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Reference ID Tags SupportReference Quote Occurrence Note front:intro rm3n 0 # Introduction to Deuteronomy\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of Deuteronomy\n\n- Moses’ first speech\n - Moses reminds Israel of how Yahweh guided them through the wilderness (1:1–3:29)\n - Moses appeals for Israel to obey the law of Yahweh (4:1–49)\n- Moses’ second speech\n - The Ten Commandments (5:1–10:22)\n - Rules and warnings from the Law (11:1–26:19)\n- Moses’ third speech\n - Instructions for entering Canaan (27:1–26)\n - Blessings for obeying and curses for disobeying (28:1–68)\n - The covenant renewed (29:1–30:20)\n - Last words of Moses, the Song of Moses, and his death (31:1–34:12)\n\n\n### What is the Book of Deuteronomy about?\n\nIn the book of Deuteronomy, Moses repeats the laws of the covenant that God made with the people of Israel. The people of Israel were about to go into the Promised Land. Before they entered the land, Moses reminded them of what Yahweh did for them and what he expected from them. Moses warned the people about worshiping idols and no longer trusting Yahweh once they settled in the Promised Land. Yahweh promised to judge those who disobey him and to bless those who obey his Law. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nThe name “Deuteronomy” means “Second Law” or “the retelling of the Law.” Translators may decide on a title such as “A Repeat of the Law” or “Moses Explains the Law Again.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n### Who wrote the book of Deuteronomy?\n\nThe writers of both the Old and New Testament present Moses as being very involved with writing the book of Deuteronomy. However, many scholars think that Joshua wrote chapter 34. This chapter tells how Moses died.\n\n### What are the important features of the Book of Deuteronomy?\n\nThe book contains a series of speeches that Moses gave to Israel before he died. He spoke these things just before the people entered the Promised Land. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### Why did Yahweh command the Israelites to completely destroy the people who lived in the Promised Land?\n\nAs God prepared the Israelites to enter the Promised Land, he commanded them to completely destroy the Canaanite people who lived there. The Israelites would then not be tempted to join them and worship their false gods.\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### What is the role of God’s name in Deuteronomy?\n\nGod’s name is mentioned over 30 times in the book of Deuteronomy. The use of God’s name in this book usually represents God’s honor or fame. At other times in Deuteronomy, God’s name represents his presence. God said he would choose a place and make his name dwell there. This means God’s presence would be there. The people were to go to that place to worship him.\n\n### Can this book be translated before the rest of the Pentateuch?\n\nThe books of Genesis and Exodus help to explain what happens in Deuteronomy. For this reason, those books should be translated before the book of Deuteronomy.\n\n### Quotes in quotes\n\nSince this book consists of Moses’ speeches, many parts of this book are direct quotations. Within his speeches, Moses directly quotes what other people said. If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate or format these passages so that there are not quotations within a quotation. (See [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])\n\n### Second person plural\n\nIn this book, the second person pronoun “you” is plural unless otherwise noted. Moses is speaking to all of the Israelites at Horeb, so use the plural form in your translation if your language marks that distinction. (See [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])\n\n### “Yahweh your God”\n\nThroughout this book, Moses refers to Yahweh as “your God” when he speaks to the Israelites. Moses is referring to the same God that he also worships. He is not distinguishing between the God of the Israelites and his own God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could clarify that this is the same God that Moses worships. (See [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])\n\n### Moses’ Audience\n\nIn his speeches, Moses speaks to the Israelites who will enter into the land that Yahweh promised to give to them. Moses reminds them about events that happened to their ancestors and to them. If it would be helpful for your readers, you could state explicitly that Moses is talking about their ancestors, even when he directly addresses the living Israelites as “you.” (See [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) 1:intro ggp9 0 # Deuteronomy 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter forms a continuation with the last chapter of the book of Numbers. In this chapter is Moses’ first speech to the Israelites. \n\n- vv. 1-4: Introduction\n- vv. 5-49: Moses reminds the Israelites of what happened to their ancestors in the wilderness\n - vv. 9-18: Moses chooses judges and military leaders\n - vv. 19-46: The Israelites send out spies to survey the land \n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s victory\nThe chapter explains that Israel’s conquering of the Promised Land will be done by Yahweh. They are not to fear the people of Canaan but be obedient to Yahweh. Yahweh is bringing about his judgment upon the people of Canaan. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]])\n\n### Possessing the land\n\nWhile the Promised Land belongs to Israel, they do not possess the land. Possessing the land is an important theme. Possessing the land depended on Israel’s faithfulness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]])\n\n### Yahweh's Presence\n\nIn verse 42, Yahweh says, “I will not be among you.” As God, Yahweh is everywhere and cannot be limited to a single space. In verse 42, Yahweh means that because of their rebellion he will no longer be with the Israelites in a special way.\n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### Quotes in quotes\n\nIn this chapter, Moses gives a speech and quotes what other people said. If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate or format this passage so that there are not quotations within a quotation. (See [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])\n\n### Pronouns\n\nIn this chapter, the second person pronoun “you” is plural unless otherwise noted. Moses is speaking to all of the Israelites at Horeb, so use the plural form in your translation if your language marks that distinction.\n\n### “Yahweh your God”\n\nThroughout this chapter, Moses refers to Yahweh as “your God” when he speaks to the Israelites. Moses is referring to the same God that he also worships. He is not distinguishing between the God of the Israelites and his own God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could clarify that this is the same God that Moses worships. (See [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])\n\n### Time Background\n\nIn his speech, Moses reminds the Israelites about what happened to their ancestors when they were camping at Mt. Sinai. Throughout his speech, Moses repeats the phrase “at that time” to refer to new topics that occur during that time period. If it would be helpful for your readers, you could state this information explicitly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevents]])\n 1:1 vb79 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names ס֜וּף 1 The word **Suph** is the name of a place. It is uncertain where Suph is, but Suph could refer to the Red Sea. Alternate translation: “the Red Sea” 1:1 bg65 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names תֹּ֛פֶל וְלָבָ֥ן וַחֲצֵרֹ֖ת וְדִ֥י זָהָֽב 1 These are the names of places. 1:1 mdz9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo בֵּֽין & וּבֵֽין 1 Here, the text repeats **between** to describe the relative positions of cities. If it is unnatural in your language to repeat a preposition, you could use a form that identifies an area between cities. Alternate translation: “between … and” 1:2 xcp5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אַחַ֨ד עָשָׂ֥ר יוֹם֙ 1 The implication is that the journey takes **11 days**. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “It is a journey of 11 days” 1:3 xm9k rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַיְהִי֙ 1 Moses is using the word translated **And it happened** to introduce a new event in the story. Use a word, phrase, or other method in your language that is natural for introducing a new event. Alternate translation: “Here is what happened:” 1:3 pc9j rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal בְּאַרְבָּעִ֣ים שָׁנָ֔ה בְּעַשְׁתֵּֽי־עָשָׂ֥ר חֹ֖דֶשׁ 1 If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you could use cardinal numbers here or equivalent expressions. Alternate translation: “after 40 years, in month 11” 1:3 zfn5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths בְּעַשְׁתֵּֽי־עָשָׂ֥ר חֹ֖דֶשׁ 1 The **eleventh** month of the Hebrew calendar includes January on Western calendars. You could convert the Hebrew day and month into an approximate date on the calendar that your culture uses. However, the Jews used a lunar calendar, so if you use a solar calendar, the date will be different every year and the translation will not be entirely accurate. So you may just want to give the number of the day and the name of the month on the Hebrew calendar, and say in a footnote approximately what time of year that is on your calendar. 1:3 c54r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בְּנֵ֣י 1 Although the term **sons** is masculine, the author is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “the children of” 1:3 e9a7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל 1 Here, **sons** means “descendants.” Moses is identifying the Israelites as descendants of their ancestor Jacob, who was also known as Israel. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Israel” or “the people of Israel” 1:4 xfh0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַכֹּת֗וֹ 1 The implication is that Yahweh caused the Israelites to defeat Sihon and Og under Moses' leadership. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Yahweh caused the Israelites to defeat” 1:4 fivx rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns הַכֹּת֗וֹ 1 Here, the pronoun **he** refers back to Moses in verse 3. If this is not clear for your readers, you could use the person's name here. Alternate translation: “Moses defeated” 1:4 mpn7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names בְּעַשְׁתָּרֹ֖ת בְּאֶדְרֶֽעִי 1 The words **Ashtaroth** and **Edrei** are the names of cities. 1:4 e5t1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּעַשְׁתָּרֹ֖ת בְּאֶדְרֶֽעִי 1 The implication is that King Og ruled over both **Ashtaroth** and **Edrei**. **Ashtaroth** and **Edrei** were cities that are close to each other. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “in Ashtaroth and in Edrei” 1:5 juo3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations לֵאמֹֽר 1 Here, the word **saying** introduces direct speech. Consider natural ways of doing that in your own language. 1:5-6 t7y4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes מֹשֶׁ֔ה בֵּאֵ֛ר אֶת־הַתּוֹרָ֥ה הַזֹּ֖את לֵאמֹֽר׃ יְהוָ֧ה אֱלֹהֵ֛ינוּ דִּבֶּ֥ר אֵלֵ֖ינוּ בְּחֹרֵ֣ב 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “Moses began explaining the law. This is what Yahweh God said to his people at Horeb,” 1:6 s8em rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive אֵלֵ֖ינוּ 1 Moses is using the pronoun **us** to refer to himself and every Israelite who was an adult when they were at Horeb, so use the exclusive form of that word if your language marks that distinction. Alternate translation: “to me and to your ancestors” 1:7 l6np rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor פְּנ֣וּ ׀ וּסְע֣וּ לָכֶ֗ם 1 Here, the word **Turn** describes the beginning of action. Your language may have a comparable expression that you could use in your translation. Alternate translation: “Start your journey” 1:7 cqqw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שְׁכֵנָיו֒ 1 Here, **neighbors** refers to any people groups in the nearby areas. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the people groups near them” 1:8 bp4f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor רְאֵ֛ה 1 Yahweh is using the term **Look** to focus the Israelites' attention on what he is about to say. Your language may have a comparable expression that you could use in your translation. Alternate translation: “Pay attention to what I am about to say:” 1:8 tgax rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִפְנֵיכֶ֖ם 1 Here, **faces** represent the presence of a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before you” 1:8 i61s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture נָתַ֥תִּי לִפְנֵיכֶ֖ם אֶת־הָאָ֑רֶץ 1 Here Yahweh could be using the past tense: (1) to refer to something that will certainly happen in the future. Alternate translation: “I will give the land before your faces” (2) to refer to something that he has already done. Alternate translation: “I have already given the land before your faces” 1:8 p2mn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person נִשְׁבַּ֣ע יְ֠הוָה 1 Yahweh is speaking about himself in the third person. If this would not be natural in your language, you could use the first person form. Alternate translation: “I swore” 1:8 pcv4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לַאֲבֹ֨תֵיכֶ֜ם 1 Yahweh is using the term **fathers** to mean “ancestors.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your forefathers” 1:8 umon rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּלְזַרְעָ֖ם 1 Here, **seed** refers to the descendants of **Abraham**, **Isaac**, and **Jacob** as if they were semen. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable expression or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and to their offspring” 1:9 dv93 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וָאֹמַ֣ר 1 Here, **I** refers back to Moses in verse 5. If it would be helpful in your language, you could repeat the word “Moses” here. Alternate translation: “I, Moses, said” 1:9 l5mr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שְׂאֵ֥ת 1 Here **to carry** means “to lead” or “to govern.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to lead” 1:10 zy9z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole כְּכוֹכְבֵ֥י הַשָּׁמַ֖יִם לָרֹֽב 1 Moses says **as the stars of the heaven in number** here as a generalization for emphasis. He means that God has greatly increased the number of Israelites. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “almost as numerous as the stars of heaven” 1:10 x7q2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֵיכֶ֖ם 1 When Moses says **your God**, he is referring to the same God that he also worships. He is not distinguishing between the God of the Israelites and his own God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could clarify that this is the same God that Moses worships. See the chapter introduction for more information. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, who is our God,”\n 1:11 aj7s rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing יְהוָ֞ה אֱלֹהֵ֣י אֲבֽוֹתֵכֶ֗ם יֹסֵ֧ף עֲלֵיכֶ֛ם כָּכֶ֖ם אֶ֣לֶף פְּעָמִ֑ים וִיבָרֵ֣ךְ אֶתְכֶ֔ם כַּאֲשֶׁ֖ר דִּבֶּ֥ר לָכֶֽם 1 Moses is asking God to bless the Israelites. You could express this as either a blessing or a prayer, in whichever way is more natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I hope that Yahweh, the God of your fathers, will add to you, as you {are}, 1000 times, and I hope that he will bless you, just as he spoke to you” 1:11 wrx3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession אֱלֹהֵ֣י אֲבֽוֹתֵכֶ֗ם 1 When Moses says **your fathers**, he is also referring to his own **fathers**. He is not distinguishing between the ancestors of the Israelites and his own ancestors. If it would be helpful in your language, you could clarify that Moses and the Israelites have the same **fathers**. Alternate translation: “the God of our fathers” 1:11 nybe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲבֽוֹתֵכֶ֗ם 1 Yahweh is using the term **fathers** to mean “ancestors.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your forefathers” 1:11 h9y3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יֹסֵ֧ף עֲלֵיכֶ֛ם 1 The implication is that God will **add** to the number of Israelites by births. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “add to your population” 1:11 it3v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֶ֣לֶף פְּעָמִ֑ים 1 Here, **1000** means “very many.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different number or another phrase that indicates that something happens many times. Alternate translation: “very many times” 1:12 fvz8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion אֵיכָ֥ה אֶשָּׂ֖א לְבַדִּ֑י טָרְחֲכֶ֥ם וּמַֽשַּׂאֲכֶ֖ם וְרִֽיבְכֶֽם 1 Moses uses a question to emphasize that he cannot solve all of the Israelites' problems by himself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement and use the appropriate punctuation at the end of the sentence. Alternate translation: “I cannot carry by myself your loads and your burdens and your disputes.” 1:12 l36d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֶשָּׂ֖א לְבַדִּ֑י טָרְחֲכֶ֥ם וּמַֽשַּׂאֲכֶ֖ם 1 Here Moses speaks of the people’s problems and complaints that he needed to solve as if they were heavy physical **loads** and **burdens** that he needed to **carry**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable figure of speech or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will I make a decision by myself for your issues and your concerns” 1:12 xa3c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet טָרְחֲכֶ֥ם וּמַֽשַּׂאֲכֶ֖ם 1 The terms **loads** and **burdens** mean similar things. Moses is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “your heavy loads” 1:13 q6g6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet חֲכָמִ֧ים וּנְבֹנִ֛ים 1 The terms **wise** and **understanding** mean similar things. Moses is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “very wise” 1:13 ue4a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וִידֻעִ֖ים 1 Here **well-known** means “of good reputation.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use a comparable expression from your language that does have this meaning, or you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and of good reputation” 1:13 eea5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּרָאשֵׁיכֶֽם 1 Here **heads** means “leaders.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “leaders” 1:15 zzio rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor רָאשֵׁ֣י & רָאשִׁ֖ים 1 Here **heads** means “leaders.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the leaders of … as leaders” 1:15 u5jy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וִֽידֻעִ֔ים 1 Here **well-known** means “of good reputation.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use a comparable expression from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and of good reputation” 1:15 t5iw rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers אֲלָפִ֜ים & מֵא֗וֹת & חֲמִשִּׁים֙ & עֲשָׂרֹ֔ת 1 Alternate translation: “groups of 1,000 … groups of 100 … groups of 50 … groups of 10” 1:15 w87y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שָׂרֵ֨י אֲלָפִ֜ים וְשָׂרֵ֣י מֵא֗וֹת וְשָׂרֵ֤י חֲמִשִּׁים֙ וְשָׂרֵ֣י עֲשָׂרֹ֔ת 1 The implication is that the leaders are in charge of groups of fighting men. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “leaders of thousands of fighting men and leaders of hundreds of fighting men and leaders of fifties of fighting men and leaders of tens of fighting men” 1:15 s3vi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לְשִׁבְטֵיכֶֽם 1 The implication is that Moses appointed leaders for each of the tribes of Israel. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “from each of your tribes” 1:16 imou rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲחֵיכֶם֙ & אָחִ֖יו 1 Here **brothers** and **brother** refer to any Israelite. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your fellow Israelites … a fellow Israelite” 1:16 k0bw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שָׁמֹ֤עַ בֵּין אֲחֵיכֶם֙ 1 Here, **listen** means “listen to evidence in a legal case.” The judge is **in between** each party involved in the case and will listen to each party. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Listen to the evidence from both sides of the legal case” 1:16 x7e5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative וּשְׁפַטְתֶּ֣ם 1 Here, the form of **judge** is not a command, but Moses is using the form to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “and you must judge” 1:16 rdg1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אֲחֵיכֶם֙ & אִ֥ישׁ & אָחִ֖יו & גֵּרֽוֹ 1 Although the terms **brother**, **man**, **his**, and **him** are masculine, Moses is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “your fellow Israelites … an Israelite … another Israelite … the foreigner with the Israelite” 1:16 z0ng rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo בֵּֽין־אִ֥ישׁ וּבֵין־אָחִ֖יו וּבֵ֥ין גֵּרֽוֹ 1 Here, Moses repeats **between** to describe different types of relationships that could require judgment among the Israelites. The first relationship involves two Israelites. The second relationship involves an Israelite and a non-Israelite. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that describes relationships between individuals. Alternate translation: “between a man and his brother, and also between a man and the foreigner with him” 1:17 k656 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לֹֽא־תַכִּ֨ירוּ פָנִ֜ים 1 Here, **recognize a face** is an idiom that means “show partiality.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “You shall not play favorites” or “You shall not show partiality” 1:17 wjfu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בַּמִּשְׁפָּ֗ט & הַמִּשְׁפָּ֖ט 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **judgment**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “in the legal case … the result of the legal case” 1:17 p5iu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative תִּשְׁמָע֔וּן & תַּקְרִב֥וּן 1 Here, the forms of **hear** and **bring** are not commands, but Moses is using the forms to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “hear … bring” 1:17 tw6h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit תִּשְׁמָע֔וּן 1 The implication is that the judges will **hear** legal cases. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “you should hear legal cases” 1:17 l3vl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism כַּקָּטֹ֤ן כַּגָּדֹל֙ 1 Here, **small** and **great** refer to all of the Israelites by naming the parts that are at the extreme ends of it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “all Israelites alike” 1:17 tl9s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj כַּקָּטֹ֤ן כַּגָּדֹל֙ 1 Moses is using the adjectives **small** and **great** as nouns to mean small people and great people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “small people and great people” 1:17 zbxp rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result לֹ֤א תָג֨וּרוּ֙ מִפְּנֵי־אִ֔ישׁ כִּ֥י הַמִּשְׁפָּ֖ט לֵאלֹהִ֣ים ה֑וּא 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases, since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. Alternate translation: “The judgment, it is before God, so you shall not be afraid from the face of man” 1:17 jze3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche מִפְּנֵי 1 Here, **face** represents the presence of a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in the presence of” 1:17 d6rd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אִ֔ישׁ 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Moses is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “a person” 1:17 insr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הַמִּשְׁפָּ֖ט לֵאלֹהִ֣ים ה֑וּא 1 Moses is speaking of the Israelites' legal cases as if they were objects that **belong to God**. Moses means that God decides what is right and wrong. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “God knows which decision is right or wrong” 1:17 gn5h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תַּקְרִב֥וּן 1 Moses is speaking of legal cases as if they were objects that the Israelites could physically **bring** to him. Moses means that the Israelites should let him decide the case. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you shall refer” 1:17 spb9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּשְׁמַעְתִּֽיו 1 The implication is that Moses will not only **hear** the legal case, but also decide on a solution. You could include this information if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and I shall hear it and decide.” 1:19 s8zk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְהַנּוֹרָ֨א 1 The implication is that the wilderness causes terror because it is dangerous. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and unsafe” 1:21 itcd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor רְ֠אֵה 1 Yahweh is using the term **Look** to focus the Israelites' attention on what he is about to say. Your language may have a comparable expression that you could use in your translation. Alternate translation: “Pay attention” 1:21 sel7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd אֱלֹהֶ֛יךָ לְפָנֶ֖יךָ & אֲבֹתֶ֨יךָ֙ לָ֔ךְ & אַל־תִּירָ֖א וְאַל־תֵּחָֽת 1 Even though Moses is speaking to a group of people, **you** and **your** are singular in this verse. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation. 1:21 cl66 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְפָנֶ֖יךָ 1 Here, **face** represents the presence of a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before you” 1:21 c9fo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עֲלֵ֣ה 1 Here, **go up** means “go fight.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “attack” 1:21 xjd3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense נָתַ֨ן יְהוָ֧ה אֱלֹהֶ֛יךָ לְפָנֶ֖יךָ אֶת־הָאָ֑רֶץ 1 Here Yahweh could be using the present tense: (1) to refer to something that will certainly happen in the future. Alternate translation: “I will give the land before your faces” (2) to refer to something that he has already done. Alternate translation: “I have already given the land before your faces” See how this is translated in [Deuteronomy 1:8](../01/08.md). 1:21 xae1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲבֹתֶ֨יךָ֙ 1 Moses is using the term **fathers** to mean “ancestors.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your forefathers” 1:21 w65d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אַל־תִּירָ֖א וְאַל־תֵּחָֽת 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “you shall not be afraid, nor shall you be discouraged” 1:22 yugp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְפָנֵ֔ינוּ 1 Here, the word **faces** represents the presence of people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before us” 1:22 le48 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְיָשִׁ֤בוּ אֹתָ֨נוּ֙ דָּבָ֔ר 1 Here, **a word** means “a report.” The text describes the **word** as if it were a physical object that someone could **return** to someone else. Alternate translation: “and report back to us about” 1:22 jr4u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֲשֶׁ֣ר נַעֲלֶה־בָּ֔הּ 1 The implication is that the Israelites are camping in a valley, so they must travel **up** the hilly area when they **go** into the land that Yahweh promised to give to them. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “by which we will go up from the valley and into the land” 1:22 cn77 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go נָבֹ֖א 1 In a context such as this, your language might say “go” instead of **come**. Alternate translation: “we will go” 1:23 t0cv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy הַדָּבָ֑ר 1 Here, **word** represents what someone said. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “what they said” 1:23 cm5h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּעֵינַ֖י 1 Here, **in my eyes** represents Moses’ assessment. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in my assessment” or "in my opinion" 1:23 xkb3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וָאֶקַּ֤ח 1 Here, **took** means “chose.” Moses speaks of choosing men as if he were physically taking them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and I selected” 1:23 sduj rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers אֶחָ֖ד 1 Alternate translation: “1” 1:24 tock rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַיִּפְנוּ֙ 1 Here, **they** refers back to the “12 men” whom Moses chose in [verse 23](../deu/01/23.md). If it would be helpful for your readers, you could clarify this information. Alternate translation: “And the 12 men turned” 1:24 n7e4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַיִּפְנוּ֙ וַיַּעֲל֣וּ 1 Here, the word **turn** describes the beginning of action. Your language may have a comparable expression that you could use in your translation. Alternate translation: “And they started to go” 1:24 mdt5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go וַיָּבֹ֖אוּ 1 In a context such as this, your language might say “went” instead of **came**. Alternate translation: “and they went” 1:24 m2qr rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names נַ֣חַל אֶשְׁכֹּ֑ל 1 Here, **the Valley of Eshkol** is the name of a place. This is a valley in the Hebron region, which is south of Jerusalem. 1:25 c795 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo וַיִּקְח֤וּ בְיָדָם֙ 1 The expression **they took with their hands** contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “And they took” 1:25 gns5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַיִּקְח֤וּ 1 Here, the word **took** means “pluck” or “harvest.” Alternate translation: “And they plucked” 1:25 w02p rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns מִפְּרִ֣י 1 In this verse, the word **fruit** is singular in form, but it refers to all the fruit of the land as a group. If it would be helpful in your language, you could say this plainly. Alternate translation: “some fruit of” 1:25 et1g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַיָּשִׁ֨בוּ אֹתָ֤נוּ דָבָר֙ 1 Here, **a word** means “a report.” The text describes the **word** as if it were a physical object that someone could **return** to someone else. Alternate translation: “And they reported to us” 1:25 dgea rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes וַיֹּ֣אמְר֔וּ טוֹבָ֣ה הָאָ֔רֶץ אֲשֶׁר־יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֵ֖ינוּ נֹתֵ֥ן לָֽנוּ 1 If your language would not use a direct quotation inside of a direct quotation, you could translate the second direct quotation as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “and said that the land that Yahweh our God is giving to us is good” 1:25 kzlh rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַיֹּ֣אמְר֔וּ 1 The phrase **and said** introduces direct speech. Consider natural ways of doing that in your own language. //delete? 1:25 eknv rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense נֹתֵ֥ן לָֽנוּ 1 Here the present tense could: (1) refer to something that will certainly happen in the future. Alternate translation: “is about to give us” (2) refer to something that has already happened. Alternate translation: “has given to us” See how this is translated in [Deuteronomy 1:8](../01/08.md). 1:26 t13i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לַעֲלֹ֑ת 1 Here, **go up** means “go fight.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to fight” 1:26 k4x9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy פִּ֥י 1 Here, **mouth** refers to Yahweh’s commands and what he says to do. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “the command of” 1:27 vy6l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo וַתֵּרָגְנ֤וּ בְאָהֳלֵיכֶם֙ וַתֹּ֣אמְר֔וּ 1 Here, the text uses two verbs of speaking, **grumbled** and **said**, to introduce direct speech. If it is unnatural in your language to use two verbs of speech, you could use only one. Alternate translation: “And you grumbled in your tents,” 1:27 gpei rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּשִׂנְאַ֤ת יְהוָה֙ אֹתָ֔נוּ 1 Here, the Israelites are using the possessive form to describe the **hatred** that they believe Yahweh is showing towards them. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a verb to show how **hatred** and **Yahweh** are related. Alternate translation: “Since Yahweh hates us” 1:27 u8rq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּשִׂנְאַ֤ת יְהוָה֙ אֹתָ֔נוּ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **hatred**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “Since Yahweh hates us” 1:27 am5b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּיַ֥ד הָאֱמֹרִ֖י 1 The word **hand** refers to the power of the owner of the hand, **the Amorites**. Alternate translation: “into the power of the Amorites” 1:28 dm6t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion אָנָ֣ה ׀ אֲנַ֣חְנוּ עֹלִ֗ים 1 The Israelites use a question to emphasize that they are afraid of the Amorites and do not want to go near them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “We have nowhere safe to go.” 1:28 foq7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אָנָ֣ה ׀ אֲנַ֣חְנוּ עֹלִ֗ים 1 The implication is that the Israelites are camping in a valley, so they must travel **up** the hilly area when they **go** into the land that Yahweh promised to give to them. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Where can we go up from this valley” 1:28 s442 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אַחֵינוּ֩ 1 Here, **our brothers** refers back to the “12 men” in [verse 23](../deu/01/23.md) who scouted the land. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Our 12 brothers who scouted the land” 1:28 qpgk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אַחֵינוּ֩ 1 Here **brothers** refers to other Israelites. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Our fellow Israelites” 1:28 x4y4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom הֵמַ֨סּוּ אֶת־לְבָבֵ֜נוּ 1 Here, the phrase **have caused our heart to melt** means that the **brothers** made the rest of the Israelites feel weak and afraid. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a similar expression or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “have made my heart skip a beat” or “have made us very afraid” \n 1:28 yik3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns לְבָבֵ֜נוּ 1 In this verse, the word **heart** is singular in form, but it refers to all the hearts of the Israelites. If it would be helpful in your language, you could say this plainly. Alternate translation: “our hearts” 1:28 yi6u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes לֵאמֹ֗ר עַ֣ם גָּד֤וֹל וָרָם֙ מִמֶּ֔נּוּ עָרִ֛ים גְּדֹלֹ֥ת וּבְצוּרֹ֖ת בַּשָּׁמָ֑יִם וְגַם־בְּנֵ֥י עֲנָקִ֖ים רָאִ֥ינוּ שָֽׁם 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “by saying that the people are greater and taller than us, with cities great and fortified to the heavens, and also, that they have seen the sons of the Anakim there” 1:28 ckkl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet גָּד֤וֹל וָרָם֙ 1 Here, the term **greater** could mean: (1) “more powerful.” Alternate translation: “are stronger and taller” (2) “greater in size.” In this case, the terms **greater** and **taller** mean similar things. The Israelites are using the two terms together for emphasis. Alternate translation: “are much bigger” 1:28 vs1i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole וּבְצוּרֹ֖ת בַּשָּׁמָ֑יִם 1 The Israelites say **fortified to the heavens** here as a generalization for emphasis. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “and extremely well-fortified” 1:28 brf4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּנֵ֥י 1 Here, **sons** means “descendants.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the descendants of” 1:29 ukp2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism לֹא־תַֽעַרְצ֥וּן וְֽלֹא־תִֽירְא֖וּן מֵהֶֽם 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Do not be terrified, nor be afraid of them” 1:29 dgo7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive לֹא־תַֽעַרְצ֥וּן 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Do not be anxious” 1:30 l93e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הַהֹלֵ֣ךְ לִפְנֵיכֶ֔ם 1 When Moses says that Yahweh **walks before** the Israelites, he is describing how Yahweh guides them and protects them. See the chapter introduction for more information about Yahweh's presence. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “who guides you,” 1:30 sv3g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִפְנֵיכֶ֔ם 1 Here, the word **faces** represents the presence of people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before you” 1:30 wdr7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְעֵינֵיכֶֽם 1 Here, **eyes** represents seeing. The Israelites could see physical proof that Yahweh fought for them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternative translation: “in your sight” 1:31 yy3f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor רָאִ֔יתָ 1 Here, Moses speaks of experiencing something as if it were being **seen**. If this word does not have that meaning in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you have experienced” 1:31 t94m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd רָאִ֔יתָ & נְשָׂאֲךָ֙ & אֱלֹהֶ֔יךָ 1 Even though Moses is speaking to a group of people, **you** and **your** are singular here. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation. 1:31 b4n9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נְשָׂאֲךָ֙ 1 Here, **carried** means “led” and “protected.” If this word does not have that meaning in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “protected you” or "took care of you" 1:31 awy9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כַּאֲשֶׁ֥ר יִשָּׂא־אִ֖ישׁ אֶת־בְּנ֑וֹ 1 Moses is saying that Yahweh guiding and protecting the Israelites is like how **a man carries his son** because a father will help his son when the unable to do something by himself. A father will hold his son, protect his son, and help his son go where he needs to. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “as a father carries his child who is too weak to walk” 1:31 ivd6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַמָּק֥וֹם הַזֶּֽה 1 Here, **this place** refers to the base of Mt. Sinai where the Israelites camped. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “this mountain where you are camping.” 1:32 hy2f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּבַדָּבָ֖ר הַזֶּ֑ה 1 Here, **this word** represents what Yahweh said. Yahweh said in a promise that he will fight for the Israelites and cause them to possess the land. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “But in this promise from Yahweh” 1:33 gg6j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִפְנֵיכֶ֜ם 1 Here, **before your faces** represents being in the presence of these people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before you” 1:33 w2xc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בָּאֵ֣שׁ ׀ לַ֗יְלָה לַרְאֹֽתְכֶם֙ בַּדֶּ֨רֶךְ֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר תֵּֽלְכוּ־בָ֔הּ וּבֶעָנָ֖ן יוֹמָֽם 1 These phrases refer to [Exodus 13:21–22](../exo/13/21.md), which explains how Yahweh led the Israelites with a pillar of fire and pillar of cloud. After the Israelites left Egypt, they did not know which direction to go. They needed Yahweh to guide them, and Yahweh chose to guide them through the physical signs of fire and cloud. 1:33 o90m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo אֲשֶׁ֣ר תֵּֽלְכוּ־בָ֔הּ 1 The expression **that you should go in it** contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “that you should go” 1:34 a5i6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ק֣וֹל דִּבְרֵיכֶ֑ם 1 Here, the phrase **the sound of your words** means “what you were saying.” Alternate translation: “what you were saying” 1:34 gv71 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations לֵאמֹֽר 1 Here, the word **saying** introduces direct speech. Consider natural ways of introducing direct quotations in your language. 1:35 n9j8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אִישׁ֙ בָּאֲנָשִׁ֣ים הָאֵ֔לֶּה 1 Although the words **man** and **men** are masculine, Yahweh is using these words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “one person of these people of” 1:35 l5ps rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole יִרְאֶ֥ה 1 Yahweh says **see** here as a generalization for emphasis. He means that the rebellious Israelites will not be able to enter and live in the land that Yahweh promised them. They will not even get close enough to see it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “shall live in” 1:36 ai2l rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names יְפֻנֶּה֙ 1 The word **Jephunneh** is the name of Caleb's father. 1:36 p6yl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns ה֣וּא יִרְאֶ֔נָּה 1 Yahweh uses the word **himself** to emphasize how significant it was that Yahweh is allowing Caleb but not Moses or the rebellious Israelites to enter the land. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this significance. Alternate translation: “only he shall see it.” 1:36 z43i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ה֣וּא יִרְאֶ֔נָּה 1 Here **see** means “approach in order to possess.” If this word does not have that meaning in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he himself shall go into it” 1:36 s7rb rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וְלֽוֹ־אֶתֵּ֧ן אֶת־הָאָ֛רֶץ אֲשֶׁ֥ר דָּֽרַךְ־בָּ֖הּ וּלְבָנָ֑יו יַ֕עַן אֲשֶׁ֥ר מִלֵּ֖א אַחֲרֵ֥י יְהוָֽה 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could move the last phrase to the beginning, since the last phrase gives the reason for the result that the beginning of the sentence describes. Alternate translation: “He is wholly after Yahweh, so to him I will give the land that he has stepped on, and to his sons.” 1:36 hwf9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּלְבָנָ֑יו 1 Here, **sons** means “descendants.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and to his offspring” 1:36 namd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֲשֶׁ֥ר מִלֵּ֖א אַחֲרֵ֥י יְהוָֽה 1 The implication is that Caleb follows **after Yahweh** and obeys him completely. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “he wholly obeys Yahweh’” 1:36 ix6z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns אַחֲרֵ֥י יְהוָֽה 1 Yahweh is speaking about himself in the third person. If this would not be natural in your language, you could use the first person form. Alternate translation: “after me, Yahweh”\n\n 1:37 j94d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit גַּם־בִּי֙ הִתְאַנַּ֣ף יְהוָ֔ה בִּגְלַלְכֶ֖ם 1 This refers to [Numbers 20](Num/20/10.md), when Moses disobeyed what Yahweh told him to do because Moses was angry with the people of Israel. The Israelite people complained that they did not have water in the wilderness. Yahweh told Moses to speak to the rock so water would come out, but Moses disobeyed Yahweh and struck the rock with his staff. As a result, Yahweh promised that Moses would not enter the land. 1:38 du4b rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names נוּן֙ 1 The word **Nun** is the name of Joshua’s father. 1:38 ze5m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הָעֹמֵ֣ד 1 The implication is that Joshua **stands** before the Israelites as a servant before their master. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “who stands as your servant” 1:38 q1og rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְפָנֶ֔יךָ 1 Here, **face** represents the presence of a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before you” 1:39 dvtj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְטַפְּכֶם֩ אֲשֶׁ֨ר אֲמַרְתֶּ֜ם לָבַ֣ז יִהְיֶ֗ה 1 The implication is that the Israelites thought that they would lose the battles against the Amorites, and so their **children** would be captured as **plunder**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “And your children, whom you said would be plunder when you lost the battle” 1:39 gn7q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations וּ֠בְנֵיכֶם 1 Although the term **sons** is masculine, Yahweh is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “and your children” 1:39 it12 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לֹא־יָדְע֤וּ הַיּוֹם֙ ט֣וֹב וָרָ֔ע 1 The implication is that the children are not responsible for rebelling against Yahweh because they **do not know good or evil**. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “do not yet know good or evil and will not be punished for your rebellion” 1:40 mrt9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit פְּנ֣וּ לָכֶ֑ם 1 The implication is that Yahweh wants the Israelites to **turn** around and go back the way they came. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “turn around” 1:41 wwe3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys וַֽתַּעֲנ֣וּ ׀ וַתֹּאמְר֣וּ אֵלַ֗י 1 The two words **answered** and **said** express a single idea. The word **answered** indicates that the Israelites **said** the following quote in response to Yahweh's anger. If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this meaning in a different way. Alternate translation: “And you answered me” 1:41 tnnn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns אֲנַ֤חְנוּ נַעֲלֶה֙ וְנִלְחַ֔מְנוּ 1 The Israelites use the word **ourselves** to emphasize that they are very willing to obey God and go fight. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this significance. Alternate translation: “We will even go up and fight” 1:41 zg19 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לַעֲלֹ֥ת הָהָֽרָה 1 Here, **go up** means “fight.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to attack the hill {country}.” 1:41 l3as rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy הָהָֽרָה 1 Here, **hill {country}** refers to the people that live in that area. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to the people who live in the hill {country}” 1:42 zjfh rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result לֹ֤א תַֽעֲלוּ֙ וְלֹא־תִלָּ֣חֲמ֔וּ כִּ֥י אֵינֶ֖נִּי בְּקִרְבְּכֶ֑ם וְלֹא֙ תִּנָּֽגְפ֔וּ לִפְנֵ֖י אֹיְבֵיכֶֽם 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could move the last phrase to the beginning, since the last phrase gives the reason for the result that the beginning of the sentence describes. Alternate translation: “I will not be among you, so do not go up and do not fight, so you will not be defeated before the face of your enemies.” 1:42 ahae rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לֹ֤א תַֽעֲלוּ֙ 1 Here, **go up** means “approach in battle.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Do not go to war” 1:42 vgw8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְלֹא֙ תִּנָּֽגְפ֔וּ לִפְנֵ֖י אֹיְבֵיכֶֽם 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “or your enemies will defeat you” 1:42 vuy5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִפְנֵ֖י 1 Here, **face** represents the presence of a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “by” 1:42 ps2e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֵינֶ֖נִּי בְּקִרְבְּכֶ֑ם 1 As God, Yahweh is always everywhere. The implication is that Yahweh **will not be among** the Israelites in a special way to help them. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. See chapter introduction for more information. Alternate translation: “I will not help you” 1:43 q8fb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy פִּ֣י 1 Here, **mouth** refers to Yahweh’s commands and what he says to do. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “the command of” 1:43 hqd8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַתַּעֲל֥וּ הָהָֽרָה 1 The implication is that the Israelite soldiers **went up to the hill {country}** to attack the people there. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and attacked the people who live in the hill country” 1:44 z33p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile וַיִּרְדְּפ֣וּ אֶתְכֶ֔ם כַּאֲשֶׁ֥ר תַּעֲשֶׂ֖ינָה הַדְּבֹרִ֑ים 1 Moses compares the Amorites to **bees* because large groups of bees attack and sting people. So many Amorites attacked the Israelite soldiers that they had to leave the battle. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a similar expression or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and chased you like a dog chases a cat” or “and chased you persistently” 1:44 ebxo rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown הַדְּבֹרִ֑ים 1 A **bee** is a small, flying insect that flies in large groups and stings people who threaten them. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of insect, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “the stinging insects” 1:44 xcg6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַֽיַּכְּת֥וּ אֶתְכֶ֛ם 1 Here, **caused to scatter** means “defeated in battle” or “caused to retreat.” You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and defeated you and caused you to retreat” 1:44 j3li rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names חָרְמָֽה 1 The word **Hormah** is the name of a city. 1:45 yrs7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַתָּשֻׁ֥בוּ 1 The implication is that the fighting men returned from the battle to where the rest of the Israelites were camping at Kadesh Barnea. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “And you returned to Kadesh Barnea” 1:45 d7e5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִפְנֵ֣י 1 Here, **face** represents the presence of Yahweh. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in the presence of” 1:45 wf0c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּקֹ֣לְכֶ֔ם 1 Here, **voice** represents the words the Israelites spoke. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “to what you said” 1:45 w3kr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְלֹ֥א הֶאֱזִ֖ין 1 Here, **give ear** is a figure of speech that means “listen.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and he did not lend his ear” or “and he did not pay attention” 1:45 tvc1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וְלֹֽא־שָׁמַ֤ע יְהוָה֙ בְּקֹ֣לְכֶ֔ם וְלֹ֥א הֶאֱזִ֖ין אֲלֵיכֶֽם 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “but Yahweh did not listen to your voice, nor did he give ear to you” 1:46 fnvl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo יָמִ֣ים רַבִּ֑ים כַּיָּמִ֖ים אֲשֶׁ֥ר יְשַׁבְתֶּֽם 1 The expression **according to the days that you stayed {there}** contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “many days.” 2:intro ji46 0 # Deuteronomy 2 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter continues Moses’ first speech from the previous chapter.\n\n- vv. 1-11: Moses recounts the Israelites’ journey from the wilderness to the land of the Edomites, Moabites, and Ammonites\n- vv. 24-37: Moses recounts how Yahweh allowed the Israelites to defeat King Sihon\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### God knows everything, sees everything, and is everywhere\nAs God, Yahweh knows everything past, present, and future. And, as God, Yahweh is everywhere and cannot be limited to a single space. In verse 7, Moses explains that Yahweh was with the Israelites in a special way.\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Quotes in quotes\nIn this chapter, Moses gives a speech and quotes what other people said. If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate or format this passage so that there are not quotations within a quotation. (See [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])\n\n### Pronouns\nIn this chapter, the second person pronoun “you” is plural unless otherwise noted. Moses is speaking to all of the Israelites at Horeb, so use the plural form in your translation if your language marks that distinction.\n\n### Moses represents the Israelites\nThe singular pronoun “you” occurs when Yahweh speaks directly to Moses. The Israelites requested that Moses speak to Yahweh on their behalf, because the Israelites fear Yahweh and do not want to speak directly to him. Moses acts as a representative on behalf of all the Israelites. If it would be helpful for your readers, you could clarify that Yahweh wants Moses to tell the Israelites everything that Yahweh says.\n\n### “Yahweh your God”\nThroughout this chapter, Moses refers to Yahweh as “your God” when he speaks to the Israelites. Moses is referring to the same God that he also worships. He is not distinguishing between the God of the Israelites and his own God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could clarify that this is the same God that Moses worships. (See [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) //this needs to go in the book intro 2:1 ys5a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַנֵּ֜פֶן 1 The implication is that the Israelites **turned** around and went back the way they came. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “And we turned around” 2:1 b9af rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יָמִ֥ים רַבִּֽים 1 Here, the phrase **many days** means “a long time.” [Numbers 14:33-34](../num/14/33.md) tells us that the Israelites wandered in the desert for 40 years. Many of those 40 years were spent around Mount Seir. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “a very long time” 2:2 l1m8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations לֵאמֹֽר 1 Here, the word **saying** introduces direct speech. Consider natural ways of introducing direct quotations in your language. 2:3 xhnw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo פְּנ֥וּ לָכֶ֖ם 1 The expression **turn yourselves** contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “Turn” 2:4 p210 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes וְאֶת־הָעָם֮ צַ֣ו לֵאמֹר֒ אַתֶּ֣ם עֹֽבְרִ֗ים בִּגְבוּל֙ אֲחֵיכֶ֣ם 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation, as modeled by the UST. Alternate translation: “And command the people to cross the border of their brothers” 2:4 t4vc rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations לֵאמֹר֒ 1 Here, the word **saying** introduces direct speech. Consider natural ways of introducing direct quotations in your language. 2:4 u7cl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בִּגְבוּל֙ אֲחֵיכֶ֣ם 1 Here, Yahweh is using the possessive form to describe **the border** around the land that is occupied by the **brothers** of the Israelites. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a comparable expression. Alternate translation: “into the land occupied by your brothers” 2:4 trl3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֲחֵיכֶ֣ם בְּנֵי־עֵשָׂ֔ו 1 The Israelites are descendants of Jacob, who was Esau's brother. The Israelites and the **sons of Esau** are all descendants of Isaac. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “your relatives, the sons of Esau” 2:4 zvqh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲחֵיכֶ֣ם בְּנֵי 1 Here, **brothers** means “relatives” and **sons** means “descendants.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your relatives, the offspring of” 2:4 hlaq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative וְנִשְׁמַרְתֶּ֖ם מְאֹֽד 1 Here, the form of **you should be exceedingly on guard** is not a command form, but Yahweh is using the phrase to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “Be exceedingly on guard!” 2:5 mzpa rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result אַל־תִּתְגָּר֣וּ בָ֔ם כִּ֠י לֹֽא־אֶתֵּ֤ן לָכֶם֙ מֵֽאַרְצָ֔ם עַ֖ד מִדְרַ֣ךְ כַּף־רָ֑גֶל כִּֽי־יְרֻשָּׁ֣ה לְעֵשָׂ֔ו נָתַ֖תִּי אֶת־הַ֥ר שֵׂעִֽיר 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these phrases, since the last phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. Alternate translation: “I have given Mount Seir to Esau, so I will not give you any of their land, even as little as a step of the sole of a foot, so you shall not fight them” 2:5 h7uv rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֠י 1 Here, the word **for** introduces the reason why the Israelites **shall not fight** the descendants of Esau. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different a word or phrase that introduces a reason. Alternate translation: “since” 2:5 y52q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative אַל־תִּתְגָּר֣וּ בָ֔ם 1 Here, the form of **you shall not fight them** is not a command form, but Yahweh is using the phrase to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “Do not fight them” 2:5 e5j7 עַ֖ד מִדְרַ֣ךְ כַּף־רָ֑גֶל 1 Alternate translation: “even as little as the length of a footstep” 2:5 m4jy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְעֵשָׂ֔ו 1 Yahweh is using **Esau** to represent Esau and all of his descendants. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to Esau and his offspring” 2:6 rd6v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo אֹ֣כֶל תִּשְׁבְּר֧וּ מֵֽאִתָּ֛ם בַּכֶּ֖סֶף וַאֲכַלְתֶּ֑ם וְגַם־מַ֜יִם תִּכְר֧וּ מֵאִתָּ֛ם בַּכֶּ֖סֶף וּשְׁתִיתֶֽם 1 This verse contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the verse. Alternate translation: “You will buy food from them, and also, you will purchase water from them” 2:7 eq6o rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּי֩ 1 The word translated as **for** indicates that what follows is a reason that the Israelites should obey the commands that came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “Obey these commands because” 2:7 st5n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd אֱלֹהֶ֜יךָ בֵּֽרַכְךָ֗ & יָדֶ֔ךָ & לֶכְתְּךָ֔ & אֱלֹהֶ֨יךָ֙ עִמָּ֔ךְ לֹ֥א חָסַ֖רְתָּ 1 Even though Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, **you** and **your** are singular in this verse. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation. 2:7 ief6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche מַעֲשֵׂ֣ה יָדֶ֔ךָ 1 Moses is using **hand** to represent all of a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your work” 2:7 act3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יָדַ֣ע לֶכְתְּךָ֔ אֶת־הַמִּדְבָּ֥ר הַגָּדֹ֖ל הַזֶּ֑ה 1 The implication is that Yahweh **has known** everything that happened to the Israelites when they were **walking through** the **great wilderness**. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “He has known what happened to you during your walking through this great wilderness” 2:7 bkwb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יְהוָ֤ה אֱלֹהֶ֨יךָ֙ עִמָּ֔ךְ 1 As God, Yahweh is always everywhere. The implication is that Yahweh was **with** the Israelites in a special way. See how you translated this concept in [1:42](../01/42.md) Alternate translation: “Yahweh your God has been with you in a special way” 2:7 emyu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes לֹ֥א חָסַ֖רְתָּ דָּבָֽר 1 Moses is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, **not**, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “You have received all things that you required” 2:8 n8fq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אַחֵ֣ינוּ בְנֵי־עֵשָׂ֗ו 1 The Israelites are descendants of Jacob, who was Esau's brother. The Israelites and the **sons of Esau** are all descendants of Isaac. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. See how you translated this in [2:4](../02/04.md). Alternate translation: “our relatives, the sons of Esau” 2:8 bmap rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אַחֵ֣ינוּ בְנֵי 1 Here, **brothers** means “relatives” and **sons** means “descendants.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. See how you translated this in [2:4](../02/04.md). Alternate translation: “our relatives, the descendants of” 2:8 ctw5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מֵאֵילַ֖ת וּמֵעֶצְיֹ֣ן גָּ֑בֶר 1 The words **Elath** and **Ezion Geber** are the names of cities. 2:8 lbh3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַנֵּ֨פֶן֙ 1 The implication is that the Israelites **turned** away from the land of the sons of Esau and went on further. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “And we turned away from their land” 2:9 jttu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אֶל־תָּ֨צַר֙ אֶת־מוֹאָ֔ב וְאַל־תִּתְגָּ֥ר בָּ֖ם מִלְחָמָ֑ה 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “You shall not trouble Moab or fight against them in battle” 2:9 g8pa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative אֶל־תָּ֨צַר֙ & וְאַל־תִּתְגָּ֥ר 1 Yahweh is using the form **you shall** to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “Do not trouble … and do not fight” 2:9 ftp7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מוֹאָ֔ב 1 The word **Moab** represents the people of Moab. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the people of Moab” 2:9 j20t rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֠י 1 Here, the word **for** introduces the reason why the Israelites shall not fight the people of Moab. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different a word or phrase that introduces a reason. Alternate translation: “since” 2:9 gsfb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo כִּ֠י לֹֽא־אֶתֵּ֨ן לְךָ֤ מֵֽאַרְצוֹ֙ יְרֻשָּׁ֔ה כִּ֣י לִבְנֵי־ל֔וֹט נָתַ֥תִּי אֶת־עָ֖ר יְרֻשָּֽׁה 1 The expression to **give** someone's **land** as **a possession** contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “For I will not give to you from his land, because I have given Ar to the sons of Lot” 2:9 mx1u rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result לֹֽא־אֶתֵּ֨ן לְךָ֤ מֵֽאַרְצוֹ֙ יְרֻשָּׁ֔ה כִּ֣י לִבְנֵי־ל֔וֹט נָתַ֥תִּי אֶת־עָ֖ר יְרֻשָּֽׁה 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases, since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. Alternate translation: “I have given Ar to the sons of Lot as a possession, so I will not give to you from his land a possession” 2:9 i60c rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns מֵֽאַרְצוֹ֙ 1 The pronoun **its** refers to Moab. If this is not clear for your readers, you could use the name of the land here. Alternate translation: “from the land of Moab” 2:9 cs7l rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names עָ֖ר 1 The word **Ar** is the name of a city in Moab. 2:9 neab rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לִבְנֵי 1 Here, **sons** means “descendants.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the offspring of” 2:10 d4pi rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הָאֵמִ֥ים 1 The word **Emite** is the name of a giant-like people group. 2:10-12 am7r rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background 0 These verses provide background information about people groups who lived in the area that the Edomites and Moabites occupy. This information helps readers understand what happens next in the story. These verses are not part of Moses’ speech to the Israelites. In your translation, present this information in a way that makes it clear that this is background information. 2:11 zxl2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive רְפָאִ֛ים יֵחָשְׁב֥וּ אַף־הֵ֖ם 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “People refer to them as Rephaites” 2:11 eds2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names רְפָאִ֛ים & אֵמִֽים 1 The words **Rephaites** and **Emites** refer to the same people group. 2:12 ye16 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הַחֹרִים֮ 1 The word **Horite** is the name of a people group. 2:12 fxju rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּבְנֵ֧י 1 Here, **sons** means “descendants.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the offspring of” 2:12 ikp0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַיַּשְׁמִידוּם֙ מִפְּנֵיהֶ֔ם 1 The pronouns **they** and **their** refer to the sons of Esau. The pronoun **them** refers to the Horites. If this is not clear for your readers, you could use the names of the people groups here. Alternate translation: “And the sons of Esau destroyed the Horites from their faces” 2:12 vv8s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִפְּנֵיהֶ֔ם 1 Here, **faces** represents the presence of a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from their presence” 2:12 g53a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy עָשָׂ֣ה יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל לְאֶ֨רֶץ֙ יְרֻשָּׁת֔וֹ 1 Here, **Israel** represents the people of Israel. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the Israelites did to the land of their possession” 2:12 kkbr rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense עָשָׂ֣ה 1 Here, the writer uses the past tense, **did**, to refer to events that happen after Moses said all these things. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the future tense. Alternate translation: “would do” 2:12 zpks rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession לְאֶ֨רֶץ֙ יְרֻשָּׁת֔וֹ אֲשֶׁר־נָתַ֥ן יְהוָ֖ה לָהֶֽם 1 The writer is using the possessive form to describe the **land** that **Yahweh gave** the Israelites to live in as a **possession**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “to the land that Yahweh gave them to live in as a possession” 2:12 emtk rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense נָתַ֥ן יְהוָ֖ה לָהֶֽם 1 Here Moses could be using the past tense: (1) to refer to something that Yahweh has already done. Alternate translation: “Yahweh already gave to them” (2) to refer to something that will certainly happen in the future. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will give to them” See how you translated this in [1:8](../01/08.md). 2:13 ruf4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations עַתָּ֗ה קֻ֛מוּ וְעִבְר֥וּ לָכֶ֖ם אֶת־נַ֣חַל זָ֑רֶד 1 The implication is that Yahweh is speaking these commands. If it would be more natural in your language, you could: (1) use a natural way of introducing direct quotations in your language. Alternate translation: “Then Yahweh said, ‘Now rise up and cross yourselves the brook Zered” (2) translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “Then Yahweh told us to rise up and cross ourselves the brook Zered” 2:13 va2q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor קֻ֛מוּ 1 Here, **rise up** describes the beginning of action. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “start your journey” 2:13 v5e9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo וְעִבְר֥וּ לָכֶ֖ם 1 The expression **cross yourselves** contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “and cross” 2:13 mn1h rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names נַ֣חַל זָ֑רֶד & נַ֥חַל זָֽרֶד 1 The term **the brook Zered** is the name of a stream that flows into the Dead Sea. The brook goes from the southeast and creates the border between Edom and Moab. 2:14 pphi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְהַיָּמִ֞ים אֲשֶׁר־הָלַ֣כְנוּ ׀ מִקָּדֵ֣שׁ בַּרְנֵ֗עַ עַ֤ד אֲשֶׁר־עָבַ֨רְנוּ֙ אֶת־נַ֣חַל זֶ֔רֶד שְׁלֹשִׁ֥ים וּשְׁמֹנֶ֖ה שָׁנָ֑ה 1 Here, **days** refers to a duration of time. If this would not be clear in your language, you could use a comparable expression for expressing the passing of time. Alternate translation: “And the time that had passed since we came from Kadesh Barnea until we crossed the brook Zered was 38 years” 2:14 v37p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עַד־תֹּ֨ם כָּל־הַדּ֜וֹר אַנְשֵׁ֤י הַמִּלְחָמָה֙ מִקֶּ֣רֶב הַֽמַּחֲנֶ֔ה כַּאֲשֶׁ֛ר נִשְׁבַּ֥ע יְהוָ֖ה לָהֶֽם 1 The Israelites who were old enough to fight disobeyed Yahweh. As a result, Yahweh punished them so they would die before they could enter the land that Yahweh said he would give to them. See [1:19-45](../01/19.md). 2:14 a2ue rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism תֹּ֨ם 1 Moses is referring to death in a polite way by using the phrase **were finished**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a polite way of referring to this in your language, or you could state this plainly. Alternate translation: “had died” 2:14 xqe0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִקֶּ֣רֶב הַֽמַּחֲנֶ֔ה 1 Here, **camp** represents all of the Israelites and everyone traveling with them in the wilderness. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from among the Israelites” //I think they were traveling with servants? 2:15 q5m7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy יַד־יְהוָה֙ הָ֣יְתָה בָּ֔ם 1 Here, **hand** represents Yahweh’s power and actions. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Yahweh used his power against them” 2:15 tz4t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִקֶּ֣רֶב הַֽמַּחֲנֶ֑ה 1 Here, **camp** represents all of the Israelites and everyone traveling with them in the wilderness. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from among the Israelites” 2:15 jl5l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism תֻּמָּֽם 1 Moses is referring to death in a polite way by using the phrase **came to an end**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a polite way of referring to this in your language, or you could state this plainly. Alternate translation: “they died” 2:16 pv43 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַיְהִ֨י 1 Moses is using the word translated **and it happened** to introduce a new event in the story. Use a word, phrase, or other method in your language that is natural for introducing a new event. Alternate translation: “Then” 2:16 xmpd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism תַּ֜מּוּ כָּל־אַנְשֵׁ֧י הַמִּלְחָמָ֛ה לָמ֖וּת מִקֶּ֥רֶב הָעָֽם 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The first clause uses a euphemism, while the second clause states the meaning plainly. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “all the men of war came to an end, indeed, they died from among the people” 2:17 i2gj rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations לֵאמֹֽר 1 Here, the word **saying** introduces direct speech. Consider natural ways of introducing direct quotations in your language. 2:18 yrj6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns אַתָּ֨ה 1 Here, the singular pronoun **you** refers to Moses. Yahweh is speaking to Moses, but he is giving commands for all of the Israelites. If this is not clear for your readers, you could (1) use plural forms of the pronoun. (2) state the audience plainly. Alternate translation: “These are instructions for you and all the Israelites. You” 2:18 g7yv rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names עָֽר 1 The word **Ar** is the name of a city in Moab. See how you translated it in [2:9](../02/09.md). 2:19 c269 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd וְקָרַבְתָּ֗ & אַל־תְּצֻרֵ֖ם וְאַל־תִּתְגָּ֣ר & לְךָ֙ 1 Here, the singular pronoun **you** refers to Moses. Yahweh is speaking to Moses, but he is giving commands for all of the Israelites. If this is not clear for your readers, you could (1) use plural forms of the pronoun. (2) state the audience plainly. See how you translated this in the previous verse. 2:19 p8cq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּנֵ֣י עַמּ֔וֹן & בְּנֵי־עַמּ֤וֹן & לִבְנֵי־ל֖וֹט 1 The people of **Ammon** are descendants of **Lot** like the Moabites. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “the sons of Ammon, who are descendants of Lot … the sons of Ammon … to the sons of Ammon” 2:19 aj03 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּנֵ֣י & בְּנֵי & לִבְנֵי 1 Here, **sons** means “descendants.” Although the term **sons** is masculine, Moses is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the people of” 2:19 esqk rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֣י 1 Here, the word **for** introduces the reason why the Israelites **shall not fight** the descendants of Esau. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different a word or phrase that introduces a reason. Alternate translation: “since” 2:19 skvn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אַל־תְּצֻרֵ֖ם וְאַל־תִּתְגָּ֣ר בָּ֑ם 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “You shall not trouble them, indeed, you shall not fight them” 2:19 spp1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative אַל־תְּצֻרֵ֖ם וְאַל־תִּתְגָּ֣ר בָּ֑ם 1 Yahweh is using the form **you shall** to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “Do not trouble them and do not fight them” 2:19 iice rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result לֹֽא־אֶ֠תֵּן מֵאֶ֨רֶץ בְּנֵי־עַמּ֤וֹן לְךָ֙ יְרֻשָּׁ֔ה כִּ֥י לִבְנֵי־ל֖וֹט נְתַתִּ֥יהָ יְרֻשָּֽׁה 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases, since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. Alternate translation: “I have given the land to the sons of Lot as a possession, so I will not give to you from it as a possession” 2:19 ra5l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo לֹֽא־אֶ֠תֵּן מֵאֶ֨רֶץ בְּנֵי־עַמּ֤וֹן לְךָ֙ יְרֻשָּׁ֔ה כִּ֥י לִבְנֵי־ל֖וֹט נְתַתִּ֥יהָ יְרֻשָּֽׁה 1 The expression to **give** someone's **land** as **a possession** contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “I will not give to you from the land of the sons of Ammon, because I have given it to the sons of Lot” 2:20 n15r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive אֶֽרֶץ־רְפָאִ֥ים תֵּחָשֵׁ֖ב אַף־הִ֑וא 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Also, people refer to it as a land of the Rephaim” 2:20 p2rw rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names רְפָאִ֥ים & רְפָאִ֤ים & זַמְזֻמִּֽים 1 The words **Rephaites** and **Zamzummites** are names for the same people group. See how you translated **Rephaites** in [2:11](../02/11.md). 2:20-23 s8bn rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background 0 These verses provide background information about people groups who lived in the area that the Ammonites, Edomites, and Caphtorim occupied. This information helps readers understand what happens next in the story. These verses are not part of Moses’ speech to the Israelites. In your translation, present this information in a way that makes it clear that this is background information. 2:21 sq14 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַיַּשְׁמִידֵ֤ם יְהוָה֙ מִפְּנֵיהֶ֔ם וַיִּירָשֻׁ֖ם וַיֵּשְׁב֥וּ תַחְתָּֽם 1 Here, the pronoun **them** refers to the Rephaites. The pronoun **their** in the first clause refers to the Ammonites. The pronoun **their** in the second clause refers to the Rephaites. If this is not clear for your readers, you could repeat the names of the people groups. Alternate translation: “But Yahweh destroyed the Rephaites before the Ammonites’ faces, and the Ammonites dispossessed the Rephaites and lived in their place” 2:21 xz3g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִפְּנֵיהֶ֔ם 1 Here, **faces** represents the presence of people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in their presence” 2:22 ulcb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לִבְנֵ֣י 1 Here, **sons** means “descendants.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “for the offspring of” 2:22 y1ib rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הַחֹרִי֙ 1 The word **Horites** is the name of a people group. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 2:12](../02/12.md). 2:22 yq6w rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns מִפְּנֵיהֶ֔ם וַיִּֽירָשֻׁם֙ וַיֵּשְׁב֣וּ תַחְתָּ֔ם 1 In the first clause, the pronoun **their** refers to the sons of Esau. In the second clause, **they** refers to the sons of Esau, while **them** and **their** refer to the Horites. If this is not clear for your readers, you could repeat the names of the people groups. Alternate translation: “from before the sons of Esau's faces, and the sons of Esau dispossessed the Horites and have lived in their place” 2:22 l5ul rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִפְּנֵיהֶ֔ם 1 Here, **faces** represents the presence of people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before them” 2:23 i3fg rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants וְהָֽעַוִּ֛ים הַיֹּשְׁבִ֥ים בַּחֲצֵרִ֖ים עַד־עַזָּ֑ה כַּפְתֹּרִים֙ הַיֹּצְאִ֣ים מִכַּפְתּ֔וֹר 1 Here, the author introduces **the Avvites** and then describes what happened to them. If your language has its own way of introducing new participants, you could use it here in your translation. Alternate translation: “As for the Avvites who lived in villages as far as Gaza, the Caphtorites, who came from Caphtor” 2:23 c7kb rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וְהָֽעַוִּ֛ים & כַּפְתֹּרִים֙ 1 The words **Avvites** and **Caphtorites** are the names of people groups. 2:23 wmz4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מִכַּפְתּ֔וֹר 1 The word **Caphtor** is the name of a place. It may be another name for the island of Crete located in the Mediterranean Sea. 2:23 feg9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns הִשְׁמִידֻ֖ם וַיֵּשְׁב֥וּ תַחְתָּֽם 1 Here, the pronouns **them** and **their** refer to the Avvites. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “destroyed the Avvites and lived in their place” 2:24 mopq rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ק֣וּמוּ סְּע֗וּ וְעִבְרוּ֮ & 1 Even though Yahweh is speaking to Moses, the forms of these commands are plural. Yahweh wants Moses to tell these commands to all of the Israelites. If this is not clear for your readers, you could state the audience plainly. Alternate translation: “Tell the Israelites to rise up, journey, and pass through 2:24 yyy9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ק֣וּמוּ 1 Here, **rise up** describes the beginning of action. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. See how you translated this term in [verse 13](../02/13.md). Alternate translation: “Begin traveling” 2:24 v45y rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names נַ֣חַל אַרְנֹן֒ 1 The term **Valley of Arnon** is the name of a place. 2:24 kvlv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor רְאֵ֣ה 1 \nYahweh is using the term **look** to focus the Israelites' attention on what he is about to say. Your language may have a comparable expression that you could use in your translation. Alternate translation: “Pay attention to this:” 2:24 hjpt rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense נָתַ֣תִּי 1 Here Yahweh could be using the past tense: (1) to refer to something that he has already done. Alternate translation: “I have given” (2) to refer to something that will certainly happen in the future. Alternate translation: “I will give”\n 2:24 g8xa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you בְ֠יָדְךָ & הָחֵ֣ל רָ֑שׁ וְהִתְגָּ֥ר 1 Here, the singular pronoun **your** refers to Moses. The forms of the commands are also singular. Yahweh is speaking to Moses because Moses is the leader of the Israelites, but these phrases apply to all of the Israelites. If this is not clear for your readers, you could (1) use plural forms of the pronoun. (2) state the audience plainly. See how you translated this in [verse 18](../02/18.md). 