diff --git a/tn_GEN.tsv b/tn_GEN.tsv index 634404f5ad..53d39e0624 100644 --- a/tn_GEN.tsv +++ b/tn_GEN.tsv @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ Reference ID Tags SupportReference Quote Occurrence Note -front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\nIn the book of Genesis, God communicates to all people the early history of the universe. He begins with how he created everything from nothing, including the earth and all the heavenly bodies (sun, moon, stars), all the plants and animals, and especially how he created human beings in his image to be in a relationship with him. This book also explains how sin and death came into the world and what God’s plan is to save people from that. In fact, all the important teachings in the Bible begin in Genesis. That makes this book **foundational** and important for everyone so that they can know and understand the truth about God and his plan for their lives.\n\nBeginning with verse 1, the book of Genesis is a **narrative** that tells the history of events that actually happened. This is confirmed by the fact that the conjunctions and the forms of the verbs that are used in the Hebrew text reflect the Hebrew narrative style, which is used to narrate historical accounts. In the same way, those who translate the book of Genesis should also use grammatical structures in their languages that are used for true, historical narratives. God uses narrative, which is one of the most interesting styles of communication, to not only tell people about the events in the early history of the world, but also to teach them about himself and about the way he interacts with people as their loving Creator.\n\nGenesis provides the **vital context** for the rest of God’s Word, especially the gospel message about Jesus, and so it helps people to understand their need for him to be their Savior. In fact, without Genesis, it would not be clear why everyone needs to trust in Jesus as the only one who can save them from sin and its consequences, so that they can associate with God and be part of his eternal family.\n\nIn light of all that, Genesis should be one of the first books of the Bible that is translated into every language that needs a translation. May God guide and bless you and your translation team as you undertake this important task together by his power.\n\n### Author and date of writing\n\nMoses was the human author of the first five books of the Bible, including the book of Genesis (Exodus 24:3-4; Deuteronomy 31:9, 24; John 1:45). The Holy Spirit is the one who inspired what Moses wrote in those books (2 Peter 1:21), so ultimately God is the author, and these books are part of his Message to mankind. Those five books are sometimes referred to as the Torah (a Hebrew word that means “teaching,” “instruction,” or “law”) or the Pentateuch (a Greek word that means “five books”). In the New Testament this set of books is also referred to as “the Law” (John 1:45) or “the Law of Moses” (Acts 28:23), and Jesus himself affirmed that Moses wrote them (John 5:46-47; 7:23).\n\nMoses was born in the country of Egypt around 1526 B.C. (Exodus 2:1-10). According to the genealogies in Genesis, his birth was about 1,000 years after the Flood (which was about 1,650 years after creation). Moses may have written much of the Pentateuch during the 40 years that he led the people of Israel as they wandered in the wilderness (around 1446 B.C.—1406 B.C.).\n\nThe very first verse in Genesis assumes that God (the author guiding the human author) has always existed and that he has no beginning and no end (also see Genesis 21:33; Deuteronomy 33:27; Psalm 90:2). He uses his personal name “Yahweh” for the first time in Genesis 2:4. The name “Yahweh” means “he is” and indicates that God is eternal. His name also means that he is unchanging and that he is always present.\n\n### Book outline\n\nIn all, Genesis covers a span of about 2200 years of history. After the world’s early history, the rest of Genesis tells about the ancestors of God’s people, with special focus on Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and Joseph (and their families). Genealogies are an important part of what ties the book together from beginning to end.\n\nThe following outline shows these two main divisions in the book of Genesis: (1) Early World History, and (2) The History about the Ancestors of God’s Chosen People. Those two divisions each have roughly four main subdivisions, which are based on four key events (in the first division) and four key ancestors (in the second division). Some scholars prefer to divide the book up into ten divisions that are introduced by the Hebrew phrase that means “these are the generations of...” In the outline below, **asterisks** mark the sections that contain that phrase.\n\nThese are the verses that have the Hebrew phrase “these are the generations of...”: Genesis 2:4 (heavens and earth), 5:1 (Adam); 6:9 (Noah); 10:1, 32 (sons of Noah); 11:10 (Shem); 11:27 (Terah); 25:12 (Ishmael); 25:19 (Isaac); 36:1, 9 (Esau); 37:2 (Jacob).\n\n**Bolded words** in the outline show which sections contain promises and covenants from God and also mark who the main ancestors were in the various sub-divisions.\n\n#### Division 1: Early World History\n\nCreation\n- God creates the universe and everything in it (1:1-2:3)\n- Adam and Eve and the Garden of Eden (2:4-25)\\*\n\nThe Fall\n- The first sin and God’s judgment; prophecy of Christ (3:1-24) - **promise**\n- Cain and Abel: the first murder; Cain’s descendants (4:1-26)\n- The descendants of Adam to Noah (5:1-32)\\*\n\nThe Flood\n- God destroys the world with a flood, puts rainbow in the sky - **covenant** (6:1-9:17)\\*\n- Noah curses his son Ham and his grandson Canaan, blesses other sons (9:18-27)\n- The descendants of Noah’s sons Shem, Ham, and Japheth (10:1-32)\\*\\*\n\nTower of Babel\n- Mankind rebels against God at Babel, so God creates many different languages and scatters the people over the earth (11:1-9)\n\n#### Division 2: The History about the Ancestors of God’s Chosen People\n\nThe history about **Abraham** [Genesis 11:10-25:11]\n- The descendants of Shem to Abram (11:10-26)\\*\n- Terah and his three sons’ families in Haran; Terah dies (11:27-32)\\*\n- Abram travels to Canaan with Sarai and his nephew Lot (12:1-9) - **promise**\n- Abram lies about Sarai to Pharaoh, king of Egypt (12:10-20)\n- Back in the Negev Desert, Abram and Lot part ways (13:1-18) - **promise**\n- War of the kings; Abram rescues Lot and the other citizens of Sodom (14:1-17)\n- Melchizedek blesses Abram; Abram refuses bounty from king of Sodom (14:18-24)\n- God’s **covenant** with Abram (15:1-21) - **promise**\n- Hagar and Ishmael (16:1-16)\n- New names: Abraham and Sarah; **covenant** of circumcision (17:1-27) - **promise**\n- Three men visit Abram, Yahweh renews promise, Sarah laughs (18:1-15) - **promise**\n- Abram pleads with Yahweh to spare Sodom (18:16-33)\n- Lot and two daughters escape destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah (19:1-29)\n- Lot’s grandsons: the ancestors of the Moabites and Ammonites (19:30-38)\n- Abraham lies about Sarah to Abimelech, king of the Philistines (20:1-18)\n- Isaac is born to Sarah; Ishmael grows up in the desert (21:1-21)\n- Abraham makes a treaty with King Abimelech at Beersheba (21:22-34)\n- God tests Abraham by commanding him to sacrifice Isaac (22:1-19) - **promise**\n- Sarah dies and Abraham buys burial property in the land of Canaan (23:1-20)\n- God provides Rebekah as a wife for Isaac (24:1-67)\n- Abraham’s descendants by second wife Keturah (25:1-6)\n- Abraham dies and is buried by Isaac and Ishmael (25:7-11)\n\nThe history about **Ishmael** and **Isaac** [Genesis 25:12-35:29]\n- Ishmael’s descendants and his death (25:12-18)\\*\n- Isaac’s sons Esau and Jacob; Esau sells his birthright (25:19-34)\\*\n- Isaac lies about Rebekah to Abimelech, king of the Philistines (26:1-22) - **promise**\n- God’s **covenant** with Isaac in Beersheba; treaty with Abimelech (26:23-33)\n\nThe history about **Esau** and **Jacob** [Genesis 26:34-36:43]\n- Jacob steals Esau’s blessing; Esau plans revenge (26:34-27:46)\n- Jacob flees and heads to Haran; stairway to heaven at Bethel (28:1-22) - **promise**\n- Jacob works for Laban to marry his wives Leah and Rachel (29:1-30)\n- Jacob’s wives have 11 sons (29:31-30:24)\n- Jacob becomes wealthy while working for Laban (30:25-43)\n- Jacob and his family flee from Laban; Jacob’s treaty with Laban (31:1-55)\n- Jacob wrestles with God, who names him **Israel** (32:1-32)\n- Jacob and Esau reconcile, and Jacob settles in the city of Shechem (33:1-20)\n- Shechem rapes Dinah, and Jacob’s sons take revenge (34:1-31)\n- God blesses Jacob at Bethel (35:1-15) - **promise**\n- Rachel dies giving birth to Benjamin (35:16-20)\n- List of Jacob’s 12 sons; Isaac dies and is buried by Esau and Jacob (35:16-29)\n- Esau’s descendants, the Edomites (36:1-43)\\*\\*\n\nThe history about **Jacob** and **Joseph** [Genesis 37-50]\n- Jacob’s family; Joseph’s dreams anger his brothers (37:1-11)\\*\n- Joseph sold as a slave and taken to the country of Egypt (37:12-36)\n- **Judah** and his daughter-in-law Tamar have children (38:1-30)\n- Potiphar’s wife falsely accuses Joseph, and he is imprisoned (39:1-23)\n- In the prison, Joseph interprets dreams for Pharaoh’s officials (40:1-23)\n- Joseph interprets Pharaoh’s dreams about famine (41:1-40)\n- As governor over Egypt, Joseph stores up grain; he has two sons (41:41-57)\n- Joseph’s brothers come to Egypt to buy grain, then return to Jacob (42:1-38)\n- All Joseph’s brothers return to Egypt and have a meal with him (43:1-34)\n- Joseph tests his brothers with his silver cup (44:1-17)\n- Judah pleads with Joseph for Benjamin’s freedom (44:18-34)\n- Joseph reveals his identity to his brothers; they give the news to Jacob (45:1-28)\n- Jacob and his family move to Egypt; list of his descendants (46:1-27)\n- Joseph settles Jacob and his family in the land of Goshen (47:1-12)\n- Joseph sells grain to all the people of Egypt (37:13-31)\n- Jacob blesses Joseph’s sons Ephraim and Manasseh (48:1-22)\n- Jacob blesses each of his 12 sons (49:1-28)\n- Jacob’s death (49:29-33)\n- Joseph has his father Jacob embalmed and buries him in Canaan (50:1-14)\n- Joseph reassures his brothers that he has forgiven them (50:15-21)\n- Joseph’s death (Gen 50:22-26)\n\n### Special formatting:\n\nThe book of Genesis sometimes uses poetic language to emphasize what is being said. Many translations use a special format to identify these passages as poetry by indenting each clause on a new line. Many other translations do not do this, but rather use regular paragraph formatting everywhere, including for poetry. It may be helpful to look at a translation in the national language of your country that uses poetry formatting, to help you decide whether or not you want to do something similar in your translation. Some translations put some of the following passages in poetry format since these verses have certain features of poetry such as parallelisms and metaphors: Genesis 1:27; 2:23; 3:14-16, 17b-19; 4:23-24; 8:22; 9:6, 25-27; 12:2-3; 14:19-20; 15:1; 16:11-12; 24:60; 25:23; 27:27-29, 39-40; 48:15-16, 20; 49:1-27. You may not want to put all these passages in poetry format since some of them have parallelisms that are not necessarily poetry but may just be emphasizing certain events in the narrative or certain points in a prophecy.\n\n### Possible titles for this book:\n\n- “Genesis”\n- “The Book of Genesis”\n- “Genesis: The First Book By Moses”\n- “Genesis: The Book About Beginnings”\n- “The First Book That God's Prophet/Spokesman Moses Wrote: Genesis”\n\nThe English title “Genesis” is a transliteration of a Greek word that means “origin” or “beginning” or “birth”; the ancient Greek translation of the Hebrew scriptures (the Septuagint) uses this word for the first time in Genesis 2:4. The Hebrew title of this book בְּרֵאשִׁית (pronounced “bereshith”) is the first Hebrew word in verse 1 and literally means “In the beginning.” The Latin translation of the Bible (the Latin Vulgate) was the first translation to use the title “The Book of Genesis.” Since that time, many other translations include “Genesis” in the book title because people are familiar with that name. Sometimes as part of the title, translators also include the fact that Moses was the author and that he was inspired by God. Do what is best in your language. +front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\nIn the book of Genesis, God communicates to all people the early history of the universe. He begins with how he created everything from nothing, including the earth and all the heavenly bodies (sun, moon, stars), all the plants and animals, and especially how he created human beings in his image to be in a relationship with him. This book also explains how sin and death came into the world and what God’s plan is to save people from that. In fact, all the important teachings in the Bible begin in Genesis. That makes this book **foundational** and important for everyone so that they can know and understand the truth about God and his plan for their lives.\n\nBeginning with verse 1, the book of Genesis is a **narrative** that tells the history of events that actually happened. This is confirmed by the fact that the conjunctions and the forms of the verbs that are used in the Hebrew text reflect the Hebrew narrative style, which is used to narrate historical accounts. In the same way, those who translate the book of Genesis should also use grammatical structures in their languages that are used for true, historical narratives. God uses narrative, which is one of the most interesting styles of communication, to not only tell people about the events in the early history of the world, but also to teach them about himself and about the way he interacts with people as their loving Creator.\n\nGenesis provides the **vital context** for the rest of God’s Word, especially the gospel message about Jesus, and so it helps people to understand their need for him to be their Savior. In fact, without Genesis, it would not be clear why everyone needs to trust in Jesus as the only one who can save them from sin and its consequences, so that they can associate with God and be part of his eternal family.