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# Daniel 01 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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#### Training for government jobs
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Daniel, Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego were chosen to be trained for service in the Babylonian kingdom. It was not unusual for foreigners to be given positions in the Babylonian government as advisors or cultural ambassadors.
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Food laws
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The food from the king included things the Jews were not allowed to eat according to the law of Moses. Daniel requested permission not to eat the king's food. He proved to the king that this food was not necessary for good health. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])
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## Links:
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* __[Daniel 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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* __[Daniel intro](../front/intro.md)__
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__| [>>](../02/intro.md)__
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# Daniel 02 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in Daniel's prayer in 2:20-23.
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### The king's dream
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Daniel told the king's dream and what the dream meant. In the ancient Near East, it was believed that only people in touch with the gods could interpret dreams. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]])
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#### How Daniel knew the dream
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Daniel gave Yahweh the honor for having told him the dream and its meaning in answer to the prayers of the four men.
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## Links:
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* __[Daniel 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../01/intro.md) | [>>](../03/intro.md)__
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# Daniel 03 General Notes
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### The king's new idol
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Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego refused to worship the new idol. In the ancient Near East, refusing to worship the king was a sign of rebellion against the king. It was often considered the crime of treason. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sign]])
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#### The furnace
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There was a fourth person with them in the furnace, and because of this they were not hurt. Most scholars believe this to be Jesus before he was born.
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## Links:
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* __[Daniel 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../02/intro.md) | [>>](../04/intro.md)__
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# Daniel 04 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 4:3 and 4:34-35.
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### The king becomes insane
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The king became insane until he realized that Yahweh was the ruler over everyone, including him.
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## Links:
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* __[Daniel 04:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../03/intro.md) | [>>](../05/intro.md)__
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# Daniel 05 General Notes
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### The writing on the wall
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God told the new king that he had failed and God was replacing him, showing that God is the real ruler over everything, even kingdoms that do not worship him.
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### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
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#### Mene, Mene, Tekel, Upharsin
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These are words in Aramaic. Daniel "transliterates" these words by writing them with Hebrew letters, and then he explains their meanings. In the ULB and UDB they are written with English letters. Translators are encouraged to write them using the letters of the target language alphabet.
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## Links:
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* __[Daniel 05:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../04/intro.md) | [>>](../06/intro.md)__
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# Daniel 06 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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Some translations set the content of letters farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULB does this with the letter in 6:25-27.
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Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in the letter in 6:26-27.
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Daniel and the lions
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Daniel was thrown into the lions' den for praying to Yahweh, but Yahweh protected him and the lions did not hurt him at all.
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## Links:
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* __[Daniel 06:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../05/intro.md) | [>>](../07/intro.md)__
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# Daniel 07 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 7:9-10, 13-14, and 23-27.
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### The four beasts
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There will be four successive kingdoms before Yahweh sets up his eternal kingdom. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]])
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#### The Son of Man
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God will give the Son of Man an eternal kingdom and he will judge people from the books. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofman]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]])
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## Links:
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* __[Daniel 07:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../06/intro.md) | [>>](../08/intro.md)__
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# Daniel 08 General Notes
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### The vision of the ram and the male goat
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Although specific interpretation of this vision is not given, most scholars believe Daniel saw Greece overthrowing Media-Persia before breaking up into four kingdoms. One of these kingdoms stopped the temple worship for a while and then it was restored. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]])
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## Links:
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* __[Daniel 08:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../07/intro.md) | [>>](../09/intro.md)__
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# Daniel 09 General Notes
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Daniel told the future
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Gabriel told Daniel a prophecy that Jerusalem would be rebuilt. Then later an anointed person would be killed and the worship at the temple stopped. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/anoint]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])
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#### The unusual expression of numbers in 9:24-26
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This passage uses the expressions "seventy sevens of years," "seven sevens and sixty-two sevens," and "sixty-two sevens of years" to denote "490 years," "49 years and then 434 years," and "434 years," respectively. The original language uses the idea of a "week" to express the idea of a group of sevens, but these numbers are clearly meant to denote years, not weeks. Most translators should use the ways normal in their languages to express these numbers.
