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@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ front:intro an3g 0 # Introduction to the Song of Songs\n\n## Part 1: General
1:11 bp6l עִ֖ם נְקֻדּ֥וֹת הַ⁠כָּֽסֶף 1 Alternate translation: “with beads of silver” or “that are decorated with silver” 1:11 bp6l עִ֖ם נְקֻדּ֥וֹת הַ⁠כָּֽסֶף 1 Alternate translation: “with beads of silver” or “that are decorated with silver”
1:12 kec9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שֶׁ֤⁠הַ⁠מֶּ֨לֶךְ֙ 1 See how you translated the phrase “The king” in [1:4](../01/04.md) where it is used with the same meaning. 1:12 kec9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שֶׁ֤⁠הַ⁠מֶּ֨לֶךְ֙ 1 See how you translated the phrase “The king” in [1:4](../01/04.md) where it is used with the same meaning.
1:12 zt7d בִּ⁠מְסִבּ֔⁠וֹ 1 The word which the ULT translates as **couch** could: (1) refer to a couch and be translated as **couch** as modeled by the ULT. (2) refer to a table. Alternate translation: “was at his table” 1:12 zt7d בִּ⁠מְסִבּ֔⁠וֹ 1 The word which the ULT translates as **couch** could: (1) refer to a couch and be translated as **couch** as modeled by the ULT. (2) refer to a table. Alternate translation: “was at his table”
1:12 ur66 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown נִרְדִּ֖⁠י 1 The term **nard** refers to pleasant smelling perfumed oil that was made from the roots of the **nard** plant. If your readers would not be familiar with *nard** plants, you could use a general expression or describe what **nard** is. Alternate translation: “my perfumed oil” or “my pleasant smelling perfume made from the nard plant” 1:12 ur66 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown נִרְדִּ֖⁠י 1 The term **nard** refers to pleasant smelling perfumed oil that was made from the roots of the **nard** plant. If your readers would not be familiar with **nard** plants, you could use a general expression or describe what **nard** is. Alternate translation: “my perfumed oil” or “my pleasant smelling perfume made from the nard plant”
1:12 lp8f נָתַ֥ן רֵיחֽ⁠וֹ 1 Alternate translation: “gave off its good smell” or “spread its pleasant smell” 1:12 lp8f נָתַ֥ן רֵיחֽ⁠וֹ 1 Alternate translation: “gave off its good smell” or “spread its pleasant smell”
1:13 vc5v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor צְר֨וֹר הַ⁠מֹּ֤ר ׀ דּוֹדִ⁠י֙ לִ֔⁠י בֵּ֥ין שָׁדַ֖⁠י יָלִֽין 1 In the author’s culture women would sometimes place a small bag or pouch of myrrh on a necklace so it would hang on their neck and they could enjoy its pleasant smell. The woman makes a comparison between the enjoyable experience of having a bag of myrrh near her and the enjoyable experience of having the man she loves near her. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a simile to show the comparison. Alternate translation: “I enjoy having my beloved near me throughout the night like I enjoy the smell of a bag of myrrh” 1:13 vc5v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor צְר֨וֹר הַ⁠מֹּ֤ר ׀ דּוֹדִ⁠י֙ לִ֔⁠י בֵּ֥ין שָׁדַ֖⁠י יָלִֽין 1 In the author’s culture women would sometimes place a small bag or pouch of myrrh on a necklace so it would hang on their neck and they could enjoy its pleasant smell. The woman makes a comparison between the enjoyable experience of having a bag of myrrh near her and the enjoyable experience of having the man she loves near her. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a simile to show the comparison. Alternate translation: “I enjoy having my beloved near me throughout the night like I enjoy the smell of a bag of myrrh”
1:13 d77b rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown הַ⁠מֹּ֤ר 1 **myrrh** was a pleasant smelling incense that was made from resin taken from the bark of a certain kind of tree. One of the things it was used for was to make a person smell good. If your readers would not be familiar with **myrrh**, you could use the name of something pleasant smelling in your area that might be used for this purpose or you could use a general expression. Alternate translation: “pleasant smelling perfume” 1:13 d77b rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown הַ⁠מֹּ֤ר 1 **myrrh** was a pleasant smelling incense that was made from resin taken from the bark of a certain kind of tree. One of the things it was used for was to make a person smell good. If your readers would not be familiar with **myrrh**, you could use the name of something pleasant smelling in your area that might be used for this purpose or you could use a general expression. Alternate translation: “pleasant smelling perfume”
@ -272,9 +272,9 @@ front:intro an3g 0 # Introduction to the Song of Songs\n\n## Part 1: General
4:9 waew rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure לִבַּבְתִּ֖⁠נִי אֲחֹתִ֣⁠י כַלָּ֑ה לִבַּבְתִּ֨י⁠נִי֙ 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these phrases and add the word to show that two of the lines are being used in order to add emphasis. Alternate translation: “My sister, my bride; you have enchanted my heart. Yes, you have enchanted my heart” 4:9 waew rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure לִבַּבְתִּ֖⁠נִי אֲחֹתִ֣⁠י כַלָּ֑ה לִבַּבְתִּ֨י⁠נִי֙ 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these phrases and add the word to show that two of the lines are being used in order to add emphasis. Alternate translation: “My sister, my bride; you have enchanted my heart. Yes, you have enchanted my heart”