\n\nIn light of all that, Genesis should be one of the first books of the Bible that is translated into every language that needs a translation. May God guide and bless you and your translation team as you undertake this important task together by his power.\n\n### Author and date of writing\n\nMoses was the human author of the first five books of the Bible, including the book of Genesis (Exodus 24:3-4; Deuteronomy 31:9, 24; John 1:45). The Holy Spirit is the one who inspired what Moses wrote in those books (2 Peter 1:21), so ultimately God is the author, and these books are part of his Message to mankind. Those five books are sometimes referred to as the Torah (a Hebrew word that means “teaching,” “instruction,” or “law”) or the Pentateuch (a Greek word that means “five books”). In the New Testament this set of books is also referred to as “the Law” (John 1:45) or “the Law of Moses” (Acts 28:23), and Jesus himself affirmed that Moses wrote them (John 5:46-47; 7:23).\n\nMoses was born in the country of Egypt around 1526 B.C. (Exodus 2:1-10). According to the genealogies in Genesis, his birth was about 1,000 years after the Flood (which was about 1,650 years after creation). Moses may have written much of the Pentateuch during the forty years that he led the people of Israel as they wandered in the wilderness (around 1446 B.C.—1406 B.C.).\n\nThe very first verse in Genesis assumes that God (the author guiding the human author) has always existed and that he has no beginning and no end (also see Genesis 21:33; Deuteronomy 33:27; Psalm 90:2). He uses his personal name “Yahweh” for the first time in Genesis 2:4. The name “Yahweh” means “he is” and indicates that God is eternal. His name also means that he is unchanging and that he is always present.\n\n### Book outline\n\nIn all, Genesis covers a span of about 2200 years of history. After the world’s early history, the rest of Genesis tells about the ancestors of God’s people, with special focus on Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and Joseph (and their families). Genealogies are an important part of what ties the book together from beginning to end.\n\nThe following outline shows these two main divisions in the book of Genesis: (1) Early World History, and (2) The History about the Ancestors of God’s Chosen People. Those two divisions each have roughly four main subdivisions, which are based on four key events (in the first division) and four key ancestors (in the second division). Some scholars prefer to divide the book up into ten divisions that are introduced by the Hebrew phrase that means “these are the generations of...” In the outline below, **asterisks** mark the sections that contain that phrase.\n\nThese are the verses that have the Hebrew phrase “these are the generations of...”: Genesis 2:4 (heavens and earth), 5:1 (Adam); 6:9 (Noah); 10:1, 32 (sons of Noah); 11:10 (Shem); 11:27 (Terah); 25:12 (Ishmael); 25:19 (Isaac); 36:1, 9 (Esau); 37:2 (Jacob).\n\n**Bolded words** in the outline show which sections contain promises and covenants from God and also mark who the main ancestors were in the various sub-divisions.\n\n#### Division 1: Early World History\n\nCreation\n- God creates the universe and everything in it (1:1-2:3)\n- Adam and Eve and the Garden of Eden (2:4-25)\\*\n\nThe Fall\n- The first sin and God’s judgment; prophecy of Christ (3:1-24) - **promise**\n- Cain and Abel: the first murder; Cain’s descendants (4:1-26)\n- The descendants of Adam to Noah (5:1-32)\\*\n\nThe Flood\n- God destroys the world with a flood, puts rainbow in the sky - **covenant** (6:1-9:17)\\*\n- Noah curses his son Ham and his grandson Canaan, blesses other sons (9:18-27)\n- The descendants of Noah’s sons Shem, Ham, and Japheth (10:1-32)\\*\\*\n\nTower of Babel\n- Mankind rebels against God at Babel, so God creates many different languages and scatters the people over the earth (11:1-9)\n\n#### Division 2: The History about the Ancestors of God’s Chosen People\n\nThe history about **Abraham** [Genesis 11:10-25:11]\n- The descendants of Shem to Abram (11:10-26)\\*\n- Terah and his three sons’ families in Haran; Terah dies (11:27-32)\\*\n- Abram travels to Canaan with Sarai and his nephew Lot (12:1-9) - **promise**\n- Abram lies about Sarai to Pharaoh, king of Egypt (12:10-20)\n- Back in the Negev Desert, Abram and Lot part ways (13:1-18) - **promise**\n- War of the kings; Abram rescues Lot and the other citizens of Sodom (14:1-17)\n- Melchizedek blesses Abram; Abram refuses bounty from king of Sodom (14:18-24)\n- God’s **covenant** with Abram (15:1-21) - **promise**\n- Hagar and Ishmael (16:1-16)\n- New names: Abraham and Sarah; **covenant** of circumcision (17:1-27) - **promise**\n- Three men visit Abram, Yahweh renews promise, Sarah laughs (18:1-15) - **promise**\n- Abram pleads with Yahweh to spare Sodom (18:16-33)\n- Lot and two daughters escape destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah (19:1-29)\n- Lot’s grandsons: the ancestors of the Moabites and Ammonites (19:30-38)\n- Abraham lies about Sarah to Abimelech, king of the Philistines (20:1-18)\n- Isaac is born to Sarah; Ishmael grows up in the desert (21:1-21)\n- Abraham makes a treaty with King Abimelech at Beersheba (21:22-34)\n- God tests Abraham by commanding him to sacrifice Isaac (22:1-19) - **promise**\n- Sarah dies and Abraham buys burial property in the land of Canaan (23:1-20)\n- God provides Rebekah as a wife for Isaac (24:1-67)\n- Abraham’s descendants by second wife Keturah (25:1-6)\n- Abraham dies and is buried by Isaac and Ishmael (25:7-11)\n\nThe history about **Ishmael** and **Isaac** [Genesis 25:12-35:29]\n- Ishmael’s descendants and his death (25:12-18)\\*\n- Isaac’s sons Esau and Jacob; Esau sells his birthright (25:19-34)\\*\n- Isaac lies about Rebekah to Abimelech, king of the Philistines (26:1-22) - **promise**\n- God’s **covenant** with Isaac in Beersheba; treaty with Abimelech (26:23-33)\n\nThe history about **Esau** and **Jacob** [Genesis 26:34-36:43]\n- Jacob steals Esau’s blessing; Esau plans revenge (26:34-27:46)\n- Jacob flees and heads to Haran; stairway to heaven at Bethel (28:1-22) - **promise**\n- Jacob works for Laban to marry his wives Leah and Rachel (29:1-30)\n- Jacob’s wives have 11 sons (29:31-30:24)\n- Jacob becomes wealthy while working for Laban (30:25-43)\n- Jacob and his family flee from Laban; Jacob’s treaty with Laban (31:1-55)\n- Jacob wrestles with God, who names him **Israel** (32:1-32)\n- Jacob and Esau reconcile, and Jacob settles in the city of Shechem (33:1-20)\n- Shechem rapes Dinah, and Jacob’s sons take revenge (34:1-31)\n- God blesses Jacob at Bethel (35:1-15) - **promise**\n- Rachel dies giving birth to Benjamin (35:16-20)\n- List of Jacob’s 12 sons; Isaac dies and is buried by Esau and Jacob (35:16-29)\n- Esau’s descendants, the Edomites (36:1-43)\\*\\*\n\nThe history about **Jacob** and **Joseph** [Genesis 37-50]\n- Jacob’s family; Joseph’s dreams anger his brothers (37:1-11)\\*\n- Joseph sold as a slave and taken to the country of Egypt (37:12-36)\n- **Judah** and his daughter-in-law Tamar have children (38:1-30)\n- Potiphar’s wife falsely accuses Joseph, and he is imprisoned (39:1-23)\n- In the prison, Joseph interprets dreams for Pharaoh’s officials (40:1-23)\n- Joseph interprets Pharaoh’s dreams about famine (41:1-40)\n- As governor over Egypt, Joseph stores up grain; he has two sons (41:41-57)\n- Joseph’s brothers come to Egypt to buy grain, then return to Jacob (42:1-38)\n- All Joseph’s brothers return to Egypt and have a meal with him (43:1-34)\n- Joseph tests his brothers with his silver cup (44:1-17)\n- Judah pleads with Joseph for Benjamin’s freedom (44:18-34)\n- Joseph reveals his identity to his brothers; they give the news to Jacob (45:1-28)\n- Jacob and his family move to Egypt; list of his descendants (46:1-27)\n- Joseph settles Jacob and his family in the land of Goshen (47:1-12)\n- Joseph sells grain to all the people of Egypt (37:13-31)\n- Jacob blesses Joseph’s sons Ephraim and Manasseh (48:1-22)\n- Jacob blesses each of his 12 sons (49:1-28)\n- Jacob’s death (49:29-33)\n- Joseph has his father Jacob embalmed and buries him in Canaan (50:1-14)\n- Joseph reassures his brothers that he has forgiven them (50:15-21)\n- Joseph’s death (Gen 50:22-26)\n\n### Special formatting:\n\nThe book of Genesis sometimes uses poetic language to emphasize what is being said. Many translations use a special format to identify these passages as poetry by indenting each clause on a new line. Many other translations do not do this, but rather use regular paragraph formatting everywhere, including for poetry. It may be helpful to look at a translation in the national language of your country that uses poetry formatting, to help you decide whether or not you want to do something similar in your translation. Some translations put some of the following passages in poetry format since these verses have certain features of poetry such as parallelisms and metaphors: Genesis 1:27; 2:23; 3:14-16, 17b-19; 4:23-24; 8:22; 9:6, 25-27; 12:2-3; 14:19-20; 15:1; 16:11-12; 24:60; 25:23; 27:27-29, 39-40; 48:15-16, 20; 49:1-27. You may not want to put all these passages in poetry format since some of them have parallelisms that are not necessarily poetry but may just be emphasizing certain events in the narrative or certain points in a prophecy.\n\n### Possible titles for this book:\n\n- “Genesis”\n- “The Book of Genesis”\n- “Genesis: The First Book By Moses”\n- “Genesis: The Book About Beginnings”\n- “The First Book That God's Prophet/Spokesman Moses Wrote: Genesis”\n\nThe English title “Genesis” is a transliteration of a Greek word that means “origin” or “beginning” or “birth”; the ancient Greek translation of the Hebrew scriptures (the Septuagint) uses this word for the first time in Genesis 2:4. The Hebrew title of this book בְּרֵאשִׁית (pronounced “bereshith”) is the first Hebrew word in verse 1 and literally means “In the beginning.” The Latin translation of the Bible (the Latin Vulgate) was the first translation to use the title “The Book of Genesis.” Since that time, many other translations include “Genesis” in the book title because people are familiar with that name. Sometimes as part of the title, translators also include the fact that Moses was the author and that he was inspired by God. Do what is best in your language. 1:intro zb6f 0 # Genesis 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter presents the first account of God creating the world. There is a pattern to this account: “God said … God saw that it was good … This was evening and morning, the first day.” Translators should preserve this pattern in their versions.\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### The universe\n\nThis account of creation is told within the framework of ancient Hebrew ideas about the universe: the earth was resting with water around it and below it. Over the earth was something like a vast dome, called “an expanse between the waters” (1:6), on top of which was more water. Translators should try to keep these original images in their work, even though readers in their project language might have a completely different idea of what the universe is like.\n\n### Evening and morning\n\nGenesis 1 presents the ancient Hebrew idea of a day: it begins with sunset, lasts through the night and continues through the daylight hours until the next sunset. This pattern should be preserved in translation, even if readers in the project language define “day” differently.\n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### “In the beginning”\n\nSome languages and cultures speak of the world as if it has always existed, as if it had no beginning. But “very long ago” is different from “in the beginning,” and you need to be sure that your translation communicates correctly.\n\n### “God said, ‘Let there be’”\n\nThis expression occurs often in this chapter. It can be difficult to translate, because God is not shown as talking to a particular person. If God is talking to a thing, it is something not yet in existence. Translators should find the most natural way in the project language to signal the idea that God spoke things into existence; he created the world and the things in it by simply commanding that they should exist. 1:1 uiu4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּ⁠רֵאשִׁ֖ית 1 “At the beginning {of time/everything}” or “{Everything} began when”. Many Bible scholars think that verse 1 records God’s first act in creating the universe. This is also the traditional, historically held view and fits with the narrative structure of the Hebrew text. It also fits with the wider context of Scriptures which states that God created everything out of nothing at the very beginning of the world (Psalm 33:6, 9; Hebrews 11:3). Also, some languages must use a verb (“began”) in verse 1 rather than a noun (“beginning”). Do what is best in your language. 1:1 b730 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms אֱלֹהִ֑ים 1 Translate the title “God” in a way that refers to the Supreme Being who created everything, who has complete power, who knows everything and is present everywhere. He is the only true God and has always existed. @@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 1:22 pfl8 אֶת הַ⁠מַּ֨יִם֙ בַּ⁠יַּמִּ֔ים 1 “the water in/of the sea/ocean” or “the ocean/water”. For some languages, “water in the seas” is too repetitive, so it is more natural here to just say “seas/sea” or “ocean” or “water”. Do what is best in your language. 1:22 wysn וְ⁠הָ⁠ע֖וֹף יִ֥רֶב 1 “And the birds must/will {also} increase {greatly} in number” or “{You} birds must/will {also} become {very} numerous/many”. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Also, see how you translated “multiply” earlier in this verse. 