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Jane's edits to GEN (#3183) 

Co-authored-by: justplainjane47 <justplainjane47@noreply.door43.org>
Reviewed-on: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_tn/pulls/3183
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Richard Mahn 2023-04-06 00:09:30 +00:00
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@ -7,9 +7,9 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
1:1 bcu7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms אֵ֥ת הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֖יִם 1 “the sky”. This phrase refers here to the region where all the stars and planets would later exist. Keep that in mind as you translate this term.
1:1 wgq2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms וְ⁠אֵ֥ת הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ 1 This phrase refers to the planet earth.
1:2 qfra וְ⁠הָ⁠אָ֗רֶץ 1 “Now {at first after that,} the earth” or “{At first after that,} the earth”. The author pauses here to describe what the earth was like after God first created it (verse 1). Some languages use a conjunction like “Now” to introduce that information; other languages do not use a conjunction here. Do what is natural in your language. Also, be consistent here with how you translated “the earth” in verse 1.
1:2 btmf הָיְתָ֥ה תֹ֨הוּ֙ וָ⁠בֹ֔הוּ 1 It is not clear what the earth looked like at that time, but it did not have its present shape and order. Also, the Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It can mean: (1) “was formless/shapeless and empty/desolate,” or “did not have {its present} form, and there was nothing {living} on it {yet},” (2) “completely empty/desolate,” which is a hendiadys. However, it is best to keep both terms separate in your translation (as in the first interpretation).
1:2 btmf הָיְתָ֥ה תֹ֨הוּ֙ וָ⁠בֹ֔הוּ 1 It is not clear what the earth looked like at that time, but it did not have its present shape and order. Also, the Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “was formless/shapeless and empty/desolate,” or “did not have {its present} form, and there was nothing {living} on it {yet},” or (2) “completely empty/desolate,” which is a hendiadys. However, it is best to keep both terms separate in your translation (as in the first interpretation).
1:2 f7a1 וְ⁠חֹ֖שֶׁךְ עַל פְּנֵ֣י תְה֑וֹם 1 “It was {totally/completely} dark, there was deep {water} {everywhere},” or “There was deep {water} {everywhere} {that was covered/surrounded} in/by {complete/total} darkness,” For some languages it is more natural to begin a new sentence here. Do what is best in your language.
1:2 rp8q וְ⁠ר֣וּחַ אֱלֹהִ֔ים מְרַחֶ֖פֶת 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It can mean: (1) “and God’s Spirit was hovering/moving” (2) “and a wind from God was blowing” (3) “and a powerful wind was blowing”. The first interpretation is most likely, since the Hebrew verb “hovering” does not describe what wind does.
1:2 rp8q וְ⁠ר֣וּחַ אֱלֹהִ֔ים מְרַחֶ֖פֶת 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “and God’s Spirit was hovering/moving” or (2) “and a wind from God was blowing” (3) “and a powerful wind was blowing”. The first interpretation is most likely, since the Hebrew verb “hovering” does not describe what wind does.
1:2 yq4r עַל פְּנֵ֥י הַ⁠מָּֽיִם 1 “over the surface of the water.” or “above the waters/water.” Throughout this chapter, the word “waters” is in the plural in the Hebrew text. For some languages it is more natural to use the singular “water”. Do what is best in your language in each context.
1:3 kxuq rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יֹּ֥אמֶר אֱלֹהִ֖ים 1 “Then God commanded,” What God says in verse 3 is a command. Consider whether or not it is best in your language to make that explicit in this quote margin.
1:3 o0zd יְהִ֣י א֑וֹר 1 “Let light exist.” or “I command there to be light.” or “I command light to start shining!” This is a command, not a permission or a suggestion. It is a direct quote of what God actually said, and it is usually put between quotation marks in a translation. If you use an exclamation mark with this command in your translation, make sure it does not mean or imply that God was angry. Also, the way you translate “light” should refer to what shines from a source of light; it does not refer here to the source itself.
@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
1:14 as7i לְ⁠הַבְדִּ֕יל 1 “to divide/distinguish” or “that separate/divide”
1:14 ik3v בֵּ֥ין הַ⁠יּ֖וֹם וּ⁠בֵ֣ין הַ⁠לָּ֑יְלָה 1 “the day{time} from the night{time}.” See how you translated “Day{time}” and “Night{time}” in verse 5.
1:14 iva1 וְ⁠הָי֤וּ לְ⁠אֹתֹת֙ 1 “Let those lights/lamps also be” or “They must/will also serve/function as” or “I also command those lights/lamps to serve/function as”
1:14 kwpn וְ⁠הָי֤וּ לְ⁠אֹתֹת֙ 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It can mean: (1) “signs/markers {of special/important events}, and {they must/will} mark” or “They must/will also mark/indicate when important things happen, and {they must/will} mark/show” (2) “signs/markers that mark/indicate/show”. The word “signs” means that the lights can mark certain times of the year. Following the first interpretation, the lights are to also mark special events (such as the star that signaled Jesus’ birth and the darkened sun at Jesus’ death).
1:14 kwpn וְ⁠הָי֤וּ לְ⁠אֹתֹת֙ 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “signs/markers {of special/important events}, and {they must/will} mark” or “They must/will also mark/indicate when important things happen, and {they must/will} mark/show” or (2) “signs/markers that mark/indicate/show”. The word “signs” means that the lights can mark certain times of the year. Following the first interpretation, the lights are to also mark special events (such as the star that signaled Jesus’ birth and the darkened sun at Jesus’ death).
1:14 zf63 וּ⁠לְ⁠מ֣וֹעֲדִ֔ים וּ⁠לְ⁠יָמִ֖ים וְ⁠שָׁנִֽים 1 “seasons, days and years.” or “when seasons, days and years begin {and end}.” The sun and moon show the passing of time. For example, the 30-day month is determined by the phases of the moon, and the 365-day year is determined by the time it takes for the earth to travel around the sun. Seasons are regular times of the year, such as seed-planting and harvesting times, and the seasons of spring, summer, fall and winter (Genesis 8:22), as well as the special festivals which God appointed for his people to meet with him. You could put some of that information in a footnote.
1:15 qfvm וְ⁠הָי֤וּ לִ⁠מְאוֹרֹת֙ 1 “And they must/will be sources of light” or “They must/will serve/function as lights” or “Their purpose is to serve/function as sources of light”
1:15 szsy בִּ⁠רְקִ֣יעַ הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֔יִם 1 “in the expanse/space called the heavens/sky” or “in the open space of the heavens/sky” or “in the heavens/sky”. See how you translated this phrase in verse 14.
@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
2:7 vf52 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַֽ⁠יְהִ֥י הָֽ⁠אָדָ֖ם לְ⁠נֶ֥פֶשׁ חַיָּֽה 1 “so that he became a living person.” or “and then the man became alive” or “and he came to life.” or “so that he started to live.” Consider what is the most natural way in your language to refer to the man throughout verse 7.
2:8 z5wl rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background וַ⁠יִּטַּ֞ע יְהוָ֧ה אֱלֹהִ֛ים 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “Now Yahweh God had {previously/already} planted” or “{Before that,} Yahweh God had planted”. This interpretation fits the context of chapter one, which says that God had made all the trees and plants on day three (Gen 1:11-12), three days before he created man (Gen 1:26-27; 2:7). Following this view, verses 8-14 give background information for what happens in verses 15-24. (2) “Then Yahweh God planted”. According to this interpretation, God made the Garden of Eden on day six after he created man.
2:8 npa8 גַּן 1 “a {large} garden” or “a {large} farm/park”. The man lived in this garden, and there were animals and many trees and other plants in it too, so it was fairly large. Make sure your translation of this term does not refer to something that is too small.
2:8 msch בְ⁠עֵ֖דֶן מִ⁠קֶּ֑דֶם 1 “in {the land/region of/called} Eden, {which was} in/to the east,” or “in the eastern part of {the land/region of/called} Eden,” In this context, “in the east” can refer to: (1) the eastern part of the region of Eden (2) a region east of where Moses lived when he wrote this. It is best, if possible, to keep your translation of this phrase general here (like the Hebrew text).
2:8 msch בְ⁠עֵ֖דֶן מִ⁠קֶּ֑דֶם 1 “in {the land/region of/called} Eden, {which was} in/to the east,” or “in the eastern part of {the land/region of/called} Eden,” In this context, “in the east” can refer to: (1) the eastern part of the region of Eden or (2) a region east of where Moses lived when he wrote this. It is best, if possible, to keep your translation of this phrase general here (like the Hebrew text).
2:8 zpxl וַ⁠יָּ֣שֶׂם שָׁ֔ם אֶת הָֽ⁠אָדָ֖ם 1 “and that is where he put the man” or “and in that garden he put the man” or “That is where he put the man”. Consider whether it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here.
2:8 uvlv אֲשֶׁ֥ר יָצָֽר 1 “whom he had shaped/crafted.” or “whom he had created/made.” See how you translated “formed” in verse 7.
2:9 wihv rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יַּצְמַ֞ח יְהוָ֤ה אֱלֹהִים֙ מִן־הָ֣⁠אֲדָמָ֔ה כָּל־עֵ֛ץ נֶחְמָ֥ד 1 “{There} Yahweh/he had made/caused to grow from the ground every {kind/type of} tree that is pleasant/beautiful/delightful” or “Yahweh/He had made/caused all {kinds/types of} trees to grow from the ground that are pleasant/beautiful”. See how you translated “Yahweh God” in verse 5, and how you translated “every tree” in Gen 1:29.
@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
2:11 lg1b אֲשֶׁר שָׁ֖ם הַ⁠זָּהָֽב 1 “{a place} where {there is/was} {much} gold.” or “which has/had {a lot of} gold.”
2:12 v48n וּֽ⁠זֲהַ֛ב הָ⁠אָ֥רֶץ הַ⁠הִ֖וא 1 “In fact, the gold from that land/region” or “Indeed, the gold {that is found} in that land/region”. This sentence emphasizes the previous statement about the gold, and gives more information about it.
2:12 ks18 ט֑וֹב 1 “{is/was} {very} pure.” or “{is/was} {very} high quality.”
2:12 qhx1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown הַ⁠בְּדֹ֖לַח 1 “{A kind/type of fragrant/sweet-smelling resin called} bdellium” or “A {kind/type of} fragrant/sweet-smelling resin/perfume”. The meaning of this Hebrew word is not certain. In many translations it is transliterated, that is, spelled the way the Hebrew word is pronounced. It may refer to (1) a fragrant/sweet-smelling tree resin that was used to make perfume; (2) a type of stone or crystal, or possibly pearl.
2:12 qhx1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown הַ⁠בְּדֹ֖לַח 1 “{A kind/type of fragrant/sweet-smelling resin called} bdellium” or “A {kind/type of} fragrant/sweet-smelling resin/perfume”. The meaning of this Hebrew word is not certain. In many translations it is transliterated, that is, spelled the way the Hebrew word is pronounced. It may refer to: (1) a fragrant/sweet-smelling tree resin that was used to make perfume; (2) a type of stone or crystal, or possibly pearl.
2:12 ul5j rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown וְ⁠אֶ֥בֶן הַ⁠שֹּֽׁהַם 1 “and {valuable} onyx gemstones” or “and {valuable} stones/gemstones called onyx” or “and {valuable} gemstones”. It is not certain what kind of stone this was, but most Bible scholars think it was onyx, which is a kind of quartz that is often black, but also occurs in many other colors, and can have stripes or bands of white (or other colors) running through it.
2:12 cp1z שָׁ֥ם 1 “{are/were} {also} {found} there.” or “{are/were} {also} in that land/region.” Make sure the verb tense you choose here fits with the way you translated verse 11.
2:13 fnx5 וְ⁠שֵֽׁם הַ⁠נָּהָ֥ר הַ⁠שֵּׁנִ֖י 1 “The name of the second river {is/was}” or “The second river is/was named/called” or “The second river is/was”. See how you translated a similar phrase in verse 11.
@ -279,12 +279,12 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
2:21 stgv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יַּפֵּל֩ יְהוָ֨ה אֱלֹהִ֧ים תַּרְדֵּמָ֛ה עַל הָ⁠אָדָ֖ם 1 “So/Then Yahweh God caused the man to fall/go into a deep/sound sleep.” or “So/Then Yahweh God caused the man to sleep {very} deeply/soundly.” Many languages have a similar idiom for “caused a deep sleep to fall on” that works well here. Consider what is best in your language.
2:21 ti50 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יִּישָׁ֑ן 1 “Then {while} the man was sleeping/asleep,” Consider whether it is best in your language to use a pronoun or a noun here to refer to the man.
2:21 xamp rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יִּקַּ֗ח 1 “he/God took {out}”. Consider whether to use a pronoun or noun here to refer to God. Make sure it is clear in your translation who is being referred to at each point in this verse.
2:21 l63g אַחַת֙ מִ⁠צַּלְעֹתָ֔י⁠ו 1 This phrase is ambiguous in the Hebrew text. It could mean (1) “one of the man’s ribs {from his body/side}” or “a rib {from the man’s body/side}” (2) “part of the man’s side {from his body}”
2:21 l63g אַחַת֙ מִ⁠צַּלְעֹתָ֔י⁠ו 1 This phrase is ambiguous in the Hebrew text. It could mean: (1) “one of the man’s ribs {from his body/side}” or “a rib {from the man’s body/side}” or (2) “part of the man’s side {from his body}”
2:21 k98y וַ⁠יִּסְגֹּ֥ר בָּשָׂ֖ר תַּחְתֶּֽ⁠נָּה 1 “and filled in the place/hole where it had been with flesh {and healed it}.” or “and replaced it with flesh {and healed him}.” In this context, the term “flesh” probably includes muscles and skin.
2:22 wmbd rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יִּבֶן֩ יְהוָ֨ה אֱלֹהִ֧ים 1 “Next Yahweh God” or “Next he” or “After that, Yahweh/he”. For many languages it is more natural here to use a pronoun to refer to Yahweh God. Do what is best in your language. After you finish translating a chapter or section, it is a good practice to read that section aloud and listen for what is the best way to refer to God and others at each place in the text.
2:22 m5wn וַ⁠יִּבֶן֩ & אֶֽת הַ⁠צֵּלָ֛ע אֲשֶׁר לָקַ֥ח מִן הָֽ⁠אָדָ֖ם לְ⁠אִשָּׁ֑ה 1 “made/constructed a woman from the rib which he had taken out of the man{’s body},” or “used the rib which he taken from the man to make/construct a woman from it,” See how you translated “rib” in verse 21 and see the note about that there.
2:22 w6xw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go וַ⁠יְבִאֶ֖⁠הָ אֶל הָֽ⁠אָדָֽם 1 “and he took her to the man.” or “Then he brought/took her to the man.” See how you translated “brought” in verse 19.
2:23 b3g6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠יֹּאמֶר֮ הָֽ⁠אָדָם֒ 1 “Then the man said/exclaimed,” or “{When the man saw her,} he said/exclaimed,” or “{When the man woke up and saw the woman,} he said/exclaimed,” Remember to only make implied information explicit in your translation if it helps people understand the text better, or if it is necessary to prevent wrong meaning or bad grammar in your language.
2:23 b3g6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠יֹּאמֶר֮ הָֽ⁠אָדָם֒ 1 “Then the man said/exclaimed,” or “{When the man saw her,} he said/exclaimed,” or “{When the man woke up and saw the woman,} he said/exclaimed,” Remember to only make implied information explicit in your translation if it helps people understand the text better or if it is necessary to prevent wrong meaning or bad grammar in your language.
2:23 cus9 זֹ֣את הַ⁠פַּ֗עַם 1 “Now there is a person who” or “At last here is a person {like me} who” or “Finally/Ahh! Here is someone {like me} who”
2:23 dbqq עֶ֚צֶם מֵֽ⁠עֲצָמַ֔⁠י וּ⁠בָשָׂ֖ר מִ⁠בְּשָׂרִ֑⁠י 1 “{has} bones and flesh from me!” or “was made out of my own bones and flesh!”
2:23 pbw7 לְ⁠זֹאת֙ יִקָּרֵ֣א אִשָּׁ֔ה 1 “I will call her ‘woman,’ ” There is a play-on-words here because the Hebrew word for woman (“ishsha”) is similar to the Hebrew word for man (“ish”). You could put that information in a footnote.
@ -317,7 +317,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
3:5 tr2j כִּ֗י בְּ⁠יוֹם֙ 1 “that as soon as” or “that when/if”
3:5 p329 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-dual אֲכָלְ⁠כֶ֣ם מִמֶּ֔⁠נּוּ 1 “you eat {fruit} from that tree,” or “you eat some/any of that fruit,” The pronouns “you” and “your” are plural in this verse and refer to the man and the woman. Some languages have a special dual pronoun for this. Consider again how you translated “you” and “your” in verses 1-5.
3:5 uld2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠נִפְקְח֖וּ עֵֽינֵי⁠כֶ֑ם 1 “your mind/understanding will be opened/expanded,” or “you will gain/have new understanding,” or “you will understand/know new things,” Consider whether your language has an idiom like “your eyes will be opened” that would fit well here.
3:5 npzf וִ⁠הְיִיתֶם֙ כֵּֽ⁠אלֹהִ֔ים יֹדְעֵ֖י ט֥וֹב וָ⁠רָֽע 1 “and {as a result} you will be like God/him because you will know {what is} good/right and {what is} evil/wrong.” or “so that you will know {what is} good/right and {what is} evil/wrong just like God does.” The Hebrew word “Elohim” is ambiguous in this context. It can mean (1) “God,” as it does everywhere else in the first 30 chapters of Genesis, (2) “gods” or “divine beings” (3) “angels”. See how you translated “good and evil” in Gen 2:9, 17.
3:5 npzf וִ⁠הְיִיתֶם֙ כֵּֽ⁠אלֹהִ֔ים יֹדְעֵ֖י ט֥וֹב וָ⁠רָֽע 1 “and {as a result} you will be like God/him because you will know {what is} good/right and {what is} evil/wrong.” or “so that you will know {what is} good/right and {what is} evil/wrong just like God does.” The Hebrew word “Elohim” is ambiguous in this context. It could mean: (1) “God,” as it does everywhere else in the first 30 chapters of Genesis, or (2) “gods” or “divine beings” (3) “angels”. See how you translated “good and evil” in Gen 2:9, 17.
3:6 d6rz וַ⁠תֵּ֣רֶא הָֽ⁠אִשָּׁ֡ה כִּ֣י 1 “The woman saw/observed that”
3:6 gpz2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy הָ⁠עֵ֨ץ 1 “the tree {produced fruit that}” or “{the fruit of} that tree” or “the tree{’s fruit}”. The word “tree” refers here to the fruit that is produced by that tree. Make sure that is clear in your translation.
3:6 b6yp טוֹב֩ & לְ⁠מַאֲכָ֜ל 1 “{was/looked} good/delicious to eat”
@ -370,15 +370,15 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
3:14 aocs וְ⁠עָפָ֥ר תֹּאכַ֖ל 1 “and you will/must eat dust/dirt {with your food}”. Make sure your translation of this clause does not imply that dust or dirt is all the snake will eat. Rather it could mean that dirt will get into his mouth when he eats his food, or it could be an idiom that refers to the fact that as he slithers along, his mouth will always be close to the dirt on the ground (a position of humility). Also see how you translated “dust” in Gen 2:7.
3:14 g32q כָּל יְמֵ֥י חַיֶּֽי⁠ךָ 1 “your entire life.” or “for as long as you live.”
3:15 ivt7 וְ⁠אֵיבָ֣ה אָשִׁ֗ית בֵּֽינְ⁠ךָ֙ וּ⁠בֵ֣ין הָֽ⁠אִשָּׁ֔ה וּ⁠בֵ֥ין זַרְעֲ⁠ךָ֖ וּ⁠בֵ֣ין זַרְעָ֑⁠הּ 1 “I will also cause you and the woman to be enemies {with each other}, and your offspring/descendants and her offspring/descendants to also be enemies.” or “ Besides that, I will cause you and your descendants to be enemies with the woman and her descendants.”
3:15 yfon ה֚וּא 1 “{In fact,} her offspring/descendant” or “{In fact,} one of her descendants”. The pronoun “He” is ambiguous here. It could refer to (1) the woman’s descendant (Jesus) who would one day come to earth as the Messiah/Christ. (2) the woman’s descendants who will constantly be enemies of the snake’s descendants. If you follow the first interpretation, this would be the first prophecy in the Bible about the Messiah/Christ (“the Anointed One” or “the Promised Savior King”) who would come to earth and destroy Satan’s power (Hebrews 2:14). You could include that information in a footnote.
3:15 yfon ה֚וּא 1 “{In fact,} her offspring/descendant” or “{In fact,} one of her descendants”. The pronoun “He” is ambiguous here. It could refer to: (1) the woman’s descendant (Jesus) who would one day come to earth as the Messiah/Christ. (2) the woman’s descendants who will constantly be enemies of the snake’s descendants. If you follow the first interpretation, this would be the first prophecy in the Bible about the Messiah/Christ (“the Anointed One” or “the Promised Savior King”) who would come to earth and destroy Satan’s power (Hebrews 2:14). You could include that information in a footnote.
3:15 e3wq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure יְשׁוּפְ⁠ךָ֣ רֹ֔אשׁ וְ⁠אַתָּ֖ה תְּשׁוּפֶ֥⁠נּוּ עָקֵֽב 1 “will strike/crush your head, and you will strike/bite/bruise his heel.” This is figurative language that Satan will harm the Messiah, but the Messiah will destroy him. For some languages it is better to switch the order of these clauses and say, “{In fact,} you will strike/bite/bruise the heel of one of her descendants, but he will strike/crush your head.” Do what is best in your language.
