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@ -4,9 +4,9 @@ Some images from the Bible involving body parts and human qualities are listed b
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#### An ANIMAL HORN represents strength
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> God is my rock. I take refuge in him.
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> He is my shield, the horn of my salvation, my stronghold, and my refuge,
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> the one who saves me from violence. (2 Samuel 22:3 ULB)
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>God is my rock. I take refuge in him.
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>He is my shield, the horn of my salvation, my stronghold, and my refuge,
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>the one who saves me from violence. (2 Samuel 22:3 ULB)
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The "horn of my salvation" is the strong one who saves me.
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@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ In Habakkuk and Hosea, Israel's enemies who would come and attack them were com
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<blockquote> and their horsemen come from a great distance—they fly like an eagle hurrying to eat! (Habakkuk 1:8 ULB) </blockquote>
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>An eagle is coming over the house of Yahweh.
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> ... Israel has rejected what is good,
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>... Israel has rejected what is good,
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>and the enemy will pursue him. (Hosea 8:1,3 ULB)
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In Isaiah, God called a certain foreign king a bird of prey because he would come quickly and attack Israel's enemies.
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@ -44,12 +44,12 @@ In Isaiah, God called a certain foreign king a bird of prey because he would com
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This is because birds spread their wings over their chicks to protect them from danger.
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>Protect me like the apple of your eye; hide me under the shadow of your wings
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> from the presence of the wicked ones who assault me, my enemies who surround me. (Psalm 17:8-9 ULB)
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>from the presence of the wicked ones who assault me, my enemies who surround me. (Psalm 17:8-9 ULB)
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Here is another example of how the wings represent protection.
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> Be merciful to me, God, be merciful to me,
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> for I take refuge in you until these troubles are over.
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> I stay under your wings for protection until this destruction is over. (Psalm 57:1 ULB)
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>Be merciful to me, God, be merciful to me,
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>for I take refuge in you until these troubles are over.
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>I stay under your wings for protection until this destruction is over. (Psalm 57:1 ULB)
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#### DANGEROUS ANIMALS represent dangerous people
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@ -71,8 +71,8 @@ In Matthew, John the Baptist called the religious leaders poisonous snakes becau
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#### EAGLES represent strength
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> He satisfies your life with good things
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> so that your youth is renewed like the eagle. (Psalm 103:5 ULB)
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>He satisfies your life with good things
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>so that your youth is renewed like the eagle. (Psalm 103:5 ULB)
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<blockquote>For Yahweh says this, "See, the enemy will come flying like an eagle, spreading out his wings over Moab." (Isaiah 48:40 ULB) </blockquote>
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@ -3,50 +3,50 @@ Some images from the Bible related to farming are listed below. The word in all
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#### A FARMER represents God, and the VINEYARD represents his chosen people
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> My well beloved had a vineyard on a very fertile hill.
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> He spaded it and removed the stones, and planted it with the choicest vine.
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> He built a tower in the middle of it, and also built a winepress.
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> He waited for it to produce grapes, but it produced wild grapes. (Isaiah 5:1-2)
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>My well beloved had a vineyard on a very fertile hill.
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>He spaded it and removed the stones, and planted it with the choicest vine.
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>He built a tower in the middle of it, and also built a winepress.
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>He waited for it to produce grapes, but it produced wild grapes. (Isaiah 5:1-2)
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<blockquote> For the kingdom of heaven is like a landowner who went out early in the morning to hire workers for his vineyard. (Matthew 20:1 ULB)</blockquote>
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> There was a man, a person with extensive land. He planted a vineyard, set a hedge about it, dug a winepress in it, built a watchtower, and rented it out to vine growers. Then he went into another country. (Matthew 21:33 ULB)
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>There was a man, a person with extensive land. He planted a vineyard, set a hedge about it, dug a winepress in it, built a watchtower, and rented it out to vine growers. Then he went into another country. (Matthew 21:33 ULB)
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#### The GROUND represents people's hearts (inner being)
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> For Yahweh says this to each person in Judah and Jerusalem: 'Plow your own ground,
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> and do not sow among thorns. (Jeremiah 4:3 ULB)
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>For Yahweh says this to each person in Judah and Jerusalem: 'Plow your own ground,
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>and do not sow among thorns. (Jeremiah 4:3 ULB)
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<blockquote>When anyone hears the word of the kingdom but does not understand it.... This is the seed that was sown beside the road. What was sown on rocky ground is the person who hears the word and immediately receives it with joy....What was sown among the thorn plants, this is the person who hears the word, but the cares of the world and the deceitfulness of riches choke the word.... What was sown on the good soil, this is the person who hears the word and understands it. (Matthew 13:19-23 ULB)</blockquote>
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> Break up your unplowed ground,
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> for it is time to seek Yahweh.... (Hosea 10:12 ULB)
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>Break up your unplowed ground,
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>for it is time to seek Yahweh.... (Hosea 10:12 ULB)
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#### SOWING represents actions or attitudes, and REAPING represents judgment or reward
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> Based on what I have observed, those who plow iniquity
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> and sow trouble reap the same. (Job 4:8 ULB)
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>Based on what I have observed, those who plow iniquity
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>and sow trouble reap the same. (Job 4:8 ULB)
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> Do not be deceived. God is not mocked. Whatever a man plants, that is what he will also harvest. For he who sows seed to his own sinful nature will harvest destruction, but he who sows seed to the Spirit, will harvest eternal life from the Spirit. (Galatians 6:7-8 ULB)
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>Do not be deceived. God is not mocked. Whatever a man plants, that is what he will also harvest. For he who sows seed to his own sinful nature will harvest destruction, but he who sows seed to the Spirit, will harvest eternal life from the Spirit. (Galatians 6:7-8 ULB)
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#### THRESHING and WINNOWING represent the separation of evil people from good people
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After farmers harvest wheat and other types of grain, they bring them to a _threshing floor_, a flat place with hard ground, and have oxen pull heavy wheeled carts or sleds without wheels over the grain to _thresh_ it, to separate the usable grains from the useless chaff. Then they take large forks and _winnow_ the threshed grain by throwing it up in the air so the wind can carry off the chaff while the grains fall back to the threshing floor, where they can be gathered and used for food. (see *thresh* and *winnow* pages in [translationWords](https://unfoldingword.org/en/?resource=translation-words) for help translating "thresh" and "winnow")
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> So I will winnow them with a pitchfork at the gates of the land. I will bereave them. I will destroy my people since they will not turn from their ways. (Jeremiah 15:7 ULB)
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>So I will winnow them with a pitchfork at the gates of the land. I will bereave them. I will destroy my people since they will not turn from their ways. (Jeremiah 15:7 ULB)
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<blockquote> His winnowing fork is in his hand to thoroughly clear off his threshing floor and to gather the wheat into his storehouse. But he will burn up the chaff with fire that can never be put out. (Luke 3:17 ULB)</blockquote>
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#### GRAFTING represents God's allowing the Gentiles to become his people
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> For if you were cut out of what is by nature a wild olive tree, and contrary to nature were grafted into a good olive tree, how much more will these, the natural branches, be grafted back into their own olive tree? For I do not want you to be uninformed, brothers, of this mystery, so that you may not be wise in your own thinking: A partial hardening has come upon Israel until the full number of the Gentiles comes in. (Romans 11:24-25 ULB)
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>For if you were cut out of what is by nature a wild olive tree, and contrary to nature were grafted into a good olive tree, how much more will these, the natural branches, be grafted back into their own olive tree? For I do not want you to be uninformed, brothers, of this mystery, so that you may not be wise in your own thinking: A partial hardening has come upon Israel until the full number of the Gentiles comes in. (Romans 11:24-25 ULB)
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#### RAIN represents God's gifts to his people
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> ...he comes and rains righteousness on you. (Hosea 10:12 ULB)
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>...he comes and rains righteousness on you. (Hosea 10:12 ULB)
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<blockquote>For the land that drinks in the rain that often comes on it, and that gives birth to the plants useful to those for whom the land was worked—this is the land that receives a blessing from God. But if it bears thorns and thistles, it is worthless and is near to a curse. Its end is in burning. (Hebrews 6:7-8 ULB)</blockquote>
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> Be patient, then, brothers, until the Lord's coming. See how the farmer waits for the precious fruit from the ground and he is patient about it, until it receives the early and late rains. (James 5:7 ULB)
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>Be patient, then, brothers, until the Lord's coming. See how the farmer waits for the precious fruit from the ground and he is patient about it, until it receives the early and late rains. (James 5:7 ULB)
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#### The BODY represents a group of people
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> Now you are the body of Christ and individually members of it. (1 Corinthians 12:27 ULB)
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>Now you are the body of Christ and individually members of it. (1 Corinthians 12:27 ULB)
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<blockquote>Instead, speaking the truth in love, we are to grow up in every way into him who is the head, that is, Christ. Christ builds the whole body, and it is joined and held together by every supporting ligament, and when each part works together, that makes the body grow so that it builds itself up in love. (Ephesians 4:15-16 ULB) </blockquote>
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@ -20,11 +20,11 @@ To be before someone's face is to be in their presence, that is, to be with them
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#### The FACE represents someone's attention
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> Every man of the house of Israel who takes his idols into his heart, or who puts the stumbling block of his iniquity <u>before his face</u>, and who then comes to a prophet—I, Yahweh, will answer him according to the number of his idols. (Ezekiel 14:4 ULB)
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>Every man of the house of Israel who takes his idols into his heart, or who puts the stumbling block of his iniquity <u>before his face</u>, and who then comes to a prophet—I, Yahweh, will answer him according to the number of his idols. (Ezekiel 14:4 ULB)
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To put something before one's face is to look at it intently or pay attention to it.