1:22 q4ey בָּ⁠אָֽרֶץ 1 “throughout the earth.” or “{and live} all over the earth.” -1:23 jdl5 וַֽ⁠יְהִי עֶ֥רֶב וַֽ⁠יְהִי בֹ֖קֶר 1 “Then evening came and {then/later} morning came,” +1:23 jdl5 וַֽ⁠יְהִי עֶ֥רֶב וַֽ⁠יְהִי בֹ֖קֶר 1 “Then evening came, and {then/later} morning came,” 1:23 jti5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal י֥וֹם חֲמִישִֽׁי 1 “{and that was} {the end of} the fifth day.” or “and the fifth day ended.” or “{and that was} {the end of} day five.” 1:24 k7ok וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר אֱלֹהִ֗ים 1 “Then God commanded,” 1:24 ymte תּוֹצֵ֨א הָ⁠אָ֜רֶץ 1 “I command the land/ground to produce/yield” or “The land/ground must now produce/yield”. See how you translated a similar command to the land in verse 11. @@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 1:25 ts6r וַ⁠יַּ֥רְא אֱלֹהִ֖ים 1 “And he saw/observed” or “God/He saw/observed” 1:25 epq1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כִּי טֽוֹב 1 “that {what he had made/created was} good/excellent.” or “that {all the creatures/animals that he had made/created were} good/excellent.” Some languages need to specify what was good. Consider again how you translated “And God saw that … good” in verses 10, 12, 18, 21, 25. 1:26 bpc0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר אֱלֹהִ֔ים 1 “Then God said {to himself},” Here God is not commanding anything to happen, but is getting ready to personally create mankind himself (the details are given in Gen 2:7, 21-22). Some languages have to specify who is being spoken to. Do what is best in your language. -1:26 blpi נַֽעֲשֶׂ֥ה 1 “{Now} we should/will make/create”. Most Bible scholars think that the plural pronouns (“us”, “our”) in this verse refer to God and reflect the fact that he is three Persons in one God. So it is best to keep these pronouns plural in your translation. Also, many translations capitalize the first letter of all pronouns that refer to God in order to show him honor and respect. Your translation team needs to decide whether or not you will do that, too. Be consistent with your decision as you translate the Bible. +1:26 blpi נַֽעֲשֶׂ֥ה 1 “{Now} we should/will make/create”. Most Bible scholars think that the plural pronouns (“us”, “our”) in this verse refer to God and reflect the fact that he is three Persons in one God. So it is best to keep these pronouns plural in your translation. Also, many translations capitalize the first letter of all pronouns that refer to God in order to show him honor and respect. Your translation team needs to decide whether or not you will do that too. Be consistent with your decision as you translate the Bible. 1:26 bahl אָדָ֛ם 1 “mankind/humankind” or “human beings”. The Hebrew word for “man” is used here (and in verse 27) as a collective noun that refers to human beings in general, including both male and female. 1:26 ulnl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet בְּ⁠צַלְמֵ֖⁠נוּ כִּ⁠דְמוּתֵ֑⁠נוּ 1 “to be like us and act like us,” or “to be like us, so that they are similar to us in many ways,” These two phrases have similar meanings and emphasize that God made mankind to be like himself in many ways. 1:26 mq1c וְ⁠יִרְדּוּ֩ 1 “and let us put them in charge/control of” or “We will give them authority to rule/oversee/manage” @@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 2:11 k73q ה֣וּא הַ⁠סֹּבֵ֗ב 1 “It meanders/meandered through” or “which flows/flowed around through”. The word “winds” or “meanders” means that the river changed direction from time to time. Consider whether it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here or to continue the previous sentence. 2:11 kdfc rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אֵ֚ת כָּל אֶ֣רֶץ הַֽ⁠חֲוִילָ֔ה 1 “the entire/whole region of/called Havilah,” Be consistent in how you translate “land of” throughout this section. 2:11 lg1b אֲשֶׁר שָׁ֖ם הַ⁠זָּהָֽב 1 “{a place} where {there is/was} {much} gold.” or “which has/had {a lot of} gold.” -2:12 v48n וּֽ⁠זֲהַ֛ב הָ⁠אָ֥רֶץ הַ⁠הִ֖וא 1 “In fact, the gold from that land/region” or “Indeed, the gold {that is found} in that land/region”. This sentence emphasizes the previous statement about the gold, and gives more information about it. +2:12 v48n וּֽ⁠זֲהַ֛ב הָ⁠אָ֥רֶץ הַ⁠הִ֖וא 1 “In fact, the gold from that land/region” or “Indeed, the gold {that is found} in that land/region”. This sentence emphasizes the previous statement about the gold and gives more information about it. 2:12 ks18 ט֑וֹב 1 “{is/was} {very} pure.” or “{is/was} {very} high quality.” 2:12 qhx1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown הַ⁠בְּדֹ֖לַח 1 “{A kind/type of fragrant/sweet-smelling resin called} bdellium” or “A {kind/type of} fragrant/sweet-smelling resin/perfume”. The meaning of this Hebrew word is not certain. In many translations it is transliterated, that is, spelled the way the Hebrew word is pronounced. It may refer to: (1) a fragrant/sweet-smelling tree resin that was used to make perfume; (2) a type of stone or crystal, or possibly pearl. 2:12 ul5j rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown וְ⁠אֶ֥בֶן הַ⁠שֹּֽׁהַם 1 “and {valuable} onyx gemstones” or “and {valuable} stones/gemstones called onyx” or “and {valuable} gemstones”. It is not certain what kind of stone this was, but most Bible scholars think it was onyx, which is a kind of quartz that is often black, but also occurs in many other colors, and can have stripes or bands of white (or other colors) running through it. @@ -292,7 +292,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 2:24 oti6 עַל כֵּן֙ 1 “Because of that,” or “That is why” or “Since the woman was created from the man’s body,” 2:24 u45s יַֽעֲזָב אִ֔ישׁ 1 “a/every man {who marries} will/must leave” or “{when a man gets married,} he must move away from” 2:24 peuh אֶת אָבִ֖י⁠ו וְ⁠אֶת אִמּ֑⁠וֹ 1 “{the home of} his father and mother,” -2:24 k1xp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠דָבַ֣ק בְּ⁠אִשְׁתּ֔⁠וֹ 1 “and he must unite/join with his wife,” or “and he must live in close relationship with his wife,” This idiom means that the man is committed to his wife and has a close physical relationship with her, too. Consider what is the best way to translate this in your language. +2:24 k1xp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠דָבַ֣ק בְּ⁠אִשְׁתּ֔⁠וֹ 1 “and he must unite/join with his wife,” or “and he must live in close relationship with his wife,” This idiom means that the man is committed to his wife and has a close physical relationship with her too. Consider what is the best way to translate this in your language. 2:24 fqua rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual וְ⁠הָי֖וּ 1 “so that they become”. Some languages have a special dual pronoun for “they” that fits well here. 2:24 lhdy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לְ⁠בָשָׂ֥ר אֶחָֽד 1 “completely one/united.” or “united in body {and spirit}.” or “united like one person.” The phrase “one flesh” is an idiom that emphasizes the close physical and spiritual unity between a husband and wife. Other languages may have a similar idiom. Consider how to best communicate this in your language. 2:25 rovf וַ⁠יִּֽהְי֤וּ שְׁנֵי⁠הֶם֙ עֲרוּמִּ֔ים הָֽ⁠אָדָ֖ם וְ⁠אִשְׁתּ֑⁠וֹ 1 “Now {at/during that time} both the man and his wife were naked,” or “{At/During that time} the man and his wife did not wear any clothes,” @@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 3:3 ztft rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes פֶּן תְּמֻתֽוּ⁠ן 1 “because if you do {eat it or touch it}, you will die!” or “because if we do {eat it or touch it}, we will die!” Make sure the way you translate this clause fits with whether you translated the first part of the sentence as a direct (“you”) or indirect (“we”) quote. 3:4 j40v rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יֹּ֥אמֶר הַ⁠נָּחָ֖שׁ אֶל־הָֽ⁠אִשָּׁ֑ה 1 “But the snake said/replied to her,” or “But the snake replied,” See how you translated “serpent” in verses 1-2. 3:4 k0j2 לֹֽא מ֖וֹת תְּמֻתֽוּ⁠ן 1 “{That is not true.} You will not die.” or “It’s not true that you will die.” -3:5 ngb0 כִּ֚י יֹדֵ֣עַ אֱלֹהִ֔ים 1 “Actually, God/he knows” or “The reason God said that is he knows”. The connecting word “For” introduces an explanation here. Consider what is the best way to do that in your language. +3:5 ngb0 כִּ֚י יֹדֵ֣עַ אֱלֹהִ֔ים 1 “Actually, God/he knows” or “The reason God said that is because he knows”. The connecting word “For” introduces an explanation here. Consider what is the best way to do that in your language. 3:5 tr2j כִּ֗י בְּ⁠יוֹם֙ 1 “that as soon as” or “that when/if” 3:5 p329 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-dual אֲכָלְ⁠כֶ֣ם מִמֶּ֔⁠נּוּ 1 “you eat {fruit} from that tree,” or “you eat some/any of that fruit,” The pronouns “you” and “your” are plural in this verse and refer to the man and the woman. Some languages have a special dual pronoun for this. Consider again how you translated “you” and “your” in verses 1-5. 3:5 uld2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠נִפְקְח֖וּ עֵֽינֵי⁠כֶ֑ם 1 “your mind/understanding will be opened/expanded,” or “you will gain/have new understanding,” or “you will understand/know new things,” Consider whether your language has an idiom like “your eyes will be opened” that would fit well here. @@ -331,7 +331,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 3:7 d586 וַ⁠יֵּ֣דְע֔וּ 1 “so that they realized” or “so that they became aware” 3:7 qm2z כִּ֥י עֵֽירֻמִּ֖ם הֵ֑ם 1 “that their bodies {were} naked/uncovered/bare {and they felt ashamed/embarrassed}.” 3:7 pb3y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual וַֽ⁠יִּתְפְּרוּ֙ 1 “So they fastened/joined {together}”. The word for “sewed” implies here that some type of needle and thread were used. For example, they may have used a thin, sharpened stick for the needle, and plant fibers for the thread. If necessary, you could use a more general term such as “fastened/joined together” or “connected”. Also, some languages have dual pronouns that can be used in verses 7-8 for “they” and “themselves”. Do what is best in your language. -3:7 e5t5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown עֲלֵ֣ה תְאֵנָ֔ה 1 “{some} fig {tree} leaves” or “{some} {large} leaves from a fig tree”. Historical facts should not be changed in a translation, including the historical fact that Adam and Eve used fig tree leaves to make aprons. If fig trees are not known in your language area, you could say “{large} leaves from a tree called fig {tree}”. +3:7 e5t5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown עֲלֵ֣ה תְאֵנָ֔ה 1 “{some} fig {tree} leaves” or “{some} {large} leaves from a fig tree”. Historical facts should not be changed in a translation, including the historical fact that Adam and Eve used fig tree leaves to make aprons. If fig trees are not known in your language area, you could say “{large} leaves from a tree called a fig {tree}”. 3:7 h1a6 וַ⁠יַּעֲשׂ֥וּ לָ⁠הֶ֖ם חֲגֹרֹֽת 1 “and used/wore them like/as aprons/skirts/loincloths {to cover their nakedness/bodies}.” or “and wore them around their waists {to cover their nakedness/bodies}.” or “and used them to make clothes for themselves.” These aprons/skirts probably covered them from the waist down to somewhere around the knees. 3:8 ibyk rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַֽ⁠יִּשְׁמְע֞וּ 1 “Then/Later the man and his wife heard”. For some languages it may be clearer and more natural to put the noun phrase “the man and his wife” here and then use a pronoun (“they”) later in this sentence. Do what is best in your language. 3:8 kd3q אֶת ק֨וֹל יְהוָ֧ה אֱלֹהִ֛ים מִתְהַלֵּ֥ךְ 1 “the sound of Yahweh God{’s footsteps} as he walked” or “Yahweh God’s voice as he walked”. This phrase can refer to the sound of God’s footsteps or to the sound of his voice. Either meaning fits the context well and is followed by many translations. @@ -352,7 +352,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 3:11 hetm הֲ⁠מִן הָ⁠עֵ֗ץ & אָכָֽלְתָּ 1 “Did you {disobey me and} eat {fruit} from the tree” 3:11 gi9h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes אֲשֶׁ֧ר צִוִּיתִ֛י⁠ךָ לְ⁠בִלְתִּ֥י אֲכָל מִמֶּ֖⁠נּוּ 1 “that I commanded you, ‘Do not eat from it’?” For some languages it is more natural to use a direct quote here for Yahweh’s words. Do what is best in your language. 3:12 hp6r וַ⁠יֹּ֖אמֶר הָֽ⁠אָדָ֑ם 1 “But the man said/replied {to him},” or “The man answered {him},” -3:12 et6h הָֽ⁠אִשָּׁה֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר נָתַ֣תָּה עִמָּדִ֔⁠י הִ֛וא 1 “The woman whom you put here {to be/live} with me, she {is the one who}” or “It was the woman you gave to me who”. The pronoun “she” is emphatic in the Hebrew text. That, along with the position of “The woman” at the beginning of the sentence, shows that the man is strongly emphasizing his blame on the woman. Consider what is the best way to communicate that emphasis in your language. +3:12 et6h הָֽ⁠אִשָּׁה֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר נָתַ֣תָּה עִמָּדִ֔⁠י הִ֛וא 1 “The woman whom you put here {to be/live} with me, she {is the one who}” or “It was the woman you gave to me who”. The pronoun “she” is emphatic in the Hebrew text. That, along with the position of “The woman” at the beginning of the sentence, shows that the man is strongly emphasizing his blame of the woman. Consider what is the best way to communicate that emphasis in your language. 3:12 au82 נָֽתְנָה לִּ֥⁠י מִן הָ⁠עֵ֖ץ 1 “gave me {some fruit} from that tree,” or “gave me some of the/that fruit,” See how you translated “fruit” in verses 1-6. 3:12 z2ws וָ⁠אֹכֵֽל 1 “so I ate {it}.” or “That is why I ate {it/some}.” Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. 3:13 lvw3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר יְהוָ֧ה אֱלֹהִ֛ים לָ⁠אִשָּׁ֖ה 1 “So Yahweh God asked the woman,” Consider what is the best way to translate this quote margin in your language. @@ -405,7 +405,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 3:22 tgmz הֵ֤ן 1 “Look/Listen,” This word expresses emotion and calls attention to what God says next. See how you translated this term in Gen 1:29. 3:22 m45e הָֽ⁠אָדָם֙ 1 “the man {and his wife}” or “man{kind}” or “human beings”. Throughout verses 22-24 “the man” represents mankind, which included both the man and the woman at this point. Make sure your translation communicates that clearly in those verses and does not just refer to Adam. 3:22 jtzi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive הָיָה֙ כְּ⁠אַחַ֣ד מִמֶּ֔⁠נּוּ 1 “have become like one of us” or “have become like us”. The pronoun “us” is inclusive because God is talking to himself. -3:22 u2uz לָ⁠דַ֖עַת ט֣וֹב וָ⁠רָ֑ע 1 “so that they know {what is} good and {what is} evil.” See how you translated this phrase in verse 5, and a similar phrase in Gen 2:9. +3:22 u2uz לָ⁠דַ֖עַת ט֣וֹב וָ⁠רָ֑ע 1 “so that they know {what is} good and {what is} evil.” See how you translated this phrase in verse 5 and a similar phrase in Gen 2:9. 