2:24 j7cy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְ֠יָדְךָ 1 Here, the word **hand** means “power” or “control.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you power over” 2:24 d644 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession אַרְצ֖וֹ 1 Here, the possessive form describes the **land** that King Sihon rules over. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a comparable expression. Alternate translation: “the land he rules over” 2:24 k7py rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche בּ֖וֹ 1 Here, the pronoun **him** refers to Sihon and his army. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “against him and his army” 2:25 il8b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd פַּחְדְּךָ֙ וְיִרְאָ֣תְךָ֔ & שִׁמְעֲךָ֔ 1 Although Yahweh is speaking about all of the Israelites, Yahweh uses the singular pronouns **you** and **your**. This is because Yahweh is speaking directly to Moses who acts as a representative for the Israelites. If this is not clear for your readers, you could use plural forms of the pronoun. Alternate translation: “the fear of the Israelites and the terror of the Israelites … a report of the Israelites” 2:25 jywf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תֵּ֤ת פַּחְדְּךָ֙ וְיִרְאָ֣תְךָ֔ עַל־פְּנֵי֙ הָֽעַמִּ֔ים 1 Here, Yahweh speaks of emotions as if they were something you could physically **put on the faces of the peoples**. He means that he will cause **the peoples** to feel **fear** and **terror**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “cause the peoples to feel the fear of you and the terror of you” 2:25 m2y5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns אָחֵל֙ תֵּ֤ת פַּחְדְּךָ֙ וְיִרְאָ֣תְךָ֔ עַל־פְּנֵי֙ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **fear** and **terror**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “I will cause you to frighten and terrify the hearts of” 2:25 sayz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession פַּחְדְּךָ֙ וְיִרְאָ֣תְךָ֔ & שִׁמְעֲךָ֔ 1 Yahweh is using the possessive form to describe how the Israelites will cause **fear**, **terror**, and **a report** about them. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a comparable expression that describes cause and effect. Alternate translation: “the fear caused by you and the terror caused by you … a report about you” 2:25 jg6p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet פַּחְדְּךָ֙ וְיִרְאָ֣תְךָ֔ 1 The terms **fear** and **terror** mean similar things. Yahweh is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “the extremely great fear of you” 2:25 x3s5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom תַּ֖חַת כָּל־הַשָּׁמָ֑יִם 1 Here, **under all the heavens** is an idiom that means “everywhere.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “all over the place” or “everywhere” 2:25 ksjv rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal אֲשֶׁ֤ר 1 Here, the word **that** identifies what comes after as the purpose of the clause that comes before. Yahweh will cause the peoples to fear the Israelites in order that the peoples might tremble. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is the purpose. Alternate translation: “in order that” 2:25 fjp4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet וְרָגְז֥וּ וְחָל֖וּ 1 The terms **quake** and **tremble** mean similar things. Paul is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “and will surely tremble” 2:25 j2yu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִפָּנֶֽיךָ 1 Here, **face** represents the presence of a person and **from** means “because of”. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “because of you” //should I split this note into two? might be more confusing that way 2:26 d2n3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וָאֶשְׁלַ֤ח 1 Here, the pronoun **I** refers to Moses. If this is not clear for your readers, you could use the person's name here. Alternate translation: “And I, Moses, sent” 2:26 p6fj rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מִמִּדְבַּ֣ר קְדֵמ֔וֹת 1 The term **wilderness of Kedemoth** is the name of a place near the valley of Arnon. 2:26 efk3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession דִּבְרֵ֥י שָׁל֖וֹם 1 Here, Moses is using the possessive form to describe how his message to Sihon contains **words** that are characterized by **peace**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a comparable expression. Alternate translation: “with a peaceful message” 2:26 bbuw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns דִּבְרֵ֥י שָׁל֖וֹם 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **peace**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “communicating peaceably” 2:26 gnsw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations לֵאמֹֽר 1 Here, the word **saying** introduces direct speech. Consider natural ways of introducing direct quotations in your language. 2:27 bwd3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns אֶעְבְּרָ֣ה & אֵלֵ֑ךְ לֹ֥א אָס֖וּר 1 Moses is speaking on behalf of all the Israelites, so he uses the singular pronouns **me** and **I** here. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use plural pronouns or clarify who the pronouns refer to. Alternate translation: “I and the Israelites will pass through … we will go. We will not turn” 2:27 wu1w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular בְאַרְצֶ֔ךָ 1 The word **your** is singular here because it refers to King Sihon. 2:27 cp9d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְאַרְצֶ֔ךָ 1 Moses is using the possessive form to describe the **land** that King Sihon rules over. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a comparable expression. Alternate translation: “the land that you rule over” 2:27 gytl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism בַּדֶּ֖רֶךְ אֵלֵ֑ךְ לֹ֥א אָס֖וּר יָמִ֥ין וּשְׂמֹֽאול 1 These two sentences mean basically the same thing. The second sentence emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “On the road I will go. Indeed, I will not turn right or left” 2:27 bpdc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure בַּדֶּ֖רֶךְ אֵלֵ֑ךְ 1 By beginning the sentence with **on the road**, Moses is emphasizing that he will only **go** **on the road.** If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word order or phrase that clarifies this information. Alternate translation: “I will only go on the road” 2:28 n54c אֹ֣כֶל בַּכֶּ֤סֶף תַּשְׁבִּרֵ֨נִי֙ וְאָכַ֔לְתִּי וּמַ֛יִם בַּכֶּ֥סֶף תִּתֶּן־לִ֖י וְשָׁתִ֑יתִי 1 Moses is assuring Sihon that the Israelites will not trouble Sihon and his people by stealing from them. Instead, they will pay for everything they need. Moses is communicating a polite request rather than a command. Use a form in your language that communicates a polite request. It may be helpful to add an expression such as “please” to make this clear. Alternate translation: “Please sell me food for money, and I will eat. And please give to me water for money, and I will drink.” 2:28 brfk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo אֹ֣כֶל בַּכֶּ֤סֶף תַּשְׁבִּרֵ֨נִי֙ וְאָכַ֔לְתִּי וּמַ֛יִם בַּכֶּ֥סֶף תִּתֶּן־לִ֖י וְשָׁתִ֑יתִי 1 This verse contains expressions with extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “You will sell me food and water” 2:28 jp21 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns תַּשְׁבִּרֵ֨נִי֙ וְאָכַ֔לְתִּי & לִ֖י וְשָׁתִ֑יתִי & אֶעְבְּרָ֥ה בְרַגְלָֽי 1 Moses is speaking on behalf of all the Israelites, so he uses the singular pronouns **me**, **I**, and **my** here. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use plural pronouns or clarify who the pronouns refer to. Alternate translation: “You will sell me and the Israelites … and we will eat … to us … and we will drink … let us pass through on our feet” 2:28 oogz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֶעְבְּרָ֥ה בְרַגְלָֽי 1 The implication is the Israelites will **pass through** the land peacefully by walking. They will not harass or attack the people living in the land. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “let me pass through peacefully on my feet” 2:28 twx5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בְרַגְלָֽי 1 Here, **on feet** is an idiom that means “travel by walking.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “by walking” 2:29 tlpc rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns לִ֜י & אֶֽעֱבֹר֙ 1 Here, the singular pronouns **me** and **I** refer to Moses. Yahweh is speaking to Moses because Moses is the leader of the Israelites, but these phrases apply to all of the Israelites. If this is not clear for your readers, you could use plural forms of the pronoun. Alternate translation: “for us … we pass over” 2:29 k54p rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names בְּנֵ֣י 1 Here, **sons** means “descendants.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the offspring of” 2:29 nj8q rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names בְּעָ֑ר 1 The word **Ar** is the name of a city. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 2:9](../02/09.md). 2:30 n8cg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd אֱלֹהֶ֜יךָ & בְיָדְךָ֖ 1 Even though Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, **your** is singular in this verse. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation. 2:30 fad4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism הִקְשָׁה֩ & אֶת־רוּח֗וֹ & וְאִמֵּץ֙ אֶת־לְבָב֔וֹ 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “had hardened his spirit, indeed, he strengthened his heart” 2:30 scq4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom הִקְשָׁה֩ & אֶת־רוּח֗וֹ & וְאִמֵּץ֙ אֶת־לְבָב֔וֹ 1 Here, **hardened his spirit** and **strengthened his heart** are idioms that mean “caused him to be stubborn.” If these phrases do not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “had caused him to be stiff-necked and caused him to be as stubborn as a mule” or “had caused him to be stubborn and caused him to be obstinate” 2:30 m4wj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְיָדְךָ֖ 1 Here, **hand** represents someone’s power and control. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “into your control”\n 2:30 ep81 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כַּיּ֥וֹם הַזֶּֽה 1 The implication is that the Israelites control Sihon’s land at the time when Moses is giving this speech to the Israelites. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “as you control his land this day” 2:31 f11n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor רְאֵ֗ה 1 Yahweh is using the term **look** to focus the Moses’ attention on what he is about to say. Your language may have a comparable expression that you could use in your translation. Alternate translation: “Pay attention to this:” 2:31 farh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תֵּ֣ת לְפָנֶ֔יךָ אֶת־סִיחֹ֖ן וְאֶת־אַרְצ֑וֹ 1 Here Yahweh speaks as if he is physically **giving** Sihon to Moses. Yahweh means that he is enabling Moses to defeat Sihon and take over the land. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “giving victory before your face over Sihon and his land” 2:31 q366 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְפָנֶ֔יךָ 1 Here, **face** represents the presence of a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before you” 2:31 a3yy rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns לְפָנֶ֔יךָ & הָחֵ֣ל רָ֔שׁ 1 Here, the singular pronoun **your** refers to Moses. The command **begin to possess** is also a singular form. Yahweh is speaking to Moses, but he is giving commands for all of the Israelites. If this is not clear for your readers, you could use plural forms. See how you translated this in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “before your faces … Begin, possess” 2:31 mn2v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession אַרְצ֑וֹ & אַרְצֽוֹ 1 Here, the pronoun **his** refers to King Sihon. Yahweh is using the possessive form to describe the **land** that King Sihon rules over. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a comparable expression. Alternate translation: “the land that he rules over … the land that he rules over” 2:31 wz3l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-reduplication הָחֵ֣ל רָ֔שׁ לָרֶ֖שֶׁת 1 The words **possess, to possess** translate a verb that is repeated for emphasis. Yahweh wants the Israelites to fully possess the land. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language. Alternate translation: “Begin to fully possess” 2:32 tf3w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַיֵּצֵא֩ סִיחֹ֨ן לִקְרָאתֵ֜נוּ 1 The implication is that **Sihon came out** of his main city, Heshbon and went to Jahaz to fight against the Israelites. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “And Sihon came out from Heshbon to attack us” 2:32 ampg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive לִקְרָאתֵ֜נוּ 1 By **us**, Moses means himself and the Israelite men old enough to fight but not the rest of the Israelites, so use the exclusive form of that word in your translation if your language marks that distinction. 2:32 fczt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עַמּ֛וֹ 1 Here, **people** refers to the fighting men whom Sihon led. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “his fighting men” 2:32 k97a rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names יָֽהְצָה 1 The word **Jahaz** is the name of a city in Moab. 2:33 u79t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַֽיִּתְּנֵ֛הוּ יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֵ֖ינוּ 1 Here Moses speaks as if Yahweh physically **gave** Sihon to the Israelites. Moses means that Yahweh enabled the Israelites to defeat Sihon. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And Yahweh our God gave victory over him” 2:33 ker2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְפָנֵ֑ינוּ 1 Here, **faces** represents the presence of people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before us” 2:33 gqev rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַנַּ֥ךְ אֹת֛וֹ 1 Here, **struck down** means defeat in battle. (not necessarily killed?) //Will come back to this. Either way, the Israelites did kill all the people that Sihon ruled 2:33 k449 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants בנו 1 Many ancient manuscripts read “son.” The ULT follows that reading. Other ancient manuscripts read the plural “sons.” If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT. 2:33 mn5p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בנו 1 The implication is that the Israelites killed Sihon’s heir, **his son**, so that Sihon would not have descendants that would try to take the land back from the Israelites. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “his heir” //if "struck down" means defeat, then this note is probably not needed? do you think this note is maybe too interpretive? 2:33 gvqy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession עַמּֽוֹ 1 Here, **people** refers to the fighting men whom Sihon led. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a comparable phrase to describe the relationship between Sihon and the **people**. Alternate translation: “the fighting men under his control” 2:36 i479 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מֵֽעֲרֹעֵ֡ר 1 The word **Aroer** is the name of a city to the north of the Arnon River. 2:36 fhuh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שְׂפַת 1 Here, **lip** is means “edge.” In this case, **lip** specifically refers to the bank of a dry riverbed. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the edge of” 2:36 pd7q rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names נַ֨חַל אַרְנֹ֜ן 1 The term **Valley of Arnon** is the name of a place. The word **Arnon** is the name of a river. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 2:24](../02/24.md). 2:36 snr1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes לֹ֤א הָֽיְתָה֙ קִרְיָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר שָׂגְבָ֖ה מִמֶּ֑נּוּ 1 Moses is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, **not**, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “we were able to defeat the people of every city even if the city had high walls around it” 2:36 v2fl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַכֹּ֕ל 1 The implication is that Yahweh gave the Israelites **the whole** of the land described in this verse. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “all of the land” 2:36 npii rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְפָנֵֽינוּ 1 Here, **faces** represents the presence of people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before us” 2:37 xjvt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure רַ֛ק אֶל־אֶ֥רֶץ בְּנֵי־עַמּ֖וֹן לֹ֣א קָרָ֑בְתָּ כָּל־יַ֞ד נַ֤חַל יַבֹּק֙ וְעָרֵ֣י הָהָ֔ר וְכֹ֥ל אֲשֶׁר־צִוָּ֖ה יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֵֽינוּ 1 Moses means that the Israelites only traveled where Yahweh commanded them to and not anywhere else. If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the phrasing of this verse. Alternate translation: “You only approached the land that Yahweh our God had commanded. You did not approach the land of the sons of Ammon, all the side of the Jabbok River, and the cities of the hill country” 2:37 v1z7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd לֹ֣א קָרָ֑בְתָּ 1 Even though **you** is singular in this verse, Moses is referring to himself and all the Israelites. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use different pronoun. Alternate translation: “we did not approach” 2:37 cezq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יַ֞ד 1 Here, **hand** means “side” or, as relating to a river, “shore.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the shore of” 2:37 vt6d rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names נַ֤חַל יַבֹּק֙ 1 The term **Jabbok River** is the name of a river. The river created the border between Sihon’s land and the land of the Ammonites. 3:intro z1ea 0 # Deuteronomy 3 General Notes\n\n## Outline\n- vv. 1-11: Moses recounts how the Israelites defeated King Og\n- vv. 12-22: Allotting land east of the Jordan to \n- vv. 23-29: Yahweh forbids Moses from entering the land\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Victories\n\nThe victories recorded in this chapter occurred on the east side of the Jordan River. This was not part of the Promised Land, which was on the west side of the Jordan River. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties\n\n###“Yahweh your God”\nThroughout this chapter, Moses refers to Yahweh as “your God” when he speaks to the Israelites. Moses is referring to the same God that he also worships. He is not distinguishing between the God of the Israelites and his own God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could clarify that this is the same God that Moses worships. (See [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])\n\n### Quotes in quotes\n\nIn this chapter, Moses gives a speech and quotes what other people said. If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate or format this passage so that there are not quotations within a quotation. (See [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])\n\n### Pronouns\n\nIn this chapter, the second person pronoun “you” is plural unless otherwise noted. Moses is speaking to all of the Israelites at Horeb, so use the plural form in your translation if your language marks that distinction.\n\n### Time Background\n\nIn his speech, Moses reminds the Israelites about what happened to their ancestors before they entered the land that Yahweh promised to give to them. Throughout his speech, Moses repeats the phrase “at that time” to refer to new topics that occur during that time period. If it would be helpful for your readers, you could state this information explicitly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevents]]) 3:1 b1tm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַנֵּ֣פֶן 1 The implication is that the Israelites **turned** north from Sihon's land to go to Bashan. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “And we turned northward” 3:1 lu1c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַנַּ֔עַל 1 Here, the term **went up** means 3:1 sahw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession דֶּ֖רֶךְ הַבָּשָׁ֑ן 1 Here, Moses is using the possessive form to describe a **road** that goes through the region of **Bashan**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different way to explain the relationship between **road** and **Bashan**. Alternate translation: “the road in the region of Bashan” 3:1 z2w7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names עוֹג֩ 1 The word **Og** is the name of a king. See how you translated it in [1:4](../01/04.md). 3:1 ylw5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַיֵּצֵ֣א עוֹג֩ מֶֽלֶךְ־הַבָּשָׁ֨ן לִקְרָאתֵ֜נוּ 1 The implication is that Og **came out** of the city where he lived in order to fight against the Israelites. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “And Og, the king of the Bashan, came out from his city to attack us” 3:1 zned rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive לִקְרָאתֵ֜נוּ 1 By **us**, Moses means himself and the Israelite men old enough to fight but not the rest of the Israelites, so use the exclusive form of that word in your translation if your language marks that distinction. 3:1 xyiq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עַמּ֛וֹ 1 Here, **people** refers to fighting men. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “his fighting men” 3:1 ki4h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession עַמּ֛וֹ 1 Moses is using the possessive form to describe **people** who King Og leads. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a comparable phrase to describe the relationship between Og and the **people**. Alternate translation: “the people that he led” 3:1 v626 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אֶדְרֶֽעִי 1 The word **Edrei** is the name of a city. See how you translated it in [1:4](../01/04.md). 3:2 hn64 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you אֵלַי֙ & אַל־תִּירָ֣א & בְיָדְךָ֞ & וְעָשִׂ֣יתָ & עָשִׂ֗יתָ 1 \n\nHere, the singular pronouns **me**, **you**, and **your** refer to Moses. Yahweh is speaking to Moses, but he is giving commands for all of the Israelites. If this is not clear for your readers, you could use plural forms of the pronoun. Alternate translation: “to us, ‘You shall not fear … into your hands. And you will do … you did” 3:2 a2ly rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative אַל־תִּירָ֣א 1 Here, the form of **fear** is not a command, but Yahweh is using the form to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “Do not fear” 3:2 w3dp rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns אֹת֔וֹ & אֹת֛וֹ & עַמּ֖וֹ & אַרְצ֑וֹ & לּ֔וֹ 1 Here, the words **him** and **his** refer back to Og in the previous verse. If this is not clear for your readers, you could use the person's name here. Alternate translation: “Og … Og … his people … his land … to him” 3:2 dgpy rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֣י 1 The word translated as **for** indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “this is because” 3:2 tvji rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְיָדְךָ֞ 1 Here, the word **hand** means “power” or “control.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “under your control” 3:2 w9tj rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense נָתַ֧תִּי 1 Here Yahweh could be using the past tense: (1) to refer to something that he has already done. Alternate translation: “I have already given” (2) to refer to something that will certainly happen in the future. Alternate translation: “I will give” 3:3 n4lw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּיָדֵ֗נוּ 1 Here, the word **hand** means “power” or “control.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “into your control” 3:3 maii rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַנַּכֵּ֕הוּ 1 Here, **struck down** means “defeated in battle.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And we defeated him” 3:3 rm5e not one of his people remained 0 This is a litotes that is used to emphasize that the Israelites did not let anyone live. Alternate translation: “all of his people were dead” 3:4 nwb3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives לֹ֤א הָֽיְתָה֙ קִרְיָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר לֹא־לָקַ֖חְנוּ מֵֽאִתָּ֑ם שִׁשִּׁ֥ים עִיר֙ 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a positive expression to translate this double negative that consists of the repeated negative particle **not**. Alternate translation: “We took from them every city of 60 cities” 3:4 x9q1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names חֶ֣בֶל אַרְגֹּ֔ב 1 The word **Argob** is the name of a **region** within the country Bashan. 3:5 p7qc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עָרִ֧ים בְּצֻר֛וֹת 1 The implication is that these **cities** were fortified, so they were hard to access. The walls, gates, and bars protected the city from attack. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “cities fortified” 3:5 qup3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys דְּלָתַ֣יִם וּבְרִ֑יחַ 1 This phrase expresses a single idea by using two words connected with **and**. The word **bars** tells what the **gates** were like. The cities had gates with metal bars across them to keep enemies from coming in the cities. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this meaning with an equivalent phrase that does not use **and**. Alternate translation: “barred gates” 3:5 v9nt besides very many 0 Alternate translation: “in addition to very many” or “not including very many” 3:6 kqel rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns אוֹתָ֔ם 1 The pronoun **them** refers to the cities and towns that King Og ruled over. If this is not clear for your readers, you could include this information. Alternate translation: “the cities” 3:6 vk9h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy כָּל־עִ֣יר 1 Here, **city** represents the people living inside the cities. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “all the people in every city” 3:8 w2ct rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִיַּ֗ד 1 Here, the word **hand** means “power” or “control.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “away from the control of” 3:8 a9ko rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers שְׁנֵי֙ 1 Alternate translation: “the 2” 3:8 l9c4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּעֵ֣בֶר הַיַּרְדֵּ֑ן 1 The implication is that the Amorites were **across the Jordan** from the rest of the land that Yahweh promised to give to the Israelites. The Amorites were east of the Jordan. Alternate translation: “were east of the Jordan” 3:8 c8hd rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מִנַּ֥חַל אַרְנֹ֖ן 1 The term **Valley of Arnon** is the name of a place. See how you translated it in [2:24](../02/24.md). 3:8 b5q8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הַ֥ר חֶרְמֽוֹן 1 The term **Mount Hermon** is the name of a mountain at the northern border of Bashan. 3:9 c5pg rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background צִידֹנִ֛ים יִקְרְא֥וּ לְחֶרְמ֖וֹן שִׂרְיֹ֑ן וְהָ֣אֱמֹרִ֔י יִקְרְאוּ־ל֖וֹ שְׂנִֽיר 1 This verse provides background information about the land that the Israelites conquered. This information helps readers understand what happened in the story. These verses are not part of Moses’ speech to the Israelites. In your translation, present this information in a way that makes it clear that this is background information. 3:9 yoxl rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names צִידֹנִ֛ים 1 The word **Sidonians** is the name of a people group. 3:9 nk7s rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names לְחֶרְמ֖וֹן שִׂרְיֹ֑ן & שְׂנִֽיר 1 The words **Hermon**, **Sirion**, and **Senir** are all names for the same mountain which is at the northern border of Bashan. 3:10 gk8j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַמִּישֹׁ֗ר 1 The **plain** is an area of high, flat land between the Arnon River and Mount Gilead. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “the highland” 3:10 x89s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession עָרֵ֣י הַמִּישֹׁ֗ר 1 Here, Moses is using the possessive form to describe **cities** that are located on **the plain**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could describe the location in a comparable way. Alternate translation: “the cities located on the plain” 3:10 g7ie rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names סַלְכָ֖ה וְאֶדְרֶ֑עִי 1 The words **Salekah** and **Edrei** are names of cities. See how you translated **Edrei** in [1:4](../01/04.md). 3:11 nd7p rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background כִּ֣י רַק־ע֞וֹג מֶ֣לֶךְ הַבָּשָׁ֗ן נִשְׁאַר֮ מִיֶּ֣תֶר הָרְפָאִים֒ הִנֵּ֤ה עַרְשׂוֹ֙ עֶ֣רֶשׂ בַּרְזֶ֔ל הֲלֹ֣ה הִ֔וא בְּרַבַּ֖ת בְּנֵ֣י עַמּ֑וֹן תֵּ֧שַׁע אַמּ֣וֹת אָרְכָּ֗הּ וְאַרְבַּ֥ע אַמּ֛וֹת רָחְבָּ֖הּ בְּאַמַּת־אִֽישׁ 1 This verse provides background information about King Og. This information helps readers understand what happened in the story. These verses are not part of Moses’ speech to the Israelites. In your translation, present this information in a way that makes it clear that this is background information. 3:11 mdg3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הָרְפָאִים֒ 1 The word **Rephaites** is the name of a people group. See how you translated this in [2:11](../02/11.md). 3:11 i4qm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הִנֵּ֤ה 1 The author is using the term **behold** to focus attention on what he is about to say. Your language may have a comparable expression that you could use in your translation. Alternate translation: “Note that” 3:11 ug2b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עַרְשׂוֹ֙ עֶ֣רֶשׂ 1 Here, the word **couch** refers to furniture that one can lay down on. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “his bedstead was a bedstead of” 3:11 ev4b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲלֹ֣ה הִ֔וא בְּרַבַּ֖ת בְּנֵ֣י עַמּ֑וֹן 1 The writer uses a question to remind the Israelites that they could go to Rabbah and see how large Og must have been. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “It is in Rabbah, of the sons of Ammon.” 3:11 ygvt rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers תֵּ֧שַׁע 1 Alternate translation: “It was 9” 3:11 b98u rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance אַמּ֣וֹת & אַמּ֛וֹת & בְּאַמַּת 1 A **cubit** is a measurement of distance equivalent to 46 centimeters. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express this in terms of modern measurements, either in the text or a footnote. Alternate translation: “text” 3:11 be8b rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers וְאַרְבַּ֥ע 1 Alternate translation: “and 4” 3:11 z43d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּאַמַּת־אִֽישׁ 1 Here, the author is using the possessive form to describe the measurement of **the cubit** that a **man** would normally use. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a comparable expression to describe a standard measurement. Alternate translation: “according to the cubit that most people use” 3:12 s921 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מֵעֲרֹעֵ֞ר 1 The word **Aroer** is the name of a city. See how you translated it in [2:36](../02/36.md). 3:12 h352 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names נַ֣חַל אַרְנֹ֗ן 1 The term **Valley of Arnon** is the name of a place. See how you translated it in [2:24](../02/24.md). 3:12 j8cy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְעָרָ֔יו 1 Here, Moses is using the possessive form to describe **cities** that are located in the hill country of Gilead. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a comparable expression for describing location. Alternate translation: “and the cities in that region” 3:13 u0qk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְיֶ֨תֶר הַגִּלְעָ֤ד וְכָל־הַבָּשָׁן֙ מַמְלֶ֣כֶת ע֔וֹג 1 Here, the author is using the possessive form to describe a **kingdom** that **Og** rules over. The kingdom includes parts of **Gilead and all Bashan**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a comparable expression for describing a kingdom. Alternate translation: “And the rest of Gilead and all Bashan, which Og ruled, ” 3:13 l167 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לַחֲצִ֖י שֵׁ֣בֶט הַֽמְנַשֶּׁ֑ה 1 Yahweh explains which areas belong to the part of the tribe of Manasseh that lives east of the Jordan in [Joshua 13:29-31](Jos/13/29.md). Moses allotted part of the land west of the Jordan to part of the tribe of Manasseh in [Deuteronomy 17:1-13](Deu/17/01.md). You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers, either in the text or in a footnote. Alternate translation: “to the half of the tribe of Manasseh that lived east of the Jordan” 3:13 pt8s rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הָֽאַרְגֹּב֙ 1 The word **Argob** is the name of a region in Bashan. See how you translated this in [verse 4](../03/04.md). 3:13 g27b rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names רְפָאִֽים 1 The word **Rephaites** is the name of a people group. See how you translated it in [2:11](../02/11.md). 3:13-14 xzf3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background כֹּ֣ל חֶ֤בֶל הָֽאַרְגֹּב֙ לְכָל־הַבָּשָׁ֔ן הַה֥וּא יִקָּרֵ֖א אֶ֥רֶץ רְפָאִֽים׃ יָאִ֣יר בֶּן־מְנַשֶּׁ֗ה לָקַח֙ אֶת־כָּל־חֶ֣בֶל אַרְגֹּ֔ב עַד־גְּב֥וּל הַגְּשׁוּרִ֖י וְהַמַּֽעֲכָתִ֑י וַיִּקְרָא֩ אֹתָ֨ם עַל־שְׁמ֤וֹ אֶת־הַבָּשָׁן֙ חַוֺּ֣ת יָאִ֔יר עַ֖ד הַיּ֥וֹם הַזֶּֽה׃ 1 These verses provide background information about the land that the people of Israel captured. This information helps readers understand what happened in the story. These verses are not part of Moses’ speech to the Israelites. In your translation, present this information in a way that makes it clear that this is background information. 3:14 aa4n rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names יָאִ֣יר 1 The word **Jair** is the name of a man. 3:14 x9m7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בֶּן 1 Here, **son** means “descendant.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a descendant of” 3:14 uz9u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עַד־גְּב֥וּל 1 The implication is that **the border of** the Geshurites and the Maacathites** is north of the region of Argob. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “northward to the border of” 3:14 g7g2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names חַוֺּ֣ת יָאִ֔יר 1 The term **Havvoth Jair** is the name of a region. The name means ‘tent villages of Jair’ or ‘realm of Jair.’ 3:14 o57c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עַ֖ד הַיּ֥וֹם הַזֶּֽה 1 The implication is that the Israelites still refer to the region as Havvoth Jair on **this day**. **This day** refers to the time frame introduced in [1:1-4](../01/04.md), when Moses is giving this speech to the Israelites. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “as you call that region to this day” 3:15 x1nt rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וּלְמָכִ֖יר 1 The word **Machir** is the name of a man. Machir was the son of Manasseh. 3:15 nnzh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּלְמָכִ֖יר 1 He had died before Moses gave this land. The name is a metonym for the descendants of the person. Alternate translation: “to the descendants of Machir” 3:15 fik9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns נָתַ֥תִּי 1 Here the pronoun **I** refers to Moses. If this is not clear for your readers, you could use the person's name here. Alternate translation: “I, Moses, gave” 3:15 hyk9 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues to speak to the people of Israel. 3:16 n3af rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names נַ֣חַל אַרְנֹ֔ן 1 The term **Valley of Arnon** is the name of a place. See how you translated it in [2:24](../02/24.md). 3:16 x4dj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מִן־הַגִּלְעָד֙ וְעַד־נַ֣חַל אַרְנֹ֔ן 1 The implication is that **the Valley of Arnon** is the southern border of **Gilead**. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “text”\n 3:16 ni9h rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names יַבֹּ֣ק הַנַּ֔חַל 1 The term **Jabbok River** is the name of a river. See how you translated this in [2:37](../02/37.md). 3:16 c3df rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy גְּב֖וּל בְּנֵ֥י עַמּֽוֹן 1 Here, Moses is using the possessive form to describe **the border** around the land that is occupied by the **sons of Ammon** of the Israelites. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a comparable expression. Alternate translation: “the border of the land occupied by the sons of Ammon” 3:16 nkm8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּנֵ֥י 1 Here, **sons** means “descendants.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the descendants of” 3:17 y51g rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מִכִּנֶּ֗רֶת 1 The word **Kinnereth** is the name of a sea. It is also called “the Sea of Galilee.” 3:17 xce7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom תַּ֛חַת אַשְׁדֹּ֥ת 1 The phrase **under the slopes of** means “at the base of” when referring to a mountain. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “at the foot of” or “at the base of” 3:17 w6xs rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הַפִּסְגָּ֖ה 1 The word **Pisgah** is the name of a mountain. 3:18 i7wz rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וָאֲצַ֣ו אֶתְכֶ֔ם בָּעֵ֥ת הַהִ֖וא לֵאמֹ֑ר 1 Here, the word **saying** introduces direct speech. Consider natural ways of doing that in your own language. Alternate translation: “And I commanded you at that time” 3:18 i1zt rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns אֶתְכֶ֔ם & אֱלֹהֵיכֶ֗ם & לָכֶ֜ם & אֲחֵיכֶ֥ם 1 The pronouns **you** and **your** refer to the people of the tribe of Reuben, the tribe of Gad, and the half tribe of Manasseh. If this is not clear for your readers, you could use the names of the tribes here. Alternate translation: “you three tribes … your … to you … your brothers” 3:18 c6xs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo נָתַ֨ן לָכֶ֜ם אֶת־הָאָ֤רֶץ הַזֹּאת֙ לְרִשְׁתָּ֔הּ 1 The expression **has given to you this land to possess it** contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “has given to you this land” 3:18 rt7n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy חֲלוּצִ֣ים 1 Here, **girded ones** represents fighting men. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The fighting men”\n 3:18 ql33 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בְּנֵי־חָֽיִל 1 The expression **sons of** describes a person who shares the qualities of **bravery**. The fighting men were **sons of bravery** because they fought in battle. If it would be helpful, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the brave men” 3:18 gnl8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit תַּֽעַבְר֗וּ 1 The implication is that the fighting men of the three tribes will **cross over** the Jordan River. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “will cross the Jordan River” 3:18 j9qx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִפְנֵ֛י 1 Here, **faces** represent the presence of people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before” 3:18 mq1x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲחֵיכֶ֥ם 1 Here, **brothers** means “relatives.” The Israelites are all descendants of Jacob. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “your fellow Israelites” 3:18 e8ey rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּנֵֽי 1 Here, **sons** means “descendants.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the people of” 3:18 vrky rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל 1 Here, Moses is speaking to the tribe of Reuben, the tribe of Gad, and the half tribe of Manasseh. **Israel** refers to the other tribes of Israel. You could use an exclusive form if your language marks that distinction. 3:19 ma9q rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns נְשֵׁיכֶ֣ם וְטַפְּכֶם֮ וּמִקְנֵכֶם֒ & לָכֶ֑ם & בְּעָ֣רֵיכֶ֔ם & לָכֶֽם 1 The pronouns **you** and **your** refer to the people of the tribe of Reuben, the tribe of Gad, and the half tribe of Manasseh. If this is not clear for your readers, you could use the names of the tribes here. 3:20 cpr8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns לַֽאֲחֵיכֶם֮ כָּכֶם֒ & וְשַׁבְתֶּ֗ם & לָכֶֽם 1 The pronouns **you** and **your** refer to the people of the tribe of Reuben, the tribe of Gad, and the half tribe of Manasseh. If this is not clear for your readers, you could use the names of the tribes here. 3:20 zgr3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לַֽאֲחֵיכֶם֮ 1 Here, **brothers** means “relatives.” The Israelites are all descendants of Jacob. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “your fellow Israelites” 3:20 isu7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יָנִ֨יחַ & ׀ לַֽאֲחֵיכֶם֮ כָּכֶם֒ 1 The implication is that **to have rest** is the absence of war. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “causes your brothers, as you, to have rest from fighting”\n 3:20 b0ti rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אִ֚ישׁ 1 The word **man** represents every fighting man from the three tribes in general, not one particular man. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “every fighting man” 3:20 ac2j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּעֵ֣בֶר הַיַּרְדֵּ֑ן 1 The implication is that the land **across the Jordan** is on the west. Moses was east of the Jordan when he said this. Alternate translation: “west of the Jordan River” 3:20 xkx5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לִֽירֻשָּׁת֔וֹ 1 The implication is that the **inheritance** is the land that Moses allotted to each family. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “to his land” 3:20 s3hn then will you return Moses is emphasizing that the other tribes must possess their land before Yahweh will permit these three tribes to possess their land. “only then are you to return.” 3:21 s2lk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular עֵינֶ֣יךָ & אַתָּ֖ה 1 The words **you** and **your** are singular here because they refer to Joshua. 3:21 xd1l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche עֵינֶ֣יךָ 1 Here, **eyes** represent the whole person in the act of seeing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “You yourself” 3:21 p9pl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לִשְׁנֵי֙ הַמְּלָכִ֣ים הָאֵ֔לֶּה 1 Here, the term **these two kings** refers to King Sihon and King Og, whom the Israelites defeated. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “to these two kings, Sihon and Og” 3:21 kghf rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers לִשְׁנֵי֙ הַמְּלָכִ֣ים הָאֵ֔לֶּה 1 Alternate translation: “to these 2 kings” 3:21 d7dr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שָֽׁמָּה 1 Here, the word **there** refers to all of the land that Yahweh promised to give to the Israelites. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “in the land that he will give you” 3:22 w5lw rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns לֹ֖א תְִּירָא֑וּם 1 The pronoun **them** refers to the people who live in the land that the Israelites are about to occupy. If this is not clear for your readers, you could use the person's name here. Alternate translation: “the people who live in the land” 3:22 cl6k rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֚י 1 The word translated as **for** indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “because” 3:22 o5gl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns ה֖וּא 1 Moses uses the word **himself** to emphasize how significant it was that Yahweh will fight for the Israelites. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this significance. Alternate translation: “it is he who” 3:23 d3fi rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations לֵאמֹֽר 1 Here, the word **saying** introduces direct speech. Consider natural ways of doing that in your own language. 3:24 z9tn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person עַבְדְּךָ֔ 1 Here, Moses is referring to himself as **your servant**, which is a polite way of speaking to someone with greater authority. Alternate translation: “me, your servant” 3:24 bulf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular אַתָּ֤ה & עַבְדְּךָ֔ & אֶ֨ת־גָּדְלְךָ֔ וְאֶת־יָדְךָ֖ הַחֲזָקָ֑ה & כְמַעֲשֶׂ֖יךָ וְכִגְבוּרֹתֶֽךָ 1 Here, the pronoun **you** and **your** are singular because they refer to Yahweh. 3:24 rgyp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet אֶ֨ת־גָּדְלְךָ֔ וְאֶת־יָדְךָ֖ הַחֲזָקָ֑ה 1 The terms **greatness** and **strong hand** mean similar things. Moses is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “your immense greatness” 3:24 idr1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy יָדְךָ֖ הַחֲזָקָ֑ה 1 Here, **hand** represents Yahweh’s power. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your power” 3:24 qkn5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion מִי־אֵל֙ בַּשָּׁמַ֣יִם וּבָאָ֔רֶץ אֲשֶׁר־יַעֲשֶׂ֥ה כְמַעֲשֶׂ֖יךָ וְכִגְבוּרֹתֶֽךָ 1 Moses uses a question to emphasize that Yahweh is the only God with the power to do the works he has done. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “No god in heaven or in earth could do works as your works and as your mighty deeds.” 3:24 ls1e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism בַּשָּׁמַ֣יִם וּבָאָ֔רֶץ 1 Here, Moses is referring to all places by naming the parts that are at the extreme ends of it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “anywhere” 3:24 sd4i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet כְמַעֲשֶׂ֖יךָ וְכִגְבוּרֹתֶֽךָ 1 The terms **works** and **mighty deeds** mean similar things. Moses is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “as your very mighty works” 3:25 qg4d rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-politeness נָּ֗א 1 The word translated as **please** here is a term used in polite requests. If it would be helpful for your readers, you could use an equivalent expression for making a polite request. 3:25 c8zq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּעֵ֣בֶר הַיַּרְדֵּ֑ן 1 The implication is that the land **across the Jordan** is on the west side. When Moses spoke these words to Yahweh, he was east of the Jordan River in Moab. Alternate translation: “is west of the Jordan River.” 3:26 p3zp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַיִּתְעַבֵּ֨ר יְהוָ֥ה בִּי֙ לְמַ֣עַנְכֶ֔ם 1 This refers to [Numbers 20](Num/20/10.md), when Moses disobeyed what Yahweh told him to do because Moses was angry with the people of Israel. The Israelite people complained that they did not have water in the wilderness. Yahweh told Moses to speak to the rock so water would come out, but Moses disobeyed Yahweh and struck the rock with his staff. As a result, Yahweh promised that Moses would not enter the land. 3:26 s3s3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative אַל־תּ֗וֹסֶף 1 Yahweh is using the form **you shall** to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “do not continue” 3:27 s4i8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy רֹ֣אשׁ 1 Here, **head** represents the top of something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the peak of” 3:27 qm9b rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הַפִּסְגָּ֗ה 1 The word **Pisgah** is the name of a mountain. See how you translated this is in [verse 17](../03/17.md). 3:27 rbsz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְשָׂ֥א עֵינֶ֛יךָ 1 Here, the term **lift up your eyes** means “look.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an expression from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and gaze” 3:27 deul rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular עֲלֵ֣ה & וְשָׂ֥א עֵינֶ֛יךָ & וּרְאֵ֣ה בְעֵינֶ֑יךָ & לֹ֥א תַעֲבֹ֖ר 1 The command forms and the words **you** and **your** are singular here because they refer to Moses. 3:27 a7ag rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּרְאֵ֣ה בְעֵינֶ֑יךָ 1 Yahweh uses the phrase **look with your eyes** to emphasize that Moses will only see, but not enter the land. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “And only look with your eyes” 3:28 x7d3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular וְצַ֥ו & וְחַזְּקֵ֣הוּ וְאַמְּצֵ֑הוּ & תִּרְאֶֽה 1 The command forms and the word **you** are singular here because they refer to Moses. 3:28 swy2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet וְחַזְּקֵ֣הוּ וְאַמְּצֵ֑הוּ 1 The terms **encourage** and **strengthen** mean similar things. Yahweh is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “and greatly strengthen him” 3:28 qi30 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo לִפְנֵי֙ 1 Here, **faces** represent the presence of people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before” 3:28 lo1o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns וְהוּא֙ יַנְחִ֣יל אוֹתָ֔ם 1 Yahweh uses the word **himself** to emphasize how significant it was that Joshua will enable the Israelite people to conquer the land instead of Moses. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this significance. Alternate translation: “and it is he who will cause them to inherit” 3:28 tsxo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֶת־הָאָ֖רֶץ אֲשֶׁ֥ר תִּרְאֶֽה 1 The implication is that Moses **will see the land** that Joshua will lead the Israelites to conquer from the top of Mount Pisgah. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “the land that you will see from the top of Mount Pisgah” 3:29 dut2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names בֵּ֥ית פְּעֽוֹר 1 The term **Beth Peor** is the name of a town in Moab near Mount Pisgah. 4:intro d8g8 0 # Deuteronomy 4 General Notes\n\n## Chapter Outline\n- vv. 1-40: Moses encourages the Israelites to obey Yahweh\n- vv. 41-43: Moses appoints cities of refuge\n- vv. 44-49: Summary of Moses’ first speech\n\n## Special Concepts in This Chapter\n\n### Moses’ Instructions\nMoses is not allowed to enter into the Promised Land. Since they are getting ready to possess the Promised Land, Moses gives them some last instructions before his death. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])\n\n### The Universe\n\nThe ancient Hebrews believed that the earth was resting with water around it and below it. Translators should try to keep these original images in their work, even though readers in their project language might have a completely different idea of what the universe is like.\n\n### Yahweh’s Presence\n\nAs God, Yahweh is everywhere and cannot be limited to a single space. When Yahweh is “near” or “with” the Israelites, that means that Yahweh was with the Israelites in a special way. Yahweh is so holy that a person would die if they saw him. So, when the Israelites “see” Yahweh, that means that they saw Yahweh’s miracles or other things that Yahweh uses to show who he is.\n\n### Yahweh’s Inheritance\n\nMoses refers to the people of Israel as Yahweh’s inheritance. Yahweh chose the people of Israel out of all the peoples of the world in order to show his power and greatness. Yahweh wants the people of Israel to follow his rules, because he has a special relationship with them. \n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in This Chapter\n\n### Rhetorical Questions\n\nMoses uses several rhetorical questions in this chapter. The purpose of these questions is to convince his readers to obey his instructions. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])\n\n### Words for the Law\n- statutes\n- ordinances\n- judgments\nMoses uses different words to refer to the law that Yahweh commanded the Israelites. It is unclear what the differences are between these terms. If your language has different terms for the law, you could use them here to differentiate between the different Hebrew words. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])\n\n### Pronouns\n\nMoses is speaking to the Israelites who are alive, but he refers to events that happened to their ancestors. The pronoun **you** and **your** are plural here unless otherwise noted. If it would be helpful for your readers, you could explicitly state that these events happened to their ancestors. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) 4:1 m1n5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל 1 Here, **Israel** represents the people of Israel. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “people of Israel” 4:1 hfw2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet אֶל־הַֽחֻקִּים֙ וְאֶל־הַמִּשְׁפָּטִ֔ים 1 The terms **statutes** and **ordinances** mean similar things. Moses is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “to the important statutes” 4:1 zdp5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal לְמַ֣עַן 1 Here, **so that** marks what comes after as the goal or purpose of what comes before. Moses wants the Israelites to live in the land. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is the purpose. 4:1 x82m rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense נֹתֵ֥ן לָכֶֽם 1 Here Moses could be using the present tense: (1) to refer to something that has already happened. Alternate translation: “gave to you” (2) to refer to something that will certainly happen in the future. Alternate translation: “is about to give to you” 4:2 ft3x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche הַדָּבָר֙ 1 Here, **word** represents all of the words of the law that Yahweh spoke to Moses. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “everything” 4:2 r77u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession מִצְוֺת֙ יְהוָ֣ה 1 Here, Moses is using the possessive form to describe **commandments** that come from **Yahweh**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use an equivalent expression. Alternate translation: “the commandments given by Yahweh” 4:3 u7gv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche עֵֽינֵיכֶם֙ 1 Moses is using **eyes** to represent all of a person in the act of seeing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “All of you” 4:3 bs2a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּבַ֣עַל פְּע֑וֹר 1 Here, Moses is referring to the events of [Numbers 25:1-9](Num/25/01.md), when Israelite men committed sexual immorality with Moabite women. The women tempted the Israelite men to follow their idol, the **Baal** of **Peor**. As a result, Yahweh punished the Israelites with a plague until Phinehas the priest killed a man who was still committing adultery. 4:3 p9ok rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הָלַךְ֙ אַחֲרֵ֣י 1 Here, **walked after** means “worshipped”. Moses is speaking of worshipping idols as if people were physically walking behind idols to follow them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “worshipped” 4:3 naji rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הִשְׁמִיד֛וֹ 1 The implication is that Yahweh **destroyed them** by killing them. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “has killed them” 4:3 yl8h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd מִקִּרְבֶּֽךָ 1 Even though Moses is speaking to all of the Israelites, the pronoun **your** is singular in this verse. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation. 4:4 x6hf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הַדְּבֵקִ֔ים בַּיהוָ֖ה 1 Moses speaks as if obeying Yahweh was like physically holding on to a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “who carefully obeyed Yahweh” 4:5 hs9r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor רְאֵ֣ה 1 Moses is using the word **Look** to focus the Israelites' attention on what he is about to say. Your language may have a comparable expression that you could use in your translation. Alternate translation: “Pay attention” 4:5 wsdh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet חֻקִּים֙ וּמִשְׁפָּטִ֔ים 1 The terms **states** and **ordinances** mean similar things. Moses clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. See how you translated this in [verse 1](../01/01.md). Alternate translation: “important rules” 4:5 bis8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish אֱלֹהָ֑י 1 Here, Moses refers to Yahweh as **my God** in order to emphasize that Moses himself worships and obeys Yahweh. He does not mean that he is the only one who worships Yahweh. If this would not be clear for your readers, you could use an equivalent expression to describe Moses’ relationship with Yahweh. Alternate translation: “the God whom I worship” 4:5 v63r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo בָּאִ֥ים שָׁ֖מָּה לְרִשְׁתָּֽהּ 1 The expression **going into to possess it** contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “are going into to possess” 4:6 zr9k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet וּשְׁמַרְתֶּם֮ וַעֲשִׂיתֶם֒ 1 The terms **keep** and **do** mean similar things. Moses is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “And you shall carefully do them” 4:6 fau5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative וּשְׁמַרְתֶּם֮ וַעֲשִׂיתֶם֒ 1 Moses is using the form **you shall** to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “And keep and do them” 4:6 ce6l rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֣י 1 The word translated as **for** indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “because” 4:6 bhy7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חָכְמַתְכֶם֙ וּבִ֣ינַתְכֶ֔ם 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the ideas of **wisdom** and **understanding**, you can express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “is how you can act wisely and with understanding” 4:6 di77 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet חָכְמַתְכֶם֙ וּבִ֣ינַתְכֶ֔ם & חָכָ֣ם וְנָב֔וֹן 1 The terms **wisdom** and **understanding** mean similar things. Moses is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “is your great wisdom … very wise” 4:6 f2rh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לְעֵינֵ֖י 1 Here, **in the eyes of** is an idiom for a person's opinion or evaluation. Moses speaks as if evaluating something was physically seeing it with one's **eyes**. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in the evaluation of” 4:6 ij0i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִשְׁמְע֗וּן 1 Here, the word **hear** means “learn about.” Moses speaks as if hearing reports about Yahweh’s law were physically hearing it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will hear about” 4:6 dkil rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וְאָמְר֗וּ 1 Here, the word **say** introduces direct speech. Consider natural ways of introducing direct quotations in your language. 4:6 sr33 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy עַם־חָכָ֣ם וְנָב֔וֹן הַגּ֥וֹי הַגָּד֖וֹל הַזֶּֽה 1 Here, **nation** represents the people of that nation. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the people of this great nation are wise and understanding” 4:7 thf7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֚י 1 The word translated as **For** indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. 4:7 hx9w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor קְרֹבִ֣ים אֵלָ֑יו 1 Here Moses is speaking of Yahweh’s protection and guidance as if Yahweh could physically come **near** to the Israelites. See book introduction for more information about Yahweh’s presence. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “who protects it” 4:7-8 m62n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 Moses is using the question form to emphasize how great Yahweh is compared to the idols that other nations follow. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate these questions as statements or exclamations. Alternate translation: “For there is no other great nation that has a god near to it as Yahweh our God is whenever we call on him. And, there is no other great nation that has statues and ordinances righteous as all this law that I am giving before your faces today.” 4:8 g3lt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet חֻקִּ֥ים וּמִשְׁפָּטִ֖ים 1 The terms **statutes** and **ordinances** mean similar things. Moses is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “important rules” 4:8 po9p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נֹתֵ֥ן 1 Here Moses is speaking of reading the law as if he was physically **giving** it to the Israelites. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “am repeating” 4:8 odq5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִפְנֵיכֶ֖ם 1 Here, **faces** represents the presence of people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before you” 4:9 z7zs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish רַ֡ק 1 Here, Moses is using **Only** to emphasize his commands. He does not mean that the commands are the only commands that the Israelites should obey. If this would not be clear for your readers, you could use an equivalent expression to emphasize commands. Alternate translation: “But make sure of this:” 4:9 bfw3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd הִשָּׁ֣מֶר לְךָ֩ וּשְׁמֹ֨ר נַפְשְׁךָ֜ & תִּשְׁכַּ֨ח & עֵינֶ֗יךָ & מִלְּבָ֣בְךָ֔ & חַיֶּ֑יךָ וְהוֹדַעְתָּ֥ם לְבָנֶ֖יךָ & בָנֶֽיךָ 1 Even though Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, **you**, **your**, and the command forms are singular in this verse. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation. 4:9 d2dg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet הִשָּׁ֣מֶר לְךָ֩ וּשְׁמֹ֨ר נַפְשְׁךָ֜ מְאֹ֗ד 1 The terms **guard yourself** and **guard your spirit strongly** mean similar things. Moses is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “carefully guard all of yourself” 4:9 i05z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo פֶּן & וּפֶן 1 Moses uses the word **lest** to introduce a hypothetical condition as a warning. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a situation that could happen. Alternate translation: “in case … and in case” 4:9 n4sg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַדְּבָרִ֜ים 1 The implication is that the Israelites should not forget **the things** that Yahweh did for them, such as the miracles that Yahweh did to help the Israelites in the wilderness. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “the miraculous things Yahweh did” 4:9 urlx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche עֵינֶ֗יךָ 1 Here, **eyes** represents all of a person in the act of seeing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you yourself” 4:9 yh8z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יָס֨וּרוּ֙ מִלְּבָ֣בְךָ֔ 1 Here Moses is speaking as if memories physically **retreat** from one's **heart** when one forgets something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you forget them” 4:9 j9jf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive כֹּ֖ל יְמֵ֣י חַיֶּ֑יךָ 1 Here **all the days of your life** means “the rest of your life.” If this would not be clear for your readers, you could use an equivalent expression. Alternate translation: “for the rest of your life”\n 4:9 l723 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לְבָנֶ֖יךָ וְלִבְנֵ֥י בָנֶֽיךָ 1 Here, **sons** means “children.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to your children and to the children of your children” 4:9 rqwy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-reduplication לְבָנֶ֖יךָ וְלִבְנֵ֥י בָנֶֽיךָ 1 Here, Moses repeats **sons** to emphasize how important it is for the Israelites to teach their children about Yahweh and his commands. If your language can repeat words for emphasis, it would be appropriate to use that construction here in your translation. 4:10 i0uq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit י֗וֹם אֲשֶׁ֨ר עָמַ֜דְתָּ לִפְנֵ֨י יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֶיךָ֮ בְּחֹרֵב֒ 1 Moses is referring to the events of [Exodus 19](Exo/19/01.md) when Yahweh spoke from Mount Sinai from a fire. The Israelite people were afraid of Yahweh and stood far away. 4:10 tkm7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd עָמַ֜דְתָּ & אֱלֹהֶיךָ֮ 1 Even though Moses is speaking about the Israelites and their ancestors, **you** and **your** are singular in this verse. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation. 4:10 vcet rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִפְנֵ֨י 1 Here, **face** represents someone’s presence. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before” 4:10 ivm8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַקְהֶל־לִי֙ אֶת־הָעָ֔ם 1 The implication is that Yahweh wants Moses to bring all the Israelite **people** to **assemble** at Mount Sinai, where Yahweh will speak through a thunderstorm. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Tell the Israelite people to gather here” 4:10 onov rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result אֲשֶׁ֨ר 2 The word translated as **that** indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “so that” 4:11 wy4q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תַּ֣חַת 1 Here **under** means “at the foot of.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “at the foot of” 4:11 t7n0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לֵ֣ב 1 Here the word **heart** means “middle.” Moses is speaking of the sky as if it had a heart in its middle. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the middle of” 4:12 ik93 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּתְמוּנָ֛ה אֵינְכֶ֥ם רֹאִ֖ים 1 Here **form** means the visible form of a living being. you could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and you saw no visible form” 4:13 re7g rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers עֲשֶׂ֖רֶת 1 Alternate translation: “10” 4:13 r13e rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers שְׁנֵ֖י 1 Alternate translation: “2” 4:14 sge4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet חֻקִּ֖ים וּמִשְׁפָּטִ֑ים 1 The terms **statutes** and **judgments** mean similar things. Moses is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “important rules” 4:14 wod7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal לַעֲשֹׂתְכֶ֣ם 1 Here, **for** marks what follows as the goal or purpose of what comes before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is the purpose. 4:14 bdx7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo בָּאָ֕רֶץ אֲשֶׁ֥ר אַתֶּ֛ם עֹבְרִ֥ים שָׁ֖מָּה לְרִשְׁתָּֽהּ 1 The expression **the land which you are going over to possess it** contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “in the land you will possess” 4:15 r8lb rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֣י 1 The word translated as **for** indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “this is because” 4:15 miaf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּי֗וֹם דִּבֶּ֨ר יְהוָ֧ה אֲלֵיכֶ֛ם בְּחֹרֵ֖ב מִתּ֥וֹךְ הָאֵֽשׁ 1 Moses is referring to the events of [Exodus 19](Exo/19/01.md) when Yahweh spoke from Mount Sinai from a fire. The Israelite people were afraid of Yahweh and stood far away. 4:16 f5bb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo פֶּ֨ן 1 Moses is using the word **lest** to introduce a hypothetical condition as a warning. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a situation that could happen. Alternate translation: “in case” 4:16 ouuk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit תַּשְׁחִת֔וּן 1 Here, the term **act corruptly** means to sin or do wrong. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “you sin” 4:16 n63q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תַּבְנִ֥ית 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **likeness**, you can express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “anything looking like a” 4:16 r6fd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish זָכָ֖ר א֥וֹ נְקֵבָֽה 1 Here, **male or female** refers to human beings, not to animals. Be sure that this distinction is clear in your translation. Alternate translation: “male person or female person” 4:17 dsbm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תַּבְנִ֕ית & תַּבְנִית֙ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **likeness**, you can express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “anything looking like … anything looking like” 4:18 fgec rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תַּבְנִ֕ית & תַּבְנִ֛ית 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **likeness**, you can express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “anything looking like … anything looking like” 4:18 xe6b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit רֹמֵ֖שׂ 1 A **creeping thing** is any creature that crawls on the ground. This could include reptiles and insects. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “reptile” 4:19 hips rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo וּפֶן 1 Moses uses the word **lest** to introduce a hypothetical condition as a warning. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a situation that could happen. Alternate translation: “and in case” 4:19 a5bt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd תִּשָּׂ֨א עֵינֶ֜יךָ & וְֽ֠רָאִיתָ & וְנִדַּחְתָּ֛ וְהִשְׁתַּחֲוִ֥יתָ & וַעֲבַדְתָּ֑ם & אֱלֹהֶ֨יךָ֙ 1 Even though Moses is speaking to a group of people, **you** and **your** are singular in this verse. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation. 4:19 d0wc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom תִּשָּׂ֨א עֵינֶ֜יךָ 1 Here, **lift up your eyes** is an idiom that means “you look.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “turn your eyes” or “you look” 4:19 r5pg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom כֹּ֚ל צְבָ֣א הַשָּׁמַ֔יִם 1 Here, **all the multitude of the heavens** is an idiom that means “all the stars in the sky.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “all the stars in the sky”\n 4:19 mg57 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְנִדַּחְתָּ֛ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and let them seduce you” 4:19 os1x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְנִדַּחְתָּ֛ 1 The implication is that the Israelites might **be seduced** to worship the sun, moon, or stars and commit the sin of idolatry. You could include this information if it would be helpful for your readers. Alternate translation: “and be seduced to idolatry” 4:19 mpi9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲשֶׁ֨ר חָלַ֜ק יְהוָ֤ה אֱלֹהֶ֨יךָ֙ אֹתָ֔ם לְכֹל֙ הָֽעַמִּ֔ים תַּ֖חַת כָּל־הַשָּׁמָֽיִם 1 Moses speaks of the stars as if they were small objects that Yahweh **allotted** and gave out to the people groups. Moses means that all people groups are able to see the sun, moon, and the stars. Alternate translation: “that Yahweh your God has allowed all the peoples under all the heavens to see” 4:20 uej2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִכּ֥וּר הַבַּרְזֶ֖ל 1 An **iron furnace** is very hot, and people use it to melt iron. Moses speaks as if the Israelites’ suffering in Egypt was so severe that it was like an **iron furnace** and the Israelites were the iron inside the furnace. Alternate translation: “brought you out of the land where people made you do hard work” 4:20 c59d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ל֛וֹ לְעַ֥ם נַחֲלָ֖ה 1 Moses speaks as if all the people of Israel were one object that Yahweh owns. Moses means that Yahweh chose to have a special relationship with Israel. See chapter introduction for more information. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “his chosen people” 4:20 ga0x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כַּיּ֥וֹם הַזֶּֽה 1 The implication is that the Israelites still have a special relationship with Yahweh at the time when Moses is giving this speech to them. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “as you are this day as I speak to you” 4:21 l8rk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַֽיהוָ֥ה הִתְאַנֶּף־בִּ֖י עַל־דִּבְרֵיכֶ֑ם וַיִּשָּׁבַ֗ע לְבִלְתִּ֤י עָבְרִי֙ אֶת־הַיַּרְדֵּ֔ן וּלְבִלְתִּי־בֹא֙ אֶל־הָאָ֣רֶץ הַטּוֹבָ֔ה 1 This refers to [Numbers 20](Num/20/10.md), when Moses disobeyed what Yahweh told him to do because Moses was angry with the people of Israel. The Israelite people complained that they did not have water in the wilderness. Yahweh told Moses to speak to the rock so water would come out, but Moses disobeyed Yahweh and struck the rock with his staff. As a result, Yahweh promised that Moses would not enter the land. 4:21 mnnq rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֶ֔יךָ נֹתֵ֥ן 1 Here Moses could be using the present tense: (1) to refer to something that Yahweh has already done. Alternate translation: “Yahweh your God has already given” (2) to refer to something that will certainly happen in the future. Alternate translation: “Yahweh your God is about to give” 4:21 qnf5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd אֱלֹהֶ֔יךָ & לְךָ֖ 1 Even though Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, **you** and **your** are singular in this verse. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation. 4:22 k52a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd כִּ֣י 1 Moses uses the word **But** here to indicate a strong contrast between the fact that he will not enter the land while the Israelites will enter the land. In your translation, indicate this strong contrast in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “As for me,” 4:22 xbn3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בָּאָ֣רֶץ הַזֹּ֔את אֵינֶ֥נִּי עֹבֵ֖ר אֶת־הַיַּרְדֵּ֑ן 1 The implication is that **this land** is the land of Moab, which is east of **the Jordan** River. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “here in Moab. I will not cross to the west side of the Jordan” 4:23 gf5v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo פֶּֽן 1 Moses is using the word **lest** to introduce a hypothetical condition as a warning. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a situation that could happen. Alternate translation: “in case” 4:23 ffm0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אֶת־בְּרִ֤ית יְהוָה֙ אֱלֹ֣הֵיכֶ֔ם אֲשֶׁ֥ר כָּרַ֖ת 1 To **cut** a **covenant** means to make a covenant. The phrase refers to ancient rituals around making covenants, which is illustrated in [Genesis 15](Gen/15/01). See the imagery and how you translated there. Alternate translation: “the covenant of Yahweh your God, which he made” 4:23 k54j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit צִוְּךָ֖ 1 Yahweh **commanded** the Israelites not to make idols. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “has commanded you not to do” 4:23 q9m3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd צִוְּךָ֖ & אֱלֹהֶֽיךָ 1 Even though Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, **you** and **your** are singular here. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation. 4:24 fc5i rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֚י 1 The word translated as **For** indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “This is because” 4:24 z6c8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֵ֥שׁ אֹכְלָ֖ה 1 Here Moses is speaking of Yahweh’s punishment when he is angry as if it was **a devouring fire**. Yahweh will destroy anyone who disobeys him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will destroy people who obey him like a fire burns everything”\n 4:25 sw65 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd תוֹלִ֤יד & אֱלֹהֶ֖יךָ 1 Even though Moses is speaking to a group of people, **you** and **your** are singular here. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation. 4:25 d5qj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בָּנִים֙ וּבְנֵ֣י בָנִ֔ים 1 Here, **sons** means “children.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “children, and children of children” 4:25 adae rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּבְנֵ֣י בָנִ֔ים 1 The implication is that the living Israelites will bear children, and then those children will bear children. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and they beget sons” 4:25 y9c0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical וְהִשְׁחַתֶּ֗ם 1 Moses is suggesting that this is a hypothetical condition, that Yahweh will only become angry and punish the Israelites if the Israelites sin by making an idol. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a situation that could happen. Alternate translation: “and if you act corruptly” 4:25 e3zj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְהִשְׁחַתֶּ֗ם 1 Here, the term **act corruptly** means to sin or do wrong. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “you sin” See how you translated these words in [verse 16](../04/16.md). 4:25 v824 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בְּעֵינֵ֥י 1 Here, **in the eyes of** is an idiom for a person's opinion or evaluation. Moses speaks as if evaluating something was physically seeing it with one's **eyes**. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in the evaluation of” 4:26 ciie rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַעִידֹתִי֩ בָכֶ֨ם הַיּ֜וֹם אֶת־הַשָּׁמַ֣יִם וְאֶת־הָאָ֗רֶץ 1 The implication is that **the heavens and the earth** will **witness** how the Israelites will sin. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “I will make sure the heavens and the earth pay attention to how you sin today” 4:26 lbi9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism אֶת־הַשָּׁמַ֣יִם וְאֶת־הָאָ֗רֶץ 1 Here, Moses is referring to everything that exists in the universe by naming the parts that are at the extreme ends of it. Moses is referring to everything, living and non-living. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the whole universe” 4:26 c910 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-reduplication אָבֹ֣ד תֹּאבֵדוּן֮ & הִשָּׁמֵ֖ד תִּשָּׁמֵדֽוּן 1 The words **surely perish** and **completely destroyed** translate verbs that are repeated for emphasis. If your language can repeat words for emphasis, it would be appropriate to use that construction here in your translation. 4:26 r2k3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo הָאָ֔רֶץ אֲשֶׁ֨ר אַתֶּ֜ם עֹבְרִ֧ים אֶת־הַיַּרְדֵּ֛ן שָׁ֖מָּה לְרִשְׁתָּ֑הּ 1 The expression **the land to which you are going over the Jordan to possess it** contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “the land which you are going over the Jordan to possess” 4:26 tz2p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לֹֽא־תַאֲרִיכֻ֤ן יָמִים֙ עָלֶ֔יהָ 1 The implication is that, if the Israelites sin by making idols, then they will leave the land and live somewhere else. Yahweh **will not prolong** the **days** when the Israelites can live on the land. You could include this information if it would be helpful for your readers. Alternate translation: “You will not be able to live on the land for long” 4:26 eme2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole הִשָּׁמֵ֖ד תִּשָּׁמֵדֽוּן 1 As indicated in [verse 27](../04/27), not every Israelite will be killed. Here “completely destroyed” is a generalization used to emphasize that many of the Israelites will die.