever? Will you remain angry throughout future generations? The writer uses these questions to emphasize that he is requesting God to stop being angry with them. These rhetorical questions can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Please do not stay angry at us forever.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 85 6 fc4x figs-rquestion 0 Will you not revive us again? The writer uses a question to emphasize his request to God to make the people of Israel prosper and happy again. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Please make us prosper again.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 85 7 am5x figs-abstractnouns 0 Show us your covenant faithfulness If the sentence is rearranged, the ideas in the abstract noun “covenant faithfulness” can be expressed with the phrase “faithful to your covenant.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 85 7 u94q figs-abstractnouns 0 grant us your salvation This is how the writer wants God to show his faithfulness to his people. If the sentence is rearranged, the ideas in the abstract noun “salvation” can be expressed with the verb “save.” Alternate translation: “and save us” or “by saving us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 85 8 f1q2 0 make peace with his people Alternate translation: “have a peaceful relationship with his people” or “bring peace to his people” PSA 85 8 mt5f figs-metaphor 0 Yet they must not turn again to foolish ways A person changing the way he behaves is spoken of as if he were physically turning to a different direction. Alternate translation: “Yet they must not start doing foolish things again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 85 9 q85w figs-metaphor 0 Surely his salvation is near to those God being ready to save someone is spoken of as if salvation were an object that God has placed near someone. Alternate translation: “Surely God is ready to save those” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 85 9 w9na figs-metonymy 0 then glory will remain in our land Here “glory” represents God’s presence. Alternate translation: “then his glorious presence will remain in our land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 85 10 r9mp figs-abstractnouns 0 Covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness have met together The abstract nouns “faithfulness” and “trustworthiness” are spoken of as if they were persons who meet together. This could mean: (1) God has been faithful because of his covenant and has done what he promised to do. Alternate translation: “God has been faithful to his covenant and has proven that he is worthy of people trusting him” or (2) God has been faithful because of his covenant and the people have responded by being faithful to him. Alternate translation: “God has been faithful to his covenant and people have responded by trusting him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 85 10 vxd4 0 have met together … have kissed each other Most likely the speaker is describing a time in the future when God causes the people to prosper again. Alternate translation: “will meet together … will kiss each other” PSA 85 10 ilq2 figs-abstractnouns 0 righteousness and peace have kissed each other This could mean: (1) the people will do what is right and God will cause the people to live in peace or (2) God will do what is right and will cause the people to live in peace. Either way righteousness and peace are abstract nouns and are spoken of as if they were persons who kiss each other. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 85 10 pbn4 0 kissed each other This was a common way for friends to greet each other. PSA 85 11 y3gv figs-metaphor 0 Trustworthiness springs up from the ground The people on earth being faithful to God is spoken of as if trustworthiness were a plant growing out of the ground. The abstract noun “trustworthiness” can be stated as “loyal.” Alternate translation: “Here on earth, we will be loyal to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 85 11 uw31 figs-abstractnouns 0 righteousness looks down from the sky The word “righteousness” is an abstract noun, and it is spoken of as a person looking down as God does. Alternate translation: “God will look on us from heaven and will act justly towards us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 85 13 bxa8 figs-personification 0 Righteousness will go before him and make a way for his footsteps God doing what is right everywhere he goes is spoken of as if righteousness were a person who goes ahead of God and prepares a path for God to walk. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 85 13 b458 figs-metonymy 0 his footsteps Here “footsteps” represents where God walks. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 86 intro yms3 0 # Psalm 086 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 86 is a deliverance psalm. He is praying for deliverance from his many enemies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s help<br>God has blessed the psalmist and is so loving to him. He has been one of God’s servants. Now he needs God to save him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/love]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) PSA 86 1 ss24 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 86 1 j7gt 0 poor and needy Alternate translation: “weak and needy” PSA 86 2 b1gx figs-123person 0 save your servant David refers to himself as “your servant,” that is, God’s servant. Alternate translation: “save me, your servant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) PSA 86 3 xel4 figs-hyperbole 0 all day long This is an exaggeration. David cries out continually, but not literally at all times from dawn to dusk. Alternate translation: “continually” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) PSA 86 4 fc6p figs-123person 0 Make your servant glad David refers to himself as “your servant,” that is, God’s servant. Alternate translation: “Make me, your servant” or “Make me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) PSA 86 7 mlm4 0 In the day of my trouble Alternate translation: “During my times of difficulty” PSA 86 7 xp82 0 I call on you Alternate translation: “I pray to you” PSA 86 8 ey46 figs-explicit 0 among the gods The writer is not acknowledging these other gods exist. He is referring to false gods that people from other nations worship. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 86 9 nvl8 figs-metonymy 0 All the nations Here “the nations” represent the people. Alternate translation: “The people from all nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 86 9 hb9u figs-metonymy 0 They will honor your name Here “name” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “They will honor you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 86 10 ide9 0 wonderful things Alternate translation: “very good things that amaze me” PSA 86 10 qsw4 0 you only are God Alternate translation: “you are the only God” PSA 86 11 sa8a figs-metaphor 0 Teach me your ways, Yahweh. Then I will walk in your truth A person who obeys what God wants is spoken of as if he were walking on God’s way or road. Alternate translation: “Teach me your truth, Yahweh. Then I will obey what you say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 86 11 up7s figs-metonymy 0 Unite my heart to reverence you Here “heart” represents a person’s thoughts, emotions, and motives. Asking God to cause a person to respect him completely is spoken of as if the person’s heart were in many pieces and that God unites them together. Alternate translation: “Cause me to respect you sincerely with all my heart” or “Cause me to respect you sincerely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 86 12 ln3t figs-metonymy 0 I will praise you with my whole heart Here “heart” represents a person’s thoughts, emotions, and motives. Alternate translation: “I will praise you completely and sincerely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 86 12 r58p figs-metonymy 0 I will glorify your name Here “name” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I will glorify you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 86 13 pa7h figs-abstractnouns 0 For great is your covenant faithfulness toward me The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “For you are very faithful to me because of your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 86 13 m9g3 0 you have rescued my life from the depths of Sheol This does not mean God brought him back to life after he died. It means God saved him when he was about to die. PSA 86 14 dx52 figs-nominaladj 0 the arrogant This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “arrogant people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 86 14 ih3b 0 have risen up against me Alternate translation: “are coming together to harm me” PSA 86 14 tb73 figs-idiom 0 seek my life This is a way of saying they want to kill him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 86 15 l91z figs-metaphor 0 and abundant in covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness God constantly being faithful and trustworthy is spoken of as if faithfulness and trustworthiness were objects of which God has a large quantity. The two abstract nouns can be translated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “always faithful to your covenant and very worthy of people trusting you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 86 16 rlz9 figs-metaphor 0 Turn toward me Asking God to consider him is spoken of as if he wanted God to turn and look at him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 86 16 ha4f figs-abstractnouns 0 give your strength to your servant The abstract noun “strength” can be stated as a verb or an adjective. Alternate translation: “strengthen your servant” or “make your servant strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 86 16 r4fq figs-123person 0 your servant … the son of your servant woman The writer is speaking about himself in the third person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) PSA 86 17 ja63 figs-activepassive 0 be put to shame This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they will be ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 87 intro l8z3 0 # Psalm 087 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 87 is a psalm about Jerusalem.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Pride<br>People will be proud to have been born in Jerusalem.<br><br>### Psalms about Jerusalem<br><br>Psalm 46, 48, and 76 are part of a group of psalms that celebrate Jerusalem. PSA 87 1 pr6p writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 87 2 mz5w figs-synecdoche 0 gates of Zion Here “gates of Zion” represents the entire city of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “city of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 87 2 tah3 figs-metonymy 0 all the tents of Jacob The people lived in tents while they wandered in the desert. Here the writer uses “tents of Jacob” to represent where the Israelites live now. Alternate translation: “any of the other dwelling places of the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 87 3 hrr7 figs-apostrophe 0 Glorious things are said of you, city of God The writer speaks to the city of Jerusalem as if it were listening to him. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “You people in Jerusalem, other people say wonderful things about your city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 87 4 mkk9 0 I mention “I tell about.” Here “I” refers to Yahweh. PSA 87 4 x63j figs-metonymy 0 Rahab and Babylon Here “Rahab” is a poetic way of referring to Egypt. Both “Rahab” and “Babylon” represent the people. Alternate translation: “the people of Egypt and Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) PSA 87 4 x7tc 0 to my followers Alternate translation: “to those who worship me” PSA 87 4 qzf2 figs-metaphor 0 This one was born there “This one” refers to the people from the nations that the writer mentions. Although they were not physically born in Zion, those who follow God are natives of Jerusalem spiritually. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 87 5 uer3 figs-activepassive 0 Of Zion it will be said This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People will say about Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 87 5 bqs5 figs-metaphor 0 Each of these was born in her People from other nations that worship Yahweh are spoken of as if they were born in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “It is as though all of these people were born in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 87 5 qxn4 0 in her It was common to refer to cities as “her.” Alternate translation: “in Jerusalem” or “in Zion” PSA 87 5 zdf6 figs-rpronouns 0 the Most High himself The writer uses the reflexive pronoun “himself” to emphasize that it is the Most High who is doing this. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) PSA 87 5 mx5t 0 will establish her Alternate translation: “will make Jerusalem strong” PSA 87 6 p3jr figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh writes in the census book of the nations Yahweh acknowledging that the people from other nations belong to him is spoken of as if he were a king writing down the names of the people who live in his city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 87 6 wgv4 figs-metaphor 0 This one was born there “This one” refers to the people from the nations that the writer mentions. Although they were not physically born in Zion, those who follow God are natives of Jerusalem spiritually. See how you translated this in [Psalms 87:4](../087/004.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 87 7 q7a8 figs-metaphor 0 All my fountains are in you Jerusalem being a place where people receive all their blessings is spoken of as if Jerusalem were a spring that provided water to the people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 88 intro w2mk 0 # Psalm 088 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 88 is a psalm of deliverance from sickness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br>### Abandon<br>Ever since he was a child, the psalmist has been sick, and now all his friends have abandoned him. If he dies he cannot testify about God’s healing. PSA 88 1 vi6i writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 88 1 d8eg 0 A song, a psalm of the sons of Korah Alternate translation: “This is a psalm that the sons of Korah wrote” PSA 88 1 qm8l 0 for the chief musician Alternate translation: “this is for the director of music to use in worship” PSA 88 1 f9te translate-transliterate 0 set to the Mahalath Leannoth style This may refer to a style of music. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]]) PSA 88 1 i9mw 0 A maschil This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 32:1](../032/001.md). PSA 88 1 l37h translate-names 0 Heman This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) PSA 88 1 w1cg figs-abstractnouns 0 God of my salvation The abstract noun “salvation” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “you are the one who saves me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 88 1 hj2g figs-merism 0 day and night The writer uses these words with opposite meanings to say that he cries out continually. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) PSA 88 3 j9c1 figs-metaphor 0 For I am filled with troubles The writer speaks of himself as if he were a container and troubles are the contents that fill the container. Alternate translation: “For I am very troubled” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 88 3 tee7 figs-metonymy 0 my life has reached Sheol Here “life” represents the writer. And “Sheol” represents death. The writer speaks about himself possibly dying soon as if Sheol were a place and he has arrived at that place. Alternate translation: “I am about to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 88 4 xl1m figs-metonymy 0 People treat me like those who go down into the pit The word “pit” means the same as “Sheol.” The phrase “go down into the pit” represents dying. Alternate translation: “people treat me like I have already died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 88 5 yvx8 figs-metaphor 0 I am abandoned among the dead People treating the writer as if he were already dead is spoken of as if he were a corpse that they left unburied. Alternate translation: I am left alone as if I were dead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 88 5 yw6f figs-simile 0 I am like the dead who lie in the grave The writer feeling like people and God have abandoned him speaks about himself as if he were already a dead person lying in a grave. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 88 5 hf3g figs-nominaladj 0 the dead who lie The nominal adjective “the dead” can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “a dead person who lies” or “dead people who lie” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 88 5 khp3 0 about whom you care no more Alternate translation: “who no longer receive your care” or “people you have stopped caring about” PSA 88 5 wf13 figs-metaphor 0 they are cut off from your power God no longer using his power to help dead people is spoken of as if God literally cut him off or removed him from his power. Alternate translation: “you no longer use your power to help them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 88 6 z7j5 figs-metaphor 0 You place me in the lowest part of the pit, in the dark and deep places The writer feeling like God has abandoned him speaks about himself as if God has put the him in the deepest and darkest grave. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 88 7 b6u3 figs-metaphor 0 Your wrath lies heavy on me This speaks about God being very angry with the writer as if God’s wrath were a heavy object lying on top of the writer. Alternate translation: “I feel your great anger” or “I feel how very angry you are with me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 88 7 te8c figs-metaphor 0 all your waves crash over me This speaks about God being very angry with the writer as if God’s anger were large waves rising up from the sea then landing on the writer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 88 8 vss9 0 my acquaintances Alternate translation: “those who know me” PSA 88 8 vb5j 0 You have made me a shocking sight to them Alternate translation: “You have made me a disgusting sight to them” or “Because of you, they are shocked when they see me” PSA 88 8 ezj9 figs-metaphor 0 I am hemmed in The writer’s physical condition that makes him repulsive to his friends is spoken of as if he were in closed into a confining space. Alternate translation: “It is as though I were in a prison” or “I am trapped” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 88 9 k5hb figs-metonymy 0 My eyes grow weary from trouble Here “eyes” represents a person’s ability to see. For his eyes to grow weary from trouble is a way of saying that he his troubles cause him to cry so much that it is hard for him to see. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 88 9 af1k translate-symaction 0 I spread out my hands to you “I lift up my hands to you.” This is an action that shows that he totally depends on God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) PSA 88 10 q775 figs-rquestion 0 Will you do wonders for the dead? The writer uses a question to emphasize that if God lets him die then God will no longer be able to do wonderful things for him. Alternate translation: “You do not do wonders for dead people.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 88 10 nv8l figs-rquestion 0 Will those who have died rise and praise you? The writer uses a question to emphasize that if God lets him die then he will not be able to praise God any longer. Alternate translation: “You know that those who have died will not stand up and praise you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 88 11 a7rt figs-parallelism 0 Will your covenant faithfulness be proclaimed in the grave, your loyalty in the place of the dead? Both questions mean the same thing. The writer uses questions to emphasize that a dead person is not able to praise God’s faithfulness. The abstract nouns “faithfulness” and “loyalty” can be translated as adjectives. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Nobody will proclaim your covenant faithfulness or loyalty from the grave.” or “Nobody will proclaim from the grave that you are faithful to your covenant and loyal to your people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 88 11 pt2z 0 the grave … the place of the dead These represent the place where people go after they die. PSA 88 11 vbv3 figs-ellipsis 0 your loyalty in the place of the dead? This can be translated as a separate sentence. Alternate translation: “Will your loyalty be proclaimed in the place of the dead?” or “Those who are dead will not proclaim your loyalty.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 88 12 ec9z 0 in the darkness … the place of forgetfulness These represent the place where people go after they die. PSA 88 12 lf46 figs-parallelism 0 Will your wonderful deeds be known in the darkness, or your righteousness in the place of forgetfulness? Both questions mean the same thing. The writer uses questions to emphasize that those who are dead are not able to experience or proclaim the great things God does. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People will not talk about your wonderful deeds and righteousness in the dark place of the forgotten dead.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 88 12 u1h9 figs-ellipsis 0 or your righteousness in the place of forgetfulness? This can be translated as a separate sentence. Alternate translation: “Will your righteousness be known in the place of forgetfulness?” or “Those who are in the place of forgetfulness will not know about the righteous things you do.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 88 13 tle5 figs-metaphor 0 my prayer comes before you The writer praying to Yahweh is spoken of as if the prayer itself goes to speak with Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 88 14 wg44 figs-metaphor 0 Why do you hide your face from me? This speaks of the writer feeling like God has rejected or abandoned him as if God were hiding his face or physically turning away from the writer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 88 16 q3hi figs-metaphor 0 Your angry actions have passed over me This speaks of God punishing the writer as if God’s actions are a large wave rising out of the sea that fall on and crush the writer. Alternate translation: “It is as if your angry actions crush me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 88 16 e9zd figs-hyperbole 0 your terrifying deeds have annihilated me This exaggeration speaks about God punishing the writer as if God has completely destroyed the writer. Alternate translation: “the terrifying things you do have destroyed me” or “the terrifying things you do have almost destroyed me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) PSA 88 17 z4t8 figs-simile 0 They surround me like water all the day long The writer compares God’s “angry actions” and “terrifying deeds” to a flood of water. Alternate translation: “All day long they threaten to destroy me like a flood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 88 17 e9s9 0 They The word “They” refers to God’s “angry actions” and “terrifying deeds” from the previous verse. PSA 88 17 qva9 figs-metaphor 0 they have all encircled me The writer speaks of God’s “angry actions” and “terrifying deeds” as if they were enemies who were trying to capture and kill him. Alternate translation: “they have surrounded me like enemy soldiers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 88 18 x6gd 0 every friend and acquaintance Alternate translation: “every person I love and know” PSA 88 18 pnc1 figs-personification 0 My only acquaintance is the darkness This speaks about darkness as if it were a person that could be friends with someone else. The writer is emphasizing that he feels completely alone. Alternate translation: “Everywhere I go it is dark” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 89 intro aw17 0 # Psalm 089 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 89 is a worship and a deliverance psalm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s promises<br>God is mighty and has promised David an eternal kingdom. But now that kingdom is being destroyed. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]])<br><br>### Parallelism<br>This psalm exhibits the kind of parallelism where the second line often emphasizes the first line. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 89 1 knd1 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 89 1 mu2k 0 A maschil This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 32:1](../032/001.md). PSA 89 1 dqe7 translate-names 0 Ethan This is the name of the writer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) PSA 89 1 sv5i figs-abstractnouns 0 acts of covenant faithfulness The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “faithful acts” or “loving acts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 89 2 pbm7 figs-metaphor 0 Covenant faithfulness has been established forever God always doing what he promised to do is spoken of as if his faithfulness were a building that God has built and made firm. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “You will always be faithful because of your covenant with us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 89 2 hn1i figs-metaphor 0 your truthfulness you have established in the heavens God always doing what he promised to do is spoken of as if his faithfulness were a building that God has built and made firm. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 89 2 l9ik 0 in the heavens This could mean: (1) this refers to God’s dwelling place. This would mean God rules from heaven and he always does what he promises or (2) this refers to the sky. This would mean that God’s promises are as constant and permanent as the sky . PSA 89 3 d13j figs-explicit 0 I have made a covenant with my chosen one You can make explicit that “chosen one” refers to David. Alternate translation: “I made a promise to David, the one I chose” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 89 3 y54c 0 I have made Yahweh is speaking in 89:3-4. PSA 89 4 yr1g figs-metaphor 0 I will establish your descendants forever Yahweh always causing one of David’s descendants to be king is spoken of as if David’s descendants are a building that Yahweh will build and make firm. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 89 4 p2z4 figs-metonymy 0 I will establish your throne through all generations Here “throne” represents the power to rule as king. The psalmist speaks of God promising that one of David’s descendants will always rule as king as if God will build David’s throne and make it firm. Alternate translation: “I will make sure that one of your descendants will rule as king over every generation of my people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 89 5 m81y figs-metonymy 0 The heavens praise Here “heavens” represents those who are in heaven. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 89 5 e553 0 praise your wonders, Yahweh Alternate translation: “praise you, Yahweh, because of the wonderful things you do” PSA 89 5 gs3g figs-activepassive 0 your truthfulness is praised in the assembly of the holy ones The abstract noun “truthfulness” can be stated as “you always do what you promise to do.” This can also be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The assembly of the holy ones praises you because you always do what you promise to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 89 5 g9qz 0 the assembly of the holy ones This refers to the angels in heaven. PSA 89 6 c358 figs-parallelism 0 For who in the skies can be compared to Yahweh? Who among the sons of the gods is like Yahweh? Both questions mean the same thing. The writer is using question to emphasize that there in no one in heaven like Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 89 6 vj1k figs-idiom 0 sons of the gods Here “sons of” means having the characteristics of. This is a way of referring to other spiritual beings that live in heaven. Alternate translation: “angels” or “divine beings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 89 7 rgy8 figs-activepassive 0 He is a God who is greatly honored in the council of the holy ones This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The council of the holy ones greatly honors God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 89 7 vtz8 0 the council of the holy ones Alternate translation: “the gathering of heavenly beings” or “the gathering of angels” PSA 89 8 cs88 figs-rquestion 0 who is strong like you, Yahweh? The writer asks the question to emphasize there is no one as strong as Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 89 8 niz2 figs-metaphor 0 Your truthfulness surrounds you Yahweh always dong what he promises to do is spoken of as if his truthfulness were a cloak or garment that wraps around him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 89 9 t34l 0 You rule the raging sea Alternate translation: “You control the raging sea” PSA 89 10 q99x figs-explicit 0 You crushed Rahab as one who is killed The word “Rahab” here refers to a monster of the sea. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) PSA 89 10 uhp9 figs-metonymy 0 with your strong arm Here “arm” represents power. Alternate translation: “with your great power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 89 12 di8b figs-merism 0 the north and the south The writer uses the words “north” and “south” together to mean that God created everything everywhere. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) PSA 89 12 y2hj figs-personification 0 Tabor and Hermon rejoice in your name Tabor is a mountain southwest of the sea of Galilee and Hermon is a mountain northeast of the sea of Galilee. The writer describes these mountains as if they were persons who could rejoice. Alternate translation: “It is as if Mount Tabor and Mount Hermon were rejoicing in your name” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) PSA 89 12 b76n figs-metonymy 0 in your name Here “name” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “in you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 89 13 j9ue figs-metonymy 0 You have a mighty arm and a strong hand, and your right hand is high The words “mighty arm,” “strong hand,” and “right hand” all represent God’s power. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 89 13 ldw5 translate-symaction 0 right hand is high To raise the right hand high into the air is a gesture that indicates power. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) PSA 89 14 hyu5 figs-metaphor 0 Righteousness and justice are the foundation of your throne God ruling as king and doing what is right and just is spoken of as if God’s throne were a building, and righteousness and justice were its foundation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 89 14 w4d5 figs-metonymy 0 your throne The throne represents God’s rule as king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 89 14 x3in figs-metaphor 0 Covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness come before you God always being faithful and doing what he promises to do is spoken of as if covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness come and meet with God. The abstract nouns can be translated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “You are always faithful to your covenant and are worthy of people trusting you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 89 15 a8ms figs-explicit 0 who worship you Here the word “worship” implies shouting and blowing horns. These were common acts of worship during Israelite festivals. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 89 15 p2gi figs-metaphor 0 they walk Here people living their lives is spoken of as if they were walking. Alternate translation: “they live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 89 15 v1rr figs-metaphor 0 in the light of your face The writer speaks of Yahweh acting favorably towards them as if Yahweh’s face shone a light on them. Alternate translation: “knowing that you act favorably towards them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 89 16 j2hd figs-metonymy 0 in your name Here “name” represents the person. Alternate translation: “in you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 89 16 uz6z figs-abstractnouns 0 in your righteousness they exalt you The abstract noun “righteousness” can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “they exalt you because you always do what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 89 17 f1h8 figs-abstractnouns 0 You are their majestic strength The abstract noun “strength” can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “You make them wonderfully strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 89 17 w9hu figs-explicit 0 You are their Here “their” refers to the Israelites. The writer would have included himself as a member of the Israelites. Alternate translation: “You are our” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 89 17 t45a figs-exclusive 0 we are victorious Here “we” refers to the writer and the Israelites but not to Yahweh, to whom he speaks. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) PSA 89 18 nu6c figs-metaphor 0 For our shield belongs to Yahweh The king who protects his people and whom Yahweh chose is spoken of as if he were a shield that belongs to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 89 19 e2wr figs-explicit 0 General Information: The writer assumes that the reader knows the history of how David became the chosen king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 89 19 erw7 translate-symaction 0 I have set a crown on a mighty one To place a crown on a person’s head is a sign of making him king. Alternate translation: “I have made a mighty man king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) PSA 89 19 fxq4 0 set a crown on a mighty one Some Bible translations have “given strength to a mighty one” or “helped a mighty one.” PSA 89 19 ss27 figs-idiom 0 I have raised up one chosen from among the people Here “raised up” means appointed. It is implied that God chose this person to be king. Alternate translation: “I have chosen one from among the people to be king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 89 20 nkd2 translate-symaction 0 with my holy oil have I anointed him Here to pour oil on someone’s head is a sign that God is appointing the person to be king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) PSA 89 21 u6uc figs-metonymy 0 My hand will support him; my arm will strengthen him Here “hand” and “arm” both means the power and control of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “I will support him and make him strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 89 22 h3tn figs-metonymy 0 son of wickedness The writer refers to those who have the nature or character of wickedness as “sons of wickedness.” Alternate translation: “wicked person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 89 24 x8f4 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues speaking about David. PSA 89 24 v3cj figs-metaphor 0 My truth and my covenant faithfulness will be with him God always being loyal and doing what he promises for David is spoken of as if truth and faithfulness were objects that would be with David. The abstract nouns “truth” and “faithfulness” can be translated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “I will always be truthful with him and I will always act faithfully towards him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 89 24 q652 figs-metonymy 0 by my name he will be victorious Here “name” represents God’ power. Alternate translation: “I, God, will cause him to be victorious” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 89 25 k7aa figs-metonymy 0 I will place his hand over the sea and his right hand over the rivers Here “hand” and “right hand” represent power and authority. Here “the sea” seems to refer to the Mediterranean Sea west of Israel, and “rivers” refers to the Euphrates river in the east. This means David will have authority over everything from the sea to the river. Alternate translation: “I will give him authority over everything from the Mediterranean sea to the Euphrates river” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) PSA 89 26 hc3j figs-quotesinquotes 0 He will call out to me, ‘You are my Father, my God, and the rock of my salvation.’ This has a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “He will say that I am his Father, his God, and the rock of his salvation.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) PSA 89 26 ue8t figs-metaphor 0 the rock of my salvation Yahweh protecting and saving David is spoken of as if Yahweh were a high rock that David could stand on top of for protection from enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 89 27 m5u8 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues speaking about David. PSA 89 27 i4nj figs-metaphor 0 I also will place him as my firstborn son Yahweh giving David special rank and privileges over all other people is spoken of as if David would be Yahweh’s firstborn son. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 89 28 zs6u figs-metaphor 0 I will extend my covenant faithfulness to him forever Yahweh speaks of continuing to act faithfully towards David is spoken of as if Yahweh’s covenant faithfulness were an object that he extends or makes longer. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adverb. Alternate translation: “I will continue to act faithfully towards him forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 89 29 nlx7 figs-simile 0 his throne as enduring as the skies above Someone from David’s family always ruling as king is spoken of as if his throne would last as long as the sky will last. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 89 29 k6mi figs-metonymy 0 his throne Here “throne” represents the power to rule as king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 89 30 zb7x 0 his children Alternate translation: “David’s descendants” PSA 89 32 s8vu figs-metaphor 0 punish their rebellion with a rod God punishing David’s descendants is spoken of as if he would hit them with a rod. The abstract noun “rebellion” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “punish them for rebelling against me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 89 32 fq8i figs-metaphor 0 their iniquity with blows God punishing David’s descendants is spoken of as if God would literally hit them. This can be stated as a complete sentence. Alternate translation: “I will punish them because they sinned against me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 89 33 k75f figs-litotes 0 I will not remove my steadfast love from him or be unfaithful to my promise This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “I will always love David, and I will do what I promised to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) PSA 89 34 m6m3 figs-synecdoche 0 the words of my lips Here “lips” represent the whole mouth and the person speaking. Alternate translation: “what I said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 89 36 by6y figs-ellipsis 0 his throne as long as the sun before me The words “will continue” are understood. Alternate translation: “his throne will continue as long as the sun before me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 89 36 tm79 figs-metonymy 0 his throne Here “throne” represents the power to rule as king. God is promising that one of David’s descendants will always be king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 89 36 w6yh figs-simile 0 as long as the sun before me God compares David’s rule as king to the sun to emphasize that someone from David’s descendants will always rule as king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 89 37 mwr5 figs-activepassive 0 It will be established forever Here “It” stands for David’s throne or power to rule as king. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will cause it to last forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 89 37 je44 figs-simile 0 forever like the moon God compares David’s rule as king to the moon to emphasize that someone from David’s descendants will always rule as king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 89 37 gb6v figs-personification 0 the moon, the faithful witness in the sky The moon is spoken of as if it were a person who witnesses God making this promise to David. Alternate translation: “the moon, which is like a faithful witness in the sky” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 89 38 exj7 figs-ellipsis 0 you have refused and rejected The words “the king” are understood. Alternate translation: “you have refused and rejected the king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 89 38 qnj2 0 with your anointed king Alternate translation: “with the king you chose” PSA 89 39 c1wc 0 You have renounced the covenant Alternate translation: “You have rejected the covenant” PSA 89 39 prp1 translate-symaction 0 You have desecrated his crown on the ground To push down into the ground or dust is a sign of great humiliation. Alternate translation: “You have defiled his crown on the ground” or “You have caused his crown to fall into the dirt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) PSA 89 39 tbi4 figs-metonymy 0 his crown This represents the king’s power as king and his right to rule. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 89 40 lz6r figs-explicit 0 You have broken down all his walls. You have ruined his strongholds This implies that God allowed enemies to destroy the defenses at Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “You have allowed enemies to break down his walls and ruin his strongholds in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 89 41 ed5r 0 to his neighbors Here “neighbors” means people of nearby nations. PSA 89 42 i7mp figs-metonymy 0 raised the right hand of his enemies Here “right hand” represents power. To “raise the right hand” means that Yahweh has made his enemies strong enough to defeat God’s chosen king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) PSA 89 43 g8dt figs-metonymy 0 turn back the edge of his sword Here “sword” represents the king’s power in battle. To turn the sword back represents making the king unable to win in battle. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 89 43 c3fd figs-synecdoche 0 the edge of his sword Here “edge” represents the whole sword. Alternate translation: “his sword” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 89 43 w77q figs-metonymy 0 have not made him stand when in battle Here “stand” represents being victorious in battle. Alternate translation: “You have not helped him to be victorious in battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 89 44 g7kf figs-metonymy 0 you have brought down his throne to the ground Here “throne” represents the power to rule as king. Alternate translation: “you, Yahweh, have ended his reign as king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 89 45 hg97 figs-idiom 0 You have shortened the days of his youth This is a way of saying God made the king seem old even while he was still young. Alternate translation: “Even while he is young you have made him weak like an old man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 89 45 b231 figs-metaphor 0 covered him with shame Yahweh completely humiliating the king is spoken of as if shame were a garment that God used to cover the king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 89 46 r3l1 figs-rquestion 0 How long, Yahweh? Will you hide yourself, forever? The writer uses these questions to emphasize that he does not want God to continue to refuse the king. Alternate translation: “Please, Yahweh, do not refuse to help the king forever.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 89 46 mu5e figs-metaphor 0 Will you hide yourself God not helping the king is spoken of as if God were hiding from him. Alternate translation: “Will you refuse to help the king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 89 46 q873 figs-rquestion 0 How long will your anger burn like fire? The writer uses a question to emphasize that he does not want God to remain angry. Alternate translation: “Please do not continue being angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 89 46 y4fv figs-simile 0 your anger burn like fire God being very angry is spoken of as if his anger were a hot fire. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 89 47 ajl2 figs-abstractnouns 0 for what uselessness you have created all the children of mankind The abstract noun “uselessness” can be stated as “uselessly.” Alternate translation: “that you have created all people to die uselessly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 89 47 fe7m figs-gendernotations 0 the children of mankind This refers to humans in general. Alternate translation: “humans” or “people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) PSA 89 48 er51 figs-rquestion 0 Who can live and not die, or rescue his own life from the hand of Sheol? The writer uses these questions to emphasize that all people will die. Alternate translation: “No one can live forever or bring himself back to life after dying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 89 48 gg9s figs-metonymy 0 rescue his own life from the hand of Sheol Here “hand” refers to power. The writer speaks of Sheol as if it were a person who has power over those who die. This could mean: (1) a person cannot bring himself back to life after dying or (2) a person cannot keep himself from dying. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 89 49 hvz7 figs-rquestion 0 Lord, where are your former acts of covenant faithfulness that you swore to David in your truthfulness? The writer uses a question to request the Lord to be faithful to his covenant with David. Alternate translation: “Lord, be faithful to your covenant with David as you have been in the past” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 89 49 b6dc figs-abstractnouns 0 your former acts of covenant faithfulness The abstract nouns “acts” and “faithfulness” can be translated with a verb and an adverb. Alternate translation: “the things that you did before that showed that you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 89 50 v1jl figs-idiom 0 Call to mind The writer asks Yahweh to bring this up in his memory. Alternate translation: “Remember” or “Consider” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 89 50 r6c3 0 the mocking directed against your servants Here “your servants” refers to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “how they mock us, your servants” PSA 89 50 iq2x figs-metonymy 0 how I bear in my heart so many insults from the nations Here “heart” represents the person’s emotions. Alternate translation: “I endure so many insults from the people of the nations” or “I suffer because the people from the nations insult me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 89 50 rn7t figs-metonymy 0 from the nations Here “nations” represents the people of the nations. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 89 51 fjd4 figs-metaphor 0 Your enemies hurl insults The enemies shouting insults at the king is spoken of as if insults were an object that the enemies throw violently at the king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 89 51 vq6j figs-metonymy 0 they mock the footsteps of your anointed one Here “footsteps” represents where the king goes. Alternate translation: “they mock your anointed one wherever he goes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 89 52 hvn5 0 General Information: This verse is more than the end of this psalm. It is the closing statement for all of Book 3 of the Psalms, which starts at Psalm 73 and ends with Psalm 89. PSA 89 52 fig1 figs-activepassive 0 Blessed be Yahweh forever This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “May people praise Yahweh forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 89 52 h8fn 0 Amen and Amen The word “Amen” is repeated to emphasize approval of what has been said. See how you translated this in [Psalms 41:13](../041/013.md). PSA 90 intro gmu6 0 # Psalm 090 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm is a wisdom psalm. God is eternal but a human’s life is short. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Life’s shortness<br>Because life is so short, people need to spend it as God wants them to spend it. PSA 90 1 jue7 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 90 1 n3vq figs-metaphor 0 Lord, you have been our refuge God protecting his people is spoken of as if God were a refuge or shelter. Alternate translation: “Lord, you have been like a shelter for us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 90 1 ykl6 0 throughout all generations Alternate translation: “always” PSA 90 2 i1f4 figs-activepassive 0 Before the mountains were formed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Before you formed the mountains” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 90 2 b7ju 0 were formed Alternate translation: “were created” or “were shaped” PSA 90 2 mz45 figs-metonymy 0 the world This represents everything that is in the world. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 90 2 x21e 0 from everlasting to everlasting This phrase represents all time past, present, and future. PSA 90 3 spk9 figs-explicit 0 You return man to dust This implies that just as God created the first man, Adam, from the soil, God will cause people’s bodies to turn back into soil after they die. Alternate translation: “You return people to dust when they die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 90 3 yjk2 figs-gendernotations 0 return man Here “man” means people in general. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) PSA 90 3 j396 figs-ellipsis 0 Return, you descendants The words “to dust” or “to soil” are understood. Alternate translation: “Return to dust, you descendants” or “Return to soil, you descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 90 3 ijh1 figs-idiom 0 you descendants of mankind This is a way of referring to humans in general. Alternate translation: “you humans” or “you people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 90 4 zt2t figs-simile 0 For a thousand years in your sight are as yesterday when it is past, and as a watch in the night The writer means that a long period of time seems like a short period of time to God. Alternate translation: “You consider a thousand years the same as one day in the past, or as a few short hours in the night” or “Even a thousand years is not a long time to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 90 4 b3xf translate-numbers 0 a thousand years “1,000 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) PSA 90 4 qd6k figs-metaphor 0 in your sight Here sight represents judgment or evaluation. Alternate translation: “to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 90 5 prp6 figs-metaphor 0 You sweep them away as with a flood and they sleep God causing people to die suddenly is spoken of as if he swept them away with a broom. This sweeping is also spoken of as if it were a flood that carried people away. Alternate translation: “Lord, you destroy the people as with a flood and they die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 90 5 wws1 figs-euphemism 0 they sleep This is a polite way of speaking of people dying. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) PSA 90 6 k25r figs-doublet 0 it blooms and grows up Both of these phrases refer to how the grass grows. Alternate translation: “it begins to grow and develop” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 90 6 udh3 figs-doublet 0 it withers and dries up Both of these phrases refer to how the grass dies. Alternate translation: “it fades and dries up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 90 7 vhb5 figs-metaphor 0 we are consumed in your anger God destroying people in his anger is spoken of as if God’s anger were a fire that completely burns up the people. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “You destroy us in your anger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 90 7 qp5h 0 in your wrath we are terrified Alternate translation: “when you are angry we are greatly afraid” PSA 90 8 fbk1 figs-metaphor 0 You have set our iniquities before you, our hidden sins in the light of your presence God considering people’s sins is spoken of as if sins were an objects he could place in front of himself and look at them. Alternate translation: “You see every sinful thing we do, even the sinful things we do in secret” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 90 9 tw9c grammar-connect-words-phrases 0 Our life passes away under your wrath The word “because” can be used to make clear that God’s wrath causes human life to end. Alternate translation: “Our lives come to an end because of your wrath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) PSA 90 9 z6eu figs-simile 0 like a sigh The writer compares human life to a sigh to emphasize that life is very brief. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 90 10 bb7z translate-numbers 0 seventy “70” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) PSA 90 10 f12z translate-numbers 0 eighty “80” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) PSA 90 10 ydb3 figs-activepassive 0 even our best years are marked by trouble and sorrow This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Even in our best years we experience trouble and sorrow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 90 10 cun8 figs-euphemism 0 we fly away This is a polite way of referring to people dying. Alternate translation: “we die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) PSA 90 11 xl7b figs-rquestion 0 Who knows the intensity of your anger, and your wrath that is equal to the fear of you? The writer uses a question to emphasize that no one has fully experienced God anger. Therefore no one truly reveres God and fears his anger when people sin. Alternate translation: “No one knows the intensity of your anger. Therefore no one fears your wrath when they sin.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 90 13 lcn8 figs-metaphor 0 Turn back, Yahweh! How long will it be? Asking Yahweh to no longer be angry is spoken of as if the writer wants God to turn physically away from his anger. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, please do not be angry any longer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 90 13 e9p1 figs-rquestion 0 How long will it be? The writer uses a question to state that he wants God to stop being angry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 90 13 zs74 0 Have pity on your servants Here “your servants” refers to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “Be merciful to us, your servants” PSA 90 14 p6kf 0 Satisfy us in the morning Alternate translation: “Satisfy us every morning” PSA 90 14 k6eg figs-abstractnouns 0 with your covenant faithfulness The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “by being faithful because of your covenant with us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 90 15 z79l figs-parallelism 0 in proportion to the days you afflicted us and to the years we have experienced trouble Both of these phrases mean the same thing. The writer is asking Yahweh to make them happy for the same amount of time he punished them. Alternate translation: “for the same amount of time that you afflicted us and caused us to suffer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 90 16 tb62 figs-explicit 0 Let your servants Here “your servants” refer to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “Let us, your servants” or “Let us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 90 16 g2qt 0 let our children Here “children” means children and descendants. PSA 90 16 sjz5 figs-abstractnouns 0 see your majesty The abstract noun “majesty” can be stated as “great things.” Alternate translation: “see the great things you do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 90 17 at2j figs-abstractnouns 0 May the favor of the Lord our God be ours The abstract noun “favor” can be stated as “be kind.” Alternate translation: “May the Lord our God be kind to us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 90 17 ye67 figs-synecdoche 0 prosper the work of our hands Here “hands” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “cause us to be successful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 91 intro ye5h 0 # Psalm 091 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 91 is a wisdom psalm. Those who depend on God are protected by him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Fear<br>No matter what dangers befall a person, they do not need to fear. God is protecting them from all harm. PSA 91 1 xv6f writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 91 1 g3bv figs-metaphor 0 He who lives … will stay … of the Almighty Because “live” and “stay” mean almost the same thing, as do “shelter” and “shadow,” which are both metaphors for protection, you may need to combine the two lines into one. Alternate translation: “The Most High, the Almighty, will care for all those who live where he can protect them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 91 1 lc6j figs-metaphor 0 who lives in the shelter of the Most High The word “shelter” is a metaphor for protection. Alternate translation: “who lives where the Most High protects him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 91 1 jl84 0 the Most High The words “the Most High” refer to Yahweh. See how this is translated in [Psalms 18:13](../018/013.md). PSA 91 1 qi6d figs-metaphor 0 will stay in the shadow of the Almighty The word “shadow” here is a metaphor for protection. Alternate translation: “will stay where the Almighty can protect him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 91 1 jmc8 0 the Almighty the one who has power and control over everything. See how this was translated in [Psalms 68:14](../068/014.md) PSA 91 2 kwv7 0 I will say of Yahweh Alternate translation: “I will say about Yahweh” PSA 91 2 d5cu figs-metaphor 0 my refuge and my fortress A “refuge” is any place a person can go and have someone or something protect him. A “fortress” is something that people make so they can protect themselves and their property. Asaph uses them here as metaphors for protection. Alternate translation: “the one to whom I can go and he will protect me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 91 3 ss8i figs-ellipsis 0 For he will rescue you from the snare of the hunter and from the deadly plague The words that have been left out can be put in. Alternate translation: “For God will rescue you from the snare of the hunter and he will rescue you from the plagues that can kill” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 91 3 laj3 0 the snare of the hunter Alternate translation: “from the snare that the hunter has set to catch you” PSA 91 4 k4cn figs-metaphor 0 He will cover you with his wings, and under his wings you will find refuge God’s protection is here referred to as “wings” which a bird uses to cover its’ young from danger. “Cover you with his wings” and “under his wings” mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “He will keep you safe and protect you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 91 4 j3p2 figs-metaphor 0 His trustworthiness is a shield and protection God’s trustworthiness is here referred to as a “shield” which can protect people who rely on him. The abstract noun “trustworthiness” can be stated as “trust.” Alternate translation: “You can trust him to protect you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 91 4 f8d9 0 protection No one knows for sure what this word means. This could mean: (1) a small shield strapped to the forearm that soldiers used to defend themselves against arrows and swords or (2) a wall of stones set in a circle inside which soldiers could hide and shoot arrows. PSA 91 5 yp8k figs-metonymy 0 terror in the night The psalmist speaks of “terror” as if it were a spirit or fierce animal that could attack at night and so terrify people. Alternate translation: “things attacking you at night” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 91 5 g6en figs-merism 0 in the night … by day These two phrases taken together refer to all possible times of night and day. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) PSA 91 5 b8kc figs-metonymy 0 the arrow that flies by day “Arrow” here is a metonym for the people who shoot the arrows. Alternate translation: “people attacking you with arrows during the day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 91 6 c6xg figs-personification 0 or of the plague that roams The psalmist speaks of illness as if it were a person who went about at night killing other people. Alternate translation: “You will not be afraid of dying from illness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 91 6 gba8 0 roams goes wherever he wants to go at any time PSA 91 6 y6eu figs-merism 0 in the darkness … at noontime These two phrases taken together refer to all possible times of night and day. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) PSA 91 6 t9ab 0 disease an illness that makes many people ill at the same time PSA 91 7 c8n1 0 A thousand may fall at your side and ten thousand at your right hand “Many people may fall all around you.” If translating the exact numbers confuses the readers, you may omit them. PSA 91 7 z1e3 0 it will not reach you Alternate translation: “the evil will not harm you” PSA 91 8 ad8c 0 You will only observe and see Alternate translation: “You yourself will not suffer, but you will watch carefully, and you will see” PSA 91 8 dv9f figs-abstractnouns 0 the punishment of the wicked The abstract noun “punishment” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “how God punishes the wicked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 91 9 yz6c figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh is my refuge The writer speaks of Yahweh protecting him as if Yahweh were a safe place for him to find protection from his enemies. Alternate translation: “Yahweh protects me, like a person finds protection in a place of refuge” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 91 9 k71v 0 Make the Most High your refuge also “You should make the Most High your refuge also.” The psalmist stops speaking to God and speaks to the reader. PSA 91 10 ey4g figs-metaphor 0 No evil will overtake you The writer speaks of a person experiencing bad or evil things as if evil were a person who overtakes another person. Alternate translation: “Nothing evil will happen to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 91 10 emx9 figs-personification 0 no affliction will come near your home The psalmist speaks of people who afflict others as though they were the harm they cause. Alternate translation: “no one will be able to harm your family” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 91 11 pe5b 0 For he will direct Alternate translation: “Yahweh will command” PSA 91 11 gjx8 figs-metaphor 0 in all your ways The psalmist speaks of the way a person lives his life as if it were a path down which the person walked. Alternate translation: “in everything you do” or “at all times” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 91 12 v8h1 0 They will lift you Alternate translation: “Yahweh’s angels will lift you” PSA 91 12 dkd1 figs-hyperbole 0 you will not hit your foot on a stone The angels will protect not only the reader’s foot but the rest of his body as well. The words “not … hit your foot on a stone” is an exaggerated metonym to say that not even small bad things will happen. This should probably not be taken as a promise that no bad things will ever happen again. Alternate translation: “you will not even hit your foot on a stone” or “not even the smallest bad thing will happen to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 91 13 bq3y figs-metaphor 0 You will crush lions and adders under your feet; you will trample on young lions and serpents Where “hit your foot on a stone” is a minor problem, lions and snake are examples of great dangers. The psalmist speaks of lions and snakes as if they were small enough to be crushed under a person’s foot. Alternate translation: “You will be able kill lions and adders as if they were small animals you could crush under your feet” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 91 13 sw74 0 adders types of poisonous snake. PSA 91 13 qme2 0 trample crush by walking heavily on PSA 91 14 hzl3 0 Because he is devoted to me Alternate translation: “Because he loves me” PSA 91 15 cwn1 figs-explicit 0 I will be with him in trouble This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “I will be with him when he is in trouble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 91 15 am3h figs-abstractnouns 0 I will give him victory The abstract noun “victory” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “I will cause him to be victorious” or “I will enable him to defeat his enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 91 16 jc9f figs-idiom 0 will satisfy him with the length of his days The idiom “the length of his days” here refers to the duration of his life. It may imply a long life. Alternate translation: “I will satisfy him by giving him a long life” or “I will make him happy by letting him live a very long time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 91 16 xnz9 figs-metaphor 0 and show him my salvation “and I will show him my salvation.” The psalmist speaks of the work God does to save people as if it were a physical object. Alternate translation: “I will save him so that he knows I am the one who saved him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 92 intro cs72 0 # Psalm 092 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 92 is a psalm of praise for God’s kindness and faithfulness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br>### Justice<br>God causes evil people to be destroyed and good people to be happy and useful, even after they grow old. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) PSA 92 1 bx9h writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 92 1 fur9 figs-metonymy 0 to sing praises to your name The words “your name” are a metonym for “you.” Alternate translation: “to sing praises to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 92 2 b75i figs-abstractnouns 0 proclaim your covenant faithfulness in the morning The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with the adjective “faithful.” Alternate translation: “proclaim in the morning that you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 92 2 s7d2 figs-ellipsis 0 your truthfulness every night The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. The abstract noun “truthfulness” can be translated with the adjective “true.” Alternate translation: “proclaim every night that everything you say is true” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 92 4 mn13 0 glad happy PSA 92 4 m1f8 figs-abstractnouns 0 through your deeds The abstract noun phrase “your deeds” can be translated with the relative clause “what you have done.” Alternate translation: “by what you have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 92 4 if93 figs-abstractnouns 0 the deeds of your hands The abstract noun phrase “the deeds of your hands” can be translated with the relative clause “what your hands have done.” The word “hands” is a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “What you have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 92 4 ke7g figs-abstractnouns 0 your deeds The abstract noun phrase “your deeds” can be translated with a relative clause. Alternate translation: “what you have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 92 5 j4cz 0 Your thoughts are very deep Alternate translation: “We cannot understand what you plan to do until you do it” PSA 92 5 syp5 figs-abstractnouns 0 Your thoughts The abstract noun phrase “your thoughts” can be translated with a relative clause. Alternate translation: “What you think” or “What you plan” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 92 6 j8wu 0 brutish animal-like PSA 92 7 a97q figs-simile 0 When the wicked sprout like the grass This compares evil people to grass, which grows quickly and in many places. Alternate translation: “When evil people appear quickly and seem to be everywhere, like grass” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 92 7 w41d figs-activepassive 0 they are doomed to eternal destruction This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “God has decided that he will destroy them completely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 92 9 cb78 0 Indeed, look at your enemies, Yahweh Many texts do not have these words. PSA 92 9 u85w 0 They will perish Alternate translation: “They will die” or “You will kill them” PSA 92 9 dk5v figs-activepassive 0 All those who do evil will be scattered This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you will scatter all those who do evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 92 9 l7k2 0 will be scattered Many texts read, “have been scattered.” PSA 92 9 g3wa 0 be scattered Alternate translation: “driven away” PSA 92 10 e26g figs-metonymy 0 You have lifted up my horn like the horn of the wild ox The psalmist speaks of God as if he had made him as strong as a wild animal. Here his “horn” represents his strength. Alternate translation: “You have made me as strong as a wild ox” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 92 10 gid3 figs-metaphor 0 I am anointed with fresh oil Possible meanings are that the oil that God has put on the psalmist is a metaphor for God: (1) making him happy “you have made me very happy” or (2) making him strong, “you have made me strong” or (3) enabling him to defeat his enemies, “you have enabled me to defeat my enemies.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 92 11 kpw5 figs-synecdoche 0 My eyes have seen the downfall of my enemies; my ears have heard of the doom of my evil foes The words “eyes” and “ears” are synecdoches for the person who sees and hears. The lines may be combined. Alternate translation: “I have seen and heard of the defeat of my evil enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 92 12 q7cc figs-simile 0 The righteous will flourish like the palm tree Possible meanings are that righteous people will be like a healthy palm tree because they will: (1) be strong or (2) live for long time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 92 12 dyq1 figs-simile 0 they will grow like a cedar in Lebanon Possible meanings are that righteous people will be like a healthy cedar tree growing in the land of Lebanon because: (1) they will be strong or (2) people will honor them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 92 13 lk33 figs-activepassive 0 They are planted This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has planted them” or “Yahweh takes care of them as if they were trees he had planted” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 92 13 sh46 figs-metaphor 0 in the house of Yahweh … in the courts of our God The psalmist speaks of people who truly worship God as if they were trees growing in Yahweh’s house. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 92 13 g7gv figs-metaphor 0 they flourish The psalmist speaks of righteous people as if they were healthy trees. Alternate translation: “they are growing well” or “they are very strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 92 13 rg5j 0 in the courts of our God in the courtyard of the temple in Jerusalem. PSA 92 14 pf43 figs-metaphor 0 They bear fruit The psalmist speaks of righteous people as if they were trees that produce food. Alternate translation: “They please God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 92 14 m2x1 figs-metaphor 0 they stay fresh and green The psalmist speaks of righteous people as if they were trees. Alternate translation: “they remain strong and healthy” or “they always do what pleases God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 92 15 sev8 0 to proclaim that These words continue the thought begun by the words “they stay fresh and green” in ([Psalms 92:14](../092/014.md)). This could mean: (1) “they stay fresh and green, so that they can proclaim” or (2) “they stay fresh and green. This shows that.” PSA 92 15 fh1p figs-metaphor 0 He is my rock “Yahweh is the one who protects me.” The psalmist speaks of Yahweh as if he were a rock that would protect him. See how this is translated in [Psalms 18:2](../018/002.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 93 intro r2fh 0 # Psalm 093 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 93 is a worship psalm about the power of Yahweh.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s power<br>Yahweh is all powerful; He even controls the ocean. PSA 93 1 gs1h writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 93 1 cif2 figs-metaphor 0 he is robed in majesty; Yahweh has clothed and girded himself with strength The psalmist speaks of Yahweh’s strength and majesty as if they were things Yahweh wears. Alternate translation: “he shows everyone that he is a powerful king” or “his majesty is there for all to see, like the robe a king wears; everything about Yahweh shows that he is strong and he is ready to do great work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 93 1 g76j 0 majesty the power of a king and the way a king acts PSA 93 1 y5ut 0 girded himself put on a belt—a band of leather or another material that a person wears around his waist—to prepare for work or battle PSA 93 1 nv27 figs-activepassive 0 The world is firmly established This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “You have firmly established the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 93 1 m76h figs-activepassive 0 it cannot be moved This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one will ever move it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 93 2 q45b figs-activepassive 0 Your throne is established from ancient times This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “You established your throne in ancient times” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 93 2 vq1t 0 you are from everlasting Alternate translation: “you have always existed” PSA 93 3 u6dq 0 oceans … oceans’ Some versions read “floods … floods’.” The word often refers to a river (See: “the River” in [Psalms 72:8](../072/008.md)), but “oceans … oceans’” has been chosen here because oceans, not rivers, have “waves” that “crash and roar.” PSA 93 3 qkw5 figs-personification 0 have lifted up their voice; the oceans’ waves crash and roar The psalmist speaks of the ocean as if it were a person who could speak. Alternate translation: “have made a mighty noise because their waves crash and roar” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 93 3 kli1 0 roar make a long, loud sound. PSA 93 4 bv4p figs-doublet 0 Above the crashing of many waves, the mighty breakers of the sea The phrase “the mighty breakers of the sea” means basically the same thing as “many waves” and emphasizes how great these waves are. Alternate translation: “Above the crashing of all of the very great waves of the sea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 93 4 x149 0 breakers large waves coming to land PSA 93 4 z182 figs-metaphor 0 on high The psalmist speaks of where God lives as if it were high above the earth. Alternate translation: “in heaven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 93 5 g6vn 0 solemn very serious PSA 93 5 s6rb 0 are very trustworthy Alternate translation: “always stay the same” or “never change” PSA 93 5 f31y figs-metaphor 0 holiness adorns your house The psalmist speaks of Yahweh’s house as if it were a woman wearing beautiful clothing or jewelry and of Yahweh’s holiness as the beautiful clothing or jewelry. Alternate translation: “your house is beautiful because you are holy” or “your holiness makes your house beautiful the way beautiful clothes and jewelry make a woman more beautiful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 93 5 a9yi 0 adorns makes beautiful PSA 93 5 xku4 0 your house This refers to the temple in Jerusalem. PSA 93 5 lsy7 figs-idiom 0 for the length of your days This idiom refers to the duration of God’s life. Since God lives forever, it can also be translated as forever. Alternate translation: “for as long as you live” or “forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 94 intro afb5 0 # Psalm 094 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 94 is a prayer requesting that evil people be punished. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Justice<br>Evil people expect God to ignore their injustices. But God knows what they are doing and will punish them for their evil deeds. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/works]]) PSA 94 1 ns8u writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 94 1 h3e7 figs-metaphor 0 shine over us Here “shine” is a metaphor for God revealing himself. Alternate translation: “show yourself” or “reveal your glory” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 94 2 i9f5 0 Rise up, judge of the earth, give to the proud what they deserve Alternate translation: “Come, judge of the earth, and punish the proud” PSA 94 2 sjp9 figs-metonymy 0 Rise up The psalmist speaks of starting to do something as getting up. If your language has a word for beginning to act, use it here. Alternate translation: “Take action” or “Do something” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 94 3 dx87 figs-rquestion 0 How long will the wicked, Yahweh, how long will the wicked rejoice? The psalmist repeats the question to show that he is unhappy with how long Yahweh has allowed the wicked to rejoice. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You have waited too long Yahweh; you have waited too long to stop the wicked from rejoicing.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 94 3 nve7 figs-explicit 0 will the wicked rejoice Why the wicked rejoice can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “will the wicked rejoice because you never punish them for the evil deeds they do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 94 4 h71p 0 They pour out Alternate translation: “All those who do evil pour out” PSA 94 4 ks4b figs-metaphor 0 They pour out their arrogant words The psalmist writes of the wicked speaking as if their words were a liquid being poured out. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 94 4 dri9 figs-explicit 0 all those who do evil boast The translation can make explicit that these people boast about their evil actions. Alternate translation: “all those who do evil boast about their evil deeds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 94 5 ifj9 figs-metonymy 0 afflict the nation Here the metonym “nation” refers to the people of the nation. Alternate translation: “afflict the people of the nation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 94 5 l8he figs-metaphor 0 They crush The psalmist speaks of powerful people treating powerless people badly as if it were crushing them or breaking them in pieces. See how “break in pieces” is translated in [Psalms 72:4](../072/004.md). Alternate translation: “They completely destroy” or “They greatly harm” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 94 6 fk7f 0 the widow Alternate translation: “women whose husbands have died” PSA 94 6 wei8 0 the fatherless Alternate translation: “children without fathers” PSA 94 7 rs53 0 the God of Jacob does not take notice of it Alternate translation: “the God of Israel does not see what we do” PSA 94 8 iz57 0 General Information: The writer now instructs the wicked people. PSA 94 8 ybz4 figs-rquestion 0 when will you ever learn? This rhetorical question emphasizes the anger of the writer with the wicked people he is speaking to. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “stop your foolish ways!” or “learn from your mistakes!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 94 9 b851 figs-rquestion 0 He who made the ear, does he not hear? He who formed the eye, does he not see? These rhetorical questions can be translated as statements or commands. Alternate translation: “God made ears, so he can hear. God made eyes, so he can see.” or “God made ears, so stop acting as if he does not hear. God made eyes, so stop acting as if he does not see.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 94 10 p12i 0 General Information: The writer continues instructing the wicked people. PSA 94 10 ig2v figs-rquestion 0 He who disciplines the nations, does he not correct? This question can be translated as a statement. It is implied that Yahweh corrects his people. Alternate translation: “You know that Yahweh corrects the nations, so you can be sure that he will correct his people!” or “he will punish his people!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 94 10 ex2w figs-litotes 0 does he not correct This can be stated in positive form. This could mean: (1) God corrects. Alternate translation: “he corrects” or (2) God punishes. “he punishes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) PSA 94 11 s3c6 figs-metaphor 0 that they are vapor Here the thoughts of men are compared to vapor or steam that disappears into the air. This metaphor shows how unimportant and useless they are. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 94 11 z81z 0 vapor “mist.” See how this word is translated in [Psalms 39:11](../039/011.md) PSA 94 12 dl5m 0 General Information: Now the writer again talks to Yahweh. PSA 94 13 y3g3 figs-activepassive 0 until a pit is dug for the wicked The psalmist speaks of Yahweh’s punishing the wicked as if Yahweh were trapping an animal in a pit. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “until you dig a pit for the wicked” or “until you destroy the wicked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 94 14 gwf5 0 his inheritance Alternate translation: “those whom he has chosen to be with him forever” PSA 94 15 m8cb figs-metonymy 0 judgment will again be righteous The psalmist speaks of those who judge as if they were the decisions they make. The abstract noun “judgment” can be translated with the verb “judge.” Alternate translation: “judges will again judge righteously” or “judges will again make righteous decisions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 94 15 l96i figs-nominaladj 0 the upright in heart The adjective phrase “upright in heart” can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “those whose hearts are right with God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 94 15 h275 0 will follow it Alternate translation: “will want the judges to judge righteously” PSA 94 16 h7cv figs-rquestion 0 Who will rise up to defend me against the evildoers? Who will stand up for me against the wicked? This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one will defend me against the evildoers. No one will help me fight against the wicked.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 94 16 x3ap figs-nominaladj 0 the wicked The adjective “wicked” can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “wicked people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 94 17 pgd7 figs-hypo 0 Unless Yahweh had been my help … silence This is a hypothetical situation. Yahweh did help him, so he was not lying in the place of silence. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) PSA 94 17 ecb1 figs-abstractnouns 0 Unless Yahweh had been my help The abstract noun “help” can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “If Yahweh had not helped me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 94 17 zjq1 figs-euphemism 0 I would soon be lying down in the place of silence Here “would be lying down” refers to “death” and “in the place of silence” refers to the grave.” Alternate translation: “in a short time, I would be dead, lying in a silent grave” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) PSA 94 18 gqn7 figs-abstractnouns 0 Your covenant faithfulness, Yahweh, held me up The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “You, Yahweh, held me up because you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 94 19 f9kp figs-abstractnouns 0 When cares within me are many, your consolations make me happy The psalmist speaks of care as if he could count separate cares. The abstract noun “consolations” can be translated with the verb “console” or “comfort.” Alternate translation: “When I have been worried about many things, you have comforted me and made me happy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 94 20 uc2u figs-rquestion 0 Can a throne of destruction be allied with you, one who creates injustice by statute? This rhetorical question is used to make a point. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “A wicked ruler who makes unjust laws is not your friend” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 94 20 w3hm figs-metonymy 0 a throne of destruction Here the metonym “throne” refers to a king or ruler. Alternate translation: “a wicked ruler” or “corrupt judge” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 94 21 z1ls 0 conspire secretly plan with a person something harmful or illegal PSA 94 21 rnk5 figs-idiom 0 take the life of This is an idiom which means to kill someone. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 94 22 k9hg figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh has been my high tower Here “tower” is a metaphor for protection. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has protected me from my enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 94 22 r48i figs-metaphor 0 God has been the rock of my refuge The psalmist speaks of having God protect him as if God were a place where the psalmist could go to be safe. See how “rock” and “refuge” are translated in [Psalms 62:7](../062/007.md). Alternate translation: “I have asked God to protect me, and he has kept me safe by his power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 94 23 fx4p 0 will bring on them their own iniquity This could mean: (1) “will do to them the evil things they have done to others” or (2) “will punish them for all the evil things he has done to others.” PSA 94 23 qc5b figs-idiom 0 cut them off This is an idiom which means “kill them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 94 23 i6z5 0 in their own wickedness This could mean: (1) “while they are doing wicked things” or (2) “because they have done wicked things.” PSA 95 intro e91f 0 # Psalm 095 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 95 is the first in a series of six worship psalms (Psalms 95-100).<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### God’s care<br>God made everything and takes good care of people. People should not be stubborn like the Israelites were in the days of Moses. The Israelites with Moses wandered in the desert for forty years. PSA 95 1 qaf5 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 95 1 gv24 figs-metaphor 0 the rock of our salvation The psalmist speaks of Yahweh as if Yahweh were a mountain the people could climb so they would be safe. See how “rock” and “of my salvation” are translated in [Psalms 18:46](../018/046.md). Alternate translation: “the rock where we can go and God will save us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 95 2 q5qb figs-metaphor 0 enter his presence The psalmist speaks as if he is telling the readers to go into the throne room of a king. Alternate translation: “go to where he is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 95 2 g5i4 0 with thanksgiving Alternate translation: “thanking him as we enter his presence” PSA 95 3 ufc9 0 superior to all gods Possible meanings are that Yahweh is a great king: (1) “who rules over all other gods,” or (2) “who is much better than all gods.” PSA 95 4 j19t figs-idiom 0 In his hand This is an idiom which means “in his control” or “he is responsible for.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 95 4 gf4l 0 depths deep places PSA 95 4 bx51 0 heights high places PSA 95 5 xy9q figs-synecdoche 0 his hands formed The word “hands” is a metonym for Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “he himself formed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 95 6 ab7h translate-symaction 0 kneel put both knees on the ground, often to show submission (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) PSA 95 7 cey6 figs-metonymy 0 the people of his pasture The word “pasture” is a metonym for the food that animals eat in the pasture, which in turn is a synecdoche for everything that Yahweh provides for his people. Alternate translation: “we are the people whose needs he meets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 95 7 kr47 0 pasture an area where animals find grass to eat PSA 95 7 f66d figs-metaphor 0 the sheep of his hand The word “hand” here refers to how Yahweh protects his people the way a shepherd protects his sheep. Alternate translation: “the people whom he protects like a shepherd protects his sheep” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 95 7 l8vp 0 Today—oh, that you would hear his voice! “Oh, that you would hear his voice today!” The psalmist purposely interrupts what he is saying. PSA 95 7 qm6r figs-metonymy 0 hear his voice Here “his voice” represents God speaking or what he says. Alternate translation: “listen to God speak” or “hear what God says” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 95 8 jf37 0 General Information: Now the writer writes the words that Yahweh spoke. PSA 95 8 g9zt 0 harden your heart Alternate translation: “become stubborn” PSA 95 8 a62x translate-names 0 Meribah,…Massah These are places in the desert that Moses named because the Israelites rebelled against God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 95 9 z4ax figs-metaphor 0 tested me … tried me These two phrases are both metaphors for the people seeing how much evil they could do before Yahweh would punish them. The phrases say basically the same thing and can be combined. Alternate translation: “tested me” or “wanted to see if they could do evil things without my punishing them … tested whether I would continue to be patient with them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 95 9 tdc4 0 my deeds Alternate translation: “the amazing things I had done” PSA 95 10 n2cd 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking directly to his people. PSA 95 10 ms7t translate-numbers 0 forty years “40 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) PSA 95 10 mu82 0 that generation Alternate translation: “all of those people” or “that entire generation of people” PSA 95 10 ejg1 figs-metaphor 0 wander astray God speaks of the people as if they were sheep, which will go wherever they want to and not stay near their shepherd. Alternate translation: “move away from me” or “go their own way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 95 10 b41a figs-metaphor 0 they have not known my ways Yahweh’s commands are spoken of as if they were paths on which the people should walk. The people not obeying Yahweh’s commands is spoken of as if they did not know these paths. Alternate translation: “they have not obeyed my commands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 95 11 l98t 0 my resting place Alternate translation: “the place where I would have allowed them to rest” PSA 96 intro hdp3 0 # Psalm 096 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 96 is one of six worship psalms (Psalms 95-100).<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh, the king<br>Yahweh is king over all the earth and is worthy of all praise. PSA 96 1 i5dj writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 96 1 sm6u 0 a new song a song no one has ever sung before PSA 96 1 mlu3 figs-metonymy 0 all the earth This refers to the people of the earth. Alternate translation: “all you people who live on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 96 2 e8ws figs-metonymy 0 bless his name The word “name” is a metonym for Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “bless Yahweh” or “do what makes Yahweh happy” See how “may his glorious name be blessed” is translated in [Psalms 72:19](../072/019.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 96 2 m2w2 figs-abstractnouns 0 announce his salvation The abstract noun “salvation” can be translated using the verb “save.” Alternate translation: “announce that he has saved us” or “tell people that he is the one who saves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 96 3 w4ht 0 Declare his glory among the nations Alternate translation: “Tell all the people in every nation about his great glory” PSA 96 4 t9di figs-activepassive 0 Yahweh is great and is to be praised greatly This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is great. Praise him greatly” or “Yahweh is great, and people should praise him greatly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 96 4 lx5h figs-activepassive 0 He is to be feared above all other gods This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Fear him above all other gods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 96 6 x8v4 0 in his presence Alternate translation: “where he is” PSA 96 6 c8fx figs-personification 0 Splendor and majesty are in his presence The psalmist speaks as if splendor and majesty are people who can stand before a king. Alternate translation: “Everyone knows of his splendor and majesty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 96 6 geu8 figs-metonymy 0 Strength and beauty are in his sanctuary The words “strength” and “beauty” are metonyms for the ark of the covenant decrees, which is found in the sanctuary. Alternate translation: “It is his sanctuary that contains the ark of the covenant decrees” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 96 7 pq3m figs-abstractnouns 0 Ascribe to Yahweh … ascribe praise to Yahweh for his glory and strength This can be restated to removed the abstract nouns “praise,” “glory,” and “strength.” See how these words are translated in [Psalms 29:1](../029/001.md). Alternate translation: “Praise Yahweh … praise Yahweh because he is glorious and strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 96 8 y25v figs-abstractnouns 0 Give to Yahweh the glory that his name deserves The abstract noun “glory” can be stated as a verb or adjective. See how these words are translated in [Psalms 29:2](../029/002.md). Alternate translation: “Honor Yahweh just as his name deserves” or “Proclaim that Yahweh is glorious just as his name deserves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 96 8 mvb8 figs-metonymy 0 his name deserves Here “name” refers to the person of God. Alternate translation: “he deserves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 96 8 pw15 0 his courts the temple courtyard where the priests sacrificed animals to Yahweh PSA 96 9 z4rm figs-explicit 0 Bow down to Yahweh The implied information is that the people were to bow down in worship. Alternate translation: “Bow down to worship Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) PSA 96 9 hjw3 figs-abstractnouns 0 in the splendor of holiness The abstract nouns “splendor” and “holiness” can be translated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “because he is gloriously beautiful and holy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 96 9 pb7y 0 tremble to shake because of fear PSA 96 9 ud6d figs-metonymy 0 all the earth Here “earth” represents the people. Alternate translation: “all the people of the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 96 10 hsr2 figs-activepassive 0 The world also is established This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “He also established the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 96 10 yhs7 figs-activepassive 0 it cannot be shaken This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “nothing can shake it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 96 11 p26n figs-personification 0 Let the heavens be glad, and let the earth rejoice This could mean: (1) the heavens and the earth are spoken of as if they have emotions like people. Alternate translation: “Let it be as if the heavens are glad and the earth rejoices” or (2) “the heavens” and “the earth” are metonyms for those who dwell in those places. Alternate translation: “Let those who live in the heavens be glad and let those who live on the earth rejoice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 96 11 v2y3 figs-explicit 0 that which fills it shout with joy The implied information is that this refers to all the creatures living in the sea. They are spoken of as if they should shout with joy like people might do. Alternate translation: “the sea creatures shout joyfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 96 12 ms99 figs-personification 0 Let the fields rejoice and all that is in them “Let the fields and all that is in them rejoice.” The psalmist speaks as if “the fields” and the animals that live in them have emotions like people. Alternate translation: “Let it be as if the fields themselves and all the animals that live in them are rejoicing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 96 12 j65h figs-personification 0 let all the trees in the forest shout for joy This speaks about the trees as if they were people who could shout for joy. Alternate translation: “let it be as if all the trees in the forest shout for joy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 96 13 gp2k figs-parallelism 0 He is coming to judge the earth. He will judge the world … and the peoples The three phrase have similar meanings; the last two phases are used to strengthen the first. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 96 13 jp59 0 to judge … will judge Another possible meaning is “to rule … will rule.” PSA 96 13 yk8h figs-metonymy 0 He will judge the world with righteousness Here “the world” is a metonym for all the people in the world. See how these words are translated in [Psalms 9:8](../009/008.md). Alternate translation: “He will judge all the people of the world righteously” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 96 13 yn8l figs-ellipsis 0 the peoples with his faithfulness The words “he will judge” are understood. Alternate translation: “he will judge the peoples with his faithfulness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 96 13 z7r2 figs-abstractnouns 0 with his faithfulness The can be restated to remove the abstract noun “faithfulness.” This could mean: (1) Alternate translation: “fairly, according to what he knows is true” or (2) Alternate translation: “using the same standard for all people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 97 intro ydx4 0 # Psalm 097 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 97 is one of six worship psalms (Psalms 95-100)<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s authority<br>All people who worship idols are disgraced because Yahweh rules over all the world. PSA 97 1 myd1 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 97 1 aa9a figs-personification 0 let the earth rejoice; let the many coastlands be glad The earth and the coastlands are said to have emotions like people. Alternate translation: “Rejoice and be glad every person on the earth and near the seas” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 97 1 n5lw 0 coastlands This could mean: (1) “lands near the seas” or (2) “islands.” PSA 97 2 rl3n 0 Clouds and darkness surround him Alternate translation: “We cannot see him; it is as if he were sitting in the dark with clouds all around him” PSA 97 2 h2md figs-metonymy 0 Righteousness and justice are the foundation of his throne The word “throne” is a metonym for the deeds and words of the one who sits on it. The psalmist speaks as if righteousness and justice were physical objects that made the throne secure. Alternate translation: “He is righteous and just in everything he does” or “He is able to rule because he rules righteously and justly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 97 2 tat1 figs-metonymy 0 the foundation of his throne Here “the foundation of his throne” refers to how Yahweh rules his kingdom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 97 3 e96v figs-personification 0 Fire goes before him The psalmist speaks as if fire were a person walking before King Yahweh and telling people that the king was coming. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 97 3 nz83 0 consumes his adversaries Alternate translation: “burns up his enemies” PSA 97 4 th94 figs-personification 0 the earth sees and trembles The writer speaks of the earth as if it were a person who sees what Yahweh does and trembles in fear. Alternate translation: “like a person, the earth sees and trembles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 97 4 c2ef 0 trembles shakes with fear PSA 97 5 r8fc figs-simile 0 The mountains melt like wax before Yahweh The writer speaks of the mountains crumbling before Yahweh as if they were wax that was exposed to a fire. Alternate translation: “The mountains are unable to stand as Yahweh comes near” or “The mountains crumble in Yahweh’s presence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 97 6 t73s figs-personification 0 The skies declare his justice This could mean: (1) the psalmist speaks as if the skies are Yahweh’s messengers who declare that Yahweh is just. Alternate translation: “Everyone can see that God is just, the same way that everyone can see the skies” or (2) the skies refer to the beings that live in the heavens. Alternate translation: “All those who live in heaven declare that Yahweh is just” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 97 8 t6tg figs-metonymy 0 Zion heard … the towns of Judah This refers to the people who live in these lands. Alternate translation: “The people of Zion heard … the people of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 97 9 fh9w figs-metaphor 0 are most high above all The psalmist speaks as if those who were strong enough to rule were the physically higher than others. Alternate translation: “rule over all the people who live on” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 97 9 etq9 figs-metaphor 0 You are exalted far The psalmist speaks as if those who were strong enough to rule were the physically higher than others. Alternate translation: “You are high, far” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 97 10 v6ge figs-metonymy 0 he takes them out of the hand of the wicked Here the word “hand” represents power. Yahweh rescuing people from the power of wicked people is spoken of as if he took them out of their hands. Alternate translation: “he rescues them from the power of the wicked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 97 11 zi9a figs-parallelism 0 Light is sown for … and gladness for These two phrases have similar meanings and are used together for emphasis. Alternate translation: “Yahweh sows light for those who do right, and he sows gladness for those with honest hearts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 97 11 c84h figs-metaphor 0 Light is sown for the righteous The word “sown” is a metaphor for actions with future results. “Light” is a metaphor for good things. Alternate translation: “Yahweh plans for good things to happen to the righteous in the future” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 97 11 s7rl figs-nominaladj 0 the righteous The adjective “righteous” can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “righteous people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 97 11 a81f figs-ellipsis 0 gladness for those with honest hearts The words “is sown” are understood. The word “sown” is a metaphor for actions with future results. The abstract noun “gladness” can be stated as “happy.” Alternate translation: “gladness is sown for those with honest hearts” or “Yahweh plans for people with honest hearts to be happy in the future” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 97 11 tqu7 figs-synecdoche 0 those with honest hearts The heart is a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “honest people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 97 12 bkn2 0 General Information: This verse has a command followed by the reason for the command. If your language requires the reason to precede the command: “Because of what Yahweh has done for you, you righteous people, be glad and give thanks when you remember his holiness.” PSA 97 12 h6wc figs-idiom 0 Be glad in Yahweh This idiom means to be glad because of what Yahweh has done. Alternate translation: “Be glad because of what Yahweh has done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 97 12 df6i figs-metonymy 0 when you remember his holiness This could mean: (1) “when you remember how holy he is” or (2) “to his holy name,” a metonym for “to him.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 98 intro rt9w 0 # Psalm 098 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 98 is one of six worship psalms (Psalms 95-100).<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Praise<br>Everyone and every thing should sing praises to Yahweh because he is worthy of all praise. PSA 98 1 p45q writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 98 1 p2zl 0 a new song a song no one has ever sung before. See how this is translated in [Psalms 96:1](../096/001.md). PSA 98 1 diq2 figs-metonymy 0 his right hand and his holy arm have The words “right hand” and “holy arm” refer to Yahweh’s strength. Together they emphasize how great his strength is. Alternate translation: “his very great power has” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 98 1 wsb2 0 right hand the more powerful and skilled hand PSA 98 1 q78c figs-metonymy 0 holy arm Here “arm” is a metonym for power. Alternate translation: “the power that is his alone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 98 1 q2q6 figs-abstractnouns 0 have given him victory This can be restated to remove the abstract noun “victory.” Alternate translation: “have enabled him to be victorious over his enemies” or “has enabled him to defeat his enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 98 2 e23q figs-abstractnouns 0 made known his salvation The abstract noun “salvation” can be translated using the verb “save.” Alternate translation: “showed people that he saves his people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 98 2 r9rs figs-abstractnouns 0 showed his justice to all the nations The abstract noun “justice” can be translated using the adjective “just.” The word “nations” is a metonym for “the people who live in all the nations.” Alternate translation: “showed the people who live in all the nations that he is just” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 98 3 p5wz figs-idiom 0 calls to mind “remembers.” See how “call to mind” is translated in [Psalms 20:3](../020/003.