3:22 z722 וְ⁠עַתָּ֣ה פֶּן יִשְׁלַ֣ח יָד֗⁠וֹ וְ⁠לָקַח֙ גַּ֚ם 1 “So now, they must not be allowed/permitted {by us} to also take/pick” or “So we must not allow/permit them to also take/pick” or “So now we must do something so that they do/can not also take/pick”. See how you translated “took/picked … fruit” in verse 6. 3:22 jc4x מֵ⁠עֵ֣ץ הַֽ⁠חַיִּ֔ים וְ⁠אָכַ֖ל 1 “{fruit} from the tree of {eternal} life and eat {some of} it,” or “and eat {fruit} from the tree that gives people {eternal} life,” See how you translated “the tree of life” in Gen 2:9. 3:22 ekrd וָ⁠חַ֥י לְ⁠עֹלָֽם 1 “and {then/so} live forever!” or “which will/would make them live forever!” @@ -543,7 +543,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 4:23 uqtr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism נְשֵׁ֣י לֶ֔מֶךְ הַאְזֵ֖נָּה אִמְרָתִ֑⁠י 1 “My wives, listen to this:” or “My wives, listen to me carefully.” This clause forms a parallelism with the previous clause and emphasizes what Lamech says next. 4:23 m97i כִּ֣י אִ֤ישׁ הָרַ֨גְתִּי֙ לְ⁠פִצְעִ֔⁠י וְ⁠יֶ֖לֶד לְ⁠חַבֻּרָתִֽ⁠י 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “I killed a man for wounding me; {he was} a young man who bruised/injured me!” or “I killed a young man for wounding/injuring me! In fact, {I killed} that man {just} because he bruised/injured me!” (2) “I killed a man for wounding me, and also a young man for bruising/injuring me.” or “A man wounded me, so I killed him. A young man injured me, so I killed him too!” In the first interpretation, Lamech refers to one man he killed. In the second interpretation, he refers to two men he killed. 4:24 q45d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive כִּ֥י שִׁבְעָתַ֖יִם יֻקַּם קָ֑יִן וְ⁠לֶ֖מֶךְ 1 “Since {God has promised} to avenge Cain seven times, then” or “Cain is avenged {by God} seven times, but” or “God will avenge Cain seven times, but”. Consider what is the best way to translate this passive clause in your language. -4:24 g912 וְ⁠לֶ֖מֶךְ שִׁבְעִ֥ים וְ⁠שִׁבְעָֽה 1 “{I,} Lamech {avenge myself} seventy-seven times!” or “I {avenge myself} 77 times!” Lamech is bragging in verses 23 and 24 about how severely he avenges himself. He is not saying that God will avenge him more than he will avenge Cain. Be consistent with how you spelled the name “Lamech” in verses 18-19, 23-24. +4:24 g912 וְ⁠לֶ֖מֶךְ שִׁבְעִ֥ים וְ⁠שִׁבְעָֽה 1 “{I,} Lamech {avenge myself} seventy-seven times!” or “I {avenge myself} seventy-seven times!” Lamech is bragging in verses 23 and 24 about how severely he avenges himself. He is not saying that God will avenge him more than he will avenge Cain. Be consistent with how you spelled the name “Lamech” in verses 18-19, 23-24. 4:25 rw9r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism וַ⁠יֵּ֨דַע אָדָ֥ם עוֹד֙ אֶת אִשְׁתּ֔⁠וֹ 1 “Then Adam slept with his wife {Eve} again,” or “Again Adam had {marital} relations with his wife {Eve},” See how you translated the idiom “knew” in 4:1, 17. 4:25 tlhj rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וַ⁠תֵּ֣לֶד בֵּ֔ן 1 “and she gave birth to a son,” or “so that she {conceived and} bore/had a son,” or “with the result that she {became pregnant and} gave birth to a son,” 4:25 uyxx וַ⁠תִּקְרָ֥א אֶת שְׁמ֖⁠וֹ 1 “and she named him” or “and she gave him the name”. See how you translated a similar phrase in Gen 3:20. @@ -561,7 +561,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 5:1 nf58 סֵ֔פֶר 1 “the written {family} record/history of/about” or “the {family} record of” 5:1 hbea תּוֹלְדֹ֖ת אָדָ֑ם 1 “of/about Adam and his descendants:” or “of/about Adam’s family-line/genealogy:” 5:1 ztgp בְּ⁠י֗וֹם בְּרֹ֤א אֱלֹהִים֙ אָדָ֔ם & עָשָׂ֥ה אֹתֽ⁠וֹ 1 “On the day {that/when} God created/made human beings, he made them”. See how you translated “created” in Gen 1:1, 27; 2:4, and “man” in Gen 1:26-27. -5:1 c3vh בִּ⁠דְמ֥וּת אֱלֹהִ֖ים 1 “in his own likeness.” or “to be like himself.” God created mankind to be like himself in certain ways, not to be exactly like him in every way (Gen 1:26-27). +5:1 c3vh בִּ⁠דְמ֥וּת אֱלֹהִ֖ים 1 “in his own likeness.” or “to be like himself.” God created mankind to be like himself in certain ways, but not to be exactly like him in every way (Gen 1:26-27). 5:2 sfms זָכָ֥ר וּ⁠נְקֵבָ֖ה בְּרָאָ֑⁠ם 1 “He {also} created them {to be} male and female,” See how you translated this clause in Gen 1:27. 5:2 xoeq וַ⁠יְבָ֣רֶךְ אֹתָ֗⁠ם 1 “He blessed them” or “He said/promised that he would make them prosper/flourish”. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Also see how you translated “blessed” in Gen 1:22, 28. It may be necessary to translate this term in different ways, depending on the context. 5:2 md6q וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֤א אֶת שְׁמָ⁠ם֙ 1 “and called/named them”. See how you translated the phrase “called … name” in Gen 4:17, 25, 26. @@ -573,7 +573,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 5:4 m5uq וַ⁠יִּֽהְי֣וּ יְמֵי אָדָ֗ם אַֽחֲרֵי֙ הוֹלִיד֣⁠וֹ אֶת שֵׁ֔ת 1 “After he/Adam fathered/had Seth, Adam/he lived” or “After Seth’s birth, Adam lived” or “After Seth was born, Adam lived” 5:4 dt93 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure שְׁמֹנֶ֥ה מֵאֹ֖ת שָׁנָ֑ה 1 “{another} 800 years,” or “800 {more} years,” For some languages, it may be more natural to change the clause order of this sentence and say, “Adam lived 800 {more} years after Seth was born …” Do what is best in your language throughout this chapter. 5:4 w4va וַ⁠יּ֥וֹלֶד 1 “and he {also} fathered/had” or “He/Adam {also} fathered/had” or “He/Adam was {also} the father of”. This clause probably refers to all the other children that Adam had, including those who were born before and after Seth was born. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. -5:4 znml בָּנִ֖ים וּ⁠בָנֽוֹת 1 “{other} sons, as well as daughters.” +5:4 znml בָּנִ֖ים וּ⁠בָנֽוֹת 1 “{other} sons as well as daughters.” 5:5 exxg rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וַ⁠יִּֽהְי֞וּ כָּל יְמֵ֤י אָדָם֙ אֲשֶׁר חַ֔י תְּשַׁ֤ע מֵאוֹת֙ שָׁנָ֔ה וּ⁠שְׁלֹשִׁ֖ים שָׁנָ֑ה 1 “So Adam/he lived a total of 930 years,” or “All together Adam/he lived 930 years,” Make sure that the name “Adam” is spelled consistently in your translation of verses 1, 3-5. 5:5 vx22 וַ⁠יָּמֹֽת 1 “and {then} he died.” or “before he died.” 5:6 e8ow rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background וַֽ⁠יְחִי־שֵׁ֕ת חָמֵ֥שׁ שָׁנִ֖ים וּ⁠מְאַ֣ת שָׁנָ֑ה 1 “When/After Seth had lived 105 years,” or “When/After Seth was 105 years old,” The events in verse 6 happened before Adam died (verse 5). So if you use a conjunction here, make sure your translation does not sound like verse 6 happened after Adam died. @@ -581,7 +581,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 5:7 zq5v rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַֽ⁠יְחִי שֵׁ֗ת אַֽחֲרֵי֙ הוֹלִיד֣⁠וֹ אֶת אֱנ֔וֹשׁ 1 “After he/Seth had Enosh, Seth/he lived” or “After Enosh’s birth, Seth lived” or “After Enosh was born, Seth lived”. In fact, throughout chapter 5, make sure it is clear in your translation whom each pronoun refers to. 5:7 axao שֶׁ֣בַע שָׁנִ֔ים וּ⁠שְׁמֹנֶ֥ה מֵא֖וֹת שָׁנָ֑ה 1 “{another} 807 years,” or “807 {more} years,” 5:7 m6hy וַ⁠יּ֥וֹלֶד 1 “and he {also} fathered/had” or “He/Seth {also} fathered/had” or “He/Seth was {also} the father of”. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. See how you translated this phrase and the following one in verse 4. -5:7 qh3m בָּנִ֖ים וּ⁠בָנֽוֹת 1 “{other} sons, as well as daughters.” +5:7 qh3m בָּנִ֖ים וּ⁠בָנֽוֹת 1 “{other} sons as well as daughters.” 5:8 cpt9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וַ⁠יִּֽהְיוּ֙ כָּל יְמֵי שֵׁ֔ת שְׁתֵּ֤ים עֶשְׂרֵה֙ שָׁנָ֔ה וּ⁠תְשַׁ֥ע מֵא֖וֹת שָׁנָ֑ה 1 “So Seth/he lived a total of 912 years,” or “All together Seth/he lived 912 years,” Be consistent with how you spell the name “Seth” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 4:25-26; 5:3-4, 6-8. 5:8 wfwj וַ⁠יָּמֹֽת 1 “and {then} he died.” or “before he died.” 5:9 hpxy rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background וַֽ⁠יְחִ֥י אֱנ֖וֹשׁ תִּשְׁעִ֣ים שָׁנָ֑ה 1 “When/After Enosh had lived 90 years,” or “When/After Enosh was 90 years old,” See how you translated the beginning of a similar new paragraph in this genealogy at verse 6. @@ -589,15 +589,15 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 5:10 qcro rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַֽ⁠יְחִ֣י אֱנ֗וֹשׁ אַֽחֲרֵי֙ הוֹלִיד֣⁠וֹ אֶת קֵינָ֔ן 1 “After he/Enosh had Kenan, Enosh/he lived” or “After Kenan’s birth, Enosh lived” or “After Kenan was born, Enosh lived”. See how you translated a similar sentence in verse 7, and see the notes about that there. 5:10 vyfp חֲמֵ֤שׁ עֶשְׂרֵה֙ שָׁנָ֔ה וּ⁠שְׁמֹנֶ֥ה מֵא֖וֹת שָׁנָ֑ה 1 “{another} 815 years,” or “815 {more} years,” 5:10 a9fp וַ⁠יּ֥וֹלֶד 1 “and he {also} fathered/had” or “He/Enosh {also} fathered/had” or “He/Enosh was {also} the father of” -5:10 o420 בָּנִ֖ים וּ⁠בָנֽוֹת 1 “{other} sons, as well as daughters.” +5:10 o420 בָּנִ֖ים וּ⁠בָנֽוֹת 1 “{other} sons as well as daughters.” 5:11 t6cg rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וַ⁠יִּֽהְיוּ֙ כָּל יְמֵ֣י אֱנ֔וֹשׁ חָמֵ֣שׁ שָׁנִ֔ים וּ⁠תְשַׁ֥ע מֵא֖וֹת שָׁנָ֑ה 1 “So Enosh/he lived a total of 905 years,” or “All together Enosh/he lived 905 years,” Make sure that the name “Enosh” is spelled consistently in your translation of verses 6-7, 9-11. 5:11 ajtj וַ⁠יָּמֹֽת 1 “and {then} he died.” or “before he died.” -5:12 q01x וַֽ⁠יְחִ֥י קֵינָ֖ן שִׁבְעִ֣ים שָׁנָ֑ה 1 “When/After Kenan had lived 70 years,” or “When/After Kenan was 70 years old,” +5:12 q01x וַֽ⁠יְחִ֥י קֵינָ֖ן שִׁבְעִ֣ים שָׁנָ֑ה 1 “When/After Kenan had lived seventy years,” or “When/After Kenan was seventy years old,” 5:12 s14a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠יּ֖וֹלֶד אֶת מַֽהֲלַלְאֵֽל 1 “he fathered/had {a son named} Mahalalel.” or “he fathered/had {a son whose name was} Mahalalel.” 5:13 x4dz rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יְחִ֣י קֵינָ֗ן אַחֲרֵי֙ הוֹלִיד֣⁠וֹ אֶת מַֽהֲלַלְאֵ֔ל 1 “After he/Kenan had Mahalalel, Kenan/he lived” or “After Mahalalel’s birth, Kenan lived” or “After Mahalalel was born, Kenan lived” 5:13 ml02 אַרְבָּעִ֣ים שָׁנָ֔ה וּ⁠שְׁמֹנֶ֥ה מֵא֖וֹת שָׁנָ֑ה 1 “{another} 840 years,” or “840 {more} years,” 5:13 pdi2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יּ֥וֹלֶד 1 “and he {also} fathered/had” or “He/Kenan {also} fathered/had” or “He/Kenan was {also} the father of”. Consider what is the best way in your language to refer to Kenan at this point in the paragraph. -5:13 wayv בָּנִ֖ים וּ⁠בָנֽוֹת 1 “{other} sons, as well as daughters.” +5:13 wayv בָּנִ֖ים וּ⁠בָנֽוֹת 1 “{other} sons as well as daughters.” 5:14 iukx rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וַ⁠יִּֽהְיוּ֙ כָּל יְמֵ֣י קֵינָ֔ן עֶ֣שֶׂר שָׁנִ֔ים וּ⁠תְשַׁ֥ע מֵא֖וֹת שָׁנָ֑ה 1 “So Kenan/he lived a total of 910 years,” or “All together Kenan/he lived 910 years,” Make sure that the name “Kenan” is spelled consistently in your translation of verses 9-10, 12-14. 5:14 qzt5 וַ⁠יָּמֹֽת 1 “and {then} he died.” or “before he died.” 5:15 ibht וַֽ⁠יְחִ֣י מַֽהֲלַלְאֵ֔ל חָמֵ֥שׁ שָׁנִ֖ים וְ⁠שִׁשִּׁ֣ים שָׁנָ֑ה 1 “When/After Mahalalel had lived 65 years,” or “When/After Mahalalel was 65 years old,” @@ -605,7 +605,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 5:16 pue9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַֽ⁠יְחִ֣י מַֽהֲלַלְאֵ֗ל אַֽחֲרֵי֙ הוֹלִיד֣⁠וֹ אֶת יֶ֔רֶד 1 “After he/Mahalalel fathered/had Jared, Mahalalel/he lived” or “After Jared’s birth, Mahalalel lived” or “After Jared was born, Mahalalel lived” 5:16 v7b5 שְׁלֹשִׁ֣ים שָׁנָ֔ה וּ⁠שְׁמֹנֶ֥ה מֵא֖וֹת שָׁנָ֑ה 1 “{another} 830 years,” or “830 {more} years,” 5:16 duud וַ⁠יּ֥וֹלֶד 1 “and he {also} fathered/had” or “He/Mahalalel {also} fathered/had” or “He/Mahalalel was {also} the father of”. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. -5:16 w3p0 בָּנִ֖ים וּ⁠בָנֽוֹת 1 “{other} sons, as well as daughters.” +5:16 w3p0 בָּנִ֖ים וּ⁠בָנֽוֹת 1 “{other} sons as well as daughters.” 5:17 y3k1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וַ⁠יִּהְיוּ֙ כָּל יְמֵ֣י מַהֲלַלְאֵ֔ל חָמֵ֤שׁ וְ⁠תִשְׁעִים֙ שָׁנָ֔ה וּ⁠שְׁמֹנֶ֥ה מֵא֖וֹת שָׁנָ֑ה 1 “So Mahalalel/he lived a total of 895 years,” or “All together Mahalalel/he lived 895 years,” Make sure that the name “Mahalalel” is spelled consistently in your translation of verses 12-13, 15-17. 5:17 k21r וַ⁠יָּמֹֽת 1 “and {then} he died.” or “before he died.” 5:18 k5fo וַֽ⁠יְחִי־יֶ֕רֶד שְׁתַּ֧יִם וְ⁠שִׁשִּׁ֛ים שָׁנָ֖ה וּ⁠מְאַ֣ת שָׁנָ֑ה 1 “When/After Jared had lived 162 years,” or “When/After Jared was 162 years old,” @@ -613,7 +613,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 5:19 ttlq וַֽ⁠יְחִי יֶ֗רֶד אַֽחֲרֵי֙ הוֹלִיד֣⁠וֹ אֶת חֲנ֔וֹךְ 1 “After he/Jared fathered/had Enoch, Jared/he lived” or “After Enoch’s birth, Jared lived” or “After Enoch was born, Jared lived” 5:19 dml1 שְׁמֹנֶ֥ה מֵא֖וֹת שָׁנָ֑ה 1 “{another} 800 years,” or “800 {more} years,” 5:19 qvdm rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יּ֥וֹלֶד 1 “and he {also} fathered/had” or “He/Jared {also} fathered/had” or “He/Jared was {also} the father of”. Consider what is the best way in your language to refer to Jared at this point in the paragraph. -5:19 b7tx בָּנִ֖ים וּ⁠בָנֽוֹת 1 “{other} sons, as well as daughters.” +5:19 b7tx בָּנִ֖ים וּ⁠בָנֽוֹת 1 “{other} sons as well as daughters.” 5:20 y9dd rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וַ⁠יִּֽהְיוּ֙ כָּל יְמֵי יֶ֔רֶד שְׁתַּ֤יִם וְ⁠שִׁשִּׁים֙ שָׁנָ֔ה וּ⁠תְשַׁ֥ע מֵא֖וֹת שָׁנָ֑ה 1 “So Jared/he lived a total of 962 years,” or “All together Jared/he lived 962 years,” Make sure that the name “Jared” is spelled consistently in your translation of verses 15-16, 18-20. 5:20 dsut וַ⁠יָּמֹֽת 1 “and {then} he died.” or “before he died.” 5:21 yd7b וַֽ⁠יְחִ֣י חֲנ֔וֹךְ חָמֵ֥שׁ וְ⁠שִׁשִּׁ֖ים שָׁנָ֑ה 1 “When/After Enoch had lived 65 years,” or “When/After Enoch was 65 years old,” @@ -622,7 +622,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 5:22 jft2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יִּתְהַלֵּ֨ךְ חֲנ֜וֹךְ אֶת הָֽ⁠אֱלֹהִ֗ים 1 “Enoch walked/lived {closely/faithfully} with God” or “Enoch lived {in a close/faithful relationship} with God”. The phrase “walked with” is used here as an idiom that means “lived in a close relationship with”. Consider whether or not you have a similar idiom in your language. 