\nIf it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “surely many of you will be destroyed” 4:26 kwik rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive הִשָּׁמֵ֖ד תִּשָּׁמֵדֽוּן 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I will cause you to die” 4:27 yy63 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וְהֵפִ֧יץ יְהוָ֛ה אֶתְכֶ֖ם בָּעַמִּ֑ים & יְנַהֵ֧ג יְהוָ֛ה אֶתְכֶ֖ם שָֽׁמָּה 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “And Yahweh will scatter you among the peoples … Yahweh indeed will drive you there” 4:27 swv8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְהֵפִ֧יץ יְהוָ֛ה אֶתְכֶ֖ם 1 Moses speaks as if the Israelite people were seeds that Yahweh could **scatter** around a field. Moses means that Yahweh will cause the Israelites to go live in many different places among many different peoples. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will cause you to leave the land and live” 4:27 uka7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure וְנִשְׁאַרְתֶּם֙ מְתֵ֣י מִסְפָּ֔ר 1 The implication is that the population of Israelites in each nation would be very small. If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the phrasing. Alternate translation: “and there will be few of you” 4:27 u1el rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יְנַהֵ֧ג יְהוָ֛ה אֶתְכֶ֖ם 1 Here Moses is speaking of the Israelites as if they were livestock that **Yahweh** could **drive** from one place to another. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will force you to go” 4:28 f8ls rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession מַעֲשֵׂ֖ה יְדֵ֣י אָדָ֑ם 1 Here, Moses is using the possessive form to describe a **work**, as in an object, that is made by **the hands of man**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use an equivalent expression to describe a man-made object. Alternate translation: “objects made by the hands of man” 4:28 eq2t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche יְדֵ֣י אָדָ֑ם 1 Moses is using **hands** to represent all of a person in the act of making an idol. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “mere men” 4:29 nz82 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מִשָּׁ֛ם 1 The word **there** refers to all the other nations where Yahweh will force the Israelites to go if they disobey him. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “from those other nations” 4:29 dh1a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּבִקַּשְׁתֶּ֥ם מִשָּׁ֛ם אֶת־יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֶ֖יךָ וּמָצָ֑אתָ כִּ֣י תִדְרְשֶׁ֔נּוּ 1 Here Moses is speaking of praying to and knowing Yahweh as if one could physically **search for** and **seek** him and **find him** in a specific place. As God, Yahweh is everywhere, and cannot be limited to a single space. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And from there you will pray to Yahweh your God, and he will answer when you appeal to him” 4:29 t9hj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd אֱלֹהֶ֖יךָ וּמָצָ֑אתָ & תִדְרְשֶׁ֔נּוּ & לְבָבְךָ֖ & נַפְשֶֽׁךָ 1 Even though Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, **you** and **your** are singular here. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation. 4:29 fki1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche בְּכָל־לְבָבְךָ֖ וּבְכָל־נַפְשֶֽׁךָ 1 Here, the words **heart** and **spirit** refer to a person’s will and desire to do something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “with all your will and with all your desire” 4:29 qkwr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet בְּכָל־לְבָבְךָ֖ וּבְכָל־נַפְשֶֽׁךָ 1 The terms **heart** and **spirit** mean similar things. Moses is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “with all of your will” 4:30 ybue rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd לְךָ֔ וּמְצָא֕וּךָ & וְשַׁבְתָּ֙ & אֱלֹהֶ֔יךָ וְשָׁמַעְתָּ֖ 1 Even though Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, **you** and **your** are singular in this verse. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation. 4:30 n0yn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּמְצָא֕וּךָ 1 Here Moses is speaking of experiencing trouble as if it were an object that one could **find**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and you experience” 4:30 bu4p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כֹּ֖ל הַדְּבָרִ֣ים הָאֵ֑לֶּה 1 The phrase **all these things** refers to the hardship that the Israelites will experience when they live in the other nations. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “all these hardships” 4:30 vnz1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְשַׁבְתָּ֙ עַד־יְהוָ֣ה 1 Here Moses is speaking of the Israelites choosing to worship **Yahweh** again as if **Yahweh** were a physical location that they could **return** to. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “then you will again worship Yahweh” 4:30 xhr4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְשָׁמַעְתָּ֖ 1 Here the word **listen** means to listen and obey. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and obey” 4:30 hmqf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּקֹלֽוֹ 1 Here, **voice** represents the words that Yahweh spoke, which include his commands. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “to what he says” 4:31 c8wq rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֣י 1 The word translated as **For** indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “This is because” 4:31 yfl2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd אֱלֹהֶ֔יךָ & יַרְפְּךָ֖ & יַשְׁחִיתֶ֑ךָ & אֲבֹתֶ֔יךָ 1 Even though Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, **you** and **your** are singular in this verse. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation. 4:31 vlxi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְלֹ֣א יַשְׁחִיתֶ֑ךָ 1 The implication is that Yahweh **will not destroy** the Israelites because he will make sure that some Israelites survive. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and he will not completely destroy you” 4:31 gml8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives וְלֹ֤א יִשְׁכַּח֙ 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a positive expression to translate this double negative that consists of the negative particle **not** and the negative verb **forget**. Alternate translation: “and he will remember” 4:31 nsl7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּרִ֣ית אֲבֹתֶ֔יךָ 1 Here, Moses is using the possessive form to describe the **covenant** that Yahweh made with the **fathers** of the Israelites. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use an equivalent expression to describe the covenant. Alternate translation: “the covenant between Yahweh and your fathers” 4:31 ebks rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲבֹתֶ֔יךָ 1 Moses is using the term **fathers** to mean “ancestors.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your forefathers” 4:32 yss9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you שְׁאַל & לְפָנֶ֗יךָ 1 Even though Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, the word **your** and the command **ask** are singular in this verse. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation. 4:32 pkpy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שְׁאַל 1 Here the word **ask** means “think”. Moses is speaking as if asking questions about something is the same as thinking about it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “consider” 4:32 c553 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-politeness נָא֩ 1 The word translated as **please** here is a term used in polite requests. If it would be helpful for your readers, you could use an equivalent expression for making a polite request. 4:32 tg9v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְפָנֶ֗יךָ 1 Here, **face** represents the existence of a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before your existence” 4:32 njz0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַיּוֹם֙ אֲשֶׁר֩ בָּרָ֨א אֱלֹהִ֤ים ׀ אָדָם֙ עַל־הָאָ֔רֶץ 1 Moses is referring to the events of [Genesis 1:27](Gen/01/27.md) when Yahweh created human beings, male and female, in his image. This was on the sixth day of creation. 4:32 i0fo rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns אָדָם֙ 1 In this verse, the word **man** is singular in form, but it refers to all human beings as a group. If it would be helpful in your language, you could say this plainly. Alternate translation: “human beings” 4:32 vugi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism וּלְמִקְצֵ֥ה הַשָּׁמַ֖יִם וְעַד־קְצֵ֣ה הַשָּׁמָ֑יִם 1 Here, Moses is referring to all of the world by naming the parts that are at the extreme ends of it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and on all the earth” 4:32 h1ow rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲנִֽהְיָ֗ה כַּדָּבָ֤ר הַגָּדוֹל֙ הַזֶּ֔ה א֖וֹ הֲנִשְׁמַ֥ע כָּמֹֽהוּ 1 Moses is using the question form to emphasize how great Yahweh is. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “that there has never been a great thing as this and nothing like it has been heard” 4:32 kmtn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כַּדָּבָ֤ר הַגָּדוֹל֙ הַזֶּ֔ה 1 The term **a great thing** refers to the works that Yahweh did, which Moses mentions in the following verses. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “a great thing as Yahweh’s works” 4:33 gv8c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲשָׁ֣מַֽע עָם֩ ק֨וֹל אֱלֹהִ֜ים מְדַבֵּ֧ר מִתּוֹךְ־הָאֵ֛שׁ כַּאֲשֶׁר־שָׁמַ֥עְתָּ אַתָּ֖ה וַיֶּֽחִי 1 Here Moses is using the question form to emphasize how amazing it is that the Israelites heard Yahweh speak from the fire in [Exodus 19-20](Exo/19/01.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “No other people has heard the voice of God speaking from the midst of the fire, as you have heard, and lived.” 4:33 uge5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ק֨וֹל אֱלֹהִ֜ים 1 Here, **voice** represent Yahweh in the act of speaking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “God himself” 4:33 yydf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd שָׁמַ֥עְתָּ אַתָּ֖ה 1 Even though Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, **you** and **your** are singular in this verse. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation. 4:33 a261 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns שָׁמַ֥עְתָּ אַתָּ֖ה 1 For emphasis, Moses is stating the pronoun **you**, whose meaning is already included in the verb **heard**. If your language can state implied pronouns explicitly for emphasis, you may want to use that construction in your translation. Other languages may have other ways of bringing out this emphasis. The ULT does so by using the intensive pronoun **yourselves**. Alternate translation: “you indeed have heard” 4:34 i1ev rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion א֣וֹ ׀ הֲנִסָּ֣ה אֱלֹהִ֗ים לָ֠בוֹא לָקַ֨חַת ל֣וֹ גוֹי֮ מִקֶּ֣רֶב גּוֹי֒ 1 Moses is using the question form to emphasize how amazing it was that Yahweh chose Israel and saved them from Egypt. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Make sure to end the sentence with the appropriate punctuation. Alternate translation: “God has not attempted to go and take for himself any other nation from the midst of another nation” 4:34 sczh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּמַסֹּת֩ 1 Here the word **trials** refers to the plagues in [Exodus 7-11](Exo/07/01.md) that Yahweh sent so that the Egyptians would suffer. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “by plagues” 4:34 k5no rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet בְּאֹתֹ֨ת וּבְמוֹפְתִ֜ים 1 The words **signs** and **wonders** mean similar things. Moses is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “by great signs” 4:34 xi2r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּבְמִלְחָמָ֗ה 1 The word **war** refers to [Exodus 14](Exo/14/01.md), when the Egyptian army chased the Israelites as they left Egypt. Yahweh enabled the Israelites to defeat the Egyptian army. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and by enabling you to defeat the Egyptians in war” 4:34 fjbf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet וּבְיָ֤ד חֲזָקָה֙ וּבִזְר֣וֹעַ נְטוּיָ֔ה 1 The terms **mighty hand** and **outstretched arm** mean similar things. Moses is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “and by very great power” 4:34 uct8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּבְיָ֤ד חֲזָקָה֙ 1 Here the word **hand** represents God’s power. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and by mighty power” 4:34 iny4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּבִזְר֣וֹעַ נְטוּיָ֔ה 1 Here, **arm** refers to Yahweh’s power. Moses speaks of stretching out an arm was like using power. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and by great strength” 4:34 r398 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְעֵינֶֽיךָ 1 Here, **eyes** represents the act of seeing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in your sight” 4:34 r7hs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd לְעֵינֶֽיךָ 1 Even though Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, **your** is singular here. If the singular form would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural form in your translation. 4:35 yl1z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd אַתָּה֙ הָרְאֵ֣תָ 1 Even though Moses is speaking to a group of people, **you** and **yourself** are singular in this verse. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation. 4:35 q7ug rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns אַתָּה֙ הָרְאֵ֣תָ 1 For emphasis, Moses is stating the pronoun **you**, whose meaning is already included in the verb **have been shown**. If your language can state implied pronouns explicitly for emphasis, you may want to use that construction in your translation. Other languages may have other ways of bringing out this emphasis. The ULT does so by using the intensive pronoun **yourself**. Alternate translation: “you indeed have been shown” 4:35 gajq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive אַתָּה֙ הָרְאֵ֣תָ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “He showed these to you yourself” 4:35 nu4a rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal אַתָּה֙ הָרְאֵ֣תָ לָדַ֔עַת 1 Here, the word **to** marks **know** as the goal or purpose of **you have been shown**. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is the purpose. Alternate translation: “You yourself have been shown so that you might know” 4:36 r411 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מִן־הַשָּׁמַ֛יִם הִשְׁמִֽיעֲךָ֥ אֶת־קֹל֖וֹ 1 The implication is that the **voice** of Yahweh came **from the heavens** and not from earth. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “He caused you to hear his voice that came from the heavens” 4:36 pii8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd הִשְׁמִֽיעֲךָ֥ & לְיַסְּרֶ֑ךָּ & הֶרְאֲךָ֙ & שָׁמַ֖עְתָּ 1 Even though Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, **you** is singular in this verse. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation. 4:36 au03 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal הִשְׁמִֽיעֲךָ֥ אֶת־קֹל֖וֹ לְיַסְּרֶ֑ךָּ 1 Here, the word **to** marks **instruct you** as the goal or purpose of **he caused you to hear his voice**. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is the purpose. Alternate translation: “he caused you to hear his voice so that he might instruct you” 4:36 jlv0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּדְבָרָ֥יו שָׁמַ֖עְתָּ מִתּ֥וֹךְ הָאֵֽשׁ 1 Moses is referring to the events of [Exodus 19](Exo/19/01.md) when Yahweh spoke from Mount Sinai from a fire. The Israelite people were afraid of Yahweh and stood far away. 4:36 gza6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וּדְבָרָ֥יו שָׁמַ֖עְתָּ 1 Here, Moses is using the possessive form to describe **words** that Yahweh spoke. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use an equivalent expression to describe Yahweh’s speech. Alternate translation: “and you heard the words that Yahweh spoke” 4:37 ss1r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd אֲבֹתֶ֔יךָ & וַיּוֹצִֽאֲךָ֧ 1 Even though Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, **you** and **your** are singular in this verse. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation. 4:37 p6x2 אֲבֹתֶ֔יךָ 1 Moses is using the term **fathers** to mean “ancestors.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your ancestors” 4:37 h4qk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּזַרְע֖וֹ 1 Here, **seed** refers to the descendants of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob as if they were semen. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable expression or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “their offspring” 4:37 yaem rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns בְּזַרְע֖וֹ אַחֲרָ֑יו 1 In this verse, the word **his** and **him** are singular in form, but it refers to all of the Israelites’ ancestors as a group. If it would be helpful in your language, you could say this plainly. Alternate translation: “their seed after them” 4:37 yey2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּפָנָ֛יו 1 Moses is using **face** to represent Yahweh’s ability to save the Israelites. Moses is emphasizing that Yahweh brought the Israelites out of Egypt by himself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “by himself” 4:38 kbdx rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense לְהוֹרִ֗ישׁ גּוֹיִ֛ם גְּדֹלִ֧ים וַעֲצֻמִ֛ים מִמְּךָ֖ מִפָּנֶ֑יךָ 1 This could refer to: (1) nations which the Israelites have already defeated and expelled from the land, as in [Deuteronomy 2-3](../02/26.md). Alternate translation: “when he drove out from before your faces nations greater and mightier than you” (2) nations which the Israelites will expel from the land in the future. Alternate translation: “so that he might drive out from before your faces nations greater and mightier than you” 4:38 rdl9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd מִמְּךָ֖ מִפָּנֶ֑יךָ לַהֲבִֽיאֲךָ֗ & לְךָ֧ 1 Even though Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, **you** and **your** are singular in this verse. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation. 4:38 xjq9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִפָּנֶ֑יךָ 1 Here, **faces** represents the presence of a people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from before you” 4:38 q3n0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לַהֲבִֽיאֲךָ֗ 1 The implication is that Yahweh will use his power to **bring** the Israelites into the land. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “to bring you into the land” 4:38 n4e6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כַּיּ֥וֹם הַזֶּֽה 1 The implication is that the land still belongs to the Israelites at the time when Moses is speaking to the Israelites. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “as it belongs to you this day as I speak to you” 4:39 esi7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd וְיָדַעְתָּ֣ & וַהֲשֵׁבֹתָ֮ & לְבָבֶךָ֒ 1 Even though Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, **you** and **your** are singular in this verse. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation. 4:39 a1nn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative וְיָדַעְתָּ֣ & וַהֲשֵׁבֹתָ֮ 1 Moses is using the form **you shall** to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “And know … and return it” 4:39 sp48 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וְיָדַעְתָּ֣ הַיּ֗וֹם וַהֲשֵׁבֹתָ֮ אֶל־לְבָבֶךָ֒ 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “And you shall know today, indeed, you shall return it to your heart” 4:39 v9br rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְיָדַעְתָּ֣ 1 Here **know** means “think about.” Moses is speaking of thinking about something as if it were knowing it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And you shall consider” 4:39 ufg5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַהֲשֵׁבֹתָ֮ אֶל־לְבָבֶךָ֒ 1 Here, **return to your heart** is an idiom that means “think about.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and you shall call it to mind” or “and think about it” 4:39 f524 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism בַּשָּׁמַ֣יִם מִמַּ֔עַל וְעַל־הָאָ֖רֶץ מִתָּ֑חַת 1 Here, Moses is referring to the whole universe by naming the parts that are at the extreme ends of it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “everywhere” 4:40 w9d5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd וְשָׁמַרְתָּ֞ & מְצַוְּךָ֙ & לְךָ֔ וּלְבָנֶ֖יךָ אַחֲרֶ֑יךָ & תַּאֲרִ֤יךְ & אֱלֹהֶ֛יךָ & לְךָ֖ 1 Even though Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, **you** and **your** are singular in this verse. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation. 4:40 xgha rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְשָׁמַרְתָּ֞ 1 Here the word **keep** means “obey.” Moses is speaking of commandments as if they were physical objects that one could **keep** in their possession. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And you shall obey” 4:40 v8k4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative וְשָׁמַרְתָּ֞ 1 Moses is using the form **you shall** to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “And keep” 4:40 e877 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet חֻקָּ֣יו וְאֶת־מִצְוֺתָ֗יו 1 The terms **statutes** and **commandments** mean similar things. Moses is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “his important statutes” 4:40 nx43 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּלְבָנֶ֖יךָ 1 Here, **sons** means “descendants.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and for your offspring” 4:40 c3aw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תַּאֲרִ֤יךְ יָמִים֙ עַל־הַ֣אֲדָמָ֔ה 1 The implication is that, if the Israelites obey Yahweh, they **will prolong** the **days** when they live on the land. Moses is speaking of time as if it was a physical substance that one could **prolong**. You could include this information if it would be helpful for your readers. See how you translated this concept in [verse 26](../04/26.md). Alternate translation: “you will live in the land for many generations” 4:40 wxen rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כָּל־הַיָּמִֽים 1 4:41 bt78 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent אָ֣ז 1 The author is using the word translated **Then** to introduce a new event in the story. Moses’s speech, which began in [1:6](../01/06.md), has finished, and the writer continues the narrative that ended in [1:5](../01/05.md). Use a word, phrase, or other method in your language that is natural for introducing a new event. Alternate translation: “After he finished his speech,” \n 4:41 eksd rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers שָׁלֹ֣שׁ 1 Alternate translation: “3” 4:41 vowz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מִזְרְחָ֖ה שָֽׁמֶשׁ 1 Here, **the rising of the sun** is an idiom that means “east.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “towards the east” 4:42 vlww rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor רֵעֵ֨הוּ֙ 1 Here, **neighbor** means “fellow Israelite.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “his fellow Israelite” 4:42 eoix rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בִּבְלִי־דַ֔עַת 1 Here **without knowing** means “unintentionally.” Moses is speaking of knowledge as if it was the same thing as intention. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “unintentionally” 4:42 yxbk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְה֛וּא לֹא־שֹׂנֵ֥א ל֖וֹ מִתְּמ֣וֹל שִׁלְשׁ֑וֹם 1 The implication is that the **manslayer** did not premeditate murder. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and he did not hate him previously before and did not plan to kill him” 4:42 b7vn rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers אַחַ֛ת 1 Alternate translation: “1” 4:42 mfo9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וָחָֽי 1 The implication is that the family members of the dead person would try to kill the manslayer, so the people of those cities would protect the manslayer. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and the avenger would not be able to kill him there” 4:43 csf7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names בֶּ֧צֶר & גּוֹלָ֥ן 1 The words **Bezer** and **Golan** are names of cities. 4:44 j6tj This is the law 0 This refers to the laws Moses will give in the following chapters. 4:44 x5pl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שָׂ֣ם 1 Here the word **placed** means “relayed.” Moses is speaking as if the words of the law were physical objects that he **placed** before the Israelites. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “repeated” 4:44 gskk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִפְנֵ֖י 1 Here, **faces** represents the presence of people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before” 4:44 i55w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל 1 Here, **sons** means “descendants.” Moses is identifying the Israelites as descendants of their ancestor Jacob, who was also known as Israel. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel” 4:45 yxek rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure הָֽעֵדֹ֔ת וְהַֽחֻקִּ֖ים וְהַמִּשְׁפָּטִ֑ים 1 The terms **testimonies**, **statutes**, and **judgments** mean similar things. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a general term to represent all three words. ?See chapter introduction for more information. Alternate translation: “are the laws” 4:45 sntd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל 1 Here, **sons** means “descendants.” Moses is identifying the Israelites as descendants of their ancestor Jacob, who was also known as Israel. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel” 4:45 qrkq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּצֵאתָ֖ם מִמִּצְרָֽיִם 1 Moses first told the Israelites the law in [Exodus 20-24](Exo/20/01.md) on Mount Sinai, after the Israelites left Egypt. Moses is repeating that same law in his speech here. You could include this information if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “after they came out from Egypt, Moses told the Israelites the law at Mount Sinai, and now he is repeating that law” 4:46 blvj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּעֵ֨בֶר הַיַּרְדֵּ֜ן 1 As Moses is repeating the law to the Israelites, they are camping on the east of the Jordan River. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “when the Israelites are camping east of the Jordan” 4:46 zf9l rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names בֵּ֣ית פְּע֔וֹר 1 The term **Beth Peor** is the name of a town in Moab near Mount Pisgah. See how you translated this in [3:29](../03/29.md). 4:46 c8za rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names בְּחֶשְׁבּ֑וֹן 1 The word **Heshbon** is the name of a city. See how you translated it in [1:4](../01/04.md). 4:46 rpq1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּבְנֵֽי יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל 1 Here, **sons** means “descendants.” Moses is identifying the Israelites as descendants of their ancestor Jacob, who was also known as Israel. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel” 4:46 t7op rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּצֵאתָ֖ם מִמִּצְרָֽיִם 1 The events discussed in this verse occur after the Israelites **came out from Egypt** and after Moses told the Israelites the law the first time. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “after they came out from Egypt” 4:46-49 k6c9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background 0 The writer is repeating the events that Moses summarized in his first speech from [2:26-3:10](../02/26.md). These events occurred in [Numbers 21:21-35](Num/21/21.md). This information helps the readers understand where the Israelites were camping when Moses is telling them the law. In your translation, present this information in a way that makes it clear that this is background information. 4:47 ya36 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns אַרְצ֜וֹ 1 The pronoun **his** refers to King Sihon. If this is not clear for your readers, you could use the person's name here. Alternate translation: “King Sihon’s land” 4:47 aquw rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers שְׁנֵי֙ 1 Alternate translation: “2” 4:47 t6wp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מִזְרַ֖ח שָֽׁמֶשׁ 1 Here, **the rising of the sun** is an idiom that means “east.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “towards the east” 4:48 kwj2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מֵעֲרֹעֵ֞ר 1 The word **Aroer** is the name of a city. See how you translated this in [2:36](../02/36.md). 4:48 brkt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שְׂפַת 1 Here, **lip** is means “edge.” In this case, **lip** specifically refers to the bank of a dry riverbed. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the edge of” 4:48 n3ct rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names נַ֧חַל אַרְנֹ֛ן 1 The term **the Valley of Arnon** is the name of a place. See how you translated this in [2:24](../02/24.md). 4:48 vyn6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names שִׂיאֹ֖ן & חֶרְמֽוֹן 1 The words **Sion** and **Hermon** are different names for the same mountain. The word **Sion** is another spelling of “Sirion” ([3:9](../03/09.md)). You could keep the same spelling for both occurrences if it would be clearer for your readers. For **Hermon**, see how you translated it in [3:8](../03/08.md). 4:49 l26x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom תַּ֖חַת אַשְׁדֹּ֥ת 1 The phrase **under the slopes of** means “at the base of” when referring to a mountain. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. See how you translated this in [3:17](../03/17.md). 4:49 x6zf הַפִּסְגָּֽה 1 The word **Pisgah** is the name of a mountain. See how you translated it in [3:17](../03/17.md). 5:intro xsp1 0 # Deuteronomy 5 General Notes\n\n## Outline\n- vv.1-4: Moses reminds the Israelites that Yahweh made a covenant with them on Mount Sina\n- vv. 5-21: Moses repeats the Ten Commandments\n- vv. 22-33: Moses reminds the Israelites that he spoke to Yahweh on their behalf because they feared Yahweh\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations set each of the commandments in the list of Ten Commandments in 5:7–21 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULT uses a separate paragraph for each commandment.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Ten commandments\n\nThis chapter repeats the material of Exodus 20. It is known as the Ten Commandments.\n\n## Other translation issues\n\n### Metaphors and idioms\n\nMoses uses metaphors and idioms to instruct the people to follow the law of Moses. This is because it is very important to follow these laws. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])\n\n\n### Second person pronouns\n\nWhen Moses speaks to the Israelites, he uses the second person plural “you.” When Yahweh tells his law to Moses, he uses the second person singular “you,” because Yahweh is directly addressing Moses. The law is for all of the Israelites, so if it would be helpful for your readers, you could use the plural forms of the pronoun in the law.\n\n\n### You Shall\nIn the Ten Commandments, Yahweh uses the form “you shall” to give commands. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative]]) 5:1 zd9l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַיִּקְרָ֣א מֹשֶׁה֮ אֶל־כָּל־יִשְׂרָאֵל֒ 1 Here the word **called** means “summoned.” The writer is speaking as if calling someone is the same as summoning them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Then Moses commanded all Israel to come” 5:1 kvw4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy יִשְׂרָאֵל֒ & יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ 1 Here **Israel** refers to all the Israelites. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “the Israelites … Israelites” 5:1 d5qb rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַיֹּ֣אמֶר 1 Here, the phrase **and said** introduces direct speech. Moses is beginning his second speech to the Israelites. Consider natural ways of doing that in your own language. 5:1 w7kq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet הַחֻקִּ֣ים וְאֶת־הַמִּשְׁפָּטִ֔ים 1 The terms **statutes** and **ordinances** mean similar things. Moses is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “the important statutes” 5:1 rwb1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche בְּאָזְנֵיכֶ֖ם 1 Moses is using **ears** to represent all of a person in the act of hearing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to you yourselves” 5:2 gqfi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֵ֗ינוּ כָּרַ֥ת עִמָּ֛נוּ בְּרִ֖ית בְּחֹרֵֽב 1 Moses is referring to the events of [Exodus 19-24](Exo/19/01.md), when Moses told the Israelites what Yahweh had commanded them, and the Israelites agreed to obey. In return, Yahweh would have a special relationship with the Israelites. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. 5:2 lhkx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom כָּרַ֥ת עִמָּ֛נוּ בְּרִ֖ית 1 To **cut a covenant** means to make a covenant. The phrase refers to ancient rituals around making covenants, which is illustrated in [Genesis 15](Gen/15/01.md). See the imagery and how you translated there. Alternate translation: “made a covenant with us” 5:3 so4m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish לֹ֣א אֶת־אֲבֹתֵ֔ינוּ כָּרַ֥ת יְהוָ֖ה אֶת־הַבְּרִ֣ית הַזֹּ֑את 1 Moses means that the covenant was not only for the ancestors of the Israelites. He does not mean that their ancestors did not make a covenant with Yahweh. Be sure that this distinction is clear in your translation. Alternate translation: “Yahweh cut this covenant not only with our fathers” 5:3 hf3s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲבֹתֵ֔ינוּ 1 Here **fathers** could mean: (1) the parents of the living Israelites who made a covenant with Yahweh at Mount Sinai. Alternate translation: “with our parents” (2) the ancestors of the Israelites such as Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob who made a covenant with Yahweh. Alternate translation: “with our forefathers” 5:3 g39m rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast כִּ֣י 1 The word translated as **but** marks a strong contrast with the previous clause. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a strong contrast. Alternate translation: “but in fact” 5:3 thc5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אֲנַ֨חְנוּ אֵ֥לֶּה פֹ֛ה הַיּ֖וֹם כֻּלָּ֥נוּ חַיִּֽים 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “those of us here today, indeed, all who are living” 5:4 n291 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit פָּנִ֣ים ׀ בְּפָנִ֗ים דִּבֶּ֨ר יְהוָ֧ה עִמָּכֶ֛ם בָּהָ֖ר מִתּ֥וֹךְ הָאֵֽשׁ 1 Moses is referring to the events of [Exodus 19](Exo/19/01.md) when Yahweh spoke from Mount Sinai from a fire. The Israelite people were afraid of Yahweh and stood far away. 5:4 h6t4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy פָּנִ֣ים ׀ בְּפָנִ֗ים 1 Here, **face** represents someone’s presence. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in your presence” 5:4 qpnd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish פָּנִ֣ים ׀ בְּפָנִ֗ים 1 This does not mean that the Israelites and their ancestors physically saw the **face** of Yahweh. [4:15](../04/15.md) states that the Israelites only heard Yahweh’s voice but did not see him. Moses means that the Israelites physically and personally heard the voice of Yahweh’s voice. Be sure that this distinction is clear in your translation. Alternate translation: “personally” 5:5 b7in rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo בֵּין & וּבֵֽינֵיכֶם֙ 1 Here, the text repeats between to describe how Moses spoke to Yahweh on behalf of the Israelites while they stood far away. If it is unnatural in your language to repeat a preposition, you could use a form that identifies physical distance between people. Alternate translation: “between … and you” 5:5 n0gc rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal לְהַגִּ֥יד 1 Here, the word **to** marks revealing the word of Yahweh as the goal or purpose of Moses standing between Yahweh and the Israelites. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is the purpose. 5:5 c0kf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy דְּבַ֣ר 1 Here, **word** represents everything that Yahweh said. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “what Yahweh told me to tell you” 5:5 ia47 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֤י 1 The word translated as **For** indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “This is because” 5:5 l82u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִפְּנֵ֣י 1 Here, **face** represents the presence of something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “of the presence of” 5:5 fihv rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations לֵאמֹֽר 1 Here, the word **saying** introduces direct speech. Consider natural ways of doing that in your own language. 5:6 nwcg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 In this verse, Yahweh is referring to the events of [Exodus 1-14](Exo/01/01.md) when Yahweh did amazing things so that the Israelites could leave Egypt. 5:6 dav1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns אֱלֹהֶ֔יךָ & הוֹצֵאתִ֛יךָ 1 Yahweh is speaking directly to Moses, so the pronouns **you** and **your** are singular in this verse and in the rest of Yahweh’s speech. See chapter introduction for more information. 5:6 fbu5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִבֵּ֥ית עֲבָדִֽים 1 Yahweh speaks of Egypt as if it were a **house** where people keep slaves. See how you translated this in [Exodus 13:3](Exo/13/03.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from the place where you were slaves” 5:6 fpyz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns עֲבָדִֽים 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **slavery**, you can express the idea behind **slavery** in another way. Alternative translation: “forced labor” 5:7 pa85 0 Alternate translation: “You must not worship any other gods besides me” 5:7 f42x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative לֹא־יִהְיֶ֥ה לְךָ֛ 1 Yahweh is using the form **shall** to give an instruction or command here and in the rest of the Ten Commandments. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. See Chapter Introduction for more information. Alternate translation: “Do not have” 5:7 y3yg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy עַל־פָּנָֽיַ 1 Here, **face** represents the presence of Yahweh. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “besides me” 5:8 nzor rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns כָּל־תְּמוּנָ֔ה 1 \nIf your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **likeness**, you can express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “anything looking like something” 5:8 bs7n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism בַּשָּׁמַ֨יִם֙ מִמַּ֔עַל וַאֲשֶׁ֥ר בָּאָ֖רֶץ מִתָּ֑חַת וַאֲשֶׁ֥ר בַּמַּ֖יִם מִתַּ֥חַת לָאָֽרֶץ 1 \n\nThis list refers to anything in the universe. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “is in the universe” 5:9 sxf4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns לָהֶ֖ם 1 Here, the pronoun **them** refers to carved figures or idols. 5:9 a6ef rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit פֹּ֠קֵד עֲוֺ֨ן 1 The implication is that Yahweh will visit, or **extend** the punishment for **iniquity** of one generation onto future generations. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “I punish the iniquity of” 5:9 qj4w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אָב֧וֹת עַל־בָּנִ֛ים 1 Although the terms **fathers** and **sons** are masculine, Yahweh is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “parents on the children” 5:9 fsfp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis עַל־בָּנִ֛ים וְעַל־שִׁלֵּשִׁ֥ים וְעַל־רִבֵּעִ֖ים 1 Yahweh is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. **Generation** is implied by **sons**, therefore **third** and **fourth** refers to the grandchildren and great-grandchildren. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “the sons down to the third and fourth generations” 5:9 d9fs rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal וְעַל־שִׁלֵּשִׁ֥ים וְעַל־רִבֵּעִ֖ים 1 \n\nIf your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “and on generations 3 and 4 of” 5:10 zxf7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וְעֹ֥שֶׂה חֶ֖סֶד לַֽאֲלָפִ֑ים לְאֹהֲבַ֖י 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faithfulness**, you can express the same idea with “faithfully” or “faithful.” Alternate translation: “But I faithfully love thousands, those who love me” 5:10 rq8x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis לַֽאֲלָפִ֑ים 1 Yahweh is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. “Generations” is implied by the previous verse. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “to a thousand generations” 5:10 xq3j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לַֽאֲלָפִ֑ים 1 Here, **thousands** could mean: (1) “forever,” that is, “to all descendants forever.” Alternate translation: “for every generation” (2) a number too many to count. Alternate translation: “forever to innumerable people who love me” 5:10 qsl8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers לַֽאֲלָפִ֑ים 1 Alternate translation: “to 1000s” 5:11 kd28 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לֹ֥א תִשָּׂ֛א & אֲשֶׁר־יִשָּׂ֥א 1 Here **lift up** means “use” or “say.” This includes invoking Yahweh’s name, making a claim to him, attempting to manipulate him, or misrepresenting him. A broad word should be used in translation of this term. Alternate translation: “Do not use … he who uses” 5:11 uv88 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לַשָּׁ֑וְא & לַשָּֽׁוְא 1 Here **with emptiness** means “carelessly” or “without proper respect.” Yahweh is speaking of his name as if it were a physical object that could be emptied of substance. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “carelessly” 5:11 in6b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives כִּ֣י לֹ֤א יְנַקֶּה֙ יְהוָ֔ה 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a positive expression to translate this double negative that consists of the negative particle **not** and the negative **unpunished**. Alternate translation: “for Yahweh will certainly consider guilty” 5:13 p3yg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מְלַאכְתֶּֽךָ 1 The implication is that the Israelites do **work** for six days, including any responsibilities, jobs, or duties that are required in daily life. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “your occupation” or “your livelihood” 5:14 cx31 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal וְי֨וֹם֙ הַשְּׁבִיעִ֔י 1 If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “but day seven” or “but day 7” 5:14 po5z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בִּשְׁעָרֶ֔יךָ 1 Here, **gates** represents the border of a town or city. Cities often had walls around them to keep out enemies, and gates for people to go in and out. Anyone who was inside the gates was part of the community. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “is within your community” or “is inside your city” 5:15 x69h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative וְזָכַרְתָּ֗ 1 Moses is using the form **you shall** to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “And remember” 5:15 ls4c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet בְּיָ֥ד חֲזָקָ֖ה וּבִזְרֹ֣עַ נְטוּיָ֑ה 1 The terms **mighty hand** and **outstretched arm** mean similar things. Moses is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “and by very great power” 5:15 n9t4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּיָ֥ד חֲזָקָ֖ה 1 Here the word **hand** represents God’s power. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and by mighty power” 5:15 knso rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּבִזְרֹ֣עַ נְטוּיָ֑ה 1 Here, **arm** refers to Yahweh’s power. Moses speaks of stretching out an **arm** as if it was using power. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and by great strength” 5:15 fpf8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result עַל־כֵּ֗ן 1 The words translated as **Therefore** indicate that what follows is a result of what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a result of what came before. Alternate translation: “This is why” 5:16 g54g rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal כַּבֵּ֤ד אֶת־אָבִ֨יךָ֙ וְאֶת־אִמֶּ֔ךָ כַּאֲשֶׁ֥ר צִוְּךָ֖ יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֶ֑יךָ לְמַ֣עַן ׀ יַאֲרִיכֻ֣ן יָמֶ֗יךָ וּלְמַ֨עַן֙ יִ֣יטַב לָ֔ךְ 1 Here, **so that** marks **you may prolong your days** and **it may go well with you** as the goal or purpose of **Honor your father and your mother**. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is the purpose. 5:16 hu7r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יַאֲרִיכֻ֣ן יָמֶ֗יךָ 1 If the Israelites obey Yahweh, they will **prolong the days** when they live on the land. Moses is speaking of time as if it was a physical substance that one could **prolong**. You could include this information if it would be helpful for your readers. Alternate translation: “you will live for many generations” 5:17 x2en rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish לֹ֖א תִּרְצָֽח 1 Here **murder** does not mean “any kind of killing” which would imply that killing in war, accidental killing, and execution was also sinful. If your language does not distinguish between different types of killing, you could use a descriptive word to make this distinction clear. Alternate translation: “Do not murder deliberately” 5:18 lke6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְלֹ֖א תִּנְאָֽף 1 Alternate translation: “And do not have sexual relations with anyone other than your spouse” 5:20 vp3r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְלֹֽא־תַעֲנֶ֥ה בְרֵֽעֲךָ֖ עֵ֥ד שָֽׁוְא 1 The implication is that the **testimony** would be given in court or before a judge. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “And do not lie in court” 5:20 p6zg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְרֵֽעֲךָ֖ 1 Here, **neighbor** means “fellow Israelite.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “against your fellow Israelite” 5:21 msw3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְלֹ֥א תַחְמֹ֖ד & וְלֹ֨א תִתְאַוֶּ֜ה 1 Here, **desire** and **covet** mean “strongly desire what someone else owns.” The words translated as **desire** and **covet** have similar meanings. You could translate these words with the same term if your language does not have multiple ways of expressing this idea. Alternate translation: “Do not strongly want to have … and do not want to take” 5:21 a80l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor רֵעֶ֑ךָ & רֵעֶ֗ךָ & לְרֵעֶֽךָ 1 Here, **neighbor** means “fellow Israelite.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your fellow Israelite … your fellow Israelite … is of your fellow Israelite” 5:21 sqc4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְכֹ֖ל אֲשֶׁ֥ר לְרֵעֶֽךָ 1 Here, Yahweh is using the possessive form to describe **anything** that is a material possession that belongs to **your neighbor**. If it would be helpful for your readers, use an expression that the possessions that someone owns. Alternate translation: “and any possession that belongs to your neighbor” 5:22 c5s9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ק֥וֹל גָּד֖וֹל 1 The implication is that the voice of Yahweh was very loud. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “loudly” 5:22 yl0m rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns קְהַלְכֶ֜ם 1 The pronoun **your** refers to all the Israelites who were present at Mount Sinai when Yahweh gave the law to Moses. If this is not clear for your readers, you could clarify who **your** refers to. Alternate translation: “the assembly of Israelites” 5:23 vkg3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַיְהִ֗י 1 Moses is using the word translated **And it happened** to introduce a new event in the story. Use a word, phrase, or other method in your language that is natural for introducing a new event. Alternate translation: “This is what happened next:” 5:23 ar5z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy הַקּוֹל֙ 1 Here, **voice** represents the sound of someone speaking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the sound of Yahweh speaking” 5:23 zwfr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive וַתִּקְרְב֣וּן 1 By **you**, Moses means the leaders of the Israelites but not all of the Israelites, so use the exclusive form of that word in your translation if your language marks that distinction. 5:23 y5zg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor רָאשֵׁ֥י 1 Here **heads** means “leaders.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the leaders of” 5:23 p4d6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet רָאשֵׁ֥י שִׁבְטֵיכֶ֖ם וְזִקְנֵיכֶֽם 1 The terms **the heads of your tribes** and **your elders** mean similar things. Moses is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “your leaders” 5:24 k558 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַתֹּאמְר֗וּ 1 Here, the word **said** introduces direct speech. Consider natural ways of doing that in your own language. 5:24 grlj rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הֵ֣ן 1 The Israelite leaders are using the term **behold** to focus Moses’ attention on what they are about to say. Your language may have a comparable expression that you could use in your translation. Alternate translation: “Pay attention to what we have to say:” 5:24 z2gi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy קֹל֥וֹ 1 Here, **voice** represents the sound of someone speaking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the sound of Yahweh speaking” 5:24 gzgc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations הָֽאָדָ֖ם 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, the Israelite leaders are using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “humankind” 5:25 zra9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion וְעַתָּה֙ לָ֣מָּה נָמ֔וּת 1 The Israelite leaders are using the question form to express their fears that they would die if Yahweh spoke to them. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “And we do not want to die.” 5:25 ty2s rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical כִּ֣י תֹֽאכְלֵ֔נוּ הָאֵ֥שׁ הַגְּדֹלָ֖ה הַזֹּ֑את אִם־יֹסְפִ֣ים ׀ אֲנַ֗חְנוּ לִ֠שְׁמֹעַ אֶת־ק֨וֹל יְהוָ֧ה אֱלֹהֵ֛ינוּ ע֖וֹד וָמָֽתְנוּ 1 The Israelite leaders are suggesting that this is a hypothetical condition, that they will only **die** if they **continue to hear the voice of Yahweh**. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a situation that could happen. Alternate translation: “We are afraid that this might happen: this great fire might consume us if we continue anymore to hear the voice of Yahweh our God, and we could die” 5:26 qk3j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion כִּ֣י מִ֣י כָל־בָּשָׂ֡ר אֲשֶׁ֣ר שָׁמַ֣ע קוֹל֩ אֱלֹהִ֨ים חַיִּ֜ים מְדַבֵּ֧ר מִתּוֹךְ־הָאֵ֛שׁ כָּמֹ֖נוּ וַיֶּֽחִי 1 The Israelite leaders are using the question form to explain why they are very afraid. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “No flesh has heard the voice of the living God speak from the midst of the fire like us and has lived.” 5:26 z4hp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish כִּ֣י מִ֣י כָל־בָּשָׂ֡ר אֲשֶׁ֣ר שָׁמַ֣ע קוֹל֩ אֱלֹהִ֨ים חַיִּ֜ים מְדַבֵּ֧ר מִתּוֹךְ־הָאֵ֛שׁ כָּמֹ֖נוּ וַיֶּֽחִי 1 This verse does not contradict [verse 24](../05/24.md). The Israelite leaders mean that, while they have heard God speak and have lived, it is a rare occurrence that they do not believe will happen again. Be sure that this distinction is clear in your translation. 5:26 sdf1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בָּשָׂ֡ר 1 The Israelite leaders are using **flesh** to represent humans. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “humankind”\n 5:26 tp48 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy קוֹל֩ 1 Here, **voice** represents the sound of someone speaking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the sound of the words of” 5:26 pj1t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֱלֹהִ֨ים חַיִּ֜ים 1 The implication is that only Yahweh is a **living God** and can cause people to die, in contrast with idols who are not living and cannot cause real harm to people. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “the only living God” 5:27 a934 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit תְּדַבֵּ֣ר אֵלֵ֗ינוּ 1 The implication is that the Israelite leaders want Moses to go up Mount Sinai to speak with Yahweh on their behalf, then come back down to their camp to tell the Israelites what Yahweh said. This way, the Israelites do not have to listen to Yahweh speak. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “come back down the mountain to tell us” 5:28 j5bk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo ק֣וֹל דִּבְרֵיכֶ֔ם בְּדַבֶּרְכֶ֖ם אֵלָ֑י & ק֨וֹל דִּבְרֵ֜י הָעָ֤ם הַזֶּה֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר דִּבְּר֣וּ אֵלֶ֔יךָ 1 The expression **the sound of your words when you spoke to me** contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “what you said to me … what this people spoke to you” 5:29 m98l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion מִֽי־יִתֵּ֡ן וְהָיָה֩ 1 Yahweh is using the question form of **Who will give** to express a strong desire for something. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation, ending the sentence with a period: “Oh that they would have” 5:29 xx97 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לְבָבָ֨ם 1 Here, **heart** refers to a person’s will or their desire to do something. In this case, the desire is to fear Yahweh. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “desire” 5:29 jjqc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כָּל־הַיָּמִ֑ים 1 Here, **all the days** means “all the days of their life”. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “all the days of their life” 5:29 zzj3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְלִבְנֵיהֶ֖ם 1 Here, **sons** means “descendants.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and for their offspring” 5:30 z5a5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes לֵ֖ךְ אֱמֹ֣ר לָהֶ֑ם שׁ֥וּבוּ לָכֶ֖ם לְאָהֳלֵיכֶֽם׃ 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation, as in the UST. 5:30 f2ku rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo שׁ֥וּבוּ לָכֶ֖ם 1 The expression **Return yourselves** contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “Return” 5:31 bn9j rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast וְאַתָּ֗ה 1 Yahweh uses the words **But you** here to indicate a strong contrast between what Moses and the rest of the Israelites will do. In your translation, indicate this strong contrast in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “As for you” 5:31 q7e9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish עִמָּדִי֒ 1 This does not mean that Yahweh had a physical body which was present at Mount Sinai. Yahweh means that Moses should stand near the fire and clouds where Yahweh’s voice came from. Be sure that this distinction is clear in your translation. Alternate translation: “by the fire where my voice comes from” 5:31 odqo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet הַמִּצְוָ֛ה וְהַחֻקִּ֥ים 1 The terms **commandments** and **statutes** mean similar things. Yahweh is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “the very important commandments” 5:31 dlcu rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns הַמִּצְוָ֛ה 1 In this verse, the word **commandment** is singular in form, but it refers to all Yahweh’s commandments as a group. If it would be helpful in your language, you could say this plainly. Alternate translation: “the commandments” 5:31 e1i9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative אֲשֶׁ֣ר תְּלַמְּדֵ֑ם 1 Yahweh is using a future statement to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. If it would be helpful for your readers, you could start a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “Teach them” 5:31 fiot rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְעָשׂ֣וּ 1 The implication is that Yahweh wants Moses to teach the Israelites his commandments so that the Israelites will follow them. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “so that they will do them” 5:31 hq4a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo בָאָ֔רֶץ אֲשֶׁ֧ר אָנֹכִ֛י נֹתֵ֥ן לָהֶ֖ם לְרִשְׁתָּֽהּ 1 The expression **the land that I am giving to them to possess it** contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “in the land that I am giving to them” 5:32 kyg9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations 0 Moses has finished quoting what Yahweh said. This verse continues Moses’ speech to the Israelites. Consider natural ways of reintroducing a speaker of direct quotations in your language. Alternate translation: “Then Moses said to the Israelites,” 5:32 weq5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative וּשְׁמַרְתֶּ֣ם 1 Moses is using the form **you shall** to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “And keep them” 5:32 sqy8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לֹ֥א תָסֻ֖רוּ יָמִ֥ין וּשְׂמֹֽאל 1 Here, **turn aside right nor left** is an idiom that means “disobey.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Do not get off track” or “Do not disobey” 5:33 ype4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor prolong your days 0 Long days are a metaphor for a long life. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 4:40](../04/40.md). Alternate translation: “be able to live a long time” 5:33 mteg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּכָל־הַדֶּ֗רֶךְ אֲשֶׁ֨ר צִוָּ֜ה יְהוָ֧ה אֱלֹהֵיכֶ֛ם אֶתְכֶ֖ם תֵּלֵ֑כוּ 1 Here Moses is speaking of commandments as if they were a road and as if obeying commandments was like walking on the road. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “All the commandments that Yahweh your God has commanded you, you shall obey” 5:33 geoj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative תֵּלֵ֑כוּ 1 Moses is using the form **you shall** to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “walk” 5:33 sc79 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal לְמַ֤עַן 1 Here, **so that** marks the benefits of living a good, long life as the goal or purpose of obeying Yahweh. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is the purpose. 5:33 gk5o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְהַאֲרַכְתֶּ֣ם יָמִ֔ים בָּאָ֖רֶץ 1 The implication is that, if the Israelites obey Yahweh, they will **prolong** the **days** when they live **in the land**. Moses is speaking of time as if it was a physical substance that one could **prolong**. You could include this information if it would be helpful for your readers. See how you translated this concept in [4:26](../04/26.md). Alternate translation: “and you might live in the land for many generations” 6:intro q4y8 0 # Deuteronomy 6 General Notes\n\n## Outline\n- vv. 1-9: The great commandment\n- vv. 6-25: Warnings against disobedience\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s blessings\nYahweh’s continued blessing of the people of Israel is dependent upon the people’s obedience to the law of Moses. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])\n\n\n### The Shema\nVerses 6-9 are known as The Shema in Judaism. They are an important foundation of Judaism. Jesus identifies the Shema as the greatest commandment in [Mark 12:28-29](Mrk/12/28.md).\n\n## Other Translation Issues in This Chapter\n\n### Metaphors\n\nThere are many metaphors in this chapter. These metaphors describe the greatness of the Promised Land the wholehearted worship that is completely dedicated to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])\n\n### Words for the Law\n- statutes\n- ordinances\n- judgments\nMoses uses different words to refer to the law that Yahweh commanded the Israelites. It is unclear what the differences are between these terms. If your language has different terms for the law, you could use them here to differentiate between the different Hebrew words. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])\n\n### Pronouns\n\nMoses is speaking to the Israelites who are alive. The pronoun **you** and **your** are singular here unless otherwise noted. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]]) 6:1 it53 הַמִּצְוָ֗ה הַֽחֻקִּים֙ וְהַמִּשְׁפָּטִ֔ים 1 See how you translated these terms for the law in [5:31](../05/31.md). 6:1 h4en rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youplural אֱלֹהֵיכֶ֖ם & אֶתְכֶ֑ם & אַתֶּ֛ם 1 The pronouns **you** and **your** are plural in this verse. Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, so use the plural form in your translation if your language marks that distinction. 6:1 kdbb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis צִוָּ֛ה 1 Moses is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. The fact that Yahweh commanded Moses is implied by the events which Moses described in the previous chapter. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “has commanded me” 6:1 z6zb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo בָּאָ֔רֶץ אֲשֶׁ֥ר אַתֶּ֛ם עֹבְרִ֥ים שָׁ֖מָּה לְרִשְׁתָּֽהּ 1 The expression **the land which you are going over to possess it** contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “in the land you are going over to possess” 6:1 ymp9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עֹבְרִ֥ים שָׁ֖מָּה 1 The implication is that the Israelites must cross the Jordan River in order to go to the land. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “are going over to the other side of the Jordan River” 6:2 l6ps rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal לְמַ֨עַן & וּלְמַ֖עַן 1 Here, **so that** marks fearing Yahweh, obeying him, and living a long life as the goal or purpose of Moses teaching the Israelites the commandments. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is the purpose. 6:2 fpdo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd תִּירָ֜א & אֱלֹהֶ֗יךָ & מְצַוֶּךָ֒ אַתָּה֙ וּבִנְךָ֣ וּבֶן־בִּנְךָ֔ & חַיֶּ֑יךָ & יָמֶֽיךָ 1 Even though Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, **you** and **your** are singular in this verse and in the following verses. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation. See chapter introduction for more information. 6:2 uxdk rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns אַתָּה֙ וּבִנְךָ֣ וּבֶן־בִּנְךָ֔ כֹּ֖ל יְמֵ֣י חַיֶּ֑יךָ 1 In this verse, the words **son** and **life** are singular in form, but it refers to all Israelites and their descendants as a group, regardless of gender. If it would be helpful in your language, you could say this plainly. Alternate translation: “all of you and your offspring, all the days of your lives” 6:2 i3ku rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יַאֲרִכֻ֥ן יָמֶֽיךָ 1 The implication is that, if the Israelites obey Yahweh, they will **prolong** the **days** when they live on the land. Moses is speaking of time as if it was a physical substance that one could **prolong**. You could include this information if it would be helpful for your readers. See how you translated this concept in [4:26](../04/26.md). Alternate translation: “you will live in the land for many generations” 6:2 uugi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יַאֲרִכֻ֥ן יָמֶֽיךָ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you will prolong your days” 6:3 jl47 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you וְשָׁמַעְתָּ֤ & וְשָׁמַרְתָּ֣ & לְךָ֔ & אֲבֹתֶ֨יךָ֙ & לָ֔ךְ 1 Even though Moses is speaking to a group of people, **you** and **your** are singular here. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation. 6:3 ppv0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ 1 Here, **Israel** represents the people of Israel. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Israelites” 6:3 mv7p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative וְשָׁמַעְתָּ֤ & וְשָׁמַרְתָּ֣ לַעֲשׂ֔וֹת 1 Moses is using the form **you shall** to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “And listen … and carefully do” 6:3 hcz1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis לַעֲשׂ֔וֹת 1 Moses is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “do them” 6:3 b1v4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal אֲשֶׁר֙ & וַאֲשֶׁ֥ר 1 Here, **that** marks a good life and a large nation as the goal or purpose of obeying Yahweh. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is the purpose. 6:3 bqv9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit תִּרְבּ֖וּן מְאֹ֑ד 1 The implication is that the number of Israelites will **multiply** through births. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “your population will greatly increase” 6:3 zh48 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲבֹתֶ֨יךָ֙ 1 Moses is using the term **fathers** to mean “ancestors.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your forefathers” 6:3 xmxv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit דִּבֶּ֨ר 1 The implication is that what Yahweh will make sure that what he **spoke* will happen. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “told you he would do” 6:3 t77l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אֶ֛רֶץ זָבַ֥ת חָלָ֖ב וּדְבָֽשׁ 1 Here, **a land flowing with milk and honey** is an idiom that means “a very fertile land.” The word **milk* means that much cattle can survive there and produce **milk**. The word **honey** means that crops grow well there, so bees can produce **honey**. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in a rich and fertile land” or “in a land good for cattle and crops”\n 6:4 cip9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd שְׁמַ֖ע 1 Even though Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, the command **Listen** is singular in this verse. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation. 6:4 ce4k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל 1 Here, **Israel** represents the people of Israel. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Israelites” 6:4 zv4t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יְהוָ֥ה ׀ אֶחָֽד 1 This could mean: (1) Yahweh is the only God that Israel worships. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is our only God” (2) Yahweh is the only God that exists. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is the one and only God” 6:5 kluj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative וְאָ֣הַבְתָּ֔ 1 Moses is using the form **you shall** to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “And love” 6:5 dc6b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְבָבְךָ֥ & נַפְשְׁךָ֖ 1 Here **heart** and **soul** represent a person’s inner being, will, and desires. These terms are used together to mean “completely” or “wholeheartedly.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your inner being … your will” 6:6 a1y8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְהָי֞וּ הַדְּבָרִ֣ים הָאֵ֗לֶּה אֲשֶׁ֨ר אָנֹכִ֧י מְצַוְּךָ֛ הַיּ֖וֹם עַל־לְבָבֶֽךָ 1 Here, **on your hearts** is an idiom that means “you will remember.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And bear in mind these words that I am commanding you today” or “And never forget these words that I am commanding you today” 6:6 u7kf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish אָנֹכִ֧י מְצַוְּךָ֛ 1 This does not mean that the commandments are from Moses. Moses means that he is repeating commandments from Yahweh. Be sure that this distinction is clear in your translation. Alternate translation: “Yahweh commanded us and I am repeating to you” 6:7 ye1m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative וְשִׁנַּנְתָּ֣ם & וְדִבַּרְתָּ֖ 1 Moses is using the form **you shall** to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “And diligently teach them … and speak” 6:7 o48j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לְבָנֶ֔יךָ 1 Here, **sons** means “descendants.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to your descendants” 6:7 n6gu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism בְּשִׁבְתְּךָ֤ בְּבֵיתֶ֨ךָ֙ וּבְלֶכְתְּךָ֣ בַדֶּ֔רֶךְ 1 Here, Moses is referring to every place an Israelite would go in daily life by naming the parts that are at the extreme ends of it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “wherever you are” 6:7 lh92 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism וּֽבְשָׁכְבְּךָ֖ וּבְקוּמֶֽךָ 1 Here, Moses is referring to all activities of daily life by naming the parts that are at the extreme ends of it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and whatever you are doing” 6:8-9 hckl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּקְשַׁרְתָּ֥ם לְא֖וֹת עַל־יָדֶ֑ךָ וְהָי֥וּ לְטֹטָפֹ֖ת בֵּ֥ין עֵינֶֽיךָ & וּכְתַבְתָּ֛ם עַל־מְזוּזֹ֥ת בֵּיתֶ֖ךָ וּבִשְׁעָרֶֽיךָ 1 These verses could mean that the law was so important to remember that (1) Moses wanted the Israelites to physically write copies of the law. (2) Moses wanted the Israelites to remember the law, as if the law was written on their **hand**, between their **eyes**, their **doorposts**, and **gates**. Alternate translation: “And you shall know the law so well that it was as if you tied them as a sign on your hand. And it will be as if they are frontlets between your eyes, and as if they were written on the doorposts of your house and on your gates.” 6:8 ionm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּקְשַׁרְתָּ֥ם לְא֖וֹת עַל־יָדֶ֑ךָ 1 The implication is that Moses wants the Israelites to always have with them a reminder of Yahweh’s laws. The Israelites could write copies of the law small enough to **tie** around their **hand** as a **sign**. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “And you shall copy the laws and tie them as a sign on your hand to help you remember them” 6:8 mh97 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative וּקְשַׁרְתָּ֥ם 1 Moses is using the form **you shall** to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “And tie them” 6:8 s5w5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown לְטֹטָפֹ֖ת 1 A **frontlet** is a type of decorative accessory, often used as a symbol of commitment, worn around the head. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of headwear, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “as a symbolic headband” 6:8 no30 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בֵּ֥ין עֵינֶֽיךָ 1 The implication is that Moses wanted the Israelites to have the law on their foreheads. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “on your forehead” 6:9 ex69 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative וּכְתַבְתָּ֛ם 1 Moses is using the form **you shall** to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “And write them” 6:9 ksz9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּבִשְׁעָרֶֽיךָ 1 Here the word **gates** refer to city gates. In those days, homes did not have gates, so we know that Moses is referring to city gates. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and on the gates of your city” 6:10 ibu0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure וְהָיָ֞ה כִּ֥י יְבִיאֲךָ֣ ׀ יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֶ֗יךָ אֶל־הָאָ֜רֶץ אֲשֶׁ֨ר נִשְׁבַּ֧ע לַאֲבֹתֶ֛יךָ לְאַבְרָהָ֛ם לְיִצְחָ֥ק וּֽלְיַעֲקֹ֖ב לָ֣תֶת לָ֑ךְ עָרִ֛ים גְּדֹלֹ֥ת וְטֹבֹ֖ת אֲשֶׁ֥ר לֹא־בָנִֽיתָ 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of the clauses in this verse for clarity. Alternate translation: “Yahweh your God swore to your fathers, to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob, that he would give to you the land. And it will happen that he will bring you into the land: This land has large and good cities that you did not build” 6:10 gu32 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וְהָיָ֞ה 1 Moses is using the word translated **And it will happen** to introduce a new topic in his speech. Use a word, phrase, or other method in your language that is natural for introducing a new topic. Alternate translation: “Now, note” 6:10 air7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go יְבִיאֲךָ֣ 1 In a context such as this, your language might say “take” instead of **bring**. Alternate translation: “will take you” 6:10 l8ji rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לַאֲבֹתֶ֛יךָ 1 Moses is using the term **fathers** to mean “ancestors.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to your forefathers” 6:10-11 yge8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עָרִ֛ים גְּדֹלֹ֥ת וְטֹבֹ֖ת אֲשֶׁ֥ר לֹא־בָנִֽיתָ & וּבָ֨תִּ֜ים מְלֵאִ֣ים כָּל־טוּב֮ אֲשֶׁ֣ר לֹא־מִלֵּאתָ֒ וּבֹרֹ֤ת חֲצוּבִים֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר לֹא־חָצַ֔בְתָּ כְּרָמִ֥ים וְזֵיתִ֖ים אֲשֶׁ֣ר לֹא־נָטָ֑עְתָּ 1 The implication is that the peoples who live in the land built cities and cultivated the land that the Israelites are about to go and conquer. Then, the Israelites will take over everything the peoples had built. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. 6:12 kq91 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy out of the house of bondage 0 Here the metonym “house of bondage” refers to Egypt, the place where the people of Israel had been slaves. Alternate translation: “out of the place where you were slaves” 6:12 ib56 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo פֶּן 1 Moses is using the word **lest** to introduce a hypothetical condition as a warning for a negative consequence. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a situation that could happen. Alternate translation: “in case” 6:12 gp3x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִבֵּ֥ית עֲבָדִֽים 1 Moses speaks of Egypt as if it were a **house** where people keep slaves. See how you translated this in [Exodus 13:3](Exo/13/03.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from the place where you were slaves” 6:12 tkk9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns עֲבָדִֽים 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **slavery**, you can express the idea behind slavery in another way. Alternative translation: “forced labor” 6:13 b8cf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure אֶת־יְהוָ֧ה אֱלֹהֶ֛יךָ תִּירָ֖א וְאֹת֣וֹ תַעֲבֹ֑ד וּבִשְׁמ֖וֹ תִּשָּׁבֵֽעַ 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the phrasing to emphasize that the Israelites should worship only Yahweh. Alternate translation: “It is Yahweh your God and no one else whom you shall fear; it is he alone whom you shall worship, and it is by his name and only his name that you shall swear” 6:13 i1uw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative תִּירָ֖א & תַעֲבֹ֑ד & תִּשָּׁבֵֽעַ 1 Moses is using the form **you shall** to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “Fear … serve … swear” 6:13 rn98 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּבִשְׁמ֖וֹ תִּשָּׁבֵֽעַ 1 The implication is that, when the Israelites swear by Yahweh, that means they are asking Yahweh to take note of their promise and punish them if they do not fulfill their promise. Moses wants the Israelites to only invoke Yahweh’s name when making promises. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and you shall make strong promises using his name” 6:13 ptbo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּבִשְׁמ֖וֹ תִּשָּׁבֵֽעַ 1 Here, **name** represents all of Yahweh: his power, presence, knowledge, and so on. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and swear by Yahweh” 6:14 f1pd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לֹ֣א תֵֽלְכ֔וּן אַחֲרֵ֖י 1 Here Moses is speaking of idols as if they were moving beings that one could physically **go after** and follow. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Do not worship” 6:14 eu66 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo אֱלֹהִ֣ים אֲחֵרִ֑ים מֵאֱלֹהֵי֙ 1 The expression **other gods, the gods of** contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “any other gods that are of” 6:14 qenn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession מֵאֱלֹהֵי֙ הָֽעַמִּ֔ים אֲשֶׁ֖ר סְבִיבוֹתֵיכֶֽם 1 Here, Moses is using the possessive form to describe **gods** that the other **peoples** of the land worship. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use an expression that describes the same relationship. Alternate translation: “the gods whom the peoples who surround you worship” 6:14 tdo5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הָֽעַמִּ֔ים אֲשֶׁ֖ר סְבִיבוֹתֵיכֶֽם 1 Here the phrase **the peoples who surround you** refer to the people groups that live near the land that Yahweh is about to give to the Israelites. These people groups include the Canaanites, the Moabites, the Edomites, and other people groups. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “the people groups who live near you” 6:15 hntv rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names כִּ֣י 1 The word translated as **for** indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “and this is because” 6:15 syl7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish בְּקִרְבֶּ֑ךָ 1 This does not mean that Yahweh has a physically body that lives with the Israelites. As God, Yahweh is everywhere and cannot be confined to a single place. Moses means that Yahweh has a special relationship with the Israelites. Be sure that this distinction is clear in your translation. Alternate translation: “who watches over you” 6:15 orgt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo פֶּן 1 Moses is using the word **lest** to introduce a hypothetical condition as a warning. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a situation that could happen. Alternate translation: “because if that happens, then this might happen:” 6:15 hb7p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יֶ֠חֱרֶה אַף־יְהוָ֤ה אֱלֹהֶ֨יךָ֙ בָּ֔ךְ וְהִשְׁמִ֣ידְךָ֔ 1 Moses is speaking as if Yahweh’s anger was a fire that **burns** and **destroys** things. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Yahweh your God be very angry with you, and he destroys you” 6:15 ft6b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אַף 1 Here, **nose** represents anger. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a body part from your language that is associated with anger or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the anger of” 6:15 a26k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְהִשְׁמִ֣ידְךָ֔ מֵעַ֖ל פְּנֵ֥י הָאֲדָמָֽה 1 The implication is that, if the Israelites worship other gods, then Yahweh will **destroy** the Israelites so that none of them will be left on **the earth**. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and he destroys you so that you no longer exist on the face of the earth” 6:15 mgd0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy פְּנֵ֥י 1 Here, **face** represents the surface of the earth and everything that exists on it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “existing on” 6:16 dj8u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לֹ֣א תְנַסּ֔וּ אֶת־יְהוָ֖ה 1 Here **test** means to challenge Yahweh and his power in order to make him do something extraordinary. 6:16 nx7i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כַּאֲשֶׁ֥ר נִסִּיתֶ֖ם בַּמַּסָּֽה 1 Moses is referring to the events of [Exodus 17:1-7](Exo/17/01.md), when the Israelites complained that there was no water. They wanted Yahweh to prove that he was powerful by giving them water when they asked for it. In the end, Yahweh gave the Israelites water from a rock, and the Israelite elders saw Yahweh’s power. 6:16 qk5b rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names בַּמַּסָּֽה 1 The word **Massah** is the name of a place. It means means “testing.” See how you translated it in [Exodus 17:7](Exo/17/07.md). 6:17 mb2o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-reduplication שָׁמ֣וֹר תִּשְׁמְר֔וּן 1 The words **surely keep** translate verbs that are repeated for emphasis. If your language can repeat words for emphasis, it would be appropriate to use that construction here in your translation. 6:17 hecx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative תִּשְׁמְר֔וּן 1 Moses is using the form **you shall** to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “keep” 6:17 qodn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo אֶת־מִצְוֺ֖ת יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֵיכֶ֑ם וְעֵדֹתָ֥יו וְחֻקָּ֖יו אֲשֶׁ֥ר צִוָּֽךְ 1 The expression **the commandments of Yahweh your God that he has commanded you** contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “the commandments of Yahweh your God and his testimonies and his statutes” 6:18 yri1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns הַיָּשָׁ֥ר וְהַטּ֖וֹב 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the ideas of **right** and **good**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “rightly and well” 6:18 zh1i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בְּעֵינֵ֣י יְהוָ֑ה 1 Here, **in the eyes of** is an idiom for one's opinion or evaluation. Moses speaks as if evaluating something was physically seeing it with one's **eyes**. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “according to what Yahweh considers” 6:18 tldp rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal לְמַ֨עַן֙ 1 Here, **so that** marks a good life in the land as the goal or purpose of doing right in Yahweh’s eyes. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is the purpose. 6:18 eepa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis אֲשֶׁר־נִשְׁבַּ֥ע יְהוָ֖ה לַאֲבֹתֶֽיךָ 1 Moses is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. The fact that Yahweh will give the land to the living Israelites is implied by what Moses said earlier in this speech. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “that Yahweh swore to your fathers that he would give to you” 6:18 zm6m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לַאֲבֹתֶֽיךָ 1 Moses is using the term **fathers** to mean “ancestors.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to your forefathers” 6:19 lewo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis לַהֲדֹ֥ף 1 Moses is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. It is implied that Yahweh is the subject from the previous clause. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “that he would thrust away” 6:19 y6ke rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִפָּנֶ֑יךָ 1 Here, the word **faces** represents the presence of people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before you” 6:18-19 vh8h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אֲשֶׁר־נִשְׁבַּ֥ע יְהוָ֖ה לַאֲבֹתֶֽיךָ & כַּאֲשֶׁ֖ר דִּבֶּ֥ר יְהוָֽה 1 The two phrases **that Yahweh swore** and **as Yahweh has spoken** mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases in a way that shows that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “that Yahweh swore to your fathers … indeed, just as Yahweh has spoken” 6:19 yewe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִפָּנֶ֑יךָ 1 Here, the word **faces** represents the presence of a people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before you” 6:20 vcib rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical כִּֽי־יִשְׁאָלְךָ֥ בִנְךָ֛ 1 Moses is describing a hypothetical situation in order to tell the Israelites what they should do if it takes place. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a situation that could happen. Alternate translation: “This what you will say if your son asks you” 6:20 h9eh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בִנְךָ֛ 1 Although the term **son** is masculine, Moses is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “your child” 6:20 zcy9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מָחָ֖ר 1 Here **tomorrow** means “in the future.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “someday” 6:20 k09w rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations לֵאמֹ֑ר 1 Here, the word **saying** introduces direct speech. Consider natural ways of doing that in your own language. 6:20 vrj8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure מָ֣ה הָעֵדֹ֗ת וְהַֽחֻקִּים֙ וְהַמִּשְׁפָּטִ֔ים אֲשֶׁ֥ר צִוָּ֛ה יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֵ֖ינוּ אֶתְכֶֽם 1 Here, the question word translated as **What** means “why?”. If it would be more natural in your language, you could reword the question. Alternate translation: “Why did Yahweh our God command you the testimonies and the statutes and the ordinances” 6:20 ff1e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youplural אֶתְכֶֽם 1 The word **you** here is plural. The Israelite children are speaking about all the Israelites who heard the law, so use the plural form in your translation if your language marks that distinction. 6:21 faad rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative וְאָמַרְתָּ֣ 1 Moses is using the form **you shall** to give an instruction or command if the hypothetical situation from the previous verse occurs. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “Then say” 6:21 p7c5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names לְבִנְךָ֔ 1 Although the term **son** is masculine, Moses is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “to your child” 6:21 a6iz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go וַיּוֹצִיאֵ֧נוּ יְהוָ֛ה 1 In a context such as this, your language might say “took” instead of **brought**. Alternate translation: “And Yahweh took us out” 6:21 c19m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּיָ֥ד חֲזָקָֽה 1 Here the word **hand** represents God’s power. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. \nSee how you translated this in [4:34](../04/34.md). Alternate translation: “with mighty power” 6:22 j1gu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַיִּתֵּ֣ן יְהוָ֡ה 1 Here **gave** means “did” or “performed”. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And Yahweh performed” 6:22 suc8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet אוֹתֹ֣ת וּ֠מֹפְתִים 1 The words **signs** and **wonders** mean similar things. Moses is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “amazing signs” 6:22 tmmt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit גְּדֹלִ֨ים וְרָעִ֧ים 1 The implication is that Yahweh did **great and terrible** things to the people of Egypt through the 10 Plagues in [Exodus 7-11](Exo/07/11.md). You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “great and terrible plagues” 6:22 omsz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּמִצְרַ֛יִם 1 Here, **Egypt** represents the people of Egypt. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “on the Egyptians” 6:22 c7l2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בֵּית֖וֹ 1 Here, **house** represents Pharaoh’s family and the officials in his court. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “his household” 6:22 k3se rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְעֵינֵֽינוּ 1 Here, **eyes** represents seeing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and we saw all of this” 6:23 gcst rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go וְאוֹתָ֖נוּ הוֹצִ֣יא & הָבִ֣יא אֹתָ֔נוּ 1 In a context such as this, your language might say “took” instead of **brought**. Alternate translation: “And he took us out … take us in” 6:23 s0p6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal לְמַ֨עַן֙ 1 Here, **in order to** marks the Israelites receiving the land as the goal or purpose of Yahweh bringing them out of Egypt. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is the purpose. 6:23 atp7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis הָבִ֣יא אֹתָ֔נוּ 1 Moses is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. The fact that Yahweh is bringing the Israelites into the land that he promised to them is implied by the next phrase. You could supply these words from later in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “bring us in to the land” 6:23 az6c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis נִשְׁבַּ֖ע לַאֲבֹתֵֽינוּ 1 Moses is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. The fact that Yahweh will give the land to the living Israelites is implied by what Moses said earlier in this speech. You could supply these words from earlier in the passage if it would be clearer in your language. See how you translated this in [verse 18](../06/18.md).Alternate translation: “he swore to your fathers that he would give to you” 6:23 hbyj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לַאֲבֹתֵֽינוּ 1 Moses is using the term **fathers** to mean “ancestors.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to our forefathers” 6:24 nhg8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כָּל־הַיָּמִ֔ים 1 Here, **days** refers to a duration of time. If this would not be clear in your language, you could use a comparable expression for expressing the passing of time. Alternate translation: “forever” 6:24 fuv3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns לְט֥וֹב לָ֨נוּ֙ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **good**, you can express the same idea in another way, as modeled by the UST. Alternate translation: “so that we might prosper” 6:24-25 ye68 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical 0 Moses is suggesting that this is a hypothetical condition, that the Israelites will only receive these benefits if they obey Yahweh’s commandments. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a situation that could happen. It may be helpful to reword these verses so that the conditional statement is clear. Alternate translation: “If we keep doing all these commandments before the face of Yahweh our God, as he has commanded us, to fear Yahweh our God, then it will be for good to us, all of the days, to keep us alive as this day, and it will be righteousness to us” 6:25 kzjx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וּצְדָקָ֖ה תִּֽהְיֶה־לָּ֑נוּ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **righteousness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “And Yahweh will consider us as righteous” 6:25 p4b1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִפְנֵ֛י 1 Here, **face** represents the presence of Yahweh. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before” 7:intro y1wn 0 # Deuteronomy 7 General Notes\n\n## Outline\n- vv. 1-11: Moses reminds the Israelites that they belong to Yahweh because of their covenant with him.\n- vv. 12-26: Blessings for obedience\n\n## Special Concepts in This Chapter\n\n### “You must completely destroy them”\nThe people of Canaan were to be punished by Yahweh. Yahweh used Israel to punish these nations. If they were not completely destroyed, they would lead Israel into sin. Therefore, they were to be completely destroyed and be shown no mercy. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]])\n\n### Abrahamic Covenant\n\nThis chapter references parts of the covenant Yahweh made with Abraham. It also emphasizes Yahweh’s faithfulness to this covenant. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]])\n\n\n## Other Potential Translation Difficulties in This Chapter\n\n\n### “You”\nEven though Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, **you** and **your** are singular in this chapter unless otherwise noted. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]]) 7:1 zv16 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go יְבִֽיאֲךָ֙ 1 In a context such as this, your language might say “takes” instead of **brings**. Alternate translation: “takes you” 7:1 jj4t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo הָאָ֕רֶץ אֲשֶׁר־אַתָּ֥ה בָא־שָׁ֖מָּה לְרִשְׁתָּ֑הּ 1 The expression **the land which you are going into to possess it** contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “the land which you are going to possess” 7:1 z6qy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִפָּנֶ֡יךָ 1 Here, the word **faces** represents the presence of people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before you” 7:1 escu rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers שִׁבְעָ֣ה 1 Alternate translation: “7” 7:2 h8dz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּנְתָנָ֞ם יְהוָ֧ה אֱלֹהֶ֛יךָ 1 Here **give** means “enable victory over.” Moses speaks of victory in battle as if it were a physical object one person could **give** to another. Alternate translation: “and Yahweh your God will give victory over them” 7:2 l9ei rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לְפָנֶ֖יךָ 1 Here, **face** represents all of a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to you” 7:2 nm2n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative וְהִכִּיתָ֑ם הַחֲרֵ֤ם תַּחֲרִים֙ 1 Moses is using the form **you shall** to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “and strike them down; utterly destroy” 7:2 o0ih rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-reduplication הַחֲרֵ֤ם תַּחֲרִים֙ 1 The words **utterly destroying** translate a verb that is repeated for emphasis. If your language can repeat words for emphasis, it would be appropriate to use that construction here in your translation. 7:2 ozxb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לֹא־תִכְרֹ֥ת לָהֶ֛ם בְּרִ֖ית 1 To **cut a covenant** means to make a covenant. The phrase refers to ancient rituals around making covenants, which is illustrated in [Genesis 15](Gen/15/01.md). See the imagery and how you translated there. Alternate translation: “Do not make a covenant with them” 7:2 pw35 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּרִ֖ית 1 The implication is that the Israelites should not make a peace treaty with the nations from the previous verse. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “a peace treaty” 7:3 gecf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְלֹ֥א תִתְחַתֵּ֖ן בָּ֑ם בִּתְּךָ֙ לֹא־תִתֵּ֣ן לִבְנ֔וֹ וּבִתּ֖וֹ לֹא־תִקַּ֥ח לִבְנֶֽךָ 1 In the time of this speech, parents arranged **marriages** for their children. Their understanding of marriage was that a father would **give** his daughter in marriage, and the other family would **take** the daughter for their son. If it would be helpful for your readers, you could use expressions that describe marriage from your language. Alternate translation: “Do not arrange marriages for your children with their children. Do not allow your sons and daughters to marry them” 7:3 et7n rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns בִּתְּךָ֙ & לִבְנ֔וֹ וּבִתּ֖וֹ & לִבְנֶֽךָ 1 In this verse, the words **son** and **daughter** are singular in form, but it refers to all children of marrying age from the Israelites and the other people groups. If it would be helpful in your language, you could say this plainly. Alternate translation: “any of your daughters to any of their sons, and … any of their daughters for any of your sons” 7:4 y5rt rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּֽי 1 The word translated as **for** indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “This is because” 7:4 r7ln rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יָסִ֤יר אֶת־בִּנְךָ֙ מֵֽאַחֲרַ֔י 1 Here Moses is speaking of worshipping Yahweh as if it was physically walking **after** him. Moses is speaking of disobeying Yahweh as if one could physically **turn away** from walking **after** Yahweh. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “they will cause your son to disobey me” 7:4 pmgv rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns בִּנְךָ֙ 1 In this verse, the word **son** is singular in form, but it refers to all descendants of the Israelites. If it would be helpful in your language, you could say this plainly. Alternate translation: “your children” 7:4 rsx4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אַף 1 Here, **nose** represents anger. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a body part from your language that is associated with anger or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the anger of” 7:4 v0pu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְחָרָ֤ה אַף־יְהוָה֙ בָּכֶ֔ם וְהִשְׁמִידְךָ֖ מַהֵֽר 1 Moses is speaking as if Yahweh’s anger was a fire that could **burn** and **destroy**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And Yahweh will be very angry with you, and he will destroy you quickly” 7:5 m2rl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youplural תַעֲשׂוּ֙ & תִּתֹּ֔צוּ & תְּשַׁבֵּ֑רוּ & תְּגַדֵּע֔וּן 1 The word **you** here is plural. Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, so use the plural form in your translation if your language marks that distinction. 7:5 ro7j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative תַעֲשׂוּ֙ & תִּתֹּ֔צוּ & תְּשַׁבֵּ֑רוּ & תְּגַדֵּע֔וּן 1 Moses is using the form **you shall** to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. 7:5 u6w9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּמַצֵּבֹתָ֖ם תְּשַׁבֵּ֑רוּ 1 The people groups in the land built stone **pillars** as symbols of their god Baal. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and smash their sacred stone pillars” 7:5 u2o4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַאֲשֵֽׁירֵהֶם֙ תְּגַדֵּע֔וּן 1 The people groups in the land made wooden **poles** to worship their goddess **Asherah**. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and cut their wooden poles symbolizing the goddess Asherah to pieces” 7:6 bdz4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֣י 1 The word translated as **for** indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “This is because” 7:6 uqx6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy עַל־פְּנֵ֥י הָאֲדָמָֽה 1 Here, **face** represents the surface of the earth and everything that exists on it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “are anywhere on the earth” 7:7 y5fb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youplural מֵֽרֻבְּכֶ֞ם & בָּכֶ֖ם & בָּכֶ֑ם & אַתֶּ֥ם 1 The word **you** here is plural. Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, so use the plural form in your translation if your language marks that distinction. 7:7 if5m rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast לֹ֣א & כִּֽי 1 Moses uses the words **not** and **for** here to indicate a strong contrast between a reason why Yahweh might choose a people group (if they are numerous) and the reality that Yahweh chose a people group for a different reason. In your translation, indicate this strong contrast in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “not for the reason … but rather,” 7:7 o06l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole אַתֶּ֥ם הַמְעַ֖ט מִכָּל־הָעַמִּֽים 1 Moses says **fewest of all the peoples** here as an extreme statement for emphasis. The Israelites were most likely not the smallest people group, but Moses means that they were insignificant compared to other people groups. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “you were insignificant compared to other people groups” 7:8 zl86 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּי֩ 1 The word translated as **bor** indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “because” 7:8 fd2o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youplural אֶתְכֶ֗ם & לַאֲבֹ֣תֵיכֶ֔ם & אֶתְכֶ֖ם & וַֽיִּפְדְּךָ֙ 1 The pronouns **you** and **your** here are plural. Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, so use the plural form in your translation if your language marks that distinction. 7:8 l7na rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לַאֲבֹ֣תֵיכֶ֔ם 1 Moses is using the term **fathers** to mean “ancestors.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to your forefathers” 7:8 j4hq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּיָ֣ד חֲזָקָ֑ה & מִיַּ֖ד 1 \n\nHere, the word **hand** represents someone’s power. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “with mighty power … from the control of” 7:8 xtl5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִבֵּ֣ית עֲבָדִ֔ים 1 Moses speaks of the nation of Egypt as if it were a **house** where people keep slaves. See how you translated this in [Exodus 13:3](Exo/13/03.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from the place where you were slaves” 7:8 lkh0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns עֲבָדִ֔ים 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **slavery**, you can express the idea behind slavery in another way. Alternative translation: “forced labor” 7:9 wd9i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative וְיָ֣דַעְתָּ֔ 1 Moses is using the form **you shall** to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “And know” 7:9 blcu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְיָ֣דַעְתָּ֔ 1 Here **know** means “think about.” Moses is speaking of thinking about something as if it were knowing it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And you shall consider” 7:9 iwfa rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וְהַחֶ֗סֶד 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faithfulness**, you can express the same idea with “faithfully” or “faithful.” Alternate translation: “faithfully” 7:9 ky8b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְאֶ֥לֶף דּֽוֹר 1 Here, **1,000 generations** represents the concept of “forever.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. See how you translated this concept in [5:10](../05/10.md). Alternate translation: “for all of his people forever” 7:10 wzi9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וּמְשַׁלֵּ֧ם לְשֹׂנְאָ֛יו אֶל־פָּנָ֖יו לְהַאֲבִיד֑וֹ לֹ֤א יְאַחֵר֙ לְשֹׂ֣נְא֔וֹ אֶל־פָּנָ֖יו יְשַׁלֶּם־לֽוֹ 1 These two sentences mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “and he repays those who hate him to his face, to destroy him. Indeed, he will not delay with him who hates him; he will repay him to his face” 7:10 ni27 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche אֶל־פָּנָ֖יו & אֶל־פָּנָ֖יו 1 Moses is using **face** to represent all of a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in person” 7:10 xk2p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes לֹ֤א יְאַחֵר֙ 1 Moses is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, **not**, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “He will act quickly” 7:11 ct5s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative וְשָׁמַרְתָּ֨ 1 Moses is using the form **you shall** to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “And keep” 7:12 v1lv rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical וְהָיָ֣ה 1 Here, **And it will be** indicates that what follows is hypothetical condition. Yahweh will only bless the Israelites if they obey his commandments. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a situation that could happen. Alternate translation: “And if” 7:12 co63 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys וּשְׁמַרְתֶּ֥ם וַעֲשִׂיתֶ֖ם 1 The two words **keeping** and **doing** express a single idea. The word **keeping** describes how the act of **doing**. If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this meaning in a different way. Alternate translation: “and faithfully doing” 7:12 xrvz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וְאֶת־הַחֶ֔סֶד 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faithfulness**, you can express the same idea with “faithfully” or “faithful.” Alternate translation: “faithfully” 7:12 pqt9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לַאֲבֹתֶֽיךָ 1 Moses is using the term **fathers** to mean “ancestors.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to your forefathers” 7:13 ghv3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְהִרְבֶּ֑ךָ 1 The implication is that the number of Israelites will **multiply** through births. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and increase your population” 7:13 nmj6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom פְּרִֽי־בִטְנְךָ֣ 1 Here, **fruit of your womb** is an idiom that means “your ability to have many children.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your fertility in childbirth” 7:13 rl5m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וּפְרִֽי־אַ֠דְמָתֶךָ 1 Here, **the fruit of your ground** is an idiom that means “your crops.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and your crops” 7:13 k3f8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns דְּגָ֨נְךָ֜ וְתִֽירֹשְׁךָ֣ וְיִצְהָרֶ֗ךָ 1 In this verse, the words **grain**, **wine**, and **oil** are singular in form, but it refers to all crops and produce as a group. If it would be helpful in your language, you could say this plainly. Alternate translation: “all your crops of grain and all of your new wine and all of your oil” 7:13 d3v7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְתִֽירֹשְׁךָ֣ וְיִצְהָרֶ֗ךָ 1 The implication is that Yahweh will bless the crops of grapes and olives. **Wine** is made from grapes and **oil** is made from olives. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and your grapes for wine and your olive trees for oil” 7:13 ie2v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֲלָפֶ֨יךָ֙ 1 Here the word **cattle** refers to livestock such as bulls and cows. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “your bulls and cows” 7:13 buvb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לַאֲבֹתֶ֖יךָ 1 Moses is using the term **fathers** to mean “ancestors.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to your forefathers” 7:14 fiu4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive בָּר֥וּךְ תִּֽהְיֶ֖ה 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will bless you” 7:14 e33a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes לֹא־יִהְיֶ֥ה בְךָ֛ עָקָ֥ר וַֽעֲקָרָ֖ה וּבִבְהֶמְתֶּֽךָ 1 Moses is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, **not**, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “All your males and females will be able to produce offspring among you and among your cattle” 7:15 qmw7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְהֵסִ֧יר יְהוָ֛ה מִמְּךָ֖ כָּל־חֹ֑לִי 1 The implication is that Yahweh will **take away sickness** by keeping the Israelites free from sickness. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “And Yahweh will keep you healthy from all sickness” 7:15 gdzd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מַדְוֵי֩ מִצְרַ֨יִם הָרָעִ֜ים 1 Here **evil diseases of Egypt** could refer to: (1) the plagues that Yahweh inflicted on Egypt. Alternate translation: “the evil plagues which the Egyptians experienced” (2) diseases which were common in Egypt. Alternate translation: “the evil diseases experienced by the Egyptians” 7:15 dovl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo יָדַ֗עְתָּ 1 Here **you have known** means “you have known about” or “you have heard of.” This does not mean “experienced” which would imply that the Israelites also experienced all of the diseases that the Egyptians experienced. Be sure that this distinction is clear in your translation. Alternate translation: “you have heard of” 7:15 x26j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לֹ֤א יְשִׂימָם֙ בָּ֔ךְ וּנְתָנָ֖ם בְּכָל־שֹׂנְאֶֽיךָ 1 Moses speaks as if disease were a heavy object that Yahweh would **put** on top of people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he will keep you from them, and he will cause all those who hate you to become sick with them” 7:16 x9kc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative וְאָכַלְתָּ֣ & לֹא־תָחֹ֥ס עֵֽינְךָ֖ 1 ____ is using the form **you shall** to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “And consume … do not allow your eye to pity” 7:16 myix rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְאָכַלְתָּ֣ 1 Here **consume** means “completely destroy.” Moses is speaking of conquering a people group as if it was physically eating them up. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “text” 7:16 xbj2 נֹתֵ֣ן לָ֔ךְ 1 Here **give** means “allow to conquer.” Moses is speaking as if Yahweh will physically give the peoples to the Israelites. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will cause you to defeat” 7:16 aia1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לֹא־תָחֹ֥ס עֵֽינְךָ֖ עֲלֵיהֶ֑ם 1 Here **eye** represents to the act of seeing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “do not allow what you see to cause you to pity them” 7:16 aoch rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּֽי 1 The word translated as **for** indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “because” 7:16 yvn8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מוֹקֵ֥שׁ ה֖וּא לָֽךְ 1 Moses compares idolatry to a **snare** because it is very difficult to stop once you start worshipping idols. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “it will be a snare for you because you will keep on serving their gods”\n 7:17 t4z5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo כִּ֤י תֹאמַר֙ 1 Moses is using the word **if** to introduce a hypothetical situation to encourage the Israelites. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a situation that could happen. Alternate translation: “You might say” 7:17 bsr6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom תֹאמַר֙ בִּלְבָ֣בְךָ֔ 1 Here, **say in your heart** is an idiom that means “think” or “say to yourself.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you say to yourself” 7:17 pn9g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion אֵיכָ֥ה אוּכַ֖ל לְהוֹרִישָֽׁם 1 Moses is using the question form to illustrate how the Israelites might be afraid of the other nations. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “I will not be able to dispossess them” 7:18 yrk5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative זָכֹ֣ר תִּזְכֹּ֗ר 1 Moses is using the form **you shall** to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “Remember” 7:18 fbw2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-reduplication זָכֹ֣ר תִּזְכֹּ֗ר 1 The words **surely remember** translate verbs that are repeated for emphasis. If your language can repeat words for emphasis, it would be appropriate to use that construction here in your translation. 7:18 j6gn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִצְרָֽיִם 1 Here, **Egypt** represents the people of Egypt. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the people of Egypt” 7:19 vi5b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַמַּסֹּ֨ת הַגְּדֹלֹ֜ת 1 Here the word **trials** refers to the plagues in [Exodus 7-11](Exo/07/11.md) that Yahweh sent so that the Egyptians would suffer. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. See how you translated this in [4:34](../04/34.md). Alternate translation: “the great plagues” 7:19 a3ur rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche עֵינֶ֗יךָ 1 Moses is using **eyes** to represent the whole person in the act of seeing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you yourself” 7:19 fewz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet וְהָאֹתֹ֤ת וְהַמֹּֽפְתִים֙ 1 The words **signs** and **wonders** mean similar things. Moses is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “and the amazing signs” 7:19 bp4y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet וְהַיָּ֤ד הַחֲזָקָה֙ וְהַזְּרֹ֣עַ הַנְּטוּיָ֔ה 1 The terms **mighty hand** and **outstretched arm** mean similar things. Moses is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “and the very great power” 7:19 ph4a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְהַיָּ֤ד הַחֲזָקָה֙ 1 Here the word **hand** represents God’s power. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and the mighty power” 7:19 djs2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְהַזְּרֹ֣עַ הַנְּטוּיָ֔ה 1 Here, **arm** refers to Yahweh’s power. Moses speaks of stretching out an arm was like using power. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and the strength” 7:19 en3p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go הוֹצִֽאֲךָ֖ 1 In a context such as this, your language might say “took” instead of **brought**. Alternate translation: “took you out” 7:19 nng5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche מִפְּנֵיהֶֽם 1 Moses is using **faces** to represent all of a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “of” 7:20 xr3w rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown הַצִּרְעָ֔ה 1 A **hornet** is a stinging insect. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of insect, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “stinging insects” 7:20 sji2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אֶת־הַצִּרְעָ֔ה יְשַׁלַּ֛ח & בָּ֑ם 1 This could mean: (1) God will cause the people to become terrified and want to run away. Alternate translation: “will cause them to feel terror” (2) God will send flying insects that sting people and cause pain. 7:20 w9sm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִפָּנֶֽיךָ 1 Here, **face** represents the presence of a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before you” 7:21 yb9e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche מִפְּנֵיהֶ֑ם 1 Moses is using **faces** to represent people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “by them” 7:22 d8kb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִפָּנֶ֖יךָ 1 Here, **face** represents the presence of a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before you” 7:22 kok0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo פֶּן 1 Moses uses the word **lest** to introduce an imaginary situation to help explain why Yahweh is driving out the nations slowly rather than quickly. Use a natural method in your language for introducing an imaginary situation. Alternate translation: “in case” 7:22 jkuy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit תִּרְבֶּ֥ה עָלֶ֖יךָ חַיַּ֥ת הַשָּׂדֶֽה 1 The implication is that the wild animals will increase in population and take over the land before the Israelites are able to cultivate all of the land. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “the animals of the field multiply before you can control their population” 7:22 szvs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom חַיַּ֥ת הַשָּׂדֶֽה 1 Here, **animals of the field** is an idiom that means “wild animals” or “nondomestic animals.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the beasts” 7:23 m5in rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וּנְתָנָ֛ם יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֶ֖יךָ 1 The pronoun **them** refers to the other nations from the previous verse. If this is not clear for your readers, you could use the person's name here. Alternate translation: “And Yahweh your God will give those other nations” 7:23 qmm8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּנְתָנָ֛ם יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֶ֖יךָ 1 Here **give** means “enable victory over.” Moses speaks of victory in battle as if it were a physical object one person could **give** to another. Alternate translation: “And Yahweh your God will give victory over them” 7:23 lkz5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לְפָנֶ֑יךָ 1 Here, **face** represents all of a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to you” 7:23 pa1h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-reduplication וְהָמָם֙ מְהוּמָ֣ה גְדֹלָ֔ה 1 For emphasis, Moses is using a construction in which a verb and its object come from the same root. You may be able to use the same construction in your language to express the meaning here. You could also express the emphasis in a different way. Alternate translation: “And he will very greatly confuse them” 7:23 cpi5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive הִשָּׁמְדָֽם 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “until you have destroyed them” 7:24 nmcw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְנָתַ֤ן 1 Here **give** means “enable victory over.” Moses speaks of victory in battle as if it were a physical object one person could **give** to another. Alternate translation: “And he will give victory over” 7:24 s7qg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּיָדֶ֔ךָ 1 Here the word **hand** represents power or control. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “into your control” 7:24 v25y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שְׁמָ֔ם 1 Here, **name** represents a person, their bloodline, and knowledge of them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “knowledge of them” 7:24 c5ov rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מִתַּ֖חַת הַשָּׁמָ֑יִם 1 Here, **under the heavens** is an idiom that means “on earth.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from the earth” 7:24 q4py rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לֹֽא־יִתְיַצֵּ֥ב אִישׁ֙ 1 Here **stand** means “resist” or “stop.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “No man will survive the battle” 7:24 q69t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish אִישׁ֙ 1 By **man**, Moses means anyone from the enemy people groups. This does not mean “any man that exists” which would imply that the Israelites could conquer the world. Be sure that this distinction is clear in your translation. Alternate translation: “army of these peoples” 7:24 icsu rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names בְּפָנֶ֔יךָ 1 Here, **face** represents the presence of a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before you” 7:25 tq89 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative תִּשְׂרְפ֣וּן 1 Moses is using the form **You shall** to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “Burn” 7:25 y5bl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo תִּשְׂרְפ֣וּן בָּאֵ֑שׁ 1 The expression **burn in fire** contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression. 7:25 d8rc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כֶּ֨סֶף וְזָהָ֤ב 1 Idols were often decorated with **silver and gold** and other precious materials. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “the silver and gold overlays” 7:25 k5r7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo פֶּ֚ן 1 Moses is using the word **lest** to introduce a hypothetical condition as a warning for a negative consequence. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a situation that could happen. Alternate translation: “in case” 7:25 su6c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תִּוָּקֵ֣שׁ בּ֔וֹ 1 The gold or silver on the idols could cause the people to start worshiping them. Moses compares idol worship to a **trap** because it is very difficult to stop once you start worshipping idols. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. See how you translated this concept in [verse 16](../07/16.md). Alternate translation: “you start worshipping the idols and cannot stop” 7:25 vdp1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive תִּוָּקֵ֣שׁ בּ֔וֹ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “it traps you” 7:25 z31g rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֧י 1 The word translated as **for** indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “because” 7:26 leby rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit תֽוֹעֵבָה֙ 1 Here, the specific type of **abomination** that Moses is referring to is an idol. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “any abomination of an idol” 7:26 hmcx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְהָיִ֥יתָ חֵ֖רֶם 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and God curses you” 7:26 b8dp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet שַׁקֵּ֧ץ ׀ תְּשַׁקְּצֶ֛נּוּ וְתַעֵ֥ב ׀ תְּֽתַעֲבֶ֖נּוּ 1 The terms **detest** and **abhor** mean similar things. Moses is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “You shall completely and utterly detest it” 7:26 eeub rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-reduplication שַׁקֵּ֧ץ ׀ תְּשַׁקְּצֶ֛נּוּ וְתַעֵ֥ב ׀ תְּֽתַעֲבֶ֖נּוּ 1 The phrases **utterly detest** and **utterly abhor** translate verbs that are repeated for emphasis. If your language can repeat words for emphasis, it would be appropriate to use that construction here in your translation. 7:26 xs75 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּי 1 The word translated as **for** indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “because” 8:intro w4zj 0 # Deuteronomy 8 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Forgetting\n\nThis chapter recalls the great things that Yahweh has done for Israel and is about to do for them. This is so they do not forget him and they will continue to worship him. They must remember that Yahweh is the source of their blessings. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) 8:1 rbf2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues to speak to the Israelites as if they are one person. 8:1 zvt4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you You must keep … you may live and multiply, and go in and possess … your fathers 0 All instances of “you” and “your” and the verbs are plural. 8:2 t2tj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom You will call to mind 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “You must remember” 8:2 c56q rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers forty years 0 Alternate translation: “40 years” 8:2 a9m6 he might humble you 0 Alternate translation: “he might show you how weak and sinful you are” 8:2 l3al to know 0 Alternate translation: “to reveal” or “to show” 8:2 y8fn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy what was in your heart 0 The heart is a symbol of a person’s character. Alternate translation: “what kind of people you are” or “how you would behave” 8:3 aiu7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues to speak to the Israelites as if they are one person. He continues to remind them of what they should “call to mind” ([Deuteronomy 8:2](../08/02.md)). 8:3 upj2 He humbled you 0 Alternate translation: “Yahweh showed you how weak and sinful you are.” See how “he might humble you” is translated in [Deuteronomy 8:2](../08/02.md). 8:3 ygr4 fed you with manna 0 Alternate translation: “gave you manna to eat” 8:3 t9be rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche it is not by bread alone that people live 0 Here “bread” represents all food. Alternate translation: “food is not the only thing people need so they can live” 8:3 d9as rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy it is by everything that proceeds out of the mouth of Yahweh that people live 0 Here “the mouth of Yahweh” is a metonym for the words that Yahweh says. Alternate translation: “people must obey the commands of Yahweh so they can live” or “people must do what Yahweh tells them to do so they can live” 8:4 b3h6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues to speak to the Israelites as if they are one person. 8:4 pr86 Your clothing … forty years 0 This is the last item that they should “call to mind” ([Deuteronomy 8:2](../08/02.md)). 8:4 d347 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers forty years 0 Alternate translation: “40 years” 8:5 fty1 You will think … God disciplines you 0 This continues the list of commands that begins in [Deuteronomy 8:1](./01.md). 8:5 fn6f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy You will think about in your heart 0 Here the metonym “heart” represents the thoughts and understanding of a person. Alternate translation: “You will understand” 8:6 j5yw You will keep … honor him 0 This continues the list of commands that begins in [Deuteronomy 8:1](./01.md). 8:7 y2tj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues to speak to the Israelites as if they are one person. 8:7 jl8h a land of 0 Alternate translation: “a land with” or “a land that has” 8:9 gx2v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues to speak to the Israelites as if they are one person. 8:9 s4ft rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes a land in which you will eat bread without lack 0 This litotes can be translated positively. Alternate translation: “a land where there will be plenty of food for you” 8:9 s966 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives where you will not go without anything 0 This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “where you will have everything you need” 8:9 dyk2 stones are made of iron 0 The stones are full of iron ore. Iron is a very hard metal useful for swords and plows. 8:9 q74l dig copper 0 Alternate translation: “mine copper.” Copper is a soft metal useful for making household utensils. 8:10 cat4 You will eat and be full 0 Alternate translation: “You will have enough food to eat until you are full” 8:10 ac1j you will bless 0 Alternate translation: “you will praise” or “you will give thanks to” 8:11 i252 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues to speak to the Israelites as if they are one person. 8:12 g242 Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nThis verse describes the first two items of a list of five things that might make the Israelites forget about Yahweh (verse 11): “when you eat and are full” and “when you build good houses.” 8:12 eyd5 when you eat and are full 0 Alternate translation: “when you have enough food to eat” 8:12 ft1p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy your heart will be lifted up 0 Here “heart” represents the inner person. To become prideful and no longer obey Yahweh is spoken of as if the person’s heart is lifted up. Alternate translation: “you will become prideful and no longer obey Yahweh” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 8:13 vg4r Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nThis verse describes the last three of the five things that might cause them to forget Yahweh. The first two are “you eat and are full” and “you build good houses and live in them” ([Deuteronomy 8:12](./12.md)). The last three are “when your herds and flocks multiply,” “when your silver and gold increase,” and “all that you have is multiplied.” 8:13 yd2e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues to speak to the Israelites as if they are one person. 8:13 tyu1 your herds and flocks 0 Alternate translation: “your herds of cattle and flocks of sheep and goats” 8:13 hl2t multiply 0 increase greatly in number 8:13 ax24 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive all that you have is multiplied 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you have many more things” or “you have many more possessions” 8:14 rus3 Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nThis verse contains the first two of three items Moses warns the people to be careful of ([Deuteronomy 8:11](./11.md)): that “your heart becomes lifted up” and “you forget Yahweh your God.” It then lists the first of four characteristics of Yahweh that they need to remember, that Yahweh “brought you out of the land of Egypt.” 8:14 en28 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy your heart becomes lifted up 0 Here “heart” represents the inner person. To become prideful and no longer obey Yahweh is spoken of as if the person’s heart is lifted up. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Deuteronomy 8:12](../08/12.md). Alternate translation: “you become prideful and no longer obey Yahweh” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 8:14 a2g6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish who brought you out 0 Moses begins to remind the Israelites of what they know about Yahweh. 8:14 k1uk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor out of the house of bondage 0 This is a metaphor for the time they were slaves in Egypt. Alternate translation: “out from the place where you were slaves” 8:15 p6ka Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nThis verse gives the second and third items in the list of characteristics that Moses reminds the Israelites that they must remember about “Yahweh your God” ([Deuteronomy 8:14](./14.md)) the first being that he “brought you out of Egypt” ([Deuteronomy 8:14](./14.md)). the second that he led them “through the … wilderness,” and the third that he “brought … water out of the rock.” 8:15 x3kw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues to speak to the Israelites as if they are one person. 8:15 c4zs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish 0 Moses continues to remind the Israelites of what they know about Yahweh ([Deuteronomy 8:14](../08/14.md)). 8:15 da8e who led … who brought 0 Alternate translation: “Yahweh, who led … Yahweh, who brought” 8:15 nlk7 fiery serpents 0 Alternate translation: “poisonous snakes” 8:15 x91q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification thirsty ground 0 This phrase describes the ground as being thirsty just like a person is thirsty when he needs water. Alternate translation: “dry ground” 8:16 uzq3 Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nThis is the fourth item in the list of characteristics that Moses reminds the Israelites that they must remember about “Yahweh your God” ([Deuteronomy 8:14](./14.md)) the first being that he “brought you out of Egypt” ([Deuteronomy 8:14](./14.md)), the second that he led them “through the … wilderness” ([Deuteronomy 8:15](./15.md)), and the third that he “brought … water out of the rock” ([Deuteronomy 8:15](./15.md)). 8:16 crk4 He fed 0 Moses continues to remind the Israelites of what they know about Yahweh ([Deuteronomy 8:14](../08/14.md)). “Yahweh fed” 8:16 q464 to do you good 0 Alternate translation: “to help you” or “because it would be good for you” 8:17 uf8j Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nThis is the third item in the list of things that Yahweh warns the Israelites that they might do ([Deuteronomy 8:11](./11.md)), the first being “your heart becomes lifted up” and the second being “you forget Yahweh your God” ([Deuteronomy 8:14](./14.md)). 8:17 sd9i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy but you may say in your heart 0 This is the third thing the people might do when their hearts “become lifted up” and they “forget Yahweh” ([Deuteronomy 8:14](../08/14.md)). Here “heart” is a metonym for a person’s innermost thoughts. Alternate translation: “but you may think to yourself” 8:17 g2bf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy My power and the might of my hand acquired all this wealth 0 Here “hand” refers to a man’s power or ability. Alternate translation: “I got this wealth because I am so strong and powerful” or “I have acquired all these things by my own power and ability” 8:18 ftx1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues to speak to the Israelites as if they are one person. 8:18 nl2a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom But you will call to mind 0 This idiom is a command. Alternate translation: “But remember” 8:18 g9fc that he may establish 0 This could mean: (1) “in this way he establishes” or (2) “in this way he is faithful to establish.” 8:18 i5v9 that he may 0 Alternate translation: “so he can” 8:18 axw6 establish 0 cause to stand or to remain 8:18 in9j as it is today 0 Alternate translation: “as he is doing now” or “as he is establishing his covenant now” 8:19 sdv6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor walk after other gods 0 Walking is a metaphor for obeying. Alternate translation: “serve other gods” 8:19 u2bq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you against you … you will 0 These instances of “you” are plural. 8:19 rd16 I testify against you 0 Alternate translation: “I warn you” or “I tell you in front of witnesses” 8:19 umv6 you will surely perish 0 Alternate translation: “you will certainly die” 8:20 d86j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you before you … you perish … you would not … your God 0 All these instances of “you” and “your” are plural. 8:20 a8kh before you 0 Alternate translation: “in front of you” 8:20 l83x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy would not listen to the voice of Yahweh 0 Here “the voice of Yahweh” means what Yahweh tells his people to do. Alternate translation: “would not obey Yahweh’s commandments” 9:intro id6j 0 # Deuteronomy 9 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s victory\nThis chapter assures the Israelites that it is Yahweh who will empower them to conquer the Promised Land. The Israelites will not be strong enough on their own to conquer these other nations. This victory will be Yahweh’s. The people did not earn this victory, but it is Yahweh’s punishment of these sinful nations. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])\n\n### Israel’s sin\nYahweh is about to punish the Canaanites for their sin. He also reminds Israel of their sin. This serves as a warning to the people of Israel. If they sin again, Yahweh will punish them too. 9:1 iqh4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues to speak to the Israelites as if they are one person. 9:1 wy46 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Hear, Israel 0 The word “Israel” is a metonym for the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “Listen, people of Israel” 9:1 n75r to dispossess 0 Alternate translation: “to take the land from” 9:1 zw1n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole fortified up to heaven 0 This is an exaggeration that emphasizes how frightened the people were because the cities were so large and strong. See how you translated similar words in [Deuteronomy 1:28](../01/28.md). Alternate translation: “have walls so high it is like they reach up to the heavens” 9:2 s1te rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit sons of the Anakim 0 Descendants of the Anak people who were very large and fierce. See how you translated similar words in [Deuteronomy 1:28](../01/28.md). (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 9:2 ar68 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Who can stand before the sons of Anak? 0 This means that the sons of Anak were powerful and people were afraid of them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “There is no one who can defend himself against the sons of Anak.” 9:3 ax4l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues to speak to the Israelites as if they are one person. 9:3 jgy6 today 0 Moses is speaking of the days and weeks beginning on that day, not of the time since the sun had last set. 9:3 aj58 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile like a devouring fire 0 Yahweh is powerful and able to destroy the armies of the other nations. 9:3 neu7 subdue them before you 0 Alternate translation: “make them weak so you can control them” 9:4 jp4r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues to speak to the Israelites as if they are one person. 9:4 xr9c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Do not say in your heart 0 Here “in your heart” means “in your thoughts.” Alternate translation: “Do not think to yourselves” 9:4 hm6e has thrust them out 0 Alternate translation: “has driven the other peoples out” 9:5 bb7i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues to speak to the Israelites as if they are one person. 9:5 r3iq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom the uprightness of your heart 0 This is an idiom. “because you always thought and desired the right things” 9:5 e9iz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy so that he may make come true the word 0 Here the metonym “the word” refers to what God has promised. Alternate translation: “so that he may fulfill the promise” 9:5 hb36 your ancestors, to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob 0 Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob are the “ancestors” of whom Moses is speaking. 9:6 hql8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues to speak to the Israelites as if they are one person. 9:7 rx7g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues to speak to the Israelites as if they are one person. 9:7 jiv9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet Remember and do not forget 0 Moses repeats the same command both positively and negatively to emphasize the importance of remembering. The command is plural. Alternate translation: “Be careful to remember” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) 9:7 ze78 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you how you provoked Yahweh 0 Here “you” refers to the Israelites that are present with Moses and also the Israelites of the previous generation. 9:7 ldb8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you you came to this place, you have been rebellious 0 These instances of “you” are plural. 9:7 kd2z to this place 0 This refers to the Jordan River Valley. 9:8 rwk3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you you provoked … with you to destroy you 0 These instances of “you” are plural. 9:9 bu4r 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses is reminding the people of Israel what happened in the past. 9:9 icg8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism the tablets of stone, the tablets of the covenant that Yahweh made with you 0 Here the second phrase clarifies that “the tablets of stone” are the ones on which God wrote the Ten Commandments. 9:9 z7w7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers forty days and forty nights 0 Alternate translation: “40 days and 40 nights” 9:10 e2t6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive on them was written everything just like all the words that Yahweh announced to you 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh wrote on them the same words he had said to you” 9:10 cq6h Yahweh announced … out of the middle of the fire 0 It was as if Yahweh were a person standing in the middle of a fire and speaking with a loud voice. 9:10 v46n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns on the day of the assembly 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **assembly**, you can express the same idea with the verb “gather together.” Alternate translation: “on the day when you Israelites all came and met together in one place” 9:11 a75b rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers forty days and forty nights 0 Alternate translation: “40 days and 40 nights” 9:11 cq34 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism the two tablets of stone, the tablets of the covenant 0 The second phrase clarifies that “the two tablets of stone” are the ones on which God wrote the Ten Commandments. 9:12 n8p5 your people … have corrupted themselves 0 Alternate translation: “your people … are doing what is wrong.” See how you translated these words in [Deuteronomy 4:16](../04/16.md). 9:12 ce69 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor They have quickly turned aside out of the path that I commanded them 0 Moses speaks as if obeying God’s commands were walking along a path. Alternate translation: “They have already disobeyed my commands” 9:14 lkr5 blot out their name from under heaven 0 Alternate translation: “make their name disappear completely” or “kill them all so no one will ever remember them.” See how you translated a similar phrase in [Deuteronomy 7:24](../07/24.md). 9:15 d8yc 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues reminding the people of Israel what happened in the past. 9:16 j8rb behold 0 The word “behold” here shows that Moses was surprised by what he saw. 9:16 ux9p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit molded for yourselves a calf 0 The Israelites of the earlier generation had asked Aaron to make a metal calf so they could worship it. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. 9:16 bf75 You had quickly turned aside out of the path that Yahweh had commanded you 0 Moses speaks as if obeying God’s commands were walking along a path. See how you translated these words in [Deuteronomy 9:12](../09/12.md). Alternate translation: “You had quickly disobeyed what Yahweh had commanded you” 9:17 r2ah 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues reminding the people of Israel about what happened in the past. 9:17 x4n5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche I broke them before your eyes 0 Here “your eyes” is a synecdoche for the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “I broke them right in front of you” or “I broke them where you could see them” 9:18 xf6d lay facedown 0 Alternate translation: “lay with my face on the ground.” This is a way of showing that Yahweh was great and Moses was not. 9:18 y3wm rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers forty days and forty nights 0 Alternate translation: “40 days and 40 nights” 9:19 li9n 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues reminding the people of Israel what happened in the past. 9:19 vv3j I was afraid of the anger and hot displeasure with which Yahweh was angry enough against you to destroy you 0 The words “anger and hot displeasure” are a metonym for what Yahweh would do because he was angry and displeased. Alternate translation: “Yahweh was angry at you—he was extremely displeased with you—he was angry enough to destroy you, and so I was afraid of what he would do” 9:21 n7ea 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues reminding the people of Israel about what happened in the past. 9:21 wf7q I took … burned … beat … ground … threw 0 Moses probably commanded other men to do the actual work. Alternate translation: “I had people take … burn … beat … grind … throw” 9:21 hql7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy your sin, the calf that you had made 0 Here the gold calf itself referred to as their “sin.” Alternate translation: “the calf, which you sinfully made” 9:22 t271 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues to remind the people of Israel about what happened in the past. 9:22 n8jq rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Taberah … Massah … Kibroth Hattaavah 0 These are names of places that the people of Israel went through while they were in the wilderness. 9:23 xz23 Go up 0 They were on low land, and the land Yahweh had told them to take was in the hills, so they had to go uphill to get to it. 9:23 dxq9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy rebelled against the commandment 0 The word “commandment” is a metonym for Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “rebelled against Yahweh; you did not obey the commandment” 9:23 bfb9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy listen to his voice 0 Here “his voice” means what God had said. Alternate translation: “obey what he said” 9:24 r243 from the day that I knew you 0 Alternate translation: “from the time I began to lead you.” Some translations read “from the day that he knew you,” the day that Yahweh first knew them. 9:25 fq4v 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues reminding the people of Israel about what happened in the past. 9:25 tka1 lay facedown before Yahweh 0 Alternate translation: “lay with my face on the ground.” See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 9:18](../09/18.md). 9:25 j7rs rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers forty days and forty nights 0 Alternate translation: “40 days and 40 nights” 9:26 ki6v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you have redeemed 0 Moses speaks as if Yahweh had rescued the Israelites by paying money to free them from slavery. Alternate translation: “you have rescued” 9:26 mct6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy through your greatness 0 The word “greatness” is a metonym for Yahweh’s great power. Alternate translation: “through your great power” 9:26 ifw2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor with a mighty hand 0 Here “a mighty hand” refers to Yahweh’s power. See how you translated similar words in [Deuteronomy 4:34](../04/34.md). Alternate translation: “with your mighty power” 9:27 liv5 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues praying to Yahweh so that he may not destroy the people of Israel. 9:27 hp8s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Call to mind 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “Remember” 9:28 cc26 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy so that the land from where you brought us 0 The words “the land” are a metonym for the people of Egypt. Alternate translation: “so that the people of Egypt” 9:28 pt4p should say 0 Alternate translation: “can say” 9:29 rw92 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet by your great strength and by the display of your power 0 These phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize the greatness of Yahweh’s power that he used to rescue his people. 10:intro ceg6 0 # Deuteronomy 10 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter is a continuation of the previous chapter.\n\nThis chapter focuses on retelling the great things Yahweh has done. It is a continuation of the material from the previous chapter. It is possible that this is a type of sermon or homily, where Moses is giving the people instructions. 10:1 y2d7 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues to remind the people of Israel about what happened in the past. 10:1 zf2r At that time 0 Alternate translation: “After I finished praying” 10:1 sa1t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis the first 0 This refers to the first set of tablets that Moses had broken. Alternate translation: “the tablets you had before” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) 10:1 lyz6 the mountain 0 This refers to Mount Sinai. 10:3 v71i 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues to remind the people of Israel about what happened in the past. 10:3 wt9n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis the first 0 This refers to the first set of tablets that Moses had broken. Alternate translation: “the tablets I had before” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) 10:3 u26k went up the mountain 0 Alternate translation: “went up Mount Sinai” 10:4 gjg7 out of the middle of the fire 0 It was as if Yahweh were a person standing in the middle of a fire and speaking with a loud voice. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 9:10](../09/10.md). 10:4 ax1a on the day of the assembly 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **assembly**, you can express the same idea with the verb “gather together.” See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 9:10](../09/10.md). Alternate translation: “on the day when you Israelites all came and met together in one place” 10:5 wr6b 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues to remind the people of Israel about what happened in the past. 10:5 n7vn I turned 0 Here “I” refers to Moses. 10:5 a3fq came down from the mountain 0 Alternate translation: “came down from Mount Sinai” 10:5 tia8 in the ark 0 Alternate translation: “in the box” or “in the chest” 10:6 kwb8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background 0 # General Information:\n\nThe writer continues the short account of where the Israelites had traveled. 10:6 f4iw rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Beeroth Bene Jaakan … Moserah 0 These are names of different places the people of Israel went through while in the wilderness. 10:6 qpt1 Beeroth Bene Jaakan 0 Translator may add a footnote: “The name ‘Beeroth Bene Jaakan’ means ‘the wells that belonged to the sons of Jaakan’ or ‘the wells that belonged to the people of Jaakan.’” 10:6 l2u3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive there he was buried 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that is where they buried him” or “the Israelites buried him there” 10:6 pv97 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Eleazar 0 This is the name of Aaron’s son. 10:7 rc19 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background From there they journeyed … a land of streams of water 0 This continues the background information about where the people of Israel traveled. 10:7 qs9a rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Gudgodah … Jotbathah 0 These are names of different places the people of Israel went through while in the wilderness. 10:8 pl1x rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background 0 # General Information:\n\nThe writer begins to explain why the tribe of Levi has no inheritance in the land. 10:8 p84p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom to stand before Yahweh to serve him 0 This is an idiom. “to offer the sacrifices that Yahweh requires” 10:8 dqs6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy in his name 0 Here “name” refers to authority. Alternate translation: “as representatives of Yahweh” 10:8 br5a as today 0 Alternate translation: “as they are doing today” 10:9 cy1j rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background 0 The writer finishes explaining why the tribe of Levi has no inheritance in the land. 10:9 u8bf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit no portion nor inheritance of land 0 The tribe of Levi did not receive a portion of the promised land when they arrived there. The full meaning of this statement may be made explicit. 10:9 v39n Yahweh is his inheritance 0 Yahweh speaks of the special relationship that Aaron and his descendants will have with him as if Yahweh were something that they will inherit. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is what they will have” or “Yahweh will allow them to serve him and he will provide for them through that service” 10:9 knv8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you Yahweh your God 0 Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the word “your” here is singular. 10:9 z9a9 spoke to him 0 Alternate translation: “spoke to the tribe of Levi” 10:10 hja2 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses resumes reminding the people of Israel about what happened in the past. 10:10 c3iz rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal as at the first time 0 Alternate translation: “first” is the ordinal number for one. Here it refers to the first time Moses went up Mount Sinai to receive the stone tablets from Yahweh. “as I did the first time” 10:10 kq11 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers forty days and forty nights 0 Alternate translation: “40 days and 40 nights” 10:10 n2kd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you destroy you 0 Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the word “you” here is singular. 10:11 ydj2 possess the land 0 Alternate translation: “take the land” or “take possession of the land” 10:11 yxy1 their ancestors 0 This refers to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. 10:11 sre9 to give to them 0 Alternate translation: “that I would give to you, their descendants” 10:12 wg8e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they are one person. 10:12 d3lk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Now, Israel 0 Here the metonym “Israel” refers to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “Now, people of Israel” 10:12 x2jw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion what does Yahweh your God require of you, except to fear … with all your soul 0 Moses uses a question to teach the people of Israel. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “Yahweh your God requires you to do no more than this: to fear … with all your soul.” 10:12 hd9p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor to walk in all his ways 0 Moses speaks as if obeying Yahweh were walking on a path. Alternate translation: “to obey all his commands” 10:12 l6ea rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy with all your heart and with all your soul 0 Here “heart” and “soul” are metonyms for a person’s inner being. These two phrases are used together to mean “completely” or “earnestly.” See how you translated these two phrases in [Deuteronomy 4:29](../04/29.md). (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 10:13 ct9n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion to keep the commandments … for your own good? 0 Moses uses a question to teach the people of Israel. This rhetorical question begins with the words “what does Yahweh your God require of you, except to fear … with all your soul” in verse 12. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. “Yahweh your God requires you to do no more than this: to fear … with all your soul, to keep the commandments … for your own good.” 10:14 kf71 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues to speak to the Israelites as if they are one person. 10:14 m7ma Behold, to 0 Alternate translation: “Pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important: to” 10:14 n5n6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism heaven … earth 0 These words show two extremes, and are combined to mean that all things everywhere belong to Yahweh. 10:14 ifm9 the heaven of heavens 0 This refers to the highest places in the heavens. Everything in the heavens belong to God. 10:15 swp3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you chose you 0 Here the word “you” refers to all the Israelites and is plural. 10:16 g7qt Therefore 0 Alternate translation: “Because of this” 10:16 f72x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor circumcise the foreskin of your heart 0 The word “foreskin” refers to the fold of skin on a man’s private parts that is removed during circumcision. Here Moses is referring to a spiritual circumcision. This means the people must remove the sin from their lives. 10:17 d6f4 God of gods 0 Alternate translation: “the supreme God” or “the only true God” 10:17 z3d6 Lord of masters 0 Alternate translation: “the supreme Lord” or “the greatest Lord” 10:17 b61i the fearsome one 0 Alternate translation: “the one who causes people to fear” 10:18 u19l 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues speaking to the people of Israel. 10:18 rsq9 He executes justice for the fatherless 0 Alternate translation: “Yahweh makes sure that people treat the fatherless justly” 10:18 j7ma fatherless 0 These are children whose parents have both died and do not have relatives to care for them. 10:18 c95p widow 0 A true widow is a woman whose husband has died and has no children to care for her in her old age. 10:19 wt1s Therefore 0 Alternate translation: “Because of this” 10:20 ra84 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so all instances of “you” and “your” are singular. 10:20 m1qe him will you worship 0 Alternate translation: “he is the one you must worship” 10:20 zn42 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor To him you must cling 0 To have a good relationship with Yahweh and to completely rely on him is spoken of as if the person were clinging to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “You must rely on him” or “He is the one you must rely on” 10:20 t17w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy by his name will you swear 0 To swear by the name of Yahweh means to make Yahweh the basis or the power on which the oath is made. Here “name” represents Yahweh himself. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Deuteronomy 6:13](../06/13.md). Alternate translation: “you will swear and ask Yahweh to confirm it” or “when you swear you will speak his name” 10:21 d1ih rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche which your eyes have seen 0 Here “eyes” refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “which you yourselves have seen” 10:21 ltw9 He is your praise 0 This could mean: (1) “He is the one you must praise” or (2) “It is because you worship him that other peoples will praise you” 10:22 es8i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues to speak to the people of Israel as if they are one man, so “you” and “your” are singular. 10:22 p41a went down into Egypt 0 Alternate translation: “traveled south to Egypt” or “went to Egypt” 10:22 ap9n rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers seventy persons 0 Alternate translation: “70 persons” 10:22 hh5t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile as many as the stars of the heavens 0 This emphasizes the large number of Israelites that were with Moses. Alternate translation: “more than you can count” 11:intro ifg3 0 # Deuteronomy 11 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\n### Therefore\n\nThis chapter begins with the word “therefore,” which looks back to the instructions Moses gave in the previous two chapters.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Eyewitnesses\n\nThe instruction that Moses gives and the retelling of the great things Yahweh has done for Israel are very important. This is because the generation entering into the Promised Land did not witness many of these events. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/testimony]])\n\n### Covenant\n\nThis chapter is included in the covenant God made with Moses, even though it is not explicitly said. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 11:1 sgh5 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues speaking to the people of Israel. 11:1 e1ef always keep 0 Alternate translation: “always obey” 11:2 s2x1 who have not known nor have they seen 0 Alternate translation: “who have not experienced” 11:2 vs5p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor his mighty hand, or his outstretched arm 0 Here “mighty hand” and “outstretched arm” are metaphors for Yahweh’s power. See how you translated these words in [Deuteronomy 4:34](../04/34.md). Alternate translation: “or his mighty power” 11:3 b9xu in the midst of Egypt 0 Alternate translation: “in Egypt” 11:3 ss4y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy to all his land 0 Here “land” represents the people. Alternate translation: “to all his people” 11:4 hk2q 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues speaking to the adult Israelites who were old enough to see what God did in Egypt. 