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Scripture updates

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Henry Whitney 2018-10-03 16:16:48 -04:00
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translate/writing-participants/01.md
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### Description
The first time that people or things are mentioned in a story, they are <u>new participants</u>. After that, whenever they are mentioned, they are <u>old participants</u>.
>Now <u>there was a Pharisee whose name was Nicodemus</u>... <u>This man</u> came to Jesus at night time... Jesus replied to <u>him</u> (John 3:1)
>Now <u>there was a Pharisee whose name was Nicodemus</u>.... <u>This man</u> came to Jesus at night.... Jesus replied to <u>him</u>. (John 3:1-3)
The first underlined phrase introduces Nicodemus as a new participant. He is then referred to as "This man" and "him" when he is an old participant.
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#### New Participants
Often the most important new participant is introduced with a phrase that says that he existed, such as "There was a man" in the example below. The phrase "There was" tells us that this man existed. The word "a" in "a man" tells us that the author is speaking about him for the first time. The rest of the sentence tells where this man was from, who is family was, and what his name was.
><u>There was a man</u> from Zorah, of the family of the Danites, whose name was Manoah. (Judges 13:2 ULB)
><u>There was a man</u> from Zorah, of the clan of the Danites, whose name was Manoah. (Judges 13:2 ULB)
A new participant who is not the most important one is often introduced in relation to the more important person who was already introduced. In the example below, Manoah's wife is simply referred to as "his wife." This phrase shows her relationship to him.
>There was a man from Zorah, of the family of the Danites, whose name was Manoah. <u>His wife</u> was not able to become pregnant and so she had not given birth. (Judges 13:2 ULB)
>There was a man from Zorah, of the clan of the Danites, whose name was Manoah. <u>His wife</u> was not able to become pregnant and so she had not given birth. (Judges 13:2 ULB)
Sometimes a new participant is introduced simply by name because the author assumes that the readers know who the person is. In the first verse of 1 Kings, the author assumes that his readers know who King David is, so there is no need to explain who he is.
>When King David was very old, they covered him with blankets, but he could not keep warm. (1 Kings 1:1 ULB)
>When King David was old and advanced in years, they covered him with blankets, but he could not keep warm. (1 Kings 1:1 ULB)
#### Old Participants
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><u>His</u> wife was not able to become pregnant and so <u>she</u> had not given birth. (Judges 13:2 ULB)
Old participants can also be referred to in other ways, depending on what is happening in the story. In the example below, the story is about bearing a son, and Manoah's wife is referred to with the noun phrase "the woman."
>The angel of Yahweh appeared to <u>the woman</u> and said to her, (Judges 13:3 ULB)
>The angel of Yahweh appeared to <u>the woman</u>. (Judges 13:3 ULB)
If the old participant has not been mentioned for a while, or if there could be confusion between participants, the author may use the participant's name again. In the example below, Manoah is referred to with his name, which the author has not used since verse 2.
>Then <u>Manoah</u> prayed to Yahweh... (Judges 13:8 ULB)
>Then <u>Manoah</u> prayed to Yahweh. (Judges 13:8 ULB)
Some languages have something on the verb that tells something about the subject. In some of those languages people do not always use noun phrases or pronouns for old participants when they are the subject of the sentence. The marker on the verb gives enough information for the listener to understand who the subject is. (see [Verbs](../figs-verbs/01.md))
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1. If the participant is new, use one of your language's ways of introducing new participants.
* **Joseph, a Levite, a man from Cyprus, was given the name Barnabas by the apostles (that is, being interpreted, Son of encouragement).** (Acts 4:36-37 ULB) - Starting the sentence with Joseph's name when he has not been introduced yet might be confusing in some languages.
* There was a man from Cyprus who was a Levite. His name was Joseph, and he was given the name Barnabas by the apostles (that is, being interpreted, Son of encouragement).
* There was a Levite from Cyprus whose name was Joseph. The apostles gave him the name Barnabas, which means Son of encouragement.
* **Joseph, whom the apostles called Barnabas (which means Son of Encouragement), a Levite, a man from Cyprus, sold a field.** (Acts 4:36-37 ULB).
Starting the sentence with Joseph's name when he has not been introduced yet might be confusing in some languages.
* There was a man from Cyprus who was a Levite. His name was Joseph, and he was given the name Barnabas by the apostles (that is, being interpreted, Son of encouragement).
* There was a Levite from Cyprus whose name was Joseph. The apostles gave him the name Barnabas, which means Son of encouragement.
1. If it is not clear who a pronoun refers to, use a noun phrase or name.
* **It happened when <u>he</u> finished praying in a certain place, that one of his disciples said, "Lord, teach us to pray just as John taught his disciples."** (Luke 11:1 ULB) - Since this is the first verse in a chapter, readers might wonder who "he" refers to.
* It happened when <u>Jesus</u> finished praying in a certain place, that one of his disciples said, "Lord, teach us to pray just as John taught his disciples.
If the first verse in a chapter contains only pronouns, readers might wonder whom they refer to.
* **Then <u>he</u> spoke a parable to <u>them</u> about how they should always pray and not become discouraged.** (Luke 11:1 ULB)
* Then <u>Jesus</u> spoke a parable to <u>his disciples</u> about how they should always pray and not become discouraged.
1. If an old participant is referred to by name or a noun phrase, and people wonder if this is another new participant, try using a pronoun instead. If a pronoun is not needed because people would understand it clearly from the context, then leave out the pronoun.
* **<u>Joseph's</u> master took <u>Joseph</u> and put <u>him</u> in prison, in the place where all the king's prisoners were put, and <u>Joseph</u> stayed there.** (Genesis 39:20 ULB) - Since Joseph is the main person in the story, some languages might find it unnatural or confusing to use his name so much. They might prefer a pronoun.
* Joseph's master took <u>him</u> and put <u>him</u> in prison, in the place where all the king's prisoners were put, and <u>he</u> stayed there in the prison.
* **Now Boaz went up to the gate and sat down there. Soon, the near kinsman of whom <u>Boaz</u> had spoken came by. <u>Boaz</u> said to <u>him</u>....** (Ruth 4:1 ULB)
Since Boaz is the main person in this part of the story, some languages might find it unnatural or confusing to use his name so much. They might prefer a pronoun.
* Now Boaz went up to the gate and sat down there. Soon, the near kinsman of whom <u>he</u> had spoken came by. <u>He</u> said to the kinsman....