4:9 d7n7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לִבַּבְתִּ֖⁠נִי…לִבַּבְתִּ֨י⁠נִי֙ 1 The phrase translated as **you have enchanted my heart** is an idiom which could mean: (1) to steal or capture a persons heart. In Jewish thinking the **heart** was the center of a persons thinking. To capture a persons **heart** probably also had the added meaning of causing them to be so in love that they could not think clearly because they were so overcome with feelings of love. Alternate translation: “You have captured my heart … you have captured my heart” or “It is as though you have captured my heart … it is as though you have captured my heart” or “You have made me feel so in love with you that it is as if I have lost my mind … you have made me feel so in love with you that it is as if I have lost my mind“ (2) the the woman had made the man’s **heart** beat faster. Alternate translation: “You have caused my heart to beat fast … you have caused my heart to beat fast” (3) that the woman had encouraged the man’s **heart**. Alternate translation: “You have encouraged my heart … you have encouraged my heart” or “You have given me heart … you have given me heart” 4:9 d7n7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לִבַּבְתִּ֖⁠נִי…לִבַּבְתִּ֨י⁠נִי֙ 1 The phrase translated as **you have enchanted my heart** is an idiom which could mean: (1) to steal or capture a persons heart. In Jewish thinking the **heart** was the center of a persons thinking. To capture a persons **heart** probably also had the added meaning of causing them to be so in love that they could not think clearly because they were so overcome with feelings of love. Alternate translation: “You have captured my heart … you have captured my heart” or “It is as though you have captured my heart … it is as though you have captured my heart” or “You have made me feel so in love with you that it is as if I have lost my mind … you have made me feel so in love with you that it is as if I have lost my mind“ (2) the the woman had made the man’s **heart** beat faster. Alternate translation: “You have caused my heart to beat fast … you have caused my heart to beat fast” (3) that the woman had encouraged the man’s **heart**. Alternate translation: “You have encouraged my heart … you have encouraged my heart” or “You have given me heart … you have given me heart”
4:9 vdf7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲחֹתִ֣⁠י 1 The man and woman are not actually brother and sister. The phrase **my sister** is a term of endearment which expresses affection between lovers. This phrase indicates that the man and woman have a close companionship and deep emotional bond. If calling a lover **my sister** would be offensive or socially inappropriate in your culture you could use a different term of endearment or indicate the meaning of **my sister** with a footnote. Alternately, you could indicate the meaning explicitly as modeled by the UST. 4:9 vdf7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲחֹתִ֣⁠י 1 The man and woman are not actually brother and sister. The phrase **my sister** is a term of endearment which expresses affection between lovers. This phrase indicates that the man and woman have a close companionship and deep emotional bond. If calling a lover **my sister** would be offensive or socially inappropriate in your culture you could use a different term of endearment or indicate the meaning of **my sister** with a footnote. Alternately, you could indicate the meaning explicitly as modeled by the UST.
4:10 v1gy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲחֹתִ֣⁠י 1 See how you translated the phrase **my sister** in [4:9](../04/09.md).
4:10 pb12 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure מַה־יָּפ֥וּ דֹדַ֖יִ⁠ךְ אֲחֹתִ֣⁠י כַלָּ֑ה מַה־טֹּ֤בוּ דֹדַ֨יִ⁠ךְ֙ מִ⁠יַּ֔יִן 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these phrases and add the word to show that two of the lines are being used in order to add emphasis. Alternate translation: “My sister, my bride; how your love is beautiful. Yes, how your love is beautiful”
4:10 qy7v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamation מַה־…מַה־ 1 Here, the word **How** is used as an exclamation to introduce two statements about how wonderful the woman’s **love** is. Use an exclamation that is natural in your language for communicating this. 4:10 qy7v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamation מַה־…מַה־ 1 Here, the word **How** is used as an exclamation to introduce two statements about how wonderful the woman’s **love** is. Use an exclamation that is natural in your language for communicating this.
4:10 v1gy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲחֹתִ֣⁠י 1 See how you translated the phrase **my sister** in [4:9](../04/09.md).