11:4 put1 Neither did they see what he did 0 Alternate translation: “Neither did your children see what Yahweh did” 11:4 py3h the army of Egypt 0 Alternate translation: “the Egyptian soldiers” 11:4 f5e5 they pursued after you 0 Here “you” means the Israelites who were alive about 40 years earlier. 11:5 xr7g to this place 0 This means the plain of the Jordan River Valley where Moses is speaking to them before they cross over into Canaan. 11:6 c93d 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues to remind the adults to teach their children God’s mighty deeds. 11:6 krb7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Dathan and Abiram, the sons of Eliab 0 Moses is referring to an event in the past when Dathan and Abiram rebelled against Moses and Aaron. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. 11:6 i1yg rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Dathan … Abiram … Eliab 0 These are names of men. 11:6 c61u son of Reuben 0 Alternate translation: “descendant of Reuben” 11:6 b3l3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification earth opened its mouth and swallowed them up 0 Yahweh causing the land to split open so that the people fell in is spoken of as if the land had a mouth and the ability to swallow people. 11:6 gy9p every living thing that followed them 0 This refers to their servants and animals. 11:6 vi6h in the middle of all Israel 0 This means all the people of Israel witnessed what happened to Dathan, Abiram, their families, and their possessions. 11:7 z5cl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche But your eyes have seen 0 Here “eyes” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “But you have seen” 11:8 in5y 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues speaking to the people of Israel. 11:8 b5ga possess the land 0 Alternate translation: “take the land” 11:8 z7fm where you are going over to possess it 0 The phrase “are going over” is used because the people of Israel will have to cross the Jordan River to enter into Canaan. 11:9 h376 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor prolong your days 0 Long days are a metaphor for a long life. See how you translated these words in [Deuteronomy 4:26](../04/26.md). Alternate translation: “be able to live a long time” 11:9 gfv3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom a land flowing with milk and honey 0 This is an idiom. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 6:3](../06/03.md). Alternate translation: “a land where plenty of milk and honey flow” or “a land that is excellent for cattle and farming” 11:10 nbu8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy watered it with your foot 0 This could mean: (1) “foot” is a metonym that represents the hard work of walking to carry water to the fields. Alternate translation: “worked hard to water it” or (2) they would use their feet to turn a water wheel that supplied water to the fields. 11:10 kfl7 garden of herbs 0 Alternate translation: “vegetable garden” or “garden of vegetables” 11:11 wn5t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification drinks water of the rain of the heavens 0 The land receiving and absorbing a lot of rain is spoken of as if the land were drinking the water. Alternate translation: “the rain from the sky gives it plenty of water” 11:12 a1x8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the eyes of Yahweh your God are always upon it 0 Here “eyes” represents attention and care. Alternate translation: “Yahweh your God is always watching over it” 11:12 sxh3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism from the beginning of the year to the end of the year 0 Here the two extremes “beginning” and “end” are used together to mean the entire year. Alternate translation: “continuously throughout the entire year” 11:13 l1bu It will happen, if 0 This means that what Yahweh promises will happen if the Israelites obey his commands. 11:13 r5mf that I command 0 Here “I” refers to Moses. 11:13 tfk6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom with all your heart and with all your soul 0 The idiom “with all your heart” means “completely” and “with … soul” means “with all your being.” These two phrases have similar meanings. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 4:29](../04/29.md). Alternate translation: “with all your being” or “with all your energy” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 11:14 y9qx I will give the rain of your land in its season 0 Alternate translation: “I will cause it to rain on your land in the proper season” 11:14 b1z3 I will give 0 Here “I” refers to Yahweh. This can be stated in the third person. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will give” or “He will give” 11:14 w91t the former rain and the latter rain 0 This refers to rain at the beginning of the sowing season and rain for maturing the crops for harvest. Alternate translation: “the autumn rain and spring rain” or “the rain in the right seasons” 11:16 vz1g 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues speaking to the people of Israel. 11:16 j2pw Pay attention to yourselves 0 Alternate translation: “Be careful” or “Beware” 11:16 f3wj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy so that your heart is not deceived 0 Here “heart” represents a person’s desires or thoughts. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “so that your desires do not deceive you” or “so that you do not deceive yourself” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 11:16 a9sp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you turn aside and worship other gods 0 Rejecting Yahweh and worshiping other gods is spoken of as if the person would physically turn and go in a different direction away from Yahweh. Alternate translation: “you start worshiping other gods” 11:17 zgj8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor so that the anger of Yahweh is not kindled against you 0 God becoming angry is spoken of as if it were a fire that were starting. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “so that Yahweh does not become angry with you” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 11:17 a2a4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor so that he does not shut up the heavens so that there will be no rain, and the land will not yield its fruit 0 God causing no rain to fall from the sky is spoken of as if he were closing the sky. Alternate translation: “so that he does not cause the rain to stop falling from the sky so that crops will not grow in the land” 11:18 q8ih rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor lay up these words of mine in your heart and soul 0 A person always thinking about and considering what Moses commands is spoken of as if the heart and soul were a container and Moses’s words were the content to fill the container. Alternate translation: “be very careful to remember these words that I am saying to you” 11:18 h8da these words of mine 0 Alternate translation: “these commands that I have given you” 11:18 i4pl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy your heart and soul 0 Here “heart” and “soul” represent a person’s mind or thoughts. 11:18 qb2s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy bind them 0 Alternate translation: “tie these words.” This is a metonym that represents a person writing the words on a parchment, putting the parchment in a pouch, and tying the pouch. This metonymy in turn may be a metaphor meaning the people must be careful to obey Moses’s commands. See how you translated similar phrases in [Deuteronomy 6:8](../06/08.md). (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 11:18 y3rx as a sign on your hand 0 Alternate translation: “as something to make you remember my laws” 11:18 gj3r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy let them be as frontlets between your eyes 0 Alternate translation: “let my words be as frontlets between your eyes.” This is a metonym that represents a person writing Moses’ words on parchement, putting the parchement in a pouch, and tying the pouch so it sits between his eyes. This metonymy in turn may be a metaphor that means the person must be careful to obey all of Moses’ commands. See how you translated similar phrases in [Deuteronomy 6:8](../06/08.md). (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 11:18 d4s2 frontlets 0 ornaments a person wears on the forehead 11:19 yv8n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism when you sit in your house, when you walk on the road, when you lie down, and when you get up 0 Using the different places “in your house” and “on the road,” and the opposites “when you lie down” and “get up,” represent anywhere, anytime. The people of Israel were to discuss God’s commandments and teach them to their children anytime and anywhere. 11:20 d44d 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues speaking to the people of Israel. 11:20 f5zw You will write them on the doorposts of your house and on your city gates 0 See how you translated these words in [Deuteronomy 6:9](../06/09.md). 11:21 s3fj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive that your days and the days of your children may be multiplied 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that Yahweh may cause you and your children to live a long time” 11:21 pi2p to your ancestors 0 This refers to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. 11:21 kg7q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile to give them for as long as the heavens are above the earth 0 This compares how long the people could stay in the land to how long the sky will exist above the earth. This is a way of saying “forever.” Alternate translation: “to give them as a possession forever” or “to allow them to live there forever” 11:22 qq4s 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues speaking to the people of Israel. 11:22 q3vs For if you diligently keep all these commandments that I am commanding you, so as to do them 0 Alternate translation: “For if you are careful to do everything that I have commanded you” 11:22 bh45 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor walk in all his ways 0 How Yahweh wants a person to live and behave is spoken of as if they are Yahweh’s ways or roads. A person obeying Yahweh is spoken of as if he were walking on Yahweh’s ways or roads. 11:22 e7rk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor to cling to him 0 To have a good relationship with Yahweh and to completely rely on him is spoken of as if the person were clinging to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “to rely on him” or “to have a good relationship with him” Look at how similar words are translated in [Deuteronomy 10:20](../10/20.md). 11:23 zr2c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy all these nations from before you, and you will dispossess nations 0 Here “nations” represent the people groups already living in Canaan. Alternate translation: “all of these people groups from before you, and you will take the land from people groups” 11:23 u315 larger and mightier than yourselves 0 Although Israel’s army is smaller and weaker than the people groups living in Canaan, Yahweh will enable the people of Israel to defeat them. 11:24 v5q1 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues speaking to the people of Israel. 11:24 x2pi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Every place where the sole of your foot will tread 0 Here “the sole of your foot” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “Every place you go” 11:24 u891 from the river, the Euphrates River 0 Alternate translation: “from the Euphrates River” 11:25 imb9 No man will be able to stand before you 0 The phrase “stand before you” is an idiom. Alternate translation: “No one will be able to stop you” or “No one will be able to oppose you” 11:25 zn8i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Yahweh your God will lay the fear of you and the terror of you upon all the land that you tread on 0 Yahweh causing the people to be very afraid is spoken of as if fear and terror were an object that he will place on the people. Alternate translation: “Yahweh your God will cause the people in every place you go to be very afraid of you” 11:25 r396 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet the fear of you and the terror of you 0 The words “fear” and “terror” mean the same thing and emphasize the intensity of fear. Alternate translation: “a terrible fear of you” 11:25 w58w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy upon all the land that you tread on 0 Here “the land” is a metonym for all the people in the land. Alternate translation: “upon all the people in every place you go” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 11:26 l2v1 0 # General Information:\n\nHere Moses summarizes the two options the people of Israel could choose. They could choose to obey and receive God’s blessing or they could choose to disobey and receive God’s punishment. 11:26 tc5k Look 0 Alternate translation: “Pay attention” 11:26 d2d5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I set before you today a blessing and a curse 0 Allowing the people to choose whether they want God to bless them or curse them is spoken of as if a blessing and a curse were objects that Moses is setting in front of them. Alternate translation: “Today you must choose whether God will bless you or curse you” 11:27 lzg6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns the blessing, if you obey 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **blessing**, you can express the same idea with a verb. Alternate translation: “God will bless you if you obey” 11:28 ei5p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor but turn aside from the way that I command you today, to go after other gods 0 The commands of Yahweh that Moses is telling the people are spoken of as if they were God’s way or road. To not obey God’s commands is spoken of as if people physically were to turn in another direction away from Yahweh to follow other gods. Alternate translation: “but stop obeying what I command you today, in order to worship other gods” 11:28 u5cq other gods that you have not known 0 This refers to the gods that other people groups worship. The Israelites know Yahweh because he has revealed himself to them and they have experienced his power. 11:29 m6sp 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues speaking to the people of Israel. 11:29 zsz3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you will set the blessing on Mount Gerizim, and the curse on Mount Ebal 0 The blessing and the curse are spoken of as if they were objects that someone will set on the mountains. Alternate translation: “some of you must stand on top of Mount Gerazim and proclaim what will cause Yahweh to bless you, and the others must stand on top of Mount Ebal and proclaim what will cause Yahweh to curse you” 11:29 t5wj rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Mount Gerizim … Mount Ebal 0 These are names of mountains on the west side of the Jordan River. 11:30 k2bv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Are they not beyond the Jordan … Moreh? 0 The Israelites are on the eastern side of the Jordan River. Moses uses a question to remind the people where these mountains are located. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “As you know, they are beyond the Jordan … Moreh.” 11:30 b5qt beyond the Jordan 0 Alternate translation: “on the west side of the Jordan River” 11:30 pgr7 west of the western road 0 Alternate translation: “in the west” 11:30 rq9c rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names over against Gilgal 0 Alternate translation: “near Gilgal” This may not be the same place as the city near Jericho. Moses may be referring to a place that is near Shechem. 11:30 l23v rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names oaks of Moreh 0 These are sacred trees near Gilgal. 11:31 ke82 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues speaking to the people of Israel. 11:32 k55e all the statutes and the decrees 0 These are the statutes and decrees Moses will give in Deuteronomy 12–26. 11:32 h7se I set before you today 0 This does not mean these are new. Moses is reviewing the same statutes and decrees that he gave 40 years earlier. 11:32 jh1q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I set before you 0 God’s statutes and decrees, which Moses is telling the people, are spoken of as if they were objects that Moses is setting before the people. Alternate translation: “I am giving to you” 12:intro mt76 0 # Deuteronomy 12 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Covenant with Moses\n\nThis chapter is a continuation of the covenant Yahweh made with Moses. The reasons for these food restrictions are not always known.(See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])\n\n### Israel and Yahweh\n\nIn the ancient Near East, when nations conquered other nations, they often added the gods of the conquered nation into their collection of gods they worshiped. It was rare to worship only one God. Israel was to be known for worshiping Yahweh and Yahweh alone. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) 12:1 dsl2 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses is still talking to the people of Israel. 12:1 pm4g you will keep 0 Alternate translation: “you must obey” 12:1 bb6r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom all the days that you live on the earth 0 The phrase “live on the earth” is an idiom that means as long as a person lives. Alternate translation: “for as long as you live” 12:2 vl2v You will surely destroy 0 Alternate translation: “You must destroy” 12:2 hx1l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the nations that you will dispossess 0 Here “nations” represents the people groups that live in Canaan. Alternate translation: “the people groups whose land you will take” 12:3 v1nf 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses is still talking to the people of Israel. 12:3 ucw6 You must break down their altars 0 Alternate translation: “you must pull apart the altars of those nations” or “you must destroy the altars of those nations” 12:3 ra63 dash in pieces 0 Alternate translation: “break into pieces” or “shatter” 12:3 cj66 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy destroy their name 0 Here “their name” represents “the memory of them.” Alternate translation: “destroy them so completely that no one will remember them” or “destroy anything that represents these false gods” 12:3 axu8 that place 0 This refers to each place where the nations worshiped their gods. 12:4 c44f You will not worship Yahweh your God like that 0 Alternate translation: “You should not worship Yahweh your God like those nations worshiped their gods” 12:5 h2cm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the place that Yahweh your God will choose out of all your tribes to put his name 0 Here “his name” refers to God himself. Yahweh will choose one location where he will live and people will come to worship him there. 12:5 x9cv it is there that you will go 0 They will go to worship where God decides. 12:6 g357 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche the offerings presented by your hand 0 Here “hand” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “the offerings that you present” 12:6 cdg4 your offerings for vows, your freewill offerings 0 Alternate translation: “your offerings to fulfill a vow, your voluntary offerings.” These are types of offerings. 12:6 n2pg the firstborn of your herds and flocks 0 God requires that the people give him every firstborn male of their livestock. 12:7 tvl1 It is there 0 This refers to the place that Yahweh will choose for the children of Israel to worship. 12:7 a9rd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche rejoice about everything that you have put your hand to 0 Here “put your hand to” represents the whole person and work that he has done. Alternate translation: “rejoice about all the work you have done” 12:8 jea6 You will not do all the things that we are doing here today 0 Alternate translation: “You will not do as we are doing here today.” This means that they would worship in the promised land differently than the way they were worshiping at that moment. 12:8 qri6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor now everyone is doing whatever is right in his own eyes 0 The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “everyone is doing what he considers to be right” or “now everyone is doing what he judges to be right” 12:9 b2t6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns to the rest 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **the rest**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “to the land where you will rest” 12:9 d8re rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor to the inheritance that Yahweh your God is giving you 0 The land that God is giving to the people of Israel is spoken of as if it were a possession that a father leaves as an inheritance for his children. Alternate translation: “to the land that Yahweh your God is giving to you as a permanent possession” 12:10 fj6s live in the land 0 This refers to the land of Canaan. 12:10 p9tv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor in the land that Yahweh your God is causing you to inherit 0 God giving the land of Canaan to the people of Israel is spoken of as if he were a father giving an inheritance to his children. 12:10 d8yv he will give you rest from all your enemies round about 0 Alternate translation: “he will give you peace from all your enemies around you” 12:11 v237 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche the offerings presented by your hand 0 Here “hand” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “the offerings that you present” 12:11 qts6 all your choice offerings for vows 0 Alternate translation: “all your voluntary offerings to fulfill vows” 12:12 x3cu 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues speaking to the people of Israel. 12:12 h8ry rejoice before Yahweh 0 Alternate translation: “rejoice in the presence of Yahweh” 12:12 m7is rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche the Levites who are within your gate 0 Here “gates” is a reference to the city itself. Alternate translation: “the Levites who live inside your city” or “the Levites living with you” 12:12 d42i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor because he has no portion or inheritance among you 0 The fact that Yahweh would not give any of the land to the Levites is spoken of as if a father were not giving them an inheritance. 12:12 b6hq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy he has no portion 0 Here “he” refers to Levi. Levi represents all of his descendants. Alternate translation: “they have no portion” 12:13 em7g 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues speaking to the people of Israel. 12:13 q449 Pay attention to yourself 0 Alternate translation: “Be careful” 12:13 drj5 every place that you see 0 Alternate translation: “any place that pleases you” or “wherever you want” 12:14 h4by but it is at the place that Yahweh will choose 0 The burnt offerings are to be made at the tabernacle. Yahweh himself would choose where the tabernacle would be located. 12:15 kks6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit However, you may kill and eat animals within all your gates 0 The people could only kill animals as sacrifices in the place that Yahweh would choose. They could kill animals for food anywhere they wanted. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. 12:15 lje2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche within all your gates 0 Here “gates” represents the whole city. Alternate translation: “inside your city” or “at your homes” 12:15 pen3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the unclean … persons 0 A person who is not acceptable for God’s purposes is spoken of as if the person were physically unclean. 12:15 y3f4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the clean persons 0 A person who is acceptable for God’s purposes is spoken of as if the person were physically clean. 12:15 u3a5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown the gazelle and the deer 0 These are wild animals with long thin legs that can run quickly. Alternate translation: “the antelope and the deer” 12:16 fvd4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit But you will not eat the blood 0 The blood represents life and God did not allow the people to eat the blood along with the meat. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. 12:17 x27w 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses describes to the people all the special offerings and sacrifices that are to be made at the tabernacle. 12:17 di9l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche within your gates 0 Here “gates” represents the whole city. Alternate translation: “inside your city” or “at your homes” 12:17 aau9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche nor that of the offering you present with your hand 0 Here “hand” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “nor that of any offering which you bring to Yahweh” 12:18 nia1 0 # General Information:\n\nYahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. 12:18 cbh7 you will eat them 0 Alternate translation: “you will eat your offerings” 12:18 eev4 before Yahweh 0 “in the presence of Yahweh 12:18 u63z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche the Levite who is within your gates 0 Here “gate” represents the whole city Alternate translation: “any Levite who lives inside your city” 12:18 icp1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche everything to which you put your hand 0 Here “put your hand to” represents the whole person and work that he has done. Alternate translation: “rejoice about all the work you have done” 12:19 z7fg Pay attention to yourself 0 Alternate translation: “Be careful” 12:19 tz4c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives that you do not forsake 0 This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “that you take good care of” 12:20 h1vp enlarges your borders 0 Alternate translation: “enlarges your territory” or “gives you even more land” 12:20 j573 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes you say, ‘I will eat flesh,’ because of your desire to eat meat 0 This is a quotation within a quotation. This direct quotation can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “and you decide that you want to eat meat” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) 12:20 fee8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche as your soul desires 0 Here “soul” refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “as you want” or “as you crave” 12:21 t8nl 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues speaking to the people of Israel. 12:21 q6z1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy chooses to put his name 0 Here “name” refers to God himself. Yahweh would choose a place where he will live and the people will come to worship him. Alternate translation: “chooses to dwell” 12:21 e7g3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche within your gates 0 Here “gates” represents the whole city.” Alternate translation: “inside your city” or “within your community” 12:21 asm3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche as your soul desires 0 Here “soul” refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “as you desire” 12:22 kw43 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Like the gazelle and the deer are eaten 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Just like you eat the gazelle and the deer” 12:22 qhx1 gazelle and the deer 0 These are wild animals with long thin legs that can run quickly. See how you translated these in [Deuteronomy 12:15](../12/15.md). 12:22 sff5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the unclean … persons 0 A person who is not acceptable for God’s purposes is spoken of as if the person were physically unclean. 12:22 y8v4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the clean persons 0 A person who is acceptable for God’s purposes is spoken of as if the person were physically clean. 12:23 msu5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the blood is the life 0 Here the way that blood sustains life is spoken of as if the blood were life itself. Alternate translation: “the blood sustains life” or “the blood causes animals and people to live” 12:23 vr63 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy you will not eat the life with the meat 0 The word “life” here represents the blood that sustains life. Alternate translation: “You will not eat what sustains life with the meat” or “you will not eat the blood, which sustains life, with the meat” 12:25 l199 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor what is right in the eyes of Yahweh 0 The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “what is right in Yahweh’s judgment” or “what Yahweh considers to be right” 12:27 wp19 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive the blood of your sacrifices will be poured out 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the priest will pour out the blood of the sacrifice” 12:27 tf6l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit you will eat the flesh 0 God’s law specifies which parts of the animal are for the burnt offering, which parts are for the priest and which parts are for the offerer to eat. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “you will eat some of the meat” 12:28 j39e 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues speaking to the people of Israel. 12:28 gnj3 Observe and listen to all these words that I command you 0 Alternate translation: “Carefully listen to and obey everything that I am commanding you” 12:28 zga7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche that it may go well with you and with your children after you 0 Here “children” means all of their descendants. Alternate translation: “that you and your descendants may prosper” 12:28 y6tl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet when you do what is good and right 0 The words “good” and “right” have similar meanings and emphasize the importance of right behavior. Alternate translation: “when you do what is right” 12:28 ti37 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor what is good and right in the eyes of Yahweh 0 The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “what is good and right in Yahweh’s judgment” or “what Yahweh considers to be good and right” 12:29 csu7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor cuts off the nations 0 Yahweh destroying the people groups in Canaan is spoken of as if he were cutting them off, as one would cut a piece of cloth or cut a branch from a tree. 12:29 fzv1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the nations 0 Here “nations” represents the people living in Canaan. 12:29 c22b when you go in to dispossess them, and you dispossess them 0 Alternate translation: “when you take everything from them” 12:30 m6t9 pay attention to yourself 0 Alternate translation: “be careful” 12:30 n455 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor that you are not trapped into following them … trapped into investigating their gods, into asking 0 A person learning about and worshiping other gods is spoken of as if they are caught in a hunter’s trap. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that you do not act like them … that you do try to learn about their gods, asking” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 12:30 w8wj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor not trapped into following them 0 The Israelites worshiping idols as the people groups of Canaan worship idols is spoken of as if the Israelites were following behind the other people groups. 12:30 j6jf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive after they are destroyed from before you 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “after Yahweh destroys them before you” 12:30 rz9c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes into asking, ‘How do these nations worship their gods? I will do the same.’ 0 This is a quotation within a quotation. A direct quotation can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “into asking about how those people groups worship their gods so that you can do the same.” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) 12:32 zxp6 Do not add to it or take away from it 0 They are not to create more laws nor are they to ignore laws that God has given them. 13:intro e2ze 0 # Deuteronomy 13 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Worshiping other gods\n\nThe people were required to listen to Yahweh’s prophets unless they were encouraging the people to worship other gods. The punishment for anyone leading the people to worship other gods was death. These instructions were to keep Israel’s worship of Yahweh pure. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/purify]]) 13:1 z8ea 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues speaking to the people of Israel. 13:1 ei8s If there arises among you 0 Alternate translation: “If there appears among you” or “If someone among you claims to be” 13:1 d2pw a dreamer of dreams 0 This is someone who receives messages from God through dreams. 13:1 ml5c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet a sign or a wonder 0 These two words have similar meanings and refer to various miracles. 13:2 b259 comes about 0 Alternate translation: “takes place” or “happens” 13:2 nj6u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations of which he spoke to you and said, ‘Let us go after other gods, that you have not known, and let us worship them,’ 0 This can be translated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “and he tells you to serve and worship other gods which you have not known,” 13:2 nsf6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Let us go after other gods 0 Worshiping other gods is spoken of as if they were going after or following other gods. Alternate translation: “Let us follow other gods” 13:2 mcy5 go after other gods, that you have not known 0 The phrase “gods, that you have not known” refers to the gods that other people groups worship. The Israelites know Yahweh because he has revealed himself to them and they have experienced his power. 13:3 z2lg do not listen to the words of that prophet, or to that dreamer of dreams 0 Alternate translation: “do not listen to what that prophet say nor to what the dreamer of dreams says” 13:3 fp72 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy with all your heart and with all your soul 0 Here “heart” and “soul” are metonyms for a person’s inner being. These two phrases are used together to mean “completely” or “earnestly.” See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 4:29](../04/29.md). (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 13:4 gw9x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor You will walk after Yahweh your God 0 Obeying and worshiping Yahweh is spoken of as if the people were walking after or following Yahweh. Alternate translation: “You will obey Yahweh” 13:4 s4p9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy obey his voice 0 Here “voice” represents what Yahweh says. Alternate translation: “obey what he says” 13:4 ugl8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor cling to him 0 To have a good relationship with Yahweh and to completely rely on him is spoken of as if the person were clinging to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “rely on him” 13:5 d5ix rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive will be put to death 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you must kill” 13:5 h1yd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns he has spoken rebellion 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **rebellion**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “he has tried to make you rebel” 13:5 ttf1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor who redeemed you out of the house of bondage 0 Yahweh rescuing the people of Israel from being slaves in Egypt is spoken of as if Yahweh paid money to redeem his people out of slavery. Alternate translation: “who rescued you out of the place where you were slaves” 13:5 z5ns rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the house of bondage 0 Here “house of bondage” represents Egypt where the people of Yahweh had been slaves. Alternate translation: “Egypt where you were slaves” 13:5 tbl6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor draw you out of the way in which Yahweh your God commanded you to walk 0 How God wants a person to live or behave is spoken of as if it were a way or road on which God wants his people to walk. A person trying to cause someone else to stop obeying God is spoken of as if the person were trying to get the other person to stop walking on God’s way or road. Alternate translation: “make you disobey what Yahweh your God commanded” 13:5 nf2b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj So put away the evil from among you 0 Here “the evil” refers to the evil person or the evil behavior. This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “So you must remove from among the people of Israel the person who does this evil thing” or “So you must kill this evil person” 13:6 g89u 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues speaking to the people of Israel. 13:6 ync7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom wife of your bosom 0 A bosom is a person’s chest. This is a idiom that he holds close to his chest, which means he loves and cherishes her. Alternate translation: “wife you love” or “wife you dearly embrace” 13:6 qme9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy friend who is to you like your own soul 0 Here “soul” represents the person’s life. This means the person cares for his friend as much as he cares for his own life. Alternate translation: “your dearest friend” or “a friend you love as much as you love yourself” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 13:7 rbz2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations any of the gods of the peoples … other end of the earth.’ 0 This is the end of a quotation within a quotation that begins with the words “secretly entices you and says, ‘Let us go and worship … neither you nor your ancestors—” in verse 6. It can be translated as an indirect quotation. “secretly entices you and says that you should go and worship … neither you nor your ancestors—any of the gods of the peoples … other end of the earth.” 13:7 g6lt that are round about you 0 Alternate translation: “that are around you” 13:7 g5tj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism from the one end of the earth to the other end of the earth 0 Here the reference to the two extremes of the earth means “everywhere on earth.” Alternate translation: “throughout the entire earth” 13:8 g9gf You must not give in to him 0 Alternate translation: “Do not agree to what he wants” 13:8 rg47 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche you must not permit your eye to pity him 0 Here “your eye” refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “you msut not look at him with pity” or “you must not show him mercy” 13:8 k3lz you must not spare him or conceal him 0 Alternate translation: “you must not show him mercy or hide from others what he has done” 13:9 akr4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche your hand will be the first on him to put him to death 0 This means that he was to throw the first stone at the guilty person. The word “hand” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “you must be the first to strike him to kill him” 13:9 vu5l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche the hand of all the people 0 Here “hand” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “the other people will join you” 13:10 nt8a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he has tried to draw you away from Yahweh 0 Alternate translation: “to turn you away from Yahweh.” A person trying to cause someone else to stop obeying Yahweh is spoken of as if the person were trying to cause someone to physically turn around and leave Yahweh. Alternate translation: “he has tried to make you disobey Yahweh” 13:10 cdm1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy out of the house of bondage 0 Here “house of bondage” represents Egypt where the people of Yahweh had been slaves. Alternate translation: “out from the place where you were slaves” 13:11 ns29 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit All Israel will hear and fear 0 It is implied that when the people hear about the person who was executed, they will be afraid to act like he did. 13:12 j637 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues speaking to the people of Israel. 13:13 di92 Some wicked fellows have gone out from among you 0 The phrase “from among you” means that these wicked men were Israelites who lived in their communities. 13:13 tq34 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations have drawn away the inhabitants of their city and said, ‘Let us go and worship other gods that you have not known.’ 0 This can be translated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “have persuaded those who live in their city to go and worship other gods that they have not known.” 13:13 wb69 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor have drawn away the inhabitants of their city 0 A person causing someone else to stop obeying Yahweh is spoken of as if the person has caused the other person to physically turn and leave Yahweh. 13:14 mc5u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet examine the evidence, make search, and investigate it thoroughly 0 All of these phrases mean basically the same thing. Moses is emphasizing that they must carefully find out what truly happened at the city. 13:14 jbu3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive that such an abominable thing has been done among you 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that the people of the city have done such a terrible thing” 13:15 bq2m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche with the edge of the sword 0 Here “edge” represents the whole sword. Alternate translation: “with your swords” 13:16 nsc2 all the spoil 0 Alternate translation: “all the plunder.” This refers to the possessions and treasures that an army collects after winning a battle. 13:16 cj8w heap of ruins 0 Alternate translation: “pile of ruins” 13:16 t2u6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive it must never be built again 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “no one must ever rebuild the city” 13:17 qe75 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor None of those things set apart for destruction must stick in your hand 0 Yahweh cursing something and promising to destroy it is spoken of as if Yahweh were setting the object apart from other things. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You must not keep any of the things God has commanded you to destroy” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 13:17 brm9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom must stick in your hand 0 This is a way of saying a person keeps something. Alternate translation: “must you keep” 13:17 d934 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Yahweh will turn from the fierceness of his anger 0 Yahweh no longer being angry is spoken of as his anger were an object and Yahweh physically turns away from it. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will stop being angry” 13:17 vyv7 to your fathers 0 Here “fathers” means ancestors or forefathers. 13:18 zgj9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy you are listening to the voice of Yahweh 0 Here “voice” represents what Yahweh says. Alternate translation: “you are obeying what Yahweh says” 13:18 gjk4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor that which is right in the eyes of Yahweh your God 0 The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “that which is right in Yahweh’s judgment” or “that which Yahweh your God considers to be right” 14:intro epl7 0 # Deuteronomy 14 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Law of Moses\n\nThis chapter is part of the law of Moses, which is part of the covenant Yahweh made with Moses. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])\n\n### Clean animals\n\nThere are animals which the law considered to be clean and unclean. The people were not allowed to eat the unclean animals. Scholars are uncertain about the reasons for the animals to be considered to be clean or unclean. The result of these food restrictions was a nation that was different than the nations surrounding it. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]]) 14:1 yca2 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues speaking to the people of Israel. 14:1 c6vr You are the people 0 All occurrences of “you” refer to the people of Israel. Moses was included as a part of the people. Alternate translation: “We are the people” 14:1 qkn4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction Do not cut yourselves, nor shave any part of your face for the dead 0 These were ways the people groups living in Canaan showed that they were grieving over people who had died. Moses is telling the people of Israel not to act like them. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 14:1 mp18 nor shave any part of your face 0 Alternate translation: “nor shave the front of your head” 14:2 qr9z you are a nation … has chosen you 0 All occurrences of “you” refer to the people of Israel. Moses was included as a part of the people. Alternate translation: “we are a nation … has chosen us” 14:2 ksd5 For you are a nation … surface of the earth 0 See how you translated these words in [Deuteronomy 7:6](../07/06.md). 14:2 l42y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you are a nation that is set apart to Yahweh your God 0 Yahweh choosing the people of Israel to belong to him in a special way is spoken of as if Yahweh set them apart from all other nations. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh your God has set you apart from other nations” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 14:2 z5bl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Yahweh has chosen you to be a people for his own possession 0 This means basically the same thing as the first part of the sentence. They both mean that the people of Israel belong to Yahweh in a special way. 14:2 nyn7 a people for his own possession 0 Alternate translation: “a people for his treasured possession” or “his people” 14:2 twf5 more than all peoples that are on the surface of the earth 0 Alternate translation: “out of all the people groups in the world” 14:3 p2a3 You must not eat any abominable thing 0 The people of Israel were not supposed to eat anything that God said was unfit for eating. 14:5 pui3 the deer, the gazelle, the roebuck 0 These are all types of deer. If your language does not have a word for each animal it can be translated as “all kinds of deer.” 14:5 gg4e the gazelle 0 This is wild animal with long thin legs that can run quickly. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 12:15](../12/15.md). 14:5 jxa4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown the roebuck 0 a type of deer 14:5 nud7 ibex, and the antelope 0 Both of these are types of antelope. If your language does not have a word for each animal it can be translated as “all kinds of antelope.” 14:5 byk8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown ibex 0 a type of antelope 14:6 tr2g that parts the hoof 0 Alternate translation: “that have split hooves.” This is a hoof that is split into two parts instead of being one whole. 14:6 wwj1 chews the cud 0 This means the animal brings its food up from its stomach and chews it again. 14:7 t8p3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown rabbit 0 This is a small animal with long ears that usually lives in holes in the ground. 14:7 t6es rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown rock badger 0 This is a small animal that lives in rocky places. 14:7 c17f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor they are unclean to you 0 Something Yahweh says is unfit for his people to eat is spoken of as if it were physically unclean. 14:8 v9dk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The pig is unclean to you 0 Something Yahweh says is unfit for his people to eat is spoken of as if it were physically unclean. 14:9 xv7h 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues speaking to the people of Israel. 14:9 w8p6 Of these things that are in water you may eat 0 Alternate translation: “You may eat these kinds of animals that live in the water” 14:9 j2pb fins 0 the thin, flat part which the fish uses to move through the water 14:9 r9ak scales 0 the small plates that cover the body of the fish 14:10 eh5w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor they are unclean to you 0 Something Yahweh says is unfit for his people to eat is spoken of as if it were physically unclean. 14:11 w535 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor All clean birds 0 An animal that God says is fit for his people to eat is spoken of as if the animal were physically clean. 14:12 fqa4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown eagle … vulture … osprey 0 These are birds that are either awake at night or feed on small animals and dead animals. 14:13 d7v7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown red kite … black kite … falcon 0 These are birds that are either awake at night or feed on small animals and dead animals. 14:14 n72w rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown raven 0 A bird that either is awake at night or feeds on small animals and dead animals. 14:17 z53d rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown cormorant 0 A bird that is either awake at night or feeds on small animals and dead animals. 14:18 h1j8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown stork … heron, the hoopoe 0 These are types of birds that eat small animals and lizards. 14:18 r1s4 the bat 0 animal with wings and furry body which is awake mainly at night and eats insects and rodents 14:19 jr8q All winged, swarming things 0 This means all flying insects that move in large groups. 14:19 inc1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor are unclean to you 0 Animals that God says are unfit for his people to eat are spoken of as if the animals are physically unclean. 14:19 x6ti rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive they must not be eaten 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you must not eat them” 14:20 kx6u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor all clean flying things 0 Animals that God says are fit for his people to eat are spoken of as if the animals are physically clean. 14:21 h6ny 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues speaking to the people of Israel. 14:21 jv9x anything that dies of itself 0 This means an animal that dies a natural death. 14:21 z8y9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor For you are a nation that is set apart to Yahweh your God 0 Yahweh choosing the people of Israel to belong to him in a special way is spoken of as if Yahweh set them apart from all other nations. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “For Yahweh your God has set you apart from other nations” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 14:22 exv5 tithe all the yield of your seed 0 This means they are to give one part out of every ten equal parts from their crops. 14:22 q611 year after year 0 Alternate translation: “every year” 14:23 n5kz before Yahweh 0 Alternate translation: “in the presence of Yahweh” 14:24 zu5k carry it 0 Here “it” refers to the tithe of crops and livestock. 14:25 gn1x you will convert the offering into money 0 Alternate translation: “you will sell your offering for money” 14:25 q4rb tie up the money in your hand, and go 0 Alternate translation: “put the money in a bag and take it with you” 14:26 m22p for whatever you desire 0 Alternate translation: “for whatever you want” 14:26 qi5i before Yahweh 0 Alternate translation: “in the presence of Yahweh” 14:27 kt4y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives do not forsake him 0 This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “make sure to give some of your tithe to the Levite” 14:27 wll4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit for he has no portion nor inheritance with you 0 The tribe of Levi did not receive a portion of land as their inheritance. Their share of the inheritance was the honor of serving Yahweh as his priests. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. 14:27 lpl1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor no portion nor inheritance with you 0 God not giving land to the Levites is spoken of as if he were not giving them an inheritance. 14:28 v3cb rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers every three years you will present all the tithe of your produce 0 Once every 3 years the Israelites were to store their tithes within their own towns so that it would be used to provide for the Levites, orphans, widows and foreigners. 14:28 nf4w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche within your gates 0 Here “gates” represents the entire city or town. Alternate translation: “inside your city” 14:29 mju1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor because he has no portion nor inheritance with you 0 God not giving any land to the Levites is spoken of as if he were not giving them an inheritance. 14:29 qi4c fatherless 0 These are children whose parents have both died and do not have relatives to care for them. 14:29 v7bc widow 0 This is a woman whose husband has died and has no children to care for her in her old age. 14:29 zfp5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche in all the work of your hand that you do 0 Here “hand” represents the whole person. This refers to the work that someone does. Alternate translation: “in all the work you do” 15:intro n3mh 0 # Deuteronomy 15 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Forgiveness of Debt\n\nThis chapter gives instructions about the necessity to regularly forgive debt among their fellow countryman. This prevented people from being trapped by their poverty.\n\n### Justice\n\nAs Yahweh’s chosen nation, there must be justice in Israel. This chapter gives commands that encouraged justice by protecting the poor, servants and slaves. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/elect]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]]) 15:1 s315 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues speaking to the people of Israel. 15:1 my7z rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers seven years 0 Alternate translation: “7 years” 15:1 ym2l you must cancel debts 0 Alternate translation: “forgive every thing which people still owe you” 15:2 u4xx This is the manner of the release 0 Alternate translation: “This is how to cancel the debts” 15:2 wti8 creditor 0 a person who lends money to other people 15:2 y5dj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet his neighbor or his brother 0 The words “neighbor” and “brother” share similar meanings and emphasize the close relationship that they have with their fellow Israelites. Alternate translation: “his fellow Israelite” 15:2 l5im rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive because Yahweh’s cancellation of debts has been proclaimed 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “because Yahweh has required that you cancel debts” 15:3 xv49 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom your hand must release 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “you must not demand it back” or “you must not require repayment” 15:4 cxl8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj no poor 0 The nominal adjective “poor” can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “no poor people” or “no one who is poor” 15:4 t3us the land that he gives 0 This refers to the land of Canaan. 15:4 hsd1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he gives you as an inheritance to possess 0 The land that Yahweh is giving to his people is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that Yahweh is giving them. 15:5 x28x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy if only you diligently listen to the voice of Yahweh your God 0 Here the metonym “voice of Yahweh” refers to what Yahweh himself says. Alternate translation: “if only you are careful to obey what Yahweh your God says” 15:6 f39v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis you will lend … you will not borrow 0 The word “money” is understood. You can make the full meaning of this statement clear. Alternate translation: “you will lend money … you will not borrow money” 15:6 p426 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy to many nations … over many nations 0 Here “nations” represents the people. Alternate translation: “to the people of many nations … over the people of many nations” 15:6 p9hi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism you will rule over many nations, but they will not rule over you 0 Here “rule over” means to be financially superior. This means basically the same thing as the previous part of the sentence. 15:7 e7tf If there is a poor man 0 Here “man” means a person in general. Alternate translation: “If there is a poor person” 15:7 yi5v one of your brothers 0 Alternate translation: “one of your fellow Israelites” 15:7 cw85 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche within any of your gates 0 Here “gates” represents the entire city or town. Alternate translation: “within any of your towns” 15:7 s1y1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you must not harden your heart 0 Being stubborn is spoken of as if the person hardened their heart. Alternate translation: “you must not be stubborn” 15:7 y4ak rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor nor shut your hand from your poor brother 0 A person who refuses to provide for a poor person is spoken of as if he were shutting his hand so that the poor person cannot get anything from him. Alternate translation: “nor refuse to help your fellow Israelite who is poor” 15:8 x1h1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor but you must surely open your hand to him 0 A person who helps a poor person is spoken of as if he were opening his hand to him. Alternate translation: “but you must surely help him” 15:9 s6u9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy not to have a wicked thought in your heart, saying 0 Here “heart” represents a person’s mind. Alternate translation: “not to think a wicked thought” 15:9 fc71 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit The seventh year, the year of release, is near 0 It is implied that because the year of release will happen soon, the person thinking this will be reluctant to help a poor person since it is likely that the poor person will not have to pay him back. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. 15:9 x9aa rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal The seventh year 0 The word “seventh” is the ordinal number for seven. 15:9 fm5t the year of release 0 Alternate translation: “the year to cancel debts” 15:9 k5ex rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor is near 0 Something that will happen soon is spoken of as if it were physically near. Alternate translation: “will happen soon” 15:9 n5bx so that you will not be stingy in regard to your poor brother and give him nothing 0 Alternate translation: “so that you are not stubborn and refuse to give anything to your fellow Israelite” 15:9 ia9s cry out to Yahweh 0 Alternate translation: “shout to Yahweh for help” 15:9 qs88 it would be sin for you 0 Alternate translation: “Yahweh will consider what you have done to be sinful” 15:10 r7sr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche your heart must not be sorry 0 Here “heart” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “you should not regret it” or “you should be happy” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) 15:10 ew7n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche in all that you put your hand to 0 Here “put your hand to” represents the whole person and work that he has done. Alternate translation: “in all that you do” 15:11 yhm6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives For the poor will never cease to exist in the land 0 This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “For there will always be poor people in the land” 15:11 tq3p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj For the poor 0 The nominal adjective “the poor” can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “For poor people” 15:11 vi74 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes I command you and say, ‘You must surely open your hand … in your land.’ 0 This has a quotation within a quotation. A direct quotation can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “I command you to open your hand … in your land” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) 15:11 l4vm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor open your hand to your brother, to your needy, and to your poor 0 A person who is willing to help someone else is spoken of as if his hand were open. Alternate translation: “help your fellow Israelite, those who are needy, and those who are poor” 15:11 v4zq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet your brother, to your needy, and to your poor 0 The words “needy” and “poor” mean basically the same thing and emphasize that these are people who cannot help themselves. Alternate translation: “help your fellow Israelites who cannot help themselves” 15:12 g1va 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues speaking to the people of Israel. 15:12 s6rs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations If your brother 0 Here “brother” means an Israelite in general, whether a male or female. Alternate translation: “If a fellow Israelite” or “If a fellow Hebrew” 15:12 s9n7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive is sold to you 0 If a person could not repay their debts, they sometimes sold themselves into slavery to pay what they owed. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “sell themselves to you” 15:12 xs42 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers six years 0 Alternate translation: “6 years” 15:12 m72h rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal seventh year 0 Alternate translation: “year 7.” This “seventh” is the ordinal number for seven. 15:13 f4yl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you must not let him go empty-handed 0 A person who has no possessions to provide for himself or his family is spoken of as if his hands were empty. Alternate translation: “you must not let him leave without having anything to provide for himself and his family” 15:14 t5ik liberally provide for him 0 Alternate translation: “generously give to him” 15:15 hx9p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you remember that you were a slave 0 Here “you” includes their ancestors that were slaves for many years. Alternate translation: “remember that your people were once slaves” 15:15 r2nh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor that Yahweh your God redeemed you 0 Yahweh rescuing the people of Israel from being slaves in Egypt is spoken of as if Yahweh paid money to redeem his people from slavery. 15:16 dd3q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes if he says to you, ‘I will not go away from you,’ 0 This has a quotation within a quotation. A direct quotation can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “if he says to you that he will not go away from you,” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) 15:16 g927 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy your house 0 Here “house” represents the person’s family. 15:17 dml6 then you must take an awl and thrust it through his ear to a door 0 Alternate translation: “then you will place his head near a wooden door frame in your house, and then put the point of the awl through his earlobe into the wood” 15:17 b9kr rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown awl 0 a sharp, pointed tool used to make a hole 15:17 re8m for life 0 Alternate translation: “until the end of his life” or “until he dies” 15:18 in4n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes It must not seem difficult for you to let him go free from you 0 This means that they are not resent it when they let someone go free. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Be pleased when you let him go free” 15:18 s7d6 given twice the value of a hired person 0 This means the owner only had to pay have the amount for this slave to work than he would for a person he hired to do a job. 15:18 xdz6 a hired person 0 This is a person who works for pay. 15:19 fl68 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues speaking to the people of Israel. 15:19 f3xu shear 0 to cut off wool or hair 15:20 c1pf before Yahweh 0 Alternate translation: “in the presence of Yahweh” 15:20 w1lv year by year 0 Alternate translation: “each year” or “every year” 15:21 t6e5 lame 0 crippled or physically disabled 15:22 qx8i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche within your gates 0 Here “gates” represents the city or town. Alternate translation: “within your community” or “inside your city” 15:22 rqw8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the unclean … persons 0 A person who is not acceptable for God’s purposes is spoken of as if the person were physically unclean. 15:22 b1cn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the clean persons 0 A person who is acceptable for God’s purposes is spoken of as if the person were physically clean. 15:22 lxt5 a gazelle or a deer 0 These are wild animals with long thin legs that can run quickly. See how you translated these in [Deuteronomy 12:15](../12/15.md). 15:23 bw7p you must not eat its blood 0 Alternate translation: “you must not consume its blood.” Yahweh did not allow Israelites to consume blood because the blood represented life ([Deuteronomy 12:23](../12/23.md)). 16:intro fgs7 0 # Deuteronomy 16 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Festivals\n\nThis chapter retells the specific commands about how to celebrate the Passover. This recalled the Passover in Egypt, which was an important event in the formation of the nation of Israel. There are several other important festivals described in this chapter. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/passover]])\n\n### Life in Israel\n\nAs Yahweh’s chosen nation, there must be justice in Israel. Also, Yahweh must be the only God in Israel. He alone is to be worshiped. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/elect]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]]) 16:1 v2as 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues speaking to the people of Israel. 16:1 q8mq rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths month of Aviv 0 This is the first month of the Hebrew calendar. It marks when God brought the people of Israel out of Egypt. It is during the last part of March and the first part April on Western calendars. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 16:1 l33g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit keep the Passover 0 It is implied by “keep the Passover” that they would celebrate and eat the Passover meal. Alternate translation: “celebrate the Passover meal” or “eat the Passover meal” 16:2 f3xc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy You will sacrifice the Passover 0 Here “Passover” represents the animal that is sacrificed for the Passover celebration. Alternate translation: For the Passover you will offer a sacrifice” 16:3 fgj8 with it 0 Here “it” refers to the animal they will sacrifice and eat. 16:3 du99 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers seven days 0 Alternate translation: “7 days” 16:3 m6rj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit the bread of affliction 0 This was the name of the unleavened bread. The full meaning can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “this bread will remind you of how much you suffered while in Egypt” 16:3 df5u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit out of the land of Egypt in haste 0 The people had to leave Egypt so quickly that they did not have enough time to make bread with yeast in it. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “out of the land of Egypt in such hurry you did not have time to make bread with yeast in it” 16:3 zi9r Do this all the days of your life 0 Alternate translation: “Do this as long as you live” 16:3 k8n3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom call to mind 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “remember” 16:4 jvu8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive No yeast must be seen among you 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You must not have any yeast among you” 16:4 t1u8 within all your borders 0 Alternate translation: “inside all your territory” or “in all your land” 16:4 uc3u rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal first day 0 This “first” is the ordinal number for one. 16:5 s93m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy You may not sacrifice the Passover 0 Here “Passover” represents the animal that will be sacrificed. Alternate translation: “For the Passover you may not sacrifice the animal” 16:5 x2av rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche within any of your city gates 0 Here “gates” represents the cities or towns. Alternate translation: “within any of your towns” 16:6 u7ep at the going down of the sun 0 Alternate translation: “at sunset” 16:7 f6n3 You must roast it 0 Alternate translation: “You must cook it” 16:8 pjy1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers six days 0 Alternate translation: “6 days” 16:8 sj92 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal seventh day 0 Alternate translation: “seventh” is the ordinal number for seven. 16:8 xq7m solemn assembly 0 Alternate translation: “special gathering” 16:9 mq43 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues speaking to the people of Israel. 16:9 y8w1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers count seven weeks 0 Alternate translation: “count 7 weeks” 16:9 bxy9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom from the time you begin to put the sickle to the standing grain 0 The phrase “put the sickle to the standing grain” is a way of referring to the beginning of harvest time. Alternate translation: “from the time that you begin harvesting the grain” 16:9 w3cl rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown sickle 0 a tool with a curved blade used for cutting grass, grain, and vines 16:10 pjc9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche with the contribution of a freewill offering from your hand that you will give 0 Here “hand” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “and you will give your free will offering” 16:10 n1v1 according as Yahweh your God has blessed you 0 Alternate translation: “according to the harvest which Yahweh your God has given you” This means that the people will base how much they offer on how much they harvested that year. 16:11 vju9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun your son, your daughter, your male servant, your female servant, the Levite 0 These do not refer to a specific person. It means these types of people in general. Alternate translation: “your sons, your daughters, your male servants, your females servants, any Levite” 16:11 h2jm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche within your city gates 0 Here “gates” represents cities or towns. Alternate translation: “within your towns” 16:11 g2r8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun the foreigner, the fatherless, and the widow 0 This refers to these types of people in general. Alternate translation: “all foreigners, orphans, and widows” 16:11 kg4w fatherless 0 These are children whose parents have both died and do not have relatives to care for them. 16:11 i5b3 widow 0 This means a woman whose husband has died and has no children to care for her in her old age. 16:12 ku33 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom call to mind 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “remember” 16:13 fy5u Festival of Shelters 0 Other names for this festival are “Feast of Tabernacles,” “Festival of Booths,” and “Feast of the Ingathering.” During harvest time, farmers would set up temporary shelters in the field. This festival took place after the last harvest of the year. 16:13 s5xw rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers seven days 0 Alternate translation: “7 days” 16:14 uv5f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche within your gates 0 Here the word “gates” represents cities or towns. Alternate translation: “within your towns” 16:15 ec92 the festival 0 Alternate translation: “the Festival of Shelters” 16:15 c3hy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche all the work of your hands 0 Here “hands” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “all the work you do” 16:16 g2xh all your males must appear before Yahweh 0 Females were allowed, but Yahweh did not require that they come. The men could represent their whole families. 16:16 cxc2 must appear before Yahweh 0 Alternate translation: “must come and stand in the presence of Yahweh” 16:16 pku8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes No one will appear before Yahweh empty-handed 0 Alternate translation: “They will not come before Yahweh without an offering” These two negative phrases together have a positive meaning. Alternate translation: “Every person who comes before Yahweh must bring an offering” 16:18 g2as 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues speaking to the people of Israel. 16:18 dc3d You must make judges 0 Alternate translation: “You must appoint judges” or “You must choose judges” 16:18 vxu2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche within all your city gates 0 Here “gates” represents a city or town. Alternate translation: “within all your towns” 16:18 we4m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive they will be taken 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you will choose them” 16:18 reh9 judge the people with righteous judgment 0 Alternate translation: “judge the people fairly” 16:19 c8iq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor You must not take justice away by force 0 Moses speaks of justice as if it were a physical object that a strong person can violently pull away from a weak person. This can be stated in positive form. Your language might have one word that means “use force to take away.” Alternate translation: “You must not be unfair when you judge” or “You must make just decisions” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) 16:19 lqn9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you You must not 0 Here “You” refers to those who will be appointed as judges and officers. 16:19 f47g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor for a bribe blinds the eyes of the wise and perverts the words of the righteous 0 Taking a bribe is spoken of as if the bribe were corrupting the people. Alternate translation: “for even a wise man who accepts a bribe will become blind, and even a righteous man who accepts a bribe will tell lies” 16:19 mk49 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor a bribe blinds the eyes of the wise 0 A wise person who accepts a bribe so that he does not speak against something evil is spoken of as if he becomes blind. 16:19 pu4g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the wise 0 The nominal adjective “the wise” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “a wise person” or “wise people” 16:19 m8gc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj perverts the words of the righteous 0 The nominal adjective “righteous” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “causes a righteous person to lie” 16:20 xm5v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor follow after justice, after justice alone 0 justice is spoken of as a person who is walking. A person who is doing what is fair and just is spoken of as if he was following close behindjustice. Alternate translation: “do only what is fair” 16:20 b78e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor inherit the land that Yahweh your God is giving you 0 Receiving the land that God is giving to the people is spoken of as if the people are inheriting the land from God. 16:21 ec3t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you You must not 0 Here “You” refers to all the people of Israel. 16:22 mw2w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish any sacred stone pillar, which Yahweh your God hates 0 The phrase “which Yahweh your God hates” is giving more information about the sacred stone pillar. Alternate translation: “any sacred stone pillar because Yahweh your God hates them” 16:22 s7sn sacred stone pillar 0 This refers to pillars that are idols used to worship false gods. 17:intro a3z4 0 # Deuteronomy 17 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Witnesses\n\nIn the ancient Near East, it was common for a person to be punished by the testimony of a single person, especially if this was an important person. The rules in this chapter give protection to people, especially the poor by requiring multiple witnesses. This allowed justice to be done. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/testimony]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]])\n\n### King\n\nIsrael was not to have a king because Yahweh was their king. Knowing the sinfulness of the people, Yahweh anticipated that one day Israel would have a king. Therefore, this passage gives commands about their king prophetically. They were not allowed to collect chariots because they were a sign of earthly power and the king was to trust in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sign]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 17:1 a78k 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses is still speaking to the people of Israel. 17:1 d6zp in which is any blemish 0 Alternate translation: “that has a blemish” or “that has something wrong with it.” The animal is to appear healthy without any deformity. 