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## Links:
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* __[Daniel 09:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../08/intro.md) | [>>](../10/intro.md)__
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# Daniel 10 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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This chapter begins a section where Daniel is given a prophecy about the future from an angel. This section continues for the remainder of the book. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])
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## Links:
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* __[Daniel 10:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../09/intro.md) | [>>](../11/intro.md)__
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# Daniel 11 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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The final prophecy continues in this chapter. The kings of the North and of the South will fight many wars against each other. The king of the South is probably a reference to Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])
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## Links:
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* __[Daniel 11:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../10/intro.md) | [>>](../12/intro.md)__
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# Daniel 12 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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The final prophecy concludes in this chapter. It tells about the future resurrection of the dead and the final judgment. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/resurrection]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judgmentday]])
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## Links:
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* __[Daniel 12:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../11/intro.md) | __
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# Introduction to Daniel
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## Part 1: General Introduction
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### Outline of Daniel
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1. Daniel and his friends in the court of Nebuchadnezzar (1:1–21)
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1. Daniel interprets Nebuchadnezzar's first dream (2:1–49)
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1. Daniel's friends delivered from the fiery furnace (3:1–30)
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1. Daniel interprets Nebuchadnezzar's second dream (4:1–37)
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1. Belshazzar's feast and the writing on the wall (5:1-31)
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1. Daniel in the den of lions (6:1–28)
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1. Daniel's vision of four beasts (7:1–28)
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1. Daniel's vision of a ram and a goat (8:1–27)
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1. Daniel prays and Gabriel answers (9:1–23)
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1. Daniel's vision of seventy weeks (9:24–27)
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1. Daniel's vision of a man (10:1–11:1)
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1. The kings of the south and north (11:2–20)
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1. An evil king exalts himself (11:21-39)
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1. The time of the end (11:40–12:13)
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### What is the Book of Daniel about?
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The first part of the Book of Daniel (chapters 1–6) is a narrative about Daniel and his friends. They were young men from Jerusalem who were taken to Babylon as prisoners. These chapters tell how they were faithful to Yahweh while living in a pagan land serving a pagan king. And it tells how God rewarded them because they were faithful.
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The rest of the Book of Daniel is a series of prophetic visions. Chapters 7 and 8 deal with images representing the kingdoms and kings of the major nations. Chapters 9–11 are prophecies and visions about wars and a type of the great enemy of God appearing. Chapter 12 is a vision that describes end times.
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### How should the title of this book be translated?
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The traditional title of this book is "The Book of Daniel" or just "Daniel." Translators may call it "The Book About Daniel" or "The Book About the Deeds and Visions of Daniel." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]])
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### Who wrote the Book of Daniel?
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Daniel was a Jew who became a Babylonian government official during the exile. He may have written the book himself. Or he may have written the parts of the book and someone else put the parts together at a later time.
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## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts
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### Why do Daniel and his friends each have two names?
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Daniel, Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah were four men from Judah. Their names were Hebrew names. When the king of Babylon forced them to go to Babylon, his chief official gave them Babylonian names: Belteshazzar, Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego. In chapters 1 and 2, Daniel’s friends are primarily called by their Hebrew names. Chapters 3 and 4 tell about their interactions with the Babylonian king, and in those chapters their Babylonian names are used. Throughout the book Daniel refers to himself with his Hebrew name, but in chapters 4, 5, and 10, he also mentions his Babylonian name several times.
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### Is there a missing week in Daniel's prophecy?
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Scholars disagree about what may appear to be a missing week in 9:24-27. It is best for translators to allow apparent mysteries such as this to remain in the text. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/writing-apocalypticwriting]])
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### When did the seventy weeks begin?