4:10 pb12 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure מַה־יָּפ֥וּ דֹדַ֖יִ⁠ךְ אֲחֹתִ֣⁠י כַלָּ֑ה מַה־טֹּ֤בוּ דֹדַ֨יִ⁠ךְ֙ מִ⁠יַּ֔יִן 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “My sister, my bride; how your love is beautiful! How your love is better than wine”
4:10 ibb8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מַה־יָּפ֥וּ דֹדַ֖יִ⁠ךְ…מַה־טֹּ֤בוּ דֹדַ֨יִ⁠ךְ֙ מִ⁠יַּ֔יִן 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **love**, you could express the same idea with a verb form as modeled by the UST or in some other way that is natural in your language. 4:10 ibb8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מַה־יָּפ֥וּ דֹדַ֖יִ⁠ךְ…מַה־טֹּ֤בוּ דֹדַ֨יִ⁠ךְ֙ מִ⁠יַּ֔יִן 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **love**, you could express the same idea with a verb form as modeled by the UST or in some other way that is natural in your language.
4:10 d1m6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שְׁמָנַ֖יִ⁠ךְ 1 Here, **oils** refers to perfumes. In the authors culture pleasant smelling spices were mixed into olive oil in order to make a pleasant smelling perfume which was then put on the skin. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “your scented oils” or “the perfumed oils on your skin” 4:10 d1m6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שְׁמָנַ֖יִ⁠ךְ 1 Here, **oils** refers to perfumes. In the authors culture pleasant smelling spices were mixed into olive oil in order to make a pleasant smelling perfume which was then put on the skin. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “your scented oils” or “the perfumed oils on your skin”
4:10 ts8k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis שְׁמָנַ֖יִ⁠ךְ 1 The author is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply the words “is better” from the context as modeled by the UST. 4:10 ts8k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis שְׁמָנַ֖יִ⁠ךְ 1 The author is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply the words “is better” from the context as modeled by the UST.
@ -283,25 +283,18 @@ front:intro an3g 0 # Introduction to the Song of Songs\n\n## Part 1: General
4:11 vc6y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דְּבַ֤שׁ וְ⁠חָלָב֙ תַּ֣חַת לְשׁוֹנֵ֔⁠ךְ 1 The phrase **honey and milk are under your tongue** could mean: (1) that the taste of the woman’s kisses was as pleasant as milk and honey. Alternate translation: “your kisses are like milk and honey to me” or “your kisses are as pleasant and delightful as milk and honey” (2) that the woman’s words were as pleasant as milk and honey. Alternate translation: “your words are as pleasant as milk and honey” (3) that both the woman’s kisses and her words were as pleasant as milk and honey. Alternate translation: “the kisses from your mouth and your words are as pleasant as milk and honey to me” 4:11 vc6y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דְּבַ֤שׁ וְ⁠חָלָב֙ תַּ֣חַת לְשׁוֹנֵ֔⁠ךְ 1 The phrase **honey and milk are under your tongue** could mean: (1) that the taste of the woman’s kisses was as pleasant as milk and honey. Alternate translation: “your kisses are like milk and honey to me” or “your kisses are as pleasant and delightful as milk and honey” (2) that the woman’s words were as pleasant as milk and honey. Alternate translation: “your words are as pleasant as milk and honey” (3) that both the woman’s kisses and her words were as pleasant as milk and honey. Alternate translation: “the kisses from your mouth and your words are as pleasant as milk and honey to me”
4:11 nyc9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠רֵ֥יחַ שַׂלְמֹתַ֖יִ⁠ךְ כְּ⁠רֵ֥יחַ לְבָנֽוֹן 1 **Lebanon** is known for its forests of cedar trees. Cedar trees have a very pleasant smell. The phrase **the smell of your garments is like the smell of Lebanon** probably means that the woman’s clothes smelled like the smell of cedar wood. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “and the smell of your garments is like the smell of Lebanon’s pleasant smelling cedar” 4:11 nyc9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠רֵ֥יחַ שַׂלְמֹתַ֖יִ⁠ךְ כְּ⁠רֵ֥יחַ לְבָנֽוֹן 1 **Lebanon** is known for its forests of cedar trees. Cedar trees have a very pleasant smell. The phrase **the smell of your garments is like the smell of Lebanon** probably means that the woman’s clothes smelled like the smell of cedar wood. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “and the smell of your garments is like the smell of Lebanon’s pleasant smelling cedar”
4:12 ik5j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure גַּ֥ן ׀ נָע֖וּל אֲחֹתִ֣⁠י כַלָּ֑ה גַּ֥ל נָע֖וּל מַעְיָ֥ן חָתֽוּם 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “My sister, my bride; you are a locked garden, a locked spring, a sealed fountain” 4:12 ik5j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure גַּ֥ן ׀ נָע֖וּל אֲחֹתִ֣⁠י כַלָּ֑ה גַּ֥ל נָע֖וּל מַעְיָ֥ן חָתֽוּם 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “My sister, my bride; you are a locked garden, a locked spring, a sealed fountain”
4:12 j45u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor גַּ֥ן ׀ נָע֖וּל אֲחֹתִ֣⁠י כַלָּ֑ה 1 The man is speaking of the woman as if she were **a locked garden**. He means that the woman’s body is beautiful and seemingly inaccessible like a **locked garden**. If it would help your readers you could express the meaning as a simile. Alternate translation: “You are like a locked garden my sister, my bride” 4:12 j45u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor גַּ֥ן ׀ נָע֖וּל אֲחֹתִ֣⁠י כַלָּ֑ה 1 The man is speaking of the woman as if she were a **locked garden**. He means that the woman’s body is beautiful and seemingly inaccessible like a **locked garden**. If it would help your readers you could express the meaning as a simile. Alternate translation: “You are like a locked garden my sister, my bride”
4:12 whp4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲחֹתִ֣⁠י 1 See how you translated the phrase **my sister** in [4:9](../04/09.md). 4:12 whp4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲחֹתִ֣⁠י 1 See how you translated the phrase **my sister** in [4:9](../04/09.md).