3:16 chez rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns אֶֽל הָ⁠אִשָּׁ֣ה אָמַ֗ר 1 “{Then} he/God said to the woman,” or “{Then} Yahweh God {turned} to the woman and said {to her},” In the Hebrew text, “to the woman” comes first in this sentence, to emphasize her. Do what is natural in your language. Also consider what is the best way to refer to God here in your language.
3:16 vgi1 הַרְבָּ֤ה אַרְבֶּה֙ עִצְּבוֹנֵ֣⁠ךְ 1 “I will greatly increase how much you suffer” or “I will cause you to have/experience much/severe pain” or “I will cause it to be very painful”
3:16 d5br וְ⁠הֵֽרֹנֵ֔⁠ךְ 1 “when you bear children;” or “when you give birth;”
3:16 icn7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism בְּ⁠עֶ֖צֶב תֵּֽלְדִ֣י בָנִ֑ים 1 “{yes/indeed,} you will suffer much pain when you give birth.” or “{yes/indeed,} bearing children will be very painful for you.” This clause is the second part of a parallelism, which emphasizes the pain and suffering that women will experience when they bear children. If possible, it is best to keep both parts of the parallelism in your translation.
3:16 jbk6 וְ⁠אֶל אִישֵׁ⁠ךְ֙ תְּשׁ֣וּקָתֵ֔⁠ךְ 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here, because the conjunctions and the idiom “your desire will be for your husband” are all ambiguous in this context. The text can mean (1) “Yet/But you will {still} desire/long {to be with} your husband, and …”, which is similar to what “desire” means in Song of Songs 7:10. (2) “Besides that, you will desire/want {to control} your husband, but …”, which is similar to what “desire” means in Gen 4:7. The interpretation that is not followed in your translation could be put in a footnote.
3:16 jbk6 וְ⁠אֶל אִישֵׁ⁠ךְ֙ תְּשׁ֣וּקָתֵ֔⁠ךְ 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here, because the conjunctions and the idiom “your desire will be for your husband” are all ambiguous in this context. The text could mean: (1) “Yet/But you will {still} desire/long {to be with} your husband, and …”, which is similar to what “desire” means in Song of Songs 7:10. (2) “Besides that, you will desire/want {to control} your husband, but …”, which is similar to what “desire” means in Gen 4:7. The interpretation that is not followed in your translation could be put in a footnote.
3:16 friw וְ⁠ה֖וּא יִמְשָׁל בָּֽ⁠ךְ 1 “and he will control/dominate you.” or “and he will lord it over you.” See how you translated “rule over” in Gen 1:18. It may be necessary to translate this term differently here because of the negative context of the curse and the consequences of sin.
3:17 sq0d וּ⁠לְ⁠אָדָ֣ם אָמַ֗ר 1 “Then/Next he/God said to the man,” or “Then/Next Yahweh God {turned} to Adam and said {to him},” In the Hebrew text, the phrase “to the man” is emphasized. See how you translated a similar case (“to the woman”) in verse 16. For a note about when to start using Adam’s name in your translation see Gen 2:19.
3:17 sq0d וּ⁠לְ⁠אָדָ֣ם אָמַ֗ר 1 “Then/Next he/God said to the man,” or “Then/Next Yahweh God {turned} to Adam and said {to him},” In the Hebrew text, the phrase “to the man” is emphasized. See how you translated a similar case (“to the woman”) in verse 16. For a note about when to start using Adam’s name in your translation, see Gen 2:19.
3:17 dyjb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy כִּֽי־שָׁמַעְתָּ֮ לְ⁠ק֣וֹל אִשְׁתֶּ⁠ךָ֒ 1 “Since/Because you {disobeyed me and} did what your wife said/suggested” or “Since/Because you did/followed what your wife told you to do”. This phrase means that Adam heard what his wife said to him and then did what she said. Consider what is the best way to communicate that in your language.
3:17 nelk וַ⁠תֹּ֨אכַל֙ מִן הָ⁠עֵ֔ץ 1 “and ate {fruit} from the tree”
3:17 x2ur rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes אֲשֶׁ֤ר צִוִּיתִ֨י⁠ךָ֙ לֵ⁠אמֹ֔ר לֹ֥א תֹאכַ֖ל מִמֶּ֑⁠נּוּ 1 “that I commanded/told you, ‘Do not eat {any fruit} from it,’ ” or “that I commanded you to not eat {any fruit} from.” Consider whether it is better in your language to translate this embedded quote as a direct or indirect quote. Also see how you translated this command in verse 3.
@ -386,8 +386,8 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
3:17 wdns rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result בְּ⁠עִצָּבוֹן֙ תֹּֽאכֲלֶ֔⁠נָּה 1 “{As a result,} {only} by painful toil will you eat {any food} from it” or “{As a result,} you will have to work {very} hard and suffer {to grow/get enough food} to eat”
3:17 o4tu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure כֹּ֖ל יְמֵ֥י חַיֶּֽי⁠ךָ 1 “every day of your life.” or “for your entire life.” or “for as long as you live.” For some languages it is better to put this phrase before the previous clause and say, “{As a result,} for as long as you live, you will have to work {very} hard and suffer {to grow/get enough food} to eat.” Do what is best in your language.
3:18 gzbg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וְ⁠ק֥וֹץ וְ⁠דַרְדַּ֖ר תַּצְמִ֣יחַֽ 1 “In fact, the ground will produce/grow thorn {plants} and thistle {plants} {and other weeds}” or “In fact, thornbushes and thistle plants {and other weeds} will grow from the ground”. The thorn and thistle plants represent all types of weeds, which are useless, and possibly harmful, plants.
3:18 z3ub לָ֑⁠ךְ וְ⁠אָכַלְתָּ֖ אֶת עֵ֥שֶׂב הַ⁠שָּׂדֶֽה 1 The Hebrew text here can mean (1) “{and make it difficult} for you to grow {enough} crops in the/your fields for food.” or “so that you will have to work very hard in your fields to grow/produce {enough} crops/food to eat.” (2) “so that {your crops will not grow well and} you will {have to} eat {wild} plants that grow in the {open} fields {to survive}.” That difference of interpretation is caused because the Hebrew word “fields” can refer to land that people cultivate or to uncultivated land where wild plants grow.
3:19 ewn7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בְּ⁠זֵעַ֤ת אַפֶּ֨י⁠ךָ֙ תֹּ֣אכַל לֶ֔חֶם 1 “{Only} by the sweat of your face/brow/forehead will you be able to {grow/produce/have} {enough} food to eat,” or “You will have to {work hard and} sweat a lot in order to {grow/produce/have} {enough} food to eat,” The phrase “by the sweat of your nose/brow” is an idiom that refers to hard physical labor. Consider whether or not your language has a similar idiom. Also, bread was one of the main food staples for that time and culture, so the Hebrew word for “bread” is used here as an idiom that refers to all food, not just bread. Consider whether your language does something similar, using one type of food (such as bread, rice or potatoes) to refer to all food in general. Or you could use a general term like “food”, especially if bread is rare or expensive in your language area.
3:18 z3ub לָ֑⁠ךְ וְ⁠אָכַלְתָּ֖ אֶת עֵ֥שֶׂב הַ⁠שָּׂדֶֽה 1 The Hebrew text here could mean: (1) “{and make it difficult} for you to grow {enough} crops in the/your fields for food.” or “so that you will have to work very hard in your fields to grow/produce {enough} crops/food to eat.” (2) “so that {your crops will not grow well and} you will {have to} eat {wild} plants that grow in the {open} fields {to survive}.” That difference of interpretation is caused because the Hebrew word “fields” can refer to land that people cultivate or to uncultivated land where wild plants grow.
3:19 ewn7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בְּ⁠זֵעַ֤ת אַפֶּ֨י⁠ךָ֙ תֹּ֣אכַל לֶ֔חֶם 1 “{Only} by the sweat of your face/brow/forehead will you be able to {grow/produce/have} {enough} food to eat,” or “You will have to {work hard and} sweat a lot in order to {grow/produce/have} {enough} food to eat,” The phrase “by the sweat of your nose/brow” is an idiom that refers to hard physical labor. Consider whether or not your language has a similar idiom. Also, bread was one of the main food staples for that time and culture, so the Hebrew word for “bread” is used here as an idiom that refers to all food, not just bread. Consider whether your language does something similar, using one type of food (such as bread, rice or potatoes) to refer to all food in general. Or you could use a general term like “food,” especially if bread is rare or expensive in your language area.
3:19 n8ba עַ֤ד שֽׁוּבְ⁠ךָ֙ אֶל הָ֣⁠אֲדָמָ֔ה 1 “until you {die and} again become dust/dirt,”
3:19 ek0a כִּ֥י מִמֶּ֖⁠נָּה לֻקָּ֑חְתָּ 1 “which you were taken/made from {by me}.” or “which I took/created you from.” or “which I made/created you out of.”
3:19 d4o3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases כִּֽי 1 “Yes/Indeed,” or “That’s right,” This sentence rephrases and emphasizes what God just said.
@ -426,7 +426,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
4:1 um2r וַ⁠תַּ֨הַר֙ וַ⁠תֵּ֣לֶד 1 “so that she became pregnant and {later} gave birth to”. Translate this clause in a way that will not embarrass people, especially when read aloud.
4:1 a1ox אֶת קַ֔יִן 1 “{a son they named} Cain, {which means “obtained/acquired.”}” You could include the meaning of Cain’s name in your translation or in a footnote. See what you did for a similar case in Gen 3:20.
4:1 y3qd וַ⁠תֹּ֕אמֶר 1 “because she said/exclaimed,” or “{They named him that} because she/Eve had said/exclaimed,” This sentence explains how Cain got his name. Make sure that is clear in your translation. Also consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here.
4:1 ww1b קָנִ֥יתִי 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It can mean (1) “I have obtained/acquired” (2) “I have produced/created”. If you include the meaning of Cain’s name earlier in this verse in your translation or in a footnote, make sure it matches your choice here, so that it is clear why he was given that name.
4:1 ww1b קָנִ֥יתִי 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “I have obtained/acquired” or (2) “I have produced/created”. If you include the meaning of Cain’s name earlier in this verse in your translation or in a footnote, make sure it matches your choice here, so that it is clear why he was given that name.
4:1 gohm אִ֖ישׁ 1 “a male child” or “a boy/son” or “a baby boy”. For some languages it is confusing to refer to a newborn baby as a man. Do what is clear and natural in your language.
4:1 tfqh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure אֶת יְהוָֽה 1 “with {help from} Yahweh!” or “with Yahweh{’s help}!” For some languages it is more natural to put this phrase earlier in this sentence and say, “With Yahweh’s help I have obtained/acquired a son!” or “Yahweh has enabled/helped me to obtain/get a son!” Do what is best in your language.
4:2 gqfn rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠תֹּ֣סֶף לָ⁠לֶ֔דֶת 1 “Then she/Eve also gave birth to” or “After that, she/Eve gave birth to”. The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. Cain and Abel may have been twins, or Abel may have been born sometime later after Eve became pregnant again. If possible, translate verse 2 in a way that allows for either interpretation. Also, consider whether it is better in your language to use a pronoun or a noun to refer to Eve here.
@ -541,7 +541,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
4:23 gae9 לְ⁠נָשָׁ֗י⁠ו עָדָ֤ה וְ⁠צִלָּה֙ 1 “to his {two} wives, “Adah and Zillah,” Be consistent with how you spelled these names in verses 19-20, 22-23.
4:23 lbpd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שְׁמַ֣עַן קוֹלִ֔⁠י 1 “listen to what I have to say.” or “listen to what I am going to tell you.” The phrase “my voice” refers here to the words being said. Consider what is the best way to translate this figure of speech in your language.
4:23 uqtr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism נְשֵׁ֣י לֶ֔מֶךְ הַאְזֵ֖נָּה אִמְרָתִ֑⁠י 1 “My wives, listen to this:” or “My wives, listen to me carefully.” This clause forms a parallelism with the previous clause and emphasizes what Lamech says next.
4:23 m97i כִּ֣י אִ֤ישׁ הָרַ֨גְתִּי֙ לְ⁠פִצְעִ֔⁠י וְ⁠יֶ֖לֶד לְ⁠חַבֻּרָתִֽ⁠י 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It can mean: (1) “I killed a man for wounding me; {he was} a young man who bruised/injured me!” or “I killed a young man for wounding/injuring me! In fact, {I killed} that man {just} because he bruised/injured me!” (2) “I killed a man for wounding me, and also a young man for bruising/injuring me.” or “A man wounded me, so I killed him. A young man injured me, so I killed him too!” In the first interpretation, Lamech refers to one man he killed. In the second interpretation, he refers to two men he killed.
4:23 m97i כִּ֣י אִ֤ישׁ הָרַ֨גְתִּי֙ לְ⁠פִצְעִ֔⁠י וְ⁠יֶ֖לֶד לְ⁠חַבֻּרָתִֽ⁠י 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “I killed a man for wounding me; {he was} a young man who bruised/injured me!” or “I killed a young man for wounding/injuring me! In fact, {I killed} that man {just} because he bruised/injured me!” (2) “I killed a man for wounding me, and also a young man for bruising/injuring me.” or “A man wounded me, so I killed him. A young man injured me, so I killed him too!” In the first interpretation, Lamech refers to one man he killed. In the second interpretation, he refers to two men he killed.
4:24 q45d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive כִּ֥י שִׁבְעָתַ֖יִם יֻקַּם קָ֑יִן וְ⁠לֶ֖מֶךְ 1 “Since {God has promised} to avenge Cain seven times, then” or “Cain is avenged {by God} seven times, but” or “God will avenge Cain seven times, but”. Consider what is the best way to translate this passive clause in your language.
4:24 g912 וְ⁠לֶ֖מֶךְ שִׁבְעִ֥ים וְ⁠שִׁבְעָֽה 1 “{I,} Lamech {avenge myself} seventy-seven times!” or “I {avenge myself} 77 times!” Lamech is bragging in verses 23 and 24 about how severely he avenges himself. He is not saying that God will avenge him more than he will avenge Cain. Be consistent with how you spelled the name “Lamech” in verses 18-19, 23-24.
4:25 rw9r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism וַ⁠יֵּ֨דַע אָדָ֥ם עוֹד֙ אֶת אִשְׁתּ֔⁠וֹ 1 “Then Adam slept with his wife {Eve} again,” or “Again Adam had {marital} relations with his wife {Eve},” See how you translated the idiom “knew” in 4:1, 17.
@ -659,14 +659,14 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
6:1 ps4y עַל פְּנֵ֣י הָֽ⁠אֲדָמָ֑ה 1 “all over the earth” or “throughout the earth/world”
6:1 r0sl וּ⁠בָנ֖וֹת יֻלְּד֥וּ לָ⁠הֶֽם 1 “and they were having {many} daughters,”
6:2 vn76 וַ⁠יִּרְא֤וּ 1 “then/Then {when those daughters/girls grew up,}” or “{When those daughters/girls grew up,}” Verses 1 and 2 are one long sentence in the Hebrew text. For many languages it is necessary to divide it into two or more shorter sentences. For example, depending on how you began verse one, you could begin verse 2 with a new sentence. Do what is best in your language.
6:2 w4mk בְנֵי הָֽ⁠אֱלֹהִים֙ 1 “{some} angels” or “{some} supernatural beings”. The meaning of Gen 6:2 is not certain and is heavily debated, so it is probably best to translate it fairly literally and possibly include a footnote about what it means. If it is not translated literally, the literal text should be put in a footnote. There are three main views of who “the sons of God” and “the daughters of mankind” refer to (1) nonhuman, god-like beings (supernatural beings), such as demons or angels (as in Job 1:6, 38:7) who took human form and married the daughters of human beings, which may be what is referred to in 1 Peter 3:19–20; 2 Peter 2:4, and Jude 6. (2) male descendants of Seth (the righteous, chosen family line) who married female descendants of Cain (the unrighteous family line). (3) sons of powerful men, such as judges or rulers (as in Exodus 22:8, Psalm 82:1, 6) who married the daughters of common, poor people.
6:2 w4mk בְנֵי הָֽ⁠אֱלֹהִים֙ 1 “{some} angels” or “{some} supernatural beings”. The meaning of Gen 6:2 is not certain and is heavily debated, so it is probably best to translate it fairly literally and possibly include a footnote about what it means. If it is not translated literally, the literal text should be put in a footnote. There are three main views of who “the sons of God” and “the daughters of mankind” refer to: (1) nonhuman, god-like beings (supernatural beings), such as demons or angels (as in Job 1:6, 38:7) who took human form and married the daughters of human beings, which may be what is referred to in 1 Peter 3:19–20; 2 Peter 2:4, and Jude 6. (2) male descendants of Seth (the righteous, chosen family line) who married female descendants of Cain (the unrighteous family line). (3) sons of powerful men, such as judges or rulers (as in Exodus 22:8, Psalm 82:1, 6) who married the daughters of common, poor people.
6:2 znk3 וַ⁠יִּרְא֤וּ & אֶת בְּנ֣וֹת הָֽ⁠אָדָ֔ם כִּ֥י טֹבֹ֖ת הֵ֑נָּה 1 “saw that the daughters of human beings {were} beautiful,” or “saw that those young women {were} beautiful,” or “saw that they {were} {very} beautiful,”
6:2 qnty וַ⁠יִּקְח֤וּ לָ⁠הֶם֙ נָשִׁ֔ים מִ⁠כֹּ֖ל אֲשֶׁ֥ר בָּחָֽרוּ 1 “so they married any {of them} that they wanted to.” or “So they chose any/all {of them} that they wanted and married them.” Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Also, see how you translated “took/married” in Gen 4:19.
6:3 fdyv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר יְהוָ֗ה 1 “Then/So Yahweh said {to himself},” Only make implied information explicit in your translation if it is necessary to prevent wrong meaning or if your language’s grammar requires it, so that your translation is easier to read and understand.
6:3 n5w7 רוּחִ֤⁠י 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean (1) “My Spirit” or “I”, which is a way of God referring to himself (Gen 1:2 is similar). (2) “My spirit”, which could refer to God’s breath that gives life (as in Gen 2:7). If the text is not translated literally, the literal text should be put in a footnote.
6:3 lxhr לֹֽא־יָד֨וֹן & בָֽ⁠אָדָם֙ לְ⁠עֹלָ֔ם 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It can mean (1) “will not contend with human beings forever,” or “will not put up with human beings forever,” (2) “will not remain/live with/in human beings forever,” The interpretation that is not used in your translation could be put in a footnote.
6:3 n5w7 רוּחִ֤⁠י 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “My Spirit” or “I”, which is a way of God referring to himself (Gen 1:2 is similar). (2) “My spirit”, which could refer to God’s breath that gives life (as in Gen 2:7). If the text is not translated literally, the literal text should be put in a footnote.
6:3 lxhr לֹֽא־יָד֨וֹן & בָֽ⁠אָדָם֙ לְ⁠עֹלָ֔ם 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “will not contend with human beings forever,” or “will not put up with human beings forever,” or (2) “will not remain/live with/in human beings forever,” The interpretation that is not used in your translation could be put in a footnote.
6:3 nsna rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בְּ⁠שַׁ⁠גַּ֖ם ה֣וּא בָשָׂ֑ר 1 “because they {are} certainly/very sinful/corrupt.” or “because they {are} only/mere {sinful/corrupt} mortals.” The word “flesh” is used here as an idiom that means human beings are “mortal” (that is, their bodies will die) and that they are “sinful/corrupt”. The two meanings are interrelated since it is because of sin that their bodies die. In this context, the focus is on their corrupt behavior, which is the reason God will send a flood soon.
6:3 u5p6 וְ⁠הָי֣וּ יָמָ֔י⁠ו מֵאָ֥ה וְ⁠עֶשְׂרִ֖ים שָׁנָֽה 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It can mean (1) “So they will have 120 years {to repent}.” or “I will give them 120 years {to repent}.” (2) “{From now on,} they/people will have/live {no longer than} 120 years.” The first interpretation seems to best fit the context of God announcing his plan to judge mankind for their sin (verse 7). This would mean that Noah was 480 years old when God said this (about 20 years before he started having sons; Gen 5:32), since the flood came when he was 600 years old (Gen 7:6); you could put some of that information in a footnote. The second interpretation does not fit with the fact that after God said this, many people lived much longer than 120 years, so it does not seem likely that length of life was his meaning here.
6:3 u5p6 וְ⁠הָי֣וּ יָמָ֔י⁠ו מֵאָ֥ה וְ⁠עֶשְׂרִ֖ים שָׁנָֽה 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “So they will have 120 years {to repent}.” or “I will give them 120 years {to repent}.” (2) “{From now on,} they/people will have/live {no longer than} 120 years.” The first interpretation seems to best fit the context of God announcing his plan to judge mankind for their sin (verse 7). This would mean that Noah was 480 years old when God said this (about 20 years before he started having sons; Gen 5:32), since the flood came when he was 600 years old (Gen 7:6); you could put some of that information in a footnote. The second interpretation does not fit with the fact that after God said this, many people lived much longer than 120 years, so it does not seem likely that length of life was his meaning here.