5:22 t5cg שְׁלֹ֥שׁ מֵא֖וֹת שָׁנָ֑ה 1 “{another} 300 years,” or “for 300 {more} years,” 5:22 nvyk וַ⁠יּ֥וֹלֶד 1 “and he {also} fathered/had” or “He/Enoch {also} fathered/had” or “He was {also} the father of” -5:22 w372 בָּנִ֖ים וּ⁠בָנֽוֹת 1 “{other} sons, as well as daughters.” +5:22 w372 בָּנִ֖ים וּ⁠בָנֽוֹת 1 “{other} sons as well as daughters.” 5:23 q9fs וַ⁠יְהִ֖י כָּל יְמֵ֣י חֲנ֑וֹךְ חָמֵ֤שׁ וְ⁠שִׁשִּׁים֙ שָׁנָ֔ה וּ⁠שְׁלֹ֥שׁ מֵא֖וֹת שָׁנָֽה 1 “So Enoch/he lived a total of 365 years.” or “All together Enoch/he lived 365 years.” Make sure that the name “Enoch” is spelled consistently in your translation of verses 18-19, 21-24. 5:24 ovax וַ⁠יִּתְהַלֵּ֥ךְ חֲנ֖וֹךְ אֶת הָֽ⁠אֱלֹהִ֑ים 1 “{All his life} Enoch/he walked/lived {in a close/faithful relationship} with God, and {then}” or “Then while he was {still} living {in a close relationship} with God,” 5:24 h09o וְ⁠אֵינֶ֕⁠נּוּ 1 “{suddenly} he was not {on earth} {anymore},” or “{suddenly} he was no longer {on earth},” or “he {suddenly} disappeared {from earth},” @@ -632,7 +632,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 5:26 y4u9 וַֽ⁠יְחִ֣י מְתוּשֶׁ֗לַח אַֽחֲרֵי֙ הוֹלִיד֣⁠וֹ אֶת לֶ֔מֶךְ 1 “After he/Methuselah had Lamech, Methuselah/he lived” or “After Lamech’s birth, Methuselah lived” or “After Lamech was born, Methuselah lived” 5:26 xyho שְׁתַּ֤יִם וּ⁠שְׁמוֹנִים֙ שָׁנָ֔ה וּ⁠שְׁבַ֥ע מֵא֖וֹת שָׁנָ֑ה 1 “{another} 782 years,” or “782 {more} years,” 5:26 jiwj rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יּ֥וֹלֶד 1 “and he {also} fathered/had” or “He/Methuselah {also} fathered/had” or “He was {also} the father of”. Consider what is the best way in your language to refer to Methuselah at this point in the paragraph. -5:26 dbig בָּנִ֖ים וּ⁠בָנֽוֹת 1 “{other} sons, as well as daughters.” +5:26 dbig בָּנִ֖ים וּ⁠בָנֽוֹת 1 “{other} sons as well as daughters.” 5:27 d46p rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וַ⁠יִּהְיוּ֙ כָּל יְמֵ֣י מְתוּשֶׁ֔לַח תֵּ֤שַׁע וְ⁠שִׁשִּׁים֙ שָׁנָ֔ה וּ⁠תְשַׁ֥ע מֵא֖וֹת שָׁנָ֑ה 1 “So Methuselah/he lived a total of 969 years,” or “So all together Methuselah/he lived 969 years,” Make sure that the name “Methuselah” is spelled consistently in your translation of verses 21-22, 25-27. 5:27 bmrx וַ⁠יָּמֹֽת 1 “and {then} he died.” or “before he died.” 5:28 mhbp וַֽ⁠יְחִי־לֶ֕מֶךְ שְׁתַּ֧יִם וּ⁠שְׁמֹנִ֛ים שָׁנָ֖ה וּ⁠מְאַ֣ת שָׁנָ֑ה 1 “When/After Lamech had lived 182 years,” or “When/After Lamech was 182 years old,” @@ -646,7 +646,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 5:30 d607 וַֽ⁠יְחִי לֶ֗מֶךְ אַֽחֲרֵי֙ הוֹלִיד֣⁠וֹ אֶת נֹ֔חַ 1 “After he/Lamech fathered Noah, Lamech/he lived” or “After Noah’s birth, Lamech lived” or “After Noah was born, Lamech lived”. Consider again how you translated verses in this chapter that are similar in structure to this verse; see verses 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 26, 30, and part of verses 4 and 22. 5:30 gfzu חָמֵ֤שׁ וְ⁠תִשְׁעִים֙ שָׁנָ֔ה וַ⁠חֲמֵ֥שׁ מֵאֹ֖ת שָׁנָ֑ה 1 “{another} 595 years,” or “595 {more} years,” 5:30 gczp וַ⁠יּ֥וֹלֶד 1 “and he {also} fathered/had” or “He/Lamech {also} fathered/had” or “He was {also} the father of” -5:30 r87u בָּנִ֖ים וּ⁠בָנֽוֹת 1 “{other} sons, as well as daughters.” +5:30 r87u בָּנִ֖ים וּ⁠בָנֽוֹת 1 “{other} sons as well as daughters.” 5:31 i74z rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וַֽ⁠יְהִי֙ כָּל יְמֵי לֶ֔מֶךְ שֶׁ֤בַע וְ⁠שִׁבְעִים֙ שָׁנָ֔ה וּ⁠שְׁבַ֥ע מֵא֖וֹת שָׁנָ֑ה 1 “So Lamech/he lived a total of 777 years,” or “All together Lamech/he lived 777 years,” Consider again how you translated verses that are similar to verse 31; see verses 8, 11, 14, 17, 20, 27, 31, and the first half of verses 5 and 23. Also make sure that the name “Lamech” is spelled consistently in your translation of verses 25-26, 28-31, and also in 4:18-19, 23-24 for a different person who has the same name. 5:31 ojma וַ⁠יָּמֹֽת 1 “and {then} he died.” or “before he died.” 5:32 uzva rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases וַֽ⁠יְהִי נֹ֕חַ בֶּן חֲמֵ֥שׁ מֵא֖וֹת שָׁנָ֑ה 1 “After Noah was 500 years old,” Noah’s sons were not triplets, but were born in different years after Noah was 500 years old. The way you translate this verse should allow for that meaning. @@ -779,7 +779,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 7:4 dftv לְ⁠יָמִ֨ים ע֜וֹד שִׁבְעָ֗ה 1 “seven days from now/today”. The phrase, “seven more days” could be translated “another week” here and in verse 11. However, it is probably best to keep the number seven in the text in both places, especially since the number seven often signifies perfection or completion in the Bible, perhaps also here. 7:4 xtx7 אָֽנֹכִי֙ מַמְטִ֣יר 1 “I will make it rain {continuously}” or “I will send rain” 7:4 tldc עַל הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ 1 “{all} over the earth/world” -7:4 oj9l אַרְבָּעִ֣ים י֔וֹם וְ⁠אַרְבָּעִ֖ים לָ֑יְלָה 1 “{for} 40 days and nights,” This refers to 40 complete 24-hour days. +7:4 oj9l אַרְבָּעִ֣ים י֔וֹם וְ⁠אַרְבָּעִ֖ים לָ֑יְלָה 1 “{for} forty days and nights,” This refers to forty complete 24-hour days. 7:4 g4jc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וּ⁠מָחִ֗יתִי 1 “in order to wipe/blot out” or “That will wash away” or “In that way, I will completely destroy”. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. See how you translated this idiom in Gen 6:7. 7:4 r62g אֶֽת כָּל הַ⁠יְקוּם֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר עָשִׂ֔יתִי 1 “every living creature that I have made” or “all the living things/creatures that I have made”. See how you translated a similar phrase (“living creature”) in Gen 6:19. 7:4 ne24 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure מֵ⁠עַ֖ל פְּנֵ֥י הָֽ⁠אֲדָמָֽה 1 “off/from the surface of the earth.” or “off/from the earth/land.” It may be clearer to put this phrase earlier in the sentence and say, “in order to completely destroy from/off the ground/earth every living creature/thing that I have made.” Do what is best in your language. See how you translated this phrase in Gen 6:7. @@ -809,7 +809,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 7:11 d3i9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַ⁠אֲרֻבֹּ֥ת הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֖יִם נִפְתָּֽחוּ 1 “and {all} the windows/floodgates in the heavens/sky were opened {by God},” or “{God also caused} the water in the heavens/sky to start coming/pouring down, as if he had opened {huge} windows/floodgates/faucets {in the heavens/sky},” 7:12 uyzz וַֽ⁠יְהִ֥י הַ⁠גֶּ֖שֶׁם 1 “so that {torrential/heavy} rain fell/poured {continuously}” or “so that it rained {continuously}” 7:12 gvln עַל הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ 1 “{all} over the earth” -7:12 itlr אַרְבָּעִ֣ים י֔וֹם וְ⁠אַרְבָּעִ֖ים לָֽיְלָה 1 “{for} 40 days and nights.” See how you translated this phrase in verse 4. +7:12 itlr אַרְבָּעִ֣ים י֔וֹם וְ⁠אַרְבָּעִ֖ים לָֽיְלָה 1 “{for} forty days and nights.” See how you translated this phrase in verse 4. 7:13 enc3 בְּ⁠עֶ֨צֶם הַ⁠יּ֤וֹם הַ⁠זֶּה֙ 1 “{So it was/happened that} on the {very} same day {that the flood/rain started},” This is the same day that is mentioned in verse 11, when the flood started. Verses 13-16 repeat what happened, in order to emphasize it. Make sure that a translation does not sound like this is the second (or third) time that Noah and his family and the animals entered the ark. 7:13 m0hx נֹ֔חַ וְ⁠שֵׁם וְ⁠חָ֥ם וָ⁠יֶ֖פֶת בְּנֵי נֹ֑חַ וְ⁠אֵ֣שֶׁת נֹ֗חַ וּ⁠שְׁלֹ֧שֶׁת נְשֵֽׁי בָנָ֛י⁠ו אִתָּ֖⁠ם 1 “Noah and his sons, Shem, Ham, and Japheth, along with his wife and his sons’ three wives {all}” or “Noah and his wife and his/their sons, Shem, Ham, and Japheth, and their three wives {all}”. See how you translated a similar sentence in verse 7. 7:13 q42f בָּ֣א & אֶל הַ⁠תֵּבָֽה 1 “entered/boarded the ark/boat,” @@ -826,7 +826,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 7:16 wggh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche מִ⁠כָּל בָּשָׂר֙ 1 “from/of every {kind of} creature/animal,” or “from/of every {kind of} living thing,” See how you translated “all flesh” in verse 15. 7:16 an9a בָּ֔אוּ כַּֽ⁠אֲשֶׁ֛ר צִוָּ֥ה אֹת֖⁠וֹ אֱלֹהִ֑ים 1 “which was exactly what God had commanded him/Noah {to take/bring along}.” See how you translated “just as God commanded him” in verse 9. 7:16 blj8 וַ⁠יִּסְגֹּ֥ר יְהוָ֖ה בַּֽעֲדֽ⁠וֹ 1 “After that, Yahweh shut them in/inside {the ark/boat}.” or “Then {after they were all inside,} Yahweh shut/closed the door {of the ark/boat} behind him/them.” -7:17 z3pc rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential וַֽ⁠יְהִ֧י הַ⁠מַּבּ֛וּל 1 “After that the floodwaters/water kept getting deeper and deeper” or “The floodwaters/water kept coming”. Some translations begin this sentence without a conjunction. Do what is natural in your language. Also, notice that verses 17-20 talk about the 40 days and nights that the flood kept getting deeper and deeper. +7:17 z3pc rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential וַֽ⁠יְהִ֧י הַ⁠מַּבּ֛וּל 1 “After that the floodwaters/water kept getting deeper and deeper” or “The floodwaters/water kept coming”. Some translations begin this sentence without a conjunction. Do what is natural in your language. Also, notice that verses 17-20 talk about the forty days and nights that the flood kept getting deeper and deeper. 7:17 g7fx עַל הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ 1 “{all} over the earth” 7:17 xy2v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure אַרְבָּעִ֥ים י֖וֹם 1 “{for} forty days {and forty nights},” For some languages it may be more natural to put this time phrase first in this sentence and say, “{For} forty days {and forty nights} the flood kept getting deeper and deeper {all} over the earth,” Do what is best in your language. Also see how you translated this phrase in verse 12. 7:17 nndw וַ⁠יִּרְבּ֣וּ הַ⁠מַּ֗יִם 1 “and as the water level rose,” or “As the water got deeper and deeper,” @@ -869,7 +869,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 8:1 ruy7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ 1 “{the water that was covering/over} the earth,” 8:1 u9g1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠יָּשֹׁ֖כּוּ הַ⁠מָּֽיִם 1 “so that the floodwaters/water {started to} recede/decrease.” or “so that the water {level} {started to} go down.” Notice that the floodwaters did not go all the way down until verse 14, so the way you translate this clause should allow for that. 8:2 u995 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וַ⁠יִּסָּֽכְרוּ֙ מַעְיְנֹ֣ת תְּה֔וֹם וַֽ⁠אֲרֻבֹּ֖ת הַ⁠שָּׁמָ֑יִם 1 “{He also caused} the fountains/springs in the deep {ocean} to stop {gushing out water}, and {he caused} the rain/water to stop pouring from the sky,” or “{God/He also} stopped the water from {gushing out of} springs/places at the bottom of the ocean, and the rain from pouring/coming from the heavens/sky,” See how you translated some of the same words and phrases in Gen 7:11. -8:2 q4gv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וַ⁠יִּכָּלֵ֥א הַ⁠גֶּ֖שֶׁם מִן הַ⁠שָּׁמָֽיִם 1 “so that rain stopped falling/coming from the sky.” or “so that it stopped raining.” Consider whether it is better in your language to use an active or a passive verb here, and in the previous clause. +8:2 q4gv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וַ⁠יִּכָּלֵ֥א הַ⁠גֶּ֖שֶׁם מִן הַ⁠שָּׁמָֽיִם 1 “so that rain stopped falling/coming from the sky.” or “so that it stopped raining.” Consider whether it is better in your language to use an active or a passive verb here and in the previous clause. 8:3 kqse וַ⁠יָּשֻׁ֧בוּ הַ⁠מַּ֛יִם & הָל֣וֹךְ וָ⁠שׁ֑וֹב 1 “Then the floodwaters/water steadily/gradually went down” 8:3 fmzv מֵ⁠עַ֥ל הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ 1 “from {the surface of} the land/ground,” 8:3 vzel מִ⁠קְצֵ֕ה חֲמִשִּׁ֥ים וּ⁠מְאַ֖ת יֽוֹם 1 “so that after the 150 days {had passed},” or “After the 150 days {had passed},” Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Also make sure it is clear in your translation that the 150 days mentioned here in Gen 8:3 are the same 150 days mentioned in Gen 7:24, not two different periods of time. @@ -898,7 +898,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 8:8 c4yx לִ⁠רְאוֹת֙ הֲ⁠קַ֣לּוּ הַ⁠מַּ֔יִם 1 “to find out if/whether the floodwaters/water had receded” 8:8 zx1c מֵ⁠עַ֖ל פְּנֵ֥י הָֽ⁠אֲדָמָֽה 1 “from the surface of the land.” or “from the ground/land.” 8:9 mgxp rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וְ⁠לֹֽא־מָצְאָה֩ הַ⁠יּוֹנָ֨ה 1 “But the dove could not find” or “But it was not able to find”. Consider what is the best way to refer to the dove at this point in the paragraph in your language. -8:9 fpmf מָנ֜וֹחַ לְ⁠כַף רַגְלָ֗⁠הּ 1 “anywhere to land/perch and rest,” In Hebrew the word “dove” is grammatically a feminine noun (for both male and female doves), so some translations say “her feet… she returned …” here. For languages such as English that do not assign grammatical gender to nouns, it is more accurate to use “its” and “it” here, because it is not known whether this dove was male or female. Do what is best in your language. +8:9 fpmf מָנ֜וֹחַ לְ⁠כַף רַגְלָ֗⁠הּ 1 “anywhere to land/perch and rest,” In Hebrew the word “dove” is grammatically a feminine noun (for both male and female doves), so some translations say “her feet … she returned …” here. For languages such as English that do not assign grammatical gender to nouns, it is more accurate to use “its” and “it” here, because it is not known whether this dove was male or female. Do what is best in your language. 8:9 z0lc וַ⁠תָּ֤שָׁב 1 “So/Then it returned” or “So/Then the dove flew back” 8:9 okue אֵלָי⁠ו֙ אֶל הַ⁠תֵּבָ֔ה 1 “flew back to him/Noah in/at the ark/boat,” 8:9 g9b8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure כִּי מַ֖יִם עַל פְּנֵ֣י כָל הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ 1 “because water was {still} covering the entire earth/world.” Some languages may have to switch the clause order in this verse and say, “But water was {still} covering the entire earth/world, so the dove did/could not find a resting place for its feet. Then it returned to Noah at the boat, and he/Noah reached …” Do what is best in your language. @@ -916,8 +916,8 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 8:11 noj3 קַ֥לּוּ 1 “had receded” or “had gone down {more/further}”. See how you translated “subsided” in verse 8, and how you translated three other Hebrew words with similar meanings In verses 1, 3, and 5. 