Like under water rocks that can sink ships, these people are a danger to the believers. Alternate Translation: "who are like dangerous rocks hidden under the water." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
## in your love-feasts, when they feast with you ##
Like clouds that do not provide water to the gardens, these people do not care for the believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
## autumn trees without fruit ##
As some trees do not produce fruit at the end of summer, so these ungodly people do not have faith and works of righteousness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
## without fruit, twice dead ##
Like trees that have been killed twice such as by frost would not give fruit, so the ungodly men have no values and contain no life within them.(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
## torn up by the roots ##
Like trees that have been completely pulled out of the ground by their roots, the ungodly people have been separated from God who is the source of life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
## wild waves of the sea ##
As the sea's waves are blown by a strong wind, so the ungodly people had no foundation of faith and were easily moved in many directions.(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
## foaming out of their own shame ##
As wind causes wild waves to stir up dirty foam, so these men through their false teaching and actions shame themselves. Alternate translation: "just like waves bring up foam and dirt, these men pollute others with their shame." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
## wandering stars for whom the blackness of darkness has been reserved forever ##
Just like stars that move move across the sky making it difficult to follow them, so you should not follow these people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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