6:4 ynoy rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הַ⁠נְּפִלִ֞ים 1 “{People/Giants called} the Nephilim” or “Giants”. Most translations transliterate (borrow or copy) the Hebrew word “Nephilim” here, treating it as a name. The word means “fallen ones” and probably refers to their fallen (sinful) spiritual state. The Nephilim were the descendants of the sons of God and the daughters of mankind. The only other time in the Bible that the Nephilim are mentioned is centuries later in Numbers 13:32-33, where they are identified as evil giants. Based on that, some translations translate “the Nephilim” as “giants” here in Gen 6:4.
6:4 mfas הָי֣וּ בָ⁠אָרֶץ֮ 1 “lived on the earth” or “were living on the earth”
6:4 x5nq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure בַּ⁠יָּמִ֣ים הָ⁠הֵם֒ וְ⁠גַ֣ם אַֽחֲרֵי 1 “during that time and also later on,” It may be more natural to put this time phrase first in verse 4 and say, “During that time there were Nephilim/giants living on the earth, when …” Do what is best in your language.
@ -700,7 +700,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
6:9 u5k8 אֵ֚לֶּה תּוֹלְדֹ֣ת נֹ֔חַ 1 “This/Here is {more of} the account/record/history of/about Noah and his descendants/family:” or “What follows tells {more} about Noah and his descendants/family:” Some of Noah’s history has already been given in Gen 5:29, 32, and 6:8. What follows tells more about him.
6:9 gw44 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns נֹ֗חַ 1 “He {was}”. Consider whether it is better in your language to use a noun or a pronoun here to refer to Noah.
6:9 zk74 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms אִ֥ישׁ צַדִּ֛יק 1 “an upright/good man.” or “a man who did what was right.”
6:9 w0cg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom תָּמִ֥ים הָיָ֖ה בְּ⁠דֹֽרֹתָ֑י⁠ו 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It can mean (1) “He {alone} was blameless/faultless {in God’s eyes} among his contemporaries.” or “Out of all the people living at that time, Noah/he was the only one {whom God considered} blameless.” (2) “He had a blameless/spotless reputation among his contemporaries.” or “His contemporaries considered him to be a man of integrity.” The phrase “without blemish” is often used in the Bible to describe animals that have no defects. Here it is used as an idiom that means Noah was “blameless/faultless” in an ethical or moral sense, or that he had good integrity, but it does not mean that he was sinless. Consider whether your language has a similar idiom that would work well here. Also the word “generation” refers to people who live during the same time period.
6:9 w0cg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom תָּמִ֥ים הָיָ֖ה בְּ⁠דֹֽרֹתָ֑י⁠ו 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “He {alone} was blameless/faultless {in God’s eyes} among his contemporaries.” or “Out of all the people living at that time, Noah/he was the only one {whom God considered} blameless.” (2) “He had a blameless/spotless reputation among his contemporaries.” or “His contemporaries considered him to be a man of integrity.” The phrase “without blemish” is often used in the Bible to describe animals that have no defects. Here it is used as an idiom that means Noah was “blameless/faultless” in an ethical or moral sense, or that he had good integrity, but it does not mean that he was sinless. Consider whether your language has a similar idiom that would work well here. Also the word “generation” refers to people who live during the same time period.
6:9 ky2x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אֶת הָֽ⁠אֱלֹהִ֖ים הִֽתְהַלֶּךְ נֹֽחַ 1 “{and} he walked {closely/faithfully} with God.” or “{and} he lived in a close/faithful relationship with God.” Consider whether or not it is best in your language to begin a new sentence here. See how you translated this idiom in Gen 5:22, 24.
6:10 vdjy וַ⁠יּ֥וֹלֶד נֹ֖חַ 1 “Eventually Noah/he fathered/had” or “And {as mentioned before,} Noah/he had”. The fact that Noah fathered/had these three sons was already mentioned in Gen 5:32. Make sure that the way you begin this verse in your translation does not sound like he fathered these sons a second time.
6:10 d1np שְׁלֹשָׁ֣ה בָנִ֑ים אֶת שֵׁ֖ם אֶת חָ֥ם וְ⁠אֶת יָֽפֶת 1 “three sons, {namely} Shem, Ham, and Japheth.” or “three sons, {whose names were} Shem, Ham, and Japheth.”
@ -725,7 +725,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
6:14 kfop וְ⁠כָֽפַרְתָּ֥ אֹתָ֛⁠הּ מִ⁠בַּ֥יִת וּ⁠מִ⁠ח֖וּץ 1 “and {completely} seal/coat it inside and outside”
6:14 ch1i בַּ⁠כֹּֽפֶר 1 “with pitch/tar {to keep water out}.” or “with pitch/tar {to keep the boat from leaking}.” The Hebrew word “covering” is general and does not specify what kind of waterproofing material is being used. However, many translations are more specific than that here and refer to “pitch” or “tar” or some other material made from tree resin or sap that can seal a boat well and keep it from leaking.
6:15 qrn8 וְ⁠זֶ֕ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר תַּֽעֲשֶׂ֖ה אֹתָ֑⁠הּ 1 “Build the ark/boat with these dimensions/measurements:” or “You must make/build the ark/boat like this:”
6:15 e4re rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance שְׁלֹ֧שׁ מֵא֣וֹת אַמָּ֗ה אֹ֚רֶךְ הַ⁠תֵּבָ֔ה חֲמִשִּׁ֤ים אַמָּה֙ רָחְבָּ֔⁠הּ וּ⁠שְׁלֹשִׁ֥ים אַמָּ֖ה קוֹמָתָֽ⁠הּ 1 “It {must be} 140 meters long, 23/twenty-three meters wide, and 14/fourteen meters high.” or “It {must be} 450 feet long, 75/seventy-five feet wide, and 45/forty-five feet high.” A cubit was about half a meter (18 inches) long, which was the distance from a man’s elbow to the tip of his middle finger. You can (1) translate cubits into meters or feet, and put the literal text in a footnote; or (2) keep “cubits” in the main text (so that the numbers 300, 50 and 30 are kept) and put what that equals in meters or feet in a footnote.
6:15 e4re rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance שְׁלֹ֧שׁ מֵא֣וֹת אַמָּ֗ה אֹ֚רֶךְ הַ⁠תֵּבָ֔ה חֲמִשִּׁ֤ים אַמָּה֙ רָחְבָּ֔⁠הּ וּ⁠שְׁלֹשִׁ֥ים אַמָּ֖ה קוֹמָתָֽ⁠הּ 1 “It {must be} 140 meters long, 23/twenty-three meters wide, and 14/fourteen meters high.” or “It {must be} 450 feet long, 75/seventy-five feet wide, and 45/forty-five feet high.” A cubit was about half a meter (18 inches) long, which was the distance from a man’s elbow to the tip of his middle finger. You can: (1) translate cubits into meters or feet, and put the literal text in a footnote; or (2) keep “cubits” in the main text (so that the numbers 300, 50 and 30 are kept) and put what that equals in meters or feet in a footnote.
6:16 f4nj rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance צֹ֣הַר תַּֽעֲשֶׂ֣ה לַ⁠תֵּבָ֗ה וְ⁠אֶל אַמָּה֙ תְּכַלֶ֣⁠נָּה מִ⁠לְ⁠מַ֔עְלָ⁠ה 1 “Make/Build a window/skylight for the ark/boat by finishing {the sides/walls of} the ark/boat to within one cubit below the top/roof {of the ark/boat}.” or “Make/Build a half-meter high window/opening between the top of the walls/sides of the ark and its roof {all the way around}, {to let light and air in}.” The meaning of the Hebrew text is not completely certain here, but God was probably telling Noah to make a one-cubit high window or opening at the top of the outside walls of the ark, just below the roof, all the way around the ark, to let light and air into the ark. See the note about “cubit” in verse 15.
6:16 xcyu rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases וּ⁠פֶ֥תַח הַ⁠תֵּבָ֖ה בְּ⁠צִדָּ֣⁠הּ תָּשִׂ֑ים 1 “Also put/build a door in the side of the ark/boat.” or “Put/Build a door for the ark/boat in its side.” Some translations begin this sentence without a conjunction (“And” or “Also”). Do what is natural in your language.
6:16 pt7i תַּחְתִּיִּ֛ם שְׁנִיִּ֥ם וּ⁠שְׁלִשִׁ֖ים תַּֽעֲשֶֽׂ⁠הָ 1 “Make/Build a lower {deck/level}, a middle {deck/level}, and an upper {deck/level} {on the inside}.” or “{and} make/build a lower, second/middle, and third/upper story/floor {on the inside}.” or “{and} make/build three {complete} levels/floors {on the inside}.” Consider whether or not it is best in your language to begin a new sentence here.
@ -792,7 +792,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
7:7 go2s מֵ֥י הַ⁠מַּבּֽוּל 1 “the floodwaters.” or “the flood.”
7:8 tg96 מִן הַ⁠בְּהֵמָה֙ הַ⁠טְּהוֹרָ֔ה וּ⁠מִן הַ֨⁠בְּהֵמָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר אֵינֶ֖נָּ⁠ה טְהֹרָ֑ה 1 “{Also,} {every kind of} clean/pure animal and {every kind of} unclean/impure animal”. See how you translated “clean” and “unclean” animals in verse 2.
7:8 wqej וּ⁠מִ֨ן הָ⁠ע֔וֹף 1 “and {every kind of} bird,”
7:8 ca9u וְ⁠כֹ֥ל אֲשֶׁר רֹמֵ֖שׂ עַל הָֽ⁠אֲדָמָֽה 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean (1) “including every {kind of creature/animal} that moves/lives on land,” or “which includes every {kind of creature/animal} that moves/lives on land,” According to this interpretation, the rest of verse 8 emphasizes that the clean and unclean animals and birds (verses 2-3, 8) were all creatures that lived on land (which are the creatures that the flood affected). (2) “as well as every {kind of} creature/animal that crawls/creeps along the ground”. According to this interpretation, the rest of verse 8 refers to a fourth category of creatures besides the clean animals, unclean animals, and birds.
7:8 ca9u וְ⁠כֹ֥ל אֲשֶׁר רֹמֵ֖שׂ עַל הָֽ⁠אֲדָמָֽה 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “including every {kind of creature/animal} that moves/lives on land,” or “which includes every {kind of creature/animal} that moves/lives on land,” According to this interpretation, the rest of verse 8 emphasizes that the clean and unclean animals and birds (verses 2-3, 8) were all creatures that lived on land (which are the creatures that the flood affected). (2) “as well as every {kind of} creature/animal that crawls/creeps along the ground”. According to this interpretation, the rest of verse 8 refers to a fourth category of creatures besides the clean animals, unclean animals, and birds.
7:9 nob2 שְׁנַ֨יִם שְׁנַ֜יִם בָּ֧אוּ אֶל נֹ֛חַ אֶל הַ⁠תֵּבָ֖ה 1 “came to Noah in pairs {and came/went} into the ark/boat,” or “came in pairs and entered the ark/boat with Noah,”
7:9 nt73 זָכָ֣ר וּ⁠נְקֵבָ֑ה 1 “{They were} male and female pairs,” or “Each pair had one male and one female,” Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here.
7:9 vu6n כַּֽ⁠אֲשֶׁ֛ר צִוָּ֥ה אֱלֹהִ֖ים אֶת נֹֽחַ 1 “which was exactly what God had commanded/told Noah/him {to take/bring along}.”
@ -814,9 +814,9 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
7:13 m0hx נֹ֔חַ וְ⁠שֵׁם וְ⁠חָ֥ם וָ⁠יֶ֖פֶת בְּנֵי נֹ֑חַ וְ⁠אֵ֣שֶׁת נֹ֗חַ וּ⁠שְׁלֹ֧שֶׁת נְשֵֽׁי בָנָ֛י⁠ו אִתָּ֖⁠ם 1 “Noah and his sons, Shem, Ham, and Japheth, along with his wife and his sons’ three wives {all}” or “Noah and his wife and his/their sons, Shem, Ham, and Japheth, and their three wives {all}”. See how you translated a similar sentence in verse 7.
7:13 q42f בָּ֣א & אֶל הַ⁠תֵּבָֽה 1 “entered/boarded the ark/boat,”
7:14 u7hi הֵ֜מָּה וְ⁠כָל 1 “They had/took with them every”. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here.
7:14 qs6f וְ⁠כָל הַֽ⁠חַיָּ֣ה לְ⁠מִינָ֗⁠הּ וְ⁠כָל 1 In the Hebrew text this phrase is ambiguous. It can mean (1) “every kind of living thing/creature, including every” (2) “every kind of wild animal, and every”. The animal groups listed in verse 14 show that every kind of animal was to be brought onto the ark. Your language may have a different way of grouping animals. Make sure it is clear in your translation of this verse that all the different kinds of birds and land animals are included.
7:14 qs6f וְ⁠כָל הַֽ⁠חַיָּ֣ה לְ⁠מִינָ֗⁠הּ וְ⁠כָל 1 In the Hebrew text this phrase is ambiguous. It could mean: (1) “every kind of living thing/creature, including every” or (2) “every kind of wild animal, and every”. The animal groups listed in verse 14 show that every kind of animal was to be brought onto the ark. Your language may have a different way of grouping animals. Make sure it is clear in your translation of this verse that all the different kinds of birds and land animals are included.
7:14 nbh7 וְ⁠כָל הַ⁠בְּהֵמָה֙ לְ⁠מִינָ֔⁠הּ 1 “every kind of livestock,” or “every kind of domestic/tame animal,”
7:14 cm34 וְ⁠כָל הָ⁠רֶ֛מֶשׂ הָ⁠רֹמֵ֥שׂ עַל הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ לְ⁠מִינֵ֑⁠הוּ 1 In the Hebrew text, this phrase is ambiguous. It can mean (1) “and every {other} kind of creature/animal that moves/lives on the earth/land,” which seems to fit this context best. (2) “and every kind of creature/animal that crawls on the ground,”
7:14 cm34 וְ⁠כָל הָ⁠רֶ֛מֶשׂ הָ⁠רֹמֵ֥שׂ עַל הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ לְ⁠מִינֵ֑⁠הוּ 1 In the Hebrew text, this phrase is ambiguous. It could mean: (1) “and every {other} kind of creature/animal that moves/lives on the earth/land,” which seems to fit this context best. (2) “and every kind of creature/animal that crawls on the ground,”
7:14 hfxm וְ⁠כָל הָ⁠ע֣וֹף לְ⁠מִינֵ֔⁠הוּ כֹּ֖ל צִפּ֥וֹר כָּל כָּנָֽף 1 “and every kind of bird {and} everything {else} that has wings.” or “and every kind of bird {and} every {other} {kind of} creature that flies.” This phrase probably refers not only to birds, but also to other creatures that have wings and fly, such as bats and insects.
7:15 an75 וַ⁠יָּבֹ֥אוּ אֶל נֹ֖חַ אֶל הַ⁠תֵּבָ֑ה 1 “They came to Noah {and went/came} into the ark,” or “They entered the ark with Noah,” See how you translated a similar clause in verse 9.
7:15 ob0n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche שְׁנַ֤יִם שְׁנַ֨יִם֙ מִ⁠כָּל הַ⁠בָּשָׂ֔ר 1 “pairs of every {kind of} creature/animal” or “pairs of every {kind of} living thing/creature”. The word “flesh” refers here to any kind of creature or animal.
@ -845,7 +845,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
7:21 jg81 הָ⁠רֹמֵ֣שׂ עַל הָ⁠אָ֗רֶץ 1 “that moved/lived on the ground” or “that lived on land”
7:21 dnqo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יִּגְוַ֞ע 1 “breathed out {its last breath},” or “died/perished,” See how you translated this idiom in Gen 6:17.
7:21 wh52 בָּ⁠ע֤וֹף וּ⁠בַ⁠בְּהֵמָה֙ 1 “That included {all} the birds, the livestock,” or “including {all} the birds, the domestic/tame animals,” Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here.
7:21 zw53 וּ⁠בַ֣⁠חַיָּ֔ה 1 In the Hebrew text this phrase is ambiguous. It can mean (1) “and the {other} living things/creatures” (2) “and the wild animals”
7:21 zw53 וּ⁠בַ֣⁠חַיָּ֔ה 1 In the Hebrew text this phrase is ambiguous. It could mean: (1) “and the {other} living things/creatures” or (2) “and the wild animals”
7:21 edpc וּ⁠בְ⁠כָל הַ⁠שֶּׁ֖רֶץ הַ⁠שֹּׁרֵ֣ץ עַל הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ 1 “including every {kind of} creature/animal that lived in large groups/numbers on the earth,”
7:21 q5y5 וְ⁠כֹ֖ל הָ⁠אָדָֽם 1 “in addition to all the human beings.” or “as well as all the people.”
7:22 vfi8 כֹּ֡ל אֲשֶׁר֩ נִשְׁמַת ר֨וּחַ חַיִּ֜ים בְּ⁠אַפָּ֗י⁠ו 1 “Every living creature/thing that breathed air”. See how you translated a similar phrase in verse 15.
@ -863,7 +863,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
7:24 p4ot rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ חֲמִשִּׁ֥ים וּ⁠מְאַ֖ת יֽוֹם 1 “the {entire} earth/world {for} 150 days.” See how you handled a large number in verse 6.
8:1 vjhe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יִּזְכֹּ֤ר אֱלֹהִים֙ 1 “God kept in mind” or “But God did not forget” or “God never forgot”. The phrase “God remembered” is an idiom in the Bible that often means God was paying special attention to certain people and was about to do something. Make sure that the way you translate this phrase does not imply that God had forgotten about Noah.
8:1 yash rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֶת נֹ֔חַ 1 “Noah {and his family}”. Noah is the one that the author is focusing on here, but Noah’s family is also included. Consider whether or not you need to make that explicit in your translation.
8:1 zvki וְ⁠אֵ֤ת כָּל הַֽ⁠חַיָּה֙ וְ⁠אֶת 1 In the Hebrew text this phrase is ambiguous. It can mean (1) “and all the creatures/animals, including” (2) “and all the wild animals and”. See how you translated “living thing” in Gen 7:14.
8:1 zvki וְ⁠אֵ֤ת כָּל הַֽ⁠חַיָּה֙ וְ⁠אֶת 1 In the Hebrew text this phrase is ambiguous. It could mean: (1) “and all the creatures/animals, including” or (2) “and all the wild animals and”. See how you translated “living thing” in Gen 7:14.
8:1 ujic rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure כָּל הַ⁠בְּהֵמָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר אִתּ֖⁠וֹ בַּ⁠תֵּבָ֑ה 1 “all the domestic/tame animals that {were} with him/them in the ark/boat,” Some translations combine this phrase with the previous phrase and say, “and all the animals, both wild and tame/domestic, that {were} with him/them in the ark/boat.” Do what is best in your language.
8:1 vu2u rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יַּעֲבֵ֨ר אֱלֹהִ֥ים ר֨וּחַ֙ עַל 1 “and he sent a wind over” or “So God/he caused/sent a wind to blow over”. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here.
8:1 ruy7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ 1 “{the water that was covering/over} the earth,”
@ -942,7 +942,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
8:17 ngp1 ־אִתְּ⁠ךָ֜ 1 “with you {in the ark/boat},” or “in the ark/boat,”
8:17 nn5n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche מִ⁠כָּל בָּשָׂ֗ר 1 “all the animals,” or “all of them,” See how you translated “flesh” in Gen 7:15-16.
8:17 guxs בָּ⁠ע֧וֹף וּ⁠בַ⁠בְּהֵמָ֛ה 1 “including the birds, domestic/tame animals,”
8:17 ii1h וּ⁠בְ⁠כָל הָ⁠רֶ֛מֶשׂ הָ⁠רֹמֵ֥שׂ 1 In the Hebrew text this phrase is ambiguous. It can mean (1) “and every {other} creature/animal that moves/lives”, which seems to fit this context best since it is general and includes all the land animals that were not birds or livestock. (2) “and every creature/animal that crawls”, which is more specific and refers to animals like lizards, snakes, mice, and other animals that have bodies that are close to the ground.
8:17 ii1h וּ⁠בְ⁠כָל הָ⁠רֶ֛מֶשׂ הָ⁠רֹמֵ֥שׂ 1 In the Hebrew text this phrase is ambiguous. It could mean: (1) “and every {other} creature/animal that moves/lives”, which seems to fit this context best since it is general and includes all the land animals that were not birds or livestock. (2) “and every creature/animal that crawls”, which is more specific and refers to animals like lizards, snakes, mice, and other animals that have bodies that are close to the ground.
8:17 qfw9 עַל הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ 1 “on the ground,” or “on land,”
8:17 ubmo וְ⁠שָֽׁרְצ֣וּ בָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ 1 “Then they will/can live/spread all over the earth/world”
8:17 vpty rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וּ⁠פָר֥וּ 2 “{yes,} they will have many offspring/young”. The rest of verse 17 forms a parallelism with “abound on the earth” that emphasizes filling the earth again with animals. Make sure your translation does not sound like this refers to separate events.
@ -1048,7 +1048,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
9:14 kfox rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְ⁠נִרְאֲתָ֥ה הַ⁠קֶּ֖שֶׁת בֶּ⁠עָנָֽן 1 “and the/a rainbow appears/forms among the clouds,” or “and you see the/a rainbow in/among the clouds,” Consider whether it is better in your language to use a passive or active verb here.
9:15 jg40 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠זָכַרְתִּ֣י אֶת בְּרִיתִ֗⁠י 1 “then I will remember {and keep} my/the covenant/agreement” or “then I will not forget {to keep/fulfill} my/the covenant/treaty”. See how you translated “remember” in Gen 8:1. It may need to be translated differently in different contexts.
