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全民希臘文進階句法 (IBG4E–Syntax)
Intermediate Biblical Greek for Everyone — Syntax
- Part I 希臘文基礎
- Chapter 1: 希臘文源流 §1
- 希臘文歷史 §1a
- 閃語對聖經希臘文的影響 §1b
- 耶穌也說希臘文 §1c
- 聖經希臘文與古典希臘文之異同 §1d
- 聖經希臘文與現代希臘文之異同 §1e
- Chapter 2: 語言學基礎 §2
- 語言金字塔 §2a
- 形式與功能 §2b
- Choice implies Meaning §2c
- 希臘文詞類 (Parts of Speech) §2d
- Chapter 1: 希臘文源流 §1
- Part II 字詞與片語 (Word and Phrase)
- Part III 子句與句子 (Clause and Sentence)
- Part IV 段落與篇章 (Paragraph and Discourse)
名詞類
格 (Cases) §100
§311 主格 (Nominative)
- Subject
- Predicate Nominative
- Nominative in Simple Apposition
- Nominative Absolute
- Nominativus Pendens (Pendent Nominative)
- Parenthetic Nominative
- Nominative in Proverbial Expressions
- Nominative for Vocative
- Nominative of Exclamation
- Nominative of Appellation
- Nominative in Apposition to Oblique Cases
- Nominative After Preposition
- Nominative for Time
§312 呼格 (Vocative)
- Simple Address
- Emphatic (or Emotional) Address
- Exclamation
- Apposition
§313 所有格 (Genitive)
Adjectival Genitive
- Descriptive Genitive
- Possessive Genitive
- Genitive of Relationship
- Partitive Genitive ("Wholative")
- Attributive Genitive
- Attributed Genitive
- Genitive of Material
- Genitive of Content
- Genitive in Simple Apposition
- Genitive of Apposition (Epexegetical)
- Genitive of Destination
- Predicate Genitive
- Genitive of Subordination
- Genitive of Production/Producer
- Genitive of Product
Ablative Genitive
- Genitive of Separation
- Genitive of Source (or Origin)
- Genitive of Comparison
Verbal Genitive
- Subjective Genitive
- Objective Genitive
- Plenary Genitive
Adverbial Genitive
- Genitive of Price or Value or Quantity
- Genitive of Time
- Genitive of Place
- Genitive of Means
- Genitive of Agency
- Genitive Absolute
- Genitive of Reference
- Genitive of Association
- Genitive After Certain Verbs (as Direct Object)
- Genitive After Certain Adjectives
- Genitive After Certain Nouns
- Genitive After Certain Prepositions
§314 間接受格 (Dative)
- Dative Indirect Object
- Dative of Interest
- Advantage (commodi)
- Disadvantage (incommodi)
- Dative of Reference/Respect
- Ethical Dative
- Dative of Destination
- Dative of Recipient
- Dative of Possession
- Dative of Thing Possessed
- Predicate Dative
- Dative in Simple Apposition
- Dative of Place: see sphere
- Dative of Sphere
- Dative of Time
- Dative of Rule
- Dative of Association/Accompaniment
- Dative of Manner
- Dative of Means/Instrument
- Dative of Agency
- Dative of Measure/Degree of Difference
- Dative of Cause
- Cognate Dative
- Dative of Material
- Dative of Content
- Dative Direct Object
- Dative After Certain Nouns
- Dative After Certain Adjectives
- Dative After Certain Prepositions
§315 直接受格 (Accusative)
- Accusative Direct Object
- Double Accusative
- Person-Thing
- Object-Complement
- Cognate Accusative
- Predicate Accusative
- Accusative Subject of Infinitive
- Accusative of Retained Object
- Pendent Accusative (Accusativum Pendens)
- Accusative in Simple Apposition
- Adverbial Accusative (Manner)
- Accusative of Measure (Space, Time)
- Accusative of Respect or (General) Reference
- Accusative in Oaths
- Accusative After Certain Prepositions
§200 Article
- Regular Uses
- As a Pronoun (4)
- Personal Pronoun
- Alternative Pronoun
- Relative Pronoun
- Possessive Pronoun