8:11 oy8e מֵ⁠עַ֥ל הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ 1 “from the ground/land.” See how you translated this phrase in verse 7. 8:12 eeml וַ⁠יִּיָּ֣חֶל ע֔וֹד שִׁבְעַ֥ת יָמִ֖ים אֲחֵרִ֑ים 1 “He waited another seven days, then” or “After he waited seven more days,” -8:12 feu0 וַ⁠יְשַׁלַּח֙ אֶת הַ⁠יּוֹנָ֔ה 1 “he released the dove {again},” See how you translated “sent out” in verses 7, 8, and 10. -8:12 rnay rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠לֹֽא יָסְפָ֥ה שׁוּב אֵלָ֖י⁠ו עֽוֹד 1 “but {this time} it did not come back to him again {because it found a dry place to land/live}.” Remember to only make implied information explicit in a translation if it helps readers’ understanding, or if it is necessary to prevent wrong meaning or incorrect grammar. +8:12 feu0 וַ⁠יְשַׁלַּח֙ אֶת הַ⁠יּוֹנָ֔ה 1 “and he released the dove {again},” See how you translated “sent out” in verses 7, 8, and 10. +8:12 rnay rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠לֹֽא יָסְפָ֥ה שׁוּב אֵלָ֖י⁠ו עֽוֹד 1 “but {this time} it did not come back to him again {because it found a dry place to land/live}.” Remember to only make implied information explicit in a translation if it helps readers’ understanding or if it is necessary to prevent wrong meaning or incorrect grammar. 8:13 kogb וַֽ֠⁠יְהִי 1 “So it happened {that}” or “So it was,” 8:13 o42y בְּ⁠אַחַ֨ת וְ⁠שֵׁשׁ־מֵא֜וֹת שָׁנָ֗ה 1 “In {his/Noah’s} 601st year,” or “when {Noah was} 601 years old,” See how you translated a similar phrase in Gen 7:11. 8:13 in0r rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal בָּֽ⁠רִאשׁוֹן֙ בְּ⁠אֶחָ֣ד לַ⁠חֹ֔דֶשׁ 1 “in the first {month} {of the year}, on the first {day} of the month,” or “on the first {day} of the first month {of the year},” @@ -963,7 +963,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 8:20 ehez מִ⁠כֹּ֣ל הַ⁠בְּהֵמָ֣ה הַ⁠טְּהוֹרָ֗ה וּ⁠מִ⁠כֹּל֙ הָ⁠ע֣וֹף הַ⁠טָּהֹ֔ר 1 “{some/one} from/of every {kind of} clean/pure animal and {some/one of} every {kind of} clean/pure bird,” or “{some/one} from/of every {kind of} animal and bird that are acceptable to sacrifice”. In the Bible, a “clean” animal or bird is one that is acceptable to be sacrificed to God or eaten; it does not refer to how clean the animal or bird was physically. See how you translated this term in Gen 7:2, 8. 8:20 rdoh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠יַּ֥עַל עֹלֹ֖ת בַּ⁠מִּזְבֵּֽחַ 1 “and he {killed them and} offered/sacrificed them as burnt offerings {to Yahweh} on the altar.” or “and he {killed them and} burned {their bodies} on the altar as offerings/gifts {to Yahweh} {to worship/honor/thank him}.” Notice that animals were not burned alive, but were killed first. Consider whether or not you need to make that information explicit in your translation. 8:21 rabn וַ⁠יָּ֣רַח יְהוָה֮ אֶת רֵ֣יחַ הַ⁠נִּיחֹחַ֒ 1 “Yahweh smelled the pleasant/sweet aroma/smell {of the sacrifices},” or “When Yahweh smelled the aroma {of the sacrifices}, he was pleased,” -8:21 pjky rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר יְהוָ֜ה אֶל־לִבּ֗⁠וֹ 1 “and/so he said/thought to himself,” Consider whether your language has this idiom or a similar idiom that would work well here, or whether it is better to translate this without an idiom. +8:21 pjky rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר יְהוָ֜ה אֶל־לִבּ֗⁠וֹ 1 “and/so he said/thought to himself,” Consider whether your language has this idiom or a \nsimilar idiom that would work well here. Alternatively, you could translate this without an idiom. 8:21 wfkp rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms לֹֽא־אֹ֠סִף לְ⁠קַלֵּ֨ל ע֤וֹד אֶת־הָֽ⁠אֲדָמָה֙ 1 “I will never again curse/devastate the ground/earth”. Make sure that your translation of “curse” does not imply the use of magic. 8:21 ukf5 בַּ⁠עֲב֣וּר הָֽ⁠אָדָ֔ם 1 “because of mankind{’s sins},” or “to punish mankind {for their sins},” 8:21 oonb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom כִּ֠י יֵ֣צֶר לֵ֧ב הָ⁠אָדָ֛ם רַ֖ע 1 “{even} though the intentions/desires of their hearts/minds/thinking {are} evil” or “{even} though everything they desire {is} evil”. See how you translated “inclination” in a similar phrase in Gen 6:5. @@ -975,15 +975,15 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 8:22 iep2 עֹ֖ד כָּל יְמֵ֣י הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ 1 “As long as the earth {still} exists/lasts,” 8:22 cskk זֶ֡רַע 1 “seed-planting time/season” or “the time/season for planting seeds” 8:22 v2j4 וְ֠⁠קָצִיר 1 “and harvest {time/season},” or “the time/season for harvesting/gathering {crops}” -8:22 xw8i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וְ⁠קֹ֨ר וָ⁠חֹ֜ם 1 “cold {weather/season} and hot {weather/season},” These terms form a parallelism with “summer and winter”. If possible, it is best to keep both parts of the parallelism in your translation, since each part has a different emphasis. -8:22 io1a וְ⁠קַ֧יִץ וָ⁠חֹ֛רֶף 1 “summer and winter,” The seasons of summer and winter may be described differently depending on which part of the world your language area is located in. For example, some translations might use the terms “dry season” and “rainy/wet season”, depending on what best corresponds to summer and winter in that area. +8:22 xw8i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וְ⁠קֹ֨ר וָ⁠חֹ֜ם 1 “cold {weather/season} and hot {weather/season},” These terms form a parallelism with “summer and winter”. If possible, it is best to keep both parts of the parallelism in your translation since each part has a different emphasis. +8:22 io1a וְ⁠קַ֧יִץ וָ⁠חֹ֛רֶף 1 “summer and winter,” The seasons of summer and winter may be described differently depending on which part of the world your language area is located in. For example, some translations might use the terms “dry season” and “rainy/wet season,” depending on what best corresponds to summer and winter in that area. 8:22 zj8p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure לֹ֥א יִשְׁבֹּֽתוּ 1 “will never cease/stop.” or “will always continue {to happen/occur} {each year}.” It may be more natural to change the order of this sentence and say, “As long as the earth exists, {each year} there will always be a season/time to plant seeds and a season/time to harvest {crops}, as well as cold {weather} and hot {weather}, winter and summer, and day and night.” Do what is best in your language. 9:1 w3js וַ⁠יְבָ֣רֶךְ אֱלֹהִ֔ים אֶת נֹ֖חַ וְ⁠אֶת בָּנָ֑י⁠ו 1 “Then God showed favor to Noah and his sons” or “Then God caused Noah and his sons to prosper/flourish”. See how you translated “blessed” in Gen 1:22, 28. 9:1 xsmx rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יֹּ֧אמֶר לָ⁠הֶ֛ם 1 “by saying to them,” or “by saying,” or “He said,” The phrase “blessed … and said” is a Hebrew expression that refers to one event and emphasizes it. It does not refer to two separate events. The words of the blessing are in verses 1-7. See how you translated this phrase in Gen 1:28. 9:1 ptxq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom פְּר֥וּ 1 “Bear/Have many children” or “You will bear/have many children” 9:1 ise7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal וּ⁠רְב֖וּ 1 “so that you {and your descendants} {will} multiply/increase {greatly} {in number}” or “so that you {and your descendants} {will} become {very} numerous/many”. See how you translated “be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth” in Gen 1:28. 9:1 wnmi וּ⁠מִלְא֥וּ אֶת הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ 1 “and fill the earth {with people}.” or “and inhabit the whole earth.” or “and live/spread all over the earth/world.” -9:2 izzi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet וּ⁠מוֹרַאֲ⁠כֶ֤ם וְ⁠חִתְּ⁠כֶם֙ יִֽהְיֶ֔ה עַ֚ל כָּל חַיַּ֣ת הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ 1 “Every living thing/creature on the earth will be afraid and terrified of you,” or “All the animals on earth will be very/terribly afraid of you,” The phrase “the fear … and the dread” repeats the same idea in two different ways to emphasize how afraid the creatures were. For some languages it may be better to combine the phrase and say “very afraid/terrified”. Do what is best in your language. +9:2 izzi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet וּ⁠מוֹרַאֲ⁠כֶ֤ם וְ⁠חִתְּ⁠כֶם֙ יִֽהְיֶ֔ה עַ֚ל כָּל חַיַּ֣ת הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ 1 “Every living thing/creature on the earth will be afraid and terrified of you,” or “All the animals on earth will be very/terribly afraid of you,” The phrase “the fear … and the dread” repeats the same idea in two different ways to emphasize how afraid the creatures will be. For some languages it may be better to combine the phrase and say “very afraid/terrified”. Do what is best in your language. 9:2 vgnr וְ⁠עַ֖ל כָּל ע֣וֹף 1 “including every bird {that flies/fly} in the sky/air,” or “including all the birds {that flies/fly} in the sky/air,” The birds, moving creatures, and fish are all included in the general category of living creatures. Consider again how you translated “birds of the sky” in the book of Genesis; see Gen 1:26, 28, 30; 2:19-20; 6:7; 7:3, 23; 9:2. 9:2 kksa בְּ⁠כֹל֩ אֲשֶׁ֨ר תִּרְמֹ֧שׂ 1 “{along} with every creature/animal that moves/lives on land” or “as well as all creatures/animals that move/live on land,” 9:2 xi3b הָֽ⁠אֲדָמָ֛ה 1 “on land,” @@ -995,7 +995,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 9:3 lqhk נָתַ֥תִּי לָ⁠כֶ֖ם אֶת כֹּֽל 1 “{now} I give/provide you everything {for food}.” or “{so now} I permit you to eat everything.” or “{so now} I permit you to eat both plants and animals.” Make sure that the way you translate this phrase means that God is now permitting people to eat both plants and animals. 9:4 ifut rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-exceptions אַךְ 1 “However,” God is putting a limit on the way that people may eat meat. 9:4 lov7 בָּשָׂ֕ר & לֹ֥א תֹאכֵֽלוּ 1 “you must never eat {animal} flesh/meat” -9:4 goma בְּ⁠נַפְשׁ֥⁠וֹ דָמ֖⁠וֹ 1 “that still has its life {in it}, {which is in} its blood.” or “with its blood {in it}, which made it live.” or “that still has its lifeblood {in it}.” Since life is in the blood, God did not want people to eat meat that still had its blood in it, rather he wanted them to drain it out first before they cooked it (also see Deuteronomy 12:16, 23). You could put that information in a footnote. +9:4 goma בְּ⁠נַפְשׁ֥⁠וֹ דָמ֖⁠וֹ 1 “that still has its life {in it}, {which is in} its blood.” or “with its blood {in it}, which made it live.” or “that still has its lifeblood {in it}.” Since life is in the blood, God did not want people to eat meat that still had its blood in it. Rather he wanted them to drain it out first before they cooked it (also see Deuteronomy 12:16, 23). You could put that information in a footnote. 9:5 rp2l וְ⁠אַ֨ךְ אֶת דִּמְ⁠כֶ֤ם לְ⁠נַפְשֹֽׁתֵי⁠כֶם֙ אֶדְרֹ֔שׁ 1 “Also, I will definitely require an accounting/reckoning for your lifeblood.” or “Also, if {one of} you murders anyone, I definitely require that he must die.” 9:5 ok4h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche מִ⁠יַּ֥ד כָּל חַיָּ֖ה 1 “From every/any animal {that kills a person}” or “{In fact,} if any animal {kills a human being},” In this verse, the phrase “the hand of” refers to the animal or the person that is responsible for killing someone. 9:5 hzwk אֶדְרְשֶׁ֑⁠נּוּ 1 “I will demand/require its blood/life,” or “I require it to be killed,” or “I demand/require that it must die,” @@ -1040,7 +1040,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 9:12 tm2n לְ⁠דֹרֹ֖ת עוֹלָֽם 1 “for all future generations:” or “and with all generations to come:” or “as well as with all the people and creatures/animals that will ever live:” 9:13 op2l אֶת קַשְׁתִּ֕⁠י נָתַ֖תִּי 1 “I have/will put my rainbow” or “I am setting/putting/placing my rainbow” 9:13 cgt6 בֶּֽ⁠עָנָ֑ן 1 “among the clouds {in the sky},” -9:13 nocp וְ⁠הָֽיְתָה֙ לְ⁠א֣וֹת 1 “where it will show/remind {everyone}” or “to show/remind {everyone}” or “and/where it will serve/function as the sign {which shows}”. See how you translated “the sign of the covenant” in verse 12. +9:13 nocp וְ⁠הָֽיְתָה֙ לְ⁠א֣וֹת 1 “where it will show/remind {everyone} of” or “to show/remind {everyone} of” or “and/where it will serve/function as the sign {which shows}”. See how you translated “the sign of the covenant” in verse 12. 9:13 ay4p בְּרִ֔ית בֵּינִ֖⁠י וּ⁠בֵ֥ין 1 “that I have made/established my/this covenant/agreement with” or “that I promise/vow/pledge to {always} keep my/this covenant/agreement with” 9:13 n8yc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ 1 “{every living thing on} the earth.” or “{every creature that lives on} the earth.” This phrase refers here to mankind and all the animals. See how you translated the same phrase in verse 11. 9:14 vday וְ⁠הָיָ֕ה בְּ⁠עַֽנְנִ֥⁠י עָנָ֖ן 1 “So it will be/happen {that} whenever I bring/gather clouds {together}” or “So whenever I cause clouds to form/appear” or “Whenever I …” @@ -1111,7 +1111,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 9:29 k4gw וַ⁠יָּמֹֽת 1 “and {then} he died.” or “before he died.” 10:1 z8s6 וְ⁠אֵ֨לֶּה֙ תּוֹלְדֹ֣ת 1 “This/Here is the genealogy/list/record of {the names of}”. This sentence begins a new section. 10:1 gmzi rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names בְּנֵי נֹ֔חַ שֵׁ֖ם חָ֣ם וָ⁠יָ֑פֶת 1 “Noah’s sons Shem, Ham, and Japheth,” Give special attention to the best way in your language to spell all the names in this chapter. -10:1 pxnr וַ⁠יִּוָּלְד֥וּ לָ⁠הֶ֛ם בָּנִ֖ים 1 “and their sons {and other descendants} who were born” or “and the sons/descendants they had”. The following record includes the names of Noah’s sons and grandsons, and their descendants (including some of the people groups who came from them). +10:1 pxnr וַ⁠יִּוָּלְד֥וּ לָ⁠הֶ֛ם בָּנִ֖ים 1 “and their sons {and other descendants} who were born” or “and the sons/descendants they had”. The following record includes the names of Noah’s sons and grandsons and their descendants (including some of the people groups who came from them). 