4:12 i5nb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor גַּ֥ל נָע֖וּל מַעְיָ֥ן חָתֽוּם 1 The man continues to draw an extended comparison between the woman he loves and a **garden** by speaking of the woman as if she were **a locked spring** or **a sealed fountain** within a **locked garden**. The man means that the woman’s body is beautiful and seemingly inaccessible like a **a locked spring** or **a sealed fountain** that are within a **locked garden**. If it would help your readers you could express the meaning as a simile. Alternate translation: “you are like a locked spring, you are like a sealed fountain” 4:12 i5nb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor גַּ֥ל נָע֖וּל מַעְיָ֥ן חָתֽוּם 1 The man continues to draw an extended comparison between the woman he loves and a **garden** by speaking of the woman as if she were **a locked spring** or **a sealed fountain** within a **locked garden**. The man means that the woman’s body is beautiful and seemingly inaccessible like a **a locked spring** or **a sealed fountain** that are within a **locked garden**. If it would help your readers you could express the meaning as a simile. Alternate translation: “you are like a locked spring, you are like a sealed fountain”
4:12 z4b8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism גַּ֥ל נָע֖וּל מַעְיָ֥ן חָתֽוּם 1 The phrase **a locked spring** and the phrase **a sealed fountain** mean basically the same thing. The author is saying the same thing twice, in slightly different ways, for emphasis. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one, as modeled by the UST, and show the emphasis in some other way. 4:12 z4b8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism גַּ֥ל נָע֖וּל מַעְיָ֥ן חָתֽוּם 1 The phrase **a locked spring** and the phrase **a sealed fountain** mean basically the same thing. The author is saying the same thing twice, in slightly different ways, for emphasis. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one, as modeled by the UST, and show the emphasis in some other way.
4:13 uvg6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism Your branches 0 branches or channels of rivers, a clear euphemism for the female body part. If any reference to this would be offensive, translate it as a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “You” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 4:13 nsr3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שְׁלָחַ֨יִ⁠ךְ֙ 1 The word translated as **shoots** refers to the parts of something that come out from it. Here, the word refers to the stems and roots that come out (shoot out) from trees and plants. The word **shoots** is used here to refer to the woman so if it would help your readers you could translate the phrase **Your shoots** as “You” as modeled by the UST. Alternately, you could translate **shoots** with a general word that your language uses to speak of what grows out of plants and trees. Alternate translation: “Your sprouts”
4:13 i3mi a grove 0 a place where many trees grow together 4:13-14 unsg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שְׁלָחַ֨יִ⁠ךְ֙ פַּרְדֵּ֣ס רִמּוֹנִ֔ים עִ֖ם פְּרִ֣י מְגָדִ֑ים כְּפָרִ֖ים עִם־נְרָדִֽים…נֵ֣רְדְּ ׀ וְ⁠כַרְכֹּ֗ם קָנֶה֙ וְ⁠קִנָּמ֔וֹן עִ֖ם כָּל־עֲצֵ֣י לְבוֹנָ֑ה מֹ֚ר וַ⁠אֲהָל֔וֹת עִ֖ם כָּל־רָאשֵׁ֥י בְשָׂמִֽים 1 The man is making a comparison between these things and the woman by speaking of her as if she were **an orchard of pomegranate trees** and as as if she was various other spices and pleasant smelling plants and trees. If it would help your readers you could express the meaning as a simile. Alternate translation: “You are like an orchard of pomegranate trees with delicious fruits;\nhenna with nard, nard and saffron;\ncalamus and cinnamon with all trees of frankincense;\nmyrrh and aloes with all the best spices”
4:13 eji6 with choice fruits 0 Alternate translation: “with the best kinds of fruits” 4:13-14 dju5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown כְּפָרִ֖ים עִם־נְרָדִֽים…נֵ֣רְדְּ 1 See how you translated the word **nard** in [1:12](../01/12.md) and the word **henna** in [1:14](../01/14.md).