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> Many are those who <u>seek the face</u> of the ruler. (Proverbs 29:26 ULB)
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>Many are those who <u>seek the face</u> of the ruler. (Proverbs 29:26 ULB)
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If someone seeks another person's face, he hopes that the person will pay attention to him.
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@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ To hide one's face from someone is to ignore him.
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#### The HAND represents a person's agency or power
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> Yahweh has burst through my enemies <u>by my hand</u> like a bursting flood of water. (1 Chronicles 14:11 ULB)
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>Yahweh has burst through my enemies <u>by my hand</u> like a bursting flood of water. (1 Chronicles 14:11 ULB)
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"Yahweh has burst through my enemies by my hand" means "Yahweh has used me to burst through my enemies."
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#### The HEAD represents the ruler, the one who has authority over others
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> God put all things under Christ's feet and gave him to the church as head over all things. (Ephesians 1:22 ULB)
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>God put all things under Christ's feet and gave him to the church as head over all things. (Ephesians 1:22 ULB)
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<blockquote>Wives should be subject to their own husbands, as to the Lord. For the husband is <u>the head</u> of the wife, as Christ also is <u>the head</u> of the church, and he is the Savior of the body. (Ephesian 5:22-23 ULB)</blockquote>
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@ -117,25 +117,25 @@ A blast of air or smoke coming from someone's nose shows his great anger.
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#### RAISED EYES represents arrogance
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> but you bring down those with <u>proud, uplifted eyes</u>! (Psalm 18:27 ULB)
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>but you bring down those with <u>proud, uplifted eyes</u>! (Psalm 18:27 ULB)
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Uplifted eyes show that a person is proud.
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> God humbles a proud man, and he saves the one with <u>lowered eyes</u>. (Job 22:29 ULB)
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>God humbles a proud man, and he saves the one with <u>lowered eyes</u>. (Job 22:29 ULB)
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Lowered eyes show that a person is humble.
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#### The SON OF SOMETHING shares its qualities
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> no <u>son of wickedness</u> will oppress him. (Psalm 89:22b ULB)
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>no <u>son of wickedness</u> will oppress him. (Psalm 89:22b ULB)
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A son of wickedness is a wicked person.
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> May the groans of the prisoners come before you;
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> with the greatness of your power keep the <u>children of death</u> alive. (Psalm 79:11 ULB)
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>May the groans of the prisoners come before you;
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>with the greatness of your power keep the <u>children of death</u> alive. (Psalm 79:11 ULB)
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Children of death here are people that others plan to kill.
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#### BEING CALLED SOMETHING represents being that thing
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> The Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer; he is called the God of the whole earth. (Isaiah 54:5b ULB)
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>The Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer; he is called the God of the whole earth. (Isaiah 54:5b ULB)
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This is because he actually is the God of the whole earth.
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@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ Noah built an altar to Yahweh. He took some of the <u>clean</u> animals and some
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#### MAKING SOMETHING UNCLEAN represents making it unacceptable for God's purposes.
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> Or if anyone touches anything God has designated as <u>unclean</u>, whether it be the carcass of an <u>unclean</u> wild animal or the carcass of any livestock that has died, or creeping animal, even if the person did not intend to touch it, he is <u>unclean</u> and <u>guilty</u>. (Leviticus 5:2 ULB)
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>Or if anyone touches anything God has designated as <u>unclean</u>, whether it be the carcass of an <u>unclean</u> wild animal or the carcass of any livestock that has died, or creeping animal, even if the person did not intend to touch it, he is <u>unclean</u> and <u>guilty</u>. (Leviticus 5:2 ULB)
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@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ An example from Deuteronomy.
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<blockquote>Then the Spirit of Yahweh <u>fell on me</u> and he said to me… (Ezekiel 11:5 ULB)</blockquote>
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> Now look, the hand of the Lord <u>is upon you</u>, and you will become blind. (Acts 13:11 ULB)
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>Now look, the hand of the Lord <u>is upon you</u>, and you will become blind. (Acts 13:11 ULB)
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#### FOLLOWING SOMEONE represents being loyal to him
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This pattern is also seen in Psalm 119:32 where running in the path of God's commands represents doing what God commands. Since running is more intense than walking, the idea of running here might give the idea of doing this whole-heartedly.
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> I will <u>run in the path</u> of your commandments. (Psalm 119:32 ULB)
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>I will <u>run in the path</u> of your commandments. (Psalm 119:32 ULB)
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### Reasons this is a translation Issue
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#### A CUP or bowl represents what is in it
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> my <u>cup</u> runs over. (Psalm 23:5 ULB)
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>my <u>cup</u> runs over. (Psalm 23:5 ULB)
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There is so much in the cup that it runs over the top of the cup.
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> For every time you eat this bread and drink this <u>cup</u>, you proclaim the Lord's death until he comes. (1 Corinthians 11:26 ULB)
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>For every time you eat this bread and drink this <u>cup</u>, you proclaim the Lord's death until he comes. (1 Corinthians 11:26 ULB)
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People do not drink cups. They drink what is in the cup.
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#### PIERCING represents killing
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> His hand <u>pierced</u> the fleeing serpent. (Job 26:13 ULB)
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>His hand <u>pierced</u> the fleeing serpent. (Job 26:13 ULB)
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This means that he killed the serpent.
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> Look, he is coming with the clouds; every eye will see him, including those who <u>pierced</u> him. (Revelation 1:7 ULB)
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>Look, he is coming with the clouds; every eye will see him, including those who <u>pierced</u> him. (Revelation 1:7 ULB)
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"Those who pierced him" refers to those who killed Jesus.
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#### God is modeled as a KING
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> For God is the <u>King</u> over all the earth. (Psalm 47:7 ULB)
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>For God is the <u>King</u> over all the earth. (Psalm 47:7 ULB)
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>For the <u>kingdom</u> is Yahweh's;
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>he is the <u>ruler</u> over the nations. (Psalm 22:28 ULB)
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#### God is modeled as a SHEPHERD and his people are modeled as SHEEP
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> Yahweh is <u>my shepherd</u>; I will lack nothing. (Psalm 23:1 ULB)
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>Yahweh is <u>my shepherd</u>; I will lack nothing. (Psalm 23:1 ULB)
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His people are sheep.
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> For he is our God, and we are the people of <u>his pasture</u> and the <u>sheep of his hand</u>. (Psalm 95:7 ULB)
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>For he is our God, and we are the people of <u>his pasture</u> and the <u>sheep of his hand</u>. (Psalm 95:7 ULB)
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He leads his people like sheep.
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>He led his own people out <u>like sheep</u> and guided them through the wilderness <u>like a flock</u>. (Psalm 78:52 ULB)
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He is willing to die in order to save his sheep.
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> I am the good shepherd, and I know my own, and my own know me. The Father knows me, and I know the Father, and <u>I lay down my life for the sheep</u>. I have other sheep that are not of this fold. Those, also, I must bring, and they will hear my voice so that there will be one flock and one shepherd. (John 10:14-15 ULB)
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>I am the good shepherd, and I know my own, and my own know me. The Father knows me, and I know the Father, and <u>I lay down my life for the sheep</u>. I have other sheep that are not of this fold. Those, also, I must bring, and they will hear my voice so that there will be one flock and one shepherd. (John 10:14-15 ULB)
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#### God is modeled as a WARRIOR
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>Yahweh is a <u>warrior</u>. (Exodus 15:3 ULB)
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> Yahweh will go out as a <u>warrior</u>; he will proceed as a <u>man of war</u>. He will stir up his zeal.
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> He will shout, yes, he will roar his <u>battle cries</u>; he will <u>show his enemies his power</u>. (Isaiah 42:13 ULB)
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>Yahweh will go out as a <u>warrior</u>; he will proceed as a <u>man of war</u>. He will stir up his zeal.
