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# Haggai 01 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter.
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Farming imagery
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Scripture frequently uses the imagery of farming in reference to spiritual matters. The statement "You have sown much seed, but bring in little harvest" indicates that they had done a lot but have very little to show for it. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/seed]])
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## Links:
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* __[Haggai 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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* __[Haggai intro](../front/intro.md)__
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__| [>>](../02/intro.md)__
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# Haggai 02 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 2:3-9, 21-23.
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### Important figures of speech in this chapter
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#### Unclean
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Haggai uses an extended metaphor in this chapter related to ritual cleanliness. While the Jews were not unclean by nature as the Gentiles were, their actions made them unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]])
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## Links:
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* __[Haggai 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../01/intro.md) | __
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# Introduction to Haggai
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## Part 1: General Introduction
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### Outline of Haggai
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1. The people must finish the temple for Yahweh to bless them again (1:1–15)
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1. This temple will be more glorious than the first temple (2:1–9)
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1. Yahweh will bless a defiled people (2:10–19)
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1. Yahweh will defeat the nations and establish his ruler (2:20–23)
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### What is the Book of Haggai about?
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The people of Israel lacked food and warm clothes. The prophet Haggai told them it was because they were not obeying Yahweh. If they would listen to him and start rebuilding the temple, then Yahweh would send rain and bless them again. The people listened and began to work on the temple. Yahweh encouraged the people, the priests, and the leaders. He told them that he was with them and would bless them.
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### How should the title of this book be translated?
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This book traditionally has been titled "Haggai" or "The Book of Haggai." Translators may decide to call it "The Sayings of Haggai." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]])
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### Who wrote the Book of Haggai?
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The prophet Haggai wrote this book. He wrote it after the exiles returned from Babylon. They returned during the reign of the Persian king Darius I. Haggai probably gave all the prophesies in this book during a four-month period of time.
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Very little is known about Haggai. He lived at the same time as the prophet Zechariah.
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## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts
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### Did Haggai prophesy before Ezra and Nehemiah?
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It is likely that Haggai prophesied before the time of Ezra and Nehemiah.
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## Part 3: Important Translation Issues
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### What does "consider your ways" mean?
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Yahweh told the people to "consider your ways" several times in this book. This means that he wants them to think carefully about how they have lived and behaved.
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# Zechariah 01 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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This chapter is written in prose mainly with imagery used throughout to portray Zechariah's vision given by the Lord.
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Some translations prefer to set apart quotations. The ULB and many other English translations set lines 1:3-6, 14-17, which are extended quotations, farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text.
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Visions
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This book contains a number of visions given to Zechariah, so the images are not ones Zechariah actually saw but were given to him in a vision or dream. It is important for each of these visions to keep their meanings and not be interpreted to mean any specific thing.
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### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
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#### Date
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Zechariah uses two separate dates in this first chapter. When compared to the book of Haggai, Zechariah's prophecy was proclaimed just a few weeks after Haggai. However, they prophesied in two different places: Haggai was in Jerusalem and Zechariah was somewhere outside of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])
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## Links:
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* __[Zechariah 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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* __[Zechariah intro](../front/intro.md)__
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__| [>>](../02/intro.md)__
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# Zechariah 02 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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This chapter is introduced in prose with imagery used in the rest of the chapter to portray Zechariah's third vision about measuring lines given by the Lord.
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Some translations prefer to set apart quotations. The ULB and many other English translations set the lines of 2:4-13, which are extended quotations, farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text.
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Visions
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This book contains a number of visions given to Zechariah so the images are not ones Zechariah actually saw but were given to him in a vision or dream. It is important for each of these visions to keep their meanings and not be interpreted to mean any specific thing. Please be careful to translate each of the terms in your language.
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### Important figures of speech in this chapter
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#### "This is Yahweh's declaration"
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This phrase is used several times in this chapter. The UDB often translates this as "Yahweh says."
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## Links:
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* __[Zechariah 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../01/intro.md) | [>>](../03/intro.md)__
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# Zechariah 03 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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This chapter is introduced in prose and shares the fourth vision, which is the priest in dirty clothes. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]])
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Some translations prefer to set apart quotations. The ULB and many other English translations set the lines of 3:7-9, which is an extended quotation, farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text.