9:15 cl8q אֲשֶׁ֤ר בֵּינִ⁠י֙ וּ⁠בֵ֣ינֵי⁠כֶ֔ם 1 “that {I have established/made} between me and you” or “that I have established/made with you”
9:15 px73 וּ⁠בֵ֛ין כָּל נֶ֥פֶשׁ חַיָּ֖ה בְּ⁠כָל בָּשָׂ֑ר 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It can mean (1) “and all living creatures of every kind,” or “and all the animals, including all the different kinds,” (2) “and all {other} living creatures, including all people and animals,”
9:15 px73 וּ⁠בֵ֛ין כָּל נֶ֥פֶשׁ חַיָּ֖ה בְּ⁠כָל בָּשָׂ֑ר 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “and all living creatures of every kind,” or “and all the animals, including all the different kinds,” or (2) “and all {other} living creatures, including all people and animals,”
9:15 w7qt וְ⁠לֹֽא יִֽהְיֶ֨ה ע֤וֹד הַ⁠מַּ֨יִם֙ לְ⁠מַבּ֔וּל לְ⁠שַׁחֵ֖ת 1 “that never again will there be a flood that destroys” or “{I promise/vow/pledge} that never again will I use/cause a flood to destroy”. Make sure it is clear in your translation that this last clause in verse 15 is what God promised in his covenant. Also, consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here.
9:15 ha7y כָּל־בָּשָֽׂר 1 “all life.” or “all living creatures.” or “all people and animals.”
9:16 msfb וְ⁠הָיְתָ֥ה הַ⁠קֶּ֖שֶׁת 1 “So/Yes, whenever the/a rainbow appears/forms” or “{That is how it will be:} Whenever there is a rainbow”. In verse 16, God repeats and emphasizes what he said in verses 12-15.
@ -1070,7 +1070,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
9:18 h3vw וְ⁠חָ֕ם ה֖וּא 1 “it was Ham who” or “Ham was the one who”. The pronoun “he” is emphatic here, emphasizing that Ham was the father of Canaan, who is probably mentioned here because he was well known as the ancestor of the Canaanites and the one whom the land/region of Canaan was named after.
9:18 sy8w אֲבִ֥י כְנָֽעַן 1 “{was} Canaan’s father.” or “fathered Canaan.”
9:19 bpuj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive שְׁלֹשָׁ֥ה אֵ֖לֶּה בְּנֵי נֹ֑חַ וּ⁠מֵ⁠אֵ֖לֶּה נָֽפְצָ֥ה כָל הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ 1 “It was from Noah’s three sons that the entire earth was populated {again}.” or “It was the descendants of Noah’s three sons who populated the entire earth {again}.”
9:20 uydp וַ⁠יָּ֥חֶל נֹ֖חַ אִ֣ישׁ הָֽ⁠אֲדָמָ֑ה וַ⁠יִּטַּ֖ע 1 “Now {later on,} Noah,” or “After a while, Noah,” or “Noah,” Consider what is the best way in your language to introduce or begin a new episode here. The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It can mean (1) “{who was} a farmer, began/started {farming} and planted” or “{who was} a farmer, was the first {man/person} to plant” (2) “began {to be} a farmer and planted” or “became a farmer and planted”
9:20 uydp וַ⁠יָּ֥חֶל נֹ֖חַ אִ֣ישׁ הָֽ⁠אֲדָמָ֑ה וַ⁠יִּטַּ֖ע 1 “Now {later on,} Noah,” or “After a while, Noah,” or “Noah,” Consider what is the best way in your language to introduce or begin a new episode here. The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “{who was} a farmer, began/started {farming} and planted” or “{who was} a farmer, was the first {man/person} to plant” or (2) “began {to be} a farmer and planted” or “became a farmer and planted”
9:20 utl1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כָּֽרֶם 1 “{some} grapevines {and made wine from the grapes}.” or “a field/garden with grapevines. {And he made wine from the grapes.}” It is implied that Noah made wine from the grapes (verse 21). If necessary, you could make that explicit here. Also, if grapes are not known in your language area, you could say “vines/plants with a fruit called grapes”, or you could put in a footnote information about grapes, including how they are squeezed and how the juice is fermented to make wine.
9:21 w1ox וַ⁠יֵּ֥שְׁתְּ מִן הַ⁠יַּ֖יִן 1 “Then {one day} he drank {too much of} the wine,” or “{One day} he drank a lot of the wine,”
9:21 cj5k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠יִּשְׁכָּ֑ר וַ⁠יִּתְגַּ֖ל 1 “so that he became drunk and was {lying} naked” or “so that he became so intoxicated/drunk that he {fell asleep} uncovered/naked”. It is implied from verse 24 that Noah had fallen asleep.
@ -1133,7 +1133,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
10:7 z6v4 סְבָא֙ וַֽ⁠חֲוִילָ֔ה וְ⁠סַבְתָּ֥ה וְ⁠רַעְמָ֖ה וְ⁠סַבְתְּכָ֑א 1 “Seba, Havilah, Sabtah, Raamah, and Sabtecah.”
10:7 zhco וּ⁠בְנֵ֥י רַעְמָ֖ה שְׁבָ֥א וּ⁠דְדָֽן 1 “And Raamah’s sons {were} Sheba and Dedan.” or “{The names of} Raamah’s sons {were} Sheba and Dedan.”
10:8 zwg5 וְ⁠כ֖וּשׁ יָלַ֣ד אֶת נִמְרֹ֑ד 1 “Cush also fathered/had {a son named} Nimrod,” See how you translated “fathered” in Gen 6:10, and how you translated a phrase in 10:1 (“were born to”) that has a similar meaning.
10:8 k7ej ה֣וּא הֵחֵ֔ל לִֽ⁠הְי֥וֹת 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It can mean (1) “who was the first {person/man/one} to be” (2) “who became”
10:8 k7ej ה֣וּא הֵחֵ֔ל לִֽ⁠הְי֥וֹת 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “who was the first {person/man/one} to be” or (2) “who became”
10:8 kt9f גִּבֹּ֖ר 1 “a powerful {warrior/conqueror}” or “a powerful {ruler/king}”. There were other mighty men before Nimrod, but apparently he was the first one to have a kingdom (verse 10).
10:8 u6s3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure בָּ⁠אָֽרֶץ 1 “on earth.” or “in the world.” For some languages it may be more natural to put this phrase earlier and say, “who was the first {person/man} on earth to be/become a powerful ruler/warrior.” Do what is best in your language.
10:9 e8rh הֽוּא הָיָ֥ה גִבֹּֽר צַ֖יִד 1 “He/Nimrod was {also} a great/excellent hunter”
@ -1150,7 +1150,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
10:11 jcf8 יָצָ֣א אַשּׁ֑וּר 1 “he/Nimrod went/moved to {the land/region of/called} Asshur/Assyria,” See how you translated “{the land/region of/called} Asshur/Assyria” in Gen 2:14.
10:11 gcc2 וַ⁠יִּ֨בֶן֙ 1 “and {there} he built” or “where he built”
10:11 i3jv אֶת נִ֣ינְוֵ֔ה וְ⁠אֶת רְחֹבֹ֥ת עִ֖יר וְ⁠אֶת כָּֽלַח 1 “{the cities of} Nineveh, Rehoboth-Ir, Calah,”
10:12 yxdv וְֽ⁠אֶת רֶ֔סֶן בֵּ֥ין נִֽינְוֵ֖ה וּ⁠בֵ֣ין כָּ֑לַח הִ֖וא הָ⁠עִ֥יר הַ⁠גְּדֹלָֽה 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous. It can mean (1) “and Resen, {which is located} between {the cities of} Nineveh and the great city of Calah.” (2) “and Resen, {which is} the great city {located} between {the cities of} Nineveh and Calah.”
10:12 yxdv וְֽ⁠אֶת רֶ֔סֶן בֵּ֥ין נִֽינְוֵ֖ה וּ⁠בֵ֣ין כָּ֑לַח הִ֖וא הָ⁠עִ֥יר הַ⁠גְּדֹלָֽה 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous. It could mean: (1) “and Resen, {which is located} between {the cities of} Nineveh and the great city of Calah.” (2) “and Resen, {which is} the great city {located} between {the cities of} Nineveh and Calah.”
10:13 p1bp וּ⁠מִצְרַ֡יִם יָלַ֞ד 1 “Mizraim was the father/ancestor of”
10:13 ptqo rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אֶת לוּדִ֧ים וְ⁠אֶת עֲנָמִ֛ים וְ⁠אֶת לְהָבִ֖ים וְ⁠אֶת נַפְתֻּחִֽים 1 “the Ludites, Anamites, Lehabites, Naphtuhites,” Throughout verses 13-18, translate the names of people groups in a way that is clear and natural in your language. See what you did in verse 4.
10:14 ylfj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure וְֽ⁠אֶת פַּתְרֻסִ֞ים וְ⁠אֶת כַּסְלֻחִ֗ים אֲשֶׁ֨ר יָצְא֥וּ מִ⁠שָּׁ֛ם פְּלִשְׁתִּ֖ים וְ⁠אֶת כַּפְתֹּרִֽים 1 “Pathrusites, Casluhites (whom the Philistines came/descended from), and Caphtorites.” or “Pathrusites, Casluhites, and Caphtorites. The Philistines came/descended from the Casluhites.”
@ -1175,7 +1175,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
10:20 n9z9 לִ⁠לְשֹֽׁנֹתָ֑⁠ם בְּ⁠אַרְצֹתָ֖⁠ם בְּ⁠גוֹיֵ⁠הֶֽם 1 “Each {clan/family} had/spoke its own language and {lived in} its own territory/region, and {eventually} became its own people/ethnic group.” or “Each {clan/family} {grew/multiplied and} became/established its own people/ethnic group that had/spoke its own language and {lived in} its own territory/region.” Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. See how you translated verse 5, which has some of the same phrases as verse 20.
10:21 am4z וּ⁠לְ⁠שֵׁ֥ם יֻלַּ֖ד גַּם 1 “Shem also fathered/had {some} sons”. In the Hebrew text, “to Shem” comes first in this sentence after “And”, to emphasize Shem. Do what is natural in your language.
10:21 x6vj ה֑וּא אֲבִי֙ כָּל בְּנֵי עֵ֔בֶר 1 “He was the ancestor of all the descendants of Eber”
10:21 f29s אֲחִ֖י יֶ֥פֶת הַ⁠גָּדֽוֹל 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It can mean (1) “and his/Shem’s older brother was Japheth.” (2) “and he/Shem was Japheth’s older/oldest brother.”
10:21 f29s אֲחִ֖י יֶ֥פֶת הַ⁠גָּדֽוֹל 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “and his/Shem’s older brother was Japheth.” (2) “and he/Shem was Japheth’s older/oldest brother.”
10:22 t2s3 בְּנֵ֥י שֵׁ֖ם 1 “{The names of} Shem’s sons {were}” or “These {were} {the names of} Shem’s sons:”
10:22 o6p2 עֵילָ֣ם וְ⁠אַשּׁ֑וּר וְ⁠אַרְפַּכְשַׁ֖ד וְ⁠ל֥וּד וַֽ⁠אֲרָֽם 1 “Elam, Asshur, Arpachshad, Lud and Aram.” The name “Arpachshad” is spelled as “Arphaxad” in many translations. Also, see how you spelled “Lud” in verse 13 (who is a different person with the same name). Be consistent with how you spell each name throughout the Bible.
10:23 ylhl וּ⁠בְנֵ֖י אֲרָ֑ם 1 “{The names of} Aram’s sons {were}” or “These {were} {the names of} Aram’s sons:”
@ -1199,7 +1199,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
10:30 h4i1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַֽ⁠יְהִ֥י & מִ⁠מֵּשָׁ֑א 1 “extended/reached from {the city of} Mesha {in the west},” See how you translated a similar sentence in verse 19.
10:30 qhqk בֹּאֲ⁠כָ֥ה סְפָ֖רָ⁠ה 1 “all the way to” or “as far as”
10:30 buoh סְפָ֖רָ⁠ה 1 “{the city/town of} Sephar, {which is in/near}”. Sephar might refer to a city, a mountain, or a region (that was named after the city or mountain).
10:30 bl54 הַ֥ר הַ⁠קֶּֽדֶם 1 “the mountain range {that is} in the east.” or “the hill country in the east.” or “the eastern hill country.” The word “mountain{s}” is ambiguous in the Hebrew text. It can be (1) a collective noun that refers to mountains or hill country near the town of Sephar (2) a singular noun that refers to a specific mountain that was called Sephar.
10:30 bl54 הַ֥ר הַ⁠קֶּֽדֶם 1 “the mountain range {that is} in the east.” or “the hill country in the east.” or “the eastern hill country.” The word “mountain{s}” is ambiguous in the Hebrew text. It can be (1) a collective noun that refers to mountains or hill country near the town of Sephar or (2) a singular noun that refers to a specific mountain that was called Sephar.
10:31 v7ly אֵ֣לֶּה 1 “Those {are/were} {the names of}” or “Those {men/people} {are/were}”. The word “Those” refers here to the people listed in verses 21-30. See how you translated verse 20, which is almost exactly the same as verse 31.
10:31 ffht בְנֵי שֵׁ֔ם 1 “the descendants of Shem” or “Shem’s sons/descendants”
10:31 lpn7 לְ⁠מִשְׁפְּחֹתָ֖⁠ם 1 “and each one had his own clan/family.” See how you translated “clans” in verses 5 and 20.
@ -1239,7 +1239,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
11:5 zcoi בָּנ֖וּ 1 “were building.” or “had started building.” Make sure the way you translate this verb fits with the fact that the people had not yet finished building the city (verse 8).
11:6 zesy rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר יְהוָ֗ה 1 “And/Then he said (to himself),” or “He said,” Consider what is the best way to refer to Yahweh here in your language.
11:6 h94b הֵ֣ן 1 “Look,” This term calls attention to what Yahweh says next. Consider what is the best way to do that in your language.
11:6 q2ld עַ֤ם אֶחָד֙ 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It can mean (1) “{they are} one people/ethnic {group},” (2) “the/these people {are} one/united {in what they are doing},”
11:6 q2ld עַ֤ם אֶחָד֙ 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “{they are} one people/ethnic {group},” or (2) “the/these people {are} one/united {in what they are doing},”
11:6 emr9 וְ⁠שָׂפָ֤ה אַחַת֙ לְ⁠כֻלָּ֔⁠ם 1 “and they all speak/share the same language.” See how you translated “have one language” in verse 1.
11:6 jn1z וְ⁠זֶ֖ה הַחִלָּ֣⁠ם לַ⁠עֲשׂ֑וֹת 1 “This {is} {only} the beginning of what they can/will do {together}.”
11:6 m869 וְ⁠עַתָּה֙ 1 “Now/Soon”
@ -1368,7 +1368,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
12:6 ep53 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וַ⁠יַּעֲבֹ֤ר אַבְרָם֙ 1 “Abram traveled/went” or “Abram {and his family} traveled/went” or “they traveled/went”. Abram is the only one named here because he is in focus. However, your translation should not sound like he traveled alone in verse 6. Also make sure that the way you begin this verse in your translation fits with the way you ended verse 5.
12:6 o804 בָּ⁠אָ֔רֶץ 1 “through that land/region”. See how you translated “land” in verse 5.
12:6 ai2i עַ֚ד 1 “until they arrived at” or “to”
12:6 klyk מְק֣וֹם שְׁכֶ֔ם 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It can mean (1) “the city of Shechem,” (2) “the/a {sacred} place at/near {the city of} Shechem,”
12:6 klyk מְק֣וֹם שְׁכֶ֔ם 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “the city of Shechem,” or (2) “the/a {sacred} place at/near {the city of} Shechem,”
12:6 wf66 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown עַ֖ד אֵל֣וֹן מוֹרֶ֑ה 1 “to Moreh’s terebinth/oak tree.” or “to the terebinth/oak tree on Moreh’s land.” Moreh is probably the name of the person who owned the land where the terebinth tree was. A terebinth tree is a large, broadleaf, flowering tree in the cashew family that can grow to a height of 5 to 12 meters (16 to 40 feet). The Hebrew words for “oak” and “terebinth” are similar, so many translations (including LXX) translate this as “oak tree” here. Notice, however, that oak trees and terebinth trees are from two different families of trees.
12:6 aje0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure וְ⁠הַֽ⁠כְּנַעֲנִ֖י אָ֥ז בָּ⁠אָֽרֶץ 1 “At/During that time the Canaanites {were still living} in that land/region,” For some languages it is clearer and more natural to put the time phrase (“at that time”) first in this sentence.
12:7 jgjr rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast וַ⁠יֵּרָ֤א 1 “but”. Yahweh’s promise in verse 7 to give Canaan to Abram’s descendants contrasts with the fact that the Canaanites were still occupying that region (verse 6).
@ -1496,7 +1496,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
13:10 k9y5 לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י שַׁחֵ֣ת יְהוָ֗ה אֶת סְדֹם֙ וְ⁠אֶת עֲמֹרָ֔ה 1 “{That is what it was like} before Yahweh destroyed {the cities of} Sodom and Gomorrah {which were also in that valley}.” Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here.
13:11 oyxz וַ⁠יִּבְחַר ל֣⁠וֹ ל֗וֹט אֵ֚ת כָּל כִּכַּ֣ר הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּ֔ן 1 “So/Then Lot chose the entire/whole Jordan {River} Plain/Valley for himself,” or “So/Then Lot decided to live in the plain/valley that surrounded/bordered the Jordan {River},” See how you translated “plain of the Jordan” in verse 10.
13:11 w8ng rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יִּסַּ֥ע ל֖וֹט 1 “and he traveled/moved” or “Then Lot/he {left Abram and} traveled/moved”. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Also consider whether it is better in your language to use Lot’s name or a pronoun to refer to him here.
13:11 re87 מִ⁠קֶּ֑דֶם 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It can mean (1) “to/toward the east {to live there}” or “eastward” (2) “from the east”
13:11 re87 מִ⁠קֶּ֑דֶם 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “to/toward the east {to live there}” or “eastward” or (2) “from the east”
13:11 h78o rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יִּפָּ֣רְד֔וּ אִ֖ישׁ מֵ⁠עַ֥ל אָחִֽי⁠ו 1 “So {in this way} they lived separately from each other.” or “That is how Abram and Lot ended up living in separate/different places.” Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Also consider what is the best way to refer to Abram and Lot at this point in the paragraph.
13:12 eqvk אַבְרָ֖ם יָשַׁ֣ב 1 “Abram settled/stayed {where he was}” or “Abram continued to live”
13:12 yax4 בְּ⁠אֶֽרֶץ כְּנָ֑עַן 1 “in {that part of} the land/region of Canaan,”
@ -1592,7 +1592,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
14:8 or65 הִוא צֹ֑עַר 1 “which {is also/now called} Zoar,” or “that is, Zoar,” See how you translated this phrase in verse 2.
14:8 e103 וַ⁠יֵּצֵ֨א 1 “went/marched out {with their armies}”
14:8 djq8 בְּ⁠עֵ֖מֶק הַ⁠שִּׂדִּֽים 1 “into the Siddim Valley”. See how you translated this phrase in verse 3.
14:8 g78j וַ⁠יַּֽעַרְכ֤וּ אִתָּ⁠ם֙ מִלְחָמָ֔ה 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It can mean (1) “and assembled/prepared/positioned {themselves} for battle” or “and got ready to fight” (2) “and joined/united together in battle”
14:8 g78j וַ⁠יַּֽעַרְכ֤וּ אִתָּ⁠ם֙ מִלְחָמָ֔ה 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “and assembled/prepared/positioned {themselves} for battle” or “and got ready to fight” or (2) “and joined/united together in battle”
14:9 daj4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אֵ֣ת כְּדָרְלָעֹ֜מֶר מֶ֣לֶךְ 1 “against Kedorlaomer/Chedorlaomer {who was} the king/ruler over” or “against King Kedorlaomer/Chedorlaomer who was ruling”. The same kings (and the places they ruled) that are listed here in verse 9 are listed in verse 1, but in a different order. Be consistent here with how you spelled the names there.
14:9 g6fo עֵילָ֗ם 1 “{the land/region of} Elam,”
14:9 tgaj וְ⁠תִדְעָל֙ מֶ֣לֶךְ 1 “Tidal {who was} the king/ruler over” or “King Tidal who was ruling”
@ -1605,8 +1605,8 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
14:9 ea8b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַ⁠חֲמִשָּֽׁה 1 “the five {kings} {and started defeating them}.” It is implied in verse 10 that the four kings had started defeating the five kings. If that is not clear, you could make that explicit here.
14:10 n67g rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background וְ⁠עֵ֣מֶק הַ⁠שִׂדִּ֗ים בֶּֽאֱרֹ֤ת בֶּאֱרֹת֙ חֵמָ֔ר 1 “The Siddim Valley was full of tar pits,” or “There were many tar pits in the Siddim Valley,” The word “Now” indicates a change of topic and introduces background information. For some languages it is more natural to omit that word and just use a paragraph break. Do what is best in your language. Also be consistent here with how you translated “the Valley of Siddim” in verses 3 and 8, and how you translated “tar” in Gen 11:3.
14:10 p8kh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠יָּנֻ֛סוּ מֶֽלֶךְ סְדֹ֥ם וַ⁠עֲמֹרָ֖ה 1 “As/When the kings of/over {the cities of} Sodom and Gomorrah {and their armies/soldiers} were running away {from the battle},” It is assumed here that the kings were accompanied by their armies. If that is not understood, you could make that explicit in your translation. Also, consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here.