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>He will shout, yes, he will roar his <u>battle cries</u>; he will <u>show his enemies his power</u>. (Isaiah 42:13 ULB)
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>Your right hand, Yahweh, is <u>glorious in power</u>;
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>your right hand, Yahweh, <u>has shattered the enemy</u>. (Exodus 15:6 ULB)
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A person with a good eye can put a blessing on someone by looking at him.
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> If I have found <u>favor in your eyes</u>... (1 Samuel 27:5 ULB)
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>If I have found <u>favor in your eyes</u>... (1 Samuel 27:5 ULB)
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#### Life is modeled as BLOOD
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<blockquote>My God, my soul has <u>melted</u> within me. (Psalm 42:6 ULB)</blockquote>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
> For it is great, the anger of Yahweh that has been <u>poured out</u> on us. (2 Chronicles 34:21 ULB)
|
||||
>For it is great, the anger of Yahweh that has been <u>poured out</u> on us. (2 Chronicles 34:21 ULB)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### WATER represents what someone says
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ The Bible that you translate from may use abstract nouns to express certain idea
|
|||
|
||||
### Examples from the Bible
|
||||
|
||||
> ..._from <u>childhood</u> you have known the sacred writings ..._ (2 Timothy 3:15 ULB)
|
||||
>..._from <u>childhood</u> you have known the sacred writings ..._ (2 Timothy 3:15 ULB)
|
||||
|
||||
The abstract noun "childhood" refers to when someone is a child.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ Some languages would not use a statement for some of the functions that statemen
|
|||
|
||||
Statements are normally used to give **information**. All of the sentences in John 1:6-8 below are statements, and their function is to give information.
|
||||
|
||||
> There was a man who was sent from God, whose name was John. He came as a witness to testify about the light, that all might believe through him. John was not the light, but came that he might testify about the light. (John 1:6-8 ULB)
|
||||
>There was a man who was sent from God, whose name was John. He came as a witness to testify about the light, that all might believe through him. John was not the light, but came that he might testify about the light. (John 1:6-8 ULB)
|
||||
|
||||
A statement can also be used as a **command** to tell someone what to do. In the examples below, the high priest used statements with the verb "will" to tell people what to do.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ A statement can also be used as a **command** to tell someone what to do. In the
|
|||
|
||||
A statement can also be used to give **instructions**. The speaker below was not just telling Joseph about something Joseph would do in the future; he was telling Joseph what he needed to do.
|
||||
|
||||
> She will give birth to a son, and _you will call his name Jesus_, for he will save his people from their sins. (Matthew 1:21 ULB)
|
||||
>She will give birth to a son, and _you will call his name Jesus_, for he will save his people from their sins. (Matthew 1:21 ULB)
|
||||
|
||||
A statement can also be used to make a **request**. The man with leprosy was not just saying what Jesus was able to do. He was also asking Jesus to heal him.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ Readers who see incomplete sentences or phrases may not know what the missing in
|
|||
|
||||
### Examples from the Bible
|
||||
|
||||
> ... when the blind man was near, Jesus asked him, "What do you want me to do for you?" He said, "Lord, <u>that I might receive my sight</u>." (Luke 18:40-41 ULB)
|
||||
>... when the blind man was near, Jesus asked him, "What do you want me to do for you?" He said, "Lord, <u>that I might receive my sight</u>." (Luke 18:40-41 ULB)
|
||||
|
||||
The man answered in an incomplete sentence because he wanted to be polite and not directly ask Jesus for healing. He knew that Jesus would understand that the only way he could receive his sight would be for Jesus to heal him.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ Different languages use different euphemisms. If the target language does not us
|
|||
|
||||
The original hearers would have understood that Saul went into the cave to use it as a toilet, but the writer wanted to avoid offending or distracting them, so **he did not say specifically** what Saul did or what he left in the cave.
|
||||
|
||||
> Mary said to the angel, “How will this happen, since I have not slept with any man?” (Luke 1:34 ULB)
|
||||
>Mary said to the angel, “How will this happen, since I have not slept with any man?” (Luke 1:34 ULB)
|
||||
|
||||
In order **to be polite**, Mary uses a euphemism to say that she has never had sexual intercourse with a man.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -8,11 +8,11 @@ In the Bible, events are not always told in the order in which they occurred. So
|
|||
|
||||
### Examples from the Bible
|
||||
|
||||
> But then Herod ... had John locked up in prison. Now it came about, while all the people were being baptized by John, that Jesus also was baptized. (Luke 3:20-21 ULB)
|
||||
>But then Herod ... had John locked up in prison. Now it came about, while all the people were being baptized by John, that Jesus also was baptized. (Luke 3:20-21 ULB)
|
||||
|
||||
This could sound like John baptized Jesus after John was locked up in prison, but John baptized Jesus before John was locked up in prison.
|
||||
|
||||
> Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets… But Joshua commanded the people, saying, "Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout." (Joshua 6:8-10 ULB)
|
||||
>Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets… But Joshua commanded the people, saying, "Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout." (Joshua 6:8-10 ULB)
|
||||
|
||||
This could sound like Joshua gave the order not to shout after the army had already started their march, but he had given that order before they started marching.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ In Isaiah 5:1-7, Isaiah presents God's disappointment with his people as the dis
|
|||
><sup>5</sup> Now I will inform you what I will do to my vineyard; I will remove the hedge;
|
||||
>I will turn it into a pasture; I will break down its wall, and it will be trampled on.
|
||||
><sup>6</sup>I will lay it waste, and it will not be pruned nor hoed. But briers and thorns will spring up,
|
||||
> I will also command the clouds not to rain on it.
|
||||
>I will also command the clouds not to rain on it.
|
||||
|
||||
><sup>7</sup>For the vineyard of Yahweh of hosts is the house of Israel,
|
||||
>and the men of Judah his pleasant planting;
|
||||
|
|
@ -67,9 +67,9 @@ Consider using the same extended metaphor if your readers will understand it in
|
|||
>**<u>he leads me</u> beside tranquil water.** (ULB)
|
||||
|
||||
Can be translated as:
|
||||
> "Yahweh is <u>like</u> a shepherd to me, so I will lack nothing.
|
||||
> <u>Like</u> a shepherd who makes his sheep lie down in green pastures and leads them by peaceful waters,
|
||||
> Yahweh helps me to rest peacefully."
|
||||
>"Yahweh is <u>like</u> a shepherd to me, so I will lack nothing.
|
||||
><u>Like</u> a shepherd who makes his sheep lie down in green pastures and leads them by peaceful waters,
|
||||
>Yahweh helps me to rest peacefully."
|
||||
|
||||
1. If the target audience would not know the image, find a way of translating it so they can understand what the image is.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -79,10 +79,10 @@ Can be translated as:
|
|||
>**He waited for it to produce grapes, but it produced <u>wild grapes</u>.**(Isaiah 5:1-2 ULB)
|
||||
|
||||
May be translated as:
|
||||
> "My well beloved had a <u>grapevine garden</u> on a very fertile hill.
|
||||
> He <u>dug up the ground</u> and removed the stones, and planted it with <u>the best grapevines</u>.
|
||||
> He built a <u>watchtower</u> in the middle of it, and also built <u>a tank where he could crush the juice out of the grapes</u>.
|
||||
> He waited for it to produce grapes, but it produced <u>wild grapes that were not good for making wine</u>."
|
||||
>"My well beloved had a <u>grapevine garden</u> on a very fertile hill.
|
||||
>He <u>dug up the ground</u> and removed the stones, and planted it with <u>the best grapevines</u>.
|
||||
>He built a <u>watchtower</u> in the middle of it, and also built <u>a tank where he could crush the juice out of the grapes</u>.
|
||||
>He waited for it to produce grapes, but it produced <u>wild grapes that were not good for making wine</u>."
|
||||
|
||||
1. If the target audience still would not understand, then state it clearly.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -96,10 +96,10 @@ Yahweh is <u>my shepherd</u>; I will lack nothing.** (Psalm 23:1 ULB)
|
|||
>**for righteousness, but, instead, a cry for help.** (Isaiah 5:7 ULB)
|
||||
|
||||
Can be translated as:
|
||||
> For the vineyard of Yahweh of hosts <u>represents</u> the house of Israel,
|
||||
> and the men of Judah <u>are like</u> his pleasant planting;
|
||||
> he waited for justice, but instead, there was killing;
|
||||
> for righteousness, but, instead, a cry for help.
|
||||
>For the vineyard of Yahweh of hosts <u>represents</u> the house of Israel,
|
||||
>and the men of Judah <u>are like</u> his pleasant planting;
|
||||
>he waited for justice, but instead, there was killing;
|
||||
>for righteousness, but, instead, a cry for help.