17:1 y292 that would be an abomination to Yahweh 0 Alternate translation: “that would be disgusting to Yahweh” 17:2 ljz8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive If there is found 0 This may be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “If you find someone” or “If there is anyone” 17:2 liy9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche within any of your city gates 0 Here “city gates” represents cities or towns. Alternate translation: “living in one of your cities” 17:2 f7d1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy what is evil in the sight of Yahweh your God 0 The sight of Yahweh represents Yahweh’s judgment or evaluation. Alternate translation: “something that Yahweh your God thinks is evil” 17:2 yhj2 transgresses his covenant 0 Alternate translation: “disobeys his covenant” 17:4 pz4e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive if you are told about this 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “if someone tells you about this disobedient act” 17:4 fqc1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns you must make a careful investigation 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **investigation**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “you must carefully investigate what happened” 17:4 b585 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive such an abomination has been done in Israel 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “someone has done such a horrible thing in Israel” 17:6 rul7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy At the mouth of two witnesses, or three witnesses, will he who must die be put to death 0 Here “the mouth” represents the testimony of a witness. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “If two or three witnesses speak against the person, then you must execute him” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 17:6 d4v8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy but at the mouth of only one witness he must not be put to death 0 Here “the mouth” represents the testimony of a witness. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “but if only one person speaks against him, then you must not execute him” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 17:7 zj7l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche The hand of the witnesses must be the first to put him to death, and afterward the hand of all the people 0 Here “hand” represents the entire group of witnesses. Alternate translation: “The witnesses themselves must be the first ones to throw stones. Then all the people will execute the person by throwing stones at him” 17:7 c151 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj you will remove the evil from among you 0 The nominal adjective “the evil” can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “you must remove from among the Israelites this person who does this evil thing” or “you must execute this evil person” 17:8 q5bw 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues speaking to the people of Israel. 17:8 j7yz If a matter arises 0 Alternate translation: “If there is a matter” or “If there is a situation” 17:8 ahf5 one person’s right and another person’s right 0 A “right” is a person’s legal authority to do something or to possess something. 17:9 i57n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns you will seek their advice 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **advice**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “you will ask them to advise you” 17:9 xe5f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns they will give you the verdict 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **verdict**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “they will decide on the matter” 17:11 n3uq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Follow the law they teach you 0 A person obeying what the priests and judge decide is spoken of as if the person were physically following behind the law. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You must obey what the judge and priests decide about the matter” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 17:11 a1r9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Do not turn aside from what they tell you, to the right hand or to the left 0 A person not doing exactly what the judge and priests say is spoken of as if he were turning off the correct path. This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “Do not disobey anything they tell you” or “Do everything they say” 17:12 l4fz in not listening to the priest … or in not listening to the judge 0 Alternate translation: “and does not obey the priest … or does not obey the judge” 17:12 u7c6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj you will put away the evil from Israel 0 The nominal adjective “the evil” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “you must remove from among the Israelites the person who does this evil thing” or “you must execute this evil person” 17:13 xm49 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit All the people must hear and fear, and act arrogantly no more 0 It is implied that when the people hear about the person who was executed for acting arrogantly, they will be afraid and not act arrogantly themselves. 17:14 t6n8 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues speaking to the people of Israel. 17:14 wkl6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go When you have come to the land 0 The word “come to” can be translated as “gone to” or “entered.” 17:14 x3gq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes then you say, ‘I will set a king over myself, like all the nations that are round about me,’ 0 This has a quotation within a quotation. A direct quotation can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “then you decide that you want a king just like the peoples of the nations that surround you have kings,” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) 17:14 n7ly rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns I will set a king over myself … round about me 0 Moses has the people speaking as if they were one person. It may be more natural to translate this with plural pronouns. Alternate translation: “We will set over ourselves … round about us” 17:14 gm2m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor set a king over myself 0 Giving someone the authority to rule as king in Israel is spoken of as if the people were setting the person in a place above them. 17:14 c8nt all the nations that are round about me 0 Alternate translation: “all the surrounding nations” 17:14 ie3y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy all the nations 0 Here “nations” represent the people who live in the nations. 17:15 x8fl someone from among your brothers 0 Alternate translation: “one of your fellow Israelites” 17:15 q7px rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet a foreigner, who is not your brother, over yourself 0 Both of these phrases mean the same thing. They both refer to a person who is not an Israelite. Yahweh is emphasizing that the people of Israel should not let a foreigner rule over them. Alternate translation: “a foreigner over yourself” or “a non-Israelite over yourself” 17:16 pr1w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes for Yahweh had said to you, ‘You will never return that way again.’ 0 This has a quotation within a quotation. A direct quotation can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “for Yahweh had said that you must never return to Egypt again.” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) 17:17 zj8g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche so that his heart does not turn away 0 Here “heart” refers to the whole person. An Israelite king who marries foreign wives and starts to worship their false gods is spoken of as if his heart were to turn away from Yahweh. Alternate translation: “so that they do not cause him to stop honoring Yahweh and start worshiping false gods” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 17:18 tt3z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy When he sits on the throne of his kingdom 0 Here “throne” represents the person’s power and authority as king. To sit on the throne means to become king. Alternate translation: “When he becomes king” 17:18 h6x6 he must write for himself in a scroll a copy of this law 0 This could mean: (1) “he must personally write in a scroll a copy of this law for himself” or (2) “he must appoint someone to write in a scroll a copy of this law for him” 17:18 xh2p from the law that is before the priests, who are Levites 0 Alternate translation: “from the copy of the law that the Levitical priests keep” 17:19 f877 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism so as to keep all the words of this law and these statutes, to observe them 0 These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that the king must obey all of God’s law. 17:20 b7e5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche so that his heart is not lifted up above his brothers 0 Here “his heart” refers to the whole person. A king becoming arrogant is spoken of as if his heart were lifted up. Alternate translation: “so that he does not become arrogant” or “so that he does not think he is better than his fellow Israelites” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 17:20 idm3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor so that he does not turn away from the commandments, to the right hand or to the left 0 A king disobeying God’s commands is spoken of as if a person were to turn off the correct path. This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “so that he does not disobey any of the commandments” or “so that he obeys all of the commandments” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) 17:20 sa87 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor prolong his days 0 Long days is a metaphor for a long life. See how you translated a similar phrase “prolong your days” in [Deuteronomy 4:26](../04/26.md). Alternate translation: “be able to live a long time” 18:intro u6pf 0 # Deuteronomy 18 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Levites\n\nAs Yahweh’s chosen priests, the priest were to trust in Yahweh to provide for them. He provided for them through the rest of the Israelites. Yahweh was their inheritance. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/elect]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]])\n\n### Messiah\n\nThis chapter is one of the first prophecies about the promised, coming Messiah. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) 18:1 ztw1 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues telling the people what Yahweh wants them to do. 18:1 u386 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor will have no portion nor inheritance with Israel 0 The Levites not receiving any land from Yahweh is spoken of as if they would not receive an inheritance. Alternate translation: “will not possess any of the people’s land” or “will not receive any of the land that the Israelites will possess” 18:1 z6rx no portion 0 Alternate translation: “no part” or “no share” 18:2 h6ef among their brothers 0 Alternate translation: “among the other tribes of Israel” or “among the other Israelites” 18:2 pd8k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Yahweh is their inheritance 0 Moses speaks of the great honor that Aaron and his descendants will have by serving Yahweh as priests as if Yahweh were something that they will inherit. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Deuteronomy 10:9](../10/09.md). Alternate translation: “instead, they will have Yahweh” or “instead, Yahweh will allow them to serve him and he will provide for them through that service” 18:3 bn85 the inner parts 0 This is the stomach and intestines. 18:4 g5u8 you must give him 0 Alternate translation: “you must give to the priest” 18:5 py8r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy has chosen him 0 Here “him” represents all the Levites. 18:5 g5j5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy to stand to serve in the name of Yahweh 0 Here “the name of Yahweh” stands for Yahweh himself and his authority. Alternate translation: “to be his special servants” or “to serve as a representative of Yahweh” 18:5 ep9k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche him and his sons forever 0 Here “him” represents all the Levites. Alternate translation: “the Levites and their descendants forever” 18:6 we5s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom desires with all his soul 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “strongly desires” or “really wants” 18:7 p9jv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy then he must serve in the name of Yahweh his God 0 Here “name” represents Yahweh and his authority. Alternate translation: “then he must serve Yahweh his God as a priest” 18:7 a94d who stand there before Yahweh 0 Alternate translation: “who serve in the sanctuary in the presence of Yahweh” 18:8 c8rp his family’s inheritance 0 This is what the priest would inherit from his father. 18:9 gvb6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go When you have come 0 Here “come” can be translated as “gone” or “entered.” 18:9 b17w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy you must not learn to observe the abominations of those nations 0 God hates the religious activities of the people in the surrounding nations. He considers them to be terribly evil. Here “nations” represents the people. Alternate translation: “you must not do the terrible things that the people of the other nations do” 18:10 ey79 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive There must not be found among you anyone 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “There must not be anyone among you” 18:10 hta7 anyone who uses divination … tells fortunes … reads signs found in a cup … engages in witchcraft 0 These are different ways of practicing magic. God has forbidden every kind of magic. If you do not have a word for all of these activities, it can be stated more generally. Alternate translation: “anyone who uses magic to try to find out what will happen in the future, to cast spells” 18:10 ugk5 reads signs found in a cup 0 One who reads the shapes and figures in a cup and who predicts future events from what they can see 18:11 g9dh any charmer … anyone who conjurs up spirits … one who casts spells … who talks with spirits of the dead 0 These are phrases for people who practice different kinds of magic. God has forbidden every kind of magic. If you do not have a word for all of these types of people, you can translate more generally. Alternate translation: “anyone who uses magic to cast spells, or to talk to the spirits of dead people” 18:12 ufu7 driving them out 0 Here “them” refers to the people already living in Canaan. 18:14 aj59 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy For these nations 0 Here “nations” stands for the people groups that live in Canaan. Alternate translation: “For these people groups” 18:14 q8g1 these nations that you will dispossess 0 Alternate translation: “these nations whose land you will take” 18:15 y637 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues speaking to the people of Israel. 18:15 pp4p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Yahweh your God will raise up for you a prophet 0 Yahweh appointing a person to be a prophet is spoken of as if Yahweh would raise or lift the person up. 18:15 m2rv one of your brothers 0 Alternate translation: “one of your fellow Israelites” 18:16 v3y7 This is what you asked 0 Here “you” refers to the Israelites at Mount Horeb about 40 years earlier. 18:16 iz2m at Horeb on the day of the assembly 0 Alternate translation: “on the day you gathered together at Horeb” 18:16 pp7b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes on the day of the assembly, saying, ‘Let us not hear again the voice of Yahweh our God, nor see this great fire anymore, or we will die.’ 0 This has a quotation within a quotation. A direct quotation can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “on the day of the assembly when you said that you did not want to hear the voice of Yahweh our God, nor see his great fire anymore, because you were afraid that you would die.” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) 18:16 l7c6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Let us not hear again the voice of Yahweh our God 0 Here Yahweh is represented by his “voice” to emphasize what he says. Alternate translation: “Let us not hear Yahweh our God speak again” 18:18 t95s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I will raise up a prophet for them 0 Yahweh appointing a person to be a prophet is spoken of as if Yahweh would raise or lift the person up. 18:18 d8wb from among their brothers 0 Alternate translation: “from among their fellow Israelites” 18:18 p717 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I will put my words in his mouth 0 Yahweh telling the prophet what to say is spoken of as if Yahweh would put words in the prophet’s mouth. 18:18 xl1v speak to them 0 Alternate translation: “speak to the people of Israel” 18:19 pt28 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy does not listen to the words of mine that he speaks in my name 0 Here “my name” represents Yahweh and his authority. Alternate translation: “does not listen to him when he speaks my message” 18:19 n8mr require it of him 0 Alternate translation: “I will hold him responsible” or “I will punish him.” Here “him” refers to the person who does not listen to the prophet. 18:20 y6dm 0 # General Information:\n\nYahweh continues speaking. 18:20 pl2e who speaks a word arrogantly 0 Alternate translation: “who dares to speak a message” or “who is arrogant enough to speak a message” 18:20 ip16 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy in my name 0 Here “my name” refers to Yahweh himself and his authority. Alternate translation: “for me” or “with my authority” 18:20 x88t a word 0 Alternate translation: “a message” 18:20 f7vu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy who speaks in the name of other gods 0 Here “name” represents the gods themselves or their authority. This means the prophet claims that false gods told him to speak a certain message. 18:21 ryk5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy This is what you must say in your heart 0 Here “heart” represents the thoughts of a person. Alternate translation: “You ask yourself” or “You must say to yourself” 18:21 gbx1 How will we recognize a message that Yahweh has not spoken? 0 Alternate translation: “How will we know if the message that the prophet speaks is from Yahweh?” Here “we” refers to the people of Israel. 18:22 law3 0 # General Information:\n\nYahweh continues speaking. 18:22 kzp4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy a prophet speaks in the name of Yahweh 0 Here “name of Yahweh” refers to Yahweh himself and his authority. Alternate translation: “a prophet claims to speak for me” or “a prophet claims to speak with my authority” 18:22 ys2k the prophet has spoken it arrogantly 0 Alternate translation: “the prophet has spoken this message without my authority” 19:intro r53s 0 # Deuteronomy 19 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Justice\n\nAnother way justice would be maintained in Israel was by avoiding revenge killings. This chapter describes the establishment of special cities to protect those fleeing from revenge killings. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]])\n\n### Witnesses\n\nIn the ancient Near East, it was common for a person to be punished by the testimony of a single person, especially if this was an important person. The rules in this chapter give protection to people, especially the poor by requiring multiple witnesses. This allowed justice to be done. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/testimony]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Law of retaliation\n\nThe chapter describes a famous law, often called the “law of retaliation.” It is said, an “eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot.” This does not mean a person who causes another person to lose their eye must have their own eye removed as punishment. This law is not about making all things equal. Instead, it is about limiting the punishment or the ability of a person to retaliate. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 19:1 rka3 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses is still speaking to the people of Israel. 19:1 av28 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor When Yahweh your God cuts off the nations 0 Yahweh destroying the people who live in Canaan is spoken of as if he were cutting them off, as one would cut a piece of cloth or cut a branch from a tree. 19:1 jh1z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the nations 0 This represents the people groups that live in Canaan. 19:1 y55w those whose land Yahweh your God is giving you 0 Alternate translation: “those nations who were living in the land that Yahweh your God is giving you” 19:1 kl51 come after them 0 Alternate translation: “take the land from those nations” or “possess the land after those nations are gone” 19:2 l8je rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers select three cities 0 Alternate translation: “choose 3 cities” 19:3 ty5v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit You must build a road 0 They were to build roads so that it would be easy for people to travel to these cities. 19:3 g91q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit divide the borders of your land into three parts 0 It is implied that one of the cities they choose must be in each part of the land. 19:3 psa1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the land that Yahweh your God is causing you to inherit 0 Yahweh giving the land to the people of Israel is spoken of as if the people are inheriting the land. 19:4 inz6 This is the instruction 0 Alternate translation: “These are the instructions” or “These are the directions” 19:4 v7rc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis concerning the one who kills another 0 The word “person” is understood. Alternate translation: “for a person who kills another person” 19:4 cez8 and flees from there 0 Alternate translation: “and who escapes to one of these cities” or “who runs to one of these cities” 19:4 k7eb the one who unintentionally kills his neighbor 0 Here “neighbor” means any person in general. Alternate translation: “any person who kills another person by accident” 19:4 uvu6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit without hating him at the time of the accident 0 Alternate translation: “but did not hate his neighbor before he killed him.” This implies there was no cause for him to kill his neighbor purposely. 19:5 qb1k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo For example, if a man goes into the forest … to cut wood 0 The author gives a hypothetical situation where a person accidentally kills another person. 19:5 i3cb the ax head slips off of the handle 0 The iron part of the ax comes off the wooden handle. 19:5 wkv1 strikes his neighbor and kills him 0 This means the head of the ax hits and kills the neighbor. 19:5 l3mr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit to one of these cities and save his life 0 It is implied that the family of the dead man may try to get revenge. The man who killed him can flee to one of these cities, and the people there would protect him. 19:6 y7gu 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses is still speaking to the people of Israel. 19:6 qq6p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the avenger of blood 0 Here “blood” represents the person who was killed. An “avenger of blood” is a close relative of the person who was killed. This relative is responsible for punishing the murderer. 19:6 xgi5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom the one who took a life 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “the one who killed the other person” 19:6 xc46 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor in the heat of his anger 0 Someone being very angry is spoken of as if anger were something that could become hot. Alternate translation: “and being very angry” 19:6 ugg9 strike him and kill him 0 Alternate translation: “And the blood avenger strikes and kills the one who had killed the other person” 19:6 z4dg though that man did not deserve to die, since he had not hated his neighbor in the past 0 Alternate translation: “though that man did not deserve to die since he accidentally killed the other person and was not his enemy, and he had not planned to hurt the man” 19:8 bj18 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses is still speaking to the people of Israel. 19:8 ge7t enlarges your borders 0 Alternate translation: “gives you more land to possess” 19:8 d84s as he has sworn to your ancestors to do 0 Alternate translation: “like he promised your ancestors that he would do” 19:9 a3eh if you keep all these commandments to do them 0 Alternate translation: “if you obey all these commandments” 19:9 jg6e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor to always walk in his ways 0 How God wants a person to live or behave is spoken of as if it were Yahweh’s way or road. A person who obeys Yahweh is spoken of as if he were walking on Yahweh’s way or road. Alternate translation: “to always obey him” 19:9 yw53 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers then you must add three more cities for yourself 0 The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “then you must choose three more cities for a person to escape to if he accidentally kills someone” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 19:9 v9ky rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers besides these three 0 Alternate translation: “in addition to the three cities you already established” 19:10 pz9n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Do this so that innocent blood is not shed 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Do this so that family members do not kill an innocent person” 19:10 nw4x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy innocent blood is not shed 0 Here “blood” represents a person’s life. To shed blood means to kill a person. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “no one kills an innocent person” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 19:10 g3td in the midst of the land 0 Alternate translation: “in the land” or “in the territory” 19:10 xf54 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Yahweh your God is giving you for as an inheritance 0 The land that Yahweh is giving the people of Israel is spoken of as if it were an inheritance. 19:10 jrj7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor so that no bloodguilt may be on you 0 The people of Israel being guilty for a person dying because they did not build a city where he would be safe from the “blood avenger” is spoken of as if the guilt of his death is on them. 19:10 swl5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy bloodguilt 0 Here “blood” represents a life and “bloodguilt” refers to the guilt someone has for killing an innocent person. 19:10 p59g may be on you 0 This means that if a family member kills an innocent person, then all the people of Israel will be guilty for letting that happen. 19:11 vzh1 his neighbor 0 Here “neighbor” means any person in general. 19:11 c5ne rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit lies in wait for him 0 The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “hides and waits in order to kill him” or “plans to kill him” 19:11 k2et rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom rises up against him 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “attacks him” 19:11 fl1g mortally wounds him so that he dies 0 Alternate translation: “hurts him so that he dies” or “and kills him” 19:12 y76n must send and bring him back from there 0 Alternate translation: “must send someone to get him and bring him back from the city that he escaped to” 19:12 w6c5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom turn him over 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “give him over” 19:12 wm9p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy into the hand of the responsible relative 0 Here “the hand” represents the authority of someone. Alternate translation: “to the authority of the responsible relative” or “to the responsible relative” 19:12 mu7q the responsible relative 0 This is the relative of the person who was killed. This relative is responsible for punishing the murderer. 19:12 k525 he may die 0 Alternate translation: “the murderer may die” or “the responsible relative may execute the murderer” 19:13 nzj3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Your eye must not pity him 0 Here “your eye” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “Do not show him mercy” or “Do not feel sorry for him” 19:13 bf7g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy you must eradicate the bloodguilt from Israel 0 Here “bloodguilt” represents the guilt for murdering an innocent person. Alternate translation: “you must execute the murderer so that the people of Israel will not be guilty for the death of an innocent person” 19:13 m9xl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy from Israel 0 Here “Israel” refers to the people of Israel. 19:14 ri32 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses is still speaking to the people of Israel. 19:14 il44 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit You must not remove your neighbor’s landmark 0 The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “You must not take land away from your neighbor by moving the markers on the borders of his land” 19:14 z3yt they set in place 0 Alternate translation: “that your ancestors placed” 19:14 aq1b a long time ago 0 Moses means that when the people have lived in the land for a long time, they should not move the borders that their ancestors made when they first took the land. 19:14 xa6i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor in your inheritance that you will inherit, in the land that Yahweh your God is giving you to possess 0 Yahweh giving the land to the people of Israel is spoken of as if they were inheriting the land. Alternate translation: “in the land that Yahweh your God is giving to you to possess” 19:15 d18z 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses is still speaking to the people of Israel. 19:15 qy58 One sole witness 0 Alternate translation: “A single witness” or “Only one witness” 19:15 j3fr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom must not rise up against a man 0 Here “rise up” means to stand up in court and speak against someone to a judge. Alternate translation: “must not speak to the judges about something bad that a man did” 19:15 am59 in any matter that he sins 0 Alternate translation: “anytime that a man does something bad” 19:15 hv5m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy at the mouth of two witnesses, or at the mouth of three witnesses 0 Here “mouth” represents what the witnesses say. It is implied that there must be at least two or three witnesses. Alternate translation: “at the testimony of at least two or three people” or “based on what at least two or three people say happened” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 19:15 b9c6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive must any matter be confirmed 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “will you confirm that the man is guilty” 19:16 nhi5 Suppose that 0 Alternate translation: “When” or “If” 19:16 ece2 an unrighteous witness 0 Alternate translation: “a witness who intends to harm someone else” 19:16 zqg3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom rises up against any man to testify against him of wrongdoing 0 Here “rise up” means to stand up in court and speak against someone to a judge. Alternate translation: “tells the judge that a man sinned in order to get the man in trouble” or “tells the judge that a man sinned, so the judge will punish him” 19:17 e77t 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues to speak to the people of Israel. 19:17 l9ti the ones between whom the controversy exists 0 Alternate translation: “the ones who disagree with one another” 19:17 xh66 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit must stand before Yahweh, before the priests and the judges 0 This means the two persons must go to the sanctuary where Yahweh’s presence dwells. At the sanctuary are priests and judges who have the authority to make legal decisions for Yahweh. 19:17 d8nf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom stand before Yahweh, before the priests and the judges 0 The phrase “stand before” is an idiom. It means to go to someone with authority and let him make a legal decision about a matter. 19:18 cr9r The judges must make diligent inquiries 0 Alternate translation: “The judges must work very hard to determine what happened” 19:19 b5ya then must you do to him, as he had wished to do to his brother 0 Alternate translation: “then you must punish the false witness in the same way as he wanted you to punish the other man” 19:19 p5aa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj you will remove the evil from among you 0 The nominal adjective “the evil” can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “you will remove the evil practice from among you” 19:20 a23d Then those who remain 0 Alternate translation: “When you punish the false witness, the rest of the people” 19:20 n7hc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit will hear and fear 0 The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “will hear about the punishment and be afraid of getting punished” 19:20 wqw9 commit no longer any such evil 0 Alternate translation: “never again do something evil like that” 19:21 z5fm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Your eyes must not pity 0 Here “eyes” refer to the whole person. Alternate translation: “You must not pity him” or “You must not show him mercy” 19:21 nz4x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis life will pay for life … foot for foot 0 Here the phrases are shortened because the meaning is understood. It means the people must punish a person in the same way that he harmed another person. 20:intro qq8m 0 # Deuteronomy 20 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s protection\nIsrael was not to worry about the power and strength of other nations. Instead, they were to trust in the power of Yahweh. He is the source of their military strength and protection. This is why a priest leads them into battle, rather than a military commander. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]])\n\n### Holy war\n\nIsrael’s conquering of the Promised Land was unique in history. It was a type of holy war and had special rules. This war was really Yahweh’s punishment against the sin of the Canaanite people. If the people were not completely destroyed, they would cause Israel to sin. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### “What man is there”\nThis phrase is used several times to introduce a rhetorical question. The questions are intended to tell the readers that Yahweh only wants soldiers who are completely dedicated to fighting for him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Excused from fighting\n\nIn ancient Israel, men were excused from fighting in battle for several different reasons. Some of these reasons are mentioned in this chapter. Apparently, needing to establish a new house, the need to harvest a field and cowardice were possible excuses. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 20:1 x89z 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues speaking to the people of Israel. 20:1 ei7a When you march out to battle against your enemies 0 Alternate translation: “When you go out to fight in a war against your enemies” 20:1 r5j1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit see horses, chariots 0 People considered an army with many horses and chariots to be very strong. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. 20:1 ta4q he who brought you up out of the land of Egypt 0 Yahweh brought the people from Egypt to Canaan. It was common to use the word “up” to refer to traveling from Egypt to Canaan. Alternate translation: “Yahweh who led you out from the land of Egypt” 20:2 a8vr 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues speaking to the people of Israel. 20:2 qi76 speak to the people 0 Alternate translation: “speak to the soldiers of Israel” 20:3 fy5i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Do not let your hearts faint. Do not fear or tremble. Do not be afraid of them 0 These four expressions all mean the same thing and strongly emphasize that they are not to be afraid. If your language does not have four ways to express this concept, you may use less than four. 20:3 e17d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Do not let your hearts faint 0 Here “hearts” represents people’s courage. For a heart to faint is an idiom that means “Do not be afraid.” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 20:4 mdt8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Yahweh your God is the one who is going with you to fight for you against your enemies 0 Yahweh defeating the enemies of the people of Israel is spoken of as if Yahweh were a warrior who would fight along with the people of Israel. 20:4 fvb1 to save you 0 Alternate translation: “to give you victory” 20:5 dxx2 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses says what the army officers must say to the people of Israel before a battle. 20:5 i6ss rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit The officers must speak 0 One of the officers’ jobs was to decide who could leave the army. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. 20:5 x2xn What man is there … Let him go and return to his house 0 Alternate translation: “If any soldier here has built a new house and has not dedicated it, he should go back to his house” 20:5 ti4c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo so that he does not die in battle and another man dedicates it 0 The officer is describing a situation that could possibly happen to a soldier. Alternate translation: “so that, if he dies in battle, another man will not dedicate his house instead of him” 20:6 yru7 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues describing situations that allow a man to leave the military. 20:6 vr9v Is there anyone who has planted … Let him go home 0 Alternate translation: “If any soldier here has a new vineyard, but has not yet harvested its grapes, he should go back to his house” 20:6 tal6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo so he will not die in battle and another man enjoy its fruit 0 The officer is describing a situation that could possibly happen to a soldier. Alternate translation: “so that, if he dies in battle, another man will not harvest its fruit instead of him” 20:7 n1rz What man is there who is engaged to marry a woman … Let him go home 0 Alternate translation: “If any soldier here has promised to marry a woman, but has not yet married her, he should go back to his house” 20:7 c3bq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo so that he does not die in battle and another man marries her 0 The officer is describing a situation that could possibly happen to a soldier. Alternate translation: “so that, if he dies in battle, another man does not marry her instead of him” 20:8 q7ui 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues describing situations that allow a man to leave the military. 20:8 bjh6 What man is there who is fearful or fainthearted? Let him go and return to his house 0 Alternate translation: “If any soldier here is afraid and not brave, he should go back to his house” 20:8 xs8n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet fearful or fainthearted 0 Both of these words mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “afraid to fight in battle” 20:8 vra8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom his brother’s heart does not melt like his own heart 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “another Israelite does not become afraid like he is afraid” 20:8 j8t4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy brother’s heart … his own heart 0 Here “heart” represents a person’s courage. 20:9 bl8n they must appoint commanders over them 0 Alternate translation: “the officers must appoint people to be commanders and to lead the people of Israel” 20:10 tgm2 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues speaking to the people of Israel. 20:10 gc68 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy When you march up to attack a city 0 Here “city” represents the people. Alternate translation: “When you go to attack the people of a city” 20:10 bde3 make those people an offer of peace 0 Alternate translation: “give the people in the city a chance to surrender” 20:11 yd6l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy open their gates to you 0 Here “gates” refers to the city gates. The phrase “open their gates to you” represents the people surrendering and allowing the Israelites to enter their city. Alternate translation: “let you enter their city peacefully” 20:11 lru9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive all the people who are found in it 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “all the people in the city” 20:11 pf8b must become forced labor for you 0 Alternate translation: “must become your slaves” 20:12 c8y1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy But if it makes no offer of peace 0 Here “it” refers to the city which represents the people. Alternate translation: “But if the people of the city do not surrender” or “But if the people of the city do not accept your offer of peace” 20:14 hl2w the little ones 0 Alternate translation: “the children” 20:14 h4ld all its spoil 0 Alternate translation: “all the valuable things” 20:14 yev9 booty 0 These are the valuable things which people who win a battle take from the people they attacked. 20:15 yvw9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy all the cities 0 Here “cities” represents the people. Alternate translation: “all the people who live in cities” 20:16 n8lj 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues speaking to the people of Israel. 20:16 wi9a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor In the cities of these peoples that Yahweh your God is giving you as an inheritance 0 The cities in Canaan that Yahweh is giving to the people is spoken of as if the cities were the people’s inheritance. 20:16 ql5j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes you must save alive nothing that breathes 0 Alternate translation: “you must not let any living thing stay alive.” This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “you must kill every living thing” 20:17 v49s you must completely destroy them 0 Alternate translation: “you must completely destroy these people groups” 20:18 kl2b Do this so that they 0 Alternate translation: “Destroy these nations so that they” 20:18 ya8k to act in any of their abominable ways … their gods 0 Alternate translation: “to act in abominable ways like the people in these nations have done with their gods” 20:18 i63g If you do, you will sin against Yahweh your God 0 Alternate translation: “If you act like these people, you will sin against Yahweh your God” 20:19 lcz9 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues speaking to the people of Israel. 20:19 sqm5 wage war 0 Alternate translation: “fight in a war” 20:19 sg5n by wielding an ax against them 0 Alternate translation: “by cutting down the trees with an ax” 20:19 m55u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion For is the tree of the field a man whom you should besiege? 0 This rhetorical question is to remind the people of what they should already know. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “For fruit trees are not people, so they are not your enemy.” 20:20 gis7 you know are not trees for food 0 Alternate translation: “you know are not trees that grow fruit to eat” 20:20 czc4 siege works 0 These are tools and structures, such as ladders and towers, that are needed to lay siege to a city. 20:20 g9ny rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom until it falls 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “until the people of the city lose the war” 20:20 fdg1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy it falls 0 Here “it” refers to the city which represents the people of the city. 21:intro qfb6 0 # Deuteronomy 21 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Elders\n\nOlder men were required to lead the people of Israel and help to administer justice. These men would function as judges, which would later become a more official position. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]])\n\n### Peace in Israel\n\nThe rules and instructions in this chapter help to ensure peace in Israel. This is not a military peace. Instead, it is about establishing peace within Israel and among the people. 21:1 g61z 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues to speak to the people of Israel. 21:1 z641 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive If someone is found killed 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “If someone finds a person whom someone else has killed” 21:1 iqh7 lying in the field 0 The dead person is lying in the field. 21:1 w5dt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive it is not known who has attacked him 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “nobody knows who attacked him” 21:2 p5xl they must measure to the cities 0 Alternate translation: “they must measure the distance to the cities” 21:2 kj57 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive him who has been killed 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “him whom someone has killed” or “the dead body” 21:3 qle9 has not borne the yoke 0 Alternate translation: “has not worn a yoke” 21:4 c4aq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom running water 0 This is an idiom for water that is moving. Alternate translation: “a stream” 21:4 cc7w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive a valley that has been neither plowed nor sown 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “a valley where nobody has plowed the ground or planted seeds” 21:5 lut7 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues speaking to the people of Israel. 21:5 k6ht must come forward 0 Alternate translation: “must come to the valley” 21:5 f1vj for Yahweh your God has chosen them to serve him 0 Alternate translation: “because the priests are the ones whom Yahweh your God has chosen to serve him” 21:5 et1i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you Yahweh your God 0 Moses speaks to the Israelites as if he were speaking to one man, so the word “your” is singular. 21:5 gjj4 give blessing 0 Alternate translation: “bless the people of Israel” 21:5 dtv4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy in the name of Yahweh 0 Here the metonym “in the name of” refers to Yahweh and his authority. Alternate translation: “as one who says and does what Yahweh himself would say and do” 21:5 d9ju Yahweh and to decide every case of dispute and assault by their word 0 Alternate translation: “Yahweh, and they will be the ones who settle all disagreements and cases of violence” 21:6 m3db 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues speaking to the people of Israel. 21:6 sd84 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive the heifer whose neck was broken 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the heifer whose neck the priests broke” 21:7 f8zq they must answer to the case 0 Alternate translation: “they must testify to Yahweh about this case” 21:7 hzz3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Our hands have not shed this blood 0 Here “hands” are a synecdoche for the whole person and “shed this blood” is a metonym for killing an innocent person. Alternate translation: “We did not kill this innocent person” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 21:7 p19h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche neither have our eyes seen it 0 Here “eyes” refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “and we did not see anyone kill this person” 21:8 n8mm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues to tell the elders what they should say when they wash their hands over the heifer. He speaks to them as if he were speaking to one man, so the words “you” and “your” are singular. 21:8 zi6q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor whom you have redeemed 0 Yahweh rescuing the people of Israel from being slaves in Egypt is spoken of as if Yahweh paid money to redeem his people from slavery. 21:8 h6er rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom do not put guilt for innocent bloodshed in the midst of your people Israel 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “do not treat your people Israel as if they are guilty of killing an innocent person” 21:8 ay2y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Then the bloodshed will be forgiven them 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Then Yahweh will forgive his people Israel for the death of an innocent person” 21:9 jt76 you will put away the innocent blood from your midst 0 Alternate translation: “you will not be guilty any more of killing an innocent person” 21:9 xm7q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor what is right in the eyes of Yahweh 0 The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “what is right in Yahweh’s judgment” or “what Yahweh considers to be right” 21:10 wt6l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues speaking to the people of Israel as if he were speaking to one man, so the words “you” and “your” are singular. 21:10 l9ii you go out 0 Alternate translation: “you who are soldiers go out” 21:11 bd8u you have a desire for her 0 Use a polite phrase for “you want to sleep with her.” 21:11 s5ud wish to take her for yourself as a wife 0 Alternate translation: “want to marry her” 21:12 jv5u she will shave her head 0 Alternate translation: “she will shave the hair off of her head” 21:12 z3hf cut her nails 0 Alternate translation: “cut her fingernails” 21:13 vnh6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues speaking to the people of Israel as if he were speaking to one man, so the words “you” and “your” are singular. 21:13 b55v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit she will take off the clothes she was wearing 0 She will do this after the man brings her to his house and when she shaves her head and cuts her fingernails and toenails as mentioned in [Deuteronomy 21:12](../21/12.md). The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “she will take off the clothes of her people and put on Israelite clothes” 21:13 b4yf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive when she was taken captive 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “when you took her captive” 21:13 r21s a full month 0 Alternate translation: “an entire month” or “a whole month” 21:13 r54x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism After that you may lie with her 0 This is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “After that you may have sexual relations with her” 21:14 ft5h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit But if you take no delight in her 0 You may need to make explicit that the man sleeps with the woman. Alternate translation: “But if you sleep with her and then decide that you do not want her as your wife” 21:14 m4xj let her go where she wishes 0 Alternate translation: “let her go wherever she wants to go” 21:14 p6ul because you have humiliated her 0 Alternate translation: “because you shamed her by sleeping with her and then sending her away” 21:15 s91j 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues speaking to the people of Israel. 21:15 v2gp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive one is loved and the other is hated 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: This could mean: (1) “the man loves one of his wives and he hates the other wife” or (2) “the man loves one wife more than he loves the other wife” 21:15 jg5e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive if the firstborn son is of her that is hated 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “if the firstborn son belongs to the wife whom the man hates” 21:16 f8q7 then on the day that the man 0 Alternate translation: “when the man” 21:16 ym4g the man causes his sons to inherit what he possesses 0 Alternate translation: “the man gives his possessions to his sons as an inheritance” 21:16 zf5n he may not make the son of the beloved wife the firstborn before the son of the hated wife 0 Alternate translation: “he may not treat the son of the beloved wife as if he were the firstborn instead of the son of the hated wife” 21:17 jb7c a double portion 0 Alternate translation: “twice as much” 21:17 njj9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom that son is the beginning of his strength 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “that son is the one who shows that the man can become the father of sons” 21:18 a2e9 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues speaking to the people of Israel. 21:18 m9cz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy who will not obey the voice of his father or the voice of his mother 0 Here “voice” is a metonym for what a person says. Alternate translation: “who will not obey what his father or mother say” 21:18 k2qr they correct him 0 Alternate translation: “they punish him for his wrongdoing” or “they train and instruct him” 21:19 tfk2 must lay hold on him and bring him out 0 Alternate translation: “must force him to come out” 21:20 xgq4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues speaking to the people of Israel as if they were one man, so all instances of “you” are singular. 21:20 l217 This son of ours 0 Alternate translation: “Our son” 21:20 v2fh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy he will not obey our voice 0 Here “voice” is a metonym for what a person says or a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “he will not do what we tell him to do” or “he will not obey us” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 21:20 pp95 a glutton 0 a person who eats and drinks too much 21:20 a7nu a drunkard 0 a person who drinks too much alcohol and gets drunk often 21:21 f1vt stone him to death with stones 0 Alternate translation: “throw stones at him until he dies” 21:21 y2jq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj you will remove the evil from among you 0 The adjective “evil” can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “you must remove from among the Israelites the person who does this evil thing” or “you must execute this evil person” 21:21 eax8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy All Israel 0 The word “Israel” is a metonym for the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “All the people of Israel” 21:21 dpr6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit will hear of it and fear 0 The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “will hear about what happened to the son and be afraid that the people will punish them also” 21:22 bv2t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues speaking to the people of Israel as if he were speaking to one man, so the words “you” and “your” are singular. 21:22 nh6m If a man has committed a sin worthy of death 0 Alternate translation: “If a man has done something so bad that you need to punish him by killing him” 21:22 h9vx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive he is put to death 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you execute him” or “you kill him” 21:22 hfw9 you hang him on a tree 0 This could mean: (1) “after he has died you hang him on a tree” or (2) “you kill him by hanging him on a wooden post” 21:23 y9lb bury him the same day 0 Alternate translation: “bury him on the same day as when you execute him” 21:23 ztq8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive for whoever is hanged is cursed by God 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. This could mean: (1) “because God curses everyone whom people hang on trees” and (2) “people hang on trees those whom God has cursed.” 21:23 i54a do not defile the land 0 by leaving something God has cursed hanging in the tree 22:intro hk1i 0 # Deuteronomy 22 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Order in Israel\n\nThe instructions in this chapter help to maintain order in this chapter. The people are to have integrity. The people’s sin will result in serious punishment. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])\n\n### Virgin woman\n\nIf a woman was not a virgin, she was not considered to be worth marrying. The man who slept with her was responsible for providing for her since she will not be able to find a husband to provide for her. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 22:1 b8pa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 22:1 j8sq go astray 0 Alternate translation: “walk away from its owner” 22:1 z51n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom hide yourself from them 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “act as if you do not see them” or “go away without doing anything” 22:2 k4ri If your fellow Israelite is not near to you 0 Alternate translation: “If your fellow Israelite lives far away from you” 22:2 x6el or if you do not know him 0 Alternate translation: “or if you do not know who the owner of the animal is” 22:2 lk81 it must be with you until he looks for it 0 Alternate translation: “you must keep the animal with you until its owner comes looking for it” 22:3 ez2b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 22:3 aj2b You must do the same with his donkey 0 Alternate translation: “You must return his donkey in the same way” 22:3 xyi9 you must do the same with his garment 0 Alternate translation: “you must return his clothing in the same way” 22:3 hk97 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom you must not hide yourself 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “you must not act as if you do not see that he has lost something” or “you must not go away without doing anything” 22:4 zc1c you must surely help him to lift it up again 0 Alternate translation: “you must help your fellow Israelite lift the animal back up onto its feet” 22:5 pz6w 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses is still speaking to the people of Israel. 22:5 jd6y what pertains to a man 0 Alternate translation: “men’s clothing” 22:6 ciu1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 22:6 jzz5 bird’s nest 0 a home that birds make for themselves out of sticks, grass, plants, and mud 22:6 j3em with young ones or eggs in it 0 Alternate translation: “with baby birds or eggs in the nest” 22:6 d5x9 the mother sitting on the young 0 Alternate translation: “the mother bird is sitting on the baby birds” 22:7 f4iz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor prolong your days 0 Long days are a metaphor for a long life. See how you translated these words in [Deuteronomy 4:26](../04/26.md). Alternate translation: “be able to live a long time” 22:8 yyd6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 22:8 bt5j a railing for your roof 0 a low fence around the edge of the roof so people will not fall off the roof 22:8 f2cy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy so that you do not bring blood on your house 0 Blood is a symbol for death. Alternate translation: “so that it will not be the fault of your household if someone dies” 22:8 g9kr if anyone falls from there 0 Alternate translation: “if anyone falls from the roof because you did not make a railing” 22:9 c3ah rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 22:9 de7h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy so that the whole harvest is not confiscated by the holy place 0 The words “holy place” is a metonym for the priests who work in the holy place. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “so that the priests in Yahweh’s holy place do not take away the whole harvest” or “so that you do not defile the whole harvest and the priests do not allow you to use it” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 22:9 yx66 the yield of the vineyard 0 Alternate translation: “the fruit that grows in the vineyard” 22:11 x3xx wool 0 soft, curly hair that grows on a sheep 22:11 a4tf rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown linen 0 thread made from the flax plant 22:12 f6fs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the word “you” here is singular. 22:12 dlr4 fringes 0 threads that are bound together and hang from the end of each corner of the cloak 22:12 r2vr the cloak 0 a long garment that a person wears over his other clothes 22:13 ej5s 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues speaking to the people of Israel. 22:13 bv6z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism he goes in to her 0 This is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “he has sexual relations with her” 22:14 ir9k then accuses her of shameful things 0 Alternate translation: “then accuses her of having slept with someone before she was married” 22:14 qkl1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns puts a bad reputation on her 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **reputation**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “makes other people think she is a bad person” 22:14 pd58 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism but when I came near to her 0 This is a polite way of saying “to have sexual relations with someone.” Alternate translation: “but when I slept with her” 22:14 l34f I found no proof of virginity in her 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **proof**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “she could not prove to me that she was a virgin” 22:15 m57e 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses is still speaking to the people of Israel. 22:15 k5i1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns must take proof of her virginity 0 The abstract nouns “proof” and “virginity” can be translated with verbal phrases. Alternate translation: “must take something that proves that she has never had sexual relations” 22:16 vy46 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses is still speaking to the people of Israel. 22:17 i7ju rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit he has accused her of shameful things 0 The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “he has accused her of having slept with someone before he married her” 22:17 m954 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns I did not find in your daughter the proof of virginity 0 The abstract nouns “proof” and “virginity” can be translated as verbal phrases. Alternate translation: “Your daughter could not prove that she has never had sexual relations” 22:17 bhe3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns But here is the proof of my daughter’s virginity 0 The abstract nouns “proof” and “virginity” can be translated as verbal phrases. Alternate translation: “But this proves that my daughter has never had sexual relations” 22:17 sdd9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Then they will spread the garment out before the elders of the city 0 The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “And then the mother and father will show the clothing with the bloodstain to the elders as proof that she was a virgin” 22:18 q13n 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues speaking to the people of Israel. 22:19 c6dg they must fine him 0 Alternate translation: “they must make him pay as a punishment” 22:19 j3h6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney one hundred shekels 0 Alternate translation: “100 shekels” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 22:19 njg8 give them to the father of the girl 0 Alternate translation: “give the money to the father of the girl” 22:19 q46p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns has caused a bad reputation for a virgin of Israel 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **reputation**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “has caused people to think that a virgin of Israel is a bad person” 22:19 w6zh he may not send her away 0 Alternate translation: “never allow him to divorce her” 22:19 sb61 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom during all his days 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “for his entire life” 22:20 u7al 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues speaking to the people of Israel. 22:20 b2ml But if this thing is true 0 Alternate translation: “But if it is true” or “But if what the man said is true” 22:20 h9vv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive that the proof of virginity was not found in the girl 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that the man did not find proof that the girl was a virgin” 22:20 ut1j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns the proof of virginity 0 The abstract nouns “proof” and “virginity” can be translated as verbal phrases. Alternate translation: “something that proves that the girl has never had sexual relations” 22:21 u35w then they must bring out the girl 0 Alternate translation: “then the elders must bring out the girl” 22:21 tr69 stone her to death with stones 0 Alternate translation: “throw stones at her until she dies” 22:21 r68j because she has committed a disgraceful action in Israel 0 Alternate translation: “because she has done a disgraceful thing in Israel” 22:21 lq2i to act as a harlot in her father’s house 0 Alternate translation: “acting like a harlot while living in her father’s house” 22:21 n3u5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj you will remove the evil 0 The adjective “evil” can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “you must remove from among the Israelites the person who does this evil thing” or “you must execute this evil person” 22:22 tr9p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the word “you” is singular. 22:22 gj36 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive If a man is found 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “If someone finds a man” 22:22 jwc2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism lying with 0 This is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “having sexual relations with” 22:22 td33 and you will remove 0 Alternate translation: “in this way you will remove” 22:23 a6yj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the word “you” is singular. 22:23 gh34 engaged to a man 0 Alternate translation: “who is promised to marry a man” 22:23 qw6x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism lies with her 0 This is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “has sexual relations with her” 22:24 pa9s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you take … and stone 0 These commands are addressed to Israel as a group and so are plural. 22:24 y57q take both of them 0 Alternate translation: “then you must bring both the girl and the man who slept with her” 22:24 imu5 because she did not cry out 0 Alternate translation: “because she did not call for help” 22:24 h5rb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit because he violated his neighbor’s wife 0 The Israelites at that time thought of a man and woman who had engaged each other for marriage as husband and wife. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “because he slept with a girl who belongs to a fellow Israelite” 22:24 h8jh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj you will remove the evil from among you 0 The adjective “evil” can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “you must remove from among the Israelites the person who does this evil thing” or “you must execute this evil person” 22:25 bbb7 the engaged girl 0 a girl whose parents have agreed to let her marry a certain man, but she has not married him yet 22:25 g61l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism lies with her 0 This is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “has sexual relations with her” 22:25 y33y then only the man who lies with her must die 0 Alternate translation: “then you must only kill the man who lay with her” 22:26 x3q2 there is no sin worthy of death in the girl 0 Alternate translation: “you are not to punish her by killing her for what she did” 22:26 xrs6 For this case is like when a man attacks his neighbor and kills him 0 Alternate translation: “Because this situation is like the situation when somebody attacks another person and kills him” 22:27 qqe5 For he found her in the field 0 Alternate translation: “Because the man found the girl working in the field” 22:28 s17p but who is not engaged 0 Alternate translation: “but whose parents have not promised another man that she will marry him” 22:28 i4cs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism lies with her 0 This is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “has sexual relations with her” 22:28 m9ah rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive if they are discovered 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “if somebody finds out what happened” 22:29 tr9z rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney fifty shekels of silver 0 A shekel weighs eleven grams. Alternate translation: “fifty pieces of silver” or “550 grams of silver” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 22:29 yb82 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom He may not send her away during all his days 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “He must never divorce her during his entire life” 22:30 hh8b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit must not take his father’s wife as his own 0 The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “must not marry his father’s former wife, even if she is not his mother” 23:intro rn7c 0 # Deuteronomy 23 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### The assembly of Yahweh\n\nThis was probably the corporate worship of Yahweh, when the people would come together to worship him.\n\n### Racial superiority\n\nYahweh viewed Israel as superior to the other nations of Canaan. In many cultures, this may be seen as immoral. It must be remembered that the instructions of this chapter are very remote from the modern world. These people groups were always sinful and idolatrous. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) 23:1 r8v9 man injured by crushing or cutting off 0 Alternate translation: “man whose private body parts someone has crushed or cut off” 23:1 z8kb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom may enter the assembly of Yahweh 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “may be a full member of the Israelite community” 23:2 j67e illegitimate child 0 This could mean: (1) a child born to parents who committed incest or adultery or (2) a child born to a prostitute. 23:2 eh16 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal as far as to the tenth generation of his descendants 0 This “tenth” is the ordinal number for ten. Alternate translation: “even after ten generations of the illegitimate child’s descendants” 23:2 i3u2 none of them 0 Alternate translation: “none of these descendants” 23:3 zk3j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom may not belong to the assembly of Yahweh 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “may not be a full member of the Israelite community” 23:3 upu4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal as far as to the tenth generation of his descendants 0 This “tenth” is the ordinal number for ten. Alternate translation: “even after ten generations of his descendants” 23:4 sk15 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit they did not meet you with bread and with water 0 The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “they did not welcome you by bringing you food and drink” 23:4 l814 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you against you … curse you 0 Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the word “you” here is singular. 23:5 nd5k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 23:5 zpa9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom would not listen 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “did not pay attention” 23:5 ag3p turned the curse into a blessing for you 0 Alternate translation: “had him bless you and not curse you” 23:6 nk42 You must never seek their peace or prosperity 0 This could mean: (1) “You should never make a peace treaty with the Ammonites and the Moabites” or (2) “You must not do anything to cause things to go well for those 2 people groups to enable them to prosper” . 23:6 nxp6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom during all your days 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “as long as you are a nation” 23:7 erl6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 23:7 pb1s You must not detest an Edomite 0 Alternate translation: “Do not hate an Edomite” 23:7 p79b for he is your brother 0 Alternate translation: “because he is your relative” 23:7 alf8 you must not abhor an Egyptian 0 Alternate translation: “do not hate an Egyptian” 23:8 iwm4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal The descendants of the third generation that are born to them may belong to the assembly of Yahweh 0 This “third” is the ordinal number for three. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “If an Edomite or an Egyptian comes to live in the Israelite community, his grandchildren may become full members of that community” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 23:9 ffs3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you When you march out as an army against your enemies, then you must keep yourselves 0 Moses speaks here to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” are singular. 23:9 v59w against your enemies 0 Alternate translation: “to fight against your enemies” 23:9 m73w keep yourselves from every evil thing 0 Alternate translation: “keep yourselves away from all bad things” 23:10 fmm7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism any man who is unclean because of what happened to him at night 0 This is a polite way of saying that he had an emission of semen. Alternate translation: “any man who is unclean because he had an emission of semen while he was asleep” 23:12 myh9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 23:13 pw1i you will have something among your tools to dig with 0 Alternate translation: “you should have a tool that you can use to dig with” 23:13 sn2i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism when you squat down to relieve yourself 0 This is a polite way of saying to defecate. Alternate translation: “when you squat down to defecate” 23:13 k6ti you must dig with it 0 Alternate translation: “you must dig a hole with the tool” 23:13 mq5j cover up what has come out from you 0 Alternate translation: “cover up your excrement” 23:14 j9zn so that he may not see any unclean thing among you 0 Alternate translation: “so that Yahweh may not see any unclean thing among you” 23:15 ba2u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 23:15 cfk6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit a slave who has escaped from his master 0 The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “a slave from another country who escaped from his master and came to Israel” 23:16 c3m8 Let him live with you 0 Alternate translation: “Let the slave live among your people” 23:17 kr1e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 23:17 cmz6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism cultic prostitute … among any of the daughters … among the sons 0 This could mean: (1) Moses openly forbids women and men to perform sexual acts as part of temple service or (2) Moses uses a euphemism to forbid women and men to perform sexual acts to receive money. 23:18 i3pv You must not bring the wages of a prostitute … into the house 0 Alternate translation: “A woman who earns money as a prostitute must not bring that money … into the house” 23:18 cdx2 a dog 0 a man who allows men to have sex with him for money 23:18 p7wu into the house of Yahweh your God 0 Alternate translation: “into the temple” 23:18 nqe5 for any vow 0 Alternate translation: “to fulfill a vow” 23:18 dw4f both these 0 the wages of a female prostitute and of a male prostitute. 23:19 ad32 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 23:19 f1z2 lend on interest 0 to lend to somebody and force that person to pay back more than was lent 23:19 z4pg interest of money … anything that is lent on interest 0 Alternate translation: “you must not charge interest when you lend somebody money, food, or anything else” 23:20 ubn8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom all that you put your hand to 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “all that you do” 23:21 nbs8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 23:21 q8a9 you must not be slow in fulfilling it 0 Alternate translation: “you must not take a long time to fulfill the vow” 23:21 cns1 for Yahweh your God will surely require it of you 0 Alternate translation: “because Yahweh your God will blame you and punish you if you do not fulfill your vow” 23:22 g92k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit But if you will refrain from making a vow, it will be no sin for you 0 The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “But, if you do not make a vow, you will not sin because you will not have a vow to fulfill” 23:23 d5bw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom That which has gone out from your lips 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “The words you have spoken” 23:23 mp5l according as you have vowed to Yahweh your God 0 Alternate translation: “whatever you have vowed to Yahweh your God that you will do” 23:23 cj72 anything that you have freely promised with your mouth 0 Alternate translation: “anything that people have heard you promise to do because you wanted to do it” 23:23 qm3v with your mouth 0 Alternate translation: “so that people heard you say it” 23:24 gy1x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 23:24 wy4l you may eat as many grapes as you desire 0 Alternate translation: “then you may enjoy eating grapes until you are full” 23:24 ris3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit but do not put any in your basket 0 The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “but you may not put any grapes in your bag to take them away with you” 23:25 em5k When you go into your neighbor’s ripe grain 0 Alternate translation: “When you walk through your neighbor’s field where there is grain growing” 23:25 v1t5 you may pluck the heads of grain with your hand 0 Alternate translation: “then you may eat the kernels of grain with your hand” 23:25 jv7v but do not put a sickle to your neighbor’s ripe grain 0 Alternate translation: “but do not cut down your neighbor’s ripe grain and take it with you” 23:25 q13q sickle 0 a sharp tool that farmers use to harvest wheat 24:intro l5h3 0 # Deuteronomy 24 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter continues the teaching about how to maintain justice in Israel. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### “No man may take a mill or an upper millstone as a pledge”\nA millstone was the way a person made a living. To take a person’s millstone was to take away the way they earned money and produced food. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])\n\n### Lending money\n\nLending money to fellow Israelites was a way to help them out. It was not intended to be a way to make money off their brothers. This chapter gives limitations regarding the lending of money. 24:1 fn1d 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues speaking to the people of Israel. 24:1 t3lr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet When a man takes a wife and marries her 0 The phrases “takes a wife” and “marries her” mean the same thing. Alternate translation: “When a man marries a woman” 24:1 a5ki rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche if she finds no favor in his eyes 0 Here the “eyes” represent the whole person. Alternate translation: “if he decides that he does not like her” 24:1 bk83 because he has found some unsuitable thing in her 0 Alternate translation: “because for some reason he has decided that he does not want to keep her” 24:1 t5b8 he must write her a certificate of divorce 0 Alternate translation: “he must give his wife an official paper saying that they are not married anymore” 24:2 s8m8 she may go and be another man’s wife 0 Alternate translation: “she may go and marry another man” 24:3 i2hq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues speaking to the people of Israel about a woman who gets a divorce and marries another man. Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 24:3 x5th If the second husband hates her 0 Alternate translation: “If the second husband decides that he hates the woman” 24:3 n5zv certificate of divorce 0 This is an official paper saying that the man and woman are not married anymore. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 24:1](../24/01.md). 24:3 fwe1 puts it into her hand 0 Alternate translation: “gives it to the woman” 24:4 pjf5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit after she has become impure 0 The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “after she has become unclean by the divorce and remarriage to another man” 24:4 wx6u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification You must not cause the land to become guilty 0 The land is spoken of as if it could sin. Alternate translation: “You must not spread guilt around in the land” 24:5 k6dj 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses is still speaking to the people of Israel. 24:5 kq76 When a man takes a new wife 0 Alternate translation: “When a man is newly married to a woman” 24:5 e825 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive neither may he be commanded to go on any forced duty 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and no one is to force him to live away from his home and do any kind of work” 24:5 r7e9 he will be free to be at home 0 Alternate translation: “he will be free to live at home” 24:6 ug4c mill 0 a tool for making flour by grinding grain in between two heavy discs of stone 24:6 uas9 upper millstone 0 the top disc of stone in a mill 24:6 sp1u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy for that would be taking a person’s life as a pledge 0 The word “life” is a metonym for what a person needs to keep himself alive. Alternate translation: “because he would be taking from the man what the man needs to make food for his family” 24:7 pj12 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 24:7 q93t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom If a man is found kidnapping 0 This is an idiom for “If a man kidnaps.” It can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “If you find a man kidnapping” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 24:7 mk1d kidnapping 0 using physical force to take an innocent person away from his home and imprison him 24:7 zk84 any of his brothers from among the people of Israel 0 Alternate translation: “any of his fellow Israelites” 24:7 e6gc that thief must die 0 Alternate translation: “then other Israelites should kill that thief as a punishment for what he did” 24:7 jx4a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj you will remove the evil from among you 0 The adjective “evil” can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “you must remove from among the Israelites the person who does this evil thing” or “you must execute this evil person” 24:8 xl5c 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues speaking to the people of Israel. 24:8 s2sl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you Take heed … you carefully observe 0 Moses speaks to the Israelites here as if they were one man, so the word “you” and the command “take heed” are singular. 24:8 a4y7 Take heed regarding any plague of leprosy 0 Alternate translation: “Pay attention if you suffer from leprosy” or “Pay attention if you have leprosy” 24:8 g4nu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive every instruction given to you which the priests, the Levites, teach you 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “all of the instructions that I have given you and that the priests, who are Levites, teach you to do” 24:8 bq6f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you teach you … you will act 0 Moses here speaks to the Israelites as a group, so these instances of the word “you” are plural. 24:8 ha1s as I commanded them, so you will act 0 Alternate translation: “you must make sure that you do exactly what I have commanded them” 24:8 gr6s commanded them 0 The word “them” refers to the priests, who are Levites. 24:9 dz97 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you Call to mind what Yahweh your God 0 Moses speaks to the Israelites here as if they were one man, so the word “your” and the command “call to mind” are singular. 24:9 svp3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you you were coming out 0 Moses here speaks to the Israelites as a group, so the word “you” is plural. 24:9 rhd1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Call to mind 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “Remember” 24:9 ue24 as you were coming out of Egypt 0 Alternate translation: “during the time when you were leaving Egypt” 24:10 g9z2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 24:10 p9qp When you make your neighbor any kind of loan 0 Alternate translation: “When you loan something to your neighbor” 24:10 dgw3 to fetch his pledge 0 Alternate translation: “to take his pledge” 24:10 t462 his pledge 0 This refers to what he has promised that he would give you if he did not pay back the loan. 24:11 l4zm You will stand outside 0 Alternate translation: “You should wait outside his house” 24:12 igs8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 24:12 p99v you must not lie down to sleep with his pledge in your possession 0 Alternate translation: “you must not keep his coat overnight” or “you must return his pledge before you lie down to sleep” 24:12 ub2f his pledge 0 This refers to what he has promised that he would give you if he did not pay back the loan. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 24:10](../24/10.md). 24:13 ak4z restore to him the pledge 0 Alternate translation: “give him back what he has given you to show that he will pay back the loan” 24:13 b8d7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit so that he may sleep in his cloak and bless you 0 The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “so that he will have his coat to keep himself warm when he sleeps, and he will be grateful to you” 24:13 rg78 cloak 0 This is a coat or other clothing that keeps a person warm at night. This was probably the “pledge” Moses was speaking of in [Deuteronomy 24:10–12](./10.md). 24:13 ju2d it will be righteousness for you before Yahweh your God 0 Alternate translation: “Yahweh your God will approve of the way you handled this matter” 24:14 wp93 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 24:14 w8gq You must not oppress a hired servant 0 Alternate translation: “You must not treat a hired servant poorly” 24:14 lbh8 hired servant 0 a person who gets paid daily for his work 24:14 siq5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet poor and needy 0 These two words have similar meanings and emphasize that this is a person who cannot help himself. 24:14 pkc6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche within your city gates 0 Here “city gates” mean towns or cities. Alternate translation: “in one of your cities” 24:15 msa8 Each day you must give him his wage 0 Alternate translation: “You should give the man the money he earns every single day” 24:15 en53 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom the sun must not go down on this unsettled matter 0 This is an idiom. The Israelites considered the new day as starting when the sun went down. Alternate translation: “you should pay the man on the same day he does the work” 24:15 qhi5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit for he is poor and is counting on it 0 The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “because he is poor and depends on his wages to buy his food for the next day” 24:15 e1ry he does not cry out against you to Yahweh 0 Alternate translation: “he does not call out to Yahweh and ask him to punish you” 24:16 f9w8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive The parents must not be put to death for their children 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You must not execute the parents because of something bad that one of their children did” 24:16 dm6q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive neither must the children be put to death for their parents 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language, Alternate translation: “and you must not execute the children because of something bad that their parents did” 24:16 kpm3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive everyone must be put to death for his own sin 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you should only execute a person because of something bad that he did himself” 24:17 jt5p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 24:17 v5c5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor You must not use force to take away the justice that is due the foreigner or the fatherless 0 Moses speaks of justice as if it were a physical object that a stronger person can violently pull away from a weaker person. Alternate translation: “You must not treat a foreigner or the fatherless unfairly” 24:17 p5g1 fatherless 0 This refers to children whose parents have both died and do not have relatives to care for them. 24:17 e6gp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit nor take the widow’s cloak as a pledge 0 A lender would take something from the borrower to ensure that she would pay him back. He was not allowed to take her coat because she needed it to stay warm. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “and do not take a widow’s cloak as a pledge because she needs it to stay warm” 24:18 w91c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom call to mind 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “remember” 24:19 x6d4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 24:19 t9e2 When you reap your harvest in your field 0 Alternate translation: “When you cut down the grain in your field” 24:19 im2p an omer of grain 0 Some versions translate this as “a sheaf.” Either translation refers to stalks of grain, enough to be easily carried, possibly tied in a bundle. 24:19 nzd1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis it must be for the foreigner, for the fatherless, or for the widow 0 You can make clear the understood information. Alternate translation: “you must leave the sheaf so a foreigner, an orphan, or a widow can take it” 24:19 xe9h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche in all the work of your hands 0 Here “hands” refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “in all the work that you do” 24:20 e142 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis When you shake your olive tree 0 You can make clear the understood information. Alternate translation: “When you shake the branches of your olive tree, causing the olives to fall to the ground so you can pick them up” 24:20 e66f you must not go over the branches again 0 Alternate translation: “do not pick every single olive from the tree” 24:20 e3tn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis it will be for the foreigner, for the fatherless, or for the widow 0 You can make clear the understood information. Alternate translation: “the olives that stay on the branches are for foreigners, orphans, and widows to pick and take with them” 24:21 qg17 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 24:21 h98g What is left over will be for the foreigner, for the fatherless, and for the widow 0 Alternate translation: “The grapes that you do not pick will be for the foreigner, the fatherless, and the widow to pick” 24:21 qsd7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun for the foreigner, for the fatherless, and for the widow 0 These refer to groups of people. Alternate translation: “for foreigners, for those who are fatherless, and for the widows” 24:22 jte9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom call to mind 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “remember” 25:intro e9vi 0 # Deuteronomy 25 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter continues to teach about justice in Israel. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### “A perfect and just weight you must have”\nIn the ancient Near East, money was weighted on a scale. If a persons weight was off, they were robbing people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 25:1 kk1l 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues speaking to the people of Israel. 25:2 m44y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive If the guilty man deserves to be beaten 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “If the judge orders them to beat the guilty man” 25:2 b3ki rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive be beaten in his presence 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he will watch them beat him” 25:2 iku9 with the ordered number of blows, as was his crime 0 Alternate translation: “the number of times he has ordered because of the bad deed he did” 25:3 ytf3 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues speaking to the people of Israel. 25:3 e1n2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers The judge may give him forty blows 0 Alternate translation: “The judge may say that they should beat the guilty person 40 times” 25:3 p5e2 but he may not exceed that number 0 Alternate translation: “but the judge may not order them to beat him more than 40 times” 25:3 n2km for if he should exceed that number and beat him with many more blows 0 Alternate translation: “because if the judge orders them to beat him many more than 40 times” 25:3 l8ju rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive then your fellow Israelite would be humiliated before your eyes 0 This may be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “then the judge would humiliate your fellow Israelite in front of all of the people of Israel” 25:3 s8b7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche humiliated before your eyes 0 Here the people are represented by their “eyes” to emphasize what they see. Alternate translation: “humiliated, and you would all see it” 25:4 zw1w You must not muzzle the ox 0 Alternate translation: “You must not put something over the mouth of an ox” 25:4 jy42 when he treads out the grain 0 while he separates the grain from the chaff by walking on it or dragging heavy wood over it 25:5 w7si 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses is still speaking to the people of Israel. 25:5 a1gx If brothers live together 0 This could mean: (1) “If brothers live on the same property” or (2) “If brothers live near each other.” 25:5 e3vx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive then the wife of the dead man must not be married off to someone 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “then the family of the dead man must not let the widow marry someone” 25:5 y2p8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism shall go in to her 0 This is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “shall have sexual relations with her” 25:5 j4zw do the duty of a husband’s brother to her 0 Alternate translation: “do what the brother of a dead husband is supposed to do” 25:6 tf4h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy will succeed in the name of that man’s dead brother 0 The word “name” is a metonym for the person’s family line. Alternate translation: “will continue the family line of that man’s dead brother” 25:6 d4l7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy so that his name will not perish from Israel 0 The word “name” is a metonym for the person’s family line. Alternate translation: “so that his family line will not disappear from Israel” 25:7 clc2 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues speaking to the people of Israel. 25:7 hf36 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit must go up to the gate to the elders 0 The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “must go up to the city gate where the elders judge cases” 25:7 v965 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy refuses to raise up for his brother a name 0 Here “name” refers to the memory of someone through his descendants. Alternate translation: “refuses to give his brother a son” 25:7 d9aj he will not perform the duty of a husband’s brother to me 0 Alternate translation: “he will not do what a husband’s brother is supposed to do and marry me” 25:8 sx4h I do not wish to take her 0 Alternate translation: “I do not wish to marry her” 25:9 wrp9 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues speaking to the people of Israel. 25:9 d6jx must come up to him in the presence of the elders 0 Alternate translation: “must walk up close to him with the elders there watching” 25:9 e9kq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy who does not build up his brother’s house 0 Here “house” is a metonym for the family. Alternate translation: “who does not give his brother a son and continue his brother’s family line” 25:10 py4m His name will be called in Israel 0 Alternate translation: “People in Israel will know his family as” 25:10 hsh9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit The house of him whose sandal has been taken off 0 Here removing the sandal symbolizes that the brother would not receive any of the property of his dead brother. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. This can also be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The house of him whose sandal his brother’s widow took off his foot” or “The family of a man who did not marry the wife of his dead brother” or “The family whom everyone despises” or “The family who is shameful” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 25:11 qu3t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 25:11 fd81 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy out of the hand of him who struck him 0 Here “hand” refers to power or control. Alternate translation: “so the one who struck him will not strike him again” or “from the man who hit him” 25:12 lc9r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche your eye must have no pity 0 Here “eye” means the whole person. Alternate translation: “you should not feel sorry for her” or “you must not show her mercy” 25:13 m4mm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 25:13 bt47 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit You must not have in your bag different weights, a large and a small 0 The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. You can also make clear the understood information. Alternate translation: “You must not cheat people by using a weight that is larger than you say it is when you buy things and by using a weight that is smaller than you say it is when you sell things” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 25:13 q2yv weights 0 Weights were stones used on a balance to determine how much something weighs 25:14 bt5b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit You must not have in your house different measures, a large and a small 0 The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. You can also make clear the understood information. Alternate translation: “You must not cheat people by using a measure that is larger than you say it is when you buy things and by using a measure that is smaller than you say it is when you sell things” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 25:14 n9g6 measures 0 A measure was a basket or other container for measuring how much there is of something. 25:15 q2jf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues speaking to the people of Israel about using fair weights and measures when buying and selling. He speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 25:15 emm1 A perfect and just 0 Alternate translation: “A correct and fair” 25:15 h3e2 weight … measure 0 See how you translated these words in [Deuteronomy 25:13](../25/13.md). 25:15 lu1x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom your days may be long 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “you may live for a long time” 25:16 xsn1 For all who do such things, all that act unrighteously 0 Alternate translation: “because everyone who cheats people by using different sized weights and measures” 25:17 za5v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so except where noted the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 25:17 fs1s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Call to mind what Amalek did to you 0 This is an idiom, and “Amalek” is a metonym for the Amelikite people. Alternate translation: “Remember what the Amalekites did to you” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 25:17 y9yn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you as you came out 0 The word “you” here is plural. 25:18 yp1n how he met you on the road 0 Alternate translation: “how they met you along the way” 25:18 h41g attacked those of you at the rear 0 Alternate translation: “attacked those of your people who were in the back of the line” 25:18 f2uv all who were feeble in your rear 0 Alternate translation: “all the people who were weak in the back of the line” 25:18 bv3r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet faint and weary 0 These words have similar meanings and emphasize how tired the people were. Alternate translation: “tired and exhausted” 25:18 ig25 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit he did not honor God 0 The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “he was not afraid of God’s punishment” or “he did not respect God” 25:19 gv8d you must blot out the remembrance of Amalek from under heaven 0 Alternate translation: “you must kill all of the Amalekites so that nobody will remember them anymore” 26:intro t97p 0 # Deuteronomy 26 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter recalls the great events of Israel’s history when Yahweh brought them out of Egypt. 26:1 yl9f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 26:2 epa3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal some of the first of all the harvest 0 Alternate translation: “some of the first fruits of the harvest” or “some of the first crops of the harvest.” This “first” is the ordinal number for one. 26:3 wq9z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 26:5 u2nt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 26:5 tpv8 My ancestor was a wandering Aramean 0 This is the beginning of the statement that the Israelite male should make when bringing his basket. 26:5 tq54 a wandering Aramean 0 This refers to Jacob, who was the ancestor of all the Israelites. He lived for many years in Aram-Nahairam, a region located in Syria. 26:5 k6c8 stayed there 0 Alternate translation: “lived the rest of his life there” 26:5 fi9k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy There he became 0 The word “he” is a metonym for “Jacob’s descendants.” 26:5 bu5w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet a great, mighty 0 These words mean basically the same thing. They emphasize that Israel became a large and powerful nation. Alternate translation: “very great” 26:6 i527 0 # General Information:\n\nThis continues what the Israelite must say when he brings his first crops to Yahweh. 26:6 ujn6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet treated us badly and afflicted us 0 These two phrases say basically the same thing. They emphasize that the Egyptians acted very harshly. 26:6 c31y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive treated us 0 Here “us” refers to the people of Israel that were living in Egypt. The speaker includes himself as one of the people whether he lived in Egypt or not. 26:7 yr33 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy he heard our voice 0 Here “voice” refers to the whole person and his cries or prayers. Alternate translation: “he heard our cries” or “he heard our prayers” 26:7 g82f our affliction, our labor, and our oppression 0 Alternate translation: “that the Egyptians were afflicting us, that we were doing very hard work, and that the Egyptians were oppressing us” 26:8 c2ae 0 # General Information:\n\nThis continues what the Israelite must say when he brings his first crops to Yahweh. 26:8 bl9x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive Yahweh brought us 0 Here “us” refers to the people of Israel that were living in Egypt. The speaker includes himself as one of the people whether he lived in Egypt or not. 26:8 qdu1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor with a mighty hand, with an outstretched arm 0 Here “a mighty hand” and “an outstretched arm” are metaphors for Yahweh’s power. See how you translated these words in [Deuteronomy 4:34](../04/34.md). Alternate translation: “by showing his mighty power” 26:8 r6wp with great fearsomeness 0 Alternate translation: “with acts that terrified the people who saw them” 26:9 e5yf a land that flows with milk and honey 0 This is an idiom. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 6:3](../06/03.md). Alternate translation: “a land where plenty of milk and honey flow” or “a land that is excellent for cattle and farming” 26:10 w7qd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues telling the Israelites what they must say when they bring theire first crops to Yahweh. He speaks to them as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 26:10 i91e first of the harvest 0 Alternate translation: “first fruits of the harvest” or “first crops of the harvest” 26:10 w4db You must set it down 0 Alternate translation: “You must set the basket down.” 26:11 n6y8 you must rejoice in all the good that Yahweh your God has done for you 0 Alternate translation: “you must rejoice and be grateful for all the good things that Yahweh your God has done for you” 26:12 m35u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 26:12 hy2p rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal in the third year 0 This “third” is the ordinal number for three. Every three years the people of Israel gave a tenth of the harvest to the poor. 26:12 whv6 fatherless 0 These are children whose parents have both died and do not have relatives to care for them. 26:12 qtq6 widow 0 This means a woman whose husband has died and has no children to care for her now that she is old. 26:12 w7jj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche eat within your city gates and be filled 0 Here “gates” means towns or cities. Alternate translation: “so that those within your towns may have enough food to eat” 26:13 m9iv I have brought out of 0 These are the first words of another statement that the Israelite was supposed to say. 26:13 br99 neither have I forgotten them 0 This means that he has obeyed all of God’s commandments. 26:14 ptc4 0 # General Information:\n\nThis continues what the Israelite must say to Yahweh when he gives his tithe to the poor. 26:14 u6sj I have not eaten any of it in my mourning 0 Alternate translation: “I have not eaten any of the tithe while I was mourning” 26:14 at8m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit when I was impure 0 Here “impure” means the person is unclean according to the Law. God does not allow an unclean person to touch the tithe he is giving to God. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “when I was unclean according to the Law” or “when the law says I cannot touch it” 26:14 i6zz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy I have listened to the voice of Yahweh my God; I have obeyed everything you have commanded me to do 0 Here “voice of Yahweh” is a metonym for what Yahweh says. Both statements share similar meanings. They emphasize that the person has obeyed all of God’s commands. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 26:15 q1e2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet from the holy place where you live, from heaven 0 These two phrases mean the same thing. Alternate translation: “from heaven, your holy dwelling place” 26:15 y7c5 a land flowing with milk and honey 0 This is an idiom. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 6:3](../06/03.md). Alternate translation: “a land where plenty of milk and honey flow” or “a land that is excellent for cattle and farming” 26:16 q8i6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 26:16 lvb6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy with all your heart and with all your soul 0 Here “heart” and “soul” are metonyms for a person’s inner being. These two phrases are used together to mean “completely” or “earnestly.” See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 4:29](../04/29.md). (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 26:17 v3dx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism that you will walk in his ways and keep his statutes, his commandments, and his decrees, and that you will listen to his voice 0 The words “walk,” “keep,” and “listen” have similar meanings here. Here “voice” refers to what God has said. Alternate translation: “that you will completely obey everything Yahweh commands” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 26:18 c7hk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 26:18 wri1 a people who are his own possession 0 Alternate translation: “a people who belong to him” 26:19 q8jb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom he will set you high above 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “he will make you more important than” or “he will make you greater than” 26:19 p58x he will set you high above all the other nations that he has made, and you will receive praise, fame, and honor 0 This could mean: (1) “he will cause you to become greater than any other nation that he has established, and he will enable you to praise him and honor him” or (2) “he will have people praise you more than they praise every other nation that he has made; people will say that you are better than any other nation, and they will honor you.” 26:19 lg4i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor You will be a people that is set apart to Yahweh your God 0 Yahweh choosing the people of Israel to belong to him in a special way is spoken of as if Yahweh set them apart from all other nations. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh your God will set you apart from other nations” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 27:intro uy69 0 # Deuteronomy 27 General Notes\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### “May the man be cursed”\nThis phrase is repeated several times in this chapter. This parallelism serves as a warning to the Israelites when they will live in the Promised Land. This is part of the covenant Yahweh made with Moses. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) 27:1 mu7e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so except where noted, the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 27:1 ya1q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you command you today 0 Moses is speaking to the Israelites as a group, so the word “you” is plural. 27:1 g7rq I command 0 Here “I” refers to Moses. The elders are there in agreement with Moses, but he is the only one speaking. 27:2 yul5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you you will pass 0 Moses is speaking to the Israelites as a group, so the word “you” is plural. 27:2 c7s3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit plaster them with plaster 0 Plaster is usually a mixture of lime, sand, and water that is spread on something. It dries to form a hard, smooth surface on which a person can write. Alternate translation: “spread plaster on them” or “make them so you can write on them” 27:3 yd13 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom a land flowing with milk and honey 0 This is an idiom. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 6:3](../06/03.md). Alternate translation: “a land where plenty of milk and honey flow” or “a land that is excellent for cattle and farming” 27:4 rjy8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 27:4 l6gl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you you have passed … set up … I am commanding you 0 Moses is addressing the Israelites as a group, so the instances of “you” and the command “set up” are plural. 27:4 gk8x plaster them with plaster 0 Alternate translation: “spread plaster on them” or “make them so you can write on them.” See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 27:2](../27/02.md). 27:4 vvi2 Mount Ebal 0 This is a mountain near Shechem. See how you translated it in [Deuteronomy 11:29](../11/29.md). 27:5 ebq3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit you must raise no iron tool to work the stones 0 This refers to the chisels that would make the stones smoother, in order that they might fit together better. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “you will not shape the altar stones with iron tools” 27:6 c115 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 27:6 y47u unworked stones 0 stones in their natural shape that no one has shaped with metal tools 27:8 fa2n write on the stones 0 This refers to the stones they were to set up on Mount Ebal and cover with plaster. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 27:2](../27/02.md) and [Deuteronomy 27:4](./04.md). 27:9 dv5w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 27:10 q49w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy obey the voice of Yahweh your God 0 Here the metonym “voice of Yahweh” refers to what he says. Alternate translation: “obey what Yahweh your God says” 27:10 f9l6 I am commanding 0 Moses is commanding. The Levites are there in agreement with Moses, but he is the only one speaking. 27:12 p66t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy These tribes 0 Here the metonym “tribes” refers to the people from the tribes of Simeon, Levi, Judah, Issachar, Joseph, and Benjamin. Alternate translation: “The people from these tribes” 27:12 s7rz Mount Gerizim 0 A small mountain north of Mount Ebal. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 11:29](../11/29.md). 27:12 rsu5 Joseph 0 This combines the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh, who were descendants of Joseph. 27:13 ax7s Mount Ebal 0 See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 11:29](../11/29.md). 27:13 p9b6 pronounce curses 0 Alternate translation: “say in a loud voice how Yahweh will curse Israel” 27:15 pp2u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive May the man be cursed … sets it up in secret 0 This is the statement the Levites must shout to all the people of Israel. It may be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “May Yahweh curse the person … sets it up in secret” 27:15 ne2d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom the work of the hands of a craftsman 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “something a man has made” 27:15 jjw2 craftsman 0 a man who knows how to make things well 27:16 m7ef 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues telling the Levites and the people what they must say. 27:16 igu1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive May the man be cursed 0 This may be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “May Yahweh curse the man” 27:17 api7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit who removes his neighbor’s landmark 0 The full meaning of the statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “who takes land away from his neighbor by moving the markers on the borders of his land” 27:18 s55n 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues telling the Levites and the people what they must say. 27:18 f4in rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive May the man be cursed 0 This may be stated in active form. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 27:16](../27/16.md). Alternate translation: “May Yahweh curse the man” 27:19 b9gc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor uses force to take away the justice due to a foreigner … widow 0 Moses speaks of justice as if it were a physical object that a stronger person can violently pull away from a weaker person. Your language might have one word that means “use force to take away.” See how you translated these words in [Deuteronomy 24:17](../24/17.md). Alternate translation: “treats a foreigner … widow unfairly” 27:19 ed5u fatherless 0 These are children whose parents have both died and do not have relatives to care for them. 27:19 cnk8 widow 0 This means a woman whose husband has died and has no children to care for her in her old age. 27:20 fzq9 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues telling the Levites and the people what they must say. 27:20 s47r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive May the man be cursed 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 27:16](../27/16.md). Alternate translation: “May Yahweh curse the man” 27:20 szg5 his father’s wife 0 This does not refer to the man’s mother, but another wife of his father. 27:20 jzl8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit he has taken away his father’s rights 0 When a man marries a woman, only he has the legal right to sleep with her. The full meaning of this statement may be made explicit. Alternate translation: “he has taken away his father’s legal rights” 27:22 p8ac 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues telling the Levites and the people what they must say. 27:22 zer5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive May the man be cursed 0 This may be stated in active form. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 27:16](../27/16.md). Alternate translation: “May Yahweh curse the man” 27:22 rhp9 the daughter of his father, or with the daughter of his mother 0 This means a man cannot sleep with his sister, even if she has a different mother or father. 27:24 q772 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues telling the Levites and the people what they must say. 27:24 n57s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive May the man be cursed 0 This may be stated in active form. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 27:16](../27/16.md). Alternate translation: “May Yahweh curse the man” 27:26 mmv3 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues telling the Levites and the people what they must say. 27:26 z9xa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive May the man be cursed 0 This may be stated in active form. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 27:16](../27/16.md). Alternate translation: “May Yahweh curse the man” 28:intro f2wv 0 # Deuteronomy 28 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Blessings and warnings\n\nThis chapter explains some of the blessings and warnings associated with Israel’s obedience to the law of Moses. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) 28:1 cg2q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 28:1 f13g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy to the voice of Yahweh your God 0 Here the metonym “voice of Yahweh” refers to what he says. Alternate translation: “to what Yahweh your God says” 28:1 nmq7 so as to keep 0 Alternate translation: “and obey” 28:1 gb5d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor set you above 0 Moses speaks of being important or being great as if it were being physically higher, as on a higher hill. Alternate translation: “make you more important than” or “make you greater than” 28:2 w8tx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor All these blessings will come on you and overtake you 0 Moses describes the blessings as a person who would attack them by surprise or chase and catch them. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will bless you like this in ways that will completely surprise you, and it will be as if you cannot escape having him bless you” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 28:3 wiv2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 28:3 uv27 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Blessed will you be 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will bless you” 28:3 z33g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism in the city … in the field 0 This merism means that Yahweh will bless them everywhere. 28:4 t3s8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom the fruit of your body, and the fruit of your ground, and the fruit of your beasts 0 These idioms for “your children, and your crops, and all your animals” form a merism for everything the Israelites valued. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 28:4 t45f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet the fruit of your beasts, the increase of your cattle, and the young of your flock 0 This doublet is three ways of saying that Yahweh will make the Israelites’ animals many and strong. Alternate translation: “all of your animals along with the calves of the cattle and the lambs of the flocks” 28:5 w512 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 28:5 mk51 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Blessed will be 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will bless” 28:5 lu31 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy your basket and your kneading trough 0 Israelites used a basket to carry grain. A “kneading trough” was a bowl they used to mix the grain and make bread. Alternate translation: “all the food you grow and all the food you eat” 28:6 cm5f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism when you come in … when you go out 0 This merism refers to all of life’s activities everywhere they go. 28:7 ky89 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 28:7 p5y5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive cause your enemies who rise up against you to be struck down before you 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “cause you to defeat the armies that attack you” 28:7 u7a7 but will flee before you seven ways 0 Alternate translation: “but they will run away from you in seven directions” 28:7 x6u8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom seven ways 0 This is an idiom. The actual number could be more or less than seven. Alternate translation: “in many different directions” 28:8 ppz6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Yahweh will command the blessing to come on you in your barns 0 Moses describes Yahweh blessing the Israelites as if Yahweh were commanding a person to attack them by surprise. Alternate translation: “When Yahweh blesses you, you will be surprised by how much grain you have in your barns” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 28:8 r2ab rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom in all that you put your hand to 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “in everything you do” 28:9 xw3n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 28:9 a5t2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Yahweh will establish you as a people that is set apart for himself 0 Yahweh choosing the people of Israel to belong to him in a special way is spoken of as if Yahweh put them in a place different from the place all other nations live in. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will make you a holy people that belongs to him” 28:10 k3wc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy you are called by the name of Yahweh 0 Here the metonym “called by the name of Yahweh” means belonging to him. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has called you his own” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 28:11 jw4n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 28:11 i27w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom in the fruit of your body, in the fruit of your cattle, in the fruit of your ground 0 This is an idiom. See how you translated these words in [Deuteronomy 28:4](../28/04.md). Alternate translation: “with children, animals, and crops” 28:12 rc3i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor his storehouse of the heavens 0 Moses speaks of the clouds from which the rain falls as if they were a building where he stores the rain. Alternate translation: “the clouds” 28:12 x3c1 at the right time 0 Alternate translation: “when the crops need it” 28:12 lb4j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche all the work of your hand 0 The word “hand” is a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “all the work that you do” 28:13 czu1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 28:13 am9q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the head, and not the tail 0 This metaphor describes the nation of Israel as an animal and means the Israelites will always be the leaders over other nations and never the servants following behind them. The Israelites will be superior in power, money, and honor. 28:13 yc2s will be only above … will never be beneath 0 The Israelites will rule over others but never have others rule them. 28:13 dhn1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you I am commanding you 0 Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, so the word “you” is plural. 28:14 ce8r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor if you do not turn away from any of the words that I am commanding you today, to the right hand or to the left, so as to go after other gods to serve them 0 Disobeying Yahweh and worshiping other gods is spoken of as if a person physically turned and went in a different direction from Yahweh’s words. Alternate translation: “if you do not disobey what I am commanding you today by serving other gods” 28:15 k4bm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 28:15 hi33 But if 0 Here Moses starts describing the curses the people will receive if they disobey. 28:15 x89v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the voice of Yahweh your God 0 Here the metonym “voice of Yahweh” means what Yahweh says. Alternate translation: “what Yahweh your God is saying” 28:15 g8p4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor then all these curses will come on you and overtake you 0 Moses describes the curses as a person who would attack them by surprise or chase and catch them. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will curse you like this in ways that will completely surprise you, and it will be as if you cannot escape having him curse you” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 28:15 xl16 come on you and overtake you 0 See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 28:2](../28/02.md). 28:16 gl2a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 28:16 nf28 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Cursed will you be 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will curse you” 28:16 rs5i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism in the city … in the field 0 This merism means that Yahweh will bless them everywhere. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 28:3](../28/03.md). 28:17 ii5p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy your basket and your kneading trough 0 The Israelites used a basket to carry grain. A “kneading trough” was a bowl they used to mix the grain and make bread. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 28:5](../28/05.md). Alternate translation: “all the food you grow and all the food you eat” 28:18 k7ip rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 28:18 nhd7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Cursed will be 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will curse” 28:18 ewg6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom the fruit of your body, the fruit of your ground 0 This is an idiom for “your children, your crops.” See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 28:4](../28/04.md). 28:18 xsg2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet the increase of your cattle, and the young of your flock 0 This doublet is two ways of saying that Yahweh will make the Israelites’ animals many and strong. Alternate translation: “the calves of the cattle and the lambs of the flocks” 28:19 mk23 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism when you come in … when you go out 0 This merism refers to all of life’s activities everywhere they go. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 28:6](../28/06.md) 28:20 p97u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 28:20 m9t5 curses, confusion, and rebukes 0 Alternate translation: “disasters, fear, and frustration” 28:20 bcy3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom in all that you put your hand to 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “in everything you do” 28:20 srg3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive until you are destroyed 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “until your enemies destroy you” 28:20 sy2b forsaken me 0 Here “me” refers to Yahweh. 28:21 sup8 cling to you 0 Alternate translation: “remain on you” 28:22 tj8c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 28:22 c1zz infectious diseases, with fever, with inflammation 0 Alternate translation: “diseases and burning fevers that will make you weak.” These all refer to diseases that cause people to grow weak and die. 28:22 su4y with drought 0 Alternate translation: “with lack of rain” 28:22 k5ew mildew 0 mold that grows on crops and causes them to rot 28:22 btm2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification These will pursue you 0 Moses speaks of the bad things that would happen to the Israelites as if they were people or animals who would chase after the Israelites. Alternate translation: “You will suffer from them” 28:23 alx9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 28:23 xf1q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor skies … will be bronze 0 Moses speaks of the skies being like bronze because there will be no rain. Alternate translation: “skies … will give no rain” 28:23 eb3i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the earth … will be iron 0 Moses speaks of the earth being like iron because no crops will grow. Alternate translation: “nothing will grow from the ground” 28:24 uz8n Yahweh will make the rain of your land into powder and dust 0 Alternate translation: “instead of rain, Yahweh will send sandstorms” 28:24 zt41 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive until you are destroyed 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “until it destroys you” 28:25 b1re rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 28:25 z7yb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Yahweh will cause you to be struck down before your enemies 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will cause your enemies to strike you down” 28:25 yi77 to be struck down before 0 See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 28:7](../28/07.md). 28:25 yfp6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers will flee before them seven ways 0 This means the Israelites will be afraid and panic and run away from their enemies. See similar wording in [Deuteronomy 28:7](../28/07.md). Alternate translation: “you will flee in seven directions” 28:25 v9pl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom seven ways 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “in many different directions” 28:25 k6ms rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive You will be tossed to and fro among all the kingdoms 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The peoples of the other nations will drive you from one nation to another” 28:27 wb3q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 28:27 q4ig the boils of Egypt 0 Alternate translation: “the same skin disease with which I cursed the Egyptians” 28:27 gf18 boils … ulcers, scurvy, and itch 0 These are different types of skin diseases. 28:27 kvf6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive from which you cannot be healed 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “from which no one will be able to heal you” 28:29 we8c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile You will grope about at noonday like the blind grope in the darkness 0 Alternate translation: “You will be like blind people who grope in darkness even at noonday.” The Israelites will have a difficult life even when everyone else is enjoying life. 28:29 z6va you will be always oppressed and robbed 0 Alternate translation: “stronger people will always oppress and rob you” 28:30 zt5j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 28:31 gh8u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Your ox will be slain before your eyes 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You will watch as someone kills your ox” 28:31 rf3y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive your donkey will be forcibly taken away from before you and will not be restored to you 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “someone will take your donkey by force and will not give it back” 28:31 b24n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Your sheep will be given to your enemies 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I will give your sheep to your enemies” or “I will allow your enemies to take your sheep” 28:32 wy9p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 28:32 mic6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Your sons and your daughters will be given to other peoples 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I will give your sons and your daughters to other peoples” or “Your enemies will take your sons and daughters” 28:32 c24q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche your eyes will look for them the entire day, but will fail with longing for them 0 Here “your eyes” refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “you will grow tired as you constantly watch for them and long to see them again” 28:32 lap6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy There will be no strength in your hand 0 Here the metonym “strength in your hand” refers to power. “Alternate translation: “You will be powerless to do anything about it” 28:33 xbz3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 28:33 db4k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy a nation 0 Here the metonym “a nation” means the people from a nation. Alternate translation: “people from a nation” 28:33 hvh1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet you will always be oppressed and crushed 0 The words “oppressed” and “crushed” mean basically the same thing. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “they will always oppress and crush you” or “they will oppress you continually” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 28:34 f8mx you will become insane by what you have to see happen 0 Alternate translation: “what you see will make you go crazy” 28:35 e9zv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive from which you cannot be cured 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that no one will be able to cure” 28:36 k4cu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 28:37 dwn5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet of horror, a proverb, and a byword, among all the peoples where Yahweh will lead you away 0 Here the words “proverb” and “byword” mean basically the same thing. This can be translated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: “of horror. The people, in the places where Yahweh will send you, will make up proverbs and bywords about you” or “of horror. Yahweh will send you to peoples who will laugh at you and ridicule you” 28:37 lz2g byword 0 a word or phrase that people use to shame others 28:38 lcl4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 28:38 t8st but will gather little seed in 0 Alternate translation: “but will harvest very little food” 28:40 ht5h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues describing God’s curses if the people disobey him. He speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 28:40 e99r but you will not rub any of the oil on yourself 0 People would rub olive oil on themselves to make their skin healthy. 28:40 fi15 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit your olive trees will drop their fruit 0 You may need to make explicit that the fruit drops before it is ripe. Alternate translation: “your olive trees will drop their fruit before the fruit is ripe” or “the olives will fall off your olive trees before they are ripe” 28:42 if6w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 28:43 cew2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun The foreigner who is 0 This does not mean a specific foreigner but refers to foreigners in general. Alternate translation: “The foreigners who are” 28:43 j1wi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom rise up above you higher and higher; you yourself will come down lower and lower 0 This idiom means foreigners will have more power, money, and honor than the Israelites. 28:44 ls98 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun He will … to him 0 This does not mean a specific foreigner (verse 43) but refers to foreigners in general. Alternate translation: “They will … to them” 28:44 wu98 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he will be the head, and you will be the tail 0 This means foreigners will have more power and authority than the Israelites. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Deuteronomy 28:13](../28/13.md). 28:45 lv3p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 28:45 l54e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor All these curses will come on you and will pursue and overtake you until you are destroyed 0 Moses describes the curses as a person who would attack them by surprise or chase and catch them. See how you translated something similar in [Deuteronomy 28:2](../28/02.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh will curse you like this in ways that will completely surprise you, and it will be as if he is chasing you and you cannot escape having him curse you” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 28:45 sp9j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy to the voice of Yahweh your God 0 Here the words “voice of Yahweh” are a metonym for what Yahweh said. Alternate translation: “to what Yahweh your God said” 28:45 tb8t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet his commandments and his regulations 0 The words “commandments” and “regulations” are a doublet for “all that Yahweh has commanded you to do.” 28:47 epc2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 28:47 qt75 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet joyfulness and gladness of heart 0 Here “joyfulness” and “gladness of heart” mean the same thing. They emphasize that the people should have been very glad to worship Yahweh. 28:48 y9ia rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor He will put a yoke of iron on your neck 0 This is a metaphor for Yahweh allowing the enemy to treat the Israelites cruelly and make them slaves. 28:49 b5tt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 28:49 yl1h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet from far away, from the ends of the earth 0 These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize that the enemy will come from a nation that is very far away from Israel. 28:49 j169 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom from the ends of the earth 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “from places that you know nothing about” 28:49 bjy5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile like an eagle flies to its victim 0 This means the enemy will come suddenly and the Israelites will not be able to stop them. 28:50 hsb9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy a nation with a fierce face that does not respect the aged and does not show favor 0 The word “nation” is a metonym for the people of that nation. Alternate translation: “a nation whose people have fierce expressions, who do not respect the aged and do not show favor” 28:51 n115 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive until you are destroyed 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “until they destroy you” or “until they leave you with nothing” 28:52 e3i5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues describing the army that will attack the Israelites if they do not obey Yahweh. He speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 28:52 x2h9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche you in all your city gates 0 Here the phrase “city gates” represents a city. Alternate translation: “your cities” 28:53 vca7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the fruit of your own body, the flesh of your sons and of your daughters 0 Here “the flesh of your sons and of your daughters” explains the metaphor “the fruit of your own body.” The people will be so hungry after the enemy army surrounds their city that they will eat their own children. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 28:53 swr5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the fruit of your own body 0 This speaks of children as if they were fruit that was produced by the bodies of their parents. Alternate translation: “your own children” 28:54 z4kd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 28:54 g9qb who is tender and very delicate among you—he 0 Alternate translation: “who is tender and very delicate among you—even he.” Moses is saying that not only those one would expect to eat their children, but even the last person one would expect to eat his own children will eat his children. 28:55 h7kb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche all your city gates 0 Here “city gates” represents the cities themselves. Alternate translation: “all your cities” 28:56 x19d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 28:56 ayv7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you The tender and delicate woman among you … tenderness—she 0 Alternate translation: “The tender and delicate woman among you … tenderness—even she.” Moses is saying that not only those one would expect to eat their children, but even women of noble birth and normally very gentle, whom one would never expect to eat their children, will eat their children. The word “you” here is singular. 28:56 sw1r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole who would not venture to put the bottom of her foot on the ground for delicateness and tenderness 0 Moses is exaggerating. He is emphasizing that this noble woman is so rich and lives in such luxury that she would not allow herself to get dirty. 28:56 u5mz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns for delicateness and tenderness 0 The abstract nouns “delicateness” and “tenderness” can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “because she is so delicate and tender” 28:57 lnt8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche within your city gates 0 Here “city gates” represents the cities themselves. Alternate translation: “within your cities” 28:58 x9pf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 28:58 sw6h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive that are written 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that I have written” 28:58 uak2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy this glorious and fearful name, Yahweh your God 0 Here the metonym “name” refers to Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “Yahweh your God who is glorious and awesome” 28:59 tu25 Yahweh will make your plagues terrible, and those of your descendants 0 Alternate translation: “Yahweh will send terrible plagues on you and your descendants” or “Yahweh will make sure that you and your descendants suffer from terrible plagues” 28:60 l1p3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 28:60 c4kp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom He will bring on you again all the diseases of Egypt 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “He will make sure that you again suffer from the diseases of Egypt” 28:60 qu7d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom they will cling to you 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “the diseases will not stop, and no one will be able to heal you of them” 28:61 ds4x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole every sickness and plague that is not written 0 Here “every” is a generalization that means “many.” If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “even other sicknesses and plagues that I have not written” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 28:61 p5ww rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive until you are destroyed 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “until he has destroyed you” 28:62 l59v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you You will be left … you were like … you did not listen 0 Moses is speaking to the Israelites as a group, so all instances of “you” are plural. 28:62 hu58 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile you were like the stars of the heavens in number 0 This means that in the past there were many Israelites. 28:62 j7ul rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy to the voice of Yahweh 0 Here the metonym “voice of Yahweh” refers to what Yahweh says. Alternate translation: “to what Yahweh says” 28:63 mhe6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you Yahweh once rejoiced over you … multiplying you … rejoice over you in making you perish and in destroying you. You will be plucked 0 Moses is speaking to the Israelites as a group, so all instances of “you” are plural. 28:63 b3je Yahweh once rejoiced over you in doing you good, and in multiplying you 0 Alternate translation: “Yahweh once enjoyed doing you good and causing you to become many” 28:63 eu1a he will rejoice over you in making you perish 0 Alternate translation: “he will enjoy making you die” 28:63 imz8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor You will be plucked off the land that you are going into to possess 0 Moses uses a metaphor to speak of the people as though they were fruit that Yahweh would take off a bush. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “He will remove you from the land which you are entering to possess” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 28:63 le25 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you you are going 0 Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the word “you” is singular. 28:64 xuc8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you scatter you … you will worship … you have not known … you nor your ancestors 0 Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 28:64 l3nk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism from the one end of the earth to the other end of the earth 0 These two extremes together mean everywhere on earth. Alternate translation: “throughout the earth” or “all over the earth” 28:65 j125 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 28:65 g15k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche there will be no rest for the bottoms of your feet 0 Here the phrase “the bottoms of your feet” refer to the whole person. Alternate translation: “you will have to continually wander because you have no permanent home where you can rest” 28:65 n83i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Yahweh will give you there a trembling heart, failing eyes, and a soul that mourns 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will cause you to be afraid, without hope, and sad” 28:66 ckv2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Your life will hang in doubt before you 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “You will not know whether you will live or die” 28:67 bik8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 28:67 wac6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom because of the fear in your hearts 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “because of the fear you are feeling” 28:67 u1ew rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche the things your eyes will have to see 0 Here “eyes” refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “the terrifying things I will force you to see” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 28:68 et6c I had said 0 Here “I” refers to Yahweh. 29:intro if6j 0 # Deuteronomy 29 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter is a retelling of the covenant Yahweh made with Moses, along with its blessings and cursing. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]]) 29:1 nsu8 These are the words that Yahweh commanded Moses to tell 0 This refers to words that Moses is about to speak. 29:1 b8p6 in the land of Moab 0 This is on the east side of the Jordan where the Israelites were staying before they entered the land of Canaan. “while they were in the land of Moab” 29:1 b7xy words that were added to the covenant … at Horeb 0 These additional commands were given to make Yahweh’s covenant apply better to the people once they were settled in their new land. These new commands did not belong to a different covenant, but rather were additions to the original covenant. 29:2 ya5p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche You have seen everything that Yahweh did before your eyes 0 Yahweh expected them to remember what Yahweh had done and they had seen it. Here the “eyes” represent the whole person and emphasize what the person has seen. Alternate translation: “You have seen all that Yahweh did so that you would see and remember what he did” 29:2 y1s6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you your eyes 0 Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the word “your” here is singular. 29:3 al38 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche the great sufferings that your eyes saw 0 Here “eyes” emphasizes that Yahweh expected them to remember that they had seen it. Alternate translation: “you saw for yourselves that the people suffered terribly” 29:3 tl81 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet the signs, and those great wonders 0 The words “signs” and “wonders” both refer to the plagues that Yahweh had sent upon Egypt. Alternate translation: “and all of the powerful things that Yahweh did” 29:4 mh61 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Yahweh has not given you a heart to know, eyes to see, or ears to hear 0 The people do have hearts, eyes, and ears. This metonym says that Yahweh has not enabled them to understand from what they saw and heard who Yahweh is, and how and why they should obey him. 29:4 u59c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom given you a heart to know 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “enabled you to understand” 29:5 p5xi I have led you 0 Yahweh is speaking to the people of Israel. 29:5 rbp5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers forty years 0 Alternate translation: “40 years” 29:5 g59z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you your sandals … your feet 0 Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the word “your” here is singular. 29:6 cv6m other alcoholic drinks 0 Alcoholic drinks made probably from fermented grains. They were not distilled liquors. 29:7 d31m Sihon, the king of Heshbon, and Og, the king of Bashan 0 See how you translated these names in [Deuteronomy 1:4](../01/04.md). 29:7 i2yh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive came out against us 0 Here “us” refers to Moses and the people of Israel. 29:9 ze3j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism keep the words of this covenant and do them 0 These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize that the people were to obey Yahweh’s commands. Alternate translation: “obey all the words of this covenant” 29:10 it8r 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues speaking to the people of Israel. 29:11 b36y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you among you in your camp … your wood … your water 0 Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 29:11 vw3v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun the foreigner who is among you in your camp, from him who cuts your wood to him who draws 0 There were many foreigners among the Israelites. Alternate translation: “the foreigners who are among you in your camp, from those who cut your wood to those who get your water” 29:12 p568 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 29:12 yb79 to enter into the covenant of Yahweh your God and into the oath that Yahweh your God is making with you today 0 Alternate translation: “to agree to the covenant and to swear that you will obey all that Yahweh your God commands” 29:13 nv7p a people for himself 0 Alternate translation: “a people group that belongs to him alone” 29:14 p3sa I am making 0 Here “I” refers to Yahweh. “Yahweh is making” 29:15 sv23 standing here with us 0 Here “us” refers to Moses and the people of Israel. 29:15 n738 those who are not here 0 Alternate translation: “our future descendants, who are not here” 29:16 ef56 we lived 0 Alternate translation: “we were slaves” 29:18 tf4z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche whose heart is turning away today from Yahweh our God 0 Here “heart” refers to the whole person, and “turning away” means to stop obeying. Alternate translation: “who no longer obeys Yahweh our God” 29:18 yq9n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor any root that produces gall and wormwood 0 Moses speaks of someone who secretly worships another God as if he were a root, and the evil deeds he does to serve that god, and which he encourages others to do, as a bitter plant that poisons people. Alternate translation: “any person who worships idols and causes others to disobey Yahweh” 29:19 u5ww that person 0 The person described in verse 18. 29:19 ydt9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom bless himself in his heart 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “congratulate himself” or “encourage himself” 29:19 l8ar rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom though I walk in the stubbornness of my heart 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “even though I still refuse to obey Yahweh” 29:19 rq4s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor This would destroy the wet together with the dry 0 Here the words “wet” and “dry” are metaphors for the righteous people and the wicked people. This forms a merism for “everyone.” Alternate translation: “This would cause Yahweh to destroy both the righteous people and the wicked people in the land” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 29:19 qq8r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj wet … dry 0 These nominal adjectives can be translated as nouns. Because the land was usually dry and the people needed rain so their crops would grow, these words are metaphors for “living … dead” or “good … bad.” Alternate translation: “wet things … dry things” or “good people … bad people” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 29:20 zp3x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the anger of Yahweh and his jealousy will smolder 0 Just as a fire can grow in intensity, so can God’s anger and Jealousy grow in intensity. Alternate translation: “Yahweh’s jealous anger will grow like a fire” 29:20 ud3q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys the anger of Yahweh and his jealousy 0 Here the word “jealousy” describes “the anger of Yahweh.” Alternate translation: Yahweh’s jealous anger” 29:20 c39z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive that are written 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that I have written” 29:20 v4lv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the curses that are written in this book will come on him 0 Moses describes the curses as a person who would attack them by surprise. See how you translated these words in [Deuteronomy 28:15](../28/15.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh will curse him with the curses written in this book in ways that will completely surprise him” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 29:20 h57e Yahweh will blot out his name from under heaven 0 This means God will completely destroy the person and his family. In the future people will not remember him. A similar phrase appears in [Deuteronomy 7:24](../07/24.md). 29:22 j9qf The generation to come, your children who will rise up after you 0 The words “your children … after you” tell who “the generation to come” is. 29:23 n8yz when they see that the whole land has become sulfur and burning salt 0 People put sulfur and salt on the soil to keep anything from growing. “when they see that Yahweh has burned the land with sulfur and salt” 29:23 g15s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive where nothing is sown or bears fruit 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “where no one can sow seed and the crops do not bear fruit” 29:23 bw2x like the overthrow of Sodom and Gomorrah 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **overthrow**, you can express the same idea with a clause. Alternate translation: “as when Yahweh completely destroyed Sodom and Gomorrah” 29:23 j85x rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Admah and Zeboyim 0 These are names of cities that Yahweh destroyed along with Sodom and Gomorrah. 29:24 j5xg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations they will say together with all the other nations … mean? 0 This can be translated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “they will ask with all the other nations why Yahweh has done this to the land, and what the heat of this great anger means.” 