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### Difficult concepts in this chapter
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#### Visions
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It is important for each of these visions to keep their meanings and not be interpreted to mean any specific thing.
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### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
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#### The high priest
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This chapter seems to refer to a particular person, Joshua the high priest. However, little is known about him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/highpriest]])
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## Links:
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* __[Zechariah 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../02/intro.md) | [>>](../04/intro.md)__
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# Zechariah 04 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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This chapter is written mainly in prose about the fifth vision, which is about the golden lampstand olive trees.
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Visions
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This chapter shows a conversation between Zechariah and the angel of Yahweh. It is important for each of these visions to keep their meanings and not be interpreted to mean any specific thing.
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## Links:
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* __[Zechariah 04:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../03/intro.md) | [>>](../05/intro.md)__
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# Zechariah 05 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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This chapter contains the next two visions. One is about a flying scroll and one is about the basket filled with iniquity. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/iniquity]])
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## Links:
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* __[Zechariah 05:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../04/intro.md) | [>>](../06/intro.md)__
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# Zechariah 06 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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This chapter is written mainly in prose and tells the last vision of the four chariots in the first part of the chapter.
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Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetic song in 6:12-13.
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Crown
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The second part of the chapter is about a crown made for the high priest. This is an actual person, but the meaning of the word "branch" should be translated as his name. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/highpriest]])
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### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
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#### Meaning of the visions
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The visions are stated and even when the prophet asked for an explanation, their true meaning is often obscure. This uncertainty should remain in your translation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])
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## Links:
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* __[Zechariah 06:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../05/intro.md) | [>>](../07/intro.md)__
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# Zechariah 07 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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This chapter starts about two years after the previous chapter and is written in prose.
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Some translations prefer to set apart quotations. The ULB and many other English translations set the lines of 7:4-14, which is an extended quotation, farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text.
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Fasting
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This chapter discusses fasting. People were asking the same questions as those from previous generations. The Israelites were asking these same questions before they were exiled from their land.
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## Links:
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* __[Zechariah 07:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../06/intro.md) | [>>](../08/intro.md)__
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# Zechariah 08 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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This chapter is a series of sayings from Yahweh of hosts. Each saying is an encouraging note for those returning from the exile to the land of Judah and Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/yahwehofhosts]])
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## Links:
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* __[Zechariah 08:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../07/intro.md) | [>>](../09/intro.md)__
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# Zechariah 09 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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This chapter is written mainly in prose about the cities and peoples around where Israel stood as a country until the exile.
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Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetic song in 9:9-10.
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Prophecies against other nations
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The first two verses show that the prophecy concerns neighboring countries. Hamath, Damscus, Tyre and Sidon are cities in areas that were near Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])
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## Links:
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* __[Zechariah 09:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../08/intro.md) | [>>](../10/intro.md)__
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# Zechariah 10 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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This chapter is written mainly in prose but still uses figurative language as the writer shares a message of redemption and hope for the exiles. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/redeem]])
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Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetic song in 10:1-2.
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Redemption
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This book, and especially this chapter, uses the concepts of redemption and remnant to share the relationship that the people of Judah have with their God. So many of the people of Israel perished as their kingdom went into exile. Now they are returning to the land, but the land is no longer theirs. They are living under foreign rule. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/redeem]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/remnant]])
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## Links:
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* __[Zechariah 10:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../09/intro.md) | [>>](../11/intro.md)__
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# Zechariah 11 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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This chapter unlike the previous one is a warning against the leaders amongst the exiles.
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Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetic song in 11:1-3, 17.
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### Important figures of speech in this chapter
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#### Metaphor
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This chapter uses an extended metaphor of sheep and shepherds to represent Yahweh's dismay at the leaders during the exiles. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
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#### Symbolism
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The writer uses symbolism. Zechariah is told to become a shepherd. He uses two staffs and names them "Unity" and "Favor." He does this very purposefully. In order to preserve this symbolism, it is important to pay attention to the specific words used. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/favor]])
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## Links:
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* __[Zechariah 11:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../10/intro.md) | [>>](../12/intro.md)__
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# Zechariah 12 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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Similar to chapter 11, this chapter is written mainly in prose and is talking about Jerusalem.