|
||||
|
||||
OR
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ Jesus did not say what foxes and birds use holes and nests for, because he assum
|
|||
|
||||
Jesus did not directly say here "I am the Son of Man" but, if the scribe did not already know it, then that fact would be **implicit information** that he could learn because Jesus referred to himself that way. Also, Jesus did not state explicitly that he travelled a lot and did not have a house that he slept in every night. That is **implicit information** that the scribe could learn when Jesus said that he had nowhere to lay his head.
|
||||
|
||||
> Woe to you, Chorazin! Woe to you, Bethsaida! If the mighty deeds had been done in <u>Tyre and Sidon</u> which were done in you, they would have repented long ago in sackcloth and ashes. But it will be more tolerable for Tyre and Sidon at the <u>day of judgment</u> than for you. (Matthew 11:21, 22 ULB)
|
||||
>Woe to you, Chorazin! Woe to you, Bethsaida! If the mighty deeds had been done in <u>Tyre and Sidon</u> which were done in you, they would have repented long ago in sackcloth and ashes. But it will be more tolerable for Tyre and Sidon at the <u>day of judgment</u> than for you. (Matthew 11:21, 22 ULB)
|
||||
|
||||
Jesus assumed that the people he was speaking to knew that Tyre and Sidon were very wicked, and that the day of judgment is a time when God will judge every person. Jesus also knew that the people he was talking to believed that they were good and did not need to repent. Jesus did not need to tell them these things. This is all **assumed knowledge**.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ This was a riddle. Samson purposely said this in a way that it would be hard for
|
|||
>Jesus said to them, "Take heed and beware of the yeast of the Pharisees and Sadducees." The disciples reasoned among themselves and said, "It is because we took no bread." … (Matthew 16:6,7 ULB)
|
||||
|
||||
Possible implicit information here is that the disciples should beware of the false teaching of the Pharisees and Sadducees. But Jesus' disciples did not understand this. They thought that Jesus was talking about real yeast and bread. So it would not be appropriate to state explicitly that the word "yeast" here refers to false teaching. The disciples did not understand what Jesus meant until they heard what Jesus said in Matthew 16:11 -
|
||||
> "How is it that you do not understand that I was not speaking to you about bread? Take heed and beware of the yeast of the Pharisees and Sadducees." Then they understood that he was not telling them to beware of yeast in bread, but to beware of the teaching of the Pharisees and Sadducees. (Matthew 16:11,12 ULB)
|
||||
>"How is it that you do not understand that I was not speaking to you about bread? Take heed and beware of the yeast of the Pharisees and Sadducees." Then they understood that he was not telling them to beware of yeast in bread, but to beware of the teaching of the Pharisees and Sadducees. (Matthew 16:11,12 ULB)
|
||||
|
||||
Only after Jesus explained that he was not talking about bread did they realize that he was talking about the false teaching of the Pharisees. Therefore it would be wrong to explicitly state the implicit information in Matthew 16:6.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -20,11 +20,11 @@ When a statement applies to both men and women, translate it in such a way that
|
|||
|
||||
### Examples from the Bible
|
||||
|
||||
> We want you to know, <u>brothers</u>, about the grace of God that has been given to the churches of Macedonia. (2 Corinthians 8:1 ULB)
|
||||
>We want you to know, <u>brothers</u>, about the grace of God that has been given to the churches of Macedonia. (2 Corinthians 8:1 ULB)
|
||||
|
||||
This verse is addressing the believers in Corinth, not only men, but **men and women**.
|
||||
|
||||
> Then said Jesus to his disciples, "If anyone wants to follow me, <u>he</u> must deny <u>himself</u>, take up <u>his</u> cross, and follow me." (Matthew 16:24-26 ULB)
|
||||
>Then said Jesus to his disciples, "If anyone wants to follow me, <u>he</u> must deny <u>himself</u>, take up <u>his</u> cross, and follow me." (Matthew 16:24-26 ULB)
|
||||
|
||||
Jesus was not speaking only of men, but of **men and women**.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -32,19 +32,19 @@ People sometimes express regrets about things that have not happened or that are
|
|||
|
||||
1. Hypothetical situations in the past
|
||||
|
||||
> "Woe to you, Chorazin! Woe to you, Bethsaida! If the mighty deeds had been done in Tyre and Sidon which were done in you, they would have repented long ago in sackcloth and ashes." (Matthew 11:21 ULB)
|
||||
>"Woe to you, Chorazin! Woe to you, Bethsaida! If the mighty deeds had been done in Tyre and Sidon which were done in you, they would have repented long ago in sackcloth and ashes." (Matthew 11:21 ULB)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Here in Matthew 11:21 Jesus said that <u>if</u> the people living in the ancient cities of Tyre and Sidon had been able to see the miracles that he performed, they would have repented long ago. The people of Tyre and Sidon did not actually see his miracles and repent. He said this to rebuke the people of Chorazin and Bethsaida who had seen his miracles yet did not repent.
|
||||
|
||||
> Martha then said to Jesus, "Lord, if you had been here, my brother would not have died." (John 11:21 ULB)
|
||||
>Martha then said to Jesus, "Lord, if you had been here, my brother would not have died." (John 11:21 ULB)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Martha said this to express her wish that Jesus had come sooner. But Jesus did not come sooner, and her brother did die.
|
||||
|
||||
1. Hypothetical situations in the present
|
||||
|
||||
> Also, no man puts new wine into old wineskins. If he did that, the new wine would burst the skins, and the wine would be spilled, and the wineskins would be destroyed. (Luke 5:37 ULB)
|
||||
>Also, no man puts new wine into old wineskins. If he did that, the new wine would burst the skins, and the wine would be spilled, and the wineskins would be destroyed. (Luke 5:37 ULB)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Jesus told about what would happen if a person were to put new wine into old wineskins. But no one would do that. He used this imaginary situation as an example to show that there are times when it is unwise to mix new things with old things. He did this so that people could understand why his disciples were not fasting as people traditionally did.
|
||||
|
|
@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ Jesus asked the religious leaders what they would do on the Sabbath if one of th
|
|||
|
||||
1. Hypothetical situation in the future
|
||||
|
||||
> <u>Unless those days are shortened, no flesh would be saved</u>; but for the sake of the elect, those days will be shortened. (Matthew 24:22 ULB)
|
||||
><u>Unless those days are shortened, no flesh would be saved</u>; but for the sake of the elect, those days will be shortened. (Matthew 24:22 ULB)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Jesus was talking about a future time when very bad things would happen. He told what would happen if those days of trouble were to last a long time. He did this to show about how bad those days will be - so bad that if they lasted a long time, no one would be saved. But then he clarified that God will shorten those days of trouble, so that the elect (those he has chosen) will be saved.
|
||||
|
|
@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ Regrets and wishes are very similar.
|
|||
|
||||
Here the Israelites were afraid they would have to suffer and die of hunger in the wilderness, and so they wished that they had stayed in Egypt and died there with full stomachs. They were complaining, expressing regret that this had not happened.
|
||||
|
||||
> I know what you have done, and that you are neither cold nor hot. <u>I wish that you were either cold or hot!</u> (Revelation 3:15 ULB)
|
||||
>I know what you have done, and that you are neither cold nor hot. <u>I wish that you were either cold or hot!</u> (Revelation 3:15 ULB)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Jesus wished that the people were either hot or cold, but they are neither. He was rebuking them, expressing anger at this.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -12,14 +12,14 @@ Some languages would not use an imperative sentence for some of the functions th
|
|||
|
||||
Speakers often use imperative sentences to tell or ask their listeners to do something. In Genesis 2, God spoke to Isaac and told him not to go to Egypt but to live where God would tell him to live.
|
||||
|
||||
> Now Yahweh appeared to him and said, "<u>Do not go down</u> to Egypt; <u>live</u> in the land that I tell you to live in. (Genesis 26:2 ULB)
|
||||
>Now Yahweh appeared to him and said, "<u>Do not go down</u> to Egypt; <u>live</u> in the land that I tell you to live in. (Genesis 26:2 ULB)
|
||||
|
||||
Sometimes imperative sentences in the Bible have other uses.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Imperatives that make things happen
|
||||
|
||||
God can make things happen by commanding that they happen. Jesus healed a man by commanding that the man be healed. The man could not do anything to obey the command, but Jesus caused him to be healed by commanding it. ("Be clean" means "Be healed.")