29:24 z3lu they will say together with all the other nations 0 Alternate translation: “your descendants and the people of all the other nations will say” 29:24 v7xx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys What does the heat of this great anger mean? 0 The writer is communicating one idea through two words. Alternate translation: “What does this terrible anger mean?” 29:25 j9gr It is because they abandoned the covenant of Yahweh, the God of their ancestors 0 This is the answer to “Why has Yahweh done this to this land?” ([Deuteronomy 29:24](../29/24.md)). “Yahweh has done this to the land because the Israelites did not follow the promises and the laws of his covenant” 29:26 p4qx served other gods and bowed down to them 0 Alternate translation: “obeyed other gods and worshiped them” 29:27 p8ms rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the anger of Yahweh has been kindled against this land 0 Moses compares Yahweh being angry to someone starting a fire. This emphasizes God’s power to destroy whatever makes him angry, and it can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has became very angry with this land” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 29:27 p9t6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy this land, so as to bring on it 0 Here “land” is a metonym representing the people. Alternate translation: “the people of this land, so as to bring on them” 29:27 wp7h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive that are written 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that I have written” 29:28 q4kt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Yahweh has uprooted them from their land … and has thrown them 0 Israel is compared to a bad plant that Yahweh has pulled up and thrown out of a garden. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has removed them from their land … and has forced them to go” 29:28 jz72 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet in anger, in wrath, and in great fury 0 The words “anger” and “wrath” and “fury” mean basically the same thing and emphasize the great intensity of Yahweh’s anger. Alternate translation: “in extremely great anger” or “because he was extremely angry” 29:29 d1e5 The secret matters belong alone to Yahweh our God 0 Alternate translation: “Some things Yahweh our God has not revealed, and only he knows them” 29:29 v7va rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive that are revealed 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that he has revealed” 29:29 ui8w we may do all the words of this law 0 Alternate translation: “we may do everything that this law commands us to do” 30:intro yx9f 0 # Deuteronomy 30 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nMoses begins to give final instructions to Israel before his death in anticipation of their entrance into the Promised Land. There were warnings and blessings associated with the people’s obedience to the covenant Yahweh made with Moses. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) 30:1 rkk4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 30:1 pfr8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom When all these things have come on you 0 Here “these things” refer to the blessings and curses described in chapters 28–29. The phrase “have come on you” is an idiom that means to happen. Alternate translation: “When all these things happen to you” 30:1 k5mi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor that I have set before you 0 This speaks of the blessings and curses that Moses told the people as if they were objects that he set in front of them. Alternate translation: “that I have just now told you about” 30:1 rtn6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom call them to mind 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “remember them” 30:1 qk91 among all the other nations 0 Alternate translation: “while you are living in the other nations” 30:1 ug75 has driven you 0 Alternate translation: “has forced you to go” 30:2 edl2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy obey his voice 0 Here “voice” is referring to what Yahweh says. Alternate translation: “obey what he says” 30:2 s239 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy with all your heart and with all your soul 0 Here “heart” and “soul” are metonyms for a person’s inner being. These two phrases are used together to mean “completely” or “earnestly.” See how you translated these words in [Deuteronomy 4:29](../04/29.md). (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 30:3 m7q5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns reverse your captivity 0 Alternate translation: “free you from your captivity.” If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **captivity**, you can express the same idea with a verbal clause. Alternate translation: “free you from those who had captured you” 30:4 icb7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 30:4 g129 If any of your exiled people are in the farthest places 0 Alternate translation: “Even those of your exiled people who are in the farthest places” 30:4 w6nm under the heavens 0 Alternate translation: “under the sky” or “on the earth” 30:6 iv7f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 30:6 dul8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor circumcise your heart 0 This is not a literal removal of flesh. It means God will remove their sin and enable them to love and obey him. 30:6 d25z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy with all your heart and with all your soul 0 Here “heart” and “soul” are metonyms for a person’s inner being. These two phrases are used together to mean “completely” or “earnestly.” See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 4:29](../04/29.md). (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 30:7 n367 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor will put all these curses on your enemies 0 Moses speaks of curses as though they were a load or a cover that someone could physically put on top of a person. Alternate translation: “will cause your enemies to suffer from these curses” 30:8 fpp4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy obey the voice of Yahweh 0 Here “voice” means what Yahweh says. Alternate translation: “obey what Yahweh says” 30:9 k3dd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 30:9 ws1q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche the work of your hand 0 Here “hand” refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “in all the work you do” 30:9 r217 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom in the fruit of your body … in the fruit of your cattle … in the fruit of your ground 0 These three phrases are idioms for “in children … in calves … in crops.” See how you translated these words in [Deuteronomy 28:4](../28/04.md). 30:10 w16u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive that are written 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that I have written” 30:10 vv69 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy with all your heart and all your soul 0 Here “heart” and “soul” are metonyms for a person’s inner being. These two phrases are used together to mean “completely” or “earnestly.” See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 4:29](../04/29.md). (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 30:11 lxg9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 30:11 wls8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor neither is it too far for you to reach 0 Moses speaks of being able to understand what a commandment requires a person to do as if it were that person being able to reach a physical object. Alternate translation: “neither is it too difficult for you to understand what Yahweh requires you to do” 30:12 lu7s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Who will go up for us to heaven and bring it down to us and make us able to hear it, so that we may do it? 0 Here Moses uses a rhetorical question to emphasize that the people of Israel think that Yahweh’s commands are too difficult for them to know. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “Someone must travel to heaven to learn God’s commands and then return to tell us what they are so we can obey them.” 30:13 nd92 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 30:13 fw31 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Who will go over the sea for us and bring it to us and make us to hear it, so that we may do it? 0 This rhetorical question continues the idea that the people of Israel think Yahweh’s commands are too difficult to know. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “Someone must travel across the sea to learn God’s commands and then return and tell us what they are.” 30:14 p17g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy in your mouth and your heart 0 This means that the people already know God’s commands and can tell them to others. 30:15 m7gm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 30:15 d23f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I have placed before you 0 Putting something where another person can see it is a metaphor for telling someone about something. Alternate translation: “I have told you about” 30:15 bn6k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit life and good, death and evil 0 You can make clear the implicit information. Alternate translation: “what is good and will cause you to live, and what is evil and will cause you to die” 30:16 jh9g multiply 0 increase greatly in number 30:17 ej9a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues to speak to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 30:17 a2vl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche if your heart turns away … but instead are drawn away and bow down to other gods and worship them 0 Here “heart” refers to the whole person. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “if you stop being loyal to God … and the people living in the land convince you to bow down and worship other gods” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 30:18 sr3z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you to you today that you … you will not prolong your days 0 Moses speaks to the Israelites as a group. 30:18 ee9y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor prolong your days 0 Long days are a metaphor for a long life. See how you translated these words in [Deuteronomy 4:26](../04/26.md). Alternate translation: “be able to live a long time” 30:19 t3ji rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so except where noted the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 30:19 gap6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy I call heaven and earth to witness 0 This could mean: (1) Moses is calling on all those who live in heaven and earth to be witnesses to what he says, or (2) Moses is speaking to heaven and earth as if they are people, and he is calling them to be witnesses to what he says (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) 30:19 qj9t to witness against you 0 Alternate translation: “to be willing to say that you have done evil things” 30:19 wxe8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you against you today 0 Moses speaks to the Israelites as a group. 30:20 k5mz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy obey his voice 0 Here “voice” refers to what Yahweh says. Alternate translation: “obey what he says” 30:20 sbp2 to cling to him 0 Alternate translation: “to rely on him” 30:20 x4gp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet For he is your life and the length of your days 0 These phrases have the same meaning and are metonyms for Yahweh, emphasizing that he is the one who gives life and determines the length of people’s lifetimes. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is the only one who can enable you to live a long life” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 30:20 qi8g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis swore to your ancestors 0 The ellipsis can be filled in. Alternate translation: “swore that he would give to your ancestors” 31:intro pki9 0 # Deuteronomy 31 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Final instructions\n\nIn the Ancient Near East, it was common for an important leader to give instructions for his people to follow after his death. In this chapter, Moses begins his final words to the people of Israel. These are words that he wants them to remember long after he is gone. This section also helped to make a smooth transition to Joshua’s leadership. 31:2 mb3i rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers one hundred twenty years old 0 Alternate translation: “120 years old” 31:2 bvw8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism I can no more go out and come in 0 Here the extremes “go out” and “come in” used together mean that Moses can no longer do what a healthy person can do. Alternate translation: “I am no longer able to go everywhere that you need to go, so I cannot be your leader any longer” 31:3 ep95 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you your God … before you … before you … you will dispossess … before you 0 Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 31:3 cll7 you will dispossess them 0 Alternate translation: “you will take their land” 31:3 p8q6 Joshua, he will go over before you, as Yahweh has spoken 0 Alternate translation: “Joshua will lead you across the river, as Yahweh promised” 31:4 nu6r 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues speaking to the Israelites. 31:4 b8wj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche he did to Sihon and to Og, the kings of the Amorites 0 Here “Sihon” and “Og” refer to two Kings of the Amorites and their armies. See how you translated these names in [Deuteronomy 1:4](../01/04.md). Alternate translation: “he did to Sihon and Og, the kings of the Amorites, and to their armies” 31:6 m79v Be strong and of good courage 0 Alternate translation: “Be strong and courageous” 31:6 lr5n fear not, and do not be afraid of them 0 Alternate translation: “do not fear them at all” 31:6 i5mi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you Yahweh your God … with you … fail you nor forsake you 0 Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 31:6 b7b9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes he will not fail you nor forsake you 0 This can be treated as litotes and translated positively. Alternate translation: “he will always fulfill his promise to you and will always be with you” 31:7 s174 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 31:7 r36v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy in the sight of all Israel 0 This means that all of the people of Israel were present. Alternate translation: “in the presence of all the Israelites” 31:7 ht4a Be strong and of good courage 0 Alternate translation: “Be strong and courageous.” See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 31:5](../31/05.md). 31:7 t7sv you will cause them to inherit it 0 Alternate translation: “you will help them take the land” 31:9 a6vj gave it out to the priests, the sons of Levi 0 Alternate translation: “gave it out to the Levites, who are the priests” 31:10 ani6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers seven years 0 Alternate translation: “7 years” 31:10 sy4p fixed for the cancellation of debts 0 Alternate translation: “for canceling debts” 31:10 d2me Festival of Shelters 0 Other names for this festival are “Feast of Tabernacles,” “Festival of Booths,” and “Feast of the Ingathering.” During harvest, farmers would set up temporary shelters in the field. This festival took place after the last harvest of the year. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 16:13](../16/13.md). 31:11 pt7m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you Yahweh your God … you will read 0 - Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 31:11 c11z in their hearing 0 Alternate translation: “so that they can hear it” 31:12 rlg2 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues speaking to the priests and the elders. 31:12 rtx9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche your foreigner who is within your city gates 0 Here “city gates” represents the cities themselves. Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the instances of “your” here are singular. Alternate translation: “your foreigners who live in your cities” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) 31:12 j1rq keep all the words of this law 0 Alternate translation: “carefully obey all the commands in this law” 31:14 ji2r Look, the 0 Alternate translation: “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you. The” 31:15 m71w a pillar of cloud 0 This was a thick cloud of smoke in the shape of an upright column. 31:16 f7i5 Look, you 0 Alternate translation: “Pay attention to what I am going to tell you. You” 31:16 m76m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism you will sleep with your fathers 0 This is a polite way to say “you will die.” Alternate translation: “you will die and join your ancestors who have died before you” 31:16 d9q3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor will rise up and act like a prostitute 0 Being a prostitute is a metaphor for worshiping gods other than Yahweh. Alternate translation: “will start to be unfaithful to me” 31:17 b1z8 0 # General Information:\n\nYahweh continues speaking to Moses. 31:17 l9kj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor my anger will be kindled against them 0 Yahweh compares his anger to someone starting a fire. This emphasizes God’s power to destroy whatever makes him angry. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I will kindle my anger against them” or “I will become angry with them” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 31:17 zg57 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom I will hide my face from them 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “I will not help them” 31:17 zr99 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive they will be devoured 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I will devour them” or “I will allow their enemies to devour them” 31:17 sz2f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor devoured 0 This is a metaphor for “completely destroyed.” 31:17 qw7g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification Many disasters and troubles will find them 0 This describes the disasters and troubles as if they were human. Alternate translation: “They will experience many disasters and troubles” 31:17 l3ge rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification Have these disasters not come upon us … midst? 0 This describes the disasters and troubles as if they were human. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “These disasters are destroying me … midst.” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 31:17 m6pv our God is not in our midst 0 Alternate translation: “God is no longer protecting us” or “God has left us alone” 31:19 j9x4 0 # General Information:\n\nYahweh continues speaking to Moses about the Israelites. 31:19 h2xq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Put it in their mouths 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “Make them memorize and sing it” 31:20 i9lu a land flowing with milk and honey 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “a land where plenty of milk and honey flow” or “a land that is excellent for cattle and farming” See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 6:3](../06/03.md). 31:21 z4dq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification When many evils and troubles come upon this people 0 Here evils and troubles are described as if they were human and could find people. Alternate translation: “When this people experiences many evils and troubles” 31:21 x1jh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification this song will testify before them as a witness 0 This speaks of the song as if it were a human witness testifying in court against Israel. 31:21 tb8b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive it will not be forgotten from the mouths of their descendants 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “their descendants will not forget to keep it in their mouths” 31:21 s5je rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive it will not be forgotten from the mouths of their descendants 0 This can be stated positively. Alternate translation: “their descendants will remember to keep it in their mouths” 31:21 fly7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive it will not be forgotten from the mouths of their descendants 0 The idiom “forget it from the mouth” means to stop speaking about it. Alternate translation: “their descendants will not stop speaking about it to each other” 31:21 th4p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the plans that they are forming 0 What people plan to do is spoken of as if it were a physical object. Alternate translation: “what they plan to do” 31:21 y4kp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit the land that I promised 0 God’s promise of the land was to give it to the people of Israel. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “the land that I promised I would give to them” 31:23 g5sl Be strong and of good courage 0 Alternate translation: “Be strong and courageous.” See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 31:5](../31/05.md). 31:26 f3zd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you witness against you 0 Moses speaks to the Levites as if they were one man, so the word “you” is singular. 31:27 q9j8 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues speaking to the Levites about all the Israelite people. 31:27 dc8v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you your rebellion and your stiff neck 0 Moses speaks to the Levites as if they were one man, so the word “your” is singular. 31:27 e3am your stiff neck 0 See how you translated “stubborn” in [Deuteronomy 9:6](../09/06.md). 31:27 yin7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion how much more after my death? 0 This rhetorical question emphasizes how rebellious the people were. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “you will be even more rebellious after I die.” 31:28 ge9z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche so that I may speak these words in their ears 0 Here “in their ears” means the people themselves. Alternate translation: “so that I may speak the words of this song to them” 31:28 rbf8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy call heaven and earth to witness against them 0 This could mean: (1) Moses is calling on all those who live in heaven and earth to be witnesses to what he says or (2) Moses is speaking to heaven and earth as if they are people, and he is calling them to be witnesses to what he says. A similar phrase appears in [Deuteronomy 30:19](../30/19.md). (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) 31:29 h4je you will utterly corrupt yourselves 0 Alternate translation: “you will do what is completely wrong.” See how you translated these words in [Deuteronomy 4:16](../04/16.md). 31:29 w6b1 turn aside out of the path that I have commanded you 0 Alternate translation: “stop following the instructions I have given to you.” See how you translated these words in [Deuteronomy 9:12](../09/12.md). 31:29 yvi1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor what is evil in the sight of Yahweh 0 The sight of Yahweh represents Yahweh’s judgment or evaluation. Alternate translation: “what is evil in Yahweh’s judgment” or “what Yahweh considers to be evil” 31:29 i596 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche through the work of your hands 0 Here “your hands” means the people themselves. Alternate translation: “because of what you have made” 31:30 upf2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Moses recited in the ears of all the assembly of Israel 0 Here “ears” refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “Moses recited to all the people of Israel” 31:30 ilp6 recited 0 This could mean: (1) “sang” or (2) “spoke.” 31:30 wx6q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis the words of this song 0 You can make clear the understood information. Alternate translation: “the words of the song that Yahweh taught him” 32:intro pup6 0 # Deuteronomy 32 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetic song in 32:1–43.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Punishment\n\nThis chapter prophesies a time when Israel will be disobedient to Yahweh and he will have to punish them. This is meant to serve as a warning to the nation. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) 32:1 bfi8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks a poetic song to the people of Israel. 32:1 hf89 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe Give ear, you heavens … Let the earth listen 0 Yahweh speaks to the heavens and earth as if they are there listening. This could mean: (1) Yahweh is speaking to the inhabitants of heaven and earth or (2) Yahweh is speaking to the heavens and earth as if they are persons. 32:2 zk7l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Let my teaching drop down like the rain … and like the showers on the plants 0 This means Yahweh wants the people to eagerly accept his helpful teaching. 32:2 x67x distill 0 Use the word in your language for the process by which dew appears. 32:2 s3mw dew 0 water that forms on leaves and grass on cool mornings 32:2 g6mn tender grass 0 Alternate translation: “new plants” 32:2 gkm4 showers 0 heavy rain 32:3 y1fa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks a poetic song to the people of Israel. 32:3 bah6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom proclaim the name of Yahweh 0 This is an idiom. “tell how good Yahweh is” 32:3 uf82 ascribe greatness to our God 0 Alternate translation: “make sure people know that our God is great” 32:4 xcv2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The Rock 0 This a proper name that Moses gives to Yahweh, who, like a rock, is strong and able to protect his people. 32:4 vh3k his work 0 Alternate translation: “everything he does” 32:4 xtg1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor all his paths are just 0 Walking on a path is a metaphor for how a person lives his life. Alternate translation: “he does everything in a just way” 32:4 j65c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet He is just and upright 0 These two words mean basically the same thing and emphasize that Yahweh is fair and does what is right. 32:5 ehu3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks a poetic song to the people of Israel. Moses continues to use parallelism to emphasize what he is saying. 32:5 exs2 acted corruptly against him 0 Alternate translation: “opposed him by doing what is wrong.” See how you translated these words in [Deuteronomy 4:16](../04/16.md). 32:5 k81b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet a perverted and crooked generation 0 The words “perverted” and “crooked” mean basically the same thing. Moses uses them to emphasize how wicked the generation is. Alternate translation: “a completely wicked generation” 32:6 tfw7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Do you reward Yahweh in this way … people? 0 Moses uses a question to scold the people. Alternate translation: “You should give Yahweh proper praise … people.” 32:6 bwz6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet you foolish and senseless people 0 The words “foolish” and “senseless” mean the same thing and emphasize how foolish the people are for disobeying Yahweh. Alternate translation: “you extremely foolish people” 32:6 m2g1 your father … has created you … made you and established you 0 Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 32:6 aeq8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Is he not your father, the one who has created you? 0 Moses uses a question to scold the people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is your father and the one who created you.” 32:7 ks26 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks a poetic song to the people of Israel. 32:7 ki4q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you Call to mind … think about … your father … show you … your elders … tell you 0 Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 32:7 a5hd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Call to mind 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “Remember” 32:7 ksl4 days of ancient times 0 Alternate translation: “days of long ago.” Moses refers to the time period when the ancestors of the people of Israel were alive. 32:7 aba7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism think about the years of many ages past 0 This is a repetition of what Moses just said in the previous portion. Moses wants the people of Israel to focus on their history as a nation. 32:7 p9u5 he will show you 0 Alternate translation: “he will make it clear to you” or “he will enable you to understand it” 32:8 q59u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom gave the nations their inheritance 0 This is an idiom. “put the nations in the places where they would live.” Similar words, “giving to you as an inheritance,” appear in [Deuteronomy 4:21](../04/21.md). 32:8 vz2i he set the boundaries of the peoples, as he also fixed the number of their gods 0 God assigned each people group, together with its gods, to its own territory. In this way, he limited the influence of a people group’s idols. 32:9 zcj3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks a poetic song to the people of Israel. As he speaks to the Israelites, he talks about them as if they were someone else and as if they were one man. 32:9 j71r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism For Yahweh’s portion is his people; Jacob is his apportioned inheritance 0 These two phrases means basically the same thing and can be combined. Alternate translation: “The descendants of Jacob are Yahweh’s inheritance” 32:10 b2tx He found him … shielded him and cared for him … guarded him 0 You may need to translate this as if Moses were talking about the Israelites as many people. Alternate translation: “He found our ancestors … shielded them and cared for them … guarded them” 32:10 lv7u howling wilderness 0 Here “howling” refers to the sound the wind makes as it blows through the empty land. 32:10 q44y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom he guarded him as the apple of his eye 0 This is an idiom. The apple of an eye refers to the dark part inside the eyeball that allows a person to see. This is a very important and sensitive part of the body. This means that the people of Israel are very important to God and something he protects. Alternate translation: “he protected him as something very valuable and precious” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 32:11 x9dv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks a poetic song to the people of Israel. 32:11 up27 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile As an eagle that guards her nest and flutters over her young, Yahweh spread out his wings and took them, and carried them on his pinions 0 This means Yahweh watched over and protected the Israelites while they were in the desert. 32:11 wh5r pinions 0 the outer edges of a bird’s wings 32:12 wp5e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns led him … with him 0 Moses again speaks of the Israelites as “Jacob” ([Deuteronomy 32:9](./09.md)). You may need to translate as if Moses were speaking of the Israelites as many people. Alternate translation: “led them … with them” 32:13 kx8r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks a poetic song to the people of Israel. 32:13 sq4v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom He made him ride on high places of the land 0 This is an idiom. The word “him” refers to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “Yahweh made them ride on high places of the land” or “Yahweh helped them take and occupy the land” 32:13 jg4h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns made him ride … fed him … nourished him 0 Moses continues to speak of the Israelites as “Jacob” ([Deuteronomy 32:9](./09.md)). You may need to translate this as though Moses were speaking of the Israelites as many people. Alternate translation: “made our ancestors ride … fed them … nourished them” 32:13 t4p5 he fed him the fruits of the field 0 Alternate translation: “he brought him to a land with plenty of crops he could eat” 32:13 wlf5 he nourished him with honey from the rock, and oil from the flinty crag 0 The land had many wild bees, which produce honey, with hives inside rock holes. There were also many olive trees, which provide oil, and grow on rocks, hills, and mountains. 32:13 yp29 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor nourished him with honey 0 This is like a mother giving her breast to an infant. “allowed him to suck honey” 32:14 dg9l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks a poetic song to the people of Israel. He speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the word “you” here is singular. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) 32:14 dt4w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns He ate 0 Moses continues to speak of the Israelites as “Jacob” ([Deuteronomy 32:9](./09.md)). You may need to translate as though Moses were speaking of the Israelites as many people. Alternate translation: “Our ancestors ate” 32:14 u9ig fat of lambs, rams of Bashan and goats 0 The people of Israel had many healthy herd animals. 32:15 g93y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues speaking his poetic song to the people of Israel. 32:15 i1m2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Jeshurun 0 Moses speaks of the Israelites as if they were a well-fed animal whose owner named it Jeshurun. You may add a footnote that says, “The name ‘Jeshurun’ means ‘upright one.’” If your language cannot speak of the Israelites as Jeshurun, you may refer to the Israelites as many people, as the UST does. 32:15 ly6m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the Rock of his salvation 0 This means Yahweh is strong like a rock and able to protect his people. 32:15 dy92 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the Rock 0 This a proper name that Moses gives to Yahweh, who, like a rock, is strong and able to protect his people. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 32:4](../32/04.md). 32:16 a41m They made Yahweh jealous 0 The Israelites made Yahweh jealous. 32:17 u97e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues to speak his song to the Israelites. 32:17 c5ir They sacrificed 0 Alternate translation: “The people of Israel sacrificed” 32:17 hw1l gods that recently appeared 0 This means the Israelites recently learned about these gods. 32:17 m59h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you your fathers 0 Moses is speaking to the Israelites as many people, so the word “your” is plural. 32:18 ch18 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you You have deserted … your father … you forgot … gave you 0 Moses is speaking to the Israelites as if they were one man, so all instances of “you” and “your” are singular. 32:18 mpu7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor You have deserted the Rock 0 Here Yahweh is called the rock because he is strong and protective. Alternate translation: “You have left the protective care of Yahweh” 32:18 ul7n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the Rock 0 This a proper name that Moses gives to Yahweh, who, like a rock, is strong and able to protect his people. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 32:4](../32/04.md). 32:18 y9b3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor who became your father … who gave you birth 0 This compares Yahweh to a father and a mother. This means God caused them to live and to be a nation. Alternate translation: “who fathered you … who gave life to you” 32:19 yfx6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks a poetic song to the people of Israel. 32:19 eca4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor his sons and his daughters 0 This refers to the people of Israel whom Yahweh gave life to and made into a nation. 32:20 jv62 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom I will hide my face from them 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “I will turn away from them” or “I will stop helping them” 32:20 klx8 I will see what their end will be 0 Alternate translation: “I will see what happens to them” 32:21 pb9z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks a poetic song to the people of Israel. He continues to quote Yahweh’s words. 32:21 ya83 They have made me jealous 0 Here “me” refers to Yahweh. 32:21 sa14 what is not god 0 Alternate translation: “what are false gods” 32:21 qj69 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit worthless things 0 You may need to make explicit what the “things” are. Alternate translation: “worthless idols” 32:21 vst4 those who are not a people 0 Alternate translation: “people who do not belong to one people group” 32:21 zd9q foolish nation 0 Translate “foolish” as in [Deuteronomy 32:6](../32/06.md). 32:22 wb8b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks a poetic song to the people of Israel. He continues to quote Yahweh’s words. 32:22 i1bl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor For a fire is kindled by my anger … foundations of the mountains 0 Yahweh compares his anger to a fire. This emphasizes his power to destroy what makes him angry. 32:22 nll8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive a fire is kindled by my anger and is burning … it is devouring … it is setting 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I start a fire because I am angry, and it burns … it is devouring … it is setting” or “when I am angry, I destroy my enemies like a fire, and I destroy everything on earth and in … I devour … I set” 32:22 eis3 to the lowest Sheol 0 Alternate translation: “even to the world of the dead” 32:23 g9k3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks a poetic song to the people of Israel. He continues to quote Yahweh’s words. 32:23 p1xb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I will heap disasters on them 0 Yahweh speaks of bad things that would happen to the Israelites as if they were something like dirt that he could pile up on top of the Israelites. Alternate translation: “I will make sure that many bad things happen to them” 32:23 ys8x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I will shoot all my arrows at them 0 Here Yahweh compares the bad things he will make sure happen to the Israelites to someone shooting arrows from a bow. Alternate translation: “I will do all I can do to kill them” 32:24 vr46 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive They will be wasted by hunger 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **hunger**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “be hungry..” Alternate translation: “They will grow weak and die because they are hungry” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 32:24 sj74 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive They will … hunger and devoured by burning heat and bitter destruction 0 Here, **burning heat** could mean: (1) the Israelites will suffer from fevers or (2) the weather will be unusually hot during a drought or famine. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “They will … hunger, and burning heat and terrible disasters will devour them” or “They will … hunger, and they will die from burning heat and terrible disasters” 32:24 l8d2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche I will send on them the teeth of wild animals, with the poison of things that crawl in the dust 0 The teeth and the poison are synecdoches for the animals that use these things to kill. Alternate translation: “I will send wild animals to bite them, and things that crawl in the dust to bite and poison them” 32:25 ci4t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks a poetic song to the people of Israel. He continues to quote Yahweh’s words. 32:25 fy8e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Outside the sword will bereave 0 Here “sword” represents the army of the enemy. Alternate translation: “When the Israelites are outside, the enemy army will kill them” 32:25 kgf9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification terror will do so 0 Yahweh speaks of being afraid as if it were a person who comes into a house and kills those who live in it. Alternate translation: “you will die because you are afraid” 32:25 mhn4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism young man and virgin, the nursing baby, and the man of gray hairs 0 These terms describing people of different ages are combined to mean that all kinds of people will die. 32:26 p3ic rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations I said that I would … away, that I would … mankind. 0 This can be translated as a direct quote. Alternate translation: “I said, ‘I will … away, and I will … mankind.’” 32:26 ly17 I would make the memory of them to cease from among mankind 0 Alternate translation: “I would make all people forget about them” 32:27 b351 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks a poetic song to the people of Israel. He continues to quote Yahweh’s words. 32:27 gg1k Were it not that I feared the provocation of the enemy 0 Alternate translation: “I was afraid of the provocation of the enemy” 32:27 vz7e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns the provocation of the enemy 0 This abstract noun can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “that the enemy would provoke me” or “that the enemy would cause me to be angry” 32:27 lw79 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns the enemy 0 Yahweh speaks of his enemies as if they are one man. Alternate translation: “my enemy” or “my enemies” 32:27 w8l7 judge mistakenly 0 Alternate translation: “misunderstand” 32:27 sbq8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Our hand is exalted 0 Here “hand” represents the strength or power of a person. To be exalted is an idiom for defeating an enemy. Alternate translation: “We have defeated them because we are more powerful” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 32:28 uqg7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks a poetic song to the people of Israel. He continues to quote Yahweh’s words. 32:29 p62h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo Oh, that they were wise, that they understood this, that they would consider their coming fate 0 Moses states something that he wishes were true, but he knows that they are not wise and do not understand that their disobedience will cause Yahweh to bring this disaster on them. 32:29 c7cm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns their coming fate 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **fate**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “what is going to happen to them” 32:30 u5ex rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks a poetic song to the people of Israel. He continues to quote Yahweh’s words and tell them more of what they would have understood if they were wise ([Deuteronomy 32:29](../32/29.md)). 32:30 qr7h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion How could one chase a thousand … Yahweh had given them up? 0 Moses uses a question to scold the people for not being wise enough to understand why their enemies are defeating them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement as in the UST. 32:30 vu9l rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers How could one chase a thousand, and two put ten thousand to flight 0 You can make clear the understood information. Alternate translation: “How could 1 enemy soldier chase 1,000 of your men, and 2 enemy soldiers cause 10,000 of your men to run away” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 32:30 v82y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor unless their Rock had sold them 0 The word “Rock” refers to Yahweh who is strong and able to protect his people. Alternate translation: “unless Yahweh, their Rock, had handed them over” 32:30 tv28 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor their Rock 0 Alternate translation: “The Rock” here is a proper name that Moses gives to Yahweh, who, like a rock, is strong and able to protect his people. Translate “Rock” as in [Deuteronomy 32:4](../32/04.md). 32:31 d2ny rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor our Rock 0 Alternate translation: “The Rock” here is a proper name that Moses gives to Yahweh, who, like a rock, is strong and able to protect his people. Translate “Rock” as in [Deuteronomy 32:4](../32/04.md). 32:31 r1wx our enemies’ rock is not like our Rock 0 The enemies’ idols and false gods are not powerful like Yahweh. 32:31 lbx7 just as even our enemies admit 0 Alternate translation: “not only do we say so, but our enemies say so also” 32:32 a5z3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks a poetic song to the people of Israel. He continues to quote Yahweh’s words. 32:32 tch7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor For their vine comes from the vine of Sodom … clusters are bitter 0 Moses compares enemies who worship false gods to the wicked people who lived in Sodom and Gomorrah and to grapevines that produce poisonous fruit. This means their enemies are wicked and will cause the Israelites to die if the Israelites start to act like the people who live around them. 32:32 l3du rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor their vine comes from the vine of Sodom, and from the fields of Gomorrah 0 The vine is a metaphor for the people group. “it is as if their vine were a branch of the vines that grew in the fields of Sodom and Gomorrah” or Alternate translation: “they do evil the same way the people who lived in Sodom and Gomorrah did” 32:32 i5fv their clusters 0 Alternate translation: “their clusters of grapes” 32:33 y87k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks a poetic song to the people of Israel. He continues to quote Yahweh’s words. 32:33 zwn7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Their wine is the poison of serpents and the cruel venom of asps 0 Moses continues comparing the enemies of the people of Israel to grapevines that produce poisonous fruit and wine. This means their enemies are wicked. 32:33 rck8 asps 0 poisonous snakes 32:34 eti9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Is not this plan secretly kept by me, sealed up among my treasures? 0 This question emphasizes that Yahweh’s plans for the people of Israel are kept secret like a valuable treasure. The rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. It can also be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I know what I have planned to do to the Israelite people and to their enemies, and I have locked up those plans as someone would lock up his valuable possessions.” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 32:35 wtvb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 1 32:35 wr4g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks a poetic song to the people of Israel. This is the end of Moses’s quotation of Yahweh’s words that begins in [Deuteronomy 32:20](../32/20.md). 32:35 sg4m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet Vengeance is mine to give, and recompense 0 The words “vengeance” and “recompense” mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “I will have vengeance and punish Israel’s enemies” 32:35 v1h2 recompense 0 to punish or reward a person for what he has done 32:35 dj8g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom their foot slips 0 Something bad has happened to them. Alternate translation: “they are helpless” 32:35 ad9x the day of disaster for them 0 Alternate translation: “the time for me to destroy them” 32:35 jvl7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the things that are to come on them will hurry to happen 0 Yahweh speaks of the bad things that will happen to his enemies as if the bad things were people running eagerly to punish them. Alternate translation: “I will punish them quickly” 32:36 h6tb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues to speak a poetic song to the people of Israel. 32:36 z7w2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns For Yahweh will give justice to his people 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **justice**, you can express the same idea with an adjective or as an adverb. Alternate translation: “For Yahweh will do what is just for his people” or “For Yahweh will act justly towards his people” 32:36 s7w9 he will pity his servants 0 Alternate translation: “he will feel that he needs to help his servants” 32:37 y7ls rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks a poetic song to the people of Israel. 32:38 en77 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion The gods who ate the fat of their sacrifices and drank the wine of their drink offerings? 0 Here Yahweh mocks the people of Israel for offering sacrifices to other gods. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “The gods to whom the Israelites offered meat and wine have not come to help them.” 32:38 vtv4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony Let them rise up and help you; let them be your protection 0 Yahweh says this to mock the Israelites. He knows these gods cannot help them. Alternate translation: “These idols are not even able to get up and help or to protect you” 32:39 rkh6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks a poetic song to the people of Israel. 32:39 kii3 I, even I 0 Alternate translation: “I, I myself” or “I, I alone.” Yahweh repeats “I” to emphasize that only he is God. 32:40 wwk7 I lift up my hand to heaven and say 0 Alternate translation: “I lift up my hand to heaven and swear” or “I have taken an oath.” Lifting up the hand is a sign of making an oath. 32:40 la6k As I live forever 0 Alternate translation: “As certainly as I live forever” or “I swear by my life which is never-ending.” This statement assures the people that what God says in [Deuteronomy 32:41](../32/41.md)-[Deuteronomy 32:42](./42.md) will happen. 32:41 zb2k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks a poetic song to the people of Israel. 32:41 x382 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy When I sharpen my glittering sword 0 Alternate translation: “When I sharpen my shining sword.” This means God is preparing to judge and punish his enemies. Alternate translation: “When I am ready to judge my enemies” 32:41 yfw3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche when my hand begins to bring justice 0 Here “hand” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “when I get ready to judge the wicked” 32:42 p1fx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks a poetic song to the people of Israel. 32:42 mma7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I will make my arrows drunk with blood, and my sword will devour flesh with the blood 0 Yahweh speaks of arrows as if they were people to whom he could give alcohol and make them drunk, and of a sword as if it were a person who was so hungry that he would eat an animal before draining the blood out. These metaphors are metonyms for a soldier using arrows and a sword to kill many enemies. This in turn is a metaphor for Yahweh killing his enemies in war. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 32:42 ml4t from the heads of the leaders of the enemy 0 A possible meaning is “from the long-haired heads of the enemy.” 32:43 mm3z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\nThis is the end of Moses’ song. 32:43 hzi1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Rejoice, you nations 0 Moses addresses the peoples of all the nations as if they were there listening. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) 32:43 h5mv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy for he will avenge the blood of his servants; he will render vengeance on his enemies 0 Here “blood of his servants” represents the lives of his innocent servants who were killed. Alternate translation: “for he will take revenge on his enemies, who killed his servants” 32:44 q6l6 recited 0 This could mean: (1) “spoke” or (2) “sang.” 32:44 zdk4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche in the ears of the people 0 Here “ears” represents the people themselves and emphasizes that Moses wanted to make sure they heard the song clearly. Alternate translation: “to the people so they would be sure to hear it” 32:45 a69v reciting 0 This could mean: (1) “speaking” or (2) “singing.” 32:46 llt8 He said to them 0 Alternate translation: “Moses said to the people of Israel” 32:46 sqq3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Fix your mind on 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “Pay attention to” or “Think about” 32:46 iw4n I have witnessed to you 0 This could mean: (1) “I have testified to you,” referring to what Yahweh has said he will do to the Israelites if they disobey, or (2) “I have commanded you,” referring to what Yahweh was commanding them to do. 32:46 a9uh your children 0 Alternate translation: “your children and descendants” 32:47 v8tt this is 0 Alternate translation: “this law is” 32:47 wd7v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes no trivial matter 0 This litotes can be stated positively. Alternate translation: “something very important” 32:47 i8bs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy because it is your life 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **life**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “live..” You may need to make explicit the metonymy of obeying the law, which represents the law itself. Alternate translation: “because you will live if you obey it” 32:47 a2bz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor prolong your days 0 Long days are a metaphor for a long life. See how you translated these words in [Deuteronomy 4:26](../04/26.md). Alternate translation: “be able to live a long time” 32:49 i56s rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names mountains of Abarim 0 This is the name of a mountain range in Moab. 32:49 gwe2 Abarim, up Mount Nebo 0 Alternate translation: “Abarim and climb up Mount Nebo” 32:49 u1pf rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Mount Nebo 0 This is the highest place in the Abarim Mountains. 32:49 y54j opposite Jericho 0 Alternate translation: “on the other side of the river from Jericho” 32:50 n95r 0 # General Information:\n\nYahweh finishes speaking to Moses. 32:50 w499 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism be gathered to your people 0 This is a polite way of saying Moses’ spirit would join the spirits of his relatives in the world of the dead. Alternate translation: “join your ancestors who died before you” 32:50 gnq5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Mount Hor 0 This is the name of a mountain on the border of Edom. 32:51 mwq1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Meribah 0 This is the name of the place in the desert where Moses disobeyed God. 32:51 fv5z rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names wilderness of Zin 0 This is the name of a wilderness on the southern border of Judah. 33:intro y2l8 0 # Deuteronomy 33 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetic lines of Moses’ blessings in 33:1–29.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Families\n\nMoses gives a series of prophecies or instructions for each of the tribes of Israel and Israel overall. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) 33:1 p6db rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses begins to bless the tribes of Israel. Moses speaks the blessing in the form of short poems. 33:2 b26n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Yahweh came from Sinai and rose from Seir upon them. He shined out from Mount Paran 0 Moses compares Yahweh to the rising sun. Alternate translation: “When Yahweh came from Sinai, he looked to them like the sun when it rises from Seir and shines out from Mount Paran” 33:2 d9h2 upon them 0 Alternate translation: “upon the people of Israel” 33:2 d89e rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers ten thousands of holy ones 0 Alternate translation: “10,000 angels” 33:2 v2fc In his right hand were flashes of lightning 0 Other This could mean: (1) “In his right hand were flames of fire” or (2) “He gave them a law of fire” or (3) “He came from the south, down his mountain slopes.” 33:3 dj5y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses are difficult to understand. Moses continues to bless the tribes of Israel, which he began to do in [Deuteronomy 33:2](../33/02.md). Moses speaks the blessing in the form of short poems. 33:3 pjq4 the peoples 0 Alternate translation: “the people of Israel” 33:3 uuu1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns all his holy ones are in your hand … your feet … your words 0 The pronouns “his” and “your” refer to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “all Yahweh’s holy ones are in his hand … his feet … his words” 33:3 sx8z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy all his holy ones are in your hand 0 The hand is a metonym for power and protection. Alternate translation: “you protect all his holy people” 33:4 j3nq an inheritance 0 Alternate translation: “a possession” or “a precious possession” 33:5 eer4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\nVerse 5 is difficult to understand. Moses continues to bless the tribes of Israel, which he began to do in [Deuteronomy 33:2](../33/02.md). The blessings are short poems. 33:5 c2d9 there was a king 0 Alternate translation: “Yahweh became king” 33:5 g63w Jeshurun 0 This is another name for Israel. Translated as in [Deuteronomy 32:15](../32/15.md). 33:6 xmf7 Let Reuben live 0 This begins Moses’ blessings to the individual tribes of Israel. 33:6 qs86 but may his men be few 0 Other This could mean: (1) “and may his men not be few” or (2) “even though his men are few.” 33:7 e9mj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues to bless the tribes of Israel, which he began to do in [Deuteronomy 33:2](../33/02.md). The blessings are short poems. 33:7 hxx8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy to the voice of Judah 0 Here “voice of Judah” refers to the cries and prayers of the people of Judah. Alternate translation: “when the people of Judah pray to you” 33:7 v8f7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns be a help 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **help**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “help him to fight” 33:8 hq6l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues to bless the tribes of Israel, which he began to do in [Deuteronomy 33:2](../33/02.md). The blessings are short poems. 33:8 f539 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you Your Thummim and your Urim 0 These were sacred stones the high priest carried on his breastplate and used at times to determine God’s will. Here “your” refers to Yahweh. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) 33:8 d4cp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy your faithful one, the one whom you tested … with whom you struggled 0 Moses refers to the tribe of Levi as if it were one man. 33:8 p5zx your faithful one 0 Alternate translation: “the one who seeks to please you.” 33:8 l4zu Massah 0 See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 6:16](../06/16.md). Translator may add a footnote that says: “The name ‘Massah’ means ‘testing.’” 33:8 vr2z Meribah 0 See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 32:51](../32/51.md). Translator may add a footnote that says: “The name ‘Meribah’ means ‘argue’ or ‘quarrel.’” 33:9 a55p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues to bless the tribes of Israel, which he began to do in [Deuteronomy 33:2](../33/02.md). The blessings are short poems. He continues describing the tribe of Levi, which he began to do in [Deuteronomy 33:8](./08.md). 33:9 n8y3 your word 0 Alternate translation: “your commands” 33:9 mi7x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet guarded … kept 0 These words both mean to watch over and to protect. They are often metaphors for “obeyed,” but here they should be translated literally because they refer to a time when the Levites literally killed people who were rebelling against Yahweh. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 33:10 n6nd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues to bless the tribes of Israel; the blessings are short poems. He continues to describe the tribe of Levi, which he began to do in [Deuteronomy 33:8](../33/08.md). 33:10 q9bv your … your … you … your 0 Moses is speaking to Yahweh, so all these words are singular. 33:11 y1nd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues to bless the tribes of Israel; the blessings are short poems. He continues describing the tribe of Levi, which he began to do in [Deuteronomy 33:8](../33/08.md). 33:11 m8mw accept 0 be pleased with 33:11 g9hx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche the work of his hands 0 Here the word “hands” refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “all the work that he does” 33:11 qcv6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Shatter the loins of 0 The loins were considered the center of strength, and are here represent strength. Alternate translation: “Take away the strength of” or “Utterly destroy” 33:11 m34s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor rise up … rise up 0 This phrase is used twice as a metaphor. Alternate translation: “rise up to fight … cause any more trouble” 33:11 d2c2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom rise up against 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “fight against” 33:12 c4ca rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues to bless the tribes of Israel; the blessings are short poems. 33:12 wbv9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive The one loved by Yahweh lives 0 Here Moses is referring to the members of the tribe of Benjamin. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The ones whom Yahweh loves live” 33:12 rf48 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns lives in security 0 The abstact noun “security” can be translated using a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “lives where no one can harm him” 33:12 t7re he lives between Yahweh’s arms 0 This could mean: (1) Yahweh protects the tribe of Benjamin with his power or (2) Yahweh lives in the hill region of the tribe of Benjamin. In both translations, it means Yahweh takes care of them. 33:13 bn1r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues to bless the tribes of Israel; the blessings are short poems. 33:13 l4ua About Joseph 0 This refers to the tribe of Ephraim and the tribe of Manasseh. Both tribes descended from Joseph. 33:13 vty3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy May his land be blessed by Yahweh 0 The word “his” refers to Joseph which represents the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “May Yahweh bless their land” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 33:13 y87w with the precious things of heaven, with the dew 0 Alternate translation: “with the precious dew from the sky” or “with the precious rain from the sky” 33:13 rzk5 dew 0 water that forms on leaves and grass on cool mornings. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 32:2](../32/02.md). 33:13 xy69 the deep that lies beneath 0 This refers to the water under the ground. 33:14 tz8j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues to bless the tribes of Israel; the blessings are short poems. He continues to describe the tribe of Joseph, which he began to do in [Deuteronomy 33:13](../33/13.md). 33:14 xt79 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive May his land be blessed 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 33:13](../33/13.md). Alternate translation: “May Yahweh bless his land” 33:14 jc3s with the precious things of the harvest of the sun 0 Alternate translation: “with the best crops that the sun causes to grow” 33:14 w7c3 with the precious things of the produce of the months 0 Alternate translation: “with the best crops that grow month to month” 33:15 y6md rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit finest things … precious things 0 Moses is probably referring to food crops. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “the best fruits … the precious fruits” 33:15 ex8p ancient mountains 0 Alternate translation: “the mountains that existed long ago” 33:15 e1pr everlasting hills 0 Alternate translation: “the hills that will exist forever” 33:16 rm3x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues to bless the tribes of Israel; the blessings are short poems. He continues to describe the tribe of Joseph, which he began to do in [Deuteronomy 33:13](../33/13.md). 33:16 t49i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive May his land be blessed 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 33:13](../33/13.md). Alternate translation: “May Yahweh bless his land” 33:16 sq7u its abundance 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **abundance**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “what it produces in large amounts” 33:16 z8v1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit him who was in the bush 0 The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, who spoke to Moses from the burning bush” 33:16 s176 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Let the blessing come on the head of Joseph 0 This metaphor is of a man putting his hand on the head of a son and asking God to bless the son. The man here is Yahweh. Alternate translation: “May Yahweh bless Joseph as a father blesses his son” 33:16 yvh8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche come on the head of Joseph, and on the top of the head of him 0 Here “head” and “top of the head” represent the whole person. Also, Joseph represents his descendants. Alternate translation: “be upon the descendants of Joseph” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 33:16 wr2z top of the head 0 Another possible meaning is “brow” or “forehead.” 33:17 dw4y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues to bless the tribes of Israel; the blessings are short poems. He continues to describe the tribe of Joseph, which he began to do in [Deuteronomy 33:13](../33/13.md). 33:17 h7um rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The firstborn of an ox, majestic is he 0 The ox is a metaphor for something large and strong. The word “firstborn” is a metaphor for honor. Alternate translation: “People will honor Joseph’s descendants, who are many and powerful” 33:17 emy2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor his horns are the horns of 0 The horn is a metaphor for strength. Alternate translation: “he is as strong as” 33:17 s54w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor With them he will push 0 Pushing with his horns is a metaphor for strength. Alternate translation: “He is so strong that he will push” 33:17 nv6i rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers ten thousands of Ephraim … the thousands of Manasseh 0 This means the tribe of Ephraim will be stronger than the tribe of Manasseh. Alternate translation: “the people of Ephraim, who number many times 10,000 … the people of Manasseh, who number many times 1,000” 33:18 g9eh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues to bless each tribe of Israel; the blessings are short poems. He speaks to the tribes of Zebulun and Issachar as if they were one man, so the word “your” and the command “rejoice” here are singular. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) 33:18 m1l6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Rejoice, Zebulun, in your going out, and you, Issachar, in your tents 0 The people of Zebulun were located near the Mediterranean Sea. They traveled by sea and traded with other people. The people of Issachar preferred peaceful living and working the land and raising cattle. You can make clear the understood information. 33:19 bwp6 There will they offer 0 Alternate translation: “It is there that they will offer” 33:19 h5jn sacrifices of righteousness 0 Alternate translation: “acceptable sacrifices” or “proper sacrifices” 33:19 ime2 For they will suck the abundance of the seas, and from the sand on the seashore 0 This could mean: (1) they will trade with people across the sea or (2) they were beginning to use sand in making pottery. 33:19 cl5x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor For they will suck the abundance of the seas 0 The Hebrew word translated “suck” here refers to how a baby nurses at its mother’s breast. It means the people will gain wealth from the sea like a baby gets milk from its mother. 33:20 r21i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues to bless the tribes of Israel; the blessings are short poems. 33:20 sb7w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Blessed be he who enlarges Gad 0 This can stated in active form. Alternate translation: This could mean: (1) “May Yahweh bless Gad and give him much land to live in” or (2) “People should say that Yahweh is good because he has given Gad much land to live in” 33:20 qa5j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile He will live there like a lioness, and he will tear off an arm or a head 0 This means the people of Gad are strong and secure, and they will defeat their enemies in war. 33:21 ypm2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues to bless the tribes of Israel; the blessings are short poems. He continues to describe the tribe of Gad as one man, which he began to do in [Deuteronomy 33:20](../33/20.md). 33:21 nad9 the leader’s portion 0 This means a larger piece of land that a leader normally took. 33:21 nfg7 He came with the heads of the people 0 Alternate translation: “They met with all the leaders of the Israelites” 33:21 nt25 He carried out the justice of Yahweh and his decrees with Israel 0 Alternate translation: “They obeyed all that Yahweh had commanded the Israelites” 33:22 r6bu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues to bless the tribes of Israel; the blessings are short poems. 33:22 rjp5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Dan is a lion cub that leaps out from Bashan 0 The people of Dan are strong like a lion cub, and they attack their enemies who live in Bashan. You can make clear the understood information. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 33:23 xsb4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues to bless the tribes of Israel; the blessings are short poems. He speaks of the descendants of Naphtali as if they were one man. 33:23 j9cl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor satisfied with favor 0 Yahweh being pleased with Naphtali is spoken of as if “favor” were food that Naphtali ate until he was no longer hungry. Alternate translation: “who has all the good things he desires because Yahweh is pleased with him” 33:23 xhj4 full of the blessing of Yahweh 0 Blessings are spoken of as if they were food that Naphtali ate until he could hold no more. Alternate translation: “whom Yahweh has blessed so that he has all he needs” 33:23 av3i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you take possession 0 Moses speaks as if the tribe of Naphtali is one man, so these words are singular. 33:23 q4kc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit the land to the west and south 0 This refers to the land around Lake Galilee. The full meaning of this statement may be made explicit. 33:24 b3kp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues to bless the tribes of Israel; the blessings are short poems. 33:24 frq4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit dip his foot in olive oil 0 Olive oil was used for food and for the skin of the face and arms. Feet were dirty, so to put the foot in olive oil was to ruin valuable oil. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “have so much olive oil that he can afford to waste it” 33:25 ht1b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you your city bars … your days … your security 0 Moses speaks to the tribe of Asher as if they are one man, so all instances of “your” are singular. 33:25 eim5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit May your city bars be iron and bronze 0 Cities had large bars across their gates to keep enemies out. The meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “May you be safe from attacks by your enemies” 33:26 wxb7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor rides through the heavens … on the clouds 0 This is an image of Yahweh riding on clouds through the sky like a king on his chariot riding through a battlefield. Alternate translation: “rides through the heavens like a king rides through a battlefield … on the clouds like a king on his chariot” 33:26 l9qh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you to your help 0 Alternate translation: “to help you.” Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the word “you” here is singular. 33:27 if2j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns The eternal God is a refuge 0 Here, **refuge** refers to a shelter or a place safe from danger. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **refuge**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “The eternal God will protect his people” 33:27 bk5r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor underneath are the everlasting arms 0 The words “everlasting arms” are a metaphor for Yahweh’s promise to protect his people forever. Alternate translation: “he will support and take care of his people forever” 33:27 hrf2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture He thrust out … he said 0 Moses speaks of the future as if it were the past to emphasize that what he is saying will come true. AT “He will thrust out … he will say” 33:27 zfz8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you before you … Destroy 0 Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the word “you” and the command “destroy” here are singular. 33:27 an79 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations he said, “Destroy!” 0 If this direct quotation would not work well in your language, you may change it to an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “he will tell you to destroy them!” 33:28 c8xi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture Israel dwelt … Jacob’s spring was secure 0 This could mean: (1) Moses speaks of the future as if it were the past to emphasize that what he is saying will come true, “Israel will dwell … Jacob’s spring will be secure” or (2) Moses is blessing Israel, “May Israel dwell … and may Jacob’s spring be secure.” 33:28 cp65 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Jacob’s spring 0 This could mean: (1) Jacob’s home or (2) Jacob’s descendants. 33:28 ze3a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor let his heavens drop dew 0 The dew is spoken of as being so much that it is as if it were raining. This could mean: (1) Moses is blessing Israel, “may much dew cover the land like rain” or (2) Moses is telling what will happen in the future, “much dew will cover the land like rain.” 33:28 qcg6 dew 0 water that forms on leaves and grass on cool mornings. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 32:2](../32/02.md). 33:29 hn5q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. 33:29 q9sn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Who is like you, a people saved by Yahweh … majesty? 0 If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. It can also be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “There is no other people group like you, a people whom Yahweh has saved … majesty.” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 33:29 n3du rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism the shield … the sword 0 This merism speaks of Yahweh defending the Israelites from their enemies and enabling them to attack their enemies. 33:29 tm9a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the shield of your help 0 The word “shield” is a metaphor for Yahweh protecting and defending the Israelites. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **help**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “the one who protects you and helps you” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 33:29 cur3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the sword of your majesty 0 The word “sword” is a metaphor for the power to kill with the sword in order to win battles. Alternate translation: “the one who enables you to win battles and so have majesty” 33:29 ly3l you will trample down their high places 0 This could mean: (1) the Israelites will destroy the places where the other people worship false gods or (2) the Israelites will walk on the backs of their enemies when the Israelites defeat them. 34:intro kh67 0 # Deuteronomy 34 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter may have been written by Joshua, since it recorded Moses’ death. This chapter officially ends the revelation of the law of Moses, and life in the Promised Land is about to begin again. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) 34:1 ayb8 Mount Nebo 0 This is the highest point of Mount Pisgah which is in the northern part of the Abarim mountain range. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 32:49](../32/49.md). 34:1 r9wl Pisgah 0 See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 3:17](../03/17.md). 34:3 h1nc rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names the City of Palms 0 This is another name for Jericho. 34:4 aj1d look at it with your eyes 0 Alternate translation: “see it for yourself” 34:6 z3y1 Beth Peor 0 This was a town in Moab. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 3:29](../03/29.md). 34:6 i3kg to this day 0 This refers to the time that this was written or edited, not to the present time in the twenty-first century. 34:7 l52x rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers one hundred twenty years old 0 Alternate translation: “30 days” 34:7 gif3 his eye was not dim, nor his natural force abated 0 This means his eyes and body were still strong and healthy. 34:8 uz65 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers thirty days 0 Alternate translation: “30 days” 34:9 znf5 son of Nun 0 See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 1:38](../01/38.md). 34:9 g774 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Joshua … was full of the spirit of wisdom 0 The writer speaks as if Joshua were a container and the spirit were a physical object that could be put into a container. Alternate translation: “Yahweh enabled Joshua … to be very wise” 34:9 yd83 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Moses had laid his hands on him 0 The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “Moses had laid his hands on him to set Joshua apart so Joshua would serve Yahweh” 34:10 t1l8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Yahweh knew face to face 0 This is an idiom. It means Yahweh and Moses had a very close relationship. 34:12 mq8g in all the great 0 Alternate translation: “who did all the great”