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The seventy weeks in 9:24-27 began when a decree was issued to rebuild the city of Jerusalem. But there were several decrees that allowed this to happen. Translators do not need to understand how prophecies were or will be fulfilled to translate the text.
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### Who was Darius the Mede?
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Darius the Mede was a Babylonian king who sent Daniel into a den of lions. People have not found his name in history outside of the Book of Daniel. Scholars have tried to explain who Darius was, but they are not certain.
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## Part 3: Important Translation Issues
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### How does Daniel use the word "king"?
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Many kings are in the Book of Daniel, but not all of the kings ruled over all of Babylon or Persia. Some of the kings may have ruled over regions or cities.
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### Why is the book of Daniel longer in some Bibles than in others?
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The book of Daniel was first written in Hebrew and Aramaic. Later it was translated into Greek. The oldest Greek translation includes the following stories that the Hebrew and Aramaic version does not have: "The Prayer of Azariah," "The Song of the Three Holy Children," "Susanna and the Elders," and "Bel and the Dragon." These are not included in the Unlocked Literal Bible. However, if your church teaches that these stories should be included in the Bible, then you may translate them from versions of the Bible that include them.
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# Hosea 01 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 1:2-11.
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Hosea's marriage
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God does not approve of prostitution, but he told Hosea to marry a prostitute so that the message of Israel's unfaithfulness would be shown to the people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]])
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Hosea's marriage to Gomer is a metaphor for the kingdom of Israel's relationship to Yahweh. Israel was unfaithful to Yahweh and broke the covenant with him. Gomer was a woman who was unfaithful to her husband broke her marriage agreement with him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])
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### Important figures of speech in this chapter
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#### Metaphor
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Hosea 1-4 is controlled by a metaphor that Hosea lived out. He was personifying the relationship between Israel and Yahweh. Hosea played the part of Yahweh, and Gomer played the part of Israel.
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## Links:
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* __[Hosea 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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* __[Hosea intro](../front/intro.md)__
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__| [>>](../02/intro.md)__
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# Hosea 02 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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Some translations prefer to set apart quotations. The ULB and many other English translations set the lines of this chapter, which is poetry, farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. Hosea 1-2 is a single series forming one narrative.
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### Important figures of speech in this chapter
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#### Metaphor
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Many relationships are used in this chapter that are metaphors for the relationship between Israel and her God. Brother, sister, husband, wife, mother, and children are examples. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
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### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
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This chapter creates an abrupt change of address. The prophet is now addressing the children directly in the first few verses, but the whole chapter is written against Gomer as an illustration of Israel as an adulterous people. God uses Gomer as an illustration to teach the people of Israel how they should be faithful to him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/adultery]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]])
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## Links:
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* __[Hosea 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../01/intro.md) | [>>](../03/intro.md)__
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# Hosea 03 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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This chapter focuses on the meaning of the illustration of Hosea's marriage. It is a very short chapter written in prose to show the truth of Israel's relationship with Yahweh. After bearing a number of children for Hosea, Gomer leaves him and prostitutes herself with other men, showing little to no regard for their marriage covenant. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])
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### Important figures of speech in this chapter
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#### Metaphor
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||||||
|
This chapter contains a continuation of the metaphor played out in chapter 2. Hosea is told to go and buy his wife out of slavery. Gomer must have been captured and held as a slave due to her adulterous activity. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/adultery]])