|
||||
> "I am willing. <u>Be clean</u>." Immediately he was cleansed of his leprosy. (Matthew 8:3 ULB)
|
||||
>"I am willing. <u>Be clean</u>." Immediately he was cleansed of his leprosy. (Matthew 8:3 ULB)
|
||||
|
||||
In Genesis 1, God commanded that there should be light, and by commanding it, he caused it to exist. Some languages, such as the Hebrew of the Bible, have commands that are in the third person. English does not do that, and so it must turn the third-person command into a general second-person command, as in the ULB:
|
||||
>God said, "<u>Let there be</u> light," and there was light. (Genesis 1:3 ULB)
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ In this verse, the most important part of the information is first - that "woe"
|
|||
* And he went out from there and came to the hometown his, and they followed him the disciples his. (Mark 6:1)
|
||||
|
||||
This is the verse in the original Greek order. The ULB has put this into the normal order for English:
|
||||
> And he went out from there and came into his hometown, and his disciples followed him. (Mark 6:1 ULB)
|
||||
>And he went out from there and came into his hometown, and his disciples followed him. (Mark 6:1 ULB)
|
||||
|
||||
1. Study where your language puts the new or important information, and rearrange the order of information so that it follows the way it is done in your language.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -3,10 +3,10 @@
|
|||
### Definition
|
||||
|
||||
Merism is a figure of speech in which a person refers to something by speaking of two extreme parts of it. By referring to the extreme parts, the speaker intends to include also everything in between those parts.
|
||||
> "I am the Alpha and the Omega," says the Lord God, "the one who is, and who was, and who is to come, the Almighty." (Revelation 1:8, ULB)
|
||||
>"I am the Alpha and the Omega," says the Lord God, "the one who is, and who was, and who is to come, the Almighty." (Revelation 1:8, ULB)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
> I am the <u>Alpha and the Omega</u>, <u>the First and the Last</u>, <u>the Beginning and the End</u>. (Revelation 22:13, ULB)
|
||||
>I am the <u>Alpha and the Omega</u>, <u>the First and the Last</u>, <u>the Beginning and the End</u>. (Revelation 22:13, ULB)
|
||||
|
||||
<u>Alpha and Omega</u> are the first and last letters of the Greek alphabet. This is a merism that includes everything from the beginning to the end. It means eternal.
|
||||
>I praise you, Father, Lord of <u>heaven and earth ...</u>, (Matthew 11:25 ULB)
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -41,11 +41,11 @@ When translating something that is a dead metaphor into another language, do not
|
|||
|
||||
These are metaphors that people recognize as one concept standing for another concept, or one thing for another thing. They make people think about how the one thing is like the other thing, because in most ways the two things are very different. People also easily recognize these metaphors as giving strength and unusual qualities to the message. For this reason, people pay attention to these metaphors. For example,
|
||||
|
||||
> For you who fear my name, the sun of righteousness will rise with healing in its wings. (Malachi 4:2 ULB)
|
||||
>For you who fear my name, the sun of righteousness will rise with healing in its wings. (Malachi 4:2 ULB)
|
||||
|
||||
Here God speaks about his salvation as if it were the sun rising in order to shine its rays on the people whom he loves. He also speaks of the sun's rays as if they were wings. Also, he speaks of these wings as if they were bringing medicine that would heal his people. Here is another example:
|
||||
|
||||
> "Jesus said, 'Go and tell that fox...,'" (Luke 13:32 ULB)
|
||||
>"Jesus said, 'Go and tell that fox...,'" (Luke 13:32 ULB)
|
||||
|
||||
Here, "that fox" refers to King Herod. The people listening to Jesus certainly understood that Jesus was intending for them to apply certain characteristics of a fox to Herod. They probably understood that Jesus intended to communicate that Herod was evil, either in a cunning way or as someone who was destructive, murderous, or who took things that did not belong to him, or all of these.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ Often, as in the metaphor above, the speaker explicitly states the **topic** and
|
|||
|
||||
Also in the Bible, normally the **topic** and the **image** are stated clearly, but not the **points of comparison**. The writer leaves it to the audience to think of and understand the points of comparison that are implied.
|
||||
|
||||
> Jesus said to them, "I am the bread of life; he who comes to me will not be hungry, and he who believes in me will never be thirsty." (John 6:35 ULB)
|
||||
>Jesus said to them, "I am the bread of life; he who comes to me will not be hungry, and he who believes in me will never be thirsty." (John 6:35 ULB)
|
||||
|
||||
In this metaphor, Jesus called himself the bread of life. The **topic** is "I," and the **image** is "bread." Bread is a food that people ate all the time. The **point of comparison** between bread and Jesus is that people need both to live. Just as people need to eat food in order to have physical life, people need to trust in Jesus in order to have spiritual life.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ A throne represents the authority of a king. "Throne" is a metonym for "kingly a
|
|||
>Immediately his <u>mouth</u> was opened (Luke 1:64 ULB)
|
||||
|
||||
The mouth here represents the power to speak. This means that he was able to talk again.
|
||||
> ... who warned you to flee from <u>the wrath</u> that is coming? (Luke 3:7 ULB)
|
||||
>... who warned you to flee from <u>the wrath</u> that is coming? (Luke 3:7 ULB)
|
||||
|
||||
The word "wrath" or "anger" is a metonym for "punishment." God was extremely angry with the people, and as a result, he would punish them.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
|
|||
### Description
|
||||
|
||||
In some languages an adjective can be used to refer to a class of things that the adjective describes. When it does, it acts like a noun. For example, the word "rich" is an adjective. Here are two sentences that show that "rich" is an adjective.
|
||||
> ... <u> The rich man</u> had huge numbers of flocks and herds ... (2 Samuel 12:2 ULB)
|
||||
>... <u> The rich man</u> had huge numbers of flocks and herds ... (2 Samuel 12:2 ULB)
|
||||
|
||||
The adjective "rich" comes before the word "man" and describes "man."
|
||||
><u>He will not be rich</u>; his wealth will not last ... (Job 15:29 ULB)
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -4,8 +4,8 @@
|
|||
|
||||
The predictive past is a figure of speech that uses the past tense to refer to things that will happen in the future. This is sometimes done in prophecy to show that the event will certainly happen. It is also called the prophetic perfect.
|
||||
|
||||
> Therefore my people have gone into captivity for lack of understanding;
|
||||
> their leaders go hungry, and their masses have nothing to drink. (Isaiah 5:13 ULB)
|
||||
>Therefore my people have gone into captivity for lack of understanding;
|
||||
>their leaders go hungry, and their masses have nothing to drink. (Isaiah 5:13 ULB)
|
||||
|
||||
In the example above, the people of Israel had not yet gone into captivity, but God spoke of their going into captivity as if it had already happened because he had decided that they certainly would go into captivity.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ Readers who are not aware of the past tense being used in prophecy to refer to f
|
|||
|
||||
In the examples above, God spoke of things that would happen in the future as if they had already happened.
|
||||
|
||||
> And about these people also Enoch, the seventh in line from Adam, foretold, saying, "Look, the Lord came with tens of thousands of his holy ones, (Jude 1:14 ULB)
|
||||
>And about these people also Enoch, the seventh in line from Adam, foretold, saying, "Look, the Lord came with tens of thousands of his holy ones, (Jude 1:14 ULB)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Enoch was speaking of something that would happen in the future, but he used the past tense when he said "the Lord came.”
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ In the example below, <u>Christ loves us</u>.
|
|||
>For <u>the **love** of money</u> is a root of all kinds of evil. (1 Timothy 6:10 ULB)
|
||||
|
||||
**Instrument** - Sometimes the word after "of" tells how something would happen. In the example below, God would <u>punish people by sending enemies to attack them with swords</u>.
|
||||
> then be afraid of the sword, because wrath brings <u>the **punishment** of the sword</u> (Job 19:29 ULB)
|
||||
>then be afraid of the sword, because wrath brings <u>the **punishment** of the sword</u> (Job 19:29 ULB)
|
||||
|
||||
**Representation** - In the example below, John was baptizing people who were repenting of their sins. They were being baptized to show that they were repenting. Their <u>baptism represented their repentance</u>.
|
||||
>As John came, he was baptizing in the wilderness and was preaching <u>a **baptism** of repentance</u> for the forgiveness of sins. (Mark 1:4 ULB)
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -24,25 +24,25 @@ The examples below show the kind of quote marking used in the ULB.
|
|||
#### A quotation with only one layer
|
||||
|
||||
A first layer direct quote has double quote marks around it.
|
||||
> So the king replied, "That is Elijah the Tishbite." (2 Kings 1:8 ULB)
|
||||
>So the king replied, "That is Elijah the Tishbite." (2 Kings 1:8 ULB)
|
||||
|
||||
#### Quotations with two layers
|
||||
|
||||
A second layer direct quote has single quote marks around it. We have underlined it and the phrase for you to see it clearly.