14:10 wym8 וַ⁠יִּפְּלוּ שָׁ֑מָּ⁠ה 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean (1) “they died there {in the tar pits}.” or “some {of their soldiers/men} were killed there {in the tar pits}.” or “they fell into the tar pits {and died}.” (2) “jumped into the tar pits {to hide}.” Notice that the king of Sodom is still alive in verse 17, so the pronoun “they” probably does not include him here, depending on how you translate “fell there”.
14:10 v2gs וְ⁠הַ⁠נִּשְׁאָרִ֖ים 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean (1) “while/but those who were left” or “Those who escaped” (2) “But the other {three kings and their armies/soldiers}” Consider whether or not it is best in your language to begin a new sentence here or continue the previous sentence.
14:10 wym8 וַ⁠יִּפְּלוּ שָׁ֑מָּ⁠ה 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “they died there {in the tar pits}.” or “some {of their soldiers/men} were killed there {in the tar pits}.” or “they fell into the tar pits {and died}.” (2) “jumped into the tar pits {to hide}.” Notice that the king of Sodom is still alive in verse 17, so the pronoun “they” probably does not include him here, depending on how you translate “fell there”.
14:10 v2gs וְ⁠הַ⁠נִּשְׁאָרִ֖ים 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “while/but those who were left” or “Those who escaped” or (2) “But the other {three kings and their armies/soldiers}” Consider whether or not it is best in your language to begin a new sentence here or continue the previous sentence.
14:10 wjyr נָּֽסוּ 1 “ran away”. See how you translated “fled” earlier in this verse.
14:10 d4wa הֶ֥רָ⁠ה 1 “to the mountains/hills {to hide}.” See how you translated “hill country” in verse 6.
14:11 yt9q rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ֠⁠יִּקְחוּ 1 “The the four kings took {by force}” or “Then the four kings seized”. Consider what is the best way in your language to refer to the four kings at this point in the paragraph.
@ -1692,7 +1692,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
15:1 uy8x rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms הָיָ֤ה דְבַר יְהוָה֙ אֶל אַבְרָ֔ם בַּֽ⁠מַּחֲזֶ֖ה לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר 1 “Yahweh said to Abram in a vision,” or “Yahweh appeared/came to Abram visually and said {to him},” A vision is a supernatural experience that a person has while he is awake, so the way you translate this term should be different from the way you translate “dream” (since people have dreams while asleep). Make sure your translation of this clause does not sound like what Abram saw was unreal; what he saw and heard actually happened.
15:1 qg0x אַל תִּירָ֣א אַבְרָ֗ם 1 “Abram, do not be afraid!”
15:1 a97c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אָנֹכִי֙ מָגֵ֣ן לָ֔⁠ךְ 1 “I {am} your shield/protector,” or “I protect you {like} a shield,” or “I will shield/protect you,” God is like a shield to Abram, since he protects him. Consider what is the best way to translate this metaphor in your language.
15:1 dbve שְׂכָרְ⁠ךָ֖ הַרְבֵּ֥ה מְאֹֽד 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It can mean (1) “{and} your reward {from me} will be very great.” or “{and} I will give you a very great/valuable reward/gift.” The context (verse 2) shows that is how Abram understood God. (2) “{and} {I am} your very great/valuable reward.”
15:1 dbve שְׂכָרְ⁠ךָ֖ הַרְבֵּ֥ה מְאֹֽד 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “{and} your reward {from me} will be very great.” or “{and} I will give you a very great/valuable reward/gift.” The context (verse 2) shows that is how Abram understood God. (2) “{and} {I am} your very great/valuable reward.”
15:2 vwfv rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר אַבְרָ֗ם 1 “Then Abram said/lamented {to him},” or “But/Then Abram asked {him},” The way you translate this quote margin may depend on how you translate the following rhetorical question.
15:2 n8qe rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms אֲדֹנָ֤⁠י יֱהוִה֙ 1 “My Master, Yahweh,” or “Yahweh, my Lord/Master,” The term “Lord” implies ownership and that God has complete authority over people.
15:2 ep5f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion מַה תִּתֶּן לִ֔⁠י 1 “what {reward} will/can you give to me {that would benefit me},” or “{I don’t understand} how a reward from you {would benefit/help} me,” or “even if you reward me {greatly}, {that will not benefit/help me,}” Abram uses this rhetorical question to show that he is lamenting that he has no children. Make sure in your translation that he does not sound rude.
@ -1916,7 +1916,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
17:11 mhww rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular וּ⁠נְמַלְתֶּ֕ם אֵ֖ת בְּשַׂ֣ר עָרְלַתְ⁠כֶ֑ם 1 “Yes, {all the males among} you must have your/their foreskins cut off,” or “Indeed/Yes, you must circumcise the foreskin of {all the males among} you”. Notice that in the Hebrew text, the pronouns “you” and “your” are plural in this verse. Also, be consistent here with how you translated “circumcise” in verse 10.
17:11 c80d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular וְ⁠הָיָה֙ לְ⁠א֣וֹת בְּרִ֔ית בֵּינִ֖⁠י וּ⁠בֵינֵי⁠כֶֽם 1 “and that {custom/practice} will serve as the sign {that reminds you} of this/my covenant/agreement {I made} with {all of} you.” or “and that {custom/practice} will remind/show {you all} that {I made} this/my covenant/agreement with you.” The pronoun “you” is plural here.
17:12 pl8e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וּ⁠בֶן שְׁמֹנַ֣ת יָמִ֗ים יִמּ֥וֹל 1 “{Every} eight-day-old baby boy must be circumcised {by you},” or “So you must circumcise {every} eight-day-old baby boy,” Consider what is the best way to translate this passive clause in your language.
17:12 c7zl כָּל זָכָ֖ר 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It can mean (1) “{and} every {other} male” or “{as well as} all {other} males” (2) “{yes,} every male {child}”. The following context suggests that this phrase includes males of all ages, not just babies, since male slaves who were bought would especially include adult males.
17:12 c7zl כָּל זָכָ֖ר 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “{and} every {other} male” or “{as well as} all {other} males” or (2) “{yes,} every male {child}”. The following context suggests that this phrase includes males of all ages, not just babies, since male slaves who were bought would especially include adult males.
17:12 rvqc לָ⁠כֶ֛ם 1 “among your people”
17:12 n2rq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure לְ⁠דֹרֹתֵי⁠כֶ֑ם 1 “for all {future} generations,” It may be more natural to put this phrase at the beginning of this verse and say, “For all {future} generations you must circumcise {every} baby boy who is eight days old, {as well as} all {other} males among your people …” Do what is best in your language.
17:12 qqux יְלִ֣יד בָּ֔יִת 1 “{including} those/males {who are} born in your household/family” or “{That includes} those/males from your own household/family”. This phrase refers to Abraham’s future sons, including Isaac (Gen 21:4) and his concubines’ sons (25:6), and may also refer to the sons of Abraham’s servants. Also, for some languages it may be better to begin a new sentence here. Do what is best in your language.
@ -1965,7 +1965,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
17:21 ni6a rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms וְ⁠אֶת בְּרִיתִ֖⁠י אָקִ֣ים 1 “But I will establish/make my covenant/agreement”. In the Hebrew text, the phrase “my covenant” is put before the verb in order to change the topic to God’s covenant. Consider what is the best way to do that in your language. Also consider again how you translated “covenant” in verses 2, 4, 7, 9-11, 13-14, 19, 21.
17:21 ata9 אֶת יִצְחָ֑ק 1 “with {your son} Isaac,”
17:21 nbs6 אֲשֶׁר֩ תֵּלֵ֨ד לְ⁠ךָ֤ שָׂרָה֙ 1 “whom Sarah will give birth to for you” or “Sarah will give birth to him”. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Also, see how you translated “is bearing … for you” in verse 19.
17:21 e5iw לַ⁠מּוֹעֵ֣ד הַ⁠זֶּ֔ה בַּ⁠שָּׁנָ֖ה הָ⁠אַחֶֽרֶת 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean (1) “by/at this time/season next year.” (2) “at the appointed/set time next year.”
17:21 e5iw לַ⁠מּוֹעֵ֣ד הַ⁠זֶּ֔ה בַּ⁠שָּׁנָ֖ה הָ⁠אַחֶֽרֶת 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “by/at this time/season next year.” or (2) “at the appointed/set time next year.”
17:22 e61u וַ⁠יְכַ֖ל לְ⁠דַבֵּ֣ר אִתּ֑⁠וֹ 1 “When/After he/God had finished speaking/talking with/to Abraham,” See how you translated “spoke with him” in verse 3.
17:22 fuch rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יַּ֣עַל אֱלֹהִ֔ים מֵ⁠עַ֖ל אַבְרָהָֽם 1 “he went up from Abraham/him {to heaven}.” or “God/he left him and ascended {to heaven}.” or “God/he left him.” Consider whether to use a noun or a pronoun to refer to God and Abraham at each point in this verse. Do what is clear and natural in your language.
17:23 sklq וַ⁠יִּקַּ֨ח אַבְרָהָ֜ם 1 “Then Abraham gathered” or “Then Abraham brought together”
@ -2053,7 +2053,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
18:10 kp1s rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background וְ⁠שָׂרָ֥ה שֹׁמַ֛עַת 1 “Now Sarah was listening/eavesdropping” or “Sarah was listening/eavesdropping”. This sentence gives information about something that was happening while the man was talking. Translate this in a way that makes that clear in your language.
18:10 btll פֶּ֥תַח הָ⁠אֹ֖הֶל 1 “inside the entrance/doorway of the tent,” See how you translated “the entrance of the tent” in verse 1.
18:10 vtqh וְ⁠ה֥וּא אַחֲרָֽי⁠ו 1 “which was {right} behind”. Notice that the pronoun “it” refers to the entrance to the tent (where Sarah was).
18:10 g6tq אַחֲרָֽי⁠ו 1 The pronoun “him” is ambiguous here. It can refer to (1) “the man” (2) “Abraham”
18:10 g6tq אַחֲרָֽי⁠ו 1 The pronoun “him” is ambiguous here. It can refer to (1) “the man” or (2) “Abraham”
18:11 oz4x rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background וְ⁠אַבְרָהָ֤ם וְ⁠שָׂרָה֙ 1 “Abraham and Sarah/she” or “Sarah/She and Abraham”. This verse gives background information that is important to what happens next. Some languages use a conjunction such as “Now” here to introduce this kind of information, while other languages omit the conjunction, especially if “Now” is used to begin the last sentence in verse 10. Do what is best in your language.
18:11 rsbl זְקֵנִ֔ים בָּאִ֖ים בַּ⁠יָּמִ֑ים 1 “were {already} very/quite old/aged” or “{were} very elderly”
18:11 pdfh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism חָדַל֙ לִ⁠הְי֣וֹת לְ⁠שָׂרָ֔ה אֹ֖רַח כַּ⁠נָּשִֽׁים 1 “so that Sarah/she was much older than the normal age for bearing children.” or “so that Sarah/she was {far} past the age/time that she could bear/have children.” The Hebrew text has an idiom here that is a polite way of saying that Sarah had reached menopause and so was not able to have children. Other languages may have a similar idiom. Make sure your translation of this clause will not offend or embarrass people when it is read aloud in public.
@ -2283,7 +2283,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
19:17 e6nx אַל תַּבִּ֣יט אַחֲרֶ֔י⁠ךָ 1 “Do not look behind you {at Sodom},” or “Do not look back {at the city},”
19:17 yi3d וְ⁠אַֽל תַּעֲמֹ֖ד בְּ⁠כָל הַ⁠כִּכָּ֑ר 1 “and do not stop/delay anywhere in the plain/valley!” or “and do not stop/delay in the plain/valley for any reason!” This plain or valley was a wide, flat area between mountains. See how you translated “plain/valley” in Gen 13:10-12.
19:17 owz1 הִמָּלֵ֖ט 1 “Flee/Hurry” or “Go quickly” or “Run away”
19:17 fqrc הָ⁠הָ֥רָ⁠ה 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean (1) “to the mountains/hills” or “to the hill country” or “to the/that mountain {range}” (2) “to the/that mountain”. This phrase is ambiguous because often the Hebrew text uses a singular form to refer to something that is plural.
19:17 fqrc הָ⁠הָ֥רָ⁠ה 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “to the mountains/hills” or “to the hill country” or “to the/that mountain {range}” or (2) “to the/that mountain”. This phrase is ambiguous because often the Hebrew text uses a singular form to refer to something that is plural.
19:17 wwro rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive פֶּן תִּסָּפֶֽה 1 “so that you will not be destroyed!” or “so that you will not die!” or “or else you will die!” See how you translated this clause in verse 15.
19:18 y4wg rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast וַ⁠יֹּ֥אמֶר ל֖וֹט אֲלֵ⁠הֶ֑ם 1 “But Lot replied to them,” or “But Lot pleaded with them,” Some languages have a special dual pronoun for “them” that fits well here. Do what is best in your language.
19:18 uauu אַל נָ֖א אֲדֹנָֽ⁠י 1 “Please, my lords/masters, do not {make us go that far}!” or “I beg you, sirs, do not {make us do that}!” See how you translated “my lords/masters” in verse 2.
@ -2747,7 +2747,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
23:4 szs9 וְ⁠אֶקְבְּרָ֥ה מֵתִ֖⁠י מִ⁠לְּ⁠פָנָֽ⁠י 1 “so I have a place to take my dead/deceased {wife} and bury her.” or “where I can bury {the body of} my wife who has died.” or “so that I can give my deceased {wife} a proper/decent burial.” Translate this clause in a way that shows respect for the person who has died.
23:5 vukz rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יַּעֲנ֧וּ בְנֵי־חֵ֛ת אֶת־אַבְרָהָ֖ם לֵ⁠אמֹ֥ר לֽ⁠וֹ 1 “{The leaders/elders of} the Hittites replied/responded to Abraham/him,” or “When {the leaders/elders of} the Hittites {heard that}, they replied/responded,” See how you translated “the sons of Heth” in verse 3.
23:6 r5h0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-honorifics שְׁמָעֵ֣⁠נוּ אֲדֹנִ֗⁠י 1 “{Please} listen to our proposal, my/our lord/master.” or “Sir, {please} listen to what we propose:” Abraham was not their actual lord or master, rather the Hittites are addressing him in a respectful manner. Also, for some languages it is more natural or respectful to put the form of address “My lord” or “Sir” first in this quote. Do what is best in your language.
23:6 dlnm נְשִׂ֨יא אֱלֹהִ֤ים אַתָּה֙ 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It can mean (1) “You {are} a powerful/important leader/man” (2) “You {are} a leader/man of/from God”. The interpretation that you do not follow in your translation could be put in a footnote.
23:6 dlnm נְשִׂ֨יא אֱלֹהִ֤ים אַתָּה֙ 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “You {are} a powerful/important leader/man” or (2) “You {are} a leader/man of/from God”. The interpretation that you do not follow in your translation could be put in a footnote.
23:6 i7x9 בְּ⁠תוֹכֵ֔⁠נוּ 1 “{living} among us.” or “{who lives} among our people.”
23:6 i3yv קְבֹ֖ר 1 “{So} {you may} bury/put”. Make sure that the reply of the Hittites sounds polite here in your translation.
23:6 bpqa אֶת מֵתֶ֑⁠ךָ 1 “your dead/deceased {wife}” or “{the body of} your wife who has died”
@ -3047,7 +3047,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
24:48 vtn2 אֲשֶׁ֤ר הִנְחַ֨⁠נִי֙ 1 “because he led/guided me”
24:48 e19s בְּ⁠דֶ֣רֶךְ אֱמֶ֔ת 1 “the right way/direction” or “right/exactly where I should go”
24:48 xs5x לָ⁠קַ֛חַת 1 “to get/find”
24:48 gyfv אֶת בַּת אֲחִ֥י אֲדֹנִ֖⁠י 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It can mean (1) “the granddaughter of my master’s brother”, which refers to Nahor's granddaughter. (2) “the daughter of my master’s relative”, which refers to Bethuel's daughter. Abraham’s brother Nahor was the father of Bethuel and the grandfather of Rebekah (Genesis 11:26; 22:20-23).
24:48 gyfv אֶת בַּת אֲחִ֥י אֲדֹנִ֖⁠י 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “the granddaughter of my master’s brother”, which refers to Nahor's granddaughter. (2) “the daughter of my master’s relative”, which refers to Bethuel's daughter. Abraham’s brother Nahor was the father of Bethuel and the grandfather of Rebekah (Genesis 11:26; 22:20-23).
24:48 jwkn לִ⁠בְנֽ⁠וֹ 1 “{to be the wife} for my master’s son.” Make sure it is clear in your translation that this refers to Abraham’s son, not Nahor’s or Bethuel’s son.
24:49 n6ri וְ֠⁠עַתָּה אִם יֶשְׁ⁠כֶ֨ם 1 “So now/then, if you are willing”. Throughout this verse “you” is plural.
24:49 oour rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עֹשִׂ֜ים חֶ֧סֶד וֶֽ⁠אֱמֶ֛ת אֶת אֲדֹנִ֖⁠י 1 “to {let her come with me, and in that way} show {your} kindness and faithfulness to my master,” or “to be kind and faithful to my master {by sending her with me},” See how you translated “kindness” and “faithfulness” in verse 27. If necessary in your translation, you can make it explicit how they would show kindness and faithfulness to Abraham.
@ -3174,7 +3174,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
25:18 c8ld אֲשֶׁר֙ עַל פְּנֵ֣י מִצְרַ֔יִם 1 “that {is} east of {the country/land of} Egypt”
25:18 h1df בֹּאֲ⁠כָ֖ה 1 “as you go/head {from there}” or “as one goes/travels”
25:18 bm8n אַשּׁ֑וּרָ⁠ה 1 “to {the city of} Asshur {in Assyria}.” or “in the direction of {the land/country of} Assyria.” Assyria and its capital city Asshur were far east of Shur. Consider again how you spelled “Asshur” in Gen 2:14; 10:11, 22, and 25:3, 18.
25:18 wu16 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom עַל פְּנֵ֥י כָל אֶחָ֖י⁠ו נָפָֽל 1 The Hebrew text has an idiom here that is ambiguous in this context. It could mean (1) “He/They lived in hostility toward/against all his/their brothers/relatives.” or “They lived as enemies against all their brothers/relatives.” See how you translated a different idiom in 16:12 that probably has this meaning. (2) “They settled/lived in the presence of all their brothers/relatives.” or “They settled/lived among/near all their brothers/relatives.” (3) “He/Ishmael died in the presence of all his brothers/relatives.” or “He/Ishmael died when all his brothers were still alive.”
25:18 wu16 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom עַל פְּנֵ֥י כָל אֶחָ֖י⁠ו נָפָֽל 1 The Hebrew text has an idiom here that is ambiguous in this context. It could mean: (1) “He/They lived in hostility toward/against all his/their brothers/relatives.” or “They lived as enemies against all their brothers/relatives.” See how you translated a different idiom in 16:12 that probably has this meaning. (2) “They settled/lived in the presence of all their brothers/relatives.” or “They settled/lived among/near all their brothers/relatives.” (3) “He/Ishmael died in the presence of all his brothers/relatives.” or “He/Ishmael died when all his brothers were still alive.”
25:19 ldvn וְ⁠אֵ֛לֶּה תּוֹלְדֹ֥ת יִצְחָ֖ק בֶּן אַבְרָהָ֑ם 1 “This/Here {is} {more of} the record/history of/about Abraham’s son Isaac and his descendants/family:” or “What follows tells {more} about Abraham’s son Isaac and his descendants/family:” We have already heard about much of Isaac’s history in previous chapters; now we are told even more. See how you translated “these are the generations of” in verse 12 and Gen 6:9.
25:19 dw7d אַבְרָהָ֖ם הוֹלִ֥יד אֶת יִצְחָֽק 1 “{After} Abraham fathered/had {his son} Isaac,” See how you translated “fathered” in verse 3.
25:20 cn5u וַ⁠יְהִ֤י יִצְחָק֙ בֶּן אַרְבָּעִ֣ים שָׁנָ֔ה בְּ⁠קַחְתּ֣⁠וֹ אֶת רִבְקָ֗ה & ל֥⁠וֹ לְ⁠אִשָּֽׁה 1 “Isaac {grew up and} married Rebekah when he was 40 years old.” See how you translated “was a son of … years” in Genesis 21:5.
@ -3544,7 +3544,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
27:38 wtbr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יִּשָּׂ֥א עֵשָׂ֛ו קֹל֖⁠וֹ וַ⁠יֵּֽבְךְּ 1 “Then/And Esau started sobbing/crying loudly.” See how you translated “lifted … voice and sobbed” in Gen 21:16.
27:39 teeo rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יַּ֛עַן יִצְחָ֥ק אָבִ֖י⁠ו וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר אֵלָ֑י⁠ו 1 “Finally/So his father Isaac responded/said to him,” or “His father replied,”
27:39 fckf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy הִנֵּ֞ה & יִהְיֶ֣ה מֽוֹשָׁבֶ֔⁠ךָ 1 “Listen, you {and your descendants} will live”. What Isaac says in verses 39-40 applies to Esau and his descendants. See what you did for a similar case in verses 28-29.