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Prophecy
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Verses 10-11 are quoted in the New Testament and apply to Jesus's death on the cross. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/cross]])
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## Links:
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* __[Zechariah 12:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../11/intro.md) | [>>](../13/intro.md)__
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# Zechariah 13 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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This chapter is written partly in prose and partly in poetry.
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Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetic song in 13:7-9.
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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Zechariah often speaks of the last days by using the phrase "that day" or "in that day." When referencing a future "day," the translator should be aware that it is possible that the author is speaking about the last days. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]])
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## Links:
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* __[Zechariah 13:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../12/intro.md) | [>>](../14/intro.md)__
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# Zechariah 14 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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This chapter is written in prose about Jerusalem during the last days. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]])
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Last days
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Zechariah often speaks of the last days by using the phrase "that day" or "in that day." When referencing a future "day," the translator should be aware that it is possible that the author is speaking about the last days.
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## Links:
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* __[Zechariah 14:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../13/intro.md) | __
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# Introduction to Zechariah
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## Part 1: General Introduction
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### Outline of the Book of Zechariah
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1. Zechariah calls the returning nation of Israel to repent and return to Yahweh (1:1–6)
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1. The eight night visions (1:7-6:8)
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- Yahweh sends his messengers throughout the whole earth (1:7–17)
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- Four horns and four craftsmen (1:18–21)
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- The measuring line (2:1–13)
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- The priest in filthy clothes (3:1–10)
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- The golden lampstand olive trees (4:1–14)
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- The flying scroll (5:1–4)
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- The woman in a basket (5:5–11)
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- Four chariots (6:1–8)
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1. A crown for the high priest (6:9–15)
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1. Questions about fasting (7:1–8:23)
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1. Yahweh judges the nations and saves his people (9:1–11:17)
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1. Final message (12:1-14:21)
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- Yahweh will finally defeat Israel's enemies (12:1-9)
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- Israel mourns for the one they pierced (12:10-14)
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- Yahweh purifies Israel and removes false prophets (13:1-6)
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- Yahweh comes as king (14:1–21)
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### What is the Book of Zechariah about?
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Zechariah wrote to the people of Judah who returned from being exiled in Babylon. The people of Judah continued to sin, as their ancestors did before they went into exile. Zechariah called the people to repent and to obey Yahweh. And he called them to renew the covenant with Yahweh. Zechariah also prophesied about the Messiah and about Israel finally being victorious over her enemies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])
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### How should the title of this book be translated?
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This book traditionally has been titled "Zechariah" or "The Book of Zechariah." Translators may decide to call it the "The Book About Zechariah" or "The Sayings of Zechariah." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]])
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### Who wrote the Book of Zechariah?
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The prophet Zechariah wrote this book between 520 and 518 B.C.
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## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts
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### Did Zechariah prophesy before Ezra, Nehemiah, and Haggai?
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Zechariah prophesied before the time of Ezra and Nehemiah. He prophesied at the same time as Haggai and continued after Haggai.
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## Part 3: Important Translation Issues
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### What is the meaning of the term "Israel"?
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The name "Israel" is used in many different ways in the Bible. Jacob was a son of Isaac. God changed Jacob's name to Israel. The descendants of Jacob became a nation also called Israel. Eventually, the nation of Israel split into two kingdoms. The northern kingdom was named Israel. The southern kingdom was named Judah. Zechariah uses the term "Israel" to refer to both the nation of Israel and the northern kingdom of Israel.
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### What imagery does Zechariah use in reference to the Messiah?
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Zechariah presented the Messiah as both a king and a shepherd. Zechariah said that the Messiah would come and deliver his people. However, the Messiah would also be pierced (12:10) and struck with the sword (13:7). (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])
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### What does the phrase "that day" mean?
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Zechariah often spoke of the last days by using the phrase "that day" or "in that day." When referring to a future "day," the translator should be aware that the author may be speaking about the last days. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]])
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