|
||||
> They asked him, "Who is the man that said to you, <u>'Pick up your bed and walk'</u>?" (John 5:12 ULB)
|
||||
>They asked him, "Who is the man that said to you, <u>'Pick up your bed and walk'</u>?" (John 5:12 ULB)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
> … he sent two of the disciples, saying, "Go into the next village. As you enter, you will find a colt that has never been ridden. Untie it and bring it to me. If any one asks you, <u>'Why are you untying it?'</u> say, <u>'The Lord has need of it.'</u> " (Luke 19:29-31 ULB)
|
||||
>… he sent two of the disciples, saying, "Go into the next village. As you enter, you will find a colt that has never been ridden. Untie it and bring it to me. If any one asks you, <u>'Why are you untying it?'</u> say, <u>'The Lord has need of it.'</u> " (Luke 19:29-31 ULB)
|
||||
|
||||
#### A quotation with three layers
|
||||
|
||||
A third layer direct quote has double quote marks around it. We have underlined it for you to see it clearly.
|
||||
> Abraham said, "Because I thought, 'Surely there is no fear of God in this place, and they will kill me because of my wife.' Besides, she is indeed my sister, the daughter of my father, but not the daughter of my mother; and she became my wife. When God caused me to leave my father's house and travel from place to place, I said to her, 'You must show me this faithfulness as my wife: At every place where we go, say about me, <u>"He is my brother."</u> ' " (Genesis 20:10-13 ULB)
|
||||
>Abraham said, "Because I thought, 'Surely there is no fear of God in this place, and they will kill me because of my wife.' Besides, she is indeed my sister, the daughter of my father, but not the daughter of my mother; and she became my wife. When God caused me to leave my father's house and travel from place to place, I said to her, 'You must show me this faithfulness as my wife: At every place where we go, say about me, <u>"He is my brother."</u> ' " (Genesis 20:10-13 ULB)
|
||||
|
||||
#### A quotation with four layers
|
||||
|
||||
A fourth layer direct quote has single quote marks around it. We have underlined it for you to see it clearly.
|
||||
> They said to him, "A man came to meet us who said to us, 'Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, "Yahweh says this: <u>'Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.'</u> " ' " (2 Kings 1:5-6 ULB)
|
||||
>They said to him, "A man came to meet us who said to us, 'Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, "Yahweh says this: <u>'Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.'</u> " ' " (2 Kings 1:5-6 ULB)
|
||||
|
||||
### Quote Marking Strategies
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ A quotation may have a quote within it, and quotes that are inside of other quot
|
|||
|
||||
#### A quotation with only one layer
|
||||
|
||||
> But Paul said, "I was born a Roman citizen." (Acts 22:28 ULB)
|
||||
>But Paul said, "I was born a Roman citizen." (Acts 22:28 ULB)
|
||||
|
||||
#### Quotations with two layers
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ The outermost layer is what Jesus said to Pilate. The second layer is what Pilat
|
|||
|
||||
#### A quotation with three layers
|
||||
|
||||
> Abraham said, "... I said to her, 'You must show me this faithfulness as my wife: At every place where we go, say about me, <u>"He is my brother."</u> ' " (Genesis 20:10-13 ULB)
|
||||
>Abraham said, "... I said to her, 'You must show me this faithfulness as my wife: At every place where we go, say about me, <u>"He is my brother."</u> ' " (Genesis 20:10-13 ULB)
|
||||
|
||||
The outermost layer is what Abraham said to Abimelech. The second layer is what Abraham had told his wife. The third layer is what he wanted his wife to say. (We have underlined the third layer.)
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ Reflexive pronouns are used to show the same person or thing fills two different
|
|||
Reflexive pronouns are used to emphasize a person or thing in the sentence.
|
||||
<blockquote><u>Jesus himself</u> was not baptizing, but his disciples were (John 4:2 ULB) </blockquote>
|
||||
|
||||
> So they left the crowd, taking Jesus with them, since he was already in the boat. Other boats were also with him. And a violent windstorm arose and the waves were breaking into the boat so that the boat was already full. But <u>Jesus himself</u> was in the stern, asleep on a cushion. (Mark 4:36-38 ULB)
|
||||
>So they left the crowd, taking Jesus with them, since he was already in the boat. Other boats were also with him. And a violent windstorm arose and the waves were breaking into the boat so that the boat was already full. But <u>Jesus himself</u> was in the stern, asleep on a cushion. (Mark 4:36-38 ULB)
|
||||
|
||||
Reflexive pronouns are used to show that someone did something alone.
|
||||
>When Jesus realized that they were about to come and seize him by force to make him king, he withdrew again up the mountain <u>by himself</u>. (John 6:15 ULB)
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
|
|||
### Description
|
||||
|
||||
Synecdoche is when a speaker uses a part of something to refer to the whole or uses the whole to refer to a part.
|
||||
> <u>My soul</u> exalts the Lord. (Luke 1:46 ULB)
|
||||
><u>My soul</u> exalts the Lord. (Luke 1:46 ULB)
|
||||
|
||||
Mary was was very happy about what the Lord was doing, so she said "my soul," which means the inner, emotional part of herself, to refer to her whole self.
|
||||
><u>the Pharisees</u> said to him, "Look, why are they doing something that is not lawful ...?" (Mark 2:24 ULB)
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ The Bible shows that Jesus called God his Father:
|
|||
Christians have found that "Father" and "Son" are the ideas that most essentially describe the eternal relationship of the First and Second Persons of the Trinity to each other. The Bible indeed refers to them in various ways, but no other terms reflect the eternal love and intimacy between these Persons, nor the interdependent eternal relationship between them.
|
||||
|
||||
Jesus referred to God in the following terms:
|
||||
> Baptize them into <u>the name of the Father, of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit</u>. (Matthew 28:19 ULB)
|
||||
>Baptize them into <u>the name of the Father, of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit</u>. (Matthew 28:19 ULB)
|
||||
|
||||
The intimate, loving relationship between the Father and the Son is eternal, just as they are eternal.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -9,13 +9,13 @@ The translator needs to decide which meaning to translate. Translators may choos
|
|||
|
||||
### Translation Notes Examples
|
||||
|
||||
> But take a small number of hairs from them and tie them into <u>the folds of your robe</u>. (Ezekiel 5:3 ULB)
|
||||
>But take a small number of hairs from them and tie them into <u>the folds of your robe</u>. (Ezekiel 5:3 ULB)
|
||||
|
||||
* **the folds of your robe** -- Possible meanings are 1) "the cloth on your arms" ("your sleeves") (UDB) or 2) "the end of the cloth on your robe" ("your hem") or 3) the fold in the garment where it is tucked into the belt.
|
||||
|
||||
This note has the ULB text followed by three possible meanings. The word translated by "the folds of your robe" refers to the loose parts of the robe. Most scholars believe it refers here to the sleeves, but it could also refer to the loose part at the bottom or also to the folds in the middle, around the belt.
|
||||
|
||||
> But Simon Peter, when he saw it, <u>fell down at Jesus' knees</u> (Luke 5:8 ULB)
|
||||
>But Simon Peter, when he saw it, <u>fell down at Jesus' knees</u> (Luke 5:8 ULB)
|
||||
|
||||
* **fell down at Jesus' knees** - Possible meanings are 1) "knelt down before Jesus" or 2) "bowed down at Jesus' feet" or 3) "lay down on the ground at Jesus' feet." Peter did not fall accidentally. He did this as a sign of humility and respect for Jesus.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ This note alerts you to the beginning of a new part of a story and gives you a l
|
|||
|
||||
#### Who is speaking
|
||||
|
||||
> <sup>17</sup>For he was one of us and received his share of the benefits of this ministry." <sup>18</sup>(Now this man bought a field with the earnings of his evil act. Then he fell head first, and his body burst wide open, and all his bowels poured out. <sup>19</sup>It became known to all those living in Jerusalem that the field was called in their own language Akeldama, that is, The field of blood.) (Acts 1:17-19 ULB)
|
||||
><sup>17</sup>For he was one of us and received his share of the benefits of this ministry." <sup>18</sup>(Now this man bought a field with the earnings of his evil act. Then he fell head first, and his body burst wide open, and all his bowels poured out. <sup>19</sup>It became known to all those living in Jerusalem that the field was called in their own language Akeldama, that is, The field of blood.) (Acts 1:17-19 ULB)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
* **Connecting Statement:** - Peter continues his speech to the believers that he began in *Acts 1:16*.