4:13 q938 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown נְרָדִֽים 1 See how you translated the word **nard** in [1:12](../01/12.md). 4:14 dxj9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown וְ⁠כַרְכֹּ֗ם קָנֶה֙ וְ⁠קִנָּמ֔וֹן…וַ⁠אֲהָל֔וֹת 1 The word **saffron** refers to a beautiful flowering plant that produces purple flowers and the word **calamus** refers to a cane. Both **saffron** and **calamus** were used to make a pleasant smelling oil. The term **cinnamon** refers to a spice made from the bark of the **cinnamon**. The term **aloes** refers to the pleasant smelling resin that comes from specific trees in Asia. If one or more of these plants are unknown in your area you could use use the name of something similar in your area or you could retain the name and use a footnote explaining what the plant is. Alternate translation: “and saffron flowers, calamus canes and cinnamon trees … pleasant smelling resin called aloes”
4:13 dju5 henna 0 small desert trees that people used as a perfume. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:14](../01/12.md). 4:15 z2an rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מַעְיַ֣ן גַּנִּ֔ים בְּאֵ֖ר מַ֣יִם חַיִּ֑ים וְ⁠נֹזְלִ֖ים מִן־לְבָנֽוֹן 1 Here, the man speaks of the woman he loves as if she were **a fountain** in a garden, a **a well of living water** and **flowing streams from Lebanon**. If it would be helpful to you readers you could use a simile to express the meaning. Alternate translation: “you are like a fountain of gardens,\nlike a well of living water\nand like flowing streams from Lebanon”
4:14 e6n8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown נֵ֣רְדְּ 1 See how you translated the word **nard** in [1:12](../01/12.md). 4:15 bj5a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מַעְיַ֣ן גַּנִּ֔ים 1 The term translated as **fountain** refers to a spring or underground well that is dug in order to be used as a water source. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “a garden spring” or “a garden well”
4:14 dxj9 saffron 0 a spice that comes from the dried parts from the yellow thread in the center of a certain flower 4:15 t9ch rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-plural מַעְיַ֣ן גַּנִּ֔ים 1 Here, the plural form **gardens** could be used to: (1) designate the kind of **fountain** that would be in **gardens**. Alternate translation: “a garden fountain” (2) designate a large garden. Alternate translation: “a fountain in a large garden”
4:14 ujr7 calamus 0 a reed with a pleasant smell that people used to make anointing oil. 4:15 ke0n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מַ֣יִם חַיִּ֑ים 1 Here, the term **living** means that the water is fresh and flowing and not stagnant. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “fresh water” or “flowing water”
4:14 w1cm cinnamon 0 a spice made from the bark of a tree that people used for cooking
4:14 kx8c myrrh 0 See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:13](../01/12.md).
4:14 bm3m aloes 0 a type of large plant that had a very sweet smell
4:14 p646 all the finest spices 0 Alternate translation: “all the best spices”
4:15 z2an rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor You are a garden spring 0 “You are a spring in a garden.” A garden spring gives sweet, clean water that people enjoy drinking. The man enjoys being close to the woman.
4:15 t9ch fresh water 0 water that is good to drink
4:15 zl7c streams flowing down from Lebanon 0 Because Lebanon had mountains covered with trees, the streams from Lebanon were clean and cool.
4:16 jv5g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification Awake, north wind; come, south wind; blow 0 The woman speaks to the north wind and the south wind as though they were people. Alternate translation: “I wish the north wind and south wind would come and blow” 4:16 jv5g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification Awake, north wind; come, south wind; blow 0 The woman speaks to the north wind and the south wind as though they were people. Alternate translation: “I wish the north wind and south wind would come and blow”
4:16 x71g Awake, north wind 0 Alternate translation: “North wind, start blowing” 4:16 x71g Awake, north wind 0 Alternate translation: “North wind, start blowing”
4:16 l273 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor blow on my garden 0 The garden is a metaphor for her body, which she has covered with sweet-smelling oils ([Song of Songs 4:14](./12.md)). 4:16 l273 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor blow on my garden 0 The garden is a metaphor for her body, which she has covered with sweet-smelling oils ([Song of Songs 4:14](./12.md)).

1 Reference ID Tags SupportReference Quote Occurrence Note
65 1:11 bp6l עִ֖ם נְקֻדּ֥וֹת הַ⁠כָּֽסֶף 1 Alternate translation: “with beads of silver” or “that are decorated with silver”
66 1:12 kec9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שֶׁ֤⁠הַ⁠מֶּ֨לֶךְ֙ 1 See how you translated the phrase “The king” in [1:4](../01/04.md) where it is used with the same meaning.
