The first time that people or things are mentioned in a story, they are <u>new participants</u>. After that, whenever they are mentioned, they are <u>old participants</u>.
In order to make your translation clear and natural, it is necessary to refer to the participants in such a way that people will know if they are new participants or participants that they have already read about. Different languages have different ways of doing this. You must follow the way that your language does this, not the way that the source language does this.
Often the most important new participant is introduced with a phrase that says that he existed, such as "There was a man" in the example below. The phrase "There was" tells us that this man existed. The word "a" in "a man" tells us that the author is speaking about him for the first time. The rest of the sentence tells where this man was from, who is family was, and what his name was.
A new participant who is not the most important one is often introduced in relation to the more important person who was already introduced. In the example below, Manoah's wife is simply referred to as "his wife." This phrase shows her relationship to him.
>There was a man from Zorah, of the clan of the Danites, whose name was Manoah. <u>His wife</u> was not able to become pregnant and so she had not given birth. (Judges 13:2 ULB)
Sometimes a new participant is introduced simply by name because the author assumes that the readers know who the person is. In the first verse of 1 Kings, the author assumes that his readers know who King David is, so there is no need to explain who he is.
A person who has already been brought into the story can be referred to with a pronoun after that. In the example below, Manoah is referred to with the pronoun "his," and his wife is referred to with the pronoun "she".
><u>His</u> wife was not able to become pregnant and so <u>she</u> had not given birth. (Judges 13:2 ULB)
Old participants can also be referred to in other ways, depending on what is happening in the story. In the example below, the story is about bearing a son, and Manoah's wife is referred to with the noun phrase "the woman."
If the old participant has not been mentioned for a while, or if there could be confusion between participants, the author may use the participant's name again. In the example below, Manoah is referred to with his name, which the author has not used since verse 2.
Some languages have something on the verb that tells something about the subject. In some of those languages people do not always use noun phrases or pronouns for old participants when they are the subject of the sentence. The marker on the verb gives enough information for the listener to understand who the subject is. (see [Verbs](../figs-verbs/01.md))
1. If the participant is new, use one of your language's ways of introducing new participants.
1. If it is not clear to whom a pronoun refers, use a noun phrase or name.
1. If an old participant is referred to by name or a noun phrase, and people wonder if this is another new participant, try using a pronoun instead. If a pronoun is not needed because people would understand it clearly from the context, then leave out the pronoun.
* **Joseph, whom the apostles called Barnabas (which means Son of Encouragement), a Levite, a man from Cyprus, sold a field.** (Acts 4:36-37 ULB)<br/><br/>Starting the sentence with Joseph's name when he has not been introduced yet might be confusing in some languages.<br/>
* There was a man from Cyprus who was a Levite. His name was Joseph, and he was given the name Barnabas by the apostles (that is, being interpreted, Son of encouragement).
* There was a Levite from Cyprus whose name was Joseph. The apostles gave him the name Barnabas, which means Son of encouragement.
1. If it is not clear who a pronoun refers to, use a noun phrase or name. For example, if the first verse in a chapter contains only pronouns, readers might wonder whom they refer to.
* **Then <u>he</u> spoke a parable to <u>them</u> about how they should always pray and not become discouraged.** (Luke 11:1 ULB)
* Then <u>Jesus</u> spoke a parable to <u>his disciples</u> about how they should always pray and not become discouraged.
1. If an old participant is referred to by name or a noun phrase, and people wonder if this is another new participant, try using a pronoun instead. If a pronoun is not needed because people would understand it clearly from the context, then leave out the pronoun.
* **Now Boaz went up to the gate and sat down there. Soon, the near kinsman of whom <u>Boaz</u> had spoken came by. <u>Boaz</u> said to <u>him</u>....** (Ruth 4:1 ULB)<br/><br/>
Since Boaz is the main person in this part of the story, some languages might find it unnatural or confusing to use his name so much. They might prefer a pronoun.
* Now Boaz went up to the gate and sat down there. Soon, the near kinsman of whom <u>he</u> had spoken came by. <u>He</u> said to the kinsman....
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