|
||||
|
|
@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ This note lets you know who the pronouns refer to. You may need to add something
|
|||
|
||||
#### Important background or implied information
|
||||
|
||||
> <sup>26</sup>Now an angel of the Lord spoke to Philip and said, "Arise and go toward the south to the road that goes down from Jerusalem to Gaza." (This road is in a desert.) <sup>27</sup>He arose and went. Behold, there was a man from Ethiopia, a eunuch of great authority under Candace, queen of the Ethiopians. He was in charge of all her treasure. He had come to Jerusalem to worship. <sup>28</sup>He was returning and sitting in his chariot, and was reading the prophet Isaiah. (Acts 8:26-28 ULB)
|
||||
><sup>26</sup>Now an angel of the Lord spoke to Philip and said, "Arise and go toward the south to the road that goes down from Jerusalem to Gaza." (This road is in a desert.) <sup>27</sup>He arose and went. Behold, there was a man from Ethiopia, a eunuch of great authority under Candace, queen of the Ethiopians. He was in charge of all her treasure. He had come to Jerusalem to worship. <sup>28</sup>He was returning and sitting in his chariot, and was reading the prophet Isaiah. (Acts 8:26-28 ULB)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
* **General Information:** - This is the beginning of the part of the story about Philip and the man from Ethiopia. Verse 27 gives background information about the man from Ethiopia. (See: *Backgrounds*)
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -6,19 +6,19 @@ Sometimes you may not know what a word or phrase means in the ULB, and it may al
|
|||
### Translation Notes Examples
|
||||
|
||||
Simple explanations about words or phrases are written as full sentences. They begin with a capital letter and end with a period (".").
|
||||
> The fishermen had gotten out of them and were <u>washing their nets</u>.(Luke 5:2 ULB)
|
||||
>The fishermen had gotten out of them and were <u>washing their nets</u>.(Luke 5:2 ULB)
|
||||
|
||||
* **washing their nets** - They were cleaning their fishing nets in order to use them again to catch fish.
|
||||
|
||||
If you did not know that fishermen used nets to catch fish, you might wonder why the fishermen were cleaning their nets. This explanation can help you choose good words for "were washing" and "nets."
|
||||
|
||||
> they <u>motioned</u> to their partners in the other boat (Luke 5:7 ULB)
|
||||
>they <u>motioned</u> to their partners in the other boat (Luke 5:7 ULB)
|
||||
|
||||
* **motioned** - They were too far from shore to call so they made gestures, probably waving their arms.
|
||||
|
||||
This note can help you understand what kind of motion the people made. It was a motion that people would be able to see from a distance. This will help you choose a good word or phrase for "motioned."
|
||||
|
||||
> He will be filled with the Holy Spirit, <u>even while in his mother's womb</u>. (Luke 1:14 ULB)
|
||||
>He will be filled with the Holy Spirit, <u>even while in his mother's womb</u>. (Luke 1:14 ULB)
|
||||
|
||||
* **even while in his mother's womb** - The word "even" here indicates that this is especially surprising news. People had been filled with the Holy Spirit before, but no one had heard of an unborn baby being filled with the Holy Spirit.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -9,13 +9,13 @@ In order to translate the meaning, you need to be able to recognize the figure o
|
|||
|
||||
### Translation Notes Examples
|
||||
|
||||
> Many will come <u>in my name</u> and say, 'I am he,' and they will lead many astray. (Mark 13:6 ULB)
|
||||
>Many will come <u>in my name</u> and say, 'I am he,' and they will lead many astray. (Mark 13:6 ULB)
|
||||
|
||||
* **in my name** - Possible meanings are 1) AT: "claiming my authority" or 2) "claiming that God sent them." (See: [Metonymy](../figs-metonymy/01.md) and [Idiom](../figs-idiom/01.md))
|
||||
|
||||
The figure of speech in this Note is called a metonymy. The phrase "in my name" does not refer to the speaker's name (Jesus), but to his person and authority. The Note explains the metonymy in this passage by giving two alternate translations. After that, there is a link to the tA page about metonymy. Click on the link to learn about metonymy and general strategies for translating metonymys. Because this phrase is also a common idiom, the Note includes a link to the tA page that explains idioms.
|
||||
|
||||
> "<u>You offspring of vipers</u>! Who warned you to run away from the wrath that is coming? (Luke 3:7 ULB)
|
||||
>"<u>You offspring of vipers</u>! Who warned you to run away from the wrath that is coming? (Luke 3:7 ULB)
|
||||
|
||||
* **You offspring of vipers** - In this metaphor, John compares the crowd to vipers, which were deadly or dangerous snakes and represent evil. AT: "You evil poisonous snakes" or "People should stay away from you just like they avoid poisonous snakes" (See: [Metaphor](../figs-metaphor/01.md))
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -9,13 +9,13 @@ There may be a note about direct and indirect quotes when a quote has another qu
|
|||
|
||||
### Translation Notes Examples
|
||||
|
||||
> He instructed him <u>to tell no one</u> (Luke 5:14 ULB)
|
||||
>He instructed him <u>to tell no one</u> (Luke 5:14 ULB)
|
||||
|
||||
* **to tell no one** - This can be translated as a direct quote: "Do not tell anyone" There is implied information that can also be stated explicitly (AT): "do not tell anyone that you have been healed" (See: [Direct and Indirect Quotations](../figs-quotations/01.md) and [Ellipsis](../figs-ellipsis/01.md))
|
||||
|
||||
Here the translationNote shows how to change the indirect quote to a direct quote, in case that would be clearer or more natural in the target language.
|
||||
|
||||
> At the time of the harvest <u>I will say to the reapers, "First pull out the weeds and tie them in bundles to burn them, but gather the wheat into my barn</u>." (Matthew 13:30 ULB)
|
||||
>At the time of the harvest <u>I will say to the reapers, "First pull out the weeds and tie them in bundles to burn them, but gather the wheat into my barn</u>." (Matthew 13:30 ULB)
|
||||
|
||||
* **I will say to the reapers, "First pull out the weeds and tie them in bundles to burn them, but gather the wheat into my barn"** - You can translate this as an indirect quote: "I will tell the reapers to first gather up the weeds and tie them in bundles to burn them, then gather the wheat into my barn." (See: [Direct and Indirect Quotations](../figs-quotations/01.md))
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Sometimes there are notes for a phrase and separate notes for portions of that p
|
|||
|
||||
### Translation Notes Examples
|
||||
|
||||
> <u>But it is to the extent of your hardness and unrepentant heart</u> that you are storing up for yourself wrath in the day of wrath (Romans 2:5 ULB)
|
||||
><u>But it is to the extent of your hardness and unrepentant heart</u> that you are storing up for yourself wrath in the day of wrath (Romans 2:5 ULB)
|
||||
|
||||
* **But it is to the extent of your hardness and unrepentant heart** - Paul uses a metaphor to compare a person who refuses to obey God to something hard, like a stone. He also uses the metonym "heart" to represent the whole person. AT: "It is because you refuse to listen and repent" (See: [Metaphor](../figs-metaphor/01.md) and [Metonymy](../figs-metonymy/01.md))
|
||||
* **hardness and unrepentant heart** - The phrase "unrepentant heart" explains the word "hardness" (See: [Doublet](../figs-doublet/01.md))
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -5,13 +5,13 @@ Some Notes provide a translation suggestion that can replace the word or phrase
|
|||
|
||||
### Translation Notes Examples
|
||||
|
||||
> Make ready <u>the way</u> of the Lord, (Luke 3:4 ULB)
|
||||
>Make ready <u>the way</u> of the Lord, (Luke 3:4 ULB)
|
||||
|
||||
* **the way** - "the path" or "the road"
|
||||
|
||||
In this example, the words "the path" or the words "the road" can replace the words "the way" in the ULB. You can decide whether it is natural to say "way," "path," or "road" in your language.