- With Substantives (10)
- Individualizing Article
- Simple Idenitification
- Anaphoric (Previous Reference)
- Kataphoric (Following Reference)
- Deictic ("Pointing")
- Par Excellence
- Monadic ("One of a Kind")
- Well-Known ("Familiar")
- Abstract
- Generic (Categorical)
- As a Substantiver of: (9)
- Adverbs
- Adjectives
- Participles
- Infinitives
- Genitive Word or Phrase
- Prepositional Phrase
- Particles
- Finite Verbs
- Clauses, Statements, & Quotations
- As a Function Marker (9)
- Denote Adjectival Positions
- With Possessive Pronouns
- In Genitive Phrases
- With Indeclinable Nouns
- With Participles
- With Demonstratives
- With Nominative Nouns
- To Distinguish S from PN & Object from Complement
- With Infinitive (various functions)
- As a Pronoun (4)
- Absence of the Article (12)
- Indefinite (1)
- Qualitative (1)
- Definite (10)
- Proper Names
- Object of Preposition
- With Ordinal Numbers
- Predicate Nominative
- Complement in Object-Complement Construction
- Monadic Nouns
- Abstract Nouns
- Genitive Construction (Apollonius' Corollary)
- With Pronominal Adjective
- Generic Nouns
- Special Uses/Non-Uses of the Article (2)
- Anarthrous Pre-Verbal PNs (involving Colwell's Rule)
- Article with Multiple Substantives Connected by καί (Sharp's Rule & related constructions)
§300 Adjectives
- "Non-Adjectival" Uses of Adjective
- Adverbial
- Substantival
- Positive, Comparative, Superlative
- Positive
- Normal Use
- Positive for Comparative
- Positive for Superlative
- Comparative
- Normal Use
- Comparative for Superlative
- Comparative for Elative
- Superlative
- "Normal" Use
- Superlative for Elative
- Superlative for Comparative
- Positive
- Relation of Adjective to Noun
- When Article is Present
- Attributive Positions
- First Attributive
- Second Attributive
- Third Attributive
- Predicate Positions
- First Predicate
- Second Predicate
- Attributive Positions
- When Article is Absent
- Anarthrous Adjective-Noun Construction
- Anarthrous Noun-Adjective Construction
- When Article is Present
§400 Adverbs
§500 Pronouns
- Personal Pronouns
- Nominative Uses
- Emphasis: contrast, subject focus
- Redundancy
- Oblique Cases
- Normal Use: Anaphoric
- Possessive
- Reflexive
- Nominative Uses
- Demonstrative Pronouns
- Regular Uses (as Demonstratives):
- οὗτος, ἐκεῖνος, ὅδε
- For Personal Pronouns
- Unusual Uses
- Pleonastic (Redundant, Resumptive)
- Constructio ad Sensum: Gender, Number
- Conceptual Antecedent/Postcedent
- Relative Pronouns
- ὅς
- Regular Uses (as RP)
- "Unusual" Uses
- Natural vs. Grammatical Gender
- Case
- Attraction
- Inverse Attraction
- Antecedent Complexities
- Omission of Antecedent
- Adverbial/Conjunctive
- ὅστις
- Generic
- Qualitative
- Confusion with ὅς
- ὅς
- Interrogative Pronouns
- τίς / τί: identifying
- ποῖος, πόσος: qualitative, quantative (respectively)
- Indefinite Pronoun
- Substantival
- Adjectival
- Possessive "Pronoun"
- Possessive Adjective
- Personal Pronoun in Genitive
- Intensive Pronoun: αὐτός
- Intensive Pronoun
- As Identifying Adjective
- As Third Person Personal Pronoun
- Reflexive Pronoun
- Reciprocal Pronoun
§400 動詞類
§600 Tense and Aspect
- Present
- Instantaneous Present
- Progressive Present
- Extending-From-Past Present
- Iterative Present
- Customary Present
- Gnomic Present
- Historical Present
- Perfective Present