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 98 3 k1dm figs-metonymy 0 all the ends of the earth This is a metonym for the people of the earth. Alternate translation: “people from all over the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 98 3 g1bq figs-abstractnouns 0 will see the victory of our God The abstract noun “victory” can be translated using the verb “defeat.” Alternate translation: “will see our God defeat his enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 98 4 qdk5 figs-metonymy 0 all the earth This is a metonym for the people of the earth. Alternate translation: “all people in the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 98 4 l8fc 0 burst into song Alternate translation: “suddenly begin singing happily” PSA 98 4 p9j9 0 sing for joy Alternate translation: “sing because you are happy” PSA 98 4 si76 0 sing praises Alternate translation: “sing praises to God” PSA 98 5 mn38 0 melodious delightful or pleasing musical sound PSA 98 6 q5hb 0 the horn an animal horn used as a musical instrument PSA 98 6 ulk2 0 make a joyful noise “raise a shout.” See how “shout” is translated in [Psalms 47:1](../047/001.md). PSA 98 7 cyl7 figs-personification 0 Let the sea shout and everything in it The psalmist speaks as if the sea were a person who could shout to God. Alternate translation: “Let it be as if the sea and everything in it were shouting” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 98 7 gsp5 figs-ellipsis 0 the world and those who live in it The psalmist speaks as if the world were a person. Alternate translation: “and let it be as if the world and those who live in it were shouting” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 98 7 wcf2 figs-metonymy 0 the world This is a metonym for the people who live in the world. Alternate translation: “the people in the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 98 8 t1an figs-personification 0 Let the rivers clap their hands, and let the mountains shout for joy The psalmist speaks as if the rivers and mountains were people who could clap and shout. Alternate translation: “Let it be as though the rivers are clapping their hands and mountains were shouting for joy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 98 9 r45f figs-ellipsis 0 the nations with fairness The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “he will judge the nations with fairness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 98 9 qd66 figs-metonymy 0 the nations This is a metonym for “the people who live in the nations.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 98 9 lp38 0 with fairness Alternate translation: “honestly” or “using the same standard for everyone” PSA 99 intro wma5 0 # Psalm 099 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 99 is one of six worship psalms (Psalms 95-100).<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s justice<br>God is just and fair. Moses, Aaron and Samuel each prayed to him and obeyed him and he answered their prayers. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]]) PSA 99 1 k3aw writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 99 1 gp6t figs-metonymy 0 the nations This refers to the people of all nations. Alternate translation: “the people of all nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 99 1 mf5d 0 tremble shake with fear PSA 99 1 rm8y figs-explicit 0 He sits enthroned above the cherubim You may need to make explicit that the cherubim are those on the lid of the ark of the covenant. The biblical writers often spoke of the ark of the covenant as if it were Yahweh’s footstool upon which he rested his feet as he sat on his throne in heaven above. Alternate translation: “He sits on his throne above the cherubim on the ark of the covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 99 1 i5p3 0 quakes shakes PSA 99 2 w3l7 0 Yahweh is great in Zion; he is exalted above all the nations Alternate translation: “Not only is Yahweh great in Zion, he is exalted above all the nations” or “Not only does Yahweh rule in Zion, he rules over all the nations” PSA 99 2 e9l4 figs-activepassive 0 he is exalted above all the nations This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people in all the nations exalt him” or “people in all nations praise him greatly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 99 3 r44j 0 Let them praise your great and awesome name Here the author shifts from speaking about God, to speaking to God. After this phrase though, he shifts back to speaking about God. PSA 99 4 c51t figs-abstractnouns 0 he loves justice The abstract noun “justice” can be translated using the phrase “what is just.” Alternate translation: “he loves doing what is just” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 99 4 f41e figs-abstractnouns 0 You have established fairness The abstract noun “fairness” is a metonym for the laws that are fair. Alternate translation: “The laws you have established are fair” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 99 5 j6yj figs-explicit 0 worship at his footstool Here the word “footstool” likely refers to the ark of the covenant, which the biblical writers often spoke of as if it were Yahweh’s footstool upon which he rested his feet as he sat on his throne in heaven above. The translation can make explicit that the people are to worship Yahweh. Alternate translation: “worship Yahweh at his footstool” or “worship Yahweh before his throne in the temple” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 99 7 cv85 0 solemn important, given seriously PSA 99 8 v1qa 0 You answered them Alternate translation: “You answered your people” PSA 99 9 lw8c 0 his holy hill Alternate translation: “Mount Zion” PSA 100 intro n9yp 0 # Psalm 10 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 100 is the last of six worship psalms (Psalms 95-100).<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s care for his creation<br>God made mankind and takes good care of people. PSA 100 1 m9ga writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 100 1 xue7 0 Shout joyfully to Yahweh “Raise a shout to Yahweh.” See how “shout” is translated in [Psalms 47:1](../047/001.md). PSA 100 1 szl7 figs-metonymy 0 all the earth This refers to all the people of the earth. Alternate translation: “everyone on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 100 2 kub7 figs-metaphor 0 come before his presence The psalmist speaks as if he is telling the readers to go into the throne room of a king. Alternate translation: “go to where he is with joyful singing” or “he can hear you, so sing joyfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 100 3 uxa7 figs-metaphor 0 the sheep of his pasture God’s people are like his sheep. Alternate translation: “the people God provides for and protects” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 100 3 z4at 0 pasture a grassy area for feeding animals PSA 100 4 tb64 0 with thanksgiving Alternate translation: “while thanking him” or “while giving thanks to him” PSA 100 4 zt85 figs-metonymy 0 bless his name The word “name” is a metonym for Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “bless Yahweh” or “do what makes Yahweh happy” See how “may his glorious name be blessed” is translated in [Psalms 72:19](../072/019.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 100 5 qn11 figs-abstractnouns 0 his covenant faithfulness endures forever The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “he is faithful to his covenant forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 100 5 e52y figs-ellipsis 0 his truthfulness through all generations The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. The abstract noun “truthfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “his truthfulness endures through all generations” or “he is truthful through all generations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 100 5 nly8 0 through all generations “generation after generation.” See how this is translated in [Psalms 89:4](../089/004.md). PSA 101 intro vhm3 0 # Psalm 11 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 101 is a psalm asking God’s help in living as a person should.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Encouragement<br>The psalmist wanted to encourage all the good people in the land restrain all the evil people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) PSA 101 1 icq7 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 101 1 lx29 figs-abstractnouns 0 I will sing of covenant faithfulness and justice The abstract nouns “faithfulness” and “justice” can be translated with adjectives. Alternate translation: “I will sing that you are faithful to your covenant and that you are just” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 101 2 v15m figs-metaphor 0 I will walk in the way of integrity Here David speaks about “living” as if it were “walking.” Alternate translation: “I will live in a way that is honest and right” or “I will live a life full of integrity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 101 2 x9km figs-metaphor 0 I will walk with integrity within my house Here David speaks about “living” as if it were walking.” Also, David speaks of overseeing his house with integrity, as if integrity were a physical object residing in his house. Alternate translation: “I will oversee my house with integrity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 101 3 ebd9 figs-abstractnouns 0 I will not put wrongdoing before my eyes This can be restated to remove the abstract noun “wrongdoing.” The idiom, “put evil before my eyes,” means to approve of it. Alternate translation: “I will not approve of anyone doing anything that is wrong in my presence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 101 3 l5pl figs-personification 0 it will not cling to me David describes “evil” as if it were something unable to cling to him. This means that he would avoid evil things and people doing evil things. Alternate translation: “I will completely avoid evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 101 3 cx52 0 cling hold on to something or someone very tightly PSA 101 4 v5jw 0 to evil Alternate translation: “to anything that is evil” PSA 101 5 f3b9 figs-doublet 0 a proud demeanor and an arrogant attitude These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize how prideful such people are. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 101 5 nsy2 0 a proud demeanor “a proud outward appearance.”” This refers to a person being so proud that anyone who looks at him can see how proud he is. PSA 101 6 p6qp figs-idiom 0 I will look to the faithful of the land to sit at my side This means that David would allow those people to be around him and live with him. Alternate translation: “I will allow the faithful of the land to live with me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 101 6 ph2r figs-nominaladj 0 the faithful This refers to the people who are faithful to God. Alternate translation: “the faithful people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 101 6 qs64 figs-metaphor 0 walk in the way of integrity Here David speaks about “living” as if it were “walking.” Alternate translation: “live in a way that is honest and right” or “live lives full of integrity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 101 7 n792 figs-parallelism 0 Deceitful people will not … liars will not These two phrases have the same idea and are used together to emphasize how David will not tolerate deceitful people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 101 7 pag2 figs-activepassive 0 liars will not be welcome This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will not welcome liars” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 101 7 hk5x figs-synecdoche 0 before my eyes Here “my eyes” refers to David himself. Alternate translation: “before me” or “in my presence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 101 8 xql1 0 Morning by morning Alternate translation: “Every day” PSA 101 8 e3n4 figs-nominaladj 0 the wicked This refers to wicked people. Alternate translation: “the wicked people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 101 8 nwb7 figs-explicit 0 from the city of Yahweh David is referring to the city that he is in as “the city of Yahweh.” This can be made clear. Alternate translation: “from this city, which is Yahweh’s city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 102 intro ew2b 0 # Psalm 12 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 102 is a psalm of deliverance from sickness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Salvation<br>The author does not want to die young. He also wants to see Jerusalem saved. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) PSA 102 1 p5kd writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 102 1 g5ux figs-nominaladj 0 the afflicted This refers to a man who is afflicted. Alternate translation: “the afflicted man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 102 3 z22d figs-simile 0 my days pass away like smoke Here “my days” refers to the author’s life and the idea of “smoke” is something that quickly disappears. Alternate translation: “my life passes away quickly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 102 3 uzi1 figs-synecdoche 0 my bones burn like fire Here the author refers to his “body” as his “bones.” Alternate translation: “my body feels like it is burning” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 102 4 c6kx figs-synecdoche 0 My heart is crushed Here the author refers to himself as his “heart.” This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I am in despair” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 102 4 g6gz figs-simile 0 I am like grass that has withered This is another way to describe his despair. Alternate translation: “I feel like I am drying up like withered grass” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 102 6 lb9r figs-simile 0 I am like a pelican of the wilderness He compares his loneliness to that of a pelican, which is often seem alone instead of with other birds. Alternate translation: “I am lonely and despised like a pelican in the wilderness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 102 6 e6su 0 a pelican a large fish-eating bird PSA 102 6 mja3 figs-simile 0 I have become like an owl in the ruins The author continues to describe loneliness by comparing himself to an owl in abandoned ruins. Alternate translation: “I have become alone like an owl in abandoned ruins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 102 6 z5z7 0 an owl This is a bird that is awake at night. Alternate translation: “a night bird” PSA 102 7 g7mv figs-simile 0 I lie awake like a solitary bird The writer compares himself to a bird to emphasize his feeling of loneliness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 102 9 w9f3 figs-simile 0 I eat ashes like bread David would have sat in ashes as an act of mourning, therefore ashes would have fallen on his food. Alternate translation: “I eat ashes like I eat bread” or “As I mourn, ashes fall on the bread that I eat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 102 9 x9c8 figs-explicit 0 mix my drink with tears David did not purposefully mix his drink with tears; rather his tear would have fallen into his cup while he mourned and wept. Alternate translation: “my tears fall into the cup that I drink” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 102 10 n1sq figs-metaphor 0 you have lifted me up to throw me down God has not literally lifted and thrown David’s body to the ground; rather David says this to describe what he is feeling and experiencing. Alternate translation: “it is like you have lifted me up to throw me down” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 102 11 p3fu figs-simile 0 My days are like a shadow that fades David compares his time left to live on earth to a fading shadow. Alternate translation: “My time to remain alive is short like an evening shadow that will soon be gone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 102 11 i6b5 figs-simile 0 I have withered like grass As David’s body becomes weak and he is nearing the end of his life, he compares himself to withering grass. Alternate translation: “my body has become weak like withered grass” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 102 11 zgl8 0 withered dry and wrinkled PSA 102 12 u198 0 your fame is for all generations Alternate translation: “you will be recognized for all generations to come” PSA 102 12 ge7b 0 fame being known by many people PSA 102 13 xp79 figs-metonymy 0 have mercy on Zion Here “Zion” refers to the people who live in Zion. Alternate translation: “have mercy on the people of Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 102 13 rn9d 0 upon her The word “her” refers to Zion. PSA 102 14 ew61 figs-explicit 0 hold her stones dear The “stones” refer to the stones that were part of the city walls before they were destroyed. Alternate translation: “still love the stones that were formerly in the city walls” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 102 15 h2k3 figs-metonymy 0 your name Here “your name” refers to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 102 15 n7ut figs-synecdoche 0 will honor your glory The people will honor Yahweh because of his glory. Here Yahweh is referred to by his glory. Alternate translation: “will honor you because you are glorious” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 102 16 p45x 0 will appear in his glory Alternate translation: “will be seen as glorious” or “people will see his glory” PSA 102 17 c68k figs-nominaladj 0 the destitute This refers to destitute people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 102 17 l5ly figs-doublenegatives 0 he will not reject their prayer This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will accept their prayers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) PSA 102 18 ex9t figs-activepassive 0 This will be written for future generations This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will write this for future generations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 102 19 p7h3 figs-parallelism 0 For he has looked down from the holy heights; from heaven Yahweh has viewed These two phrases have similar meaning and are used together for emphasize how God looks down from heaven. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 102 19 f2bl 0 the holy heights Alternate translation: “his holy place high above the earth” PSA 102 20 zeq6 figs-activepassive 0 those who were condemned to death This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “those whom the authorities had sentenced to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 102 21 jgk6 figs-parallelism 0 proclaim the name of Yahweh in Zion and his praise in Jerusalem These two phrases have the same meaning and emphasize the idea of praising the name of Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 102 23 vj74 figs-metaphor 0 taken away my strength David describes God causing him to become weak as if his strength were a physical item that could be taken away from him. Alternate translation: “has caused me to become weak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 102 23 bbe3 figs-metaphor 0 my days The word “days” here refers to his life. Alternate translation: “my life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 102 24 zb7q figs-metaphor 0 do not take me away David is asking God to not let him die. Alternate translation: “do not take me away from the earth” or “do not let me die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 102 24 tyv4 0 you are here throughout all generations Alternate translation: “you are present throughout all generations” PSA 102 26 r72f 0 they will all grow old The word “they” refers to “the earth” and “the heavens.” PSA 102 27 fd7u figs-metaphor 0 your years will have no end Here David describes the length of time that God is alive as his “years.” This can be written in positive form. Alternate translation: “you will live forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) PSA 102 28 va7h 0 will live on Alternate translation: “will continue to live” PSA 102 28 nf8i figs-metaphor 0 live in your presence Here David describes the descendants being protected by Yahweh as being in his presence. Alternate translation: “be protected as they live in your presence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 103 intro b1ht 0 # Psalm 13 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 103 is the first in a series of five psalms of praise to God. (Psalm 103-107)<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s grace<br>God is good to us by forgiving our sins and not punishing us as much as we deserve. His loving-kindness goes on from generation to generation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/forgive]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) PSA 103 1 j269 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 103 1 dn28 figs-parallelism 0 I give praise to Yahweh with all my life, and with all that is within me, I give praise to his holy name These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize how much he will praise Yahweh. Alternate translation: “I will praise Yahweh with all that I am” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 103 1 tv2n figs-metonymy 0 give praise to his holy name This refers to praising Yahweh’s name as Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 103 1 qlm6 figs-synecdoche 0 all that is within me “all of me” or “all that I am.” David uses this phrase to refer to himself and to emphasize his devotion to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 103 3 ts4f 0 your … you David is speaking to himself, so he uses the words “your” and “you” to refer to himself. Many translations express this with “my” and “me” as the UST does. PSA 103 4 d9r5 0 your … you David is speaking to himself, so he uses the words “your” and “you” to refer to himself. Many translations express this with “my” and “me” as the UST does. PSA 103 4 ktm1 figs-metaphor 0 He redeems your life from destruction This means that Yahweh keeps him alive. Alternate translation: “He saves me from dying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 103 4 n5d6 figs-metaphor 0 he crowns you with covenant faithfulness and acts of tender mercy Here blessing someone and treating them with great honor is described as if it were placing a crown on that person’s head. The abstract nouns “faithfulness” and “mercy” can be translated with adverbs. Alternate translation: “he blesses you by acting faithfully and mercifully towards you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 103 5 u7y1 figs-metonymy 0 He satisfies your life with good things The phrase “your life” refers to “you,” but it emphasizes that Yahweh gives blessings throughout life. Alternate translation: “He satisfies you with good things through your life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 103 5 ga8q figs-simile 0 your youth is renewed like the eagle Having your “youth renewed” means to feel young again. Here David compares this feeling of youth to the swiftness and strength of an eagle. Alternate translation: “you feel young and are strong like an eagle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 103 5 c2mk figs-metonymy 0 your youth The word “youth” refers to the strength one had as a young adult. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 103 6 g16e 0 does acts of justice for Alternate translation: “causes justice to happen to” PSA 103 6 d2hy figs-explicit 0 all who are oppressed Who is doing the oppressing can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “all who are oppressed by men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 103 7 b1ww figs-ellipsis 0 his deeds to the descendants of Israel The words “he made known” are understood from the previous phrase. They may be repeated here. Alternate translation: “he made known his deeds to the descendants of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 103 8 s8zz 0 has great covenant loyalty Alternate translation: “is full of mercy and love” PSA 103 9 whp1 figs-parallelism 0 He will not always discipline; he is not always angry These two phrases have similar meanings. The second one strengthens the thought in the first. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 103 10 ma6v figs-parallelism 0 He does not deal with us … or repay us These two phrases are parallel and emphasize that God does not punish us as we deserve. Alternate translation: “He does not repay us with the punishment we deserve for our sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 103 10 e5pc 0 deal with us Alternate translation: “punish us” PSA 103 11 me8x figs-simile 0 For as the skies are high … toward those who honor him The simile compares the great distance between heaven and earth to the greatness of God’s love for his people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 103 11 e326 figs-abstractnouns 0 so great is his covenant faithfulness The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “so he is very faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 103 12 tv54 figs-simile 0 As far as the east … removed the guilt of our sins from us The distance between east and west is so far that it cannot be measured. In this simile, that distance is being compared to how far God moves our guilt away from us. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 103 13 yv8t figs-simile 0 As a father has compassion … on those who honor him Here the author compares a father’s compassion for his children to Yahweh’s compassion for those who honor him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 103 14 l1y7 figs-activepassive 0 how we are formed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “what our bodies are like” or “how he formed our bodies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 103 14 pmk4 figs-explicit 0 he knows that we are dust When Yahweh created Adam the first man he created him from dust. Alternate translation: “he remembers that he created us from dust” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 103 15 dwr3 figs-simile 0 As for man, his days are like grass In this simile, the length of man’s life is being compared to the short length of time that grass grows before it dies. Alternate translation: “The length of man’s life is short like that of grass” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 103 15 zx2q figs-simile 0 he flourishes like a flower in a field In this simile, how man grows over time is compared to how a flower grows. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 103 15 p86d 0 flourishes To “flourish” is to grow well or be healthy. PSA 103 16 pk91 figs-simile 0 The wind blows over it, and it disappears … where it once grew These phrases continue to talk about flowers and grass. They compare how flowers and grass die to how man dies. Alternate translation: “The wind blows over the flowers and grass and they disappear, and no one can tell where they once grew—it is the same way with man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 103 17 x8ia figs-abstractnouns 0 the covenant faithfulness of Yahweh is The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 103 17 c87z figs-merism 0 is from everlasting to everlasting This means that Yahweh’s love continues forever. Alternate translation: “will continue forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) PSA 103 17 h9c9 0 their descendants Alternate translation: “the descendants of those who honor him” PSA 103 18 qg3h figs-parallelism 0 They keep his covenant and remember to obey his instructions These two phrases have similar meanings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 103 19 zz3l figs-metonymy 0 Yahweh has established his throne in the heavens Here Yahweh’s reign as king is referred to as his “throne.” Alternate translation: “Yahweh has taken his seat in the heavens where he rules as king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 103 19 wr38 0 has established Alternate translation: “has made” PSA 103 19 q47p figs-metonymy 0 his kingdom rules Here Yahweh is referred to by “his kingdom” to emphasize his authority as king. Alternate translation: “he rules” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 103 21 hie6 figs-idiom 0 carry out his will This is an idiom meaning to “do his will.” Alternate translation: “do his will” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 103 22 kgz3 0 in all the places where he reigns Alternate translation: “praise him in all the places where he reigns” PSA 103 22 te1g figs-metonymy 0 with all my life This phrase means that he will praise Yahweh wholeheartedly and is used to emphasize his devotion to him. Alternate translation: “with all of me” or “with all my soul” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 104 intro zu6w 0 # Psalm 14 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 104 is the second in the series of five psalms of praise to God. (Psalm 103-107)<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br>### Yahweh’s creation<br>God has created everything good on earth, in the sky and in the sea. PSA 104 1 n2h6 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. This psalm is a song of praise. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 104 1 h3du figs-metonymy 0 with all my life This phrase means that he will praise Yahweh wholeheartedly and is used to emphasize his devotion to him. Alternate translation: “with all of me” or “with all my soul”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 104 1 pn87 figs-doublet 0 you are clothed with splendor and majesty The words “splendor” and “majesty” have similar meanings and emphasize the greatness of Yahweh’s glory. They are described as clothing Yahweh like a garment. Alternate translation: “you have splendor and majesty all around you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 104 2 a2ha figs-simile 0 You cover yourself with light as with a garment Yahweh is described as being covered with light as if the light were a garment around him. Alternate translation: “You are covered in light” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 104 2 dy5x figs-simile 0 you spread out the heavens like a tent curtain Here God is described as spreading out the heavens like someone spreads out a tent when setting it up. Alternate translation: “you spread out the heavens like someone sets up a tent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 104 3 mw5b 0 You lay the beams of your chambers on the clouds “You build your upper rooms in the heavens.” This is referring to his house is so tall that the upper floor extends into the clouds. PSA 104 3 wvf4 figs-metaphor 0 you make the clouds your chariot Here the clouds are described as carrying Yahweh as if they were a chariot. Alternate translation: “you make the clouds carry you like a chariot” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 104 3 cb6d figs-metaphor 0 you walk on the wings of the wind Here the blowing of the wind is described as wings on which Yahweh walks. Alternate translation: “you walk upon the wind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 104 4 h3wj figs-personification 0 He makes the winds his messengers This could mean: (1) he causes the wind to be able to carry a message like a messenger, “He makes the winds to be like his messengers” or (2) “He makes his messengers swift like the wind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 104 4 hx2d figs-personification 0 flames of fire his servants This could mean: (1) “he causes flames of fire to be like his servants.” He causes fire to serve him like a servant would or (2) “he makes his servants to be like flames of fire”and (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 104 4 m17r figs-ellipsis 0 flames of fire his servants This can be stated with the implied information from the previous line. Alternate translation: “He makes the flames of fire his servants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 104 5 slc5 figs-idiom 0 He laid the foundations of the earth Here the phrase “laid the foundations” means “created.” Alternate translation: “He created the whole earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 104 6 uvx2 figs-simile 0 You covered the earth with water like a garment Here the water that covered the earth is being compared to how a large garment is able to completely cover something. Alternate translation: “You completely covered the earth with water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 104 7 cyi9 figs-parallelism 0 Your rebuke made the waters … they fled These two phrases have basically the same meaning and are used together to emphasize how God spoke and the waters went away. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 104 7 xcn5 0 recede move back, go down PSA 104 7 e57p figs-personification 0 they fled Here the psalmist speaks about the waters receding as if they fled like an animal after hearing Yahweh’s voice. The word “fled” means to run away quickly. Alternate translation: “rushed away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 104 8 scr3 figs-personification 0 The mountains rose, and the valleys spread out Here the psalmist speaks of God causing the mountains and valleys to move and change as if they chose to move themselves. They are described this way to emphasize God’s power. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 104 8 l42f 0 for them The word “them” refers to the waters. PSA 104 9 n9ik figs-personification 0 a boundary for them that they will not cross Here the psalmist speaks of God causing the waters not to cross the boundary that he created for them as if the waters themselves chose not to cross it. They are described this way to emphasize God’s authority over them. Alternate translation: “a boundary for them that they cannot cross” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 104 9 dvf6 0 boundary border PSA 104 10 iif6 0 streams small rivers PSA 104 11 lyg8 figs-explicit 0 the wild donkeys quench their thirst It can be stated clearly that they quench their thirst by drinking the water. Alternate translation: “the wild donkeys drink the water to quench their thirst” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 104 12 agc8 0 riverbanks the ground at the edges of a river PSA 104 12 f9hd figs-metaphor 0 they sing among the branches Here David describes birds chirping as if they were singing. Alternate translation: “they chirp among the tree branches” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 104 13 t46e figs-metaphor 0 He waters the mountains from his water chambers in the sky This means that God causes it to rain. The waters are described as residing in chambers in the sky. Alternate translation: “He waters the mountains by causing the rains to fall from the sky” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 104 13 umz5 0 the fruit of his labor Alternate translation: “the many good things that you create” PSA 104 14 e34g figs-ellipsis 0 and plants for man to cultivate The words “he makes” and “grow” are understood from the previous phrase, and can be repeated here. Alternate translation: “and he makes the plants grow for man to cultivate” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 104 16 wk1s figs-activepassive 0 The trees of Yahweh get plenty of rain This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh provides plenty of rain for his trees” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 104 17 hms7 figs-explicit 0 There the birds make their nests They makes their nests in the cedars. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “The birds make their nests in the cedars” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 104 17 hw3v 0 stork This is a type of bird. Alternate translation: “bird” PSA 104 18 k4ms 0 hyraxes I hyrax is a small animal that looks like a large rodent. Alternate translation: “rock badger” PSA 104 19 ph3b 0 seasons This word refers to different weather changes through the year. Some places have rainy season and dry season, while others have spring, summer, fall, and winter. PSA 104 19 e39s figs-personification 0 the sun knows its time Here David describes the sun as if it knows what time of day it is. Alternate translation: “he made the sun to set when it is time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 104 20 qx53 0 You make “Yahweh, you make.” Here the authors switches from speaking about Yahweh to speaking to him. PSA 104 21 lyz7 0 prey an animal that is food for another animal PSA 104 21 jb9f 0 and seek their food from God Alternate translation: “but they rely on God to provide their food” PSA 104 22 gx5s 0 retreat go back to their dens PSA 104 22 y9tf 0 dens the homes of some mammals and small animals PSA 104 24 z55t figs-metaphor 0 overflows with your works Here David describes the amount of things that Yahweh had created as if they were a liquid overflowing out of a container. Alternate translation: “is filled with your work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 104 25 ci1v figs-doublet 0 deep and wide “it is very deep and very wide.” The depth and width of the sea emphasizes how large it is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 104 25 px6m 0 teeming with innumerable creatures Alternate translation: “having in them more creatures than anyone could count” PSA 104 25 ury2 0 innumerable more than anyone can count PSA 104 25 qyy2 figs-merism 0 both small and great This means creatures of all sizes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) PSA 104 26 hy31 0 The ships travel there Alternate translation: “The ships travel on the sea” PSA 104 27 f1i2 0 All these Alternate translation: “All these creatures” PSA 104 27 ty2m 0 give them their food on time Alternate translation: “give them their food when they need it” PSA 104 28 zi19 figs-explicit 0 When you give to them, they gather It may be helpful to state that it is food that is given. Alternate translation: “When you give food to them, they gather it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 104 28 lri9 0 gather collect PSA 104 28 rs7m figs-explicit 0 when you open your hand This describes Yahweh as opening his hand to give food to the creatures. Alternate translation: “when you open your hand to feed them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 104 29 mel5 figs-explicit 0 hide your face This means that Yahweh does not look at them or pay attention to them. Alternate translation: “when you do not look upon them” or “when you ignore them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 104 29 w8jz figs-explicit 0 return to dust This means that their bodies decay and are and become soil again. Alternate translation: “their bodies decay and return to the ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 104 30 nc9i figs-idiom 0 When you send out your Spirit This refers to his Spirit being sent to give life to creatures. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 104 30 ufs8 figs-activepassive 0 they are created It is Yahweh’s spirit that created them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 104 30 bvs4 0 you renew the countryside Alternate translation: “you cause the land to be full of new life” PSA 104 34 wqg4 figs-metaphor 0 my thoughts be sweet He is comparing his thoughts to something that tastes sweet. Alternate translation: “my thoughts be pleasing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 104 35 j2if 0 vanish disappear PSA 104 35 d8e7 figs-nominaladj 0 let the wicked be no more The phrase “the wicked” refers to wicked people. Alternate translation: “may wicked people disappear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 105 intro lfu2 0 # Psalm 15 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 105 is the third in a series of five psalms of praise to God. (Psalm 103-107)<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s protection<br>God protected Abraham and Jacob. He worked throughout Israel’s history to bring Israel into the Promised Land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) PSA 105 1 zzf7 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 105 1 vd4n figs-metonymy 0 call on his name Here “name” represents Yahweh. Alternate translation: “call on him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 105 1 x3bs figs-metonymy 0 the nations This refers to the people in the nations. Alternate translation: “the people of the nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 105 3 te1c figs-metonymy 0 Boast in his holy name Here “name” represents Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Boast in Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 105 3 a47m figs-synecdoche 0 let the heart of those who seek Yahweh rejoice Here “the heart” represents the person who seeks Yahweh. Alternate translation: “let the people who seek Yahweh rejoice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 105 4 hn4w figs-idiom 0 Seek Yahweh and his strength To “seek Yahweh’s strength” means to ask him to strengthen you. Alternate translation: “Seek Yahweh and ask him to give you his strength” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 105 5 bp9g 0 Recall remember and think about PSA 105 5 d8xx figs-ellipsis 0 his miracles and The word “recall” is understood from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “recall his miracles and” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 105 5 mlf1 figs-metonymy 0 the decrees from his mouth Here “mouth” refers to the things that he spoke. Alternate translation: “the decrees that he has spoken” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 105 6 h2s3 0 you descendants of Abraham … you people of Jacob The author is speaking to the Israelites, calling them these names. PSA 105 6 qt6k 0 Abraham his servant Alternate translation: “Abraham, Yahweh’s servant” PSA 105 8 dsi3 figs-parallelism 0 He keeps in mind … the word that he commanded These two phrases share similar meanings and are used together for emphasis. The word “word” refers to the covenant. Alternate translation: “He keeps in mind his covenant forever, the promise he made” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 105 8 jiu4 figs-idiom 0 keeps in mind This means to remember and think about something. Alternate translation: “remembers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 105 8 myq8 translate-numbers 0 a thousand generations “1,000 generations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) PSA 105 9 f63m figs-idiom 0 He calls to mind The phrase “call to mind” means to remember something. Alternate translation: “he remembers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 105 9 q6jd figs-parallelism 0 the covenant that he made with Abraham … his oath to Isaac Both of these phrases “the covenant” and “the oath” refer to the same promise that Yahweh made to his people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 105 9 xgp2 figs-ellipsis 0 his oath to Isaac The words “that he made” are undestood from the previous phrase. They can be repeated. Alternate translation: “his oath that he made to Isaac” or “his oath that he gave to Isaac” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 105 12 mm4y 0 Connecting Statement: The psalmist is writing about Israel. PSA 105 12 y52u 0 when they were only few in number The word “they” refers to the Israelites. PSA 105 12 xll7 figs-explicit 0 were strangers in the land It is implied that “the land” refers to Canaan. Alternate translation: “were foreigners in the land of Canaan” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 105 13 m9g6 0 They went from Alternate translation: “They continued to wander” PSA 105 13 zb22 figs-parallelism 0 from nation to nation and from one kingdom to another These two phrases have similar meanings and are used together for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 105 14 y2y2 0 Connecting Statement: The psalmist is writing about Israel. PSA 105 14 zit6 0 for their sakes “for their own well-being.” This is referring to Israel. PSA 105 15 ex2x figs-hyperbole 0 Do not touch my anointed ones Here “touch” means to harm, it’s an exaggeration Yahweh used to strengthen his warning to not harm his people. Alternate translation: “Do not harm the people I have anointed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) PSA 105 16 yy95 figs-idiom 0 He called for “He sent.” This means that caused a famine to happen in the land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 105 16 ih1i figs-synecdoche 0 the whole supply of bread Here “bread” refers to food in general. Alternate translation: “the whole supply of food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 105 17 w46a figs-explicit 0 He sent a man ahead of them; Joseph It may be helpful to state that he sent him ahead of them to Egypt. Alternate translation: “He sent a man ahead of them to Egypt; he sent Joseph who” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 105 17 a5yd figs-activepassive 0 Joseph was sold as a servant This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Joseph’s brothers sold him as a slave” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 105 18 y8ja 0 shackles metal restraints used to fasten a prisoner’s wrists or ankles together PSA 105 18 y4be figs-activepassive 0 His feet were bound by shackles; on his neck was put an iron collar These statements can be restated as active. Alternate translation: “The Egyptians bound his feet in shackles; they put an iron collar around his neck. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 105 19 d2i1 0 The word of Yahweh tested him Alternate translation: “The message of Yahweh tested him” PSA 105 20 t5jp figs-parallelism 0 The king sent servants to release him; the ruler of the people set him free These two phrases have basically the same meaning and are used together to emphasize that the king set Joseph free. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 105 23 cy4l figs-explicit 0 Then Israel came into Egypt Here “Israel” refers to Jacob. Jacob also brought his family with him. Alternate translation: “Then Israel and his family came into Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 105 24 dy5v figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh made his people fruitful The writer speaks of the increase of Israel as if they were a plant that produced a lot of fruit. “God increased the number of his people greatly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 105 25 dlg8 0 to hate his people, to mistreat his servants Alternate translation: “to hate his people and to mistreat his servants” PSA 105 27 m86t figs-parallelism 0 They performed his signs among the Egyptians … his wonders in the land of Ham These two phrases have basically the same meaning. Alternate translation: “Moses and Aaron performed God’s miracles in Egypt among the descendants of Ham” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 105 27 ejj7 figs-ellipsis 0 his wonders in the land of Ham The words “they performed” are understood fromt the previous phrase. They may be repeated here. Alternate translation: “and they performed his wonders in the land of Ham” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 105 27 sf91 figs-explicit 0 the land of Ham Ham was an ancestor of the people of Egypt. Alternate translation: “the land of Ham’s descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 105 28 x43u 0 made that land dark Alternate translation: “made the sky dark” PSA 105 30 l4fr 0 frogs a small jumping reptile PSA 105 30 svn6 0 even in the rooms of their rulers Alternate translation: “they were even in the rooms of their rulers” PSA 105 31 bg5e 0 Connecting Statement: The psalmist continues to describe Yahweh’s judgment on Egypt. PSA 105 31 xv9w 0 swarms large flying groups PSA 105 31 p85g 0 gnats small flying insects like flies but smaller PSA 105 32 xxb2 0 hail ice that falls from the sky like rain PSA 105 33 sa1j figs-metonymy 0 He destroyed … he broke God caused the hail, rain, and lightning to ruin the vines and trees. Alternate translation: “He caused it to destroy … and to break” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 105 34 pv2a 0 so many locusts Alternate translation: “there were so many locusts” PSA 105 35 ytq3 figs-parallelism 0 The locusts ate up all of the vegetation … They ate up all the crops of the ground These two phrase have basically the same meaning and are used together for emphasis. Alternate translation: “The insects ate all the plants and all the crops in the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 105 36 ur3w figs-parallelism 0 He killed every firstborn in their land, the firstfruits of all their strength Here the second phrase about the “firstfruits” is used to describe the “firstborn” in the first phrase. Alternate translation: “He killed every firstborn in their land, which were the firstfruits of all their strength” or “Then Yahweh killed the oldest son in every house of the people of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 105 37 p9rb figs-explicit 0 He brought the Israelites out with silver and gold When the Israelites left Egypt they took silver and gold with them. Alternate translation: “He brought the Isrealites out of Egypt with silver and gold in their possession” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 105 37 jug1 figs-doublenegatives 0 none of his tribes stumbled on the way No one was left behind. This can be stated positively Alternate translation: “all of his tribes was able to make the journey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) PSA 105 38 b4ia figs-metonymy 0 Egypt was glad Here “Egypt” refers to the people who live in Egypt. Alternate translation: The people of Egypt were glad (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 105 39 z8gy figs-metaphor 0 He spread a cloud for a covering Here the psalmist describes Yahweh placing a cloud in the sky as if he were spreading out a garment. The cloud was a “covering” to protect them from the sun. Alternate translation: “He placed a cloud in the sky to protect them from the sun and heat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 105 39 tm1i figs-explicit 0 made a fire to light up the night Yahweh placed a pillar of fire in the sky to give light during the night. Alternate translation: “placed a fire it the sky to light up the night” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 105 40 ny85 figs-explicit 0 he brought quail It may be helpful to make clear that quail are small birds Yahweh sent for them to eat. Alternate translation: “Yahweh sent small birds to eat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 105 40 i82g figs-explicit 0 with bread from heaven Yahweh caused manna, a type of bread, to fall from the sky. Alternate translation: “with bread that fell from the sky” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 105 41 kr8h 0 they flowed Alternate translation: “the waters flowed” PSA 105 42 p4um figs-idiom 0 called to mind This means to remember. Alternate translation: “remembered” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 105 43 s27l figs-parallelism 0 He led his people out … his chosen with shouts of triumph These two phrases have basically the same meaning and are used together to emphasize that God’s people were joyful when he led them out of Egypt. The people were shouting joyfully. Alternate translation: “He led his chosen people out with shouts of joy and triumph” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 105 43 is64 figs-nominaladj 0 his chosen Here “chosen” refers to Yahweh’s chosen people. Alternate translation: “his chosen people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 105 43 vc3k 0 shouts of triumph the sound that people make when they are shouting with joy because they have defeated their enemies PSA 105 45 x32z figs-parallelism 0 keep his statutes and obey his laws These two phrases have basically the same meaning and are used together for emphasis. “To keep” his statutes means to obey them. Alternate translation: “obey his laws and statutes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 106 intro b2l3 0 # Psalm 16 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 106 is the fourth in a series of five psalms of praise to God. (Psalm 103-107)<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Israel’s sin<br>Although Israel continually sinned in the desert, God still took them to the Promised Land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) PSA 106 1 m751 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 106 1 n4rk figs-abstractnouns 0 for his covenant faithfulness endures forever The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “for he remains faithful to his covenant forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 106 2 mp3f figs-rquestion 0 Who can recount the mighty acts of Yahweh … deeds? The author asks this question to praise God and does not expect an answer. Alternate translation: “No one can recount the mighty acts of Yahweh … deeds.