67 1:12 zt7d בִּ⁠מְסִבּ֔⁠וֹ 1 The word which the ULT translates as **couch** could: (1) refer to a couch and be translated as **couch** as modeled by the ULT. (2) refer to a table. Alternate translation: “was at his table”
68 1:12 ur66 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown נִרְדִּ֖⁠י 1 The term **nard** refers to pleasant smelling perfumed oil that was made from the roots of the **nard** plant. If your readers would not be familiar with *nard** plants, you could use a general expression or describe what **nard** is. Alternate translation: “my perfumed oil” or “my pleasant smelling perfume made from the nard plant” The term **nard** refers to pleasant smelling perfumed oil that was made from the roots of the **nard** plant. If your readers would not be familiar with **nard** plants, you could use a general expression or describe what **nard** is. Alternate translation: “my perfumed oil” or “my pleasant smelling perfume made from the nard plant”
69 1:12 lp8f נָתַ֥ן רֵיחֽ⁠וֹ 1 Alternate translation: “gave off its good smell” or “spread its pleasant smell”
70 1:13 vc5v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor צְר֨וֹר הַ⁠מֹּ֤ר ׀ דּוֹדִ⁠י֙ לִ֔⁠י בֵּ֥ין שָׁדַ֖⁠י יָלִֽין 1 In the author’s culture women would sometimes place a small bag or pouch of myrrh on a necklace so it would hang on their neck and they could enjoy its pleasant smell. The woman makes a comparison between the enjoyable experience of having a bag of myrrh near her and the enjoyable experience of having the man she loves near her. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a simile to show the comparison. Alternate translation: “I enjoy having my beloved near me throughout the night like I enjoy the smell of a bag of myrrh”
71 1:13 d77b rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown הַ⁠מֹּ֤ר 1 **myrrh** was a pleasant smelling incense that was made from resin taken from the bark of a certain kind of tree. One of the things it was used for was to make a person smell good. If your readers would not be familiar with **myrrh**, you could use the name of something pleasant smelling in your area that might be used for this purpose or you could use a general expression. Alternate translation: “pleasant smelling perfume”
272 4:9 waew rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure לִבַּבְתִּ֖⁠נִי אֲחֹתִ֣⁠י כַלָּ֑ה לִבַּבְתִּ֨י⁠נִי֙ 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these phrases and add the word to show that two of the lines are being used in order to add emphasis. Alternate translation: “My sister, my bride; you have enchanted my heart. Yes, you have enchanted my heart”
273 4:9 d7n7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לִבַּבְתִּ֖⁠נִי…לִבַּבְתִּ֨י⁠נִי֙ 1 The phrase translated as **you have enchanted my heart** is an idiom which could mean: (1) to steal or capture a persons heart. In Jewish thinking the **heart** was the center of a persons thinking. To capture a persons **heart** probably also had the added meaning of causing them to be so in love that they could not think clearly because they were so overcome with feelings of love. Alternate translation: “You have captured my heart … you have captured my heart” or “It is as though you have captured my heart … it is as though you have captured my heart” or “You have made me feel so in love with you that it is as if I have lost my mind … you have made me feel so in love with you that it is as if I have lost my mind“ (2) the the woman had made the man’s **heart** beat faster. Alternate translation: “You have caused my heart to beat fast … you have caused my heart to beat fast” (3) that the woman had encouraged the man’s **heart**. Alternate translation: “You have encouraged my heart … you have encouraged my heart” or “You have given me heart … you have given me heart”
274 4:9 vdf7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲחֹתִ֣⁠י 1 The man and woman are not actually brother and sister. The phrase **my sister** is a term of endearment which expresses affection between lovers. This phrase indicates that the man and woman have a close companionship and deep emotional bond. If calling a lover **my sister** would be offensive or socially inappropriate in your culture you could use a different term of endearment or indicate the meaning of **my sister** with a footnote. Alternately, you could indicate the meaning explicitly as modeled by the UST.
4:10 v1gy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲחֹתִ֣⁠י 1 See how you translated the phrase **my sister** in [4:9](../04/09.md).
4:10 pb12 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure מַה־יָּפ֥וּ דֹדַ֖יִ⁠ךְ אֲחֹתִ֣⁠י כַלָּ֑ה מַה־טֹּ֤בוּ דֹדַ֨יִ⁠ךְ֙ מִ⁠יַּ֔יִן 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these phrases and add the word to show that two of the lines are being used in order to add emphasis. Alternate translation: “My sister, my bride; how your love is beautiful. Yes, how your love is beautiful”
275 4:10 qy7v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamation מַה־…מַה־ 1 Here, the word **How** is used as an exclamation to introduce two statements about how wonderful the woman’s **love** is. Use an exclamation that is natural in your language for communicating this.
276 4:10 v1gy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲחֹתִ֣⁠י 1 See how you translated the phrase **my sister** in [4:9](../04/09.md).
277 4:10 pb12 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure מַה־יָּפ֥וּ דֹדַ֖יִ⁠ךְ אֲחֹתִ֣⁠י כַלָּ֑ה מַה־טֹּ֤בוּ דֹדַ֨יִ⁠ךְ֙ מִ⁠יַּ֔יִן 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “My sister, my bride; how your love is beautiful! How your love is better than wine”
278 4:10 ibb8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מַה־יָּפ֥וּ דֹדַ֖יִ⁠ךְ…מַה־טֹּ֤בוּ דֹדַ֨יִ⁠ךְ֙ מִ⁠יַּ֔יִן 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **love**, you could express the same idea with a verb form as modeled by the UST or in some other way that is natural in your language.