- Conative Present
- In Progress, but not Complete
- Not Begun, but About/Desired to be Attempted
- Futuristic Present
- Completely Futuristic
- Mostly Futuristic
- Present Retained in Indirect Discourse
- Imperfect
- Instantaneous Imperfect
- Progressive (Descriptive) Imperfect
- Ingressive Imperfect
- Iterative Imperfect
- Customary Imperfect
- "Pluperfective" Imperfect
- Conative Imperfect
- In Progress, but not Complete
- Not Begun, but About/Desired to be Attempted
- Imperfect Retained in Indirect Discourse
- Aorist
- Constative Aorist
- Ingressive Aorist
- Consummative Aorist
- Gnomic Aorist
- Epistolary Aorist
- Proleptic Aorist
- Immediate Past/Dramatic Aorist
- Future
- Predictive Future
- Imperatival Future
- Deliberative Future
- Gnomic Future
- Miscellaneous Subjunctive Equivalents
- Perfect
- Intensive Perfect (Resultative)
- Extensive Perfect (Consummative)
- Aoristic (Dramatic, Historical) Perfect
- Perfect with Present Force
- Gnomic Perfect
- Proleptic Perfect
- Perfect of Allegory
- Pluperfect
- Intensive Pluperfect (Resultative)
- Extensive Pluperfect (Consummative)
- Simple Past Pluperfect
§700 Voice
- Active
- Simple Active
- Causative Active (Ergative)
- Stative Active
- Reflexive Active
- Middle
- Direct Middle
- Redundant Middle
- Indirect Middle
- Causative Middle
- Permissive Middle
- Reciprocal Middle
- Deponent Middle
- Passive
- Passive Constructions
- With & Without Agency Expressed:
- Ultimate Agent
- Intermediate Agent
- Impersonal Means
- No Expressed Agency
- With Accusative Object
- With & Without Agency Expressed:
- Passive Uses
- Simple Passive
- Causative/Permissive Passive
- Deponent Passive
- Passive Constructions
§800 Moods
- Indicative
- Declarative Indicative
- Interrogative Indicative
- Conditional Indicative
- Potential Indicative
- Cohortative (Command,Volitive) Indicative
- Indicative with ῾Οτι
- Subject
- Direct Object
- Direct Object Proper
- Direct Discourse
- Indirect Discourse
- Apposition
- Epexegetical
- Causal
- Subject
- Subjunctive
- Independent Clauses
- Hortatory Subjunctive
- Deliberative Subjunctive
- Emphatic Negation Subjunctive
- Prohibitive Subjunctive
- Dependent Clauses
- Subjunctive in Conditional Sentences
- ῾Ινα + Subjunctive
- Purpose
- Result
- Purpose-Result
- Subject
- Predicate Nominative
- Direct Object
- Apposition
- Epexegetical
- Complementary
- Imperatival
- Subjunctive with Verbs of Fearing
- Subjunctive in Indirect Questions
- Subjunctive in Indefinite Relative Clause
- Subjunctive in Indefinite Temporal Clause
- Independent Clauses
- Optative
- Voluntative Optative (Obtainable Wish)
- Oblique Optative
- Potential Optative
- Conditional Optative
- Imperative
- Command
- Prohibition
- Request (Entreaty)
- Permissive Imperative (Toleration)
- Conditional Imperative
- Potential Imperative
- Pronouncement Imperative
- Stereotyped Greeting
§440 Person & Number
- Person
- First for Third Person
- Second for Third Person
- First Plural Constructions
- Editorial "We" (Epistolary Plural)
- Inclusive "We"
- Exclusive "We"
- Number
- Neuter Plural Subject, Singular Verb
- Collective Singular Subject, Plural Verb
- Compound Subject, Singular Verb
- Indefinite Plural
- Categorical Plural
§450 Infinitive
- Adverbial Uses
- Purpose
- Result
- Time
- Antecedent
- Contemporaneous
- Subsequent