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 106 2 gxs8 0 praiseworthy deeds Alternate translation: “deeds that are worthy of praise” PSA 106 4 hu15 figs-idiom 0 Call me to mind The phrase “call to mind” means to remember something. Alternate translation: “remember me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 106 5 a4xh figs-nominaladj 0 of your chosen The word “chosen” refers to Yahweh’s chosen people. Alternate translation: “of your chosen people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 106 5 hyv2 figs-ellipsis 0 rejoice in the gladness … and glory These are things that David says he will do, along with “seeing the prosperity of your chosen.” The words “I will” may be repeated here. Alternate translation: “I will rejoice in the gladness … and I will glory” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 106 5 xr8z 0 gladness joy, delight PSA 106 5 upf7 figs-metonymy 0 glory with your inheritance Here the phrase “your inheritance” refers to the Isrealites, who are Yahweh’s chosen people. Here “glory” means “to boast about” something; in this case they are boasting about Yahweh. Alternate translation: “boast of your greatness with your people” or “boast with your people about you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 106 7 f98d 0 did not appreciate your marvelous deeds Alternate translation: “were not grateful for the marvelous deed you did” PSA 106 7 ba4y figs-abstractnouns 0 they ignored your many acts of covenant faithfulness The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “they ignored the many things that you did because you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 106 7 i9mu 0 at the sea … the Sea of Reeds These two phrases refer to the same sea. The second is the name of the sea. PSA 106 8 gj3d 0 Nevertheless, he Alternate translation: “Even though what I have just said is true, he” PSA 106 8 cz9e figs-metonymy 0 for his name’s sake Here “his name” refers to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “for the sake of his own reputation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 106 9 f4nv figs-simile 0 through the depths, as through a wilderness Here David compares the way that Yahweh led the Isrealites through the Sea of Reeds to the way people can be led across the dry ground of a wilderness. “The depths” refers the riverbed that appeared after Yahweh parted the waters. Alternate translation: “through the Seas of Reeds on dry ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 106 10 tc7g figs-parallelism 0 He saved them from the hand … and he rescued them from the hand These two phrases mean basically the same thing and are used together to emphasize that Yahweh saved them from their enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 106 10 hd8l figs-metonymy 0 the hand of those who hated them Here “hand” refers to power or control. Alternate translation: “the power of those who hated them” or “the control of those who hated them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 106 11 iwb8 figs-euphemism 0 covered their adversaries This is a polite way to talk about them drowning. Alternate translation: “drowned their enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) PSA 106 12 z9pl 0 Then they believed his words Here the word “they” refers to “their ancestors” and the word “his” refers to “Yahweh.” PSA 106 13 k4qa figs-explicit 0 they did not wait for his instructions It is implied that they did things without waiting to find out what Yahweh wanted them to go. Alternate translation: “they did things without first waiting for Yahweh’s instructions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 106 14 hxm8 0 insatiable cravings Alternate translation: “cravings that could not be satisfied” PSA 106 14 ut7k 0 they challenged God Alternate translation: “They rebelled against God” PSA 106 15 p9dq figs-metaphor 0 but he sent a horrible disease Here David speaks about Yahweh causing the people to be afflicted by a disease as if Yahweh sent a disease to them in the same way that someone sends a person or a messenger. Alternate translation: “but he caused them to suffer from a horrible disease” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 106 15 cz4b 0 a horrible disease a disease that caused people to slowly become weak and caused some of them to die PSA 106 16 ymj2 figs-explicit 0 In the camp This refers to the Israelites’ camp in the wilderness. Alternate translation: “In the camp in the wilderness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 106 17 rfy5 figs-personification 0 The earth opened and swallowed up Here how the ground opens up and buries the people is being compared to how a creature swallows something. Alternate translation: “The earth opened and buried” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 106 17 n2we translate-names 0 Dathan This was an official who rebelled against Moses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) PSA 106 17 acj1 figs-ellipsis 0 covered the followers of Abiram The followers of Abiram were also buried when the earth opened and buried Dathan. Alternate translation: “it also covered the followers of Abiram” or “it also buried the followers of Abiram” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 106 17 trp8 translate-names 0 Abiram This was an official who rebelled against Moses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) PSA 106 18 k3ir figs-parallelism 0 Fire broke out among them; the fire consumed the wicked These two phrases mean the same things and are written together to emphasize how the wicked people were killed by the fire. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 106 19 uq33 figs-explicit 0 They made a calf at Horeb and worshiped a cast metal figure This information can be reordered so that it is clear that the calf was the cast metal figure. Alternate translation: “At Horeb, they made a cast metal figure of a calf and worshiped it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 106 20 em83 figs-explicit 0 They traded the glory of God for the image of a bull This means that instead of worshiping God they worshiped the image of the bull. Alternate translation: “They traded worshiping the glory of God to worship the image of a bull” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 106 20 ke98 figs-metonymy 0 the glory of God Here God is referred to by his glory. Alternate translation: “their glorious God” or “God who is glorious” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 106 22 ej25 figs-possession 0 the land of Ham This refers to the land where Ham’s descendants lived. Alternate translation: “the land where Ham’s descendant live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) PSA 106 22 s85r 0 mighty acts Alternate translation: “awesome things” PSA 106 23 s6ji figs-metaphor 0 stood in the breach before him, to turn away his anger from destroying them Here David speaks about Moses persuading Yahweh not to destroy the Israelites as intervening with him in the breach. Alternate translation: “stood between Yahweh and the Israelites and begged Yahweh to not destroy them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 106 24 rv7l 0 his promise This refers to Yahweh’s promise that he would allow them to take the land of Canaan as their possession. PSA 106 25 g1re 0 grumbled complained PSA 106 26 rxu8 0 raised his hand The word “his” refers to Yahweh. Also, it was custom to raise a hand when swearing an oath. PSA 106 27 gk8t figs-parallelism 0 scatter their descendants … in foreign lands These two phrases have basically the same meaning and are used together for emphasis. Alternate translation: “and that he would make their descendants live in foreign lands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 106 27 yf1j 0 scatter This means to disperse or spread out something. PSA 106 28 ju2m figs-activepassive 0 the sacrifices offered to the dead This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the sacrifices that they offered to the dead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 106 28 sm42 figs-nominaladj 0 to the dead “The dead” refers to the idols and gods that the Israelites were worshiping. Alternate translation: “to gods who are dead” or “to lifeless gods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 106 29 fu7m 0 a plague broke out Alternate translation: “a plague spread” PSA 106 29 m7n8 0 provoked him to anger Alternate translation: “angered him” PSA 106 30 eqn8 figs-explicit 0 Then Phinehas rose to intervene Phinehas intervened among the people, punishing them for their sin. This can be made clear. Alternate translation: “Then Phinehas rose to intervene among the people because of their sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 106 31 s4km figs-activepassive 0 It was counted to him as a righteous deed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People credited it to him as a righteous deed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 106 32 p4gw translate-names 0 Meribah This is a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) PSA 106 32 zj4e figs-metonymy 0 suffered because of them Moses suffered because of the peoples’ sin. Here the word “them” is a pronoun for the people and a metonym referring to their sin. Alternate translation: “suffered because of their actions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 106 35 kf8n figs-metaphor 0 but they mingled with the nations Hey David speaks of the people intermarrying with the women from other nations as “mingling” with them. Alternate translation: “but they mixed in marriage with the other nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 106 36 j9ws 0 which became a snare to them The idols became a snare to them. PSA 106 38 f98r figs-euphemism 0 They shed innocent blood, the blood of their sons and of their daughters The phrase “shedding blood” is a descriptive euphemism used for “killing.” Alternate translation: “They shed innocent blood when they killed their sons and daughters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) PSA 106 39 dy5f figs-activepassive 0 They were defiled by their deeds This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Their deeds defiled them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 106 39 b2u2 figs-explicit 0 in their actions they were like prostitutes Here David compares their unfaithfulness to Yahweh to the unfaithfulness of a prostitute. Alternate translation: “they were as unfaithful to Yahweh as prostitutes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 106 40 ef5t 0 So Yahweh was angry with his people … he despised his own people Alternate translation: “So Yahweh was angry with his people and despised them” PSA 106 41 wrc9 figs-metonymy 0 He gave them into the hand of the nations Here “hand” refers to power or control. Alternate translation: “God allowed the nations to take control of them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 106 41 ukn1 0 those who hated them Alternate translation: “people who hated them” PSA 106 42 q1ds figs-activepassive 0 they were brought into subjection to their authority This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “their enemies caused them to be subject to their authority” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 106 43 k223 figs-idiom 0 were brought low by their own sin Here the phrase “brought low” means to be destroyed. Also, this can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “their sin ruined them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 106 44 mj3k 0 Nevertheless, he “Even though what I have just said is true, he.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 106:8](../106/008.md). PSA 106 44 ry5x 0 their distress Alternate translation: “their affliction” or “their suffering” PSA 106 45 try4 figs-idiom 0 called to mind The phrase “call to mind” means to remember something. Alternate translation: “remembered” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 106 45 fi1e 0 He … relented because of his steadfast love Alternate translation: “He … decided that because he still loved them very much he would not punish them” PSA 106 46 vqs1 0 their conquerers “their captors.” This refers to the Isrealites’ enemies who had taken them captive. PSA 106 46 i4vh 0 to have pity on them Alternate translation: “to be compassionate on them” PSA 106 47 p7rh 0 General Information: Here 106:48 is more than the end of this psalm. It is the closing statement for all of Book 4 of the Psalms, which starts at Psalm 90 and ends with Psalm 106. PSA 106 47 n47s figs-metonymy 0 to your holy name Here Yahweh is referred to by his “holy name.” Alternate translation: “to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 106 48 qmx9 figs-activepassive 0 May Yahweh, the God of Israel, be praised This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “May people praise Yahweh the God of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 106 48 qzy4 figs-merism 0 from everlasting to everlasting This refers to two extremes and means for all time. See how you translated this in [Psalms 41:13](../041/013.md). Alternate translation: “for all eternity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) PSA 107 intro j88n 0 # Psalm 17 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 107 is the last in a series of five psalms of praise to God (Psalm 103-107).<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br>### Praise<br>The psalmist praises Yahweh for saving people lost in the desert, in prison, sick, in a storm at sea, homeless and oppressed. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/oppress]]) PSA 107 1 h2en writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 107 1 he6p figs-abstractnouns 0 his covenant faithfulness endures forever The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “he remains faithful to his covenant forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 107 2 p5ij figs-nominaladj 0 the redeemed of Yahweh “The redeemed” refers to the people whom Yahweh has saved. Alternate translation: “those whom Yahweh has saved” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 107 2 j8q7 figs-idiom 0 speak out This means to tell others about something. Alternate translation: “tell about what Yahweh has done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 107 2 ftq5 figs-metonymy 0 from the hand of the enemy Here “hand” refers to power. Alternate translation: “from the power of the enemy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 107 3 vj8x figs-merism 0 from the east … and from the south Here the four directions are given to emphasize that he gather them from everywhere. Alternate translation: “from every direction” or “from every part of the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) PSA 107 3 fu7j figs-ellipsis 0 from the east and from the west, from the north and from the south This describes the places that Yahweh gather his people from. Alternate translation: “he has gathered them from the east and from the west, from the north and from the south” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 107 4 un2c 0 They wandered Alternate translation: “Some people wandered” PSA 107 4 hnu5 0 on a desert road Alternate translation: “on a road that was in the desert” PSA 107 4 c3wb 0 in which to live Alternate translation: “that they could live in” PSA 107 6 j2tf figs-explicit 0 Then they called out to Yahweh in their trouble It is implied that they are praying to Yahweh so that he will help them. Alternate translation: “Then they prayed to Yahweh to help them in their trouble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 107 6 xe6n 0 their distress Alternate translation: “their difficulties” or “their afflictions” PSA 107 8 cw6e figs-exclamations 0 Oh that people would praise Yahweh for his covenant faithfulness Here the word “Oh” is used to convey a strong desire for people to praise Yahweh. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “Let people praise Yahweh because he is faithful to his covenant” or “People should praise Yahweh because he is faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 107 8 a7ad 0 for humanity Alternate translation: “for all people” PSA 107 9 v9jj 0 For he satisfies the longings of those who are thirsty Alternate translation: “For he gives water to those who desire it—to those who are thirsty” PSA 107 9 pk1w 0 the desires of those who are hungry he fills up with good things Alternate translation: “to those who are very hungry and desire food, he give them good things to eat” PSA 107 10 d8zk figs-explicit 0 Some sat It is implied that these are people that Yahweh has rescued. Alternate translation: “Yahweh also rescued people who sat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 107 10 pb1i figs-doublet 0 in darkness and in gloom Both “darkness” and “gloom” have basically the same meaning and are used to emphasize how dark the prison was. Alternate translation: “in complete darkness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 107 11 hv2f figs-parallelism 0 they had rebelled against God’s word … rejected the instruction of the Most High These phrases have similar meanings and emphasize how much they had rebelled again God, which is why they had been imprisoned. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 107 12 n1vf figs-synecdoche 0 He humbled their hearts through hardship Here the heart represents a person, but specifically his will. Alternate translation: “He humbled them by allowing them to suffer hardship” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 107 12 pw85 0 hardship This could mean: (1) “trouble” or (2) “hard labor.” PSA 107 12 rn21 figs-explicit 0 they stumbled and there was no one to help them up The word “stumbled” refers to times when these people got into very difficult situations. Alternate translation: “they got into trouble and there was no one to help them out of it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 107 13 ee2r figs-explicit 0 Then they called out to Yahweh in their trouble It is implied that they are praying to Yahweh so that he will help them. See how you translated this in [Psalms 107:6](../107/006.md). Alternate translation: “Then they prayed to Yahweh to help them in their trouble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 107 13 w6na 0 their distress “difficulties” or “afflictions.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 107:6](../107/006.md) PSA 107 13 qk74 figs-metaphor 0 he brought Here David describes Yahweh saving them from their distress as if their distress were a physical place that he was bringing them out of. Alternate translation: “he saved” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 107 14 h4hv 0 He brought them Alternate translation: “Yahweh brought those in prison” PSA 107 14 ca58 figs-doublet 0 darkness and gloom Both “darkness” and “gloom” have basically the same meaning and are used to emphasize how dark the prison was. See how you translated this in [Psalms 107:10](../107/010.md). Alternate translation: “complete darkness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 107 15 hl74 figs-exclamations 0 Oh that people would praise Yahweh for his covenant faithfulness Here the word “Oh” is used to convey a strong desire for people to praise Yahweh. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. See how you translated this in [Psalms 107:8](../107/008.md). Alternate translation: “Let people praise Yahweh because he is faithful to his covenant” or “People should praise Yahweh because he is faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 107 16 xw9f 0 For he Alternate translation: “because he” PSA 107 16 a9c5 figs-parallelism 0 For he has broken the gates of bronze and cut through the bars of iron Both of these phrases describe Yahweh freeing his people from prison and are used to emphasize that Yahweh truly freed them. Alternate translation: “He freed his people from prison” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 107 17 cg19 0 They were foolish in their rebellious ways Alternate translation: “They were foolish in the way they rebelled against Yahweh” PSA 107 17 w525 figs-explicit 0 and afflicted “and they suffered.” Specifically they were afflicted by becoming sick. Alternate translation: “and they became sick” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 107 18 qkk6 figs-metaphor 0 they came close to the gates of death Here the act of “dying” is described as a place, “the gates of death” Alternate translation: “they almost died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 107 19 h1yt figs-explicit 0 Then they called out to Yahweh in their trouble It is implied that they are praying to Yahweh so that he will help them. See how you translated this in [Psalms 107:6](../107/006.md). Alternate translation: “Then they prayed to Yahweh to help them in their trouble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 107 20 q29l figs-personification 0 He sent his word and healed them Here David describes Yahweh speaking as sending his words as if they were a messenger. This could mean: (1) “He commanded for them to be healed and they were healed” or (2) “He encouraged them and healed them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 107 21 b9jy figs-exclamations 0 Oh that people would praise Yahweh for his covenant faithfulness Here the word “Oh” is used to convey a strong desire for people to praise Yahweh. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. See how you translated this in [Psalms 107:8](../107/008.md). Alternate translation: “Let people praise Yahweh because he is faithful to his covenant” or “People should praise Yahweh because he is faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 107 22 qpm7 0 of thanksgiving Alternate translation: “that show that they are thankful” PSA 107 22 ct4t 0 in singing Alternate translation: “by singing about them” PSA 107 23 w4vq figs-explicit 0 and do business overseas They would sail to places and buy and sell things with the people there. Alternate translation: “selling things in cities far away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 107 25 h9pa 0 he commanded and aroused the windstorm that stirs up the seas Alternate translation: “he commanded the wind and caused it become a great windstorm that stirred up the sea” PSA 107 25 wyy3 0 windstorm a strong wind, like the wind that accompanies a strong rain storm PSA 107 25 j3g8 figs-metaphor 0 that stirs up the seas Here David describes the winds causing the waves to become high as if the wind was an object fiercely stirring something. Alternate translation: “that caused the waves of the sea to become very high” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 107 26 y5x4 figs-hyperbole 0 They reached up to the sky; they went down to the depths This describes the ships rising and falling with the waves. The extremes of rising to the sky and falling to the depths are an exaggeration to express how horrible the windstorm was and how large the waves were. Alternate translation: “their ships would rise very high on the waves and then they would fall very low between the waves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) PSA 107 26 jma2 figs-idiom 0 Their lives melted away in distress This idiom describes the sailors’ great fear. Alternate translation: “The men were terrified and greatly distressed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 107 27 yjm2 figs-idiom 0 were at their wits’ end The phrase “at their wit’s end” means that they did not know what to do. Alternate translation: “and they did not know what to do” or “they had no idea what to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 107 28 j371 figs-explicit 0 Then they called out to Yahweh in their trouble It is implied that they are praying to Yahweh so that he will help them. See how you translated this in [Psalms 107:6](../107/006.md). Alternate translation: “Then they prayed to Yahweh to help them in their trouble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 107 28 i5p5 0 Then they The word “they” refers to the sailors. PSA 107 28 jw4k 0 he brought them Alternate translation: “he guided them” PSA 107 29 yp9j 0 He calmed the storm Alternate translation: “He made the wind stop” PSA 107 29 ca97 figs-activepassive 0 the waves were stilled This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he made the waves still” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 107 30 pch1 0 their desired harbor Alternate translation: “to the harbor where they wanted to go” PSA 107 31 bw2u figs-exclamations 0 Oh that people would praise Yahweh for his covenant faithfulness Here the word “Oh” is used to convey a strong desire for people to praise Yahweh. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. See how you translated this in [Psalms 107:8](../107/008.md). Alternate translation: “Let people praise Yahweh because he is faithful to his covenant” or “People should praise Yahweh because he is faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 107 32 r3mg 0 praise him in the council of the elders “when the elders sit together.” The elders sat together to discuss issues in the community and to make decisions for the community. PSA 107 33 ni1b 0 He turns Alternate translation: “Yahweh makes” PSA 107 34 d8df 0 because of the wickedness of its people Alternate translation: “because the people that live there are wicked” PSA 107 35 iw79 figs-parallelism 0 He turns the wilderness into a pool of water and dry land into springs of water Both of these phrases have similar meaning and emphasize how Yahweh makes water appear in the wilderness. Alternate translation: “He make springs and lakes in land that used to be desert” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 107 36 h54c figs-nominaladj 0 He settles the hungry there The word “there” refers to the places where Yahweh made springs and lakes appear. Also, the phrase “the hungry” refers to people who are hungry. Alternate translation: “Yahweh makes people who are hungry live there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 107 37 u1tb 0 to plant vineyards Alternate translation: “to plant vineyards in” PSA 107 37 bsi7 0 and to bring in an abundant harvest Alternate translation: “so that they can produce a plentiful harvest” PSA 107 38 rb6h 0 so they are very numerous Alternate translation: “so that their people are very numerous” PSA 107 38 ah11 figs-litotes 0 He does not let their cattle decrease in number This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “He keeps their cattle very numerous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) PSA 107 39 aqn7 0 They The word “They” refers to the people who were hungry that Yahweh had settled in the land. This sentence describes how they were before Yahweh settled them in the land. PSA 107 39 x3qv figs-activepassive 0 They were diminished and brought low This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Their leaders diminished their number and brought them low” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 107 39 sl5d 0 were diminished Alternate translation: “became fewer in number” PSA 107 39 fpr8 figs-idiom 0 brought low This means to be humiliated. Alternate translation: “humiliated” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 107 40 k39h figs-metaphor 0 pours contempt on Here David speaks of Yahweh showing contempt for the leaders as if contempt were a liquid he poured out on them. Alternate translation: “shows contempt for” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 107 40 i78e figs-explicit 0 the leaders “the nobles.” This refers to the leaders who oppressed the people. Alternate translation: “the leaders who oppressed them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 107 40 b5e5 0 where there are no roads Alternate translation: “where people never go” PSA 107 41 eaq2 0 But he Alternate translation: “But Yahweh” PSA 107 41 a9fb figs-nominaladj 0 the needy This refers to needy people. Alternate translation: “needy people” or “poor people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 107 41 n1pw figs-simile 0 cares for his families like a flock Here David compares how Yahweh cares for his people to how a shepherd cares for his sheep. This could mean: (1) “makes the number of people in their families increase like flocks” or (2) “takes care of them like a shepherd cares for his sheep” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 107 42 j8l2 figs-nominaladj 0 The upright This refers to people who live in an upright way. Alternate translation: “Upright people” or “People who do what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 107 42 pa98 figs-metonymy 0 all wickedness Here wicked people are referred to as “wickedness.” Alternate translation: “all wicked people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 107 42 s6wb figs-idiom 0 shuts its mouth This means to not say anything in response. Alternate translation: “has nothing to say against Yahweh in reply” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 107 43 fk8h figs-idiom 0 take note of these things This means to think about these things. Alternate translation: “think about these things” or “remember these things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 107 43 u9kq figs-abstractnouns 0 meditate on Yahweh’s acts of covenant faithfulness The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “meditate on the things that Yahweh has done that show that he is faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 108 intro vpj5 0 # Psalm 18 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 108 is a psalm of war.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Victory<br>God promised success to the psalmist, but Yahweh failed to help him conquer the country of Edom. He needed God to give him victory over Edom. PSA 108 1 lxd7 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 108 1 c1mr figs-synecdoche 0 My heart is fixed, God Here David is referring to himself by his heart. Also, the word “fixed” means to trust completely. Alternate translation: “My heart is fixed on you, God” or “I am trusting completely in you, God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 108 1 tuz7 figs-synecdoche 0 I will sing praises also with my honored heart Here David is represented by his “heart.” David refers to himself as having the honor of praising God. Alternate translation: “You honor me by allowing me to sing praises to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 108 2 gl6h figs-personification 0 Wake up, lute and harp Here David describes playing his instruments as waking them up from sleep. Alternate translation: “I will praise you by playing the lute and the harp” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 108 2 dnf4 figs-personification 0 I will wake up the dawn Here David is describing the dawn waking up like a person waking up in the morning. Alternate translation: “I will be praising you when the dawn comes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 108 2 yj5i 0 dawn when the sun rises PSA 108 4 ce4i figs-parallelism 0 your covenant faithfulness is great above the heavens; and your trustworthiness reaches to the skies These two phrases have similar meanings. They speak of the greatness of Yahweh’s covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness as if they were objects that were tall enough to reach up to the sky. The abstract nouns “faithfulness” and “trustworthiness” can be translated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “For your covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness are greater than the distance between heaven and earth” or “For you are more faithful to your covenant and more worthy of people trusting you than the sky is higher than the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 108 5 y6qh figs-metaphor 0 Be exalted, God, above the heavens The psalmist is asking God to show that he is exalted. Being exalted above the heavens represents being great. Alternate translation: “God, show that you are exalted above the heavens” or “God, show that you are great in the heavens” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 108 5 v9cz figs-metonymy 0 may your glory be exalted Here Yahweh is referred to by his “glory.” Alternate translation: “may you be exalted” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 108 6 ewv5 figs-activepassive 0 So that those you love may be rescued This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: Because those you love need rescuing” or “Rescue those you love” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 108 6 yda2 figs-metonymy 0 with your right hand Here Yahweh’s “right hand” refers to his power. Alternate translation: “by your power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 108 6 m9rg figs-metonymy 0 answer me Answering here represents responding to his request. Alternate translation: “respond to my request” or “answer my prayer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 108 7 e11p 0 General Information: This verse is the same as [Psalms 60:6](../060/006.md). PSA 108 7 j6ax figs-metaphor 0 God has spoken in his holiness Here David describes God speaking something because he is holy as speaking “in his holiness,” as if his holiness were something that he was physically inside of. Alternate translation: “God, because he is holy, has said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 108 7 vkv8 0 I will divide Shechem and apportion out the Valley of Succoth Here God is speaking about dividing the land of Shechem and the Valley of Succoth. PSA 108 7 mr5j 0 apportion to divide into portions PSA 108 8 tt4v 0 General Information: This verse is the same as [Psalms 60:7](../060/007.md). PSA 108 8 acw8 figs-metaphor 0 Ephraim also is my helmet God speaks of the tribe of Ephraim as if it were his army. The helmet symbolizes equipment for war. Alternate translation: “Ephraim is like a helmet I have chosen” or “The tribe of Ephraim is my army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 108 8 sj9d 0 helmet a hard hat that soldiers wear to protect their heads from injury PSA 108 8 yz46 figs-metaphor 0 Judah is my scepter God chose men from the tribe of Judah to be the kings of his people, and he speaks of that tribe as if it were his scepter. Alternate translation: “The tribe of Judah is like my scepter” or “Judah is the tribe through whom I rule my people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 108 9 db77 0 General Information: This verse is the same as [Psalms 60:8](../060/008.md). PSA 108 9 xz1w figs-metaphor 0 Moab is my washbasin God speaks of Moab being unimportant as if Moab were a washbasin or a lowly servant. Alternate translation: “Moab is like a bowl that I use for washing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 108 9 n1ym figs-metaphor 0 over Edom I will throw my shoe God was probably speaking of taking ownership of Edom as if he were symbolically throwing his shoe onto that land to show that he owns it. However some versions have other interpretations. Alternate translation: “I take ownership of the land of Edom” or “I throw my shoe onto the land of Edom to show that it is mine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) PSA 108 10 ian9 0 General Information: This verse is the same as [Psalms 60:9](../060/009.md). PSA 108 11 f164 0 General Information: This verse is almost the same as [Psalms 60:10](../060/010.md). PSA 108 11 htl8 figs-rquestion 0 God, have you not rejected us? The psalmist uses this question to express his sadness that it seems that God has rejected them. Alternate translation: “It seems like you have rejected us!” or “God, you seem to have abandoned us!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 108 11 mze2 figs-metaphor 0 You do not go into battle with our army The psalmist speaks of God helping their army as if God were to go and fight with them. Alternate translation: “you do not help our army when we go into battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 108 12 h6li 0 General Information: This verse is the same as [Psalms 60:11](../060/011.md). PSA 108 12 va87 0 is futile Alternate translation: “is worthless” PSA 108 13 vs71 0 General Information: This verse is the same as [Psalms 60:12](../060/012.md). PSA 108 13 wk3a 0 will triumph Alternate translation: “will defeat our enemies” PSA 108 13 a18r figs-metaphor 0 he will trample down our enemies The psalmist speaks of God helping their army defeat their enemies as if God were to trample down the enemies. Alternate translation: “he will enable us to trample down our enemies” or “he will make us able to defeat our enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 109 intro r1w7 0 # Psalm 19 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 109 is a psalm of vengeance against an enemy who has lied about him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Enemies destroyed<br>This enemy lied about the psalmist. So he asked God to completely destroy his enemy and his enemy’s family. PSA 109 1 w5rb writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 109 1 ka6w 0 For the chief musician Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship.” PSA 109 2 tj2t figs-nominaladj 0 For the wicked and deceitful The words “wicked” and “deceitful” refer to people. They have similar meanings and emphasize how bad these people are. Alternate translation: “For wicked and deceitful men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 109 4 e77p 0 In return for my love Alternate translation: “Although I loved them” PSA 109 4 p5ny 0 my love Alternate translation: “my love for them” PSA 109 4 lek5 figs-explicit 0 they accuse me The word “they” refers to the people who are wicked and deceitful. You may need to make explicit that those who accuse the psalmist do so falsely. Alternate translation: “they accuse me falsely” or “they slander me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 109 6 p353 figs-parallelism 0 Appoint a wicked man … appoint an accuser These two phrases are parallel and the phrases “a wicked man” and “an accuser” refer to the same person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 109 6 axd7 0 at his right hand Alternate translation: “at my enemy’s right hand” PSA 109 7 li65 figs-activepassive 0 When he is judged, may he be found guilty This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “When he is on trial, may the judge find him guilty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 109 7 sfk3 figs-activepassive 0 may his prayer be considered sinful This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “consider his prayer sinful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 109 8 s7dn figs-idiom 0 May his days be few The phrase “his days” refers to the length of his life. Alternate translation: “May he not live a long time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 109 8 nt3y 0 his office Alternate translation: “his position of authority” PSA 109 10 d7fa 0 handouts food or money given to beggars PSA 109 10 ba23 0 their ruined home Alternate translation: “their destroyed homes” PSA 109 11 s52u 0 the creditor someone who lends money to another person but expects that the person will pay the money back PSA 109 11 f7aq 0 plunder steal by force PSA 109 13 i5qb figs-parallelism 0 May his children be cut off; may their name be blotted out These two phrases have similar meanings and emphasize his children being destroyed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 109 13 hn3g figs-activepassive 0 May his children be cut off This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Cause his children to be cut off” or “Cause his children to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 109 13 i4f9 figs-metaphor 0 may their name be blotted out in the next generation Here the idea of there being no one to carry on the family name is spoke of as “their name being blotted out.” Alternate translation: “may there be no one to carry on his name” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 109 14 k5nj figs-activepassive 0 May his ancestors’ sins be mentioned to Yahweh This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “May you remember the sins of his ancestors, Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 109 14 hen7 figs-activepassive 0 may the sin of his mother not be forgotten This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “May you not forget the sins that his mother committed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 109 15 bg71 figs-metaphor 0 May their guilt always be before Yahweh Here David speaks about Yahweh thinking about their guilt as if their guilt is something physically present before him. Alternate translation: “May Yahweh continually think about their sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 109 15 g7c5 figs-metonymy 0 may Yahweh cut off their memory from the earth David uses the word “earth” to refer to all the people that live on the earth. Also, the phrase “their memory” refers to people remembering them after they have died. Alternate translation: “may Yahweh make it so that no one on earth remembers them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 109 16 yx2x figs-explicit 0 this man never bothered to show any covenant faithfulness This refers to him showing covenant faithfulness to people. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “this man never bothered to show any covenant faithfulness to people” or “this man never did anything to show that he was faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 109 16 x4b8 figs-nominaladj 0 the oppressed, the needy This refers to oppressed and needy people. Alternate translation: “oppressed people, needy people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 109 16 ju66 figs-nominaladj 0 the disheartened This refers to people who are disheartened. Alternate translation: “disheartened people” or “people who have lost hope” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 109 16 qim3 0 to death “until they died.” This means that he harassed them until they died. PSA 109 17 va8l 0 may it come back upon him Alternate translation: “may his curses come upon him” PSA 109 18 msj4 figs-metaphor 0 He clothed himself with cursing as his garment David speaks of the wicked person’s behavior as if it were his clothing. Alternate translation: “He cursed other people as often as he wore clothing” or “He cursed people all the time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 109 18 dq39 0 as his garment Alternate translation: “as if they were his clothing” PSA 109 18 h86c figs-metaphor 0 his curse came into his inner being like water, like oil into his bones Possible meanings are: (1) He spoke curses so often that they became a part of his identity. “the curses that he speaks are part of who he is” or (2) the curse that he spoke happened to him. “his whole being was cursed by the curse he spoke” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 109 18 h7bb figs-explicit 0 like water This refers to how a person drinks water. Alternate translation: “like water a person drinks” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 109 18 bkc9 figs-explicit 0 like oil into his bones This refers to how oil soaks into bones when rubbed on the skin. Alternate translation: “like olive oil soaks into a person’s bones when it is rubbed on his skin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 109 19 u676 figs-simile 0 May his curses be to him like the clothes he wears to cover himself People wore their clothes everyday. David speaks of a wicked person always being cursed as if his curses always covered him as his clothing does. Alternate translation: “Let his curses be on him every day like the garment he wears” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 109 19 j7lw figs-ellipsis 0 like the belt he always wears The words “may his curses be to him” are understood from the previous phrase. They may be repeated here. Alternate translation: “may his curses be to him like the belt he always wears” or “and let his curses always be on him like the belt he always wears” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 109 20 l5zl 0 May this be the reward Alternate translation: “May these curses be the reward” PSA 109 21 a7fj figs-idiom 0 deal kindly with me This is a request for Yahweh to treat him kindly. Alternate translation: “treat me kindly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 109 21 zbn1 0 your name’s sake Alternate translation: “the sake of your reputation” PSA 109 21 qx2e figs-abstractnouns 0 Because your covenant faithfulness is good The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “Because you are good and are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 109 22 c385 figs-doublet 0 oppressed and needy These two words have similar meanings and emphasize that he is unable to help himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 109 22 b3t9 figs-metaphor 0 my heart is wounded within me Here David speaks of being in great despair as his heart being wounded. Alternate translation: “I am full of grief and despair” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 109 23 gx1w figs-metaphor 0 I am fading away like the shadow … like a locust David feels like he is going to die soon and describes this feeling by comparing himself to a fading shadow and to how the wind blows away locust. Alternate translation: “I feel like I am about to die, like an evening shadow that will soon disappear, like a locust is easily blown away by the wind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 109 24 b9m1 figs-explicit 0 My knees are weak This means that he is weak and it is difficult for him to stand. Alternate translation: “I have difficulty standing” or “My body is weak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 109 24 v9cy 0 from fasting Alternate translation: “because I am not eating any food” PSA 109 24 i7xf figs-idiom 0 I am turning to skin and bones This means that he has lost a lot of weight. Alternate translation: “my body has become very thin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 109 25 li9g figs-activepassive 0 I am disdained by my accusers This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “My accusers ridicule me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 109 25 qvc7 0 shake their heads This is an act of disapproval. PSA 109 26 u86i figs-abstractnouns 0 save me by your covenant faithfulness The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “save me because you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 109 27 hv1a 0 May they know The word “they” refers to David’s accusers and the people who say bad things about him. PSA 109 27 j58d 0 have done this Alternate translation: “have saved me” PSA 109 28 acp8 0 Though they curse me The word “they” refers to the people who accuse David and say bad things about him. PSA 109 28 ryv7 figs-activepassive 0 may they be put to shame This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “may they be ashamed” or “let them be ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 109 28 u9an 0 but may your servant rejoice “but may I, your servant, rejoice” or “I am your servant, let me rejoice.” David uses the phrase “your servant” to refer to himself. PSA 109 29 mfp7 figs-parallelism 0 May my adversaries be clothed … may they wear These two phrase have them same meaning and are used together for emphasize how greatly he wishes for them to be ashamed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 109 29 qa66 figs-metaphor 0 be clothed with shame Here David speaks of them being ashamed as if were clothing they wore. Alternate translation: “be very ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 109 29 xhb9 figs-simile 0 may they wear their shame like a robe David speaks of them being ashamed as if it were a robe that they wore. Alternate translation: “may their shame cover them just like their robe is wrapped around them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 109 30 d8ig figs-idiom 0 With my mouth I give This means that he will speak. Alternate translation: “I will speak and give” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 109 31 pa49 figs-idiom 0 will stand at the right hand of the one who is needy This means that he will help and defend the poor person. Alternate translation: “will defend the one who is needy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 110 intro h1ti 0 # Psalm 110 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 110 is a psalm honoring the king as he becomes king and also a prophecy about Christ. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### King<br>The king will be able to conquer his enemies. Christ is seen as both high priest and king. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/highpriest]]) PSA 110 1 u94e writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 110 1 xte6 figs-idiom 0 Sit at my right hand The phrase “my right hand” refers to the place of honor. Alternate translation: “Sit at the place of honor which I have for you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 110 1 ke66 figs-metaphor 0 make your enemies your footstool Here David describes Yahweh placing his master’s enemies under his power and control as putting them under his feet like a footstool. Alternate translation: “put your enemies under your power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 110 2 m67u 0 General Information: David continues speaking to the king. PSA 110 2 pjk3 figs-explicit 0 Yahweh will hold out the scepter of your strength Here David speaks of Yahweh extending the area that the king rules as holding out his scepter. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will extend the area over which you powerfully rule” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 110 2 s6mj 0 rule among your enemies “King, rule among your enemies.” This is spoken to the king as a command. PSA 110 3 v9sn 0 of their own free will “by their own choice.” This means that they will chose to follow the king. PSA 110 3 m1bp figs-explicit 0 on the day of your power This refers to the day that the king will lead his armies into battle. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “on the day that you lead your armies into battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 110 3 nr17 figs-personification 0 from the womb of the dawn … like the dew David describes the dew as a baby to whom the dawn gives birth. Alternate translation: “in the morning … like the dew” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 110 3 t8fr figs-metaphor 0 from the womb of the dawn your youth will be to you like the dew David is telling the king that he will have youthful strength each morning by comparing it to how the dew appears early each morning. Alternate translation: “each morning you will be filled with youthful strength to sustain you just like each morning the dew appears to water and sustain the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 110 4 ng77 0 You are Yahweh is speaking to the lord, the one David calls “my master” in [Psalms 110:1](../110/001.md). PSA 110 4 c4te figs-explicit 0 will not change This means that he will not change what he has said. Alternate translation: “will not change his mind” or “will not change what he has said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 110 4 qp9v figs-ellipsis 0 after the manner of Melchizedek The idea of being priest is understood from the previous phrase. It can be stated clearly here. Alternate translation: “after the manner that Melchizedek was priest” or “in the same way that Melchizedek was priest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 110 5 icc3 figs-idiom 0 The Lord is at your right hand When the lord goes to battle, Yahweh stands at his right hand in order to help him. Alternate translation: “The Lord helps you in battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 110 5 e4t4 0 The Lord The word “Lord” refers to Yahweh. PSA 110 5 ij3w figs-metonymy 0 He will kill The word “He” refers to Yahweh. He will cause the kings to be defeated and die, but he will allow the king’s armies to kill the enemy kings. Alternate translation: “He will cause the kings to die” or “He will allow your armies to kill the kings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 110 5 d7kw figs-explicit 0 kings This refers to his enemies. Alternate translation: “enemy kings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 110 5 zlj4 figs-explicit 0 on the day of his anger Here David speaks of the day when Yahweh will become angry and defeat the kings as “the day of his anger.” Alternate translation: “on the day of judgment when his patience turns to anger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 110 6 zrf1 figs-metonymy 0 he will fill the battlegrounds with dead bodies This means that Yahweh will cause this to happen, not that he will personally kill all of the people who die on the battleground. Alternate translation: “he will cause the battlegrounds to be filled with death bodies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 110 6 sc5q figs-metonymy 0 he will kill the leaders in many countries This means that Yahweh will cause this to happen, not that he will personally kill the leaders. Alternate translation: “he will cause the leaders in many countries to be killed” or “he will allow the leaders in many countries to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 110 7 uw7e figs-explicit 0 He will drink of the brook along the road The king only stops briefly for a drink and then he continues the pursuit of his enemies. Alternate translation: “As he pursues his enemies, he will only stop to drink quickly from a brook” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 110 7 mb7t figs-synecdoche 0 of the brook This means the he will drink water from the brook. A brook is a small stream. Alternate translation: “he will drink water from the brook” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 110 7 hi2c 0 and then Alternate translation: “and so” or “therefore” PSA 110 7 qf91 0 he will lift his head This could mean: (1) the king lifts up his own head or (2) Yahweh lifts up the head of the king. PSA 110 7 c1xr figs-idiom 0 he will lift his head up high after victory People raised their heads when they are victorious, confident, and joyful. Alternate translation: “he will confidently lift his head after victory” or “he will be victorious” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 111 intro mk5d 0 # Psalm 111 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 111 is a psalm of praise to God for his miracles and care. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/miracle]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s character<br>God is great. He has given his people food and a land always keeps his promises to his people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]]) PSA 111 1 gj78 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 111 1 ydq8 figs-metonymy 0 with my whole heart Here the word “heart” represents the person’s entire inner being and emotions. Alternate translation: “with all that I am” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 111 1 wk3i figs-doublet 0 in the assembly of the upright, in their gathering These two phrases mean that same thing and may be combined if necessary. Alternate translation: “in the gathering of upright people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 111 2 t1nm figs-activepassive 0 eagerly awaited by all those who desire them The word “them” refers to the “works of Yahweh.” This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “all those who desire the works of Yahweh eagerly await them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 111 2 hfu9 0 eagerly awaited This could mean: (1) “sought after” or (2) “studied.” PSA 111 4 iu4t figs-activepassive 0 that will be remembered This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that people will always remember” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 111 5 b5ar figs-idiom 0 call to mind This is an idiom that means to remember. Alternate translation: “remember” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 111 6 xr2m 0 his powerful works Alternate translation: “his works that demonstrated his power” PSA 111 6 v69n figs-metaphor 0 the inheritance of the nations The writer speaks of the land that belonged to the nations in Canaan as if it were their inheritance. Alternate translation: “the land that belonged to other nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 111 7 t14c figs-synecdoche 0 The works of his hands Here the word “hands” refers to Yahweh, himself. Alternate translation: “The works that he does” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 111 8 aj31 figs-activepassive 0 They are established forever This means that Yahweh’s instructions are unchangeable and will last forever. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “He has established them forever” or “They will last forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 111 8 shk9 figs-activepassive 0 to be observed faithfully and properly This could mean: (1) Yahweh has given his instructions in a faithful and proper manner or (2) his people are to observe Yahweh’s instructions in a faithful and proper manner. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “for his people to observe them faithfully and properly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 111 9 e4zm figs-metonymy 0 holy and awesome is his name Here the word “name” refers to Yahweh, himself. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is holy and awesome” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 111 10 x95h figs-abstractnouns 0 the beginning of wisdom The word “wisdom” can be translated as “wise.” Alternate translation: “the first step to becoming wise” or “the most important thing to become wise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 111 10 rv8i 0 those who carry out his instructions Alternate translation: “those who obey his instructions” PSA 111 10 vh6q figs-abstractnouns 0 His praise endures forever The word “praise” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “People will praise him forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 112 intro s165 0 # Psalm 112 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 112 is a wisdom psalm teaching the value of a righteous life. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Righteous people<br>The righteous people will be well-known for their generosity and they will not have to worry about bad news because God is taking care of them. PSA 112 1 m17p writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 112 1 s1nc 0 greatly delights Alternate translation: “takes great pleasure” PSA 112 2 yd3e figs-activepassive 0 the descendants of the godly man will be blessed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will bless the descendants of the godly man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 112 3 n3wd 0 General Information: The person who sings this song continues to describe a person who reveres Yahweh. PSA 112 3 uu3p figs-metonymy 0 Wealth and riches are in his house Here the word “house” represents the family. The words “Wealth” and “riches” mean basically the same thing and indicate an abundance of wealth. Alternate translation: “His family is very wealthy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 112 4 kw55 figs-metaphor 0 Light shines in the darkness for the godly person The writer speaks of God blessing the godly person in difficult times as if it were a light shining in darkness. Alternate translation: “The blessings that a godly person receives from God are like a light that shines in the darkness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 112 5 q9qm figs-ellipsis 0 lends money The understood information can be made clear. Alternate translation: “lends his money to other people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 112 6 p13c 0 General Information: The person who sings this song continues to describe a person who reveres Yahweh. PSA 112 6 vvk4 figs-activepassive 0 For he will never be moved he will not be troubled or overwhelmed by circumstances for his trust is in Yahweh? This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “For nothing will ever move him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 112 6 d3ji figs-activepassive 0 the righteous person will be remembered forever This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people will remember the righteous person forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 112 8 p92s 0 General Information: The person who sings this song continues to describe a person who reveres Yahweh. PSA 112 8 b8q2 figs-synecdoche 0 His heart is tranquil “His heart is supported.” Here the word “heart” refers to the person. This could mean: (1) “He is at peace” or (2) “He is confident” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 112 9 yw9m 0 his righteousness endures forever “his righteous deeds will endure forever.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 112:3](../112/003.md). PSA 112 9 d44a figs-activepassive 0 he will be exalted with honor This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will exalt him by giving him honor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 112 10 rn5k 0 will see this “will see that things go well for the godly person.” The word “this” refers to everything good that the writer has described in the previous verses about the godly person. PSA 112 10 c3ev translate-symaction 0 he will grind his teeth in rage The grinding of teeth is an expression of extreme anger. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Psalms 35:16](../035/016.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) PSA 112 10 xx9c figs-metaphor 0 melt away The writer speaks of the wicked person’s eventual death as if that person were something, such as ice, that can melt. Alternate translation: “eventually die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 112 10 ig26 figs-metonymy 0 the desire of the wicked people will perish Here, **desire** could mean: (1) the emotional desire that wicked people have. Alternate translation: “the things that wicked people want to do will never happen” or (2) it is a metonym for the things that wicked people have desired. Alternate translation: “wicked people will lose the things that they desired” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 113 intro p4uj 0 # Psalm 113 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 113 is a psalm of praise to God for his goodness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s help<br>God helps the poor and gives children to the wife who cannot conceive children. PSA 113 1 qx3m writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 113 1 pvw9 figs-metonymy 0 the name of Yahweh Here the word “name” represents Yahweh, himself. Alternate translation: “Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 113 3 fc3w figs-merism 0 From the rising of the sun to its setting This phrase refers to the directions east, where the sun rises, and west, where the sun sets. The writer uses these two extremes to represent everywhere on earth. See how you translated this in [Psalms 50:1](../050/001.md). Alternate translation: “Everywhere on earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) PSA 113 3 l5e2 figs-metonymy 0 Yahweh’s name should be praised Here the word “name” represents Yahweh, himself. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people should praise Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 113 4 s2f9 figs-metaphor 0 his glory reaches above the skies The glory of God is spoken of as if it was very high. Alternate translation: “his glory is higher than the skies” or “his glory is enormously great” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 113 5 wih3 figs-rquestion 0 Who is like Yahweh our God, who has his seat on high This is the first part of a rhetorical question that the writer asks to emphasize that there is no one like Yahweh. It may be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “There is no one like Yahweh our God, who has his seat on high” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 113 5 q76s 0 who has his seat on high Alternate translation: “who is enthroned on high” or “who rules in the highest position” PSA 113 6 ig92 figs-rquestion 0 who looks down at the sky and at the earth This is the second part of a rhetorical question that the writer asks to emphasize that there is no one like Yahweh. It may be translated as a statement that begins a new sentence. Alternate translation: “There is no one like Yahweh our God, who looks down at the sky and at the earth.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 113 7 d8bp figs-parallelism 0 He raises up the poor … from the ash heap These two phrases are parallel. The writer speaks of Yahweh helping and honoring people who are poor as if Yahweh caused them to stand up from sitting in dirt and ashes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 113 7 rib6 translate-symaction 0 out of the dirt … from the ash heap Sitting in dirt and ashes represents either poverty or despair. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) PSA 113 8 ztn3 figs-parallelism 0 so that he may seat him with princes, with the princes of his people Here the second phrase clarifies that the first phrase refers to the princes of Yahweh’s people. These two statements can be combined. Alternate translation: “so that Yahweh may seat him next to rulers of his people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 113 9 c3e3 figs-metonymy 0 He gives a home to the barren woman of the house Here “home” refers to the children that live in a home. Alternate translation: “He gives children to the woman who had none” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 114 intro vu9f 0 # Psalm 114 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 114 is a psalm of praise to God for his miracles in bringing the people of Israel to the promised land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/miracle]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Praise<br>The psalmist praised God for opening up the Red Sea for the people to cross, for providing the earthquake that stopped the Jordan River so the people could cross and providing water from a rock for the people to drink. PSA 114 1 eph8 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 114 1 d4dj figs-parallelism 0 When Israel left Egypt, the house of Jacob from a people who spoke a foreign language These two lines are parallel, with “Israel” and “the house of Jacob” meaning the same thing and “Egypt” and “that foreign people” referring to the same people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 114 1 trv6 figs-metonymy 0 the house of Jacob from a people who spoke a foreign language The word “house” here represents the family or descendents. The verb may be supplied to this phrase. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Jacob left people who spoke a language that the descendants of Jacob did not understand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 114 2 rxv7 figs-metonymy 0 Judah became his holy place, Israel his kingdom Possible meanings for **Judah** and **Israel** are: (1) they refer to the land. Alternate translation: “The land of Judah became Yahweh’s holy place, the land of Israel became his kingdom” or (2) they are metonyms for the people of Judah and Israel. Alternate translation: “The people of Judah became those among whom Yahweh lived, the people of Israel became those over whom he ruled” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 114 3 pq6x figs-personification 0 The sea looked and fled The writer speaks of the Sea of Reeds as if it were a person who fled away as Yahweh led the people of Israel through on dry ground. Alternate translation: “It was as though the sea looked and fled” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 114 3 wht9 figs-personification 0 the Jordan turned back The writer speaks of the Jordan River as if it were a person who retreated as Yahweh led the people of Israel through on dry ground. Alternate translation: “it was as though the Jordan retreated” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 114 4 hr5q figs-personification 0 The mountains skipped like rams, the hills skipped like lambs The writer speaks of the mountains and hills as if they are alive. He is probably speaking of an earthquake when he describes their fear at the presence of Yahweh as if they were jumping like rams and lambs. Alternate translation: “It was as if the mountains shook like jumping rams and the hills shook like jumping lambs” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 114 5 a5rh figs-rquestion 0 General Information: Verses 5-6 contain four rhetorical questions. The expected answer to each question is found in verse 7, “because of the presence of the Lord.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 114 6 m256 figs-personification 0 skip like rams … skip like lambs The writer speaks of the mountains and hills as if they are alive. He is probably speaking of an earthquake when he describes their fear at the presence of Yahweh as if they were jumping like rams and lambs. See how you translated similar phrases in [Psalms 114:4](./004.md). Alternate translation: “shake like jumping rams … shake like jumping lambs” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 114 7 xi33 figs-parallelism 0 Tremble, earth, before the Lord, at the presence of the God of Jacob The last two phrases are parallel. The verb may be supplied in the second line. Alternate translation: “Tremble, earth, before the Lord, tremble at the presence of the God of Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 114 7 k6tn figs-personification 0 Tremble, earth This could mean: (1) the writer is speaking to the earth as if it were a person and commands it to tremble with fear before God or (2) the word “earth” is a metonym for those who live on the earth. Alternate translation: “Tremble, everyone one earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 114 8 u6n5 figs-parallelism 0 He turned the rock into a pool of water, the hard rock into a spring of water These two phrases are parallel. The writer describes Yahweh causing water to flow from the rock as if he turned the rock into water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 114 8 ca4j figs-ellipsis 0 the hard rock into a spring of water The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “He turned the hard rock into a spring of water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 115 intro it4i 0 # Psalm 115 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 115 is a psalm of praise.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s power<br>God is in heaven and is able to do whatever he wants. Idols can not do anything. Therefore, people and priests should trust God for their protection. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) PSA 115 1 i2ig writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 115 1 l7ze figs-doublet 0 Not to us, Yahweh, not to us The writer repeats the phrase “Not to us” in order to emphasize that they are not worthy to receive the honor that is due only to Yahweh. If necessary, a verbal phrase may be supplied here. Alternate translation: “Do not bring honor to us, Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 115 1 a1ln 0 to us The word “us” refers to the people of Israel. PSA 115 1 xrr8 figs-metonymy 0 but to your name bring honor Here the word “name” represents Yahweh, himself. Alternate translation: “but bring honor to yourself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 115 1 ckd9 figs-abstractnouns 0 for your covenant faithfulness and for your trustworthiness The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated as an adjective. The abstract noun “trustworthiness” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “because you are faithful to your covenant and you are worthy of people trusting you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 115 2 frw2 figs-rquestion 0 Why should the nations say, “Where is their God?” This rhetorical question emphasizes that there should be no reason for the nations to say what they say. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “The people of the nations should not be able to say, ‘Where is their God?’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 115 2 ya4w figs-rquestion 0 Where is their God? The people of other nations use this question to mock the people of Israel and to express that they do not see Yahweh helping them. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Your God is not here to help you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 115 4 ums8 figs-synecdoche 0 the work of men’s hands Here the word “hands” represents the people who made the idols. Alternate translation: “things which men have made” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 115 5 p4em figs-explicit 0 Those idols have mouths The idols do not have real mouths, eyes, ears, or noses. Rather, people made them with the likeness of mouths, eyes, ears, and noses. The writer is emphasizing that these idols are not really alive. You can make clear the implied information. Alternate translation: “People have given mouths to those idols” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 115 7 n3bn figs-explicit 0 Those idols have hands The idols do not have real hands, feet, or mouths. Rather, people made them with the likeness of hands, feet, and mouths. The writer is emphasizing that these idols are not really alive. You can make this implicit information clear. Alternate translation: “People have given hands to those idols” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 115 7 ak88 0 but do not feel Alternate translation: “but those hands do not feel” PSA 115 8 x5i2 figs-explicit 0 Those who make them are like them, as is everyone who trusts in them Those who make and worship idols become lifeless and powerless, just like those idols. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “Those who make them become lifeless like they are, as does everyone who trusts in them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 115 9 tqr6 figs-metonymy 0 Israel, trust in Yahweh The word “Israel” represents the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “People of Israel, trust in Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 115 9 l1tq figs-metaphor 0 your help and shield The writer speaks of Yahweh as if he were a shield because he protects his people as a shield would protect them from harm. Alternate translation: “the one who helps you and protects you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 115 10 fa9s figs-metonymy 0 House of Aaron Here the word “House” represents the family or descendants. This phrase refers to the priests, who were descendants of Aaron. Alternate translation: “Descendants of Aaron” or “Priests” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 115 12 sbd2 0 takes notice of us Alternate translation: “has paid attention to us” PSA 115 12 bns5 figs-metonymy 0 the family of Israel This refers to the people of Israel, who are descendants of Jacob, who also called Israel. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 115 12 bu8h figs-metonymy 0 the family of Aaron This refers to the priests, who are descendants of Aaron. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Aaron” or “the priests” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 115 13 j4vy figs-merism 0 both young and old “both small and great.” Possible meanings are that this refers: (1) to social status or (2) to age. In either case, the two extremes represent every person, regardless of age or social status. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) PSA 115 14 fg71 figs-explicit 0 May Yahweh increase your numbers more and more The writer is speaking of the number of children that the people of Israel would have. Alternate translation: “May Yahweh increase the number of your children more and more” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 115 14 ezp4 0 yours and your descendants’ “both your children and your descendants’ children.” The writer clarifies that his request for more children applies not only to the present generation, but to their descendants, as well. PSA 115 15 psd5 figs-activepassive 0 May you be blessed by Yahweh, who made heaven and earth This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “May Yahweh, who made heaven and earth, bless you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 115 16 qu64 0 the earth he has given to mankind This does not mean that the earth does not belong to Yahweh, but that has given the earth to mankind as a dwelling place. PSA 115 17 n4er figs-nominaladj 0 The dead The adjective “dead” may be translated with a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “People who are dead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 115 17 m2zu figs-ellipsis 0 nor do any who go down into silence This parallel phrase has a similar meaning to phrase before it. The verb may be supplied from that previous phrase to make the meaning clear. Alternate translation: “nor do any who go down into silence praise Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 115 17 hd34 figs-metaphor 0 nor do any who go down into silence The writer speaks of the grave or the place of the dead as a place of silence where no one can speak. This is a euphemism for death. Alternate translation: “nor do any who go to the place of the dead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) PSA 115 18 m43y 0 But we The word “we” refers to the people of Israel who are still alive. PSA 116 intro r7gl 0 # Psalm 116 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 116 is a psalm of praise for saving the psalmist’s life. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Healing<br>The author was very sick and expected to die but God healed him. So he will pay his vow and sacrifice an offering of thanks. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/vow]]) PSA 116 1 y25k writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 116 1 w8ar figs-synecdoche 0 he hears my voice and my pleas for mercy Here the word “voice” represents the person who is speaking. The abstract nouns “pleas” and “mercy” can be stated as “plead” and “merciful.” Alternate translation: “he hears me when I plead for him to be merciful to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 116 3 vib3 0 General Information: The person who composed this psalm continues to speak. PSA 116 3 mte5 figs-personification 0 The cords of death surrounded me The writer speaks of death as if it were a person who could capture him and bind him with ropes. See how you translated this in [Psalms 18:4](../018/004.md). Alternate translation: “I felt like I was about to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 116 3 w8sp figs-personification 0 the snares of Sheol confronted me The writer speaks of “Sheol,” the place of the dead, as if it were a person who could trap him with snares. Alternate translation: “I felt as if I were ready to enter the grave” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 116 4 sp5a figs-metonymy 0 called on the name of Yahweh Here the word “name” represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “called out to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 116 4 uq14 figs-synecdoche 0 rescue my life Here the word “life” represents the person. Alternate translation: “rescue me” or “keep me from dying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 116 5 u5i7 0 General Information: The person who made this song continues to speak. PSA 116 6 wd2c figs-nominaladj 0 the naive This refers to people who are inexperienced or who cannot care for themselves. The adjective can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “those who are naive” or “those who are helpless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 116 6 ll37 figs-metaphor 0 I was brought low The writer speaks of being humbled as in being in a lower position. Alternate translation: “I was helpless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 116 7 xns9 0 General Information: The person who composed this psalm continues to speak. PSA 116 7 sc4h figs-metaphor 0 My soul can return to its resting place The writer speaks of having peace and confidence as if it were a place where his soul can rest. The word “soul” represents the person. Alternate translation: “I can rest in peace again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 116 8 x6na figs-metonymy 0 you rescued my life from death Here the word “you” refers to Yahweh. The word “life” represents the person. Alternate translation: “you have saved me from death” or “you have kept me from dying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 116 8 i9p2 figs-ellipsis 0 my eyes from tears The verbal phrase may be supplied from the previous phrase to make the meaning clear. Alternate translation: “you have rescued my eyes from tears” or “you have kept me from crying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 116 8 b6lj figs-synecdoche 0 my feet from stumbling The verbal phrase may be supplied from the previous phrase to make the meaning clear. The feet here represent the person. Stumbling here probably represents being killed by his enemies. Alternate translation: “you have rescued me from stumbling” or “you have kept me from being killed by my enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 116 9 rz6b 0 General Information: The person who composed this psalm continues to speak. PSA 116 9 nz3e 0 in the land of the living “in this world where people are alive.” This is in contrast to the place of the dead. PSA 116 10 v8l2 figs-activepassive 0 I am greatly afflicted This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I suffer greatly” or “People afflict me very much” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 116 11 i5hw 0 In my confusion I said Alternate translation: “I said too quickly” or “I said without considering” PSA 116 11 m4td 0 All men are liars Alternate translation: “Every person is a liar” or “All people are liars” PSA 116 12 e1wh 0 General Information: The person who made this song continues to speak. PSA 116 12 vxb4 figs-rquestion 0 How can I repay Yahweh … to me? The writer asks this leading question to introduce how he will respond to what Yahweh has done for him. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “This is how I will repay Yahweh … to me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 116 13 s8vs figs-explicit 0 I will raise the cup of salvation This is probably a reference to a drink offering, which was a sacrifice that involved pouring wine on the altar, and which the writer will offer in response to Yahweh saving him. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “I will present a drink offering to Yahweh because he saved me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 116 13 fa8n figs-metonymy 0 call on the name of Yahweh Here the word “name” represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “call on Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 116 15 brj4 figs-explicit 0 Precious in the sight of Yahweh is the death of his faithful ones The word “Precious” here does not imply that Yahweh values the death of his saints, but that the death of his saints is costly to him and grieves him. Here sight represents judgment or evaluation. Alternate translation: “Yahweh considers the death of his saints to be a costly thing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 116 16 gx5d 0 General Information: The person who composed this psalm continues to speak. PSA 116 16 xp66 figs-explicit 0 the son of your servant woman This is likely a reference to the writer’s mother and indicates that she faithfully worshiped Yahweh. The full meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “as my mother was” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 116 16 r6jc figs-metaphor 0 you have taken away my bonds The writer speaks of being in danger of dying as if he had been chained in prison. Alternate translation: “you have saved me from death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 116 17 nqi1 0 the sacrifice of thanksgiving Alternate translation: “a sacrifice to express my thankfulness” PSA 116 17 qr1l figs-metonymy 0 will call on the name of Yahweh Here the word “name” represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “will call on Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 116 18 tj19 0 General Information: The person who made this song continues to speak. PSA 116 18 ttr5 0 I will fulfill … all his people See how you translated [Psalms 116:14](../116/014.md). PSA 116 19 u16b figs-metonymy 0 in the courts of Yahweh’s house The word “house” refers to Yahweh’s temple. Alternate translation: “in the courtyards of Yahweh’s temple” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 116 19 hv6v figs-personification 0 in your midst, Jerusalem The writer speaks to Jerusalem as though it were a person. Alternate translation: “in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) PSA 117 intro kfu1 0 # Psalm 117 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 117 is a psalm of praise.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Praise<br>Everyone should praise God for his love and unending faithfulness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/love]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]]) PSA 117 1 wmd2 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 117 2 ce43 0 For his Alternate translation: “Because his” PSA 117 2 t4z5 figs-abstractnouns 0 his covenant faithfulness is great toward us The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “he does great things for us because he is faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 117 2 uht9 figs-abstractnouns 0 the trustworthiness of Yahweh endures forever The abstract noun “trustworthiness” can be translated with an adjective or a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “Yahweh remains trustworthy forever” or “Yahweh will forever be worthy of people trusting him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 118 intro z9au 0 # Psalm 118 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 118 is a psalm of war and is about Christ. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Rejected stone<br>The author praised Yahweh for his rescuing him. God enabled him to overpower his enemies. The new Testament, and even Jesus himself, saw the rejected stone as a reference to the Messiah’s rejection by the Jewish leaders. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) PSA 118 1 g414 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 118 1 af6g 0 Give thanks to Yahweh, for he is good Alternate translation: “Thank Yahweh because of the good things he does” PSA 118 1 qcw2 figs-abstractnouns 0 his covenant faithfulness endures forever The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “he remains faithful to his covenant forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 118 2 zs4m figs-metonymy 0 Let Israel say The word “Israel” represents the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “Let the people of Israel say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 118 3 cy9b figs-metonymy 0 Let the house of Aaron say Here the word “house” represents the family and descendants of a person. This phrase refers to the priests, who were descendants of Aaron. Alternate translation: “Let the descendants of Aaron say” or “Let the priests say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 118 3 iu6a figs-abstractnouns 0 His covenant faithfulness endures forever The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. See how you translated this in [Psalms 118:1-2](./001.md). Alternate translation: “He remains faithful to his covenant forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 118 4 e43s 0 the loyal followers of Yahweh Alternate translation: “those who fear Yahweh” or “those who worship Yahweh” PSA 118 5 j39j figs-metaphor 0 set me free The writer speaks of Yahweh saving him from distress as if Yahweh had taken him from a place of confinement to a wide open space where he could move about freely. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 118 6 eux4 figs-rquestion 0 what can man do to me? The writer asks this rhetorical question to emphasize that there is nothing that man can do to hurt him since Yahweh is with him. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “people cannot do anything to harm me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 118 7 j4le figs-idiom 0 Yahweh is on my side as my helper To be on one’s side is an idiomatic expression that indicates that that person approves of and will help another. Alternate translation: “Yahweh approves of me and will help me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 118 7 k4dj figs-explicit 0 I will look in triumph on those who hate me It is implied that Yahweh is the one who will defeat the writer’s enemies, while the writer looks on. The full meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “I will see Yahweh defeating all those who hate me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 118 8 c7t1 figs-metaphor 0 to take shelter in Yahweh God is spoken of as if he were a shelter, a place where people can be protected. Alternate translation: “to seek protection from Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 118 9 rm2b figs-metaphor 0 to take refuge in Yahweh This verse is parallel to the one preceding it. God is spoken of as if he were a refuge, a place where people can be protected. Alternate translation: “to seek protection from Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 118 10 f41h figs-metonymy 0 All the nations Here the word “nations” represents the armies of those nations. The writer uses hyperbole to emphasize the great number of armies that surrounded him. Alternate translation: “The armies of many nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) PSA 118 10 hvq8 figs-metonymy 0 in Yahweh’s name Here the word “name” represents Yahweh’s power. Alternate translation: “by Yahweh’s power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 118 10 tc44 figs-metaphor 0 I cut them off The writer speaks of defeating the enemy armies as if he were cutting them off like a person would cut a branch off of a plant. Alternate translation: “I defeated them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 118 12 j3q1 figs-simile 0 They surrounded me like bees The writer compares the enemy armies to a swarm of bees. Alternate translation: “They surrounded me like a swarm of bees would surround a person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 118 12 j2cs figs-simile 0 they disappeared as quickly as fire among thorns Just like dry thorns burn out quickly, the attack of the enemy armies was quickly over. Alternate translation: “their attack lasted only a short time, as a fire that consumes thorns quickly dies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 118 13 y5sd figs-metaphor 0 to knock me down The writer speaks of the enemy armies trying to defeat him as if they were trying to push him down onto the ground. Alternate translation: “in order to defeat me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 118 14 r27j 0 Yahweh is my strength and joy Alternate translation: “Yahweh gives me strength and joy” PSA 118 15 y8x1 figs-activepassive 0 The joyful shout of victory is heard in the tents of the righteous This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People hear the joyful shout of victory in the tents of the righteous” or “The righteous shout joyfully for victory in their tents” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 118 15 yq3x figs-metonymy 0 the right hand of Yahweh conquers Here the word “hand” represents Yahweh’s power. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has conquered by his great strength” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 118 16 p8gg translate-symaction 0 The right hand of Yahweh is exalted Here, to raise one’s hand is a gesture of victory. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has exalted his right hand” or “Yahweh has raised his right hand in victory” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 118 17 t6ql figs-doublet 0 I will not die, but live The writer states the same idea both negatively and positively to emphasize that he will certainly live. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 118 18 ta77 0 Yahweh has punished me Alternate translation: “Yahweh has disciplined me” PSA 118 18 f92a figs-personification 0 he has not handed me over to death The writer speaks of death as if it were a person under whose power Yahweh could place the writer. Alternate translation: “he has not allowed me to die” or “he has not allowed my enemies to kill me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 118 19 h3z5 figs-explicit 0 Open to me the gates of righteousness “Open to me the gates through which the righteous people enter.” This is a reference to the gates of the temple, and the writer is addressing the gatekeepers. The full meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “Open for me the temple gates” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 118 20 auq4 0 the gate of Yahweh Alternate translation: “the gate that leads to Yahweh’s presence” or “Yahweh’s gate” PSA 118 21 u256 0 I will give thanks to you Here the writer begins to speak to Yahweh. PSA 118 21 dqj9 figs-abstractnouns 0 you have become my salvation The word “salvation” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “you have saved me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 118 22 kk3n writing-proverbs 0 The stone that the builders rejected has become the cornerstone This is likely a proverb that the writer has used to describe either the king or the nation of Israel. That which others have considered worthless, Yahweh has made to be the most important. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs]]) PSA 118 23 ta5n figs-idiom 0 it is marvelous in our eyes This could mean: (1) “it is a marvelous thing for us to see” or (2) “we consider it to be a marvelous thing.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 118 24 k6jd figs-doublet 0 rejoice and be glad These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize the intensity of joy. Alternate translation: “be very glad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 118 26 wj3i 0 Blessed is he who comes in the name of Yahweh Here the priests begin to address the king. PSA 118 26 iq2u figs-metonymy 0 he who comes in the name of Yahweh Here the word “name” represents Yahweh’s power. Alternate translation: “the one who comes in the power of the Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 118 26 eh79 0 we bless you from the house of Yahweh Here the priests address the people. PSA 118 26 lp9e figs-metonymy 0 the house of Yahweh The word “house” refers to the temple. Alternate translation: “Yahweh’s temple” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 118 27 l5mq figs-metaphor 0 he has given us light The writer speaks of Yahweh blessing his people as if Yahweh were shining a light on them. Alternate translation: “he has blessed us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 118 27 r4wh 0 bind the sacrifice with cords Alternate translation: “tie the sacrifice with rope” PSA 118 28 rb4j 0 You are my God Here the writer begins to speak again and addresses Yahweh directly. PSA 118 29 b2wp figs-exclamations 0 Oh This is an exclamation that should be translated with whatever exclamation of emphasis you have in your language to make it sound natural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) PSA 118 29 vx5j 0 give thanks to Yahweh; for he is good “thank Yahweh because of the good things he does.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 118:1](../118/001.md). PSA 118 29 k1qj figs-abstractnouns 0 his covenant faithfulness endures forever The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. See how you translated this in [Psalms 118:1-2](./001.md). Alternate translation: “he remains faithful to his covenant forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 119 intro yf89 0 # Psalm 119 General Notes<br>## Formatting in this chapter<br><br>This is an alphabetic psalm with twenty-two groups of eight verses each all beginning with the same letter of the alphabet in the alphabetical order of the Hebrew alphabet.<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 119 is a wisdom psalm about the Law of God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### The Law<br>The author loved the law of God and was blessed by obeying it. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/love]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) PSA 119 1 ipj6 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 119 1 r86i 0 Blessed are those Alternate translation: “How good it is for those” PSA 119 1 a56q figs-metaphor 0 those whose ways are blameless How a person behaves is spoken of as “ways” or “paths.” Alternate translation: “those whose behavior is blameless” or “those whom no one can blame for doing wrong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 119 1 sjt3 figs-metaphor 0 who walk in the law of Yahweh The way a person lives or behaves is spoken of as walking. Alternate translation: “who live according to the law of Yahweh” or “who obey the law of Yahweh.” This phrase clarifies the meaning of “whose ways are blameless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 119 2 wxv2 0 who seek him with all their heart To “seek” God means to want to know him. PSA 119 2 r3jr figs-idiom 0 with all their heart This is an idiom which means intensely or sincerely. Alternate translation: “with all their being” or “with everything in them” or “sincerely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 119 3 c892 0 General Information: Most of this psalm is addressed to God, and the words “you” and “your” almost always refer to him. PSA 119 3 f4is 0 They do no wrong They do not disobey Yahweh. PSA 119 3 rps7 0 they walk in his ways Here their behavior is spoken of as “walking,” and the way God wants them to behave is spoken of as “his ways.” Alternate translation: “they behave as Yahweh wants them to” PSA 119 4 a6ze 0 keep your instructions Alternate translation: “obey all the things that you have declared that we should do” PSA 119 4 w8v4 0 carefully observe them This is to carefully know and understand the commandments and to obey those commandments. PSA 119 5 gu12 figs-metaphor 0 I would be firmly established The writer speaks of being established in God’s commandments as if no one could physically make him move. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 119 5 eqk4 0 observance of your statutes Alternate translation: “in obeying your statutes” PSA 119 6 v2e6 0 I would not be put to shame The writer does not want to be ashamed when he is in God’s presence. PSA 119 6 ecl7 0 all your commandments Alternate translation: “all that you have commanded us” PSA 119 7 hd5j figs-idiom 0 an upright heart “a sincere heart.” A person who is sincere will do what is right. The heart refers to the center of emotions in a person. See how you translated “uprightness” in [Psalms 25:21](../025/021.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 119 8 v49a 0 your statutes “Statutes” refers to God’s laws or commands. PSA 119 9 lp29 figs-rquestion 0 How can a young person keep his path pure? This question is used to introduce a new value to the word of God. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “This is how a young person can keep his path pure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 119 9 gm1y figs-metaphor 0 keep his path pure The writer compares living according to God’s law as a path kept clear of obstructions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 119 10 h5t8 figs-idiom 0 With my whole heart This is an idiom. The heart refers to all of one’s emotions, feelings, desires, and will. Alternate translation: “with all my being” or “with everything in me” or “sincerely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 119 10 kqg2 figs-metaphor 0 Do not let me stray from your commandments Here to disobey God’s commandments is described as straying off a path. Alternate translation: “Do not let me disobey your commandments” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 119 11 f3ke figs-metaphor 0 I have stored up your word in my heart “I have put your words in my heart.” This is a metaphor that means “I have memorized your word.” The heart is pictured as a container that can hold what people think. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 119 14 ktv7 0 more than in all riches Alternate translation: “more than all the wealth” PSA 119 15 e5hd figs-parallelism 0 I will meditate … and pay attention These are parallel thoughts that have similar meanings, which are repeated for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 119 15 v9ru 0 meditate on your instructions Alternate translation: “think carefully about what you have instructed us” PSA 119 15 rb5a figs-idiom 0 pay attention This idiom refers to thinking clearly about what is being discussed. Alternate translation: “give careful thought” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 119 16 il7r 0 I delight to take pleasure PSA 119 17 fr7n 0 your servant The writer called himself “your servant” to show his humility. PSA 119 18 jpj2 figs-metaphor 0 Open my eyes so that I may see The author speaks of gaining understanding, knowledge and wisdom as being able to see. Alternate translation: Help me to understand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 119 18 d25d figs-metaphor 0 marvelous things in your law The author speaks of insight into the law as objects to marvel at. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 119 18 a35a 0 in your law Alternate translation: “in your instructions” or “in your commands” PSA 119 19 att5 figs-metaphor 0 I am a foreigner in the land This could mean: (1) the writers speaks of his short life on earth as if he were a foreigner who would not stay long in the land. Alternate translation: “I am like a foreigner living a short time in the land” or (2) the writer’s ignorance of God’s law as if he were a foreigner who did not know the laws of the land. Alternate translation: “I am ignorant like a foreigner in the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 119 20 y84c figs-metaphor 0 My desires are crushed by the longing The writer speaks of his desires being very strong as if they were in pain. Alternate translation: “My inner being strongly desires to know” or “My soul aches because I want so much to know” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 119 21 r8y6 0 who are cursed This could mean: (1) God will curse them or (2) they deserve God’s punishment. Alternate translation: “who deserve your punishment” PSA 119 21 k8t4 figs-metaphor 0 who wander from your commandments The writer speaks of disobeying God’s commandments as if they were a path that can be wandered off from. Alternate translation: “who go away from the path of your commandments” or “who disobey your commandments” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 119 22 nqp7 0 Spare me from Alternate translation: “Keep me from” or “Rescue me from” PSA 119 23 z9ci 0 Though rulers plot and slander me Alternate translation: “Though rulers make plans to harm me and say bad things about me” PSA 119 24 pb1g 0 Your covenant decrees are my delight Alternate translation: “Your covenant decrees make me very happy.” PSA 119 24 rta6 figs-personification 0 they are my counselors God’s decrees are spoken of as if they were people. Alternate translation: “they are like wise counselors to me” or “they give me wise counsel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 119 25 v3c7 figs-idiom 0 My life clings to the dust This is an idiom. Possible meanings are that: (1) he thought that he would die soon, or (2) he lay in the dust because he was very sad, or (3) he realized that he desired the worthless things of the earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 119 25 cn62 figs-idiom 0 Give me life by your word This is an idiom. Here “life” refers to purpose and significance, not just biological life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 119 25 ks95 0 by your word Alternate translation: “according to your promise” PSA 119 26 u8j6 figs-metaphor 0 my ways What a person does or how he behaves is spoken of as if it were a road or way. Alternate translation: “what I have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 119 27 x7qh 0 wondrous teachings Alternate translation: “amazing teachings” PSA 119 28 n45q 0 with grief Alternate translation: “because I am so sad” PSA 119 28 n4h6 0 Strengthen me “Make me strong.” This may refer to physical strength or spiritual strength. PSA 119 29 n1pn figs-metaphor 0 Turn from me the path of deceit The word “path” here refers to a way of behaving. Alternate translation: “Keep me from following the path of deceit” or “Prevent me from being deceptive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 119 29 p23d 0 deceit This could mean: (1) “lying” or (2) “believing lies” or “following lies.” PSA 119 30 u8gw figs-metaphor 0 the way of faithfulness How a person behaves or acts is spoken as if it were a road or way. Alternate translation: “to be faithful to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 119 31 hf1b figs-metaphor 0 I cling to your covenant decrees Holding tightly to them refers to being committed to obeying them. Alternate translation: “I hold tightly to your covenant decrees” or “I am committed to obeying your covenant decrees” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 119 31 zc7g 0 covenant decrees This refers to the law of Moses. PSA 119 32 zq4i figs-metaphor 0 I will run in the path of your commandments The writer speaks of being focused or committed to obeying God’s commands as if one is running on a path. Alternate translation: “I will be committed to obey your commands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 119 32 fzh3 figs-idiom 0 you enlarge my heart This is an idiom. This could mean: (1) “you help me gain greater understanding of your commands” or (2) “you give me greater desire to obey your commands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 119 33 eg16 0 your statutes This is another way of describing the law of Moses. PSA 119 33 j4dt 0 to the end This could mean: (1) “completely” or (2) “to the end of my life” or (3) “to the end of time.” PSA 119 34 uwv4 0 keep your law Alternate translation: “obey your law” PSA 119 34 r2ux 0 I will observe it with all my heart Alternate translation: “I will surely observe your law” or “I am completely committed to doing what it says” PSA 119 34 ij5y figs-idiom 0 with all my heart This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “with all my being” or “with everything in me” or “sincerely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 119 35 bh21 figs-metaphor 0 Guide me in the path of your commandments “Guide me according to your commandments” or “Teach me to obey your commandments.” God’s commandments are compared to a path that a person walks in obedience to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 119 36 uc28 figs-idiom 0 Direct my heart toward This is an idiom. The “heart” here refers to the will, desires, and choices that directs one’s life. Alternate translation: “Make me want” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 119 36 vct5 0 your covenant decrees “to obey your covenant decrees.” This is referring to obeying the law of Moses. PSA 119 36 ah76 0 unrighteous gain “the desire for riches.” This is referring to wealth gained by illegal methods or wrongdoing towards others. PSA 119 37 t9za figs-metaphor 0 Turn my eyes from looking at worthless things This is a metaphor that refers to one desiring things that have no eternal value. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 119 37 vdd9 0 revive me in your ways Alternate translation: “make me able to live as you wish me to live” PSA 119 37 xeu1 0 revive me Alternate translation: “make my life strong” or “give me strength” PSA 119 38 yk2j 0 Carry out for your servant your promise that you made to those who honor you Alternate translation: “Do for your servant what you promised to do for those who honor you” PSA 119 38 x2tw figs-explicit 0 your servant The writer referred to himself as God’s servant to show his humility. Alternate translation: “me, your servant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 119 39 yau8 0 I dread Alternate translation: “I am very afraid of” PSA 119 39 mk9g figs-abstractnouns 0 your righteous judgments are good God judges rightly and his decisions are good. Alternate translation: “Your judgments are righteous and good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 119 40 yl75 0 See This refers to being aware of the situation. The focus is on knowledge or understanding, rather than just observing. PSA 119 40 d8v4 0 I have longed for your instructions This could mean: (1) “I want very much to know your instructions” or (2) “I want very much to obey what you teach us to do.” PSA 119 40 pr5m figs-abstractnouns 0 revive me in your righteousness The word “righteousness” is an abstract noun and refers to being righteous. Alternate translation: “revive me because you are righteous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 119 40 ci53 0 revive me This could mean: (1) “Keep me alive” or (2) “Make me strong.” PSA 119 41 fa7w figs-ellipsis 0 your salvation You may make clear the understood information. Alternate translation: “give me your salvation” or “save me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 119 42 vms5 0 a reply Alternate translation: “an answer” or “a response” PSA 119 43 j9dg 0 Do not take the word of truth from my mouth Here the writer is represented by his “mouth.” This could mean: (1) “never prevent me from speaking the message about the truth” or (2) “never prevent me from speaking the true message.” PSA 119 44 mp4n 0 I will observe Alternate translation: “I will obey” PSA 119 45 lq9x figs-metaphor 0 I will walk securely To walk securely is to live one’s life securely. Alternate translation: “I will live securely in God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 119 45 h23e figs-idiom 0 I seek your instructions To “seek” is to perceive, or gain understanding of God’s instructions as if one can see them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 119 46 uj95 0 solemn commands before kings Alternate translation: “serious commands to kings” or “instructions to kings” PSA 119 47 y49b 0 I delight in your commandments This could mean: (1) “I find delight in studying your commandments” or (2) “I am delighted that I have the opportunity to study your commandments.” PSA 119 48 v87b figs-idiom 0 lift up my hands to This is an idiom which means to honor, cherish or respect God’s commandments. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 119 49 gb3p 0 Call to mind your promise “Remember your promise.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 20:3](../020/003.md) PSA 119 50 mlp7 figs-sentences 0 This is my comfort in my affliction: that your promise has kept me alive This clause can be restructured. Alternate translation: “The reason for my comfort is that your promise has kept me alive in my affliction” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-sentences]]) PSA 119 51 n3rr figs-nominaladj 0 The proud This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “The proud people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 119 51 f89y 0 scoffed at to mock someone or something that is looked down on, doubted, or not honored PSA 119 52 nhe2 figs-explicit 0 from ancient times This is a reference to when the decrees, the Law, were given to Moses many years before. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 119 53 x2f1 figs-idiom 0 Hot anger has taken hold of me This is an idiom. Anger is expressed as if it is a person that can grab another person. Alternate translation: “I have become very angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 119 54 t7xf 0 Your statutes have been my songs Alternate translation: “I have used your statutes as lyrics to my music” or “I have created songs from your statutes” PSA 119 55 ntb8 figs-metonymy 0 I think about your name Here the word “name” represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “I think about you, Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 119 55 iwf2 figs-idiom 0 I keep your law This is an idiom which means to obey the law. Alternate translation: “I obey your law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 119 56 ch5n 0 my practice Alternate translation: “my habit” PSA 119 56 ii8j figs-idiom 0 I have observed your instructions This is an idiom which means to follow or to obey those instructions. Alternate translation: “I have obeyed your instructions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 119 57 f7jf figs-explicit 0 Yahweh is my portion This means Yahweh is all he wants. Just as the Levites did not receive vast territories of land for the Lord was to be their portion so the writer claims Yahweh as the satisfier of his needs. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 119 59 x88a figs-synecdoche 0 turned my feet Here “feet” represent the whole person. To repent and choose to obey God’s laws is like turning one’s feet on a path to head in another direction. Alternate translation: “changed my direction” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 119 60 uuk4 figs-doublet 0 I hurry and do not delay The writer expresses the same idea both positively and negatively in order to emphasize the urgency with which he obeys Yahweh’s commands. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 119 61 i6di figs-metaphor 0 The cords of the wicked have ensnared me In this metaphor, wicked or evil people tried to cause the writer to sin like a hunter seeking to catch an animal with a trap. Alternate translation: “My enemies have tried to catch me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 119 63 tvy5 0 I am a companion of all who honor you Alternate translation: “I am a friend of all who honor you” PSA 119 64 p7l3 figs-metaphor 0 The earth, Yahweh, is full of your covenant faithfulness People everywhere in the world being able to see evidence of Yahweh’s covenant faithfulness is spoken of as if his covenant faithfulness filled the earth. The abstract noun “covenant faithfulness” can be translated as an adjective. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Psalms 33:5](../033/005.md). Alternate translation: “People everywhere on earth can see that you, Yahweh, are faithful to your covenant” or “Throughout the earth, there is evidence that you, Yahweh, are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 119 65 d39z figs-123person 0 to your servant The writer refers to himself as “your servant.” Alternate translation: “to me, your servant” or “to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) PSA 119 65 k4vq figs-idiom 0 by means of your word This is an idiom. “Your word” refers to the promises Yahweh has made to the writer. Alternate translation: “as you have promised” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 119 66 x5n2 figs-sentences 0 Teach me proper discernment and understanding, for I have believed in your commandments Some languages may require change in logical progression. Alternate translation: “Since I have believed in your commandments, teach me proper discernment and understanding” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-sentences]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-intro]]) PSA 119 67 ln6x figs-activepassive 0 Before I was afflicted This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Before you afflicted me” or “Before you punished me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 119 67 t586 figs-metaphor 0 I went astray Disobeying God is spoken of as if the person walked on the wrong path. Alternate translation: “I disobeyed you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 119 67 qc4x figs-metonymy 0 I observe your word Here “word” represents commandments. Alternate translation: “I obey your commandments” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 119 69 f9re figs-nominaladj 0 The arrogant This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “Arrogant people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 119 69 g5zy figs-metaphor 0 smeared me with lies People telling many lies about a person is spoken of as if they made the person dirty by spreading lies over him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 119 69 ljt8 figs-metonymy 0 with my whole heart Here “heart” represents a person’s will. Alternate translation: “with complete commitment” or “completely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 119 70 kwi4 figs-metonymy 0 Their hearts are hardened Here “hearts” represents the people’s wills. A person being stubborn is spoken of as if their hearts or wills were hard like a rock. Alternate translation: “They are stubborn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 119 72 ll7t figs-metonymy 0 Instruction from your mouth is Here “mouth” represents what God says. Alternate translation: “The instructions you have spoken are” or “Your instructions are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 119 72 l1f9 0 than thousands of pieces of gold and silver This can be stated more generally. Alternate translation: “than a large amount of money” or “than great wealth” PSA 119 73 hf5d figs-metaphor 0 Your hands have made and fashioned me God creating a person is spoken of as if God used his hands to shape the person the way someone may shape clay into an object. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 119 73 wc9b figs-metonymy 0 Your hands Here “hands” represents God’s power or action. Alternate translation: “You” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 119 74 u7a8 0 because I find hope in your word Alternate translation: “because I trust what you say” or “I confidently believe what you say” PSA 119 75 zx24 figs-abstractnouns 0 in faithfulness you afflicted me God promises to reward the righteous and punish wrongdoers, so he is faithful to do what he says he will. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “you punished me because you are faithful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 119 76 zzf3 figs-abstractnouns 0 Let your covenant faithfulness comfort me The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “Comfort me by showing me that you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 119 76 k57e figs-123person 0 your servant The writer refers to himself as “your servant.” Alternate translation: “me, your servant” or “me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) PSA 119 78 j2en figs-activepassive 0 Let the proud be put to shame This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Put the proud to shame” or “Cause those who are proud to be ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 119 78 l2cs figs-nominaladj 0 the proud This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “proud people” or “those who are proud” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 119 79 i7zp figs-metaphor 0 turn to me People returning in friendship to the writer is spoken of as if they physically turn towards him. Alternate translation: “come to me” or “unite with me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 119 79 u1zx grammar-connect-words-phrases 0 those who know your covenant decrees This could mean: (1) this further describes those who honor God or (2) this indicates the purpose for those who honor God to return to the writer. Alternate translation: “so that they may learn your covenant decrees” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) PSA 119 80 b84y figs-metonymy 0 May my heart be blameless Here “heart” represents a person’s thoughts and motives. Alternate translation: “May I be blameless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 119 80 xg4u figs-activepassive 0 I may not be put to shame This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I may not be ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 119 81 kx77 0 I hope in your word Alternate translation: “I confidently trust in what you say” PSA 119 82 vm5l figs-synecdoche 0 My eyes long to see your promise Here “eyes” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I wait and wait for you to do what you promised to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 119 83 pgx9 figs-simile 0 I have become like a wineskin in the smoke A wineskin is ruined when it hangs for a long time in a smoke-filled place. The writer compares himself to a wineskin that has been ruined by smoke to emphasize that he feels useless. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 119 84 dl2z figs-rquestion 0 How long must your servant endure this; when will you judge those who persecute me? The writer uses a question to request God to punish those who persecute him. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Please do not make wait any longer. Punish those who persecute me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 119 84 jt81 figs-123person 0 must your servant The writer refers to himself as “your servant.” Alternate translation: “must I, your servant” or “must I” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) PSA 119 85 j1jf figs-metaphor 0 The proud have dug pits for me The proud are seeking to capture the writer or cause him to do wrong. This is spoken of as if they were hunters digging holes to trap the writer like an animal. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 119 85 spv2 figs-nominaladj 0 The proud This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “Proud people” or “Those who are proud” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 119 87 pds6 figs-euphemism 0 They have almost made an end to me on earth This is a polite way of speaking about someone killing someone else. Alternate translation: “They have almost killed me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) PSA 119 88 x4ml figs-abstractnouns 0 By your steadfast love “According to your steadfast love.” The phrase “steadfast love” or “faithfulness” can be stated as an adverb. Alternate translation: “because you faithfully love me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 119 89 sp49 0 your word stands forever Alternate translation: “what you have said will be true forever” PSA 119 89 t6jr figs-metaphor 0 your word is established firmly in heaven This speaks about what God has said as if it were an object that stands firmly upright. Alternate translation: “what you have said will be true in heaven forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 119 90 uer7 figs-idiom 0 for all generations “for all future generations.” This is an idiom that means “forever.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 119 91 es2c figs-personification 0 all things are your servants All created things are spoken of as if they were persons who can serve God. Alternate translation: “all things serve you” or “all things obey your commands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 119 93 cck9 figs-litotes 0 I will never forget This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “I will always remember” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) PSA 119 93 n64v figs-explicit 0 for through them you have kept me alive It is implied that the writer obeys God’s instructions. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “for you have kept me alive because I obey them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 119 94 qu81 figs-metaphor 0 for I seek your instructions Trying hard to obey God’s instructions is spoken of as if instructions were an object for which a person must search. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 119 95 d7bk 0 I will seek to understand Alternate translation: “I will try hard to understand” PSA 119 96 p32w 0 everything has its limits Alternate translation: “all things have an end” PSA 119 96 tr87 figs-metaphor 0 but your commandments are broad, beyond limits God’s commandments always being true and perfect is spoken of as if God’s commandments were an object that is so wide that it never ends. Alternate translation: “but your commandments are without limits” or “but your commandments are eternal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 119 98 yp9t figs-metaphor 0 your commandments are always with me Constantly thinking about God’s commandments is spoken of as if the commandments were an object that the writer keeps with him always. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 119 101 m6vx figs-metaphor 0 I have kept my feet back from every evil path Avoiding doing what is evil is spoken of as if it were avoiding walking on paths that are evil. Alternate translation: “I have avoided doing what is evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 119 101 xel3 figs-synecdoche 0 kept my feet Here “feet” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “kept myself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 119 101 cs59 0 observe your word Alternate translation: “obey your word” or “observe your commands” PSA 119 102 kf28 figs-metaphor 0 I have not turned aside from your righteous decrees Continuing to obey God’s righteous decrees is spoken of as if the writer has not physically turned away from the righteous decrees. This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “I always obey your righteous decrees” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) PSA 119 103 t4ms figs-metaphor 0 How sweet are your words to my taste, yes, sweeter than honey to my mouth! The writer delighting in what God says is spoken of as if God’s words were food that tasted sweet to the writer. Alternate translation: “Your words are good and delightful!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 119 104 bv6d figs-abstractnouns 0 I gain discernment The abstract noun “discernment” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “I learn to discern what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 119 104 p647 figs-metaphor 0 therefore I hate every false way Evil behavior is spoken of as if it were a false way or road. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 119 105 b1vw figs-doublet 0 Your word is a lamp to my feet and a light for my path These two phrases have similar meanings. They speak about God telling a person how to live as if the person were walking on a path and God’s words were a light that helps the person see where to go. Alternate translation: “Your words tell me how to live my life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 119 105 id73 0 Your word Here “word” represents all that God communicates to people. PSA 119 107 k2ca 0 as you have promised in your word Alternate translation: “as you have promised to do” PSA 119 108 de1m figs-metaphor 0 freewill offerings of my mouth The writer speaks of his prayer as if it were a sacrifice that he is offering to God. Alternate translation: “my prayer as a sacrifice to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 119 108 guc7 figs-synecdoche 0 of my mouth Here “mouth” represents the whole person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 119 109 r1uz figs-idiom 0 My life is always in my hand This is an idiom that means the writer’s life is always in danger. Alternate translation: “My enemies are often trying to kill me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 119 109 p41n figs-litotes 0 I do not forget your law This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “I always remember your laws” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) PSA 119 110 axl9 figs-metaphor 0 The wicked have set a snare for me Wicked people trying to capture and kill the writer is spoken of as if they were hunters setting a trap to catch an animal. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 119 110 ike3 figs-nominaladj 0 The wicked This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “Wicked people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 119 110 n3qq figs-metaphor 0 I have not strayed from your instructions Not disobeying God’s instructions is spoken of as if the writer has not walked away from God’s instructions. This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “I obey your instructions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) PSA 119 111 ma4d figs-metaphor 0 I claim your covenant decrees as my heritage forever The writer always cherishing and obeying God’s decrees is spoken of as if the decrees are land or a possession that the writer will inherit. Alternate translation: “Your laws will belong to me forever” or “Your covenant decrees are like a heritage I will keep forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 119 111 p236 figs-synecdoche 0 they are the joy of my heart Here “heart” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “they make me joyful” or “I delight in them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 119 112 yy19 figs-metonymy 0 My heart is set on obeying Here “heart” represents the writer’s will. The phrase “heart is set” is an idiom. It is a way of saying the writer is determined. Alternate translation: “I am determined to obey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 119 112 a2c7 0 to the very end This could mean: (1) “every one of them” (2) “to the very end of my life” or (3) “to the very end of time” PSA 119 113 ewl3 figs-metaphor 0 who have a double mind A person who is not sincere and not fully committed to obeying God is spoken of as if the person has two minds. Alternate translation: “who are not completely committed to obeying you” or “who are insincere” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 119 114 p5ix figs-metaphor 0 my hiding place God making the writer safe is spoken of as if God were a place where the writer could go and hide. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 119 114 pas2 figs-metaphor 0 my shield God protecting the writer is spoken of as if God were the writer’s shield. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 119 114 wtx3 0 I hope in your word Here “wait” means to wait expectantly. This has the idea of hope and trust. Alternate translation: “I trust in your word” PSA 119 114 l68r 0 your word Here “word” represents what God communicates to people. PSA 119 116 f189 0 Sustain me by your word Alternate translation: “Give me strength as you said you would” or “Enable me to be strong as you promised” PSA 119 116 zw3z 0 and not be ashamed of my hope Here “my hope” represents the writer’s trust in God and his promises. This can be stated as a complete sentence. Alternate translation: “Do not disappoint me” or “Do not cause me shame by not doing what you promised to do” PSA 119 117 pq8s 0 Support me Alternate translation: “Help me” or “Strengthen me” PSA 119 118 kd3f 0 those people are deceptive and unreliable This could mean: (1) “those people lie and no one can trust them” or (2) “those people make deceitful plans but they will fail” PSA 119 119 tbp5 figs-simile 0 You remove all the wicked of the earth like slag Slag is the waste or undesired leftovers in the process of refining gold or other metals. Yahweh removes the wicked people as if they were trash. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 119 119 z8fj figs-nominaladj 0 the wicked This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “the wicked people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 119 119 e1lj 0 like slag Alternate translation: “like trash” or “like waste” PSA 119 120 p82w figs-synecdoche 0 My body trembles in fear of you Here “body” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I shake because I fear you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 119 120 n7mg figs-explicit 0 I am afraid of your righteous decrees It is implied that the writer is afraid of God’s righteous decrees because the writer knows that God punishes those who disobey his decrees. You can make the full meaning of this statement explicit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 119 121 du8n 0 do not abandon me to my oppressors Alternate translation: “do not allow people to oppress me” PSA 119 122 dv7q figs-123person 0 Guarantee the welfare of your servant The writer speaks about himself as “your servant.” Alternate translation: “Guarantee my welfare” or “Help and protect me, your servant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) PSA 119 122 x86e figs-nominaladj 0 the proud This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “those who are proud” or “proud people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 119 123 r56e figs-synecdoche 0 My eyes grow tired as I wait Here “eyes” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I grow tired because I wait and wait” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 119 123 z4cn figs-abstractnouns 0 for your salvation and for your righteous word The abstract noun “salvation” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “for you to save me as you promised to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 119 123 ptu5 0 your righteous word Alternate translation: “your righteous promise” PSA 119 124 k6pq figs-123person 0 Show your servant The writer speaks about himself as “your servant.” Alternate translation: “Show me” or “Show me, your servant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) PSA 119 124 ygx1 figs-abstractnouns 0 your covenant faithfulness The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as an adverb or adjective. Alternate translation: “that you faithfully love me” or “that you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 119 125 van8 figs-abstractnouns 0 give me understanding The abstract noun “understanding” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “enable me to understand what you want me to know” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 119 126 g82b figs-123person 0 It is time for Yahweh to act The writer is speaking to Yahweh in the third person. This can be stated in second person. Alternate translation: “It is time for you to act, Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) PSA 119 126 n98z figs-idiom 0 people have broken your law This is an idiom. Here “have broken” means “disobeyed.” This is a way of saying the people have disobeyed God’s law. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 119 128 z4ux figs-metaphor 0 I carefully follow all your instructions A person carefully obeying all of God’s instructions is spoken of as if as if the instructions were leading a person and that person follows behind. Alternate translation: I carefully obey all of your instructions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 119 128 p1py figs-metaphor 0 every path of falsehood People doing what is evil is spoken of as if they are walking on the wrong path. Alternate translation: “all the bad ways some people live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 119 130 m49k figs-metaphor 0 The unfolding of your words gives light The writer speaks of Yahweh’s words as if those words were fabric that is folded, and of the person who explains Yahweh’s words as if they are unfolding that fabric. Alternate translation: “The explanation of your words gives light” or “When someone explains your words, they give light” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 119 130 d6rx figs-metaphor 0 The unfolding of your words gives light The writer speaks of Yahweh’s words giving wisdom to a person as if his words were shining a light on them. Alternate translation: “The explanation of your words gives people wisdom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 119 131 qm6c figs-metaphor 0 I open my mouth and pant, for I long for your commandments The writer speaks of his desire for Yahweh’s commandments as if he were a dog panting for water. Alternate translation: “I earnestly long for your commandments” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 119 132 jqh6 translate-symaction 0 Turn to me To turn towards someone means to pay attention to that person. Alternate translation: “Pay attention to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) PSA 119 132 ar7k figs-metonymy 0 love your name Here the word “name” represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “love you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 119 133 mja8 figs-synecdoche 0 Direct my footsteps Here the word “footsteps” represents the writer as he is walking. He speaks of the way he lives, or his conduct, as if he were walking on a path. Alternate translation: “Direct me” or “Teach me how to live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 119 133 y2w5 figs-personification 0 do not let any sin rule me The writer speaks of sin as if it were a person who has authority over him. This could mean: (1) “do not let me habitually commit any sin” or (2) “do not let sinful men rule me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 119 134 a4a4 figs-abstractnouns 0 Redeem me from human oppression The word “oppression” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “Save me from people who oppress others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 119 135 g736 figs-metaphor 0 Let your face shine on your servant The writer speaks of Yahweh acting favorably towards him as if Yahweh’s face shone a light on him. Alternate translation: “Act favorably towards your servant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 119 136 jv4q figs-metaphor 0 Streams of tears The writer speaks of his many tears as if they were streams of water. Alternate translation: “Many tears” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 119 136 sst5 0 observe your law Alternate translation: “obey your law” PSA 119 138 hus8 0 covenant decrees Other possible meanings are “testimonies” or “laws.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 78:5](../078/005.md). PSA 119 139 z79n figs-idiom 0 Anger has destroyed me This is an idiom. The phrase is an exaggeration for “I am extremely angry.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) PSA 119 140 r9cv figs-activepassive 0 has been tested very much This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I have tested your word many times” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 119 140 q5x5 figs-pronouns 0 your servant loves The writer speaks of himself as if he were another person. Alternate translation: “I, your servant, love” or “I love” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) PSA 119 141 x2xe figs-activepassive 0 I am … despised This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People despise me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 119 143 q6qq figs-personification 0 distress and anguish have found me The psalmist speaks of distress and anguish as if they were people. Alternate translation: “I have become distressed and anguished” or “my body and my mind are suffering” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 119 145 fux2 figs-synecdoche 0 with my whole heart The psalmist speaks of his whole being as if it were only his heart. Alternate translation: “completely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 119 146 g5gk 0 covenant decrees Other possible meanings are “testimonies” or “laws.”See how you translated this in [Psalms 78:5](../078/005.md). PSA 119 147 kg9u 0 dawn of the morning Alternate translation: “before the sun first appears” PSA 119 148 c1n8 figs-idiom 0 My eyes are open before the night watches change This is an idiom. In Hebrew culture, the night was usually divided into three “watches” or periods. Alternate translation: “I am awake all night” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 119 149 uw93 figs-abstractnouns 0 in your covenant faithfulness The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “because you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 119 150 r7sh 0 they are far from your law Alternate translation: “they have strayed from your law” or “they do not pay any attention to your laws” PSA 119 151 l238 0 all your commandments are trustworthy Alternate translation: “I can trust your commandments” PSA 119 152 tc7x 0 covenant decrees Other possible meanings are “testimonies” or “laws.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 78:5](../078/005.md) PSA 119 152 zx3q figs-metaphor 0 set them in place The psalmist speaks of Yahweh’s commands as if they were posts set in the ground. Alternate translation: “given them for people to obey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 119 153 i4e7 figs-metaphor 0 Look on my affliction The psalmist speaks of affliction as if it were an object that people could see. Alternate translation: “Look at how much I am suffering” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 119 154 rqf5 0 Plead my cause Alternate translation: “Defend me against those who accuse me” PSA 119 154 l7lr 0 keep me Alternate translation: “protect my life” or “give me life” PSA 119 155 cc3z figs-metaphor 0 Salvation is far from the wicked God not saving a person is spoken of as if salvation were far from the person. The abstract noun “Salvation” can be stated as “save.” Alternate translation: “You will certainly not save the wicked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 119 156 r4u3 0 Great are your merciful actions Here “great” means “many.” Alternate translation: “You have shown mercy to people many times” or “You have done many merciful things” PSA 119 156 gus8 0 as you always do Another possible meaning is “because you do what is just.” PSA 119 157 a4rf 0 My persecutors Alternate translation: “Those who persecute me” PSA 119 157 x688 figs-idiom 0 I have not turned from This is an idiom. “I have not stopped obeying” or “I have not stopped believing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 119 157 n1r7 0 covenant decrees Other possible meanings are “testimonies” or “laws.” See how this is translated in [Psalms 78:5](../078/005.md). PSA 119 158 keb9 figs-nominaladj 0 the treacherous The adjective “treacherous” can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “treacherous people” or “those who betray me” or “my enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 119 158 fs8u 0 do not keep Alternate translation: “do not obey” PSA 119 159 rv26 0 See Alternate translation: “Look at me so you can see” PSA 119 159 r1n2 figs-abstractnouns 0 by your covenant faithfulness The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “because you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 119 160 iir8 0 The essence of your word is truth Alternate translation: “Your word is completely true” or “Your word can be trusted” PSA 119 161 tq5i figs-synecdoche 0 my heart stands in awe of your word The psalmist speaks of the heart as if it could be amazed. The heart is a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “I am amazed at your word” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 119 162 n1dy 0 plunder This could mean: (1) things that soldiers and robbers take from those they have defeated in battle or (2) things of great value or “treasure.” PSA 119 163 jx6a figs-doublet 0 hate and despise These two words mean almost the same thing. Alternate translation: “hate very strongly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 119 163 ue4r figs-metonymy 0 falsehood Possible meanings are this is a metonym for: (1) “people who lie” or (2) “the false words that people say.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 119 165 fin9 0 nothing makes them stumble This could mean: (1) “nothing makes them do wrong” or (2) “nothing causes them trouble.” PSA 119 167 t7k7 0 I observe your solemn commands Alternate translation: “I obey your solemn commands” PSA 119 167 iqz6 0 solemn commands Other possible meanings are “testimonies” or “laws.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 119:2](../119/002.md). PSA 119 168 zj2b 0 I keep your instructions Alternate translation: “I obey your instructions” PSA 119 169 cgi3 figs-metaphor 0 give me understanding into your word The psalmist speaks of the ability to understand as if it were a solid object. Alternate translation: “help me understand your word” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 119 170 r59u figs-metaphor 0 May my plea come before you The psalmist speaks of the words he says in prayer as if they were people who want to speak to a king. Alternate translation: “May you hear my prayer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 119 171 x454 figs-metaphor 0 May my lips pour out praise The psalmist speaks of his lips as if they were a container and his praise a liquid that could be poured out. Here the word “lips” is a synecdoche which represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I desire to praise you much” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 119 172 hk6w figs-metaphor 0 my tongue sing The psalmist speaks of his tongue either: (1) as if it were a person or (2) as a synecdoche for his whole being. Alternate translation: “me sing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 119 173 ui9f figs-synecdoche 0 May your hand help me The hand is a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “Please help me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 119 173 vx9b 0 have chosen Alternate translation: “have chosen to obey” PSA 119 174 l3rh 0 for your rescue Alternate translation: “you to rescue me” PSA 119 174 wa6g figs-abstractnouns 0 your law is my delight The abstract noun “delight” can be stated as a verb. “I very much enjoy obeying your law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 119 175 z1ep figs-metaphor 0 may your righteous decrees help me The psalmist speaks of Yahweh’s decrees as if they were a person who could help him. Alternate translation: “may I listen to your righteous decrees and so become wise and strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 119 176 xw7j figs-simile 0 I have wandered off like a lost sheep The psalmist compares his disobedience to Yahweh to a sheep that has wandered away from the flock. Alternate translation: “I have left your way like a sheep that has left its flock” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 119 176 ap6x 0 seek your servant Alternate translation: “because I am your servant, come and search for me” PSA 120 intro x4aj 0 # Psalm 120 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 120 is a psalm of deliverance from liars. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Fighting<br>The author did not want to fight, but the people he lived with wanted to fight him. PSA 120 1 xq2k writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 120 1 d8u6 0 In my distress Alternate translation: “In my trouble” or “When I was in trouble” PSA 120 2 a439 figs-metonymy 0 Rescue my life Here the word “life” represents the person. Alternate translation: “Rescue me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 120 2 yy4j figs-synecdoche 0 those who lie with their lips and deceive with their tongues Here the phrases “their lips” and “their tongues” represent the people who speak lies and deceit. Alternate translation: “those who lie to me and try to deceive me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 120 3 rl7j figs-rquestion 0 How will he punish you, and what more will he do to you, you who have a lying tongue? The writer asks this as a leading question to explain what God will do to liars. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “This is how God will punish you, and this is what he will do to you, you who have a lying tongue.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 120 3 k1uu figs-synecdoche 0 you who have a lying tongue Here “a lying tongue” represents the person who speaks lies. Alternate translation: “you who tell lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 120 4 tp2n figs-metaphor 0 He will punish you with the arrows of a warrior The writer speaks of God severely punishing liars as if God were shooting them with arrows. Alternate translation: “He will punish you severely, as if he were shooting you with warrior’s arrows” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 120 4 gu1s figs-activepassive 0 sharpened over burning coals of the broom tree This refers to how people forged the tip of the arrow in a fire. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that he sharpened over burning coals of the broom tree” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 120 5 mg3z figs-metaphor 0 I temporarily live in Meshech; I lived previously among the tents of Kedar These two places were far away from each other. The writer is likely using the names metaphorically to represent living among cruel and barbaric people. Alternate translation: “It is as if I live in Meshech or among the tents of Kedar” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 120 5 qx4h figs-metonymy 0 the tents of Kedar This phrase represents the people of Kedar who live in those tents. Alternate translation: “the people who live in Kedar” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 120 7 sf92 0 I am for peace Alternate translation: “I want peace” PSA 120 7 lr78 0 they are for war Alternate translation: “they want war” PSA 121 intro n97g 0 # Psalm 121 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 121 is a worship psalm.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s protection<br>God always watches over those who believe in him and protects them from harm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]]) PSA 121 1 xgy7 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 121 1 cb45 figs-metonymy 0 lift up my eyes This expression means “look at” or “focus my attention on.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 121 1 yb6k figs-rquestion 0 From where will my help come? The writer uses this question to focus attention on the source of his help. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “I will tell you from where my help comes.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 121 2 d3ip 0 My help comes from Yahweh This is the answer to the previous question. PSA 121 3 r43x figs-123person 0 General Information: There is a shift here to the second person. This could mean: (1) the writer begins speaking to the people of Israel or (2) the writer is quoting another person speaking to the writer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) PSA 121 3 uj6f figs-metonymy 0 your foot to slip The slipping of a foot is associated with falling. Alternate translation: “you to fall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 121 3 l1fp figs-metonymy 0 he who protects you will not slumber Here to “slumber” means he would stop protecting. The negative form strengthens the statement. Alternate translation: “God will not fall asleep and stop protecting you” or “God will always protect you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) PSA 121 3 j2nn 0 he who protects you God PSA 121 4 eq68 0 the guardian God PSA 121 4 b5yf 0 See This word alerts us to pay attention to the important information that follows. PSA 121 4 f8qt figs-doublet 0 never slumbers or sleeps These two words mean the same thing. Here to “slumber” means to stop protecting. The negative form strengthens the statement. Alternate translation: “will not sleep and stop protecting you” or “will always protect you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) PSA 121 5 sk2b figs-metonymy 0 Yahweh is the shade at your right hand Here “shade” refers to protection. Alternate translation: “God is beside you to protect you from things that would hurt you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 121 5 hq1i 0 at your right hand Here this expression means to be beside or near to the writer. PSA 121 6 p2y6 figs-merism 0 The sun will not harm you by day, nor the moon by night The contrasting terms “day” and “night” refer to those extremes and everything in between. Alternate translation: “God protects you from the elements at all times” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) PSA 121 6 wzt9 figs-ellipsis 0 nor the moon by night It is implies that “will not harm you” is implied here. The full meaning of this statement may be made clear. Alternate translation: “nor will the moon harm you by night” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 121 7 au24 figs-metonymy 0 your life This refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 122 intro x7wj 0 # Psalm 122 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 122 is a psalm about Jerusalem.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Jerusalem<br>Jerusalem is an important city, the center of government and religious activities; so the author prays for peace for the city. PSA 122 1 lck5 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 122 1 x5k5 0 A song of ascents This could mean: (1) “song people sang while going up to Jerusalem for a celebration” or (2) “song people sang while going up the steps into the temple” or (3) “song whose words are like steps.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 120:1](../120/001.md) PSA 122 2 d2gp figs-apostrophe 0 Jerusalem, our feet are standing within your gates! The writer briefly stops speaking to his audience and speaks directly to the city of Jerusalem. Jerusalem is spoken to as if it was a person who could hear the writer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 122 2 gjq5 figs-synecdoche 0 our feet are standing Here “feet” refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “we are standing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 122 2 pe5k figs-synecdoche 0 within your gates Here “gates” refers to the city. Alternate translation: “inside you, Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 122 4 xbf5 figs-metonymy 0 the name of Yahweh Here “name” refers to Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 122 5 xk6c figs-metonymy 0 the house of David Here “house” refers to the descendants of David. Alternate translation: “the descendants of David” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 122 6 q9u2 figs-apostrophe 0 May those who love you have peace This section states the content of the prayer that the writer wants his audience to pray. He asks them to speak directly to the city of Jerusalem, as if the city was a person who could hear them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 122 7 qxx3 figs-apostrophe 0 This verse finishes the prayer that the writer wants his audience to pray. He asks them to speak directly to the city of Jerusalem, as if the city was a person who could hear them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 122 7 exb9 figs-parallelism 0 May there be peace within … may they have peace within These two phrases have the same meanings and are used together to strengthen each other. Alternate translation: “May the people in Jerusalem live in peace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 122 7 d4tc figs-synecdoche 0 within the walls that defend you … within your fortresses Here Jerusalem is referred to by the fortress walls that protects it. The terms “walls” and “fortress” refer to the same thing. Alternate translation: “within Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 122 8 hz78 figs-apostrophe 0 General Information: In this section, the writer speaks directly to the city of Jerusalem, as if the city was a person who could hear them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 122 8 i3zr 0 For the sake Alternate translation: “For the well-being” PSA 122 8 b3mx 0 May there be peace within you Alternate translation: “May the people in you live in peace” PSA 122 9 nt39 0 I will seek good for you The abstract noun “good” can be stated as an action. Alternate translation: “I will pray that people treat you well” PSA 123 intro vet5 0 # Psalm 123 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 123 is a psalm asking for deliverance from the contempt of proud people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Trust<br>Just as a servant trusts his master to protect him, so the author is trusting God to stop proud people from insulting him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) PSA 123 1 iym8 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 123 1 ja7b figs-metonymy 0 I lift up my eyes Here the author refers to his eyes because that is the part of the body used for seeing. Alternate translation: “I look to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 123 1 kx53 0 enthroned sitting on a throne and ruling as king PSA 123 2 kyd5 figs-parallelism 0 as the eyes of servants … as the eyes of a maid … so our eyes look These three phrases have similar meanings. The third phrase, about the Israelites, is being compared to how the servants and maids look to their masters and mistresses for help. In each case “eyes” refers to the whole person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 123 2 xe43 figs-metonymy 0 master’s hand … mistress’s hand Here “hand” refers to the provision for needs. Alternate translation: “master’s provision … mistress’s provision” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 123 2 av8s 0 maid servant girl PSA 123 2 cs6v 0 mistress woman who has authority over servant girls PSA 123 2 kj4j figs-abstractnouns 0 has mercy on us The abstract noun “mercy” can be stated as an action. Alternate translation: “act mercifully toward us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 123 3 e5sh figs-abstractnouns 0 Have mercy on us The abstract noun “mercy” can be stated as an action. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Psalms 123:2](../123/002.md). Alternate translation: “act mercifully toward us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 123 3 rn1x figs-metaphor 0 we are filled with humiliation Here humiliation is spoken of as if it were something that could be fill up a person. “we are very disgraced” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 123 4 h3h7 figs-idiom 0 We are more than full This idiom means that the amount is excessive, in a negative sense. Alternate translation: “We have had too much” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 123 4 fq81 figs-parallelism 0 of the scoffing … and with the contempt There two phrases have very similar meanings and are used together to emphasize how much they have been mocked by the people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 123 4 xq36 0 scoffing Alternate translation: “mocking” or “insults” PSA 123 4 gp8j figs-nominaladj 0 the insolent This refers to the insolent people. Alternate translation: “rude and arrogant people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 123 4 ugx5 figs-nominaladj 0 the proud This refers to the proud people. Alternate translation: “the people who are proud” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 124 intro khc4 0 # Psalm 124 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 124 is a psalm of praise for God’s delivering the Israelites from their enemy’s attack. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh saves<br>God saved the Israelites from their enemy who wanted to completely destroy them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) PSA 124 1 fes4 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 124 1 uf2u 0 song of ascents This could mean: (1) “song people sang while going up to Jerusalem for a celebration” or (2) “song people sang while going up the steps into the temple” or (3) “song whose words are like steps.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 120:1](../120/001.md) PSA 124 1 zqy6 figs-hypo 0 “If Yahweh had not been on our side This is the beginning of a hypothetical statement about something that did not actually happen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) PSA 124 2 qz9s figs-hypo 0 if it had not been Yahweh who was on our side This is the continuation of a hypothetical statement about something that did not actually happen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) PSA 124 3 n3uw figs-hypo 0 then they would have swallowed us up alive This is the end of a hypothetical statement that begins with the words “If Yahweh had not been on our side” in [Psalms 124:1](../124/001.md) and continues with the words “if it had not been Yahweh who was on our side when men rose up against us” in [Psalms 124:2](./002.md). It describes a result that did not happen because Yahweh was actually on their side. “They were not able to swallow us up alive because Yahweh was on our side.