10:1 vjic אַחַ֥ר הַ⁠מַּבּֽוּל 1 “after the flood {was over/gone}.” 10:2 ywoe בְּנֵ֣י יֶ֔פֶת 1 “{The names of} Japheth’s sons {were}” or “These {were} {the names of} Japheth’s sons:” Throughout this chapter, many translations have a colon (:) instead of “{were}”. Do what is best in your language. 10:2 ymm9 גֹּ֣מֶר וּ⁠מָג֔וֹג וּ⁠מָדַ֖י וְ⁠יָוָ֣ן וְ⁠תֻבָ֑ל וּ⁠מֶ֖שֶׁךְ וְ⁠תִירָֽס 1 “Gomer, Magog, Madai, Javan, Jubal, Meshech, and Tiras.” Translate these lists of names in a way that is natural in your language. @@ -1164,7 +1164,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 10:18 fujh מִשְׁפְּח֖וֹת הַֽ⁠כְּנַעֲנִֽי 1 “those {extended} families {that descended} from {Ham’s son} Canaan” 10:18 yfp1 נָפֹ֔צוּ 1 “spread out,” or “moved to different places,” 10:19 efvy וַֽ⁠יְהִ֞י גְּב֤וּל הַֽ⁠כְּנַעֲנִי֙ 1 “and {eventually} the borders/boundaries of their {territory/land} reached/extended” or “so that {eventually} the territory/land where Canaanites/they lived reached/extended” -10:19 m5gx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מִ⁠צִּידֹ֔ן 1 “from {the city of} Sidon {in the north},” or “from Sidon {City} {in the north},” Some languages have an affix or a word (that means “city”) that must be used every time the name of a city is mentioned, or the first time a particular city is mentioned in a paragraph or section. Do what is natural in your language here and elsewhere throughout the Bible. +10:19 m5gx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מִ⁠צִּידֹ֔ן 1 “from {the city of} Sidon {in the north},” or “from Sidon {City} {in the north},” Some languages have an affix or a word (that means “city”) that must be used every time the name of a city is mentioned or the first time a particular city is mentioned in a paragraph or section. Do what is natural in your language here and elsewhere throughout the Bible. 10:19 juim rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בֹּאֲ⁠כָ֥ה גְרָ֖רָ⁠ה עַד עַזָּ֑ה 1 “all the way {down/south} toward {the city of} Gerar to {the city of} Gaza,” or “{down/south} to Gaza {City}, which is on the road to Gerar {City},” The Canaanites’ border reached Gaza, but did not extend down to Gerar, which was farther south. 10:19 dchu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בֹּאֲ⁠כָ֞ה סְדֹ֧מָ⁠ה 1 “{then} as far {east} as” 10:19 xmmh סְדֹ֧מָ⁠ה וַ⁠עֲמֹרָ֛ה וְ⁠אַדְמָ֥ה וּ⁠צְבֹיִ֖ם 1 “{the cities of} Sodom, Gomorrah, Admah, and Zeboiim,” @@ -1179,7 +1179,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 10:22 t2s3 בְּנֵ֥י שֵׁ֖ם 1 “{The names of} Shem’s sons {were}” or “These {were} {the names of} Shem’s sons:” 10:22 o6p2 עֵילָ֣ם וְ⁠אַשּׁ֑וּר וְ⁠אַרְפַּכְשַׁ֖ד וְ⁠ל֥וּד וַֽ⁠אֲרָֽם 1 “Elam, Asshur, Arpachshad, Lud and Aram.” The name “Arpachshad” is spelled as “Arphaxad” in many translations. Also, see how you spelled “Lud” in verse 13 (who is a different person with the same name). Be consistent with how you spell each name throughout the Bible. 10:23 ylhl וּ⁠בְנֵ֖י אֲרָ֑ם 1 “{The names of} Aram’s sons {were}” or “These {were} {the names of} Aram’s sons:” -10:23 qqox ע֥וּץ וְ⁠ח֖וּל וְ⁠גֶ֥תֶר וָ⁠מַֽשׁ 1 “Uz, Hul, Gether, and Mash.” The same person who is called “Mash” here, is referred to as “Meshech/Meshek” in 1 Chronicles 1:17. To prevent confusion, some translations use “Meshech/Meshek” here too, or put that name in a footnote. +10:23 qqox ע֥וּץ וְ⁠ח֖וּל וְ⁠גֶ֥תֶר וָ⁠מַֽשׁ 1 “Uz, Hul, Gether, and Mash.” The same person who is called “Mash” here, is referred to as “Meshech/Meshek” in 1 Chronicles 1:17. To prevent confusion, some translations use “Meshech/Meshek” here too, or they put that name in a footnote. 10:24 u3c2 וְ⁠אַרְפַּכְשַׁ֖ד יָלַ֣ד אֶת שָׁ֑לַח 1 “Arpachshad/Arphaxad fathered/had {a son named} Shelah,” Be consistent here with how you spelled “Arpachshad/Arphaxad” in verse 22. 10:24 bfuy וְ⁠שֶׁ֖לַח יָלַ֥ד אֶת עֵֽבֶר 1 “then/and Shelah fathered/had {a son named} Eber.” 10:25 jiw4 וּ⁠לְ⁠עֵ֥בֶר יֻלַּ֖ד שְׁנֵ֣י בָנִ֑ים 1 “Then Eber fathered/had two sons.” @@ -1211,7 +1211,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 11:1 l2n1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet וּ⁠דְבָרִ֖ים אֲחָדִֽים 1 “and {spoke/shared} the same words/vocabulary.” or “and spoke words everyone knew/understood.” or “so that everyone understood each other.” The phrases “one language” and “the same words” are very similar in meaning and emphasize the fact that everyone spoke the same language. Consider what is the best way to communicate that in your language. 11:2 ufks rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַֽ⁠יְהִ֖י 1 “After a while, as/when” or “As/When” or “As time passed,” The phrase “it happened that” introduces an important event and helps create suspense so that readers will wonder what the outcome will be. Some translations omit this phrase because it is not natural in their language. Do what is best in your language. 11:2 phjs rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns בְּ⁠נָסְעָ֣⁠ם 1 “they moved/traveled” or “the people migrated/moved”. Consider whether it is better in your language to use a pronoun (“they”) or a noun phrase (“the people”) here. -11:2 kqit מִ⁠קֶּ֑דֶם 1 “from the eastern {regions},” or “{around} in the eastern {regions},” At first after the flood, people lived in the regions around the mountains of Ararat (where the ark had landed). As they began to migrate and spread out to different places (as God had told them to do), they must have headed south at some point, since they ended up at the plain of Shinar, which was south of where the Ararat Mountains were. The reference to “the east” probably reflects the viewpoint of the author (Moses), since the Ararat mountains and the plain of Shinar were both far to the east of where he was living. +11:2 kqit מִ⁠קֶּ֑דֶם 1 “from the eastern {regions},” or “{around} in the eastern {regions},” At first after the flood, people lived in the regions around the mountains of Ararat (where the ark had landed). As they began to migrate and spread out to different places (as God had told them to do), they must have headed south at some point since they ended up at the plain of Shinar, which was south of where the Ararat Mountains were. The reference to “the east” probably reflects the viewpoint of the author (Moses), since the Ararat mountains and the plain of Shinar were both far to the east of where he was living. 11:2 zdwp וַֽ⁠יִּמְצְא֥וּ 1 “they discovered” or “they {eventually} came to” or “and {eventually} came to”. Make sure the way you translate this phrase fits with the way you translated the first half of this verse. 11:2 vygx בִקְעָ֛ה בְּ⁠אֶ֥רֶץ שִׁנְעָ֖ר 1 “a wide/spacious, flat valley/area in the land/region called Shinar”. This plain was a wide, flat area between mountains. Also be consistent here with how you translated “land of Shinar” in Gen 10:10. 11:2 dxfo וַ⁠יֵּ֥שְׁבוּ שָֽׁם 1 “and lived/stayed there.” or “and began to live there.” @@ -1266,50 +1266,50 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 11:11 hhxi rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַֽ⁠יְחִי שֵׁ֗ם אַֽחֲרֵי֙ הוֹלִיד֣⁠וֹ אֶת אַרְפַּכְשָׁ֔ד 1 “After he fathered/had Arpachshad/Arphaxad, Shem/he lived” or “After Arpachshad/Arphaxad was born, Shem lived” or “After Arpachshad/Arphaxad’s birth, Shem lived”. Throughout this section, make sure that names and pronouns (like “he”) are used in a way that is accurate and natural in your language, so that it is always clear who is being referred to. 11:11 newn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure חֲמֵ֥שׁ מֵא֖וֹת שָׁנָ֑ה 1 “{another} 500 years,” or “500 {more} years,” See how you translated Gen 5:7, which has the same sentence structure as 11:11. For some languages, it may be more natural to change the clause order of this sentence and say, “Shem lived 500 {more} years after Arpachshad/Arphaxad was born …” Do what is best in your language throughout this chapter. 11:11 e9d9 וַ⁠יּ֥וֹלֶד 1 “and he {also} fathered/had” or “He/Shem {also} fathered/had” or “He/Shem was {also} the father of”. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. See how you translated this phrase and the following one in Gen 5:4. -11:11 lc2z בָּנִ֖ים וּ⁠בָנֽוֹת 1 “{other} sons, as well as daughters.” +11:11 lc2z בָּנִ֖ים וּ⁠בָנֽוֹת 1 “{other} sons as well as daughters.” 11:12 cx5o וְ⁠אַרְפַּכְשַׁ֣ד חַ֔י חָמֵ֥שׁ וּ⁠שְׁלֹשִׁ֖ים שָׁנָ֑ה 1 “When Arpachshad/Arphaxad had lived 35 years,” or “When Arpachshad/Arphaxad was 35 years old,” 11:12 wvlk וַ⁠יּ֖וֹלֶד אֶת שָֽׁלַח 1 “he fathered/had {a son named} Shelah.” or “he fathered/had {a son he/they named} Shelah.” or “he fathered/had {a son whose name was} Shelah.” See how you translated Gen 5:6, which has the same sentence structure as 11:12. 11:13 s590 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וַֽ⁠יְחִ֣י אַרְפַּכְשַׁ֗ד אַֽחֲרֵי֙ הוֹלִיד֣⁠וֹ אֶת שֶׁ֔לַח 1 “After he fathered/had Shelah, Arpachshad/Arphaxad lived” or “After Shelah was born, Arpachshad/Arphaxad lived” or “After Shem’s birth, Arpachshad/Arphaxad lived”. Be consistent with how you spell the name “Arpachshad/Arphaxad” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 10:22, 24; 11:10-13. 11:13 yqx2 שָׁלֹ֣שׁ שָׁנִ֔ים וְ⁠אַרְבַּ֥ע מֵא֖וֹת שָׁנָ֑ה 1 “{another} 403 years,” or “403 {more} years,” 11:13 om3u rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יּ֥וֹלֶד 1 “and he {also} fathered/had” or “He/Arpachshad {also} fathered/had” or “He was {also} the father of”. Consider what is the best way in your language to refer to Arpachshad at this point in the paragraph. -11:13 e35h בָּנִ֖ים וּ⁠בָנֽוֹת 1 “{other} sons, as well as daughters.” +11:13 e35h בָּנִ֖ים וּ⁠בָנֽוֹת 1 “{other} sons as well as daughters.” 11:14 w7dj וְ⁠שֶׁ֥לַח חַ֖י שְׁלֹשִׁ֣ים שָׁנָ֑ה 1 “When Shelah had lived 30 years,” or “When Shelah was 30 years old,” 11:14 kt42 וַ⁠יּ֖וֹלֶד אֶת עֵֽבֶר 1 “he fathered/had {a son named} Eber.” or “he fathered/had {a son whose name was} Eber.” 11:15 hd5n rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וַֽ⁠יְחִי שֶׁ֗לַח אַחֲרֵי֙ הוֹלִיד֣⁠וֹ אֶת עֵ֔בֶר 1 “After he/Shelah fathered/had Eber, Shelah/he lived” or “After Eber was born, Shelah lived” or “After Eber’s birth, Shelah lived”. Be consistent with how you spell the name “Shelah” in Gen 10:24; 11:12-15. 11:15 ms3c שָׁלֹ֣שׁ שָׁנִ֔ים וְ⁠אַרְבַּ֥ע מֵא֖וֹת שָׁנָ֑ה 1 “{another} 403 years,” or “403 {more} years,” 11:15 du9x וַ⁠יּ֥וֹלֶד 1 “and he {also} fathered/had” or “He/Shelah {also} fathered/had” or “He/Shelah was {also} the father of” -11:15 g3i9 בָּנִ֖ים וּ⁠בָנֽוֹת 1 “{other} sons, as well as daughters.” +11:15 g3i9 בָּנִ֖ים וּ⁠בָנֽוֹת 1 “{other} sons as well as daughters.” 11:16 ylnk וַֽ⁠יְחִי עֵ֕בֶר אַרְבַּ֥ע וּ⁠שְׁלֹשִׁ֖ים שָׁנָ֑ה 1 “When Eber had lived 34 years,” or “When Eber was 34 years old,” 11:16 xcap rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וַ⁠יּ֖וֹלֶד אֶת פָּֽלֶג 1 “he fathered/had {a son named} Peleg.” or “he fathered/had {a son whose name was} Peleg.” 11:17 wlcr rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וַֽ⁠יְחִי עֵ֗בֶר אַחֲרֵי֙ הוֹלִיד֣⁠וֹ אֶת פֶּ֔לֶג 1 “After he/Eber fathered/had Peleg, Eber/he lived” or “After Peleg was born, Eber lived” or “After Peleg’s birth, Eber lived”. Be consistent with how you spell the name “Eber” in Gen 10:24-25; 11:14-17. 11:17 cc14 שְׁלֹשִׁ֣ים שָׁנָ֔ה וְ⁠אַרְבַּ֥ע מֵא֖וֹת שָׁנָ֑ה 1 “{another} 430 years,” or “430 {more} years,” 11:17 ocjw rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יּ֥וֹלֶד 1 “and he {also} fathered/had” or “He/Eber {also} fathered/had” or “He/Eber was {also} the father of”. Consider what is the best way in your language to refer to Eber at this point in the paragraph. -11:17 cc06 בָּנִ֖ים וּ⁠בָנֽוֹת 1 “{other} sons, as well as daughters.” +11:17 cc06 בָּנִ֖ים וּ⁠בָנֽוֹת 1 “{other} sons as well as daughters.” 11:18 gdd8 וַֽ⁠יְחִי פֶ֖לֶג שְׁלֹשִׁ֣ים שָׁנָ֑ה 1 “When Peleg had lived 30 years,” or “When Peleg was 30 years old,” 11:18 waxn וַ⁠יּ֖וֹלֶד אֶת רְעֽוּ 1 “he fathered/had {a son named} Reu.” or “he fathered/had {a son whose name was} Reu.” 11:19 qfcg rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וַֽ⁠יְחִי פֶ֗לֶג אַחֲרֵי֙ הוֹלִיד֣⁠וֹ אֶת רְע֔וּ 1 “After he/Peleg had Reu, Peleg/he lived” or “After Reu was born, Peleg lived” or “After Reu’s birth, Peleg lived”. Be consistent with how you spell the name “Peleg” in Gen 10:25; 11:16-19. 11:19 xncw תֵּ֥שַׁע שָׁנִ֖ים וּ⁠מָאתַ֣יִם שָׁנָ֑ה 1 “{another} 209 years,” or “209 {more} years,” 11:19 bpuk וַ⁠יּ֥וֹלֶד 1 “and he {also} fathered/had” or “He/Peleg {also} fathered/had” or “He/Peleg was {also} the father of” -11:19 nr72 בָּנִ֖ים וּ⁠בָנֽוֹת 1 “{other} sons, as well as daughters.” +11:19 nr72 בָּנִ֖ים וּ⁠בָנֽוֹת 1 “{other} sons as well as daughters.” 11:20 ek1h וַ⁠יְחִ֣י רְע֔וּ שְׁתַּ֥יִם וּ⁠שְׁלֹשִׁ֖ים שָׁנָ֑ה 1 “When Reu had lived 32 years,” or “When Reu was 32 years old,” 11:20 zm8n וַ⁠יּ֖וֹלֶד אֶת שְׂרֽוּג 1 “he fathered/had {a son named} Serug.” or “he fathered/had {a son whose name was} Serug.” 11:21 blty rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וַ⁠יְחִ֣י רְע֗וּ אַחֲרֵי֙ הוֹלִיד֣⁠וֹ אֶת שְׂר֔וּג 1 “After he/Reu had Serug, Reu/he lived” or “After Serug was born, Reu lived” or “After Serug’s birth, Reu lived”. Be consistent with how you spell “Reu” in Gen 11:18-21. 11:21 x8r5 שֶׁ֥בַע שָׁנִ֖ים וּ⁠מָאתַ֣יִם שָׁנָ֑ה 1 “{another} 207 years,” or “207 {more} years,” 11:21 t6kn rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יּ֥וֹלֶד 1 “and he {also} fathered/had” or “He/Reu {also} fathered/had” or “He/Reu was {also} the father of”. Consider what is the best way in your language to refer to Reu at this point in the paragraph. -11:21 f8g8 בָּנִ֖ים וּ⁠בָנֽוֹת 1 “{other} sons, as well as daughters.” +11:21 f8g8 בָּנִ֖ים וּ⁠בָנֽוֹת 1 “{other} sons as well as daughters.” 11:22 lx37 וַ⁠יְחִ֥י שְׂר֖וּג שְׁלֹשִׁ֣ים שָׁנָ֑ה 1 “When Serug had lived 30 years,” or “When Serug was 30 years old,” 11:22 q17o וַ⁠יּ֖וֹלֶד אֶת נָחֽוֹר 1 “he fathered/had {a son named} Nahor.” or “he fathered/had {a son whose name was} Nahor.” 11:23 ryhr rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וַ⁠יְחִ֣י שְׂר֗וּג אַחֲרֵ֛י הוֹלִיד֥⁠וֹ אֶת נָח֖וֹר 1 “After he/Serug had Nahor, Serug/he lived” or “After Nahor was born, Serug lived” or “After Nahor’s birth, Serug lived”. Be consistent with how you spell the name “Serug” in Gen 11:20-23. 