279 4:10 d1m6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שְׁמָנַ֖יִ⁠ךְ 1 Here, **oils** refers to perfumes. In the authors culture pleasant smelling spices were mixed into olive oil in order to make a pleasant smelling perfume which was then put on the skin. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “your scented oils” or “the perfumed oils on your skin”
280 4:10 ts8k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis שְׁמָנַ֖יִ⁠ךְ 1 The author is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply the words “is better” from the context as modeled by the UST.
283 4:11 vc6y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דְּבַ֤שׁ וְ⁠חָלָב֙ תַּ֣חַת לְשׁוֹנֵ֔⁠ךְ 1 The phrase **honey and milk are under your tongue** could mean: (1) that the taste of the woman’s kisses was as pleasant as milk and honey. Alternate translation: “your kisses are like milk and honey to me” or “your kisses are as pleasant and delightful as milk and honey” (2) that the woman’s words were as pleasant as milk and honey. Alternate translation: “your words are as pleasant as milk and honey” (3) that both the woman’s kisses and her words were as pleasant as milk and honey. Alternate translation: “the kisses from your mouth and your words are as pleasant as milk and honey to me”
284 4:11 nyc9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠רֵ֥יחַ שַׂלְמֹתַ֖יִ⁠ךְ כְּ⁠רֵ֥יחַ לְבָנֽוֹן 1 **Lebanon** is known for its forests of cedar trees. Cedar trees have a very pleasant smell. The phrase **the smell of your garments is like the smell of Lebanon** probably means that the woman’s clothes smelled like the smell of cedar wood. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “and the smell of your garments is like the smell of Lebanon’s pleasant smelling cedar”
285 4:12 ik5j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure גַּ֥ן ׀ נָע֖וּל אֲחֹתִ֣⁠י כַלָּ֑ה גַּ֥ל נָע֖וּל מַעְיָ֥ן חָתֽוּם 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “My sister, my bride; you are a locked garden, a locked spring, a sealed fountain”
286 4:12 j45u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor גַּ֥ן ׀ נָע֖וּל אֲחֹתִ֣⁠י כַלָּ֑ה 1 The man is speaking of the woman as if she were **a locked garden**. He means that the woman’s body is beautiful and seemingly inaccessible like a **locked garden**. If it would help your readers you could express the meaning as a simile. Alternate translation: “You are like a locked garden my sister, my bride” The man is speaking of the woman as if she were a **locked garden**. He means that the woman’s body is beautiful and seemingly inaccessible like a **locked garden**. If it would help your readers you could express the meaning as a simile. Alternate translation: “You are like a locked garden my sister, my bride”
287 4:12 whp4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲחֹתִ֣⁠י 1 See how you translated the phrase **my sister** in [4:9](../04/09.md).
288 4:12 i5nb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor גַּ֥ל נָע֖וּל מַעְיָ֥ן חָתֽוּם 1 The man continues to draw an extended comparison between the woman he loves and a **garden** by speaking of the woman as if she were **a locked spring** or **a sealed fountain** within a **locked garden**. The man means that the woman’s body is beautiful and seemingly inaccessible like a **a locked spring** or **a sealed fountain** that are within a **locked garden**. If it would help your readers you could express the meaning as a simile. Alternate translation: “you are like a locked spring, you are like a sealed fountain”
289 4:12 z4b8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism גַּ֥ל נָע֖וּל מַעְיָ֥ן חָתֽוּם 1 The phrase **a locked spring** and the phrase **a sealed fountain** mean basically the same thing. The author is saying the same thing twice, in slightly different ways, for emphasis. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one, as modeled by the UST, and show the emphasis in some other way.