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Links:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* __[Hosea 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
__[<<](../02/intro.md) | [>>](../04/intro.md)__
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
|
||||||
|
# Hosea 04 General Notes
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Structure and formatting
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
The author stops using the metaphor of a husband/wife relationship and begins using a new illustration using lawsuits. God is suing the people of Israel because of all the wrong they have done. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Special concepts in this chapter
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
#### Lawsuits
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Lawsuits are special cases where people go to court when they have a legal issue to resolve between them. Normally, one party is accusing another party of having done wrong.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Important figures of speech in this chapter
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
#### Metonymy
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Metonymy is used in the first few verses of this chapter. Metonymy is a figure of speech in which a thing or idea is called not by its own name, but by the name of something closely associated with it. Bloodshed is associated with murder. Stumbling represents sinning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Links:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* __[Hosea 04:01 Notes](./01.md)__
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
__[<<](../03/intro.md) | [>>](../05/intro.md)__
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
|
||||||
|
# Hosea 05 General Notes
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Structure and formatting
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
This chapter continues using the poetic form exclusively.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Special concepts in this chapter
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
The author uses Ephraim and Israel interchangeably. They both refer to the northern kingdom of Israel. Judah is also mentioned and refers to the southern kingdom of Judah. Benjamin is part of the southern kingdom of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]])
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Important figures of speech in this chapter
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
This chapter is full of metaphors and similes. The writer uses these figures of speech to show how Yahweh will treat his people for not obeying his instructions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]])
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Links:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* __[Hosea 05:01 Notes](./01.md)__
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
__[<<](../04/intro.md) | [>>](../06/intro.md)__
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
|
||||||
|
# Hosea 06 General Notes
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Structure and formatting
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
This chapter continues using the poetic form to show how Yahweh will still show mercy to his wayward people, the northern kingdom of Israel and the southern kingdom of Judah. Gilead is an area in the northern kingdom of Israel where several of the tribes lived. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]])
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Special concepts in this chapter
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
#### Change in speaker
|
||||||
|
There is a change in person from 6:1-3 to 6:4-11. In the first passage, the speaker is an anonymous Israelite, but in the rest of the chapter, the speaker is Yahweh.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Important figures of speech in this chapter
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
#### Metaphor
|
||||||
|
Throughout the chapter, the author uses the metaphor of prostitution to say that his people have abandoned him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Links:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* __[Hosea 06:01 Notes](./01.md)__
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
__[<<](../05/intro.md) | [>>](../07/intro.md)__
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
|
||||||
|
# Hosea 07 General Notes
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Structure and formatting
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
This chapter continues using poetic forms to speak of Yahweh's anger over the sin of the people. The people are not seeking Yahweh; they are seeking other gods and looking for salvation from other nations like Egypt and Assyria. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Important figures of speech in this chapter
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
#### Baking
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Baking of bread is an extended metaphor in this chapter. Yahweh uses various aspects of this activity to show his displeasure with their sins. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
#### Israel and Ephraim
|
||||||
|
This chapter begins by using two different names for the same group of people: Israel and Ephraim. It also mentions Samaria, which was the capital of the northern kingdom of Israel.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Links:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* __[Hosea 7:1](../../hos/07/01.md)__
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
__[<<](../06/intro.md) | [>>](../08/intro.md)__
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
|
||||||
|
# Hosea 08 General Notes
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Structure and formatting
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
This chapter continues to use the poetic form to communicate several other ways the people of Israel have sinned against God. First, Yahweh notes that they have set up a king without consulting him.