11:23 lmbh מָאתַ֣יִם שָׁנָ֑ה 1 “{another} 200 years,” or “200 {more} years,” 11:23 yaea וַ⁠יּ֥וֹלֶד 1 “and he {also} fathered/had” or “He/Serug {also} fathered/had” or “He/Serug was {also} the father of” -11:23 vtw1 בָּנִ֖ים וּ⁠בָנֽוֹת 1 “{other} sons, as well as daughters.” +11:23 vtw1 בָּנִ֖ים וּ⁠בָנֽוֹת 1 “{other} sons as well as daughters.” 11:24 qb4u וַ⁠יְחִ֣י נָח֔וֹר תֵּ֥שַׁע וְ⁠עֶשְׂרִ֖ים שָׁנָ֑ה 1 “When Nahor had lived 29 years,” or “When Nahor was 29 years old,” 11:24 ej3c וַ⁠יּ֖וֹלֶד אֶת תָּֽרַח 1 “he fathered/had {a son named} Terah.” or “he fathered/had {a son whose name was} Terah.” Consider again how you translated verses 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, and 24, which all have the same sentence structure. 11:25 c5ag rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יְחִ֣י נָח֗וֹר אַחֲרֵי֙ הוֹלִיד֣⁠וֹ אֶת תֶּ֔רַח 1 “After he/Nahor had Terah, Nahor/he lived” or “After Terah was born, Nahor lived” or “After Terah’s birth, Nahor lived” 11:25 jla4 תְּשַֽׁע־עֶשְׂרֵ֥ה שָׁנָ֖ה וּ⁠מְאַ֣ת שָׁנָ֑ה 1 “{another} 119 years,” or “119 {more} years,” 11:25 is9f וַ⁠יּ֥וֹלֶד 1 “and he {also} fathered/had” or “He/Nahor {also} fathered/had” or “He/Nahor was {also} the father of”. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. -11:25 e11k בָּנִ֖ים וּ⁠בָנֽוֹת 1 “{other} sons, as well as daughters.” Consider again how you translated verses 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23 and 25, which all have the same sentence structure. -11:26 fa4t וַֽ⁠יְחִי־תֶ֖רַח שִׁבְעִ֣ים שָׁנָ֑ה 1 “After Terah had lived 70 years,” or “After Terah was/turned 70 years old,” Your translation needs to allow for the fact that Terah’s sons were not triplets (just as Noah’s sons were not triplets; see Gen 5:32), rather he started having children after he turned 70 and his sons were born in different years after that. In fact, Abram was not born until Terah was at least 130 years old (11:32, 12:4-5; Acts 7:4), and he was probably Terah’s youngest son. Abram is listed first (instead of Haran or Nahor) probably because of his importance as the one whom Yahweh made His covenant with. Some of this information could be put in a footnote. +11:25 e11k בָּנִ֖ים וּ⁠בָנֽוֹת 1 “{other} sons as well as daughters.” Consider again how you translated verses 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23 and 25, which all have the same sentence structure. +11:26 fa4t וַֽ⁠יְחִי־תֶ֖רַח שִׁבְעִ֣ים שָׁנָ֑ה 1 “After Terah had lived seventy years,” or “After Terah was/turned seventy years old,” Your translation needs to allow for the fact that Terah’s sons were not triplets (just as Noah’s sons were not triplets; see Gen 5:32), rather he started having children after he turned seventy and his sons were born in different years after that. In fact, Abram was not born until Terah was at least 130 years old (11:32, 12:4-5; Acts 7:4), and he was probably Terah’s youngest son. Abram is listed first (instead of Haran or Nahor) probably because of his importance as the one whom Yahweh made His covenant with. Some of this information could be put in a footnote. 11:26 cywf וַ⁠יּ֨וֹלֶד֙ אֶת אַבְרָ֔ם אֶת נָח֖וֹר וְ⁠אֶת הָרָֽן 1 “he fathered/had {sons named} Abram, Nahor, and Haran.” or “he fathered/had {sons whose names were} Abram, Nahor, and Haran.” 11:27 y44z וְ⁠אֵ֨לֶּה֙ תּוֹלְדֹ֣ת תֶּ֔רַח 1 “Here/This {is} the history/account/record about/of Terah and his descendants/family:” This section is different from the previous section. What follows is a history about Terah’s descendants (especially Abram); it is not a genealogy or list of names. See how you translated a similar phrase in Gen 6:9. 11:27 egvx תֶּ֚רַח הוֹלִ֣יד אֶת אַבְרָ֔ם אֶת נָח֖וֹר וְ⁠אֶת הָרָ֑ן 1 “Terah fathered/had {sons named} Abram, Nahor, and Haran;” or “Terah’s sons were Abram, Nahor, and Haran.” @@ -1379,7 +1379,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 12:7 s3yo שָׁם֙ 1 “near the tree” or “in that place” 12:7 rv38 לַ⁠יהוָ֖ה 1 “to worship Yahweh” or “{and burned sacrifices on it} to {thank and} worship Yahweh,” 12:7 ywd2 הַ⁠נִּרְאֶ֥ה אֵלָֽי⁠ו 1 “who had appeared/come to him {there}.” or “because he/Yahweh had appeared/come to him {there}.” See how you translated “appeared” earlier in verse 7. -12:8 y0sn rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יַּעְתֵּ֨ק מִ⁠שָּׁ֜ם 1 “From {the place/city of} Shechem he/Abram {and his family} moved/traveled {south} to” +12:8 y0sn rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יַּעְתֵּ֨ק מִ⁠שָּׁ֜ם 1 “From {the place/city of} Shechem, he/Abram {and his family} moved/traveled {south} to” 12:8 c1kt הָ⁠הָ֗רָ⁠ה מִ⁠קֶּ֛דֶם לְ⁠בֵֽית אֵ֖ל 1 “the hill country that was east of {the town of} Bethel” or “the mountainous region east of {the town of} Bethel” 12:8 u3l7 וַ⁠יֵּ֣ט אָהֳלֹ֑⁠ה 1 “and set/put up his/their tents {there}” or “They set up their tents/camp”. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. See how you translated “tent” in Gen 9:21, 27. 12:8 r71q בֵּֽית אֵ֤ל מִ⁠יָּם֙ וְ⁠הָ⁠עַ֣י מִ⁠קֶּ֔דֶם 1 “between Bethel to the west and {the town of} Ai to the east.” or “Bethel was to the west {of them} and {the town of} Ai was to the east.” Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. @@ -1410,7 +1410,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 12:13 erv1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations אֲחֹ֣תִ⁠י אָ֑תְּ 1 “ ‘I am his/Abram’s sister,’ ” Consider whether an indirect quote or direct quote is best here in your language. 12:13 p2h5 לְמַ֨עַן֙ יִֽיטַב לִ֣⁠י 1 “so that I will be treated well” or “so that they/people will treat me well” 12:13 pv49 בַ⁠עֲבוּרֵ֔⁠ךְ 1 “because of you” -12:13 kbgh וְ⁠חָיְתָ֥ה נַפְשִׁ֖⁠י בִּ⁠גְלָלֵֽ⁠ךְ 1 “and my life will be spared {by them}.” or “and they will spare my life.” or “and {they will} let me live.” For some languages it is not natural to include the phrase “because of you” here, because it repeats the same idea as “for your sake” that was earlier in the sentence. Do what is best in your language. +12:13 kbgh וְ⁠חָיְתָ֥ה נַפְשִׁ֖⁠י בִּ⁠גְלָלֵֽ⁠ךְ 1 “and my life will be spared {by them}.” or “and they will spare my life.” or “and {they will} let me live.” For some languages it is not natural to include the phrase “because of you” here, because it repeats the same idea as “for your sake” that was expressed earlier in the sentence. Do what is best in your language. 12:14 ip31 וַ⁠יְהִ֕י 1 “That is {exactly} what happened:” 12:14 ajxi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כְּ⁠ב֥וֹא אַבְרָ֖ם מִצְרָ֑יְמָ⁠ה 1 “When Abram {and his family} entered {the land/country of} Egypt,” Although Abram is in focus here, your translation should not sound like he was traveling alone. 12:14 s2xw וַ⁠יִּרְא֤וּ הַ⁠מִּצְרִים֙ 1 “the Egyptian {people} saw/noticed” or “the people {living} there saw/noticed” @@ -1475,7 +1475,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 13:7 hvu9 וְ⁠הַֽ⁠כְּנַעֲנִי֙ 1 “Besides that,” or “Adding to that {problem was the fact that}” 13:7 syk1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וְ⁠הַֽ⁠כְּנַעֲנִי֙ וְ⁠הַ⁠פְּרִזִּ֔י 1 “the Canaanite people and the Perizzite people” or “the descendants of Canaan and Perez”. See how you translated the names of people groups in Gen 10, and see how you translated “the Canaanites” in Gen 12:6. 13:7 xsuz יֹשֵׁ֥ב בָּ⁠אָֽרֶץ 1 “were {also} living in the/that land/area/region” -13:7 eq3i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure אָ֖ז 1 “at that time.” For some languages it is more natural to put this time phrase earlier in the sentence and say, “… at that time the Canaanites…” Do what is best in your language. +13:7 eq3i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure אָ֖ז 1 “at that time.” For some languages it is more natural to put this time phrase earlier in the sentence and say, “… at that time the Canaanites …” Do what is best in your language. 13:8 wne5 וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר אַבְרָ֜ם אֶל ל֗וֹט 1 “Then/Finally {one day} Abram said to Lot,” 13:8 d1gl אַל נָ֨א תְהִ֤י 1 “Please, we should not have/allow” or “We need to do something so that there is not {any}” 13:8 xank מְרִיבָה֙ 1 “conflict/fighting/arguing”. See how you translated “strife” in verse 7. @@ -1488,7 +1488,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 13:9 fva4 וְ⁠אֵימִ֔נָה 1 “then I will take/choose {the land to} the right,” or “then I will live {in the land} to our right,” 13:9 dd7y וְ⁠אִם הַ⁠יָּמִ֖ין 1 “Or if {you choose} {the land to} the right {of here},” or “Or if {you decide to live} {in the land to} our right,” For some languages, it may be more natural to begin a new sentence here. Do what is best in your language. 13:9 m1ka וְ⁠אַשְׂמְאִֽילָה 1 “then I will take/choose {the land to} the left.” or “then I will live {in the land} to our left.” -13:10 ksqi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idioms וַ⁠יִּשָּׂא־ל֣וֹט אֶת־עֵינָ֗י⁠ו 1 “So Lot looked {all} around” or “Lot ooked around {carefully}” +13:10 ksqi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idioms וַ⁠יִּשָּׂא־ל֣וֹט אֶת־עֵינָ֗י⁠ו 1 “So Lot looked {all} around” or “Lot looked around {carefully}” 13:10 cuw3 וַ⁠יַּרְא֙ אֶת־כָּל־כִּכַּ֣ר הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּ֔ן כִּ֥י כֻלָּ֖⁠הּ & בֹּאֲ⁠כָ֖ה צֹֽעַר 1 “and he observed/noticed that the entire/whole Jordan {River} Valley, all the way to {the town of} Zoar,” The Jordan Plain is the wide, flat valley where the Jordan River flows between the Sea of Galilee and the Dead Sea. 13:10 pwsa מַשְׁקֶ֑ה 1 “had a lot of water,” or “had plenty of water,” 13:10 r14f כְּ⁠גַן יְהוָה֙ 1 “{It was lush and green} like the garden that Yahweh had planted,” Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Also see how you translated “garden” in Gen 3:23-24. This phrase refers to the Garden of Eden. You could put that information in a footnote. @@ -3177,7 +3177,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 25:18 wu16 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom עַל פְּנֵ֥י כָל אֶחָ֖י⁠ו נָפָֽל 1 The Hebrew text has an idiom here that is ambiguous in this context. It could mean: (1) “He/They lived in hostility toward/against all his/their brothers/relatives.” or “They lived as enemies against all their brothers/relatives.” See how you translated a different idiom in 16:12 that probably has this meaning. (2) “They settled/lived in the presence of all their brothers/relatives.” or “They settled/lived among/near all their brothers/relatives.” (3) “He/Ishmael died in the presence of all his brothers/relatives.” or “He/Ishmael died when all his brothers were still alive.” 25:19 ldvn וְ⁠אֵ֛לֶּה תּוֹלְדֹ֥ת יִצְחָ֖ק בֶּן אַבְרָהָ֑ם 1 “This/Here {is} {more of} the record/history of/about Abraham’s son Isaac and his descendants/family:” or “What follows tells {more} about Abraham’s son Isaac and his descendants/family:” We have already heard about much of Isaac’s history in previous chapters; now we are told even more. See how you translated “these are the generations of” in verse 12 and Gen 6:9. 25:19 dw7d אַבְרָהָ֖ם הוֹלִ֥יד אֶת יִצְחָֽק 1 “{After} Abraham fathered/had {his son} Isaac,” See how you translated “fathered” in verse 3. -25:20 cn5u וַ⁠יְהִ֤י יִצְחָק֙ בֶּן אַרְבָּעִ֣ים שָׁנָ֔ה בְּ⁠קַחְתּ֣⁠וֹ אֶת רִבְקָ֗ה & ל֥⁠וֹ לְ⁠אִשָּֽׁה 1 “Isaac {grew up and} married Rebekah when he was 40 years old.” See how you translated “was a son of … years” in Genesis 21:5. +25:20 cn5u וַ⁠יְהִ֤י יִצְחָק֙ בֶּן אַרְבָּעִ֣ים שָׁנָ֔ה בְּ⁠קַחְתּ֣⁠וֹ אֶת רִבְקָ֗ה & ל֥⁠וֹ לְ⁠אִשָּֽׁה 1 “Isaac {grew up and} married Rebekah when he was forty years old.” See how you translated “was a son of … years” in Genesis 21:5. 25:20 bvzb בַּת בְּתוּאֵל֙ הָֽ⁠אֲרַמִּ֔י מִ⁠פַּדַּ֖ן אֲרָ֑ם 1 “{She/Rebekah was} the/a daughter of Bethuel, {who was} an Aramean from {the land/region of} Paddan Aram,” 25:20 fxim אֲח֛וֹת לָבָ֥ן 1 “and {she was} a sister of Laban” or “and her brother was Laban” 25:20 zdaf הָ⁠אֲרַמִּ֖י 1 “{who was also} an Aramean.” @@ -3379,7 +3379,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 26:33 ksjm rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֥א אֹתָ֖⁠הּ שִׁבְעָ֑ה 1 “So Isaac named the well Shibah/Shebah, {which means “oath/vow.”}” The name of this well can be spelled “Shibah” or “Shebah.” 26:33 dzcy עַל כֵּ֤ן 1 “That is why” 26:33 rlw9 שֵׁם הָ⁠עִיר֙ בְּאֵ֣ר שֶׁ֔בַע עַ֖ד הַ⁠יּ֥וֹם הַ⁠זֶּֽה 1 “{even} today the name of that city {is} still Beersheba, {which means “well of the oath/vow.”}” See how you translated “Beersheba” and its meaning in Gen 21:31. -26:34 xghn וַ⁠יְהִ֤י עֵשָׂו֙ בֶּן אַרְבָּעִ֣ים שָׁנָ֔ה 1 “Now Esau was 40 years old, and” or “When Esau was forty years old,” Consider again how you translated “a son of … years” in the book of Genesis. See 5:32; 11:10; 12:4; 16:16; 17:1, 17, 24-25; 25:20-21 and 26:34. +26:34 xghn וַ⁠יְהִ֤י עֵשָׂו֙ בֶּן אַרְבָּעִ֣ים שָׁנָ֔ה 1 “Now Esau was forty years old, and” or “When Esau was forty years old,” Consider again how you translated “a son of … years” in the book of Genesis. See 5:32; 11:10; 12:4; 16:16; 17:1, 17, 24-25; 25:20-21 and 26:34. 26:34 wv0p וַ⁠יִּקַּ֤ח אִשָּׁה֙ אֶת יְהוּדִ֔ית בַּת בְּאֵרִ֖י הַֽ⁠חִתִּ֑י וְ⁠אֶת בָּ֣שְׂמַ֔ת בַּת אֵילֹ֖ן הַֽ⁠חִתִּֽי 1 “he married {a woman named} Judith, {who was} the/a daughter of a Hittite {man} named Beeri, and {he also married} {a woman named} Basemath, {who was} the/a daughter of a Hittite {man} named Elon.” or “he married {two} Hittite women: Judith, whose father was Beeri, and Basemath, whose father was Elon.” Make sure it is clear in your translation that Basemath was Esau’s second wife, not Beeri’s wife. 26:35 hack rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠תִּהְיֶ֖יןָ מֹ֣רַת ר֑וּחַ לְ⁠יִצְחָ֖ק וּ⁠לְ⁠רִבְקָֽה 1 “Those {foreign} women caused Isaac and Rebekah to be very distressed/upset.” or “Isaac and Rebekah were very distressed/upset that their son had married foreign women {rather than a woman from their own religion and people group}.” 27:1 omqk rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַ⁠יְהִי֙ כִּֽי 1 “One day when” or “Now when”. The events in chapter 27 happened about 23 years after the end of chapter 26. Make sure your translation begins this verse in a way that fits with that fact.