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) PSA 124 3 g8z9 figs-metaphor 0 swallowed us up alive This metaphor describes how the Israelites could have died to how a fierce animal would attack a smaller animal to eat. Alternate translation: “killed us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 124 3 tq3h figs-metonymy 0 their anger raged against us Here “their anger” refers to the enemies who were angry. Alternate translation: “they were very angry with us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 124 4 ca3n 0 General Information: In these two verses the author compares the enemies of Israel to a flood of water. PSA 124 4 hgr6 figs-hypo 0 The water would have swept us away; the torrent would have overwhelmed us This is the end of a hypothetical statement that begins with the words “If Yahweh had not been on our side” in [Psalms 124:1](../124/001.md) and continues with the words “if it had not been Yahweh who was on our side when men rose up against us” in [Psalms 124:2](./002.md). It describes a result that did not happen because Yahweh was actually on their side. “The water did not sweep us away, and the torrent did not overwhelm us because Yahweh was on our side” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) PSA 124 4 x86j figs-metaphor 0 The water would have swept us away Here the enemies of the writer are spoken of as if they were a flood of water. Alternate translation: “Our enemies would have easily defeated us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 124 4 mkg4 figs-metaphor 0 the torrent would have overwhelmed us Here the enemies of the writer are spoken of as if they were a flood of water that would have drowned the Israelites. Alternate translation: “our enemies would have overwhelmed us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 124 5 j6yh figs-hypo 0 Then the raging waters would have drowned us This is the end of a hypothetical statement that begins with the words “If Yahweh had not been on our side” in [Psalms 124:1](../124/001.md) and continues with the words “if it had not been Yahweh who was on our side when men rose up against us” in [Psalms 124:2](./002.md). It describes a result that did not happen because Yahweh was actually on their side. “The raging waters did not drown us because Yahweh was on our side” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) PSA 124 5 rxj3 figs-metaphor 0 the raging waters would have drowned us Here the enemies of the writer are spoken of as if they were a raging river that would have drowned the Israelites. Alternate translation: “our enemies would have destroyed us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 124 6 thg5 figs-metaphor 0 torn by their teeth The enemies are spoken of as if they were wild animals that would destroy the Israelites by eating them. Alternate translation: “destroyed as if we were eaten by wild animals” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 124 7 fr8c figs-metaphor 0 escaped like a bird out of the snare of the fowlers The writer describes his escape from the enemies as if he was a bird that had escaped from the snare of the hunters. Alternate translation: “escaped from our enemies as a bird escapes from the trap that hunters have set” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 124 7 r8zv 0 snare a small trap of string or wire made for catching small animals or birds PSA 124 7 a4a8 figs-metaphor 0 the snare has been broken The plot of the enemies to catch the writer failed as if it was a snare that had broken. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 125 intro bc6u 0 # Psalm 125 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 125 is a psalm of praise.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s protection<br>God protects good people. He will not allow the evil people to rule over the good people because they might make them do evil. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) PSA 125 1 d4h2 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 125 1 spt5 figs-simile 0 Those who trust in Yahweh are like Mount Zion, unshakable, forever enduring People who trust in Yahweh are spoken of as if they were Mount Zion. Mountains are unable to be moved. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 125 2 t72p figs-simile 0 As the mountains surround Jerusalem, so Yahweh surrounds his people Yahweh’s protection is spoken of as if he was the mountains surrounding Jerusalem. Jerusalem was surrounded by several mountains, which protected it from attack. Alternate translation: “As the hills that surround Jerusalem protect it, so Yahweh protects his people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 125 2 z93n figs-merism 0 now and forever Here, this phrase means “always.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) PSA 125 3 we9h figs-metonymy 0 The scepter of wickedness Here the scepter of wickedness represents the rule of wicked people. Alternate translation: “Wicked people” or “Wicked rulers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 125 4 m8s8 0 Do good, Yahweh This is a request. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, please do good things” or “Yahweh, I beg you to do good things” PSA 125 4 y93a figs-metonymy 0 are upright in their hearts Here, “hearts” refers to their desires. Alternate translation: “desire to do the right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 125 5 t4ae figs-metaphor 0 turn aside Refusing to obey Yahweh is spoken of as turning away from a good path. Alternate translation: “leave good and go” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 125 5 daf6 figs-metaphor 0 their crooked ways Here wicked ways are spoken of as if they were a path that is not straight. Alternate translation: “their wicked ways” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 125 5 ru69 figs-explicit 0 lead them away People are lead away in order to punish them. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “lead them away to punish them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 126 intro q9ig 0 # Psalm 126 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 126 is a psalm of praise for Yahweh bringing captives home.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Sorrow and joy<br>People may have sorrow now; but later it will turn into joy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/joy]]) PSA 126 1 h3wt writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 126 1 y7ss 0 restored the fortunes of Zion Alternate translation: “made Zion prosperous again” PSA 126 2 wxr3 figs-metaphor 0 our mouths were filled with laughter Laughing is spoken of as if their mouths were a container and their laughter was in it. It can be made clear that this laughter was a response to their joy. Alternate translation: “we laughed for joy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 126 2 g1bj figs-ellipsis 0 our tongues with singing The verbs “were filled” can be stated clearly. Singing is spoken of as if their tongues were containers and singing was in them. Alternate translation: “our tongues were filled with singing” or “we sang songs of joy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 126 2 xir4 0 they said among the nations “the people of the nations said among themselves.” The pronoun is used before introducing what it references. This is very unusual. PSA 126 3 js5q 0 Yahweh did great things for us; how glad we were! Alternate translation: “How glad we were, because Yahweh did these great things for us!” PSA 126 5 i43v 0 Those who sow in tears Alternate translation: “Those who weep as they sow” PSA 127 intro ipx7 0 # Psalm 127 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 127 is a wisdom psalm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Blessings<br>God wants his people to have rest. It is a blessing to have many children. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/rest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) PSA 127 1 nt9a writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 127 1 m7vn 0 song of ascents This could mean: (1) “song people sang while going up to Jerusalem for a celebration” or (2) “song people sang while going up the steps into the temple” or (3) “song whose words are like steps.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 120:1](../120/001.md) PSA 127 2 qvi2 0 to rise up early, to come home late A person who works hard often has to wake up earlier in the morning and return home late at night. PSA 127 2 vc2y figs-idiom 0 eat the bread of hard work This is an idiom. Bread often represents the food a person needs every day in order to live. Alternate translation: “work hard for your daily needs” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 127 3 qz98 figs-metaphor 0 heritage property that a person can inherit from his ancestors. Children normally receive an inheritance from their parents. Inheritance goes from parents to children. This passage uses parents inheriting children from Yahweh as a metaphor for Yahweh being the only one who can give children. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 127 4 iyl8 figs-simile 0 Like arrows in the hand of a warrior, so are the children of one’s youth Arrows are very important to a warrior because they protect him in battle. Children are spoken of as if they are a warrior’s arrow. Alternate translation: “Having many children will help to protect you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 127 5 vf7l figs-metaphor 0 his quiver full of them A quiver is a container for arrows. Having many children is spoken of as if the children were arrows in a quiver. Alternate translation: “a home full of children” or “many children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 128 intro f8w6 0 # Psalm 128 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 128 is a wisdom psalm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Respect<br>Those people who respect God will live well and have many children. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/life]]) PSA 128 1 xub9 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 128 1 h11n figs-activepassive 0 Blessed is everyone who honors Yahweh This phrase occurs in the passive voice to avoid implying that Yahweh is obligated to bless those who honor him. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will bless everyone who honors him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 128 2 xw8w figs-synecdoche 0 What your hands provide A man can be referred to by his hands because that is the part of the body he works with. Alternate translation: “What you provide” or “What you work for” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 128 2 b9im figs-doublet 0 you will be blessed and prosper The words “be blessed” and “prosper” share similar meanings and emphasize God’s favor. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will bless you and prosper you” or “Yahweh will make you blessed and prosperous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 128 3 x211 figs-simile 0 like a fruitful vine in your house The wife is spoke of as a vine producing a lot of fruit. This implies that children are like fruit and the wife will have many children. Alternate translation: “very productive and give you many children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 128 3 mf2p figs-simile 0 your children will be like olive plants Children are compared to olive plants because of the way they grow to surround something. Children will surround the table and make it full. Alternate translation: “you will have many children who will grow and prosper” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 128 3 vlk1 0 around your table This refers to the place where a family gathers to eat. Often, all those who eat a man’s table are under his authority or control. PSA 128 4 v5em figs-activepassive 0 the man will be blessed who honors Yahweh This can be stated as an active verb. “Yahweh will bless the man who honors him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 128 5 iz4u 0 all the days of your life Alternate translation: “throughout your lifetime” PSA 128 6 cd66 0 May peace be on Israel Alternate translation: “May Israel have peace” PSA 129 intro p9dv 0 # Psalm 129 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 129 is a psalm of deliverance from Israel’s many enemies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh saves<br>Israel’s enemies have always persecuted them but God has saved them from their enemies. He prays that this enemy will be destroyed with no one to wish them well. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) PSA 129 1 ut36 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 129 3 wpl7 figs-metaphor 0 The plowers plowed on my back The cuts from a whipping are spoken of as the plow of a plowman. A farmer plowed deep lines into a field. Alternate translation: “My enemies have cut me deeply on my back” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 129 3 nq4f figs-metaphor 0 they made their furrows long This is a continuation of the plowing metaphor. The “furrow” is the line the farmer plowed. Alternate translation: “they made their cuts long” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 129 4 yzu9 figs-metaphor 0 he has cut the ropes of the wicked Israel is spoken of as being bound by evil people. Alternate translation: “he has freed us from our enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 129 5 z781 figs-activepassive 0 May they all be put to shame and turned back Yahweh is not explicitly mentioned as the one who does these things. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “May Yahweh shame them and defeat them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 129 6 s2gl figs-simile 0 May they be like the grass on the housetops that withers before it grows up The psalmist speaks of his enemies dying and being few in number. He compares them to the little bit of grass that grows on the roof of a house and withers and is not enough to cut or bundle. Alternate translation: “May they die and may there be few of them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 129 7 s57h figs-simile 0 that cannot fill … together These words finish the simile that begins in ([Psalms 129:6](../129/006.md)). The psalmist speaks of his enemies dying and being few in number. He compares them to the little bit of grass that grows on the roof of a house and withers and is not enough to cut or bundle. “May they be like the grass, which cannot fill … together” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 129 8 pu7b 0 the blessing of Yahweh be on you Alternate translation: “Yahweh bless you” PSA 130 intro c2ly 0 # Psalm 130 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 130 is a psalm of praise that God forgives sins. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/forgive]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br>### Forgive<br>God forgives sin and helps the sinner. So Israel should trust in God for his forgiveness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) PSA 130 1 f4r9 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 130 1 h3vi figs-metaphor 0 Out of the depths I The author’s sadness is spoken of as if it were a container. His sadness comes from the bottom of the container. Sadness is often spoken of as being a container that fills from the top to the bottom. Alternate translation: “Because I am very sad, I” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 130 2 i2dr figs-synecdoche 0 let your ears be attentive The ears represent Yahweh, but because the author knows that Yahweh hears everything, he is really asking for Yahweh to respond. Alternate translation: “please listen” or “please respond” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 130 2 cvz1 figs-abstractnouns 0 to my pleas for mercy The abstract noun “mercy” can be stated as “merciful.” Alternate translation: “to my pleas and be merciful to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 130 3 fu8l figs-rquestion 0 who could stand? The speaker uses this question to express the futility of thinking that anyone could stand in this situation. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “no one could stand.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 130 3 l8mj figs-metonymy 0 who could stand “Stand” often represents escaping or surviving when someone attacks. In this case, it would be to escape from being punished. Alternate translation: “no one could escape from your punishment” or “no one could survive your punishment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 130 6 lj6l figs-synecdoche 0 My soul “My soul” represents the psalmist. Alternate translation: “I” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 130 6 yb89 figs-metonymy 0 My soul waits The psalmist is spoken of as if he were waiting on something with expectation. Alternate translation: “I hope” or “I trust” or “I desire for something” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 130 6 ge7s figs-simile 0 My soul waits … more than watchmen wait for the morning The psalmist speaks of his desire for the Lord to help him as being greater than the desire that those who work all night have for the morning to come. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 130 6 cx47 0 watchmen These are men who guard towns or fields against enemies or robbers. Here it refers to men who have to stay awake at night doing this. PSA 130 7 ua2z figs-metaphor 0 Israel, hope in Yahweh The people of Israel are spoken of as if they were a man. Alternate translation: “You people of Israel, hope in Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 130 8 i64f figs-metaphor 0 who will redeem Israel from all his sins The people of Israel are spoken of as if they were a man. Alternate translation: “who will redeem the people of Israel from all their sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 131 intro ej7h 0 # Psalm 131 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 131 is a wisdom psalm teaching trust in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Trust<br>This psalm focuses on the concept of trust. A quiet trust in Yahweh is best. PSA 131 1 ct5z writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 131 1 px11 0 song of ascents This could mean: (1) “song people sang while going up to Jerusalem for a celebration” or (2) “song people sang while going up the steps into the temple” or (3) “song whose words are like steps.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 120:1](../120/001.md) PSA 131 1 kgc5 figs-synecdoche 0 my heart is not proud or my eyes haughty The heart and the eyes represent the person. Alternate translation: “I am not proud or haughty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 131 1 tz2s 0 I do not have great hopes for myself Possible meanings are “I do not expect to do great things” or “I do not think I am great.” PSA 131 1 xfb4 figs-metaphor 0 things that are beyond me Things that are too hard for a person to understand are spoken of as if they are beyond the person or too far away from the person to be able to reach them. Alternate translation: “things that are too hard to understand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 131 2 r92s figs-synecdoche 0 I have stilled and quieted my soul The soul represents the person or his emotions. Being calm and peaceful is spoken of has having making one’s soul still and quiet. Alternate translation: “I am calm and peaceful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 131 2 sep5 figs-metonymy 0 my soul within me The soul represents the person or his emotions. Alternate translation: “I” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 131 2 sim5 figs-metaphor 0 a weaned child with his mother The psalmist speaks of himself being content and resting as if he were a young child that no longer demands breast milk from his mother. Alternate translation: “content like a young child that no longer cries for breast milk but rests in his mother’s arms” or “content and resting” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 132 intro fp7w 0 # Psalm 132 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 132 is a royal psalm praising David. It might have been sung when David brought the ark to Jerusalem.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Ark<br>The Ark had been moved from one place to another several times. David wanted to make a permanent home for it. God had promised David that his son would be king after him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]]) PSA 132 1 sq3d writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 132 1 lvf4 0 for David’s sake Alternate translation: “because of what happened to David” PSA 132 1 rsq8 0 call to mind Alternate translation: “remember” or “think about” PSA 132 2 v7zr 0 the Mighty One of Jacob This refers to God. PSA 132 3 qz8t 0 He said Alternate translation: “King David said” PSA 132 4 s5lw figs-metaphor 0 I will not give sleep to my eyes or rest to my eyelids Sleep and rest are spoken of as if they are things that can be given. Here eyes and eyelids represent the whole person. Alternate translation: “I will not allow my eyes to sleep or my eyelids to rest” or “I will not sleep or close my eyes and rest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 132 5 q4n7 figs-metonymy 0 until I find a place for Yahweh Building a place for Yahweh is spoken of as finding a place for him. Alternate translation: “until I build a place for Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 132 5 ydb1 0 the Mighty One of Jacob This refers to God. PSA 132 6 ii2y figs-explicit 0 we heard about it in Ephrathah The word “it” probably refers to where God’s sacred chest was. The phrase “in Ephrathah” probably refers to where they were when they heard about it. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “we who were in Ephrathah heard about where the sacred chest was” or “we in Ephrathah heard that the holy box was in Jaar” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 132 6 nbj6 translate-names 0 fields of Jaar Jaar is probably another name for the city of Kiriath Jearim. This probably refers to the fields surrounding the city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) PSA 132 7 gcy9 figs-metaphor 0 we will worship at his footstool Worshiping God at the covenant box is spoken of as bowing at the feet of the king who is sitting on his throne. This communicates humility and submission to God. Alternate translation: “we will go to God’s covenant box and worship him as king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 132 8 jkj6 figs-explicit 0 Arise, Yahweh, to your resting place The verb “come” can be stated clearly. “Arise, Yahweh, and come to your resting place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 132 8 e7g1 figs-metaphor 0 your resting place The place God chose for people to worship him is spoken of as if it were a place where he rests or lives eternally. Alternate translation: “the place where you stay” or “your tabernacle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 132 8 ktv8 figs-ellipsis 0 you and the ark of your strength! This could mean: (1) “come to the ark of your strength” or (2) “come, and make the ark of your strength come.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 132 8 pg13 0 the ark of your strength Alternate translation: “the ark that shows your great power” PSA 132 9 y1an figs-metaphor 0 May your priests be clothed with integrity Integrity is spoken of as if it were clothing. Alternate translation: “May people recognize that your priests have integrity” or “I want people see how your priests always do what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 132 10 zns5 0 For your servant David’s sake “Because of what happened to your servant David.” See how you translated a similar phrase in [Psalms 132:1](../132/001.md). PSA 132 10 e268 figs-metaphor 0 do not turn away from your anointed king Here “turning away” means to reject someone. Alternate translation: “do not abandon the king that you anointed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 132 11 l5l7 figs-metaphor 0 I will place one of your descendants on your throne Making a king’s descendant become king in his place is spoken of as placing him on that king’s throne. AT “I will cause one of your descendants to rule Israel in your place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 132 12 ir7p figs-metaphor 0 sit on your throne Ruling as king is spoken of as sitting on the throne. Alternate translation: “rule as king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 132 12 ht92 figs-synecdoche 0 your sons Here “your sons” represents the descendants of David that would become king. Alternate translation: “your descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 132 13 ym8p figs-pronouns 0 General Information: “He”, “my” and “I” refer to Yahweh and “her” refers to Zion. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) PSA 132 13 kw5c figs-personification 0 Zion … her The author writes as though the city of Zion were a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 132 13 wvs3 figs-metonymy 0 he has desired her for his seat “Yahweh has desired Zion for Yahweh’s seat.” Here, **seat** could mean: (1) his throne where he would rule, or (2) the place where he would stay. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 132 14 t9p9 figs-personification 0 her The author writes as though the city of Zion ([Psalms 132:13](../132/013.md)) were a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 132 14 y9cs figs-metaphor 0 my resting place The place God chose for people to worship him is spoken of as if it were a place where he rests or lives eternally. Alternate translation: “the place where I stay” or “my tabernacle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 132 15 afl2 figs-personification 0 God continues to speak about the city of Zion as if Zion was a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 132 15 gvy6 0 will abundantly bless her Alternate translation: “will abundantly bless Zion” PSA 132 15 md5k figs-nominaladj 0 will satisfy her poor with bread Here “poor” refers to the poor people in Zion and “bread” probably represents food in general. Alternate translation: “will satisfy the poor people in Zion with food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 132 16 w9cn figs-metaphor 0 I will clothe her priests with salvation Salvation is spoken of as if it is clothing. This could mean: (1) “I will cause the priests to behave in a manner worthy of ones whom I have saved” or (2) “I will save her priests” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 132 17 vls7 figs-metaphor 0 I will make a horn to sprout for David God speaks of a powerful descendant of David as if he was the powerful horn of an animal. Alternate translation: “I will make a descendant of David become king after him” or “I will cause David to have a descendant who will be a powerful king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 132 17 yc3b figs-metaphor 0 set up a lamp for my anointed one God speaks of causing David’s descendants to continue to rule as king as if they were a lamp that would continue to shine. Alternate translation: “I will cause my anointed one’s descendants to continue to rule as king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 132 17 dms8 0 my anointed one Alternate translation: “my chosen king” or “the king I have chosen” PSA 132 18 gp1f figs-metaphor 0 I will clothe his enemies with shame Shame is spoken of as if it was clothing. This shame would result from losing in war. Alternate translation: “I will cause his enemies to be ashamed” or “I will cause his enemies to be defeated and ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 132 18 hdu2 figs-metonymy 0 his crown will shine The crown represents his rule, and greatness is spoken of as shining. Alternate translation: “he will be a great king” or “his greatness will shine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 133 intro lg1c 0 # Psalm 133 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 133 is a wisdom psalm about harmony. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Harmony<br>Harmony between relatives is refreshing and brings a blessings from God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) PSA 133 1 s9bf writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 133 1 xwd2 0 song of ascents This could mean: (1) “song people sang while going up to Jerusalem for a celebration” or (2) “song people sang while going up the steps into the temple” or (3) “song whose words are like steps.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 120:1](../120/001.md) PSA 133 1 d9ck 0 Behold This word is used to stress the importance of the statement that follows. PSA 133 1 s8hv figs-metaphor 0 for brothers to live together The relationships among fellow God’s people is spoken of as if they were brothers. Alternate translation: “for God’s people to live together peacefully as brothers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 133 2 qj4c figs-simile 0 It is like fine oil on the head The goodness of unity among God’s people is spoken of as if it were like the fine oil that was poured on Aaron’s head. Alternate translation: “This unity is precious like the oil that was poured on Aaron’s head” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 133 3 r3pl figs-simile 0 like the dew of Hermon The goodness of unity among God’s people is spoken of as it if it were refreshing like dew. Alternate translation: “refreshing like the dew of Hermon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 133 3 q5fz 0 Hermon This is a mountain in Israel that has snow on its peak year-round. PSA 134 intro az9r 0 # Psalm 134 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 134 is a temple psalm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Watchmen<br>The watchmen who work at night should praise God. Then he will bless them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) PSA 134 1 x2de writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 134 1 y7mi 0 all you servants of Yahweh Alternate translation: “all you who serve Yahweh” PSA 134 2 fx9g translate-symaction 0 Lift up your hands This is how people prayed or praised God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) PSA 134 2 x39j 0 to the holy place This could mean: (1) “to the temple” or (2) “to the holy place in the temple.” PSA 134 3 d5zb figs-merism 0 heaven and earth The phrase “heaven and earth” here represents all things. Alternate translation: “everything in heaven and earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) PSA 135 intro qzj7 0 # Psalm 135 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 135 is a worship psalm focusing on worshiping God because his greatness.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br>### Praise<br>The people, priests and their helpers should praise God because he is so great. He defeated the Egyptians and led his people to the promise land. Idols have no power. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) PSA 135 1 s987 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 135 1 q37i figs-metonymy 0 Praise the name of Yahweh Yahweh’s name represents him. “Praise Yahweh” or “Praise him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 135 2 hmn4 figs-metonymy 0 stand in Yahweh’s house This represents serving Yahweh in his temple. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 135 2 acj2 0 our God These words refer to Yahweh ([Psalms 135:1](../135/001.md)). PSA 135 3 txp9 0 for it is pleasant to do so Alternate translation: “because we get pleasure from praising his name” PSA 135 4 e6pd figs-metonymy 0 Yahweh has chosen Jacob “Jacob” here refers to his descendants, the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has chosen Jacob’s descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 135 4 tbz4 figs-ellipsis 0 Israel as his possession The beginning of the sentence can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “he has chosen Israel to be his possession” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 135 5 bu42 figs-metaphor 0 that our Lord is above all gods “I know that our Lord is above all gods.” Being greater than something is spoken of as being above it. Alternate translation: “that our Lord is greater than all gods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 135 7 g3hj figs-metaphor 0 bringing the wind out of his storehouse A storehouse is a place where things are kept for future use. This imagery shows God’s power to control the wind. Alternate translation: “causing the wind to blow by his power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 135 9 pln1 figs-doublet 0 signs and wonders These two words mean basically the same thing and refer to the miraculous troubles that God had caused in Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 135 9 jjz5 figs-apostrophe 0 into your midst, Egypt The psalmist speaks as if the people of Egypt were listening to him. Alternate translation: “among you people of Egypt” or “among the people of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) PSA 135 9 eb2x 0 against Pharaoh Alternate translation: “to punish Pharaoh” PSA 135 11 tnk3 translate-names 0 Sihon … Og These are the names of two men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) PSA 135 12 xu2g figs-metaphor 0 He gave us their land as an inheritance God’s gift of the land to the Israelites is spoken of as if it were inheritance from father to son. Alternate translation: “He gave us their land to have forever” or “He gave us their land to be ours forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 135 13 z179 figs-metonymy 0 Your name His name here represents his fame or reputation. Alternate translation: “Your fame” or “Your reputation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 135 18 wi2e figs-simile 0 Those who make them are like them Being ignorant and powerless is spoken of as being like idols, which cannot speak, see, hear, or breathe. Alternate translation: “Those who make them are stupid and powerless like their idols” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 135 18 z43m 0 as is everyone who trusts in them Alternate translation: “and so are those who trust in the idols” PSA 135 21 l26a figs-metonymy 0 he who lives in Jerusalem God is spoken of as if he lived in Jerusalem because the temple where the Israelites worshiped him was there. Alternate translation: “he whose temple is in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 136 intro wah2 0 # Psalm 136 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 136 is a worship psalm. It was written to be sung by two parts of the choir. One part would sing the first part of each of the lines and then the other part of the choir would sing the repeated refrain.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Israel blessed<br>God has blessed Israel throughout its history and taken care of the needy people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) PSA 136 1 my49 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 136 1 ra72 figs-exclamations 0 Oh This is an exclamation that should be translated with whatever exclamation of emphasis you have in your language to make it sound natural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) PSA 136 1 f89e figs-abstractnouns 0 for his covenant faithfulness endures forever The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “because he remains faithful to his covenant forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 136 2 f8xr figs-idiom 0 the God of gods the God who is greater than the gods that other people worship (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 136 5 f8eu 0 by wisdom That is, because he is wise. PSA 136 6 x27a 0 spread out the earth above the waters The ancient Israelites thought that the earth’s dry land was on top of the sea. Alternate translation: “placed the earth over the waters” PSA 136 7 wi2k 0 great lights This is a reference to the sources of light for the earth, especially the sun and the moon. Alternate translation: “the sun and the moon and the stars” PSA 136 8 f4vg figs-metaphor 0 to rule by day The sun is spoken of as if it were a king. Alternate translation: “to mark the time of day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 136 8 h1q9 figs-abstractnouns 0 for his covenant faithfulness endures forever The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. See how you translated this in [Psalms 136:1](../136/001.md). Alternate translation: “because he remains faithful to his covenant forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 136 9 m4de figs-metaphor 0 to rule by night The moon, and stars are spoken of as if they were kings. Alternate translation: “to mark the time of night” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 136 11 v395 0 from among them Alternate translation: “from among the people of Egypt” PSA 136 12 eaa4 figs-metaphor 0 with a strong hand and a raised arm Here “hand” and “arm” represent power. Alternate translation: “with great power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 136 13 avd4 0 the Sea of Reeds The soldiers of Pharaoh drowned in the Sea of Reeds. PSA 136 15 a7s1 figs-metaphor 0 overthrew Pharaoh Here defeat is spoken of as if it were tipping someone over. Alternate translation: “defeated Pharaoh” or “defeated the king of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 136 15 mi4b figs-metonymy 0 Pharaoh That is, the army of Pharaoh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 136 19 j4wg translate-names 0 Sihon a man’s name (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) PSA 136 20 r49c translate-names 0 Og a man’s name (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) PSA 136 23 q5t2 0 called us to mind Alternate translation: “thought about us” PSA 136 23 g78u figs-metaphor 0 helped us in our humiliation The condition of feeling shame is spoken of as if it were a place that the Israelites had been in. This is a reference to the many times when the Israelites’ enemies had defeated them in battle and shamed them. Alternate translation: “cared when we were shamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 136 24 zn74 figs-metaphor 0 has given us victory over our enemies Causing people to be victorious and defeat their enemies is spoken of as giving them victory, as if victory were an object that can be given. Alternate translation: “has made us victorious over our enemies” or “has made us able to defeat our enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 136 26 vqb3 0 the God of heaven Alternate translation: “the God who lives in heaven” or “the God whom the heavenly beings worship” PSA 137 intro syg4 0 # Psalm 137 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 137 is a psalm of mourning and vengeance. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Songs of Zion<br>The captives are told to sing songs of Zion there in Babylon but they felt too unhappy to want to sing. The army from Babylon was cruel when it destroyed Jerusalem and the people of Edom encouraged them to destroy Jerusalem. They prayed that God will be cruel to the people of Edom and Babylon. PSA 137 1 g7si writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 137 1 kt8v 0 By the rivers of Babylon Alternate translation: “Next to one of the rivers near Babylon” PSA 137 1 rih5 figs-exclusive 0 we sat … wept … we thought The writer does not include the readers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) PSA 137 2 j2py figs-exclusive 0 we hung The writer does not include the readers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) PSA 137 2 xl9e figs-metonymy 0 On the poplars there Poplar trees do not grow in Israel. “Poplars” may here stand for all the trees in Babylon. Alternate translation: “On the trees in Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 137 3 sad7 0 our captors required songs from us Alternate translation: “our captors required us to sing” PSA 137 3 htl1 0 required us to be happy Alternate translation: “made us pretend to be happy” PSA 137 3 j7ws 0 one of the songs of Zion This probably refers to songs that the Israelites had used in worship at the temple in Jerusalem. PSA 137 5 s6nm figs-personification 0 If I ignore the memory of you, Jerusalem The writer speaks as if Jerusalem is listening to him. Alternate translation: “If I act as if I did not remember you, Jerusalem” or “If I try to forget you, Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) PSA 137 5 evg5 0 right hand the hand most people use most often PSA 137 7 fey4 0 Call to mind Alternate translation: “Remember” or “Think about” PSA 137 7 wp1j figs-metonymy 0 Call to mind, Yahweh, what the Edomites did Here remembering what the Edomites did represents punishing them for what they did. Alternate translation: “Punish the Edomites, Yahweh, for what they did” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 137 7 fk91 figs-metaphor 0 the day Jerusalem fell Jerusalem being captured by an enemy army is spoken of as if it had fallen. Who captured Jerusalem can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “the day Jerusalem was captured” or “the day the Babylonian army entered Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 137 8 vlj1 figs-apostrophe 0 General Information: The psalmist addresses the people of Babylon as if they were there listening to him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) PSA 137 8 c3dh figs-metonymy 0 Daughter of Babylon This represents the city of Babylon and its people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 137 8 w6kc figs-activepassive 0 may the person be blessed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “may God bless the person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 137 8 v1xl figs-metaphor 0 pays you back for what you have done to us The writer speaks of someone doing to others what they have done as if were payment. Alternate translation: “does to you what you did to us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 137 9 v5tp 0 dashes your little ones against a rock Alternate translation: “smashes your babies’ heads against rocks” PSA 138 intro lv6z 0 # Psalm 138 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm is a psalm of praise.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br>### Answered prayers<br>God answers prayers and he protects the psalmist from his enemies. PSA 138 1 uq65 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 138 1 hm3q figs-metonymy 0 I will give you thanks with my whole heart The heart here represents the emotions. Doing something sincerely or completely is spoken of as doing it with all one’s heart. Alternate translation: “I will sincerely thank you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 138 1 eq6r 0 before the gods This could mean: (1) “in spite of the false idols that exist” or (2) “before the heavenly assembly,” which means “in the knowledge of the angels in heaven.” PSA 138 2 bda1 translate-symaction 0 I will bow down Bowing down is a symbolic action that represents worship and giving honor. Alternate translation: “I will worship you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) PSA 138 2 p2fj figs-metonymy 0 give thanks to your name Here the word “name” represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “give thanks to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 138 2 t3ms figs-abstractnouns 0 for your covenant faithfulness and for your trustworthiness The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. The abstract noun “trustworthiness” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “because you are faithful to your covenant and you are worthy of people trusting you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 138 2 wkx6 0 your word Alternate translation: “what you have said” or “your commands and promises” PSA 138 2 m6ju figs-metonymy 0 your name This could mean: (1) “yourself” or (2) “your fame.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 138 4 zpz8 figs-synecdoche 0 your mouth This expression stands for God himself. Alternate translation: “you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 138 6 sg1t 0 Yahweh is high, yet he cares for the lowly Yahweh is above all creation in power, position, and authority. Yet his interest is in those who are humble in spirit, servants to all. This is a simple contrast. PSA 138 6 ly27 figs-metaphor 0 the proud he knows from far off This expression probably means that God is not faithful to those who are proud. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 138 7 se2w 0 walk live, exist PSA 138 7 wu4n figs-metaphor 0 in the middle of danger Being in danger is spoken of as being in a physical place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 138 7 ez6k figs-metaphor 0 you will reach out with your hand against the anger of my enemies God is spoken of as if he will strike the enemies with his hand. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 138 7 uh62 figs-abstractnouns 0 anger of my enemies The abstract noun “anger” can be stated as “angry.” Alternate translation: “my enemies, who are angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 138 8 uma6 figs-abstractnouns 0 your covenant faithfulness, Yahweh, endures forever The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “you, Yahweh, remain faithful to your covenant forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 138 8 hc8j 0 the ones whom your hands have made This expression probably refers to the nation of Israel. PSA 138 8 m81b figs-metaphor 0 your hands have made God is spoken of as if he had physically used hands to create. Alternate translation: “you have created” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 139 intro spl6 0 # Psalm 139 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 139 is a psalm of praise.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### God’s care<br>God created the psalmist in his mother’s womb and has taken care of him all of his life. No matter where he goes, God is always with him. PSA 139 1 f2ij writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 139 1 m5if 0 For the chief musician Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship.” PSA 139 1 z372 0 have examined Alternate translation: “have tested” PSA 139 2 rgf9 figs-merism 0 when I sit down and when I get up The psalmist uses these two actions to represent everything he does. Alternate translation: “everything I do” or “everything about me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) PSA 139 3 u269 figs-metaphor 0 my path and my lying down Here “path” stands for one’s behavior. “My path and my lying down” together represent everything about the psalmist. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) PSA 139 4 i5s4 figs-metaphor 0 before there is a word on my tongue Here “word on the tongue” represents speech. Alternate translation: “before I say anything” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 139 5 q23v 0 Behind me and before me you surround me This expression refers to God’s presence everywhere. PSA 139 5 xr3g figs-metaphor 0 place your hand upon me This expression refers to guidance and help. Alternate translation: “you guide and help me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 139 6 yr6j 0 too much for me Alternate translation: “too much for me to understand” PSA 139 6 m18y figs-metaphor 0 it is too high, and I cannot reach it Being high and out of reach is an expression, in this case, about some knowledge that human beings cannot have. Alternate translation: “it is too difficult to understand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 139 7 w65n figs-rquestion 0 Where can I go from your Spirit?…Where can I flee from your presence? These two questions are in parallel. The psalmist says that he cannot go away from God’s presence. Alternate translation: “I cannot escape from your Spirit.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 139 8 tdr8 figs-metaphor 0 if I make my bed in Sheol “Making one’s bed” refers to staying somewhere. Alternate translation: “even if I stay in Sheol” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 139 9 v6q9 figs-hyperbole 0 If I fly away on the wings of the morning and go to live in the uttermost parts across the sea The author uses exaggeration to explain that wherever he is, God is there too. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) PSA 139 9 rt5q figs-metaphor 0 If I fly away on the wings of the morning In the ancient near east, the sun was often imagined as if it had wings which enabled it to fly across the sky. Alternate translation: “If the sun could carry me with itself across the sky” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 139 9 iph4 0 in the uttermost parts across the sea Alternate translation: “very far away to the west” PSA 139 10 fx9r 0 will hold on to me Alternate translation: “will help me” PSA 139 11 z546 figs-metaphor 0 If I said, “Surely the darkness will cover me The psalmist speaks of the night as if it were a blanket that could conceal him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 139 12 v3s8 figs-metaphor 0 The night would shine like the day The night, which is dark, is spoken of as if it were bright with light. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 139 13 zvi1 figs-synecdoche 0 You formed my inner parts “Inner parts” refers to the interior organs of a person, but here the expression probably stands for the entire body. Alternate translation: “You made my entire body (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 139 14 t36w figs-metonymy 0 My soul knows this very well Here “soul” probably refers to the psalmist’s innermost ability to be certain about God’s love and guidance. The translator may, however, treat “soul” here as metonymy for the psalmist’s mind and heart. Alternate translation: “I know this with all my heart” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 139 15 wrz7 0 intricately made Alternate translation: “made with great complexity” PSA 139 15 r8mk figs-metaphor 0 the depths of the earth This is probably a way of speaking about a mother’s womb (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 139 16 i7h1 0 all the days assigned to me were recorded in your book even before the first one happened This expression implies that ancient Israelites imagined that God wrote down his plans in a book. PSA 139 17 e3mj 0 How precious are your thoughts to me Alternate translation: “I consider your thoughts very important” or “Your thoughts are very valuable to me” PSA 139 17 j6ja 0 How vast is their sum! Alternate translation: “Your thoughts are so many.” PSA 139 18 y1h1 figs-hyperbole 0 they would be more in number than the sand This hyperbole means that the writer would be unable to count God’s thoughts. Alternate translation: “there would be more than I could count” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) PSA 139 19 g2az figs-apostrophe 0 get away from me, you violent men The psalmist is only pretending to speak directly to the violent men whom he has in mind. Translators may decide to express this command as a wish. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) PSA 139 20 t47k 0 They rebel against you Alternate translation: “They rebel against your authority, God” PSA 139 20 lzi8 0 your enemies tell lies Alternate translation: “your enemies lie about you” PSA 139 21 f3gc figs-parallelism 0 Do I not hate those, Yahweh, who hate you? Do I not despise those who rise up against you? These two sentences have similar meanings. The second one strengthens the thought in the first. Both of these questions actually make statements. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, I hate those who hate you! I despise those who rise up against you!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 139 21 s4kn 0 rise up against rebel against PSA 139 23 e3ka figs-explicit 0 Examine me This is a request for God to tell the psalmist about any sinful thoughts that he may have. Alternate translation: “Please search me” or “I beg you to search me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 139 23 s3gp figs-parallelism 0 Examine me, God, and know my heart; test me and know my thoughts These two sentences have similar meanings. The second one strengthens the thought in the first. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 139 24 r9qy figs-metaphor 0 any wicked way Here “way” stands for behavior. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 139 24 h9f8 figs-metaphor 0 the everlasting way Here “way” refers to trust and obedience in God. Anyone who “walks” this way will have everlasting life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 140 intro qi17 0 # Psalm 140 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 140 is a deliverance psalm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s protection<br>He prayed that God would save him from his enemies who are lying about him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) PSA 140 1 g538 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 140 1 gc5w 0 For the chief musician This is for the director of music to use in worship.” PSA 140 2 luc4 0 they cause battles Here “battles” probably refers to conflict of any kind, including quarrels. PSA 140 3 pz2s figs-metaphor 0 Their tongues wound like serpents People who cause conflict by what they say are spoken of as if they had tongues of serpents. Of course, snakes do not do damage with their tongues, but with their bites and especially with poison. Neither can a person make his tongue sharp. Instead, here the idea of a sharp tongue stands for speaking in a way to cause trouble. And the idea the snakes have sharp tongues stands for the fact that many of them have poison. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 140 4 b8fg figs-metaphor 0 the hands of the wicked That is, the power of the wicked (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 140 5 fa3u figs-metaphor 0 have set a trap … have spread a net … have set a snare The exact kinds of traps are less important than the idea that wicked and proud people are planning to make trouble for the psalmist. If your readers do not know much about different ways of trapping, you may need to reduce this to one line. Alternate translation: “have set a trap to catch me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 140 6 w5qu figs-metonymy 0 listen to my cries This is a call for help. Alternate translation: “listen to me as I call to you now for help” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 140 7 c56x figs-synecdoche 0 you shield my head in the day of battle A person’s head is in great danger during battle. Protecting the person’s head represents protecting the whole person. Alternate translation: “you protect me when I go to war” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 140 7 pz1z figs-metaphor 0 battle Here “battle” probably stands for any kind of severe trouble (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 140 8 c5jb 0 do not grant the desires of the wicked Alternate translation: “please do not allow the wicked to have what they desire” PSA 140 8 hdj3 figs-nominaladj 0 the wicked The adjective “wicked” can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “wicked people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 140 9 gn44 translate-symaction 0 raise their heads This is a sign of being arrogant. Alternate translation: “are arrogant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) PSA 140 9 x51m 0 let the mischief of their own lips cover them This is a prayer that God would make the evildoers suffer from the trouble that they caused by the things they said. PSA 140 9 a8kq figs-metaphor 0 the mischief of their own lips The trouble that they themselves caused by what they said. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 140 9 tmk5 figs-metaphor 0 cover them That is, stop them from causing any more trouble. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 140 10 yxz6 figs-metaphor 0 Let burning coals fall on them; throw them into the fire Images of fire stand for severe punishment for the wicked. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 140 10 pqf9 0 bottomless pits This is probably a reference to Sheol, the world of the dead. PSA 140 11 sf31 figs-idiom 0 men of tongues those who speak evil of others without cause (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 140 11 i174 0 secure on the earth Alternate translation: “safe in this life” PSA 140 11 k1fm figs-personification 0 may evil hunt down the violent man Here evil is spoken of as if it were someone taking revenge on another person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 140 12 em3r figs-abstractnouns 0 he will give justice to the needy The abstract noun “justice” can be stated as “just.” Alternate translation: “He will act in a just manner to help the needy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 140 13 wfl7 figs-metonymy 0 to your name This represents Yahweh. Alternate translation: “to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 141 intro j6r9 0 # Psalm 141 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 141 is a psalm of deliverance from his enemies and from sin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s correction<br>The author prayed that God would keep him from sinning. He is glad to be corrected by good people. He asked God to show that he is right by destroying the evil leaders of the people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) PSA 141 1 f34t writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 141 1 gns6 0 crying out Alternate translation: “asking you for help” PSA 141 1 uq2e figs-personification 0 come quickly to me The psalmist speaks as if Yahweh were a person who needed to come from another place to help him. What the psalmist wanted Yahweh to do can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “come quickly to help me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 141 1 f66k 0 Listen to me when I call Alternate translation: “Please hear me when I call” or “I beg you to hear me when I call” PSA 141 2 d4jp figs-simile 0 May my prayer be like incense The psalmist asks Yahweh to accept and be pleased with his prayer the way he would accept and be pleased with incense. Alternate translation: “May the my prayer please you the way the sweet smell of incense pleases people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 141 2 vz6a figs-metonymy 0 my prayer The psalmist wants Yahweh to be pleased with him because he is praying and because of the words of his prayer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 141 2 f9h1 0 my lifted hands “the hands that I have lifted up.” Lifted hands are a metonym for prayer. People lifted their hands when they prayed or praised Yahweh. See how you translated “lift up your hands” in [Psalms 134:2](../134/002.md). PSA 141 2 vf7s figs-simile 0 be like the evening sacrifice The means to be like the animal that was burned on the altar in the evening. The psalmist speaks as if he wants Yahweh to be as pleased with him as he is with those who bring animals to sacrifice. He wants Yahweh to be pleased because the psalmist is praying or because of the words of his prayer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 141 3 kge1 figs-metaphor 0 place a guard over my mouth The psalmist speaks as if evil words were prisoners trying to escape from his mouth. Alternate translation: “please help me not to say things that are evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 141 3 pt7y 0 place a guard over Alternate translation: “tell someone to guard” PSA 141 3 hf52 figs-metaphor 0 guard the door of my lips The psalmist speaks as if evil words were prisoners trying to escape from his mouth. Alternate translation: “please help me not to say things when I should not” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 141 4 cg6p 0 participate in sinful activities Alternate translation: “do sinful deeds” PSA 141 4 ft7c 0 their delicacies Alternate translation: “their special foods” PSA 141 5 z9wf figs-metaphor 0 hit me The psalmist speaks as if giving a rebuke were physically hitting someone. Alternate translation: “rebuke me” or “hit me so I will listen when he corrects me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 141 5 d396 figs-abstractnouns 0 it will be a kindness to me The abstract noun “kindness” can be translated with an adverb. Alternate translation: “he will be acting kindly to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 141 5 vbt8 figs-simile 0 it will be like oil on my head Possible meanings are that the psalmist speaks as if a person correcting him were putting oil on his head: (1) to honor him. Alternate translation: “when he corrects me, I will know that the one who corrects me is doing a good deed to me” or (2) to make his head feel better. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 141 5 sry9 figs-synecdoche 0 may my head not refuse to accept it The head is a synecdoche for the person. The litotes can be translated as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “may I accept it gladly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) PSA 141 5 m2xw figs-metonymy 0 my prayer is always against their wicked deeds The words “wicked deeds” are a metonym for the people who do the wicked deeds. Alternate translation: “I always pray that Yahweh will stop wicked people from doing evil deeds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 141 6 k4ld figs-activepassive 0 Their leaders will be thrown down This could mean: (1) “Someone will throw their leaders down” or (2) “Their leaders will throw them down.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 141 6 fj6j 0 cliffs ground that goes straight down a long way PSA 141 7 b6wd 0 our bones have been scattered This could mean: (1) “people have thrown our bones around in different directions” or (2) as a result of the fall from the cliffs (141:6) “our bodies are broken and our bones lie in disorder.” PSA 141 8 cjd2 figs-synecdoche 0 my eyes are on you The eyes are a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “I am looking to see what you will do” or “I expect you to help me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 141 8 wm6m figs-metaphor 0 in you I take refuge “I am asking you to protect me” See how “take refuge” is translated in [Psalms 118:9](../118/009.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 141 8 wls6 figs-synecdoche 0 my soul The soul is a metonym for the whole person. Alternate translation: “me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 141 9 q9db figs-metaphor 0 the snares that they have laid for me The psalmist speaks of deceiving a good man so the good man will sin or so that the evil people can defeat him as if it were laying a trap for an animal. The word “snares” is a metonym for the people themselves. Alternate translation: “people who are looking for ways to harm me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 141 9 y879 0 snares … traps Bible experts disagree on the exact meanings of these words. It would be best either to translate one of them with the word for a net or cage that contains the prey and the other as a rope or vine that catches the prey by the leg or neck or to translate both with the general word for “traps.” See how these words are translated in [Psalms 140:5](../140/005.md). PSA 141 9 g9xn figs-ellipsis 0 from the traps of evildoers The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “and protect me from the traps that those who do evil have set” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 141 10 zb2q 0 Let the wicked fall into their own nets The psalmist speaks of evil people deceiving good people as if hunters were trapping animals. Alternate translation: “Let the wicked fall into the net traps they have made to trap other people” or “Let the bad things the wicked planned for the righteous happen to the wicked instead” PSA 142 intro psy6 0 # Psalm 142 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 142 is a psalm of deliverance from his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s help<br>The psalmist is alone, and has many enemies surrounding him. Despite this, Yahweh will help him. Then, good people will join the author. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]]) PSA 142 1 j93h writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 142 1 p2w2 0 A maschil This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 32:1](../032/001.md). PSA 142 1 bue5 0 cave open place under the earth large enough for people to walk around in PSA 142 1 e46x figs-doublet 0 I cry out for help to Yahweh … I plead for Yahweh’s favor If these two lines are so much the same that the reader will get the wrong meaning, you can translate them as one line. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 142 1 gl9i 0 with my voice “using my voice” - PSA 142 2 e15u figs-doublet 0 pour out my lament before him … I tell him my troubles If these two lines are so much the same that the reader will get the wrong meaning, you can translate them as one line. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 142 2 ay1f figs-metaphor 0 pour out my lament before him The psalmist speaks of telling Yahweh why he is sad as if he were pouring all of a liquid out of a container. Alternate translation: “I tell him all about why I am sad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 142 2 vh7u 0 tell him my troubles Alternate translation: “tell him about everything that makes me worry” PSA 142 3 aks7 0 my spirit is weak within me Alternate translation: “I am weak” or “I am extremely discouraged” PSA 142 3 j7ir figs-explicit 0 you know my path “you know the path I should take.” The psalmist speaks as if what a person does were a path that that person walked along. Alternate translation: “you know the way I should live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 142 3 qy2a figs-metaphor 0 In the way that I walk they have hidden a trap for me The psalmist speaks of people wanting to harm him as if they were trying to trap an animal. Alternate translation: “They are making plans so that whatever I do they can harm me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 142 4 e9h9 figs-metonymy 0 my life This is a metonym for “me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 142 5 d83b figs-metonymy 0 called out to you This is a call for help. Alternate translation: “called to you now for help” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 142 5 u3fb 0 my portion This could mean: (1) “all I want” or (2) “all I need” or (3) “all I have.” PSA 142 5 v2uk figs-idiom 0 in the land of the living This idiom refers to a person being alive, as opposed to a person who is dead and in the place of the dead. Alternate translation: “while I am living” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 142 6 t4vr figs-metonymy 0 Listen to my call This is a call for help. See how you translated this in [Psalms 5:1](../005/001.md). Alternate translation: “Listen to me as I call to you now for help” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 142 6 y2xf 0 I have been brought very low This could mean: (1) “I am very needy” and (2) “I am very weak.” See how “we are very low” is translated in [Psalms 78:8](../078/008.md). PSA 142 7 va7w figs-synecdoche 0 Bring my soul out of prison This is a request. The “soul” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “bring me out of prison” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 142 7 w9yx figs-metonymy 0 give thanks to your name The word “name” is a metonym for the person. See how you translated this in [Psalms 5:11](../005/011.md). Alternate translation: “give thanks to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 143 intro tm9v 0 # Psalm 143 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 143 is a deliverance psalm. The author prays for deliverance from his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s help<br>The author prayed for help from Yahweh against his enemies because he is God’s servant. PSA 143 1 jk8k writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 143 1 c8pp figs-metonymy 0 Hear my prayer The words “my prayer” are a metonym for the person who is praying. See how these words are translated in [Psalms 39:12](../039/012.md). Alternate translation: “Listen to me as I pray to you” or “Be willing to do what I ask you to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 143 2 h1x7 figs-idiom 0 Do not enter into judgment To “enter into judgment” is an idiom that means to pronounce judgment. Alternate translation: “Please do not judge” or “I beg you not to judge” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 143 2 ab38 figs-123person 0 your servant The psalmist speaks of himself as if he were speaking of another person. Alternate translation: “me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) PSA 143 2 u6lh figs-metaphor 0 in your sight no one is righteous Here sight represents judgment or evaluation. Alternate translation: “in your judgment no one is righteous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 143 3 p6sx figs-synecdoche 0 pursued my soul Here the word “soul” represents the person. Alternate translation: “pursued me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 143 3 u666 figs-metaphor 0 has crushed me to the ground Defeating an enemy is spoken of as a heavy object crushing a lighter object on the ground. Alternate translation: “has completely defeated me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 143 4 j66k 0 My spirit is overwhelmed within me Alternate translation: “I am weak” or “I am extremely discouraged” PSA 143 4 yv4a 0 my heart despairs Alternate translation: “I no longer have any hope” PSA 143 5 nii3 0 call to mind Alternate translation: “think about” PSA 143 5 z21m 0 your accomplishments Alternate translation: “all that you have accomplished” or “all the great things you have done” PSA 143 6 i96g figs-metonymy 0 spread my hands out to you What one does with one’s body here is a metonym for the purpose of doing so. The Israelites would commonly pray while standing with their hands raised and spread out at their sides. Alternate translation: “pray to you with my hands lifted up at my sides” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 143 6 c8nl figs-metaphor 0 my soul thirsts for you in a parched land The psalmist speaks of wanting to be with God as if he were in a parched land and he also was about to die of thirst. Alternate translation: “I want to be with you the way a person in a parched land who is very thirsty wants water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 143 6 x1rn figs-metaphor 0 my soul thirsts for you The psalmist desires to know Yahweh. The intensity of his desire to know Yahweh is like one who is very thirsty. Alternate translation: “I long for you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 143 6 m3qk figs-synecdoche 0 my soul The soul is a metonym for the person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 143 6 zc2r 0 parched land A land where everything has died because there is no water. PSA 143 7 r837 figs-personification 0 my spirit faints Here the “spirit” refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “I am weak” or “I am very discouraged” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 143 7 h5nt 0 Do not hide your face from me This is a request. “I beg you not to hide from me” or “Please, do not hide from me” PSA 143 7 t1s2 figs-metaphor 0 Do not hide your face from me The psalmist speaks of Yahweh refusing to do what the psalmist asks as if Yahweh were refusing to even look at the psalmist. This litotes can be stated as a positive. Alternate translation: “Do not refuse to listen to me” or “Please listen to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) PSA 143 7 yh17 figs-euphemism 0 I will become like those who go down into the pit Here the word “pit” refers to the place of the dead. This phrase is a euphemism for death. Alternate translation: “I will become just another dead person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) PSA 143 8 cbz8 figs-abstractnouns 0 Let me hear your covenant faithfulness “Cause me to hear of your covenant faithfulness” or “Tell me of your covenant faithfulness.” The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “Let me hear of how you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 143 8 z9rb 0 in the morning This could mean: (1) “in the morning,” at the time many people thought was the best time to pray, or (2) “morning by morning,” every day. PSA 143 8 aut8 0 Show me Alternate translation: “Tell me” PSA 143 8 e86d figs-metaphor 0 the way where I should walk The psalmist speaks of the way people live as if it were a path on which they walk. Alternate translation: “how you want me to live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 143 8 idb7 0 for I lift up my soul to you This could mean: (1) “I pray to you” or (2) “I believe that you will guide and protect me.” PSA 143 9 uh4d 0 I flee to you to hide This could mean: (1) “I flee to you so I can hide” and (2) “I flee to you so you will hide and protect me.” PSA 143 10 hfy5 0 to do your will Alternate translation: “to do what you want me to do” PSA 143 10 u2i6 figs-metaphor 0 lead me in the land of uprightness This could mean: (1) “help me to live righteously” or (2) “may my life be free of trouble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 143 10 kpf6 figs-metaphor 0 the land of uprightness This could mean: (1) this is a metaphor for righteous living or (2) “a level land,” a metaphor for life free of trouble. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 143 11 drk5 figs-metonymy 0 for your name’s sake Yahweh’s name represents his reputation and character. Alternate translation: “because of who you are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 143 12 d1cl 0 the enemies of my life Alternate translation: “the enemies who want to take my life” PSA 143 12 wp4f figs-abstractnouns 0 In your covenant faithfulness cut off my enemies “Show your covenant faithfulness by cutting off my enemies.” The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “Because you are faithful to your covenant, cut off my enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 143 12 wl46 figs-metonymy 0 the enemies of my life “the enemies of my soul.” My “life” may be understood as representing the speaker. Alternate translation: “my enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 144 intro j9c6 0 # Psalm 144 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 144 is a worship psalm. It is the first worship psalm in a series consisting of the final seven psalms (Psalms 144-150).<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br>### Safety<br>Psalm 144 is a prayer for safety and prosperity for the nation of Israel. PSA 144 1 kh8j writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 144 1 lg69 figs-metaphor 0 my rock This could mean: (1) “the one who keeps me safe” or (2) “the one who gives me strength” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 144 1 r6cj figs-synecdoche 0 who trains my hands for war and my fingers for battle The words “hands” and “fingers” are synecdoches for “me.” If “war” and “battle” are the same word in your language, you can translate this as one line. Alternate translation: “who trains me for war and trains me for battle” or “who trains me for war” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 144 2 k7jc figs-abstractnouns 0 my covenant faithfulness The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with anadverb. This could mean: (1) “the one who faithfully loves me” or (2) “the one who faithfully protects me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 144 2 bpc6 figs-metaphor 0 my fortress … take refuge The psalmist uses many metaphors to emphasize that Yahweh will protect him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 144 2 naw2 figs-metaphor 0 my high tower David speaks of Yahweh as if he were a fortress that protects him from attack. Yahweh is the one who protects David from harm. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 144 2 v4eq figs-metaphor 0 my shield David speaks of Yahweh as if he were a shield that protects a soldier. Yahweh is the one who protects David from harm. See how this is translated in [Psalms 18:2](../018/002.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 144 2 ig17 figs-metaphor 0 the one in whom I take refuge Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “the one to whom I go so he will protect me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 144 2 qyp9 0 the one who subdues nations under me Alternate translation: “the one who enables me to defeat other nations” PSA 144 3 la8b figs-rquestion 0 Yahweh, what is man that you take notice of him or the son of man that you think about him? These questions can be translated as statements. Alternate translation: “Man is so small compared to everything else you have made that I am surprised that you take notice of man and that you think about the son of man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 144 3 e6zt figs-doublet 0 man … son of man two words for human beings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 144 4 hu1p figs-simile 0 like a breath … like a passing shadow The writer compares humans to these thing to emphasize how short their lives are. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 144 5 cp6t 0 Cause … come down … touch … make These words should probably be translated as requests, not commands, since the psalmist knows that God is greater than he is. PSA 144 5 as4e 0 Cause the sky to sink This could mean: (1) tear the sky open or (2) bend the heavens like a tree branch bends when someone walks on it or as one bends a bow before shooting arrows. PSA 144 6 jip6 0 Send … scatter … shoot … drive These should probably be translated as requests, not commands, since the psalmist knows that God is greater than he is. PSA 144 6 ye36 0 in confusion Alternate translation: “so they do not know what to think or what to do” PSA 144 7 w63l figs-metaphor 0 Reach out your hand from above; rescue me out of many waters David speaks as if God were on land above a flood and had physical hands with which he could pull David out of a flood. The flood is a metaphor for the troubles caused by the “foreigners.” Alternate translation: “You who are able to act, help me overcome my troubles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 144 7 a8fn figs-metonymy 0 from the hand of foreigners Here “hand” refers to power. Alternate translation: “from the power of foreigners” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 144 8 i188 figs-synecdoche 0 Their mouths speak lies Here the word “mouths” represent the people who speak. Alternate translation: “They speak lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 144 8 f1nz figs-metaphor 0 their right hand is falsehood This could mean: (1) David speaks of the custom of raising the right hand to swear that what one is about to say in court is true, “they lie even when they swear to tell the truth,” or (2) the “right hand” is a metaphor for power, “everything they have gotten, they have gotten by telling lies.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 144 9 wz6d 0 new song This could mean: (1) “a song no one has ever sung before” or (2) “a song I have never sung before.” PSA 144 10 rad1 0 who give … kings, who rescued You may end a sentence at the end of [Psalms 144:9](../144/009.md) and start a new sentence here. “you. It is you who give … kings. It is you who rescued” PSA 144 10 t9g4 0 David your servant David speaks of himself as if he were someone else. “me, David, your servant” PSA 144 10 r919 figs-metonymy 0 from an evil sword David speaks of evil people as if they were the swords they use as weapons. Alternate translation: “from evil people who were trying to kill him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 144 11 a7t7 0 Rescue me and free me Alternate translation: “Please rescue me and free me” PSA 144 11 iv5z figs-metonymy 0 from the hand of foreigners Here “hand” refers to power. See how you translated these words in [Psalms 144:7](./007.md). Alternate translation: “from the power of foreigners” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 144 11 vu7l figs-synecdoche 0 Their mouths speak lies The people are represented by their “mouths.” See how you translated these words in [Psalms 144:8](./008.md). Alternate translation: “They speak lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 144 11 me9z figs-metaphor 0 their right hand is falsehood This could mean: (1) David speaks of the custom of raising the right hand to swear that what one is about to say in court is true, “they lie even when they swear to tell the truth,” or (2) the “right hand” is a metaphor for power, “everything they have gotten, they have gotten by telling lies.”See how you translated these words [Psalms 144:8](./008.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 144 12 mxt8 0 like plants who grow to full size healthy and strong PSA 144 12 jn5c 0 in their youth the time when people develop PSA 144 12 zf8s 0 our daughters like carved corner pillars Alternate translation: “may our daughters be like carved corner pillars” PSA 144 12 qvz7 0 carved corner pillars Alternate translation: “beautiful posts that hold up the corners of a large house” PSA 144 12 ah7c 0 pillars, shapely like those of a palace Alternate translation: “pillars that are carved to make a palace beautiful” PSA 144 13 m4xe translate-numbers 0 thousands and ten thousands in our fields “thousands—even tens of thousands!—and fill up our fields” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) PSA 144 14 zjd7 0 No one will break through our walls Alternate translation: “No one will be able to invade our city” PSA 144 14 r26v figs-metonymy 0 no outcry Here the outcry is associated with a severe problem that causes the person to cry out. Alternate translation: “no one crying in pain” or “no one crying for help” or “no one calling out for justice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 145 intro nm65 0 # Psalm 145 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 145 is a worship psalm. This is the second in a series of worship psalms consisting of the final seven psalms (Psalms 144-150).<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br>### Praise<br>God is worthy of all praise. This is in part because he does such wonderful things for all who worship him. PSA 145 1 rw8s writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 145 1 dl46 0 extol you Alternate translation: “tell people how wonderful you are” PSA 145 1 p5ni figs-metonymy 0 bless your name The word “name” is a metonym for Yahweh himself. See how “may his glorious name be blessed” is translated in [Psalms 72:19](../072/019.md). Alternate translation: “bless you” or “do what makes you happy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 145 2 q3yg figs-metonymy 0 praise your name The word “name” is a metonym for Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “praise you” or “tell people how great you are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 145 4 b492 0 your mighty actions Alternate translation: “the things you can do because you are strong” PSA 145 7 ri73 0 declare your abounding goodness Alternate translation: “tell others how very good you are” PSA 145 8 jqk7 figs-metaphor 0 abounding in covenant faithfulness The psalmist speaks of covenant faithfulness as if it were a physical object of which one could possess a large amount. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “completely faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 145 9 k61r 0 his tender mercies are over all his works Alternate translation: “people can see him showing mercy in everything he does” PSA 145 10 v1rj 0 All you have made will give thanks Alternate translation: “All the people you have made will give thanks” or “It will be as if everything you have made will give you thanks” PSA 145 13 yys6 0 endures throughout all generations Alternate translation: “remains forever” PSA 145 14 f2te figs-metaphor 0 supports all who are falling … raises up all those who are bent over The psalmist speaks of Yahweh encouraging people as if he were helping people who were physically weak. You may need to translate both lines using only one line. AT “encourages those who are discouraged” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 145 15 w41b figs-synecdoche 0 The eyes of all wait Here the word “eyes” represents those who watch and wait for Yahweh to act. Alternate translation: “Everyone watches and waits” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 145 16 xft8 0 You open your hand Alternate translation: “You generously provide” PSA 145 16 b2bx 0 satisfy the desire of every living thing Alternate translation: “you give everyone more than they need and as much as they want” PSA 145 17 h9wa 0 Yahweh is righteous in all his ways Alternate translation: “People can see from everything that Yahweh does that he is righteous” PSA 145 17 h24t 0 faithful in all he does Alternate translation: “and he is gracious in all he does” or “people can see from everything that Yahweh does that he is gracious” PSA 145 18 kq17 figs-metaphor 0 is near to all those who call to him Here “is near” means “ready to help.” Alternate translation: “is always ready to help all those who call to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 145 18 v98h figs-abstractnouns 0 to all who call to him in trustworthiness The abstract noun “trustworthiness” can be stated as an action. Alternate translation: “to all who tell only the truth when they pray” or “to all whom he trusts when they pray” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 145 21 asw2 figs-synecdoche 0 My mouth will speak Here the words “My mouth” represent the one speaking. Alternate translation: “I will speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 145 21 t2tr 0 will speak out the praise of Yahweh Alternate translation: “tell everyone how good Yahweh is” PSA 145 21 nc4f figs-metonymy 0 let all mankind bless his holy name The word “name” is a metonym for Yahweh himself. See how “may his glorious name be blessed” is translated in [Psalms 72:19](../072/019.md). Alternate translation: “let all people bless him” or “let all people do what makes him happy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 146 intro s9dj 0 # Psalm 146 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 146 is a worship psalm. It is the third in series of seven worship psalms. (Psalms 144-150)<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Trust<br>Trusting people for protection is useless because they die. But God blesses everyone who trusts in him. He provides everything people need. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) PSA 146 1 xb8v writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 146 1 jq1j figs-metonymy 0 Praise Yahweh, my soul Here “soul” represents the writer’s inner being. The writer is commanding his inner being to praise Yahweh. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “I will praise Yahweh with all my soul” or “I give praise to Yahweh with all my life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 146 2 isg7 0 with all my life Alternate translation: “until I die” or “while I live” PSA 146 3 x34i figs-synecdoche 0 in princes Here “princes” represents all human leaders. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 146 3 br6l figs-abstractnouns 0 in mankind, in whom there is no salvation The abstract noun “salvation” can be stated as “save.” Alternate translation: “in any person because they cannot save you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 146 3 ure6 0 in mankind Alternate translation: “in humankind” or “in people” PSA 146 4 xqq1 figs-euphemism 0 When a person’s life’s breath stops This is a polite way to refer to someone dying. Alternate translation: When a person dies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) PSA 146 4 c8h2 figs-explicit 0 he returns to the ground This means that just as God made the first human, Adam, from the soil, so will a person’s body decay and become soil again when he dies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 146 6 ci47 figs-merism 0 Yahweh made heaven and earth The words “heaven” and “earth” represent everything that exists in the physical universe. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) PSA 146 6 ca4t figs-abstractnouns 0 observes trustworthiness The abstract noun “trustworthiness” can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “remains trustworthy” or “remains faithful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 146 7 zbn6 0 He executes justice Alternate translation: “He decides matters fairly” PSA 146 7 kk2i figs-nominaladj 0 for the oppressed This nominal adjective can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “for oppressed people” or “for those whom other people oppress” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 146 7 key9 figs-nominaladj 0 to the hungry This nominal adjective can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “to hungry people” or “to those who are hungry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 146 8 tjb6 figs-metaphor 0 opens the eyes of the blind Causing a blind person to see is spoken of as if Yahweh were opening the person’s eyes. Alternate translation: “causes the blind to see” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 146 8 pav7 figs-nominaladj 0 the blind This nominal adjective can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “blind people” or “those who are blind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 146 8 ey4k figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh raises up those who are bowed down Yahweh helping someone is spoken of as if he were physically helping someone to stand up. Alternate translation: “Yahweh helps those who are discouraged” or “Yahweh helps those who are weak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 146 8 ml15 translate-symaction 0 who are bowed down This action is a sign of distress or mourning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) PSA 146 9 l8p2 figs-metaphor 0 he lifts up God helping someone is spoken of as if he were physically lifting them up. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 146 10 kr81 figs-metonymy 0 your God, Zion Here “Zion” represents all the people of Israel. The writer is speaking to the people of Israel as if they were there listening to him. Alternate translation: “your God, people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) PSA 146 10 il4h figs-ellipsis 0 for all generations The words “will reign” are understood. Alternate translation: “will reign for all generations” or “will reign forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 147 intro z5be 0 # Psalm 147 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 147 is a worship psalm. It is the fourth in a series of seven worship psalms. (Psalms 144-150)<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s control<br>Yahweh has created everything and controls all of nature. He provides for the animals and people. PSA 147 1 u7wi writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 147 1 g689 figs-ellipsis 0 it is pleasant The object may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “it is pleasant to sing praises” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 147 1 i9pm 0 praise is suitable Alternate translation: “praise is fitting” or “praise is appropriate” PSA 147 3 ip6s figs-metaphor 0 He heals the brokenhearted and binds up their wounds The writer speaks of the people’s sorrow and discouragement as if they were physical wounds, and of Yahweh encouraging them as if he were healing those wounds. Alternate translation: “He encourages those who are sad and helps them to heal from their emotional wounds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 147 5 sq6c figs-activepassive 0 his understanding cannot be measured This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one can measure his understanding” or “his understanding has no limit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 147 6 ret4 figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh lifts up the oppressed The writer speaks of Yahweh honoring those who are oppressed as if Yahweh were lifting them up from the ground. Alternate translation: “Yahweh honors the oppressed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 147 6 j87w figs-metaphor 0 he brings the wicked down to the ground The writer speaks of Yahweh humiliating the wicked as if Yahweh were forcing them to lie on the ground. Alternate translation: “he humiliates the wicked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 147 7 x7xx 0 with a harp Alternate translation: “while playing a harp” PSA 147 9 y81a figs-ellipsis 0 to the young ravens when they cry The verbal phrase can be supplied from the previous line. Alternate translation: “he gives food to the young ravens when they cry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 147 9 hrg8 0 when they cry Alternate translation: “whey they chirp” or “when they call” PSA 147 10 ih2w 0 He finds no delight in the strength of a horse Alternate translation: “Strong horses do not delight him” PSA 147 10 vg8p figs-metonymy 0 the strong legs of a man This could mean: (1) “strong legs” is a metonym that represents how swiftly a man can run. Alternate translation: “men who can run swiftly” or (2) “strong legs” represents the strength of the whole man. Alternate translation: “how strong a man is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 147 11 fe9n figs-abstractnouns 0 who hope in his covenant faithfulness The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with and adjective. Alternate translation: “who trust him because he is faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 147 12 c1ra figs-personification 0 Jerusalem … Zion The writer speaks to Jerusalem, which he also calls Zion, as if it were a person. The names of the city are metonyms for the people who live in it. Alternate translation: “people of Jerusalem … people of Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 147 13 v5j1 figs-synecdoche 0 For he strengthens the bars of your gates The phrase “the bars of your gates” represent the city as a whole. Yahweh will make Jerusalem secure from enemy invasion. Alternate translation: “For he protects Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 147 13 kjw5 figs-metaphor 0 he blesses … among you The writer speaks of those who live in Jerusalem as if they were Jerusalem’s children. Alternate translation: “he blesses those who live in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 147 14 jv5d 0 He brings prosperity “He brings peace.” This could mean: (1) Yahweh causes the people who live in Jerusalem to prosper materially and financially or (2) the word translated as “prosperity” means “peace” and Yahweh keeps Jerusalem safe from enemy attack. PSA 147 15 a37s figs-personification 0 his command runs very swiftly The writer describes God’s command as if it were a messenger that moves quickly to deliver God’s message. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 147 16 c1ee figs-simile 0 He makes the snow like wool, he scatters the frost like ashes These emphasize how easy it is for him to do these things. He covers the ground with snow as easily as a person covers something with a wool blanket. And, he removes the frost as easily as the wind blows ashes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 147 17 nl42 figs-simile 0 He dispenses the hail like crumbs Yahweh scatters hail as easily as a person would scatter bread crumbs. Alternate translation: “He dispenses the hail easily, as if it were crumbs” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 147 17 ljb8 0 He dispenses Alternate translation: “He sends” PSA 147 17 iq6h 0 hail small pieces of ice that fall from the sky like rain PSA 147 17 sid1 figs-rquestion 0 who can withstand the cold he sends? The writer uses this question to emphasize that it is difficult to endure the cold weather that Yahweh causes. Alternate translation: “no one can live in the cold he sends.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 147 18 db1u figs-metaphor 0 He sends out his command and melts them The writer speaks of Yahweh’s command as if it were his messenger. The word “command” can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “He commands the ice to melt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 147 19 h3ti figs-parallelism 0 He proclaimed his word to Jacob, his statutes and his righteous decrees to Israel These two lines mean the same thing and emphasize that Yahweh gave his law only to Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 147 19 m4av figs-ellipsis 0 his statutes and his righteous decrees to Israel The verbal phrase can be supplied from the previous line. Alternate translation: “He proclaimed his statutes and his righteous decrees to Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 147 19 c558 figs-doublet 0 his statutes and his righteous decrees The words “statutes” and “righteous decrees,” along with “word” in the previous line, all refer to the law of Moses. If your language does not have different words for these terms, you may combine the two lines into one, using either “Jacob” or “Israel” for the people who received them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 147 20 s9ly 0 they do not know them The other nations do not know Yahweh’s decrees. PSA 148 intro ug77 0 # Psalm 148 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 148 is a worship psalm. It is the fifth in a series of seven worship psalms. (Psalms 144-150)<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Praise<br>All creation, including humans, should praise God for his greatness. PSA 148 1 hy45 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 148 1 y3gp figs-parallelism 0 Praise Yahweh, you in the heavens … you in the heights “Praise Yahweh, you in the heavens … you in the sky.” These two lines are parallel, with phrase “the heights” meaning the same thing as “the heavens” in the previous line. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 148 3 ri28 figs-personification 0 Praise him, sun and moon The writer speaks to the sun and moon as if they were people and commands them to praise Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Praise Yahweh, sun and moon, as people do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 148 3 qw9e figs-personification 0 praise him, all you shining stars The writer speaks to the shining stars as if they were people and commands them to praise Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Praise Yahweh, shining stars, as people do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 148 4 ek5l figs-personification 0 Praise him, highest heaven The phrase “highest heaven” is an idiom that refers to heaven itself. The writer speaks to heaven as if it were a person and commands it to praise Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Praise Yahweh, highest heaven, as people do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 148 4 vf7i figs-personification 0 you waters that are above the sky The writer speaks to “the waters that are above the sky” as if they are people and commands them to praise Yahweh. The verbal phrase can be supplied from the previous line. Alternate translation: “praise him, you waters that are above the sky, as people do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 148 4 ut7b 0 waters that are above the sky The writer speaks of a place above the sky where water is stored and from which the rain comes. PSA 148 5 ch3d figs-metonymy 0 Let them praise the name of Yahweh Here the word “name” represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “Let them praise Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 148 5 tcm6 figs-activepassive 0 they were created This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he created them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 148 6 c9ty 0 he issued a decree that will never change This could mean: (1) “he gave a command that is permanent” or (2) “he gave a command that they will not disobey.” PSA 148 6 n8cn 0 he issued Alternate translation: “he gave” PSA 148 7 n48i figs-metonymy 0 all ocean depths This phrase represents every creature that lives in the depths of the oceans. Alternate translation: “all creatures in the ocean depths” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 148 8 s17i figs-personification 0 fire and hail, snow and clouds, stormy wind The writer speaks to these natural phenomena as if they are people and commands them to praise Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 148 8 u52w 0 stormy wind fulfilling his word Alternate translation: “stormy wind that does what Yahweh commands” PSA 148 9 e5cz figs-personification 0 The writer continues to speak to things that are not human as if they were people and commands them to praise Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 148 10 b65a figs-merism 0 animals wild and tame The words “wild” and “tame” are opposites. Together they encompass all animals. Alternate translation: “all animals” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) PSA 148 11 j3b1 0 Connecting Statement: The writer commands all people to praise Yahweh. PSA 148 11 w92u figs-metonymy 0 all nations The word “nations” represents the people who live in those nations. Alternate translation: “people of every nation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 148 12 g9p4 figs-merism 0 young men and young women, elderly and children The writer uses two merisms, one related to gender and one related to age, to represent every person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) PSA 148 13 r7cb figs-metonymy 0 the name of Yahweh, for his name alone Here the word “name” represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, for he alone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 148 13 lr9t figs-metaphor 0 his glory extends over the earth and the heavens The writer speaks of Yahweh’s greatness as his glory being high above earth and heaven. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 148 14 qn5e figs-metaphor 0 He has lifted up the horn of his people The writer speaks of strength as if it were the horn of an animal. Lifting up an animal horn was a symbolic action that represented military victory. Alternate translation: “He has made his people strong” or “He has given his people victory” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) PSA 148 14 wv8t 0 for praise from all his faithful ones Alternate translation: “so that all his faithful ones praise him” PSA 148 14 n4ru figs-metaphor 0 the people near to him The writer speaks of Yahweh loving his people as if his people were physically close to him. Alternate translation: “the people he loves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 149 intro au8i 0 # Psalm 149 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 149 is a worship psalm. It is the sixth in a series of seven worship psalms. (Psalms 144-150)<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Praise<br>The people of Israel should praise God and conquer the other nations. PSA 149 1 p2dk figs-pronouns 0 General Information: The psalmist is speaking to all of God’s people, so you should use the plural command form if your language has one. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 149 1 e71a 0 a new song This could mean: (1) “a song you have never sung before” or (2) a song no one has ever sung before. PSA 149 1 vlr1 0 sing his praise Alternate translation: “praise him with songs” PSA 149 2 r1nd 0 rejoice in the one who made them This could mean: (1) “rejoice because he made them” or (2) “rejoice because the one who made them is good.” PSA 149 2 jyp7 0 rejoice in their king The words “their king” is likely a reference to God. This could mean: (1) “rejoice because he is their king” or (2) “rejoice because their king is good.” PSA 149 3 isj6 figs-metonymy 0 praise his name The word “name” is a metonym for Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “praise him” or “tell people how great he is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 149 3 pu1i translate-unknown 0 tambourine a musical instrument with a head like a drum that can be hit and with pieces of metal around the side that sound when the instrument is shaken (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) PSA 149 4 hrp8 figs-abstractnouns 0 glorifies the humble with salvation The abstract noun “salvation” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “glorifies the humble by saving them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 149 4 t8tz figs-nominaladj 0 the humble This can be restated to remove the nominal adjective. Alternate translation: “those who are humble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 149 5 b5tj figs-explicit 0 on their beds The translation can make explicit that this refers to when a person lies down at night to sleep in a bed. Alternate translation: “as they lie down to sleep at night” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 149 6 s1s6 figs-synecdoche 0 May the praises of God be in their mouths The mouth represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “May they always be ready to praise God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 149 6 pq93 figs-ellipsis 0 a two-edged sword in their hand If swords are not known, use the name of a local weapon. The word “sword” is a metonym for being ready to fight in war. Alternate translation: “may they always be ready to go to war for him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 149 7 c66f figs-metonymy 0 the nations The phrase “the nations” is a metonym for the people who live in the nations. Alternate translation: “the people of the nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 149 8 ka3y 0 chains These are made of heavy metal and restrict the movement of prisoners. PSA 149 8 ety5 0 shackles a pair of chains or bands with a chain between that limits the movement of both a person’s hands or feet. PSA 149 9 jie7 figs-abstractnouns 0 They will execute the judgment that is written The abstract noun “judgment” can be stated as “judge.” Alternate translation: “They will judge and punish the people of those nations as God wrote should be done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 150 intro r7f5 0 # Psalm 150 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 150 is a worship psalm. It is last in a series of worship psalms. (Psalms 144-150)<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Instruments<br>People should praise Yahweh with every type of musical instrument. PSA 150 1 jx5k writing-poetry 0 General Information: This focuses on praise or worship that is most commonly held in the temple. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 150 1 djp3 0 Praise God in his holy place God’s temple was often referred to as his holy place. This was the most common place to go to worship God. PSA 150 2 e6ff 0 his mighty acts “the great things he has done.” God’s **mighty acts** could mean: (1) natural such as thunderstorms and earthquakes or (2) miraculous such as healings and great victories in battle. PSA 150 3 uqx4 0 General Information: This chunk focuses on praising or worshiping God with musical instruments and dance. PSA 150 4 m4dg translate-unknown 0 tambourines A tambourine is a musical instrument with a head like a drum that can be hit and with pieces of metal around the side that sound when the instrument is shaken. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) PSA 150 5 yat3 translate-unknown 0 cymbals two thin, round metal plates that are hit together to make a loud sound (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) PSA 150 6 c7iw 0 General Information: This verse is more than the end of this psalm. It is the closing statement for all of Book 5 of the Psalms, which starts at Psalm 107 and ends with Psalm 150. PSA 150 6 ht6z figs-hyperbole 0 everything that has breath This is an exaggeration that calls on all people who are alive to praise God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])