27:39 ch9s מִ⁠שְׁמַנֵּ֤י הָ⁠אָ֨רֶץ֙ & וּ⁠מִ⁠טַּ֥ל הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֖יִם מֵ⁠עָֽל 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean (1) “away from the fatness of the earth and away from the dew of the heavens from above.” or “in a place/region where the earth/land/ground is not rich/fertile and where there is very little dew/rain.” or “in a place/region where the land/soil is not good {for farming} and where there is not much rain.” (2) “of the fatness of the earth and of the dew of the heavens from above.” or “in a place where the land is good/fertile {for farming} and where there is {plenty of} dew/rain.” See how you translated “fatness of the earth” and “dew of the heavens” in verse 28.
27:39 ch9s מִ⁠שְׁמַנֵּ֤י הָ⁠אָ֨רֶץ֙ & וּ⁠מִ⁠טַּ֥ל הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֖יִם מֵ⁠עָֽל 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “away from the fatness of the earth and away from the dew of the heavens from above.” or “in a place/region where the earth/land/ground is not rich/fertile and where there is very little dew/rain.” or “in a place/region where the land/soil is not good {for farming} and where there is not much rain.” (2) “of the fatness of the earth and of the dew of the heavens from above.” or “in a place where the land is good/fertile {for farming} and where there is {plenty of} dew/rain.” See how you translated “fatness of the earth” and “dew of the heavens” in verse 28.
27:40 ky90 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠עַל חַרְבְּ⁠ךָ֣ תִֽחְיֶ֔ה 1 “You {and your descendants} will survive by using your swords {to protect yourselves},” or “You {and your descendants} will have to fight battles to stay alive,” or “You {and your descendants} will continually be fighting battles {with other peoples/nations},” The phrase “live by your sword” is an idiom that means Esau and his descendants will have violent conflict with others, often in order to survive.
27:40 j54i וְ⁠אֶת אָחִ֖י⁠ךָ תַּעֲבֹ֑ד 1 “and you {and your descendants} will serve your brother {and his descendants}.” or “and you {and your descendants} will be servants/slaves for your brother {and his descendants}.”
27:40 u6t7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ⁠הָיָה֙ כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֣ר תָּרִ֔יד 1 “But when you rebel/revolt {against him/them},” Consider again how you translated the singular “you” in verses 39-40. You could use a plural “you” here or you could say “you {and your descendants}”. See what you did for a similar case in verses 28-29.
@ -3620,7 +3620,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
28:12 yc2p rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknowns וְ⁠הִנֵּ֤ה סֻלָּם֙ מֻצָּ֣ב אַ֔רְצָ⁠ה 1 “he saw a stairway/staircase whose base was resting on the ground” or “he saw a stairway/staircase. The bottom/base of the stairway was/rested on the ground”. This stairway was wide enough for there to be angels moving up and down on it at the same time.
28:12 lw00 וְ⁠רֹאשׁ֖⁠וֹ מַגִּ֣יעַ הַ⁠שָּׁמָ֑יְמָ⁠ה 1 “and its top reached up to heaven,” or “and the top of it went/reached {all the way} up into the heavens/sky,”
28:12 d554 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms וְ⁠הִנֵּה֙ מַלְאֲכֵ֣י אֱלֹהִ֔ים עֹלִ֥ים 1 “and there were angels of/from God who were going up and down on the stairway.” or “and he saw God’s angels going up and coming down on the stairway.” See how you translated “angel” in Gen 24:7, 40.
28:13 imw1 וְ⁠הִנֵּ֨ה יְהוָ֜ה נִצָּ֣ב עָלָי⁠ו֮ 1 “Then suddenly Yahweh was standing at the top {of the stairway},” or “And there standing at the top {of the stairway} was Yahweh,” or “And Yahweh was {also} there, standing at the top {of the stairway}”. The phrase for “above it” in the Hebrew text is ambiguous. It could mean (1) “above it” or “at the top {of the stairway}” (2) “above/beside him/Jacob”. The interpretation that is not followed in your translation could be put in a footnote.
28:13 imw1 וְ⁠הִנֵּ֨ה יְהוָ֜ה נִצָּ֣ב עָלָי⁠ו֮ 1 “Then suddenly Yahweh was standing at the top {of the stairway},” or “And there standing at the top {of the stairway} was Yahweh,” or “And Yahweh was {also} there, standing at the top {of the stairway}”. The phrase for “above it” in the Hebrew text is ambiguous. It could mean: (1) “above it” or “at the top {of the stairway}” or (2) “above/beside him/Jacob”. The interpretation that is not followed in your translation could be put in a footnote.
28:13 n9f5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יֹּאמַר֒ אֲנִ֣י יְהוָ֗ה 1 “and he/Yahweh said {to him/Jacob}, “I {am} Yahweh,”
28:13 bvp0 אֱלֹהֵי֙ אַבְרָהָ֣ם אָבִ֔י⁠ךָ וֵ⁠אלֹהֵ֖י יִצְחָ֑ק 1 “the God whom your forefathers/ancestors Abraham and Isaac serve/worship.” or “the God {who takes care} of your forefathers/ancestors Abraham and Isaac.” Abraham was Jacob’s grandfather and ancestor.
28:13 xkui rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure הָ⁠אָ֗רֶץ אֲשֶׁ֤ר אַתָּה֙ שֹׁכֵ֣ב עָלֶ֔י⁠הָ לְ⁠ךָ֥ אֶתְּנֶ֖⁠נָּה וּ⁠לְ⁠זַרְעֶֽ⁠ךָ 1 “The/This land where you are lying/sleeping I am giving to you and your descendants.” or “I will give you and your descendants this land that you are lying/sleeping on.” In the Hebrew text, “the land that you are lying on” comes first in this sentence in order to emphasize it and show its importance. Do what is natural in your language.
@ -3730,7 +3730,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
29:15 dy56 הַגִּ֥ידָ⁠ה לִּ֖⁠י מַה מַּשְׂכֻּרְתֶּֽ⁠ךָ 1 “{So} tell me what your wages/pay {should be}.” or “{So} tell me what you want me to pay you {for your work}.”
29:16 vbiz rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background וּ⁠לְ⁠לָבָ֖ן שְׁתֵּ֣י בָנ֑וֹת 1 “Now {it so happened that} Laban had two daughters:” or “Laban had two daughters:” Verses 16-17 introduce background information for what happens in the verses that follow that. Translate this in a way that is natural and clear in your language.
29:16 xkig שֵׁ֤ם הַ⁠גְּדֹלָה֙ לֵאָ֔ה וְ⁠שֵׁ֥ם הַ⁠קְּטַנָּ֖ה רָחֵֽל 1 “The name of the older {one/daughter} {was} Leah, and the younger {one/daughter} {was} Rachel.” or “The older {one/daughter} was named Leah and the younger {one/daughter} was named Rachel.”
29:17 chl6 וְ⁠עֵינֵ֥י לֵאָ֖ה רַכּ֑וֹת 1 “Leah’s eyes {were} delicate/pretty/weak,” or “Leah had pretty eyes,” The Hebrew word for “delicate” is ambiguous in this context. It can have (1) a positive meaning of “pretty” or “lovely” (2) a negative meaning of “weak”, which implies that Leah’s eyes were plain, dull, or unattractive.
29:17 chl6 וְ⁠עֵינֵ֥י לֵאָ֖ה רַכּ֑וֹת 1 “Leah’s eyes {were} delicate/pretty/weak,” or “Leah had pretty eyes,” The Hebrew word for “delicate” is ambiguous in this context. It can have (1) a positive meaning of “pretty” or “lovely” or (2) a negative meaning of “weak”, which implies that Leah’s eyes were plain, dull, or unattractive.
29:17 xcjb וְ⁠רָחֵל֙ הָֽיְתָ֔ה יְפַת תֹּ֖אַר וִ⁠יפַ֥ת מַרְאֶֽה 1 “but/whereas Rachel’s face and figure/shape were lovely/beautiful.” or “but/whereas Rachel was extremely beautiful in every way.”
29:18 ml4f וַ⁠יֶּאֱהַ֥ב יַעֲקֹ֖ב אֶת רָחֵ֑ל 1 “Jacob was in love with Rachel,” or “Jacob had fallen in love with Rachel,”
29:18 rnsu rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יֹּ֗אמֶר 1 “so he said/responded {to Laban},”
@ -3835,7 +3835,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
30:7 r1qq וַ⁠תַּ֣הַר ע֔וֹד & בִּלְהָ֖ה שִׁפְחַ֣ת רָחֵ֑ל 1 “Then Rachel’s servant Bilhah became pregnant again”. See how you translated verse 5 which is very similar to verse 7.
30:7 vrmg וַ⁠תֵּ֕לֶד & בֵּ֥ן שֵׁנִ֖י לְ⁠יַעֲקֹֽב 1 “and gave birth to a second son for Jacob.” or “and had a second son for Jacob.”
30:8 qb38 וַ⁠תֹּ֣אמֶר רָחֵ֗ל 1 “So/Then Rachel exclaimed,”
30:8 fope נַפְתּוּלֵ֨י אֱלֹהִ֧ים נִפְתַּ֛לְתִּי עִם אֲחֹתִ֖⁠י 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean (1) “I have had a mighty/difficult struggle/contest with my sister” or “I have struggled intensely/hard with/against my sister”. That would be the meaning if the Hebrew word “elohim” in this phrase is used as an adjective that means “mighty/powerful”. (2) “I have wrestled/struggled with God because of my sister”, which could refer to a struggle against her sister praying to God for children. That would be the meaning if the word “elohim” in this phrase means “God”.
30:8 fope נַפְתּוּלֵ֨י אֱלֹהִ֧ים נִפְתַּ֛לְתִּי עִם אֲחֹתִ֖⁠י 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “I have had a mighty/difficult struggle/contest with my sister” or “I have struggled intensely/hard with/against my sister”. That would be the meaning if the Hebrew word “elohim” in this phrase is used as an adjective that means “mighty/powerful”. (2) “I have wrestled/struggled with God because of my sister”, which could refer to a struggle against her sister praying to God for children. That would be the meaning if the word “elohim” in this phrase means “God”.
30:8 i44p גַּם יָכֹ֑לְתִּי 1 “and I have won!” or “and/but now I have defeated her!” or “and/but now I am prevailing/winning!”
30:8 jb07 וַ⁠תִּקְרָ֥א שְׁמ֖⁠וֹ 1 “And/So she called/named him” or “Then/So she called/named that son” or “So she gave him the name”. See how you translated “called his name” in verse 6.
30:8 l04h rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names נַפְתָּלִֽי 1 “Naphtali, {which means “my struggle/contest.”}” As always, if you include the meaning of a name in your translation or in a footnote, make sure that it matches the text that the name is based on.
@ -4065,7 +4065,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
31:21 els4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns אֲשֶׁר ל֔⁠וֹ 1 “that {belonged} to them.” or “that he/they had/owned.” Make sure that your choice of pronouns throughout this verse fits with how you translate the beginning of this sentence.
31:21 bsy0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠יָּ֖קָם וַ⁠יַּעֲבֹ֣ר אֶת הַ⁠נָּהָ֑ר 1 “He/They quickly crossed the {Euphrates} River”. The Euphrates River was also called “the River” because it was large and well-known. It was about 50 miles (80 kilometers) from Haran where Laban lived. This information could be put in a footnote.
31:21 bgnu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יָּ֥שֶׂם אֶת פָּנָ֖י⁠ו 1 “and headed toward” or “and went/traveled in the direction of”
31:21 ancy הַ֥ר הַ⁠גִּלְעָֽד 1 “the mountain region of/called Gilead.” or “the hill country of/called Gilead.” The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It can (1) refer to mountains or hill country (2) refer to a specific mountain (“Mount Gilead”).
31:21 ancy הַ֥ר הַ⁠גִּלְעָֽד 1 “the mountain region of/called Gilead.” or “the hill country of/called Gilead.” The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It can (1) refer to mountains or hill country or (2) refer to a specific mountain (“Mount Gilead”).
31:22 luj7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וַ⁠יֻּגַּ֥ד לְ⁠לָבָ֖ן בַּ⁠יּ֣וֹם הַ⁠שְּׁלִישִׁ֑י 1 “Three days after {Jacob/they had left}, someone informed/told Laban” or “Three days later Laban found out”
31:22 pkx2 כִּ֥י בָרַ֖ח יַעֲקֹֽב 1 “that Jacob {and his family} had run away.” See how you translated “fleeing” and “fled” in verses 20-21.
31:23 xoz7 וַ⁠יִּקַּ֤ח אֶת אֶחָי⁠ו֙ עִמּ֔⁠וֹ 1 “So Laban took {some of} his relatives with him” or “So Laban gathered {some of} his relatives”
@ -4147,7 +4147,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
31:41 qcea עֲבַדְתִּ֜י⁠ךָ אַרְבַּֽע עֶשְׂרֵ֤ה שָׁנָה֙ בִּ⁠שְׁתֵּ֣י בְנֹתֶ֔י⁠ךָ 1 “I worked for you for fourteen years in order to marry your two daughters,” or “For fourteen years I worked for you {in exchange} for {marrying} your two daughters,”
31:41 rufm וְ⁠שֵׁ֥שׁ שָׁנִ֖ים בְּ⁠צֹאנֶ֑⁠ךָ 1 “and {I worked} {another} six years to earn flocks {of animals} from you,” or “and for six {more} years {I worked for you} to earn flocks {of sheep and goats} from you,”
31:41 ujyn וַ⁠תַּחֲלֵ֥ף אֶת מַשְׂכֻּרְתִּ֖⁠י עֲשֶׂ֥רֶת מֹנִֽים 1 “even though you changed my wages/pay ten times.” or “even though ten times you changed what you said you would pay me.” See how you translated a similar phrase in verse 7.
31:42 canx לוּלֵ֡י אֱלֹהֵ֣י אָבִ⁠י֩ אֱלֹהֵ֨י אַבְרָהָ֜ם וּ⁠פַ֤חַד יִצְחָק֙ 1 “If God, the Revered/Awesome One, whom my father Isaac and {grandfather} Abraham serve/worship,” or “If God, whom my ancestors Abraham and Isaac serve/worship and fear/revere,” The phrase “the Fear of Isaac” is a title for God that is ambiguous in Hebrew (and English). It could mean (1) “the One/God whom Isaac fears/reveres” (2) “Isaac’s God whom {people/others} are afraid/terrified of”. The interpretation that is not used in your translation could be put in a footnote. Make sure it is clear in your translation that Jacob is only talking about one God in this verse, not two or three. Also notice that “my father” and “Isaac” both refer to Jacob’s father Isaac, not two different people.
31:42 canx לוּלֵ֡י אֱלֹהֵ֣י אָבִ⁠י֩ אֱלֹהֵ֨י אַבְרָהָ֜ם וּ⁠פַ֤חַד יִצְחָק֙ 1 “If God, the Revered/Awesome One, whom my father Isaac and {grandfather} Abraham serve/worship,” or “If God, whom my ancestors Abraham and Isaac serve/worship and fear/revere,” The phrase “the Fear of Isaac” is a title for God that is ambiguous in Hebrew (and English). It could mean: (1) “the One/God whom Isaac fears/reveres” or (2) “Isaac’s God whom {people/others} are afraid/terrified of”. The interpretation that is not used in your translation could be put in a footnote. Make sure it is clear in your translation that Jacob is only talking about one God in this verse, not two or three. Also notice that “my father” and “Isaac” both refer to Jacob’s father Isaac, not two different people.
31:42 o6jb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo לוּלֵ֡י & הָ֣יָה לִ֔⁠י 1 “had not been with me {to take care of me},” or “had not been with me {protecting me and guiding me},” Make sure it is clear in your translation that the events in this sentence are contrary-to-fact (hypothetical) and imply that God actually had been with Jacob, so that Laban did not send him away empty-handed.
31:42 x6l8 כִּ֥י עַתָּ֖ה & שִׁלַּחְתָּ֑⁠נִי 1 “you would certainly be sending me away now” or “there is no doubt/question that I would now be leaving {here}”
31:42 qxqc רֵיקָ֣ם 1 “with {absolutely} nothing.” or “without anything {at all}.”
@ -4404,7 +4404,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
33:20 lob7 וַ⁠יַּצֶּב שָׁ֖ם מִזְבֵּ֑חַ 1 “On that land he/Jacob {also} built a {stone} altar,” or “Jacob {also} built/made an altar {out of stones} on that land,” See how you translated “altar” in Gen 26:25.
33:20 e6k2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וַ⁠יִּ֨קְרָא ל֔⁠וֹ אֵ֖ל אֱלֹהֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל 1 “and he named it El Elohe Israel, {which means “God is the God of Israel.”}” The name “El Elohe Israel” could also mean “Powerful/Mighty is the God of Israel” because the Hebrew word “el” can mean “God” or “powerful”. You could put that information in a footnote.
34:1 xwzi rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַ⁠תֵּצֵ֤א דִינָה֙ בַּת־לֵאָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר יָלְדָ֖ה לְ⁠יַעֲקֹ֑ב 1 “Then/Now {one day} Dinah, {who was} the daughter whom Leah bore/had for Jacob, went out” or “{One day,} Dinah, {who was} the daughter of Jacob and Leah, went {to/into the city}” These events took place at an unspecified time after Jacob and his family set up their camp beside the city of Shechem (Gen 33:18). Consider what is the best way to introduce a new event in your language. Also be consistent here with how you spelled “Dinah” in Gen 30:21.
34:1 da5z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לִ⁠רְא֖וֹת 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. The verb “to see” could mean (1) “to visit with”; many languages have a similar idiom. (2) “to see/observe” the local women, for example, how they dressed and what jewelry they wore.
34:1 da5z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לִ⁠רְא֖וֹת 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. The verb “to see” could mean: (1) “to visit with”; many languages have a similar idiom. (2) “to see/observe” the local women, for example, how they dressed and what jewelry they wore.
34:1 xo8b בִּ⁠בְנ֥וֹת הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ 1 “{some of} the women who were native to that area/region.” or “{some of} the local/native women.” See how you translated “daughters of the land” in Gen 27:46, and how you translated a similar phrase (“people of the land”) in Gen 23:7, 12.
34:2 kd4e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure וַ⁠יַּ֨רְא & שְׁכֶ֧ם בֶּן חֲמ֛וֹר הַֽ⁠חִוִּ֖י נְשִׂ֣יא הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ 1 “Then Shechem, who was the/a son of the Hivite named Hamor who ruled that region, saw” or “Now the ruler/chief of that region was a Hivite named Hamor. His son Shechem saw”. Consider which order of phrases is best here in your language. Also see how you translated “Hivites” in Gen 10:17 and “ruler” in Gen 25:16.
34:2 ht9l אֹתָ֜⁠הּ & וַ⁠יִּקַּ֥ח אֹתָ֛⁠הּ 1 “Dinah, and he grabbed {hold of} her” or “{how beautiful} Dinah was, so he took/grabbed {hold of} her”
@ -4776,7 +4776,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
37:9 pp8q הַ⁠שֶּׁ֣מֶשׁ וְ⁠הַ⁠יָּרֵ֗חַ וְ⁠אַחַ֤ד עָשָׂר֙ כּֽוֹכָבִ֔ים 1 “the sun, the moon, and eleven stars”
37:9 utc0 מִֽשְׁתַּחֲוִ֖ים 1 “were bowing down {to the ground}” or “bowed down {to the ground}”. See how you translated “bowed down” in verse 7.
37:9 qq77 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction לִֽ⁠י 1 “to/before me {to show respect}.” or “in front of me {to honor me}.” Bowing down to someone was a way of showing respect and honor to that person. If that is not clear in your culture, you could make that information explicit in your translation or in a footnote. If it is understood, you can leave it implied (as the Hebrew text does).
37:10 sa4l וַ⁠יְסַפֵּ֣ר אֶל אָבִי⁠ו֮ וְ⁠אֶל אֶחָי⁠ו֒ 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. Verse 10 could refer to (1) a second time that Joseph told his dream. Alternate translation: “Then/Later Joseph told {the same dream} to {both} his father and his brothers, but …” (2) the same time that he told this dream to his brothers in verse 9. Alternate translation: “When Joseph related/told {the dream} to his father and his brothers,”
37:10 sa4l וַ⁠יְסַפֵּ֣ר אֶל אָבִי⁠ו֮ וְ⁠אֶל אֶחָי⁠ו֒ 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. Verse 10 could refer to (1) a second time that Joseph told his dream. Alternate translation: “Then/Later Joseph told {the same dream} to {both} his father and his brothers, but …” or (2) the same time that he told this dream to his brothers in verse 9. Alternate translation: “When Joseph related/told {the dream} to his father and his brothers,”
37:10 l2eq rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יִּגְעַר בּ֣⁠וֹ אָבִ֔י⁠ו וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר ל֔⁠וֹ 1 “but his father rebuked/scolded him by saying,” Your translation of this quote margin should not sound like two separate events; the verbs “rebuked” and “said” refer to the same event.
37:10 epfz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion מָ֛ה הַ⁠חֲל֥וֹם הַ⁠זֶּ֖ה אֲשֶׁ֣ר חָלָ֑מְתָּ 1 “That {is} a strange dream that you had!” or “Your dream {is} ridiculous/outrageous!” Jacob uses a rhetorical question here to show that he is not happy about Joseph’s dream. Decide the best way to translate this in your language.
37:10 mxwh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲ⁠ב֣וֹא & אֲנִי֙ וְ⁠אִמְּ⁠ךָ֣ וְ⁠אַחֶ֔י⁠ךָ 1 “Do you really expect your mother and me and your brothers to” or “Certainly you don’t think that your mother and I or your brothers will” or “Your mother and I and your brothers will never”. See how you translated a similar rhetorical question in verse 8.