- Cause
- Means
- Complementary (Supplementary)
- Substantival
- Subject
- Direct Object
- Indirect Discourse
- Appositional
- Epexegetical
- Independent
- Imperatival
- Absolute
§460 Participle
- Adjectival Participles
- Adjectival Proper
- Attributive
- Predicate
- Substantival
- Adjectival Proper
- Verbal Participles
- Dependent Verbal
- Temporal
- Manner
- Means
- Cause
- Condition
- Concession
- Purpose
- Result
- Attendant Circumstance
- Indirect Discourse
- Complementary
- Periphrastic
- Redundant (Pleonastic)
- Independent Verbal
- Imperatival
- Indicative
- Participle Absolute
- Nominative Absolute
- Genitive Absolute
- Dependent Verbal
§500 功能詞類
§510 介系詞 (Prepositions)
- (see main section of Syntax Summaries)
§520 連接詞 (Conjunctions
- Logical Functions
- Ascensive
- Connective
- Contrastive (Adversative)
- Correlative
- Disjunctive (Alternative)
- Emphatic
- Explanatory
- Inferential
- Transitional
- Adverbial Functions
- Causal
- Comparative (Manner)
- Conditional
- Local (Sphere)
- Purpose
- Result
- Temporal
- Substantival Functions
- Content
- Epexegetical
)
§530 質詞 (Particles)
- 功能詞類 - 介系詞 (Preposition) - 連接詞 (Conjunctive) - 質詞 (Particle) §538
Part III — 子句與句子 (Clause and Sentence)
600 Clauses
§610 子句結構 (Clause Structure)
§620 句子類型 (Sentence Classification)
- Clauses (in General)
- Independent Clauses
- Dependent Clauses
- Substantival
- Adjectival
- Adverbial
§630 Conditional Sentences
- In General
- Cause-Effect
- Evidence-Inference
- Equivalence
- In Greek
- First Class
- Second Class
- Third Class
- Fourth Class
§640 Volitional Clauses
- Commands
- Future Indicative
- Aorist Imperative
- Ingressive
- Momentary or Single Act
- Pure Ingressive
- Constative
- Ingressive
- Present Imperative
- Ingressive-Progressive
- Customary
- Iterative
- Prohibitions
- Future Indicative
- Aorist Subjunctive
- Ingressive
- Constative
- Present Imperative
- Cessation of Activity in Progress
- General Precept
附錄
- 附錄 I：希臘文學習策略與方法
- 課程設計進路：文法導向、經文導向、任務導向
- 學習方法：翻譯、朗讀、聆聽、手抄、解經、背誦、默想
參考書目
| 縮寫 | 書目 |
|---|---|
| GGBB | Wallace, Daniel B. Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1996. |
| 中希 | 華勒斯(Daniel B. Wallace)。《中級希臘文文法》。吳存仁譯。台北市：中華福音神學院，2011。 |
| IGNT | Porter, Stanley E. Idioms of the Greek New Testament. Second edition with corrections. Sheffield, U.K.: Sheffield Academic, 1994. |
| 慣用 | 斯丹利‧波特(Stanley E. Porter)。《新約希臘文的慣用語》。葉雅蓮譯。台北市：中華福音神學院，2013。 |
| DEEP | Köstenberger, Andreas J., Benjamin L. Merkle, and Robert L. Plummer. Going Deeper with New Testament Greek: An Intermediate Study of the Grammar and Syntax of the New Testament. Nashville, TN.: B&H Academic, 2016. |
| IGG | Mathewson, David L., and Elodie Ballantine Emig. Intermediate Greek Grammar: Syntax for Students of the New Testament. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2016. |
| Funk | Funk, Robert W. A Beginning-Intermediate Grammar of Hellenistic Greek. 3rd ed. Polebridge Press, 2013. |
| Runge | Runge, Steven E. Discourse Grammar of the Greek New Testament: A Practical Introduction for Teaching and Exegesis. Peabody, MA.: Hendrickson, 2010. |
| Levinsohn | Levinsohn, Stephen H. Discourse Features of New Testament Greek: A Coursebook on the Information Structure of New Testament Greek. 2nd ed. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International, 2000. |