|
||||||
|
Next, they set up or reinstalled the golden calves of Samaria. Last, they were seeking help from other nations like Egypt and Assyria. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Special concepts in this chapter
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
This chapter contains some references to the "calf of Samaria." This most likely refers to an image that was set up by an earlier king of Israel. He did this in order to discourage his people from going to Jerusalem, which was part of the southern kingdom of Judah.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Links:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* __[Hosea 08:01 Notes](./01.md)__
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
__[<<](../07/intro.md) | [>>](../09/intro.md)__
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
|
||||||
|
# Hosea 09 General Notes
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Structure and formatting
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
The chapter is written in poetic form to speak of Yahweh's displeasure with Israel's sins. He is showing the many ways in which they do not honor him. The priests and kings do not understand how they have totally broken their covenant with Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Special concepts in this chapter
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
#### Exile
|
||||||
|
Because the covenant has been broken, the people will be exiled into another land. This actually shows the mercy of God toward his people. He did not destroy them; he simply moved them to another place. However, this chapter goes into detail about many parts of their society to show how far they have moved away from truly worshiping Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]])
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
#### Change in speaker
|
||||||
|
In verse 16, Yahweh is speaking; but in verse 17, Hosea starts speaking. There is a change in pronouns; the use of "my God" must imply that someone other than Yahweh is speaking.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Links:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* __[Hosea 09:01 Notes](./01.md)__
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
__[<<](../08/intro.md) | [>>](../10/intro.md)__
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
|
||||||
|
# Hosea 10 General Notes
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Structure and formatting
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
This chapter is written in poetic form and continues the theme of Israel's many sins against Yahweh. Even though Israel prospered for a time as they multiplied their sins, Yahweh was leading them toward destruction. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Special concepts in this chapter
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Yahweh's relationship to his people was not based on his people's actions. Even though they rebelled, Yahweh still desired to rescue them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]])
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
#### Jacob
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
The repeated use of different names for the two kingdoms can be confusing. In verse 11, "Ephraim" refers to the northern kingdom of Israel, and "Judah" refers to the southern kingdom of Judah. However, Jacob is also mentioned. This use of "Jacob" makes us think of the earlier unified nation and may also refer to a future unified nation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]])
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Links:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* __[Hosea 10:01 Notes](./01.md)__
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
__[<<](../09/intro.md) | [>>](../11/intro.md)__
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
|
||||||
|
# Hosea 11 General Notes
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Structure and formatting
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
This chapter continues using the poetic form to communicate about Yahweh's relationship to the northern kingdom of Israel.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Important figures of speech in this chapter
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
#### Metaphor
|
||||||
|
This chapter contains an extended metaphor of Israel as a male child in the care of Yahweh, his parent. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
#### Rhetorical question
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Yahweh uses rhetorical questions to show his disappointment and anger at Israel's persistent rejection of him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Links:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* __[Hosea 11:01 Notes](./01.md)__
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
__[<<](../10/intro.md) | [>>](../12/intro.md)__
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
|
||||||
|
# Hosea 12 General Notes
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Special concepts in this chapter
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
#### Jacob
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
There is a parallel between Jacob and the northern kingdom of Israel. In the same way that Jacob returned to Yahweh, the northern kingdom should repent of their idolatry and turn back to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]])
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Links:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* __[Hosea 12:01 Notes](./01.md)__
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
__[<<](../11/intro.md) | [>>](../13/intro.md)__
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
|
||||||
|
# Hosea 13 General Notes
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Structure and formatting
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
This chapter uses poetry to communicate Yahweh's disgust and anger with the northern kingdom of Israel.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Special concepts in this chapter
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
"Israel" and "Ephraim" are terms used to speak about the people of the northern kingdom. Samaria was the capital of the northern kingdom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]])
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
This chapter makes it clear that the northern kingdom is going to be nearly decimated as a people. They will no longer exist as a nation.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Important figures of speech in this chapter
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
#### Rhetorical question
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Hosea uses rhetorical questions throughout this chapter. They are not questions requesting information but rather questions indicating some emotion like anger or dissatisfaction. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Links:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* __[Hosea 13:01 Notes](./01.md)__
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
__[<<](../12/intro.md) | [>>](../14/intro.md)__
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
|
||||||
|
# Hosea 14 General Notes
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Structure and formatting
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
This last chapter of Hosea ends with hope. In this chapter, Hosea calls for Israel to confess to Yahweh and repent. This chapter continues to be written in poetic form, using metaphors and other devices to communicate God's love for his sinful people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/confess]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/love]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Why are confession and repentance even suggested here for a people that Yahweh has already condemned to be destroyed? It is because this is a teaching that Yahweh is a merciful God who loves his people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]])
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
#### Speaker
|
||||||
|
The use of first and second person in this chapter often signifies a change in speaker. In this chapter, Hosea is speaking to the northern kingdom to tell them that Yahweh loves them.