|
||||
|
||||
> <u>Deacons, likewise</u>, should be dignified, not double-talkers. (1 Timothy 3:8 ULB)
|
||||
><u>Deacons, likewise</u>, should be dignified, not double-talkers. (1 Timothy 3:8 ULB)
|
||||
|
||||
* **Deacons, likewise** - "In the same way, deacons" or "Deacons, like overseers"
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ This is a list of the Hebrew months with information about them that may be help
|
|||
|
||||
<blockquote> You are going out of Egypt on this day, in <u>the month of Abib</u>. (Exodus 13:4 ULB) </blockquote>
|
||||
|
||||
> You must eat unleavened bread from twilight of the fourteenth day <u>in the first month of the year</u>, until twilight of the twenty-first day of the month. (Exodus 12:18 ULB)
|
||||
>You must eat unleavened bread from twilight of the fourteenth day <u>in the first month of the year</u>, until twilight of the twenty-first day of the month. (Exodus 12:18 ULB)
|
||||
|
||||
### Translation Strategies
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -34,16 +34,16 @@ Different languages have different ways of presenting these kinds of information
|
|||
|
||||
1. To give a comment about what happened in the story
|
||||
|
||||
> Many who practiced magical arts brought their books together and burned them in the sight of everyone. When they counted the value of them, it was fifty thousand pieces of silver. <u>So the word of the Lord spread very widely in powerful ways.</u> (Acts 19:19-20 ULB)
|
||||
>Many who practiced magical arts brought their books together and burned them in the sight of everyone. When they counted the value of them, it was fifty thousand pieces of silver. <u>So the word of the Lord spread very widely in powerful ways.</u> (Acts 19:19-20 ULB)
|
||||
|
||||
1. To tell the reader what happens to a specific character after the main part of the story ends
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> Mary said,"My soul praises the Lord, and my spirit has rejoiced in God my savior..." <u>Mary stayed with Elizabeth about three months and then returned to her house.</u> (Luke 1:46-47, 56 ULB)
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>Mary said,"My soul praises the Lord, and my spirit has rejoiced in God my savior..." <u>Mary stayed with Elizabeth about three months and then returned to her house.</u> (Luke 1:46-47, 56 ULB)
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1. To tell on-going action that continues after the main part of the story ends
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> All who heard it were amazed at what was spoken to them by the shepherds. <u>But Mary kept thinking about all the things she had heard, treasuring them in her heart.</u> (Luke 2:18-19 ULB)
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>All who heard it were amazed at what was spoken to them by the shepherds. <u>But Mary kept thinking about all the things she had heard, treasuring them in her heart.</u> (Luke 2:18-19 ULB)
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1. To tell what happens after the story as a result of the events that happened in the story itself
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> "Woe to you teachers of Jewish laws, because you have taken away the key of knowledge; you do not enter in yourselves, and you hinder those who are entering." <u>After Jesus left there, the scribes and the Pharisees opposed him and argued with him about many things, trying to trap him in his own words.</u> (Luke 11:52-54 ULB)
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>"Woe to you teachers of Jewish laws, because you have taken away the key of knowledge; you do not enter in yourselves, and you hinder those who are entering." <u>After Jesus left there, the scribes and the Pharisees opposed him and argued with him about many things, trying to trap him in his own words.</u> (Luke 11:52-54 ULB)
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@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ When your people tell about events, what information do they give at the beginni
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The verses above introduce a story about Zechariah. The first underlined phrase tells when it happened, and the next two underlined phrases introduce the main people. The next two verses go on to explain that Zechariah and Elizabeth were old and did not have any children. All of this is the setting. Then the phrase "One day" in Luke 1:8 helps to introduce the first event in this story:
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> <u>One day</u> while Zechariah was performing his duties as a priest before God in the order of his division, the priests followed their custom and chose him by lot to enter the temple of the Lord and burn incense. (Luke 1:8-9 ULB)
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><u>One day</u> while Zechariah was performing his duties as a priest before God in the order of his division, the priests followed their custom and chose him by lot to enter the temple of the Lord and burn incense. (Luke 1:8-9 ULB)
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><u>The birth of Jesus Christ happened in the following way.</u> His mother Mary was engaged to marry Joseph, but before they came together, she was found to be pregnant by the Holy Spirit. (Matthew 1:18 ULB)
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@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ The underlined phrase above shows that John the Baptist came preaching around th
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The word "then" shows that Jesus came to the Jordan River some time after the events in the previous verses.
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> Now there was a <u>Pharisee whose name was Nicodemus, a member of the Jewish Council</u>. This man came to Jesus at night time (John 3:1-2 ULB)
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>Now there was a <u>Pharisee whose name was Nicodemus, a member of the Jewish Council</u>. This man came to Jesus at night time (John 3:1-2 ULB)
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The author first introduced the new person and then told about what he did and when he did it. In some languages it might be more natural to tell about the time first.
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@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ A new participant who is not the most important one is often introduced in relat
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>There was a man from Zorah, of the family of the Danites, whose name was Manoah. <u>His wife</u> was not able to become pregnant and so she had not given birth. (Judges 13:2 ULB)
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Sometimes a new participant is introduced simply by name because the author assumes that the readers know who the person is. In the first verse of 1 Kings, the author assumes that his readers know who King David is, so there is no need to explain who he is.
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> When King David was very old, they covered him with blankets, but he could not keep warm. (1 Kings 1:1 ULB)
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>When King David was very old, they covered him with blankets, but he could not keep warm. (1 Kings 1:1 ULB)
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#### Old Participants
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@ -31,10 +31,10 @@ A person who has already been brought into the story can be referred to with a p
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><u>His</u> wife was not able to become pregnant and so <u>she</u> had not given birth. (Judges 13:2 ULB)
|
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Old participants can also be referred to in other ways, depending on what is happening in the story. In the example below, the story is about bearing a son, and Manoah's wife is referred to with the noun phrase "the woman."
|
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> The angel of Yahweh appeared to <u>the woman</u> and said to her, (Judges 13:3 ULB)
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>The angel of Yahweh appeared to <u>the woman</u> and said to her, (Judges 13:3 ULB)
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If the old participant has not been mentioned for a while, or if there could be confusion between participants, the author may use the participant's name again. In the example below, Manoah is referred to with his name, which the author has not used since verse 2.
|
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> Then <u>Manoah</u> prayed to Yahweh... (Judges 13:8 ULB)
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||||
>Then <u>Manoah</u> prayed to Yahweh... (Judges 13:8 ULB)
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Some languages have something on the verb that tells something about the subject. In some of those languages people do not always use noun phrases or pronouns for old participants when they are the subject of the sentence. The marker on the verb gives enough information for the listener to understand who the subject is. (see [Verbs](../figs-verbs/01.md))
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@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
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||||
When we talk or write, we use pronouns to refer to people or things without always having to repeat the noun or name. Usually the first time we refer to someone in a story, we use a descriptive phrase or a name. The next time we might refer to that person with a simple noun or by name. After that we might refer to him simply with a pronoun, as long as we think that our listeners will be able to understand easily to whom the pronoun refers.
|
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> Now there was <u>a Pharisee whose name was Nicodemus, a member of the Jewish Council</u>. <u>This man</u> came to Jesus ... Jesus replied to <u>him</u> (John 3:1-3 ULB)
|
||||
>Now there was <u>a Pharisee whose name was Nicodemus, a member of the Jewish Council</u>. <u>This man</u> came to Jesus ... Jesus replied to <u>him</u> (John 3:1-3 ULB)
|
||||
|
||||
In John 3, Nicodemus is first referred to with noun phrases and his name. Then he is referred to with the noun phrase "this man." Then he is referred to with the pronoun "him."
|
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||||
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@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ In the example below, two men are named in the first sentence. It might not be c
|
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|
||||
Jesus is the main character of the book of Matthew, but in the verses below he is referred to four times by name. This may lead speakers of some languages to think that Jesus is not the main character. Or it might lead them to think that there is more than one person named Jesus in this story. Or it might lead them to think that there is some kind of emphasis on him, even though there is no emphasis.
|
||||
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||||
> At that time <u>Jesus</u> went on the Sabbath day through the grainfields. <u>His</u> disciples were hungry and began to pluck heads of grain and eat them. But when the Pharisees saw that, they said to <u>Jesus</u>, "See, your disciples do what is unlawful to do on the Sabbath."
|
||||
>At that time <u>Jesus</u> went on the Sabbath day through the grainfields. <u>His</u> disciples were hungry and began to pluck heads of grain and eat them. But when the Pharisees saw that, they said to <u>Jesus</u>, "See, your disciples do what is unlawful to do on the Sabbath."
|
||||
>But <u>Jesus</u> said to them, "Have you never read what David did, when he was hungry, and the men who were with him? ..."
|
||||
>Then <u>Jesus</u> left from there and went into their synagogue. (Matthew 12:1-9 ULB)
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ Jesus is the main character of the book of Matthew, but in the verses below he i
|
|||
|
||||
1. If repeating a noun or name would lead people to think that a main character is not a main character, or that the writer is talking about more than one person with that name, or that there is some kind of emphasis on someone when there is no emphasis, use a pronoun instead.
|
||||
|
||||
> **At that time <u>Jesus</u> went on the Sabbath day through the grain fields. <u>His</u> disciples were hungry and began to pluck heads of grain and eat them. But when the Pharisees saw that, they said to <u>Jesus</u> , "See, your disciples do what is unlawful to do on the Sabbath."**
|
||||
>**At that time <u>Jesus</u> went on the Sabbath day through the grain fields. <u>His</u> disciples were hungry and began to pluck heads of grain and eat them. But when the Pharisees saw that, they said to <u>Jesus</u> , "See, your disciples do what is unlawful to do on the Sabbath."**
|
||||
>**But <u>Jesus</u> said to them, "Have you never read what David did, when he was hungry, and the men who were with him? ...**
|
||||
>**Then <u>Jesus</u> left from there and went into their synagogue.** (Matthew 12:1-9 ULB)
|
||||
|
||||
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Reference in New Issue