@ -4907,7 +4907,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
38:5 rsf9 וַ⁠תֹּ֤סֶף עוֹד֙ 1 “Then she conceived again” or “Then she became pregnant yet again”
38:5 ospi וַ⁠תֵּ֣לֶד בֵּ֔ן 1 “and gave birth to {another} son,”
38:5 vzkw וַ⁠תִּקְרָ֥א אֶת שְׁמ֖⁠וֹ שֵׁלָ֑ה 1 “and she named him Shelah.”
38:5 l4tz וְ⁠הָיָ֥ה בִ⁠כְזִ֖יב בְּ⁠לִדְתָּ֥⁠הּ אֹתֽ⁠וֹ 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean (1) “He/Judah was in/at {the town of} Kezib when she gave birth to Shelah.” or “When she gave birth to Shelah, Judah was in {the town of} Kezib.” (2) “It was in {the town of} Kezib that she gave birth to him/Shelah.” or “She was in Kezib when she gave birth to him/Shelah.”
38:5 l4tz וְ⁠הָיָ֥ה בִ⁠כְזִ֖יב בְּ⁠לִדְתָּ֥⁠הּ אֹתֽ⁠וֹ 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “He/Judah was in/at {the town of} Kezib when she gave birth to Shelah.” or “When she gave birth to Shelah, Judah was in {the town of} Kezib.” (2) “It was in {the town of} Kezib that she gave birth to him/Shelah.” or “She was in Kezib when she gave birth to him/Shelah.”
38:6 pv6j וַ⁠יִּקַּ֧ח יְהוּדָ֛ה אִשָּׁ֖ה לְ⁠עֵ֣ר בְּכוֹר֑⁠וֹ וּ⁠שְׁמָ֖⁠הּ תָּמָֽר 1 “Years later, Judah got/chose a wife named Tamar for his firstborn/oldest son Er.” or “When Judah’s firstborn/oldest son Er grew up, Judah arranged/negotiated for him to marry a woman whose name {was} Tamar.” See how you translated the phrase “took a wife for” in Gen 21:21.
38:7 roio וַ⁠יְהִ֗י עֵ֚ר בְּכ֣וֹר יְהוּדָ֔ה 1 “But Judah’s firstborn/oldest son Er” or “But Er”. Some languages leave “the firstborn of Judah” implied here since Er was already called the firstborn in verse 6. The Hebrew text repeats that information here to emphasize Er’s relationship to Judah in the following events. Do what is best in your language.
38:7 unv4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יְהִ֗י & רַ֖ע בְּ⁠עֵינֵ֣י יְהוָ֑ה 1 “did things that were evil/wicked in Yahweh’s sight/opinion,” or “did something/things that Yahweh considered/judged to be evil/wicked,” The Hebrew text does not specify what Er had done wrong, so neither should your translation. See how you translated the idiom “in the eyes of Yahweh” in Gen 6:8.
@ -4959,7 +4959,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
38:17 nshg rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יֹּ֕אמֶר 1 “He answered {her},”
38:17 ex73 אָנֹכִ֛י אֲשַׁלַּ֥ח גְּדִֽי עִזִּ֖ים מִן הַ⁠צֹּ֑אן 1 “I will send {you} a young goat from my flock.” See how you translated “kid goat” in Gen 27:9, 16.
38:17 mtpk וַ⁠תֹּ֕אמֶר 1 “She replied,”
38:17 g37n אִם תִּתֵּ֥ן עֵרָב֖וֹן 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean (1) “{Ok,} if you will give {me} a pledge/deposit …” or “{I will agree,} if you give {me} something {valuable} {of yours} to keep …” (2) “Will you give me a pledge/deposit …?”
38:17 g37n אִם תִּתֵּ֥ן עֵרָב֖וֹן 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “{Ok,} if you will give {me} a pledge/deposit …” or “{I will agree,} if you give {me} something {valuable} {of yours} to keep …” or (2) “Will you give me a pledge/deposit …?”
38:17 o8kc עַ֥ד שָׁלְחֶֽ⁠ךָ 1 “until you send/deliver {the goat to me}.”
38:18 zusm rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יֹּ֗אמֶר 1 “So Judah asked {her},”
38:18 op2q מָ֣ה הָֽ⁠עֵרָבוֹן֮ אֲשֶׁ֣ר אֶתֶּן לָּ⁠ךְ֒ 1 “What should I give to you as a pledge/deposit?” or “What do you want me to leave with you?”
@ -5175,7 +5175,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
40:16 k4k0 וַ⁠יַּ֥רְא שַׂר הָ⁠אֹפִ֖ים כִּ֣י ט֣וֹב פָּתָ֑ר 1 “When the head baker heard Joseph interpret/explain that dream in a favorable/positive way,” or “When the head baker heard the positive interpretation/meaning that Joseph gave {for the first dream},” See how you translated a related word (“interpreter”) in verse 8.
40:16 kcvz rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר֙ אֶל יוֹסֵ֔ף 1 “he said to him,” or “he told him,”
40:16 oaqk אַף אֲנִי֙ בַּ⁠חֲלוֹמִ֔⁠י וְ⁠הִנֵּ֗ה 1 “I also had a dream, and in it there were” or “I also {had a dream}, and while I was dreaming, I saw”
40:16 a1qs שְׁלֹשָׁ֛ה סַלֵּ֥י חֹרִ֖י 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It can mean (1) “three baskets {full} of white/fine bread/cakes” or “three bread baskets” (2) “three white/wicker baskets”. These baskets were open on top and were probably woven out of flexible strips of cane or willow branches.
40:16 a1qs שְׁלֹשָׁ֛ה סַלֵּ֥י חֹרִ֖י 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “three baskets {full} of white/fine bread/cakes” or “three bread baskets” or (2) “three white/wicker baskets”. These baskets were open on top and were probably woven out of flexible strips of cane or willow branches.
40:16 olwu עַל רֹאשִֽׁ⁠י 1 “{stacked} {on top of each other} on my head.” These baskets would have been carried on the head, each one above the other.
40:17 lf58 וּ⁠בַ⁠סַּ֣ל הָֽ⁠עֶלְי֔וֹן מִ⁠כֹּ֛ל 1 “In the top basket {there were}” or “The top basket {was full of}”
40:17 v0e7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-honorifics מִ⁠כֹּ֛ל מַאֲכַ֥ל פַּרְעֹ֖ה מַעֲשֵׂ֣ה אֹפֶ֑ה 1 “all/many {kinds} of baked goods for {King} Pharaoh to eat,” or “all/many {kinds} of {fine/special} bread and cakes {that had been made/baked} for {King} Pharaoh {to eat},” Make sure that the way the chief baker refers to King Pharaoh sounds respectful in your translation.
@ -5235,7 +5235,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
41:9 sjxn וַ⁠יְדַבֵּר֙ שַׂ֣ר הַ⁠מַּשְׁקִ֔ים אֶת־פַּרְעֹ֖ה לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר 1 “Then/But the head wine-server”. Consider again how you translated “chief of the cupbearers” and “cupbearer” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 40:1-2, 5, 9, 13, 20-21, 23; 41:9.
41:9 gu4f rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יְדַבֵּר֙ שַׂ֣ר הַ⁠מַּשְׁקִ֔ים אֶת־פַּרְעֹ֖ה לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר 1 “spoke {up} and said to Pharaoh,” or “said to Pharaoh,”
41:9 qree rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-honorifics אֲנִ֖י מַזְכִּ֥יר הַ⁠יּֽוֹם 1 “{Sir,} today I remember” or “{Your Majesty/Honor,} I now remember”. For many languages, it is necessary to use a respectful title to address a person of high status like Pharaoh. Do what is best in your language.
41:9 lq2t אֶת חֲטָאַ֕⁠י 1 “my sins/failures.” The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean (1) “{the time} when I offended/displeased/wronged {you}.” (2) “something {important} I failed/forgot to do.” The second interpretation refers to the cupbearer forgetting to tell Pharaoh about Joseph.
41:9 lq2t אֶת חֲטָאַ֕⁠י 1 “my sins/failures.” The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “{the time} when I offended/displeased/wronged {you}.” (2) “something {important} I failed/forgot to do.” The second interpretation refers to the cupbearer forgetting to tell Pharaoh about Joseph.
41:10 lbfc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit פַּרְעֹ֖ה קָצַ֣ף עַל 1 “{Some time ago,} {King} Pharaoh, {you} were very angry at/with”. The events in verses 10-13 had happened two years earlier (verse 1); chapter 40 gives the details about those events. See how you translated the idiom “broke out in anger against” in Gen 40:2.
41:10 ttw7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person עֲבָדָ֑י⁠ו 1 “his/your officials/officers,” In verses 10 and 13, the cupbearer uses third person (“Pharaoh … his … he…”) to show respect for Pharaoh. For some languages, it is confusing to do that, so second person (“you … your …you …”) must be used instead. Some languages have an honorific such as “your Majesty/Honor” that could be used occasionally in these verses instead of third person. Do what is best in your language.
41:10 hhkv וַ⁠יִּתֵּ֨ן אֹתִ֜⁠י בְּ⁠מִשְׁמַ֗ר בֵּ֚ית שַׂ֣ר הַ⁠טַּבָּחִ֔ים אֹתִ֕⁠י וְ⁠אֵ֖ת שַׂ֥ר הָ⁠אֹפִֽים 1 “{including} me and the chief/head baker, and he/you put us in custody/prison at the captain of the guards’ house.” or “and he/you put the head baker and me in the prison that is in the house of the captain of the guards.” See how you translated “put … in custody in the house of the chief of the guards” in Gen 40:3. Also consider again how you translated “chief of the bakers” and “baker” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 40:1-2, 4-5, 16-17, 20, 22; 41:10, 13.
@ -5340,7 +5340,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
41:37 yzkw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יִּיטַ֥ב הַ⁠דָּבָ֖ר בְּ⁠עֵינֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֑ה וּ⁠בְ⁠עֵינֵ֖י כָּל עֲבָדָֽי⁠ו 1 “What Joseph said/proposed seemed like a good plan to {King} Pharaoh and all his servants/officials.” or “{King} Pharaoh and all his servants/officials agreed that what Joseph had said/proposed was good.” See how you translated the idiom “in the eyes of” in Gen 34:18.
41:38 ewpf וַ⁠יֹּ֥אמֶר פַּרְעֹ֖ה אֶל עֲבָדָ֑י⁠ו 1 “So Pharaoh said to his officials,” or “So Pharaoh exclaimed to them,”
41:38 ov2b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲ⁠נִמְצָ֣א כָ⁠זֶ֔ה אִ֕ישׁ 1 “{Certainly} we cannot find anyone else more qualified than this man,” or “{It is obvious that} we will never find a man as qualified as this/Joseph,” Pharaoh uses a rhetorical question here to emphasize that no one is more qualified than Joseph. Consider whether it is better in your language to translate this quote using a question or a statement.
41:38 n386 אֲשֶׁ֛ר ר֥וּחַ אֱלֹהִ֖ים בּֽ⁠וֹ 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean (1) “who has God’s Spirit in him” or “whom God’s Spirit guides” (2) “who has a divine spirit in him” or “who has a spirit of {the} gods in him”. Most translations follow the first interpretation, since Joseph had just talked to Pharaoh about God (verses 16, 28, 32) and Pharaoh acknowledges God in verse 39.
41:38 n386 אֲשֶׁ֛ר ר֥וּחַ אֱלֹהִ֖ים בּֽ⁠וֹ 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “who has God’s Spirit in him” or “whom God’s Spirit guides” or (2) “who has a divine spirit in him” or “who has a spirit of {the} gods in him”. Most translations follow the first interpretation, since Joseph had just talked to Pharaoh about God (verses 16, 28, 32) and Pharaoh acknowledges God in verse 39.
41:39 brta וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר פַּרְעֹה֙ אֶל יוֹסֵ֔ף 1 “Then he said to Joseph,” or “Then Pharaoh/he {turned} to Joseph and said,”
41:39 xxco אַחֲרֵ֨י הוֹדִ֧יעַ אֱלֹהִ֛ים אוֹתְ⁠ךָ֖ אֶת כָּל זֹ֑את 1 “Since God has made all this known to you,” or “God has revealed to you what he is going to do, so”
41:39 ktfd אֵין נָב֥וֹן וְ⁠חָכָ֖ם כָּמֽוֹ⁠ךָ 1 “no one {else} is {as} intelligent/insightful as you {are} or/and knows what to do {in this situation}.” or “… or knows how to manage {this situation} wisely.” See how you translated “discerning and wise” in verse 33.
@ -5442,7 +5442,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
42:6 fpi7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background וְ⁠יוֹסֵ֗ף ה֚וּא הַ⁠שַּׁלִּ֣יט עַל הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ 1 “{Since} Joseph {was} the administrator over the land/country {of Egypt},”
42:6 grm0 ה֥וּא הַ⁠מַּשְׁבִּ֖יר 1 “he {was} the one selling {grain}”
42:6 ee6z לְ⁠כָל עַ֣ם 1 “to people {who came to him} from all over”
42:6 sus5 הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It can mean (1) “the country {of Egypt}” as it does earlier in verse 6; or it can mean (2) “the earth/world.”
42:6 sus5 הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “the country {of Egypt}” as it does earlier in verse 6; or it can mean or (2) “the earth/world.”
42:6 mgwx וַ⁠יָּבֹ֨אוּ֙ אֲחֵ֣י יוֹסֵ֔ף 1 So/Then Joseph’s brothers {also} came/went
42:6 mdhu rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction וַ⁠יִּשְׁתַּֽחֲווּ ל֥⁠וֹ אַפַּ֖יִם אָֽרְצָ⁠ה 1 “before him {like everyone else} and bowed down {with} {their} faces/foreheads to/toward the ground {to show him respect}.” or “{to him} and prostrated themselves before him {to show respect}.” See how you translated “bow down” in Gen 37:7, 9-10.
42:7 bbex וַ⁠יַּ֥רְא יוֹסֵ֛ף אֶת אֶחָ֖י⁠ו וַ⁠יַּכִּרֵ֑⁠ם 1 “When Joseph saw his brothers, he recognized them,” or “Joseph immediately recognized his brothers”
@ -5524,7 +5524,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
42:23 fhq7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כִּ֥י שֹׁמֵ֖עַ יוֹסֵ֑ף 1 “that Joseph/he {could} understand {what they were saying to each other},” or “that Joseph/he was listening {to what they were saying},”
42:23 ys6c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure כִּ֥י הַ⁠מֵּלִ֖יץ בֵּינֹתָֽ⁠ם 1 “because he had been speaking to them using a translator {as if he did not know their language}.” For some languages it is more natural to put this clause first in this verse and say, “Now Joseph had been using an interpreter to speak to his brothers, so they did not realize that Joseph could understand them.” Do what is best in your language.
42:24 zev4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יִּסֹּ֥ב 1 “Then/So he/Joseph” or “{When Joseph heard what they were saying,} he”. Throughout this section make sure it is clear at each point who is being referred to, using nouns (including names) and pronouns naturally in your language.
42:24 pz7r וַ⁠יִּסֹּ֥ב מֵֽ⁠עֲלֵי⁠הֶ֖ם 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean (1) “turned his back to them” (2) “went/stepped away from them”. Either way, Joseph was hiding his face from his brothers so they could not see that he was crying.
42:24 pz7r וַ⁠יִּסֹּ֥ב מֵֽ⁠עֲלֵי⁠הֶ֖ם 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “turned his back to them” or (2) “went/stepped away from them”. Either way, Joseph was hiding his face from his brothers so they could not see that he was crying.
42:24 bc3z וַ⁠יֵּ֑בְךְּ 1 “and started crying.” or “to hide his tears.”
42:24 y4s9 וַ⁠יָּ֤שָׁב אֲלֵ⁠הֶם֙ 1 “Then {after he recovered,} he/Joseph turned back around” or “{When he had composed himself,} he/Joseph came back to them”. Make sure that the way you translate this sentence fits with the way you translated the last sentence in verse 23.
42:24 pjs5 וַ⁠יְדַבֵּ֣ר אֲלֵ⁠הֶ֔ם 1 “and spoke to them {again} {through/using his interpreter/translator}.” or “and continued speaking to them.”
@ -5657,7 +5657,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
43:13 rb0s וְ⁠ק֖וּמוּ שׁ֥וּבוּ אֶל הָ⁠אִֽישׁ 1 “and return right away to the man/governor.” or “and immediately go back to the man/governor.” See how you translated “get up and …” in verse 8.
43:14 ldsn וְ⁠אֵ֣ל שַׁדַּ֗י יִתֵּ֨ן 1 “May Almighty God” or “I pray that God {who is} all-powerful will”. Consider again how you translated “God Almighty” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 17:1; 28:3; 35:11; 43:14.
43:14 p538 וְ⁠אֵ֣ל שַׁדַּ֗י יִתֵּ֨ן לָ⁠כֶ֤ם רַחֲמִים֙ לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י הָ⁠אִ֔ישׁ 1 “be merciful/kind to you {as you go} before the man/governor,” or “cause the man/governor to be merciful/kind to you,” or “cause him to treat you mercifully/kindly,”
43:14 bcey וְ⁠שִׁלַּ֥ח & אֶת־אֲחִי⁠כֶ֥ם אַחֵ֖ר וְ⁠אֶת־בִּנְיָמִ֑ין 1 The Hebrew text us ambiguous here. It can mean (1) “so that he will” or “and I pray that the man/governor will” (2) “and may he/God” or “and I pray that God will”
43:14 bcey וְ⁠שִׁלַּ֥ח & אֶת־אֲחִי⁠כֶ֥ם אַחֵ֖ר וְ⁠אֶת־בִּנְיָמִ֑ין 1 The Hebrew text us ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “so that he will” or “and I pray that the man/governor will” or (2) “and may he/God” or “and I pray that God will”
43:14 t3kf rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship וְ⁠שִׁלַּ֥ח אֶת אֲחִי⁠כֶ֥ם אַחֵ֖ר וְ⁠אֶת בִּנְיָמִ֑ין 1 “allow/permit your other brother and Benjamin to come/go” or “let your brothers Simeon and Benjamin come/go”. Notice that “other brother” refers to Simeon, who is older or younger (and has the same or different mother) than his brothers that Israel is talking to here. Also see how you translated “send” in verses 4-5.
43:14 jnv5 לָ⁠כֶ֛ם 1 “{back} {home} with you.”
43:14 nlep וַ⁠אֲנִ֕י כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֥ר 1 “{As for} me, if I” or “But {if not, and} if I”. The pronoun “I” is emphatic here in the Hebrew text. If possible, keep that emphasis in your translation.
@ -5735,7 +5735,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
43:29 etkj בְּנִֽ⁠י 1 “young man.” The phrase “my son” is a kind way to address a man who is younger or of lower status; it does not mean that Benjamin was Joseph’s actual son. Also, for some languages it is necessary to put this address first in this quote. Do what is natural in your language.
43:30 hmes וַ⁠יְמַהֵ֣ר יוֹסֵ֗ף 1 “Then Joseph quickly/hurriedly left {the room}” or “Then/Suddenly Joseph rushed out {of the room}”
43:30 mlcg כִּֽי נִכְמְר֤וּ רַחֲמָי⁠ו֙ אֶל אָחִ֔י⁠ו 1 “because he was feeling deeply emotional about his brother,” or “because he felt overwhelmed with emotions for/about his brother”
43:30 lthk וַ⁠יְבַקֵּ֖שׁ לִ⁠בְכּ֑וֹת 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean (1) “and desired/wanted to cry,” or “and felt like crying,” or “and was about to cry,” (2) “and was looking for {a place} to cry,” or “and went to find {a place} to cry,”
43:30 lthk וַ⁠יְבַקֵּ֖שׁ לִ⁠בְכּ֑וֹת 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “and desired/wanted to cry,” or “and felt like crying,” or “and was about to cry,” (2) “and was looking for {a place} to cry,” or “and went to find {a place} to cry,”
43:30 a4rn וַ⁠יָּבֹ֥א הַ⁠חַ֖דְרָ⁠ה 1 “so he went to his private room” or “So he went to his bedroom,”
43:30 kzi6 וַ⁠יֵּ֥בְךְּ שָֽׁמָּ⁠ה 1 “so that he could cry there.” or “where he cried {privately}.”
43:31 vi1v וַ⁠יִּרְחַ֥ץ פָּנָ֖י⁠ו וַ⁠יֵּצֵ֑א וַ⁠יִּ֨תְאַפַּ֔ק 1 “After a while, he stopped crying, washed {the tears off} his face and came out {of his room}” or “After he had gotten control of his emotions {and stopped crying}, he washed {the tears off} his face and came back out {of his room}.”
@ -5918,7 +5918,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
45:7 d4nu וַ⁠יִּשְׁלָחֵ֤⁠נִי אֱלֹהִים֙ 1 “That is why God sent me {here}” or “God sent me {here}” or “God caused me to come {here}”
45:7 f5ep לִ⁠פְנֵי⁠כֶ֔ם 1 “before you came,” or “before you got here,”
45:7 oicd לָ⁠שׂ֥וּם לָ⁠כֶ֛ם שְׁאֵרִ֖ית 1 “so that you will have descendants survive/living” or “to help you survive and have descendants”
45:7 kgqc בָּ⁠אָ֑רֶץ 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It can mean (1) “on the earth” (2) “in the/this land”
45:7 kgqc בָּ⁠אָ֑רֶץ 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “on the earth” or (2) “in the/this land”
45:7 hip5 וּ⁠לְ⁠הַחֲי֣וֹת לָ⁠כֶ֔ם 1 “by helping you stay live” or “by saving your lives”
45:7 vs2e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure לִ⁠פְלֵיטָ֖ה גְּדֹלָֽה 1 “through this/his amazing/extraordinary rescue.” or “in this amazing/powerful way.” For some languages it is better to put the last two phrases earlier in this sentence and say, “But God sent me ahead of you to save your lives in this amazing way so that you will survive and have descendants on the earth.” Do what is best in your language.
45:8 x77e וְ⁠עַתָּ֗ה 1 “So then,” or “So”
@ -6176,7 +6176,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
47:12 dxx1 וַ⁠יְכַלְכֵּ֤ל יוֹסֵף֙ אֶת אָבִ֣י⁠ו וְ⁠אֶת אֶחָ֔י⁠ו וְ⁠אֵ֖ת כָּל בֵּ֣ית אָבִ֑י⁠ו 1 “Joseph {also} provided/supported his father and brothers and all {the rest of} his father’s household/family {with}”
47:12 fz8t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לֶ֖חֶם לְ⁠פִ֥י הַ⁠טָּֽף 1 “food, based on how many children/people were in each family.” or “as much food as {each family} needed to feed {all} the children/people in their family.” The children are mentioned to emphasize that all the members of the families were well-provided for, including the youngest ones. Make sure it is clear in your translation that Joseph was providing food for everyone in each family, not just the children.
47:13 e2kb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole וְ⁠לֶ֤חֶם אֵין֙ 1 “Now {meanwhile,} there was no {more} food” or “{Meanwhile,} there was {almost} no food” or “{After a while,} there was very little food {available}”. This clause is probably an exaggeration to emphasize that there was so little food that the people were starving. Consider what is the best way to communicate that in your language. Also consider what is the best way in your language to begin this new section that returns to the famine and how it was progressing.
47:13 wyew בְּ⁠כָל הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ 1 This phrase is ambiguous in the Hebrew text. It could mean (1) “in all the earth,” or “in the entire {known} world,” or “anywhere,” which might be an exaggeration (like the previous phrase); (2) “in all the land,” or “in the/that entire area/region {of the earth/world},” which includes Egypt and Canaan (mentioned later in the verse) and other nearby regions and countries. See how you translated “all the earth” in Gen 41:57.
47:13 wyew בְּ⁠כָל הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ 1 This phrase is ambiguous in the Hebrew text. It could mean: (1) “in all the earth,” or “in the entire {known} world,” or “anywhere,” which might be an exaggeration (like the previous phrase); (2) “in all the land,” or “in the/that entire area/region {of the earth/world},” which includes Egypt and Canaan (mentioned later in the verse) and other nearby regions and countries. See how you translated “all the earth” in Gen 41:57.
47:13 k3zk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure כִּֽי כָבֵ֥ד הָ⁠רָעָ֖ב מְאֹ֑ד 1 “because the famine {was} very/so severe/oppressive/terrible.” For some languages it may be clearer or more natural to put this clause first in this sentence and say, for example: “Now {after a while,} the famine was/became so severe/terrible in the entire world that there was very little food {available} {anywhere}.” Do what is best in your language.
47:13 njjj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וַ⁠תֵּ֜לַהּ אֶ֤רֶץ מִצְרַ֨יִם֙ וְ⁠אֶ֣רֶץ כְּנַ֔עַן 1 “As a result, {the people of/in} the country of Egypt and the region of Canaan” or “In fact, {the people living in} the lands of Egypt and Canaan”. Make sure your translation of this phrase refers to the people who live in Egypt and Canaan, not just the lands.
47:13 jo5e וַ⁠תֵּ֜לַהּ 1 “were fainting/weak” or “were suffering badly/terribly” or “were wasting away”. The verb “languishing” refers in general to the suffering that the famine was causing, including things such as weakness, fainting and other distress. Some languages have an idiom (like “were wasting away”) that fits well here. Do what is best in your language.
@ -6301,11 +6301,11 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
48:7 awjb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּ⁠בֹאִ֣⁠י 1 “as I {and our family} were coming/returning {home}” or “as our family was coming/returning {home}”. Jacob is in focus here, but he was traveling with his family, not alone. Decide whether or not it is necessary to make that explicit in your translation.
48:7 gfi4 מִ⁠פַּדָּ֗ן 1 “from {the land/region of} Paddan {Aram},” Consider again how you translated “{the land/region of} Paddan Aram” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 25:20 (and note); 28:2, 5-7; 31:18; 33:18; 35:9, 26; 46:15; 48:7. Also, be consistent with how you spelled “Aram” in those verses and in Gen 10:22-23; 22:21; 24:10.
48:7 hucm רָחֵ֜ל 1 “{your mother} Rachel” or “{my beloved wife} Rachel”
48:7 ykrl מֵ֩תָה֩ עָלַ֨⁠י 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here because the preposition can have different meanings. It can mean (1) “died beside me” or “died by my side” (2) “died, {bringing sorrow/grief} on/to me”
48:7 ykrl מֵ֩תָה֩ עָלַ֨⁠י 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here because the preposition can have different meanings. It could mean: (1) “died beside me” or “died by my side” or (2) “died, {bringing sorrow/grief} on/to me”
48:7 xolh בְּ⁠אֶ֤רֶץ כְּנַ֨עַן֙ 1 “in the region of Canaan”
48:7 oocn בַּ⁠דֶּ֔רֶךְ בְּ⁠ע֥וֹד כִּבְרַת אֶ֖רֶץ לָ⁠בֹ֣א אֶפְרָ֑תָה 1 “while we were still traveling and some distance away from {the town of} Ephrath.” Be consistent here with how you spelled “Ephrath” in Gen 35:16, 19, and how you spelled “Bethlehem” in 35:19.
48:7 tp7m וָ⁠אֶקְבְּרֶ֤⁠הָ שָּׁם֙ בְּ⁠דֶ֣רֶךְ אֶפְרָ֔ת 1 “{As you know,} I buried her body there by the road that goes to Ephrath,”
48:7 p9yz הִ֖וא בֵּ֥ית לָֽחֶם 1 “which {now has the name} Bethlehem.” The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. This phrase might be (1) Jacob’s words (2) the author’s words. If you follow the second interpretation, you could put this phrase within parentheses, outside of the quote marks.
48:7 p9yz הִ֖וא בֵּ֥ית לָֽחֶם 1 “which {now has the name} Bethlehem.” The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. This phrase might be (1) Jacob’s words or (2) the author’s words. If you follow the second interpretation, you could put this phrase within parentheses, outside of the quote marks.
48:8 bal2 וַ⁠יַּ֥רְא יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל אֶת בְּנֵ֣י יוֹסֵ֑ף 1 “Then Israel saw/noticed Joseph’s {two} sons”
48:8 yv08 וַ⁠יֹּ֖אמֶר 1 “and asked {him/Joseph},”
48:8 wri5 מִי אֵֽלֶּה 1 “Who {are} these {young men}?” or “Whose {sons} {are} these?” Joseph’s two sons were in their 20s at this time, so refer to them here with a term that fits with that fact. They were born before the famine started (Gen 41:50-52), and Jacob had now been in Egypt for 17 years (47:28).
@ -6380,7 +6380,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
48:21 ydkc וְ⁠הֵשִׁ֣יב אֶתְ⁠כֶ֔ם 1 “He will also bring/take you back”. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here.
48:21 orx3 אֶל אֶ֖רֶץ אֲבֹתֵי⁠כֶֽם 1 “to the land that {he gave} to your forefathers/ancestors.”
48:22 xrzo וַ⁠אֲנִ֞י נָתַ֧תִּֽי לְ⁠ךָ֛ 1 “And I give/bequeath to you {as part of your inheritance}” or “Besides that, {as part of your inheritance from me,} I {hereby} give you”. The pronouns “you” and “your” shift to singular in verse 22.
48:22 cazk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שְׁכֶ֥ם 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could refer to (1) “{the city of} Shechem,” (2) “a mountain slope/ridge,” This second interpretation comes from the meaning of the Hebrew word “shekem” (“shoulder”), which can be used as a metaphor to refer to a mountain slope or ridge.
48:22 cazk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שְׁכֶ֥ם 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could refer to (1) “{the city of} Shechem,” or (2) “a mountain slope/ridge,” This second interpretation comes from the meaning of the Hebrew word “shekem” (“shoulder”), which can be used as a metaphor to refer to a mountain slope or ridge.
48:22 peu5 אַחַ֖ד עַל אַחֶ֑י⁠ךָ 1 “which is more {land} than I am giving to your brothers and”
48:22 bfda אֲשֶׁ֤ר לָקַ֨חְתִּי֙ מִ⁠יַּ֣ד 1 “which I took control of from” or “which I took/captured from” or “I took/captured that land from”. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here.
48:22 q9pc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure הָֽ⁠אֱמֹרִ֔י בְּ⁠חַרְבִּ֖⁠י וּ⁠בְ⁠קַשְׁתִּֽ⁠י 1 “the Amorite{s} {in battle} using my sword and my bow.” or “the Amorite{s} when I defeated them in battle.” For some languages it may be clearer to change the order of clauses in this verse and say, “Besides that, I {hereby} give you {the city of} Shechem, {which} I took/captured from the Amorite{s} when I defeated them in battle. This is more {land} than I am giving to your brothers.” Do what is best in your language. Also consider again how you translated “Amorite{s}” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 10:16; 14:7, 13; 15:16, 21; 48:22.
@ -6431,8 +6431,8 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
49:11 gjb3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וְ⁠לַ⁠שֹּׂרֵקָ֖ה בְּנִ֣י אֲתֹנ֑⁠וֹ 1 “Their/Your donkeys’ colts will/could eat the best/finest grapevines.” or “{It will not matter if} their/your donkeys’ colts eat {their/your} best/finest {grapevine} branch{es}.” This clause forms a parallelism with the previous one to emphasize how wealthy Judah and his descendants will be.
49:11 s2nz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism כִּבֵּ֤ס בַּ⁠יַּ֨יִן֙ לְבֻשׁ֔⁠וֹ וּ⁠בְ⁠דַם עֲנָבִ֖ים סוּתֽוֹ 1 “{They/You will still have so much wine from other vines/grapevines that} they/you could {even} use the wine like water to wash their/your robes and {other} clothes.” This sentence is another parallelism that emphasizes how wealthy Judah and his descendants will be. The phrase “blood of grapes” is an idiom that refers to red wine made from the juice of grapes.
49:12 s3uy עֵינַ֖יִם 1 “{Their/Your} eyes” or “{They/You will be so blessed/wealthy that} {their/your} eyes”
49:12 cm3s חַכְלִילִ֥י & מִ⁠יָּ֑יִן 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It can mean (1) “{will be} bright from {drinking} {abundant} wine,” (2) “{will be} darker than wine,” In both interpretations the emphasis is that Judah’s descendants will be blessed with an abundance of the best foods, including wine and milk, which are examples of the most valuable foods that were produced in the land.
49:12 rmn2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure וּ⁠לְבֶן־שִׁנַּ֖יִם מֵ⁠חָלָֽב 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It can mean (1) “and {their/your} teeth {will be} white from {drinking} {abundant} milk.” (2) “and {their/your} teeth {will be} whiter than milk.” Make sure that the way you translate this phrase fits with the interpretation you used for the first part of this verse. For some languages it may be clearer or more natural to change the order of some of these phrases and say, “{They/You will be so blessed/wealthy that} they/you will have plenty of the best foods, including {abundant} wine and milk.” Do what is best in your language.
49:12 cm3s חַכְלִילִ֥י & מִ⁠יָּ֑יִן 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “{will be} bright from {drinking} {abundant} wine,” or (2) “{will be} darker than wine,” In both interpretations the emphasis is that Judah’s descendants will be blessed with an abundance of the best foods, including wine and milk, which are examples of the most valuable foods that were produced in the land.
49:12 rmn2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure וּ⁠לְבֶן־שִׁנַּ֖יִם מֵ⁠חָלָֽב 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “and {their/your} teeth {will be} white from {drinking} {abundant} milk.” (2) “and {their/your} teeth {will be} whiter than milk.” Make sure that the way you translate this phrase fits with the interpretation you used for the first part of this verse. For some languages it may be clearer or more natural to change the order of some of these phrases and say, “{They/You will be so blessed/wealthy that} they/you will have plenty of the best foods, including {abundant} wine and milk.” Do what is best in your language.
49:13 xffh זְבוּלֻ֕ן 1 “{As for} Zebulun, {he} {and his descendants}” or “Zebulun, {you} {and your descendants}”. Throughout this chapter, decide whether it is best in your language to use third person or second person when Jacob refers to each of his sons (and their descendants).
49:13 wtx1 לְ⁠ח֥וֹף יַמִּ֖ים יִשְׁכֹּ֑ן 1 “will settle/live at/near the seashore/coast,”
49:13 vumy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וְ⁠הוּא֙ לְ⁠ח֣וֹף אֳנִיּ֔וֹת 1 “yes, they/you {will settle/live} at/near a harbor for ships,” or “where there will be a {safe} harbor/place for ships {to load and unload their cargo},” This clause forms a parallelism with the previous clause to emphasize where Zebulun and his descendants will live.
@ -6441,7 +6441,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
49:14 jcdq יִשָּׂשכָ֖ר 1 “{As for} Issachar, {he} {and his descendants}” or “Issachar, {you} {and your descendants}”
49:14 x4v8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor חֲמֹ֣ר גָּ֑רֶם 1 “{will be} {like} a strong/sturdy donkey”. Consider again how you translated “donkey” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 12:16; 16:12; 22:3, 5, 6; 24:35; 30:43; 32:5, 15; 34:28; 36:24; 42:26-27; 43:18, 24; 44:3, 13; 45:23; 47:17; 49:14.
49:14 h1kf רֹבֵ֖ץ 1 “crouching/lying down {resting}” or “{that is} resting {on the ground}”
49:14 e90c בֵּ֥ין הַֽ⁠מִּשְׁפְּתָֽיִם 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It can mean (1) “between two saddlebags/loads.” (2) “between the two parts of a sheep pen.” Both interpretations imply that the donkey is lying down to rest after it worked hard.
49:14 e90c בֵּ֥ין הַֽ⁠מִּשְׁפְּתָֽיִם 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “between two saddlebags/loads.” (2) “between the two parts of a sheep pen.” Both interpretations imply that the donkey is lying down to rest after it worked hard.
49:15 tdds rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וַ⁠יַּ֤רְא מְנֻחָה֙ כִּ֣י ט֔וֹב וְ⁠אֶת הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ כִּ֣י נָעֵ֑מָה 1 “They/You will have a good place to rest/live, in a pleasant/enjoyable land.”
49:15 zdv6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יֵּ֤ט שִׁכְמ⁠וֹ֙ 1 “However, they/you will {also} have to exert themselves/yourselves” or “But they/you will labor/work hard”. Consider what is the best way to translate this Hebrew idiom in your language.
49:15 qtbd לִ⁠סְבֹּ֔ל 1 “to/and carry {heavy loads},”
@ -6483,8 +6483,8 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
49:25 u2xi בִּרְכֹ֤ת שָׁמַ֨יִם֙ מֵ⁠עָ֔ל 1 “{with} rain from above” or “{He will} bless/provide {you} with rain from the heavens/sky”. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here.
49:25 a4di בִּרְכֹ֥ת תְּה֖וֹם רֹבֶ֣צֶת תָּ֑חַת 1 “and water from deep in the ground.” or “and bless/provide {you} with water from under the ground.” This phrase refers to water that comes from under the ground and supplies springs, wells, and rivers.
49:25 fxtf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בִּרְכֹ֥ת שָׁדַ֖יִם וָ⁠רָֽחַם 1 “He will {also} bless {you} with many children {and much livestock}.” or “May your women/wives bear/have many children {and your animals bear/have many offspring/young}.” Consider what is the best way to translate this metonymy in your language. Also consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here.
49:26 lpt8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants בִּרְכֹ֣ת אָבִ֗י⁠ךָ גָּֽבְרוּ֙ עַל בִּרְכֹ֣ת הוֹרַ֔⁠י 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It can mean (1) “{God} has blessed {me} your father more than he blessed my ancestors,” (2) “The blessings your father is blessing {you} {with} are greater than the blessings my ancestors blessed me with,” (3) “The blessings of your father have surpassed the blessings/riches of the ancient mountains,” The third interpretation is based on the Greek Septuagint which interprets the Hebrew word for “ancestors” as “mountains” (which has a similar spelling in Hebrew).
49:26 n6h1 עַֽד תַּאֲוַ֖ת 1 The meaning of the Hebrew text is uncertain here. It can mean (1) “{He has blessed me with bounties/riches that are} greater than the bounties/riches {that come} from” (2) “{My blessings are} {so great that they extend} to the utmost/farthest boundaries/limits of”. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here.
49:26 lpt8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants בִּרְכֹ֣ת אָבִ֗י⁠ךָ גָּֽבְרוּ֙ עַל בִּרְכֹ֣ת הוֹרַ֔⁠י 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “{God} has blessed {me} your father more than he blessed my ancestors,” or (2) “The blessings your father is blessing {you} {with} are greater than the blessings my ancestors blessed me with,” or (3) “The blessings of your father have surpassed the blessings/riches of the ancient mountains,” The third interpretation is based on the Greek Septuagint which interprets the Hebrew word for “ancestors” as “mountains” (which has a similar spelling in Hebrew).
49:26 n6h1 עַֽד תַּאֲוַ֖ת 1 The meaning of the Hebrew text is uncertain here. It could mean: (1) “{He has blessed me with bounties/riches that are} greater than the bounties/riches {that come} from” or (2) “{My blessings are} {so great that they extend} to the utmost/farthest boundaries/limits of”. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here.
49:26 fzcy גִּבְעֹ֣ת עוֹלָ֑ם 1 “the everlasting/ancient mountains.”
49:26 pz62 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche תִּֽהְיֶ֨ין֙ לְ⁠רֹ֣אשׁ יוֹסֵ֔ף 1 “May {God} {also} give those/abundant blessings to {you} Joseph, {as}” or “I pray that {God} will abundantly bless {you too,} Joseph, {since you are}”. The words “head” and “top of the head” refer to Joseph and are connected with the custom of laying hands on the head of the person being blessed.
49:26 ckgl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive נְזִ֥יר 1 “the one who has been set apart {by God} {as ruler/leader}” or “the one who is distinguished/honored {by God}” or “the one whom he/God chose to set apart {and honor}”. Consider what is the best way to translate this passive phrase in your language.
@ -6553,7 +6553,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
50:9 xhdh וַ⁠יַּ֣עַל עִמּ֔⁠וֹ גַּם רֶ֖כֶב גַּם פָּרָשִׁ֑ים 1 “There were men/soldiers riding chariots and men/soldiers riding horses who also went with him/Joseph,” or “{Many} soldiers also escorted him/Joseph, {including} those {who were} riding chariots and those {who were} riding horses,” Consider again how you translated “chariot” in Gen 41:43; 46:29; 50:9.
50:9 lflf וַ⁠יְהִ֥י הַֽ⁠מַּחֲנֶ֖ה כָּבֵ֥ד מְאֹֽד 1 “so that the {entire} procession/group {of people} was very large.” or “so that there was a very large group {of people} {traveling together}.”
50:10 r2tv וַ⁠יָּבֹ֜אוּ עַד 1 “Then {when} they came to” or “When they arrived at”
50:10 nwg3 גֹּ֣רֶן הָאָטָ֗ד 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean (1) “Atad’s threshing floor/place,” or “a place owned by {a man named} Atad where people separated grain {from chaff},” (2) “the threshing floor/place near {the city/town of} Atad,” or “Goren Ha-Atad” (3) “the {grain/wheat} threshing place that was surrounded by thornbushes,” The Hebrew word “atad” means “thorns,” but most Bible scholars think it refers to the name of a person or city.
50:10 nwg3 גֹּ֣רֶן הָאָטָ֗ד 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “Atad’s threshing floor/place,” or “a place owned by {a man named} Atad where people separated grain {from chaff},” or (2) “the threshing floor/place near {the city/town of} Atad,” or “Goren Ha-Atad” or (3) “the {grain/wheat} threshing place that was surrounded by thornbushes,” The Hebrew word “atad” means “thorns,” but most Bible scholars think it refers to the name of a person or city.
50:10 ipjy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure אֲשֶׁר֙ בְּ⁠עֵ֣בֶר הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּ֔ן וַ⁠יִּ֨סְפְּדוּ 1 “which {was} located beyond/across the Jordan {River},” For some languages it may be better to put this clause earlier in this verse and say, “They traveled to the other side of the Jordan {River} and stopped at a {grain} threshing place owned by {a man named} Atad.” The location of Atad’s threshing floor is not certain. It was most likely on the west side of the Jordan River, since that is where the cave was located and that is where the Canaanites would have been most likely to observe Joseph’s family and the Egyptians mourning (verse 11). However, since its location is not certain, it is best to translate “beyond the Jordan” in a general way (like the Hebrew text is).
50:10 iieq וַ⁠יִּ֨סְפְּדוּ שָׁ֔ם 1 “they mourned/grieved there for Joseph’s father” or “they began to mourn/grieve”
50:10 waky מִסְפֵּ֛ד גָּד֥וֹל וְ⁠כָבֵ֖ד מְאֹ֑ד 1 “{with} a very loud and sorrowful lamentation/mourning.” or “very loudly and sorrowfully.”

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