290 4:13 uvg6 nsr3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Your branches שְׁלָחַ֨יִ⁠ךְ֙ 0 1 branches or channels of rivers, a clear euphemism for the female body part. If any reference to this would be offensive, translate it as a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “You” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) The word translated as **shoots** refers to the parts of something that come out from it. Here, the word refers to the stems and roots that come out (shoot out) from trees and plants. The word **shoots** is used here to refer to the woman so if it would help your readers you could translate the phrase **Your shoots** as “You” as modeled by the UST. Alternately, you could translate **shoots** with a general word that your language uses to speak of what grows out of plants and trees. Alternate translation: “Your sprouts”
291 4:13 4:13-14 i3mi unsg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor a grove שְׁלָחַ֨יִ⁠ךְ֙ פַּרְדֵּ֣ס רִמּוֹנִ֔ים עִ֖ם פְּרִ֣י מְגָדִ֑ים כְּפָרִ֖ים עִם־נְרָדִֽים…נֵ֣רְדְּ ׀ וְ⁠כַרְכֹּ֗ם קָנֶה֙ וְ⁠קִנָּמ֔וֹן עִ֖ם כָּל־עֲצֵ֣י לְבוֹנָ֑ה מֹ֚ר וַ⁠אֲהָל֔וֹת עִ֖ם כָּל־רָאשֵׁ֥י בְשָׂמִֽים 0 1 a place where many trees grow together The man is making a comparison between these things and the woman by speaking of her as if she were **an orchard of pomegranate trees** and as as if she was various other spices and pleasant smelling plants and trees. If it would help your readers you could express the meaning as a simile. Alternate translation: “You are like an orchard of pomegranate trees with delicious fruits;\nhenna with nard, nard and saffron;\ncalamus and cinnamon with all trees of frankincense;\nmyrrh and aloes with all the best spices”
292 4:13 4:13-14 eji6 dju5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown with choice fruits כְּפָרִ֖ים עִם־נְרָדִֽים…נֵ֣רְדְּ 0 1 Alternate translation: “with the best kinds of fruits” See how you translated the word **nard** in [1:12](../01/12.md) and the word **henna** in [1:14](../01/14.md).
293 4:13 4:14 q938 dxj9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown נְרָדִֽים וְ⁠כַרְכֹּ֗ם קָנֶה֙ וְ⁠קִנָּמ֔וֹן…וַ⁠אֲהָל֔וֹת 1 See how you translated the word **nard** in [1:12](../01/12.md). The word **saffron** refers to a beautiful flowering plant that produces purple flowers and the word **calamus** refers to a cane. Both **saffron** and **calamus** were used to make a pleasant smelling oil. The term **cinnamon** refers to a spice made from the bark of the **cinnamon**. The term **aloes** refers to the pleasant smelling resin that comes from specific trees in Asia. If one or more of these plants are unknown in your area you could use use the name of something similar in your area or you could retain the name and use a footnote explaining what the plant is. Alternate translation: “and saffron flowers, calamus canes and cinnamon trees … pleasant smelling resin called aloes”
294 4:13 4:15 dju5 z2an rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor henna מַעְיַ֣ן גַּנִּ֔ים בְּאֵ֖ר מַ֣יִם חַיִּ֑ים וְ⁠נֹזְלִ֖ים מִן־לְבָנֽוֹן 0 1 small desert trees that people used as a perfume. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:14](../01/12.md). Here, the man speaks of the woman he loves as if she were **a fountain** in a garden, a **a well of living water** and **flowing streams from Lebanon**. If it would be helpful to you readers you could use a simile to express the meaning. Alternate translation: “you are like a fountain of gardens,\nlike a well of living water\nand like flowing streams from Lebanon”
295 4:14 4:15 e6n8 bj5a rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit נֵ֣רְדְּ מַעְיַ֣ן גַּנִּ֔ים 1 See how you translated the word **nard** in [1:12](../01/12.md). The term translated as **fountain** refers to a spring or underground well that is dug in order to be used as a water source. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “a garden spring” or “a garden well”
296 4:14 4:15 dxj9 t9ch rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-plural saffron מַעְיַ֣ן גַּנִּ֔ים 0 1 a spice that comes from the dried parts from the yellow thread in the center of a certain flower Here, the plural form **gardens** could be used to: (1) designate the kind of **fountain** that would be in **gardens**. Alternate translation: “a garden fountain” (2) designate a large garden. Alternate translation: “a fountain in a large garden”
297 4:14 4:15 ujr7 ke0n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit calamus מַ֣יִם חַיִּ֑ים 0 1 a reed with a pleasant smell that people used to make anointing oil. Here, the term **living** means that the water is fresh and flowing and not stagnant. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “fresh water” or “flowing water”
4:14 w1cm cinnamon 0 a spice made from the bark of a tree that people used for cooking
4:14 kx8c myrrh 0 See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:13](../01/12.md).
4:14 bm3m aloes 0 a type of large plant that had a very sweet smell
4:14 p646 all the finest spices 0 Alternate translation: “all the best spices”
4:15 z2an rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor You are a garden spring 0 “You are a spring in a garden.” A garden spring gives sweet, clean water that people enjoy drinking. The man enjoys being close to the woman.
4:15 t9ch fresh water 0 water that is good to drink
4:15 zl7c streams flowing down from Lebanon 0 Because Lebanon had mountains covered with trees, the streams from Lebanon were clean and cool.
298 4:16 jv5g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification Awake, north wind; come, south wind; blow 0 The woman speaks to the north wind and the south wind as though they were people. Alternate translation: “I wish the north wind and south wind would come and blow”
299 4:16 x71g Awake, north wind 0 Alternate translation: “North wind, start blowing”
300 4:16 l273 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor blow on my garden 0 The garden is a metaphor for her body, which she has covered with sweet-smelling oils ([Song of Songs 4:14](./12.md)).