|
||||||
|
There are several places in this chapter where the writer switches from the third person to the second or the first person. This may cause some confusion about who is speaking.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Links:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* __[Hosea 14:01 Notes](./01.md)__
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
__[<<](../13/intro.md) | __
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
|
||||||
|
# Introduction to Hosea
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Part 1: General Introduction
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Outline of Hosea
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
1. God tells Hosea to marry Gomer as a picture of how Israel relates to Yahweh (1:1–3:5)
|
||||||
|
1. Israel betrays, wanders, and sins; Yahweh appeals and pleas to return to him (4:1–7:3)
|
||||||
|
1. The conflict between Yahweh and Israel explained in various ways (7:4–13:8)
|
||||||
|
- Similes: oven, cake, dove, bow (7:4–16)
|
||||||
|
- Israel openly lies and rebels (8:1–14)
|
||||||
|
- The end of Israel predicted (9:1–17)
|
||||||
|
- Similes: grapes, vine, calf, lion, children, birds, and doves (10:1–11:11)
|
||||||
|
- Israel sins, betrays, and breaks alliances (11:12–12:1)
|
||||||
|
- Israel's history remembered (12:2–13:16)
|
||||||
|
- Idolatry (13:1–8)
|
||||||
|
1. Israel is hostile to Yahweh (13:9–16)
|
||||||
|
1. Yahweh's last appeals to Israel (14:1–9)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### What is the Book of Hosea about?
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
This book contains the prophecies of Hosea, son of Beeri. Hosea lived in the northern kingdom of Israel. He often called this kingdom Ephraim or Samaria. Hosea prophesied for about 38 years and predicted that Assyria would destroy the northern kingdom of Israel.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Hosea began to prophesy around 753 B.C., just before King Jeroboam II died. At this time, the kingdom of Israel was prosperous but spiritually weak. Hosea warned how Yahweh would punish Israel unless the people turned back to Yahweh and were faithful to him.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### How should the title of this book be translated?
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
This book is traditionally named "The Book of Hosea" or just "Hosea." Translators may also call it "The Book About Hosea" or "The Sayings of Hosea." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]])
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Who wrote the Book of Hosea?
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Although this book tells what Hosea prophesied, it is uncertain whether Hosea wrote the book himself. It was probably written after Samaria, the capital of the norther kingdom, was destroyed in 721 B.C.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Why did God command Hosea to marry a prostitute?
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
God told Hosea to marry the prostitute Gomer. This represented how the kingdom of Israel related to Yahweh. Israel was unfaithful to Yahweh and broke the covenant with him. This is compared to a woman who is unfaithful to her husband breaks her marriage agreement with him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### What is a lawsuit?
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Many cultures have a process for resolving disputes through law courts. These legal disputes are called lawsuits. The Book of Hosea contains some legal terms. This is because Yahweh is spoken of as if he were a husband accusing his wife in court of being unfaithful to him. Part of the Book of Hosea follows the form of a lawsuit. A problem is identified (4:1), someone is accused (4:4), someone is found guilty (4:15), and the guilty ones will be punished (5:1).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Who did the people of the kingdom of Israel worship?
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Israel was supposed to worship Yahweh alone. But they worshiped both Yahweh and the Canaanite gods such as Baal. This was a major reason why Yahweh judged the kingdom of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]])
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Part 3: Important Translation Issues
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### What does the phrase "the declaration of Yahweh" mean?
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
The prophet used the phrase "the declaration of Yahweh" to mark a message as truly coming from God.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Why are English translations of Hosea very different?
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Hosea 4–14 has many problems of interpretation. Some phrases in Hosea are beyond how we currently understand the Hebrew language. Many English versions have translated these difficult sections very differently.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### What does the term "Israel" mean in Hosea?
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
In Hosea, "Israel" is used only to refer to the northern kingdom of Israel. It is not used to refer to the southern kingdom or to the two kingdoms together. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/names/kingdomofisrael]])
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue