From a9f6bfde2573fef649a9e7f906346820adb85316 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Larry Sallee Date: Wed, 22 Dec 2021 19:06:19 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] Removed stray
and spaces in Colossians (#2202) Co-authored-by: Larry Sallee Reviewed-on: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_tn/pulls/2202 Co-authored-by: Larry Sallee Co-committed-by: Larry Sallee --- en_tn_52-COL.tsv | 78 ++++++++++++++++++++++++------------------------ 1 file changed, 39 insertions(+), 39 deletions(-) diff --git a/en_tn_52-COL.tsv b/en_tn_52-COL.tsv index 96e7e80a9b..68f3d50b29 100644 --- a/en_tn_52-COL.tsv +++ b/en_tn_52-COL.tsv @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNote -COL front intro d9hy 0 # Introduction to Colossians

## Part 1: General Introduction

### Outline of the Book of Colossians

1. Letter Opening (1:1–12)

* Greeting (1:1–2)
* Prayer of Thanksgiving (1:3–8)
* Prayer of Petition (1:9–12)

2. Teaching Section (1:13–2:23)

* Christ and His Work (1:13–20)
* Christ’s Work Applied to the Colossians (1:21–23)
* Paul's Ministry (1:24–2:5)
* Effects of Christ’s Work (2:6–15)
* Freedom in Christ (2:16–23)

3. Exhortation Section

* Seek the Things Above (3:1–4)
* Take off Vices, Put on Virtues (3:5–17)
* Commands for the Household (3:18–4:1)
* Prayer Request and Behavior towards Outsiders (4:2–6)

4. Letter Closing (4:7–18)

* The Messengers (4:7–9)
* Greetings from Friends (4:10–14)
* Greetings and Instructions from Paul (4:15–17)
* Greeting in Paul’s Own Hand (4:18)

### Who wrote the Book of Colossians?

The author identifies himself as Paul the Apostle. Paul was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee, and he persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus. However, he had never met the Colossians in person (see [2:1](../02/01.md)).

Paul wrote this letter while in prison ([4:3](../04/03.md); [4:18](../04/18.md)). Paul was imprisoned many times, and he does not say where he is. Many scholars think he is in Rome.

### What is the Book of Colossians about?

Paul wrote this letter to the believers in city of Colossae, which is in Asia Minor (modern Turkey). When he heard from Epaphras about the believers in Colossae, he wrote to encourage them and to warn them against false teachers. These false teachers were telling people that they had to obey certain rules and know certain things to receive new life, and they boasted about their own power and experiences. Paul attacks this false teaching by showing the Colossians that Christ’s work accomplishes everything that they need and gives them new life. When they are united to Christ, they do not need anything else, including this false teaching.

### How should the title of this book be translated?

Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, “Colossians.” Or they may choose a clearer title, such as “Paul’s Letter to the Church in Colossae” or “A Letter to the Christians in Colossae.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])

## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts

### Who were the false teachers that Paul warns the Colossians against?

Most likely, these false teachers were not part of one specific group or belief system. They probably believed and practiced things from several different belief systems. Because of this, it is hard to describe exactly what they believed and taught. Based on what Paul says about them, they had certain rules about food and drink, the calendar, and behavior; they had what Paul calls a “philosophy,” or a system of thinking about the word that they found sophisticated and that probably included the idea of “fullness”; and they based at least some of these beliefs and rules on visions and marvelous experiences that probably included encounters with angels. Paul argues that the people who hold to these views are not remaining faithful to Christ, and he wants the Colossians to focus on the work of Christ for them, which has accomplished everything this false teaching claims to do and more.

### What does Paul mean when he uses language for “heaven”?

Paul speaks of heaven as “above,” and he further defines it as the place where Christ is seated at God’s right hand and where blessings are stored up for believers. Most likely, the spiritual powers are also in heaven. When Paul tells the Colossians to focus on what is “above” ([3:1](../03/01.md)), that is not because heaven is good and earth is bad. Instead, it is because heaven is where Christ is, as he states in the same verse. The Colossians are supposed to focus on Christ and where he is.

### What are the spiritual powers that Paul speaks about?

Paul speaks of thrones, dominions, governments, and authorities in [1:16](../01/16.md), and he uses some of these words again in [2:10](../02/10.md); [2:15](../02/15.md). These words refer to people or things that have power and authority, and in Colossians they probably refer more specifically to powerful spiritual beings. The “elemental principles” in [2:8](../02/08.md); [2:20](../02/20.md) probably refer to the same kind of beings in a generic way. Paul never specifically says that these spiritual powers are evil, but he does say that Christ’s work frees the Colossians from them. Obeying these powers and focusing on them is thus opposed to the new life that Christ has given.

### Who are all the people that Paul mentions in the letter?

Most of the people who are mentioned at the end of the letter are either with Paul or are people that Paul knows in or near the city of Colossae. Epaphras is mentioned several times, since he is the one who first preached the good news to the Colossians and the one who told Paul about them. Tychicus and Onesimus are the ones who traveled from Paul to Colossae with the letter, and they are able to give more updates about Paul and the people with him.

### Why does Paul mention other towns in this letter?

Paul mentions Laodicea and Hierapolis because they are towns nearby in the same valley. If a person stood in Colossae, he or she could see Laodicea at the edge of the valley. Paul mentions these three towns (Colossae, Laodicea, and Hierapolis) because they were towns where Epaphras preached the good news, and Paul had never met any Christians in these places. Perhaps it is because of these similarities and because they were so close together that Paul wanted the Colossians and the Laodiceans to share their letters.

## Part 3: Important Translation Issues

### How does Paul identify Jesus as God?

Paul calls Jesus the “image” of God and the “firstborn” of all creation ([1:15](../01/15.md)). Neither of these descriptions are meant to describe Jesus as the first or best thing God created; instead, they put him outside the creation. This is clear from the next verse, which identifies him as creator ([1:16](../01/16.md)). If Jesus is not created, he is God. Being “before all things” and having “all things hold together” in him are statements that make the same affirmation ([1:17](../01/17.md)).

Paul twice describes Jesus as having the “fullness” of God ([1:19](../01/19.md); [2:9](../02/09.md)). This does not mean that Jesus was particularly close with God or had God living inside him. Instead, it means that Jesus is everything that God is (the “fullness” of God).

Finally, Jesus is seated at God’s right hand in heaven (3:1](../03/01.md)). This does not mean he is a powerful figure who obeys God. Instead, it means that he sits on the divine throne and is God.

### How does Paul identify Jesus as human?

Paul says that Jesus died in “the body of his flesh” ([1:22](../01/22.md)). Additionally, when he states that Jesus is the “fullness” of God, this is true of him “bodily” ([2:9](../02/09.md)). When Paul says that Jesus has a “body,” this does not mean that Jesus simply used a body to look human. Instead, he means that Jesus is an embodied human like us.

### What does Paul mean when he tells the Colossians they have died and come back to life?

Multiple times throughout the letter, Paul tells the Colossians that they have died and risen with Christ. This does not mean that the Colossians have physically died and then returned from the dead. This language also is not just a figure of speech that Paul does not really mean. Rather, he means that God included believers with Christ when he died and resurrected. While the Colossians had not yet physically died and been resurrected, they could already experience death to the world and its powers and new life with its blessings because of their union with Christ in his death and resurrection.

### What does Paul mean when he talks about knowledge?

Paul uses knowledge language throughout his letter, including words such as “knowing,” “knowledge,” and “understanding.” Perhaps the false teachers promised “knowledge” of God and his will to those who listened to them, and Paul intended to show the Colossians that all the knowledge they needed could be found in Christ and his work. Whether this is true or not, Paul does clearly intend to tell the Colossians that growing in their knowledge of God is important, and that this knowledge can be found in Christ. “Knowledge” refers to learning more about God, his will, and his work in the world, and “knowing” these things leads to new life and changed behavior.

### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Colossians?

For the following verses, there are differences between some of the ancient manuscripts. The ULT text follows the reading that most scholars consider to be original and puts the other reading in a footnote. If a translation of the Bible exists in the language of wider communication in the region, translators may want to consider using the reading found in that version. If not, translators are advised to follow the reading in the ULT.

* “Grace to you, and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ” ([1:2](../01/02.md)). Some ancient manuscripts have this: “Grace to you, and peace from God our Father.”
* “Epaphras, our beloved fellow servant, who is a faithful servant of Christ on our behalf” ([1:7](../01/07.md)). Some ancient manuscripts have this: “Epaphras, our beloved fellow servant, who is a faithful servant of Christ on your behalf.”
* “the Father, who has made you able to share the inheritance of the saints in the light” ([1:12](../01/12.md)). Some ancient manuscripts have this: “the Father, who has made us able to share the inheritance of the saints in the light.”
* “in whom we have redemption, the forgiveness of sins” ([1:14](../01/14.md)). Some ancient manuscripts have this: “in whom we have redemption through his blood, the forgiveness of sins.”
* “having forgiven us all of our trespasses” ([2:13](../02/13.md)). Some ancient manuscripts have this: “having forgiven you all of your trespasses.”
* “When Christ, your life, is revealed” ([3:4](../03/04.md)). Some ancient manuscripts have this: “When Christ, our life, is revealed.”
* “the wrath of God is coming” ([3:6](../03/06.md)). Some ancient manuscripts have this: “the wrath of God is coming on the sons of disobedience.”
* “so that you might know the things concerning us” ([4:8](../04/08.md)). Some ancient manuscripts have this: “so that he might know the things concerning you.”

(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]]) -COL 1 intro gtm3 0 # Colossians 1 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

1. Letter Opening (1:1–12)

* Greeting (1:1–2)
* Prayer of Thanksgiving (1:3–8)
* Prayer of Petition (1:9–12)

2. Teaching Section (1:13–2:23)

* Christ and His Work (1:13–20)
* Christ’s Work Applied to the Colossians (1:21–23)
* Paul's Ministry (1:24–2:5)

Paul begins this letter in [1:1–2](../01/01.md) by giving his and Timothy’s names, identifying the people to whom he is writing, and offering a greeting. This is the way people typically began letters at this time.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Mystery

Paul refers to a “mystery” for the first time in this chapter ([1:26–27](../01/26.md)). This does not refer to some secret truth that is hard to understand and that only a few privileged individuals can learn about. Instead, it refers to God’s plans that once were unknown but are now known to all his people. What is the content of this mystery? It is Christ himself, his work, and his union with believers. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]])

### Fullness

Paul refers to “filling” or “fullness” four times in this chapter. First, Paul prays that the Colossians are “filled” with the knowledge of God’s will ([1:9](../01/09.md)). Second, Jesus has all the “fullness” of God ([1:19](../01/19.md)). Third, Paul “fills up” in his flesh what is lacking in the afflictions of Christ ([1:24](../01/24.md)). Fourth, Paul makes the word of God “fully” known ([1:25](../01/25.md)). It is possible that Paul uses “filling” and “fullness” so often because it was something that the false teachers promised. Paul wishes to show instead how “fullness” comes through the work of Christ and through his own work on their behalf. Christ has God’s fullness, and Paul works for Christ by “filling” the Colossians, who then are “filled” with the knowledge of God’s will.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Images for Christian living

Paul uses many different images to describe Christian living. In this chapter, he uses the images of “walking” and “bearing fruit” ([1:10](../01/10.md)). These images show that Paul wants the Colossians to think about the Christian life as a directed towards a goal (either a destination, if one is walking, or fruit, if one is growing). (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/fruit]])

### Light versus Dark

Paul contrasts the “inheritance of the saints in the light” ([1:12](../01/12.md)) with the “authority of the darkness” ([1:12](../01/12.md)). The “light” describes what is good, desirable, and related to God’s favor. The “darkness” is describes what is distant from God, opposed to him, and evil.

### Head and Body

In this chapter, Paul introduces an image that he will develop more fully in chapter 2: that of Christ as the head of the body, which is his church. This image identifies Christ as the source of life and direction for his church, just like the head is the source of life and direction for the body.

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### The Lack of the Afflictions of Christ

In [1:24](../01/24.md), Paul speaks of “the lack of the afflictions of Christ,” a lack that he fills up by his sufferings. This does not mean that Christ somehow failed in his mission and work, and Paul has to fill in the missing pieces. Instead, “lack” refers to something that Christ intentionally left for this followers to complete. He has called them to suffer, just as he himself did, to continue the mission of the church.

### The "Christ-Hymn"

Many scholars think that [1:15–20](../01/15.md) is an early Christian hymn that Paul has quoted to remind the Colossians of what they believe in common with other Christians. If this is true, it does not mean that this section says something different than what Paul thinks. Instead, Paul chose to quote it because he fully affirmed it. If it would be helpful for your readers, you could format these verses in a way that shows that they are from a hymn or poem. +COL front intro d9hy 0 # Introduction to Colossians

## Part 1: General Introduction

### Outline of the Book of Colossians

1. Letter Opening (1:1–12)

* Greeting (1:1–2)
* Prayer of Thanksgiving (1:3–8)
* Prayer of Petition (1:9–12)

2. Teaching Section (1:13–2:23)

* Christ and His Work (1:13–20)
* Christ’s Work Applied to the Colossians (1:21–23)
* Paul's Ministry (1:24–2:5)
* Effects of Christ’s Work (2:6–15)
* Freedom in Christ (2:16–23)

3. Exhortation Section

* Seek the Things Above (3:1–4)
* Take off Vices, Put on Virtues (3:5–17)
* Commands for the Household (3:18–4:1)
* Prayer Request and Behavior towards Outsiders (4:2–6)

4. Letter Closing (4:7–18)

* The Messengers (4:7–9)
* Greetings from Friends (4:10–14)
* Greetings and Instructions from Paul (4:15–17)
* Greeting in Paul’s Own Hand (4:18)

### Who wrote the Book of Colossians?

The author identifies himself as Paul the Apostle. Paul was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee, and he persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus. However, he had never met the Colossians in person (see [2:1](../02/01.md)).

Paul wrote this letter while in prison ([4:3](../04/03.md); [4:18](../04/18.md)). Paul was imprisoned many times, and he does not say where he is. Many scholars think he is in Rome.

### What is the Book of Colossians about?

Paul wrote this letter to the believers in city of Colossae, which is in Asia Minor (modern Turkey). When he heard from Epaphras about the believers in Colossae, he wrote to encourage them and to warn them against false teachers. These false teachers were telling people that they had to obey certain rules and know certain things to receive new life, and they boasted about their own power and experiences. Paul attacks this false teaching by showing the Colossians that Christ’s work accomplishes everything that they need and gives them new life. When they are united to Christ, they do not need anything else, including this false teaching.

### How should the title of this book be translated?

Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, “Colossians.” Or they may choose a clearer title, such as “Paul’s Letter to the Church in Colossae” or “A Letter to the Christians in Colossae.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])

## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts

### Who were the false teachers that Paul warns the Colossians against?

Most likely, these false teachers were not part of one specific group or belief system. They probably believed and practiced things from several different belief systems. Because of this, it is hard to describe exactly what they believed and taught. Based on what Paul says about them, they had certain rules about food and drink, the calendar, and behavior; they had what Paul calls a “philosophy,” or a system of thinking about the word that they found sophisticated and that probably included the idea of “fullness”; and they based at least some of these beliefs and rules on visions and marvelous experiences that probably included encounters with angels. Paul argues that the people who hold to these views are not remaining faithful to Christ, and he wants the Colossians to focus on the work of Christ for them, which has accomplished everything this false teaching claims to do and more.

### What does Paul mean when he uses language for “heaven”?

Paul speaks of heaven as “above,” and he further defines it as the place where Christ is seated at God’s right hand and where blessings are stored up for believers. Most likely, the spiritual powers are also in heaven. When Paul tells the Colossians to focus on what is “above” ([3:1](../03/01.md)), that is not because heaven is good and earth is bad. Instead, it is because heaven is where Christ is, as he states in the same verse. The Colossians are supposed to focus on Christ and where he is.

### What are the spiritual powers that Paul speaks about?

Paul speaks of thrones, dominions, governments, and authorities in [1:16](../01/16.md), and he uses some of these words again in [2:10](../02/10.md); [2:15](../02/15.md). These words refer to people or things that have power and authority, and in Colossians they probably refer more specifically to powerful spiritual beings. The “elemental principles” in [2:8](../02/08.md); [2:20](../02/20.md) probably refer to the same kind of beings in a generic way. Paul never specifically says that these spiritual powers are evil, but he does say that Christ’s work frees the Colossians from them. Obeying these powers and focusing on them is thus opposed to the new life that Christ has given.

### Who are all the people that Paul mentions in the letter?

Most of the people who are mentioned at the end of the letter are either with Paul or are people that Paul knows in or near the city of Colossae. Epaphras is mentioned several times, since he is the one who first preached the good news to the Colossians and the one who told Paul about them. Tychicus and Onesimus are the ones who traveled from Paul to Colossae with the letter, and they are able to give more updates about Paul and the people with him.

### Why does Paul mention other towns in this letter?

Paul mentions Laodicea and Hierapolis because they are towns nearby in the same valley. If a person stood in Colossae, he or she could see Laodicea at the edge of the valley. Paul mentions these three towns (Colossae, Laodicea, and Hierapolis) because they were towns where Epaphras preached the good news, and Paul had never met any Christians in these places. Perhaps it is because of these similarities and because they were so close together that Paul wanted the Colossians and the Laodiceans to share their letters.

## Part 3: Important Translation Issues

### How does Paul identify Jesus as God?

Paul calls Jesus the “image” of God and the “firstborn” of all creation ([1:15](../01/15.md)). Neither of these descriptions are meant to describe Jesus as the first or best thing God created; instead, they put him outside the creation. This is clear from the next verse, which identifies him as creator ([1:16](../01/16.md)). If Jesus is not created, he is God. Being “before all things” and having “all things hold together” in him are statements that make the same affirmation ([1:17](../01/17.md)).

Paul twice describes Jesus as having the “fullness” of God ([1:19](../01/19.md); [2:9](../02/09.md)). This does not mean that Jesus was particularly close with God or had God living inside him. Instead, it means that Jesus is everything that God is (the “fullness” of God).

Finally, Jesus is seated at God’s right hand in heaven (3:1](../03/01.md)). This does not mean he is a powerful figure who obeys God. Instead, it means that he sits on the divine throne and is God.

### How does Paul identify Jesus as human?

Paul says that Jesus died in “the body of his flesh” ([1:22](../01/22.md)). Additionally, when he states that Jesus is the “fullness” of God, this is true of him “bodily” ([2:9](../02/09.md)). When Paul says that Jesus has a “body,” this does not mean that Jesus simply used a body to look human. Instead, he means that Jesus is an embodied human like us.

### What does Paul mean when he tells the Colossians they have died and come back to life?

Multiple times throughout the letter, Paul tells the Colossians that they have died and risen with Christ. This does not mean that the Colossians have physically died and then returned from the dead. This language also is not just a figure of speech that Paul does not really mean. Rather, he means that God included believers with Christ when he died and resurrected. While the Colossians had not yet physically died and been resurrected, they could already experience death to the world and its powers and new life with its blessings because of their union with Christ in his death and resurrection.

### What does Paul mean when he talks about knowledge?

Paul uses knowledge language throughout his letter, including words such as “knowing,” “knowledge,” and “understanding.” Perhaps the false teachers promised “knowledge” of God and his will to those who listened to them, and Paul intended to show the Colossians that all the knowledge they needed could be found in Christ and his work. Whether this is true or not, Paul does clearly intend to tell the Colossians that growing in their knowledge of God is important, and that this knowledge can be found in Christ. “Knowledge” refers to learning more about God, his will, and his work in the world, and “knowing” these things leads to new life and changed behavior.

### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Colossians?

For the following verses, there are differences between some of the ancient manuscripts. The ULT text follows the reading that most scholars consider to be original and puts the other reading in a footnote. If a translation of the Bible exists in the language of wider communication in the region, translators may want to consider using the reading found in that version. If not, translators are advised to follow the reading in the ULT.

* “Grace to you, and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ” ([1:2](../01/02.md)). Some ancient manuscripts have this: “Grace to you, and peace from God our Father.”
* “Epaphras, our beloved fellow servant, who is a faithful servant of Christ on our behalf” ([1:7](../01/07.md)). Some ancient manuscripts have this: “Epaphras, our beloved fellow servant, who is a faithful servant of Christ on your behalf.”
* “the Father, who has made you able to share the inheritance of the saints in the light” ([1:12](../01/12.md)). Some ancient manuscripts have this: “the Father, who has made us able to share the inheritance of the saints in the light.”
* “in whom we have redemption, the forgiveness of sins” ([1:14](../01/14.md)). Some ancient manuscripts have this: “in whom we have redemption through his blood, the forgiveness of sins.”
* “having forgiven us all of our trespasses” ([2:13](../02/13.md)). Some ancient manuscripts have this: “having forgiven you all of your trespasses.”
* “When Christ, your life, is revealed” ([3:4](../03/04.md)). Some ancient manuscripts have this: “When Christ, our life, is revealed.”
* “the wrath of God is coming” ([3:6](../03/06.md)). Some ancient manuscripts have this: “the wrath of God is coming on the sons of disobedience.”
* “so that you might know the things concerning us” ([4:8](../04/08.md)). Some ancient manuscripts have this: “so that he might know the things concerning you.”

(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]]) +COL 1 intro gtm3 0 # Colossians 1 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

1. Letter Opening (1:1–12)

* Greeting (1:1–2)
* Prayer of Thanksgiving (1:3–8)
* Prayer of Petition (1:9–12)

2. Teaching Section (1:13–2:23)

* Christ and His Work (1:13–20)
* Christ’s Work Applied to the Colossians (1:21–23)
* Paul's Ministry (1:24–2:5)

Paul begins this letter in [1:1–2](../01/01.md) by giving his and Timothy’s names, identifying the people to whom he is writing, and offering a greeting. This is the way people typically began letters at this time.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Mystery

Paul refers to a “mystery” for the first time in this chapter ([1:26–27](../01/26.md)). This does not refer to some secret truth that is hard to understand and that only a few privileged individuals can learn about. Instead, it refers to God’s plans that once were unknown but are now known to all his people. What is the content of this mystery? It is Christ himself, his work, and his union with believers. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]])

### Fullness

Paul refers to “filling” or “fullness” four times in this chapter. First, Paul prays that the Colossians are “filled” with the knowledge of God’s will ([1:9](../01/09.md)). Second, Jesus has all the “fullness” of God ([1:19](../01/19.md)). Third, Paul “fills up” in his flesh what is lacking in the afflictions of Christ ([1:24](../01/24.md)). Fourth, Paul makes the word of God “fully” known ([1:25](../01/25.md)). It is possible that Paul uses “filling” and “fullness” so often because it was something that the false teachers promised. Paul wishes to show instead how “fullness” comes through the work of Christ and through his own work on their behalf. Christ has God’s fullness, and Paul works for Christ by “filling” the Colossians, who then are “filled” with the knowledge of God’s will.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Images for Christian living

Paul uses many different images to describe Christian living. In this chapter, he uses the images of “walking” and “bearing fruit” ([1:10](../01/10.md)). These images show that Paul wants the Colossians to think about the Christian life as a directed towards a goal (either a destination, if one is walking, or fruit, if one is growing). (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/fruit]])

### Light versus Dark

Paul contrasts the “inheritance of the saints in the light” ([1:12](../01/12.md)) with the “authority of the darkness” ([1:12](../01/12.md)). The “light” describes what is good, desirable, and related to God’s favor. The “darkness” is describes what is distant from God, opposed to him, and evil.

### Head and Body

In this chapter, Paul introduces an image that he will develop more fully in chapter 2: that of Christ as the head of the body, which is his church. This image identifies Christ as the source of life and direction for his church, just like the head is the source of life and direction for the body.

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### The Lack of the Afflictions of Christ

In [1:24](../01/24.md), Paul speaks of “the lack of the afflictions of Christ,” a lack that he fills up by his sufferings. This does not mean that Christ somehow failed in his mission and work, and Paul has to fill in the missing pieces. Instead, “lack” refers to something that Christ intentionally left for this followers to complete. He has called them to suffer, just as he himself did, to continue the mission of the church.

### The "Christ-Hymn"

Many scholars think that [1:15–20](../01/15.md) is an early Christian hymn that Paul has quoted to remind the Colossians of what they believe in common with other Christians. If this is true, it does not mean that this section says something different than what Paul thinks. Instead, Paul chose to quote it because he fully affirmed it. If it would be helpful for your readers, you could format these verses in a way that shows that they are from a hymn or poem. COL 1 1 nlf1 figs-exclusive 0 General Information: Throughout this letter the words “we,” “us,” “our,” and “ours” include the Colossian believers unless noted otherwise. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) COL 1 1 bqvt figs-yousingular 0 General Information: The words “you,” “your,” and “yours” refer to the Colossian believers and so are plural unless noted otherwise. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]]) COL 1 1 xnhq figs-123person Παῦλος
1 In this culture, letter writers would give their own names first, referring to themselves in the third person. If that is confusing in your language, you can use the first person here. Or if your language has a particular way of introducing the author of a letter, and if it would be helpful to your readers, you can use it here. Alternate translation: “From Paul. I write this letter to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) @@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ COL 1 9 w2a7 figs-metaphor ἵνα πληρωθῆτε τὴν ἐπίγνωσι COL 1 9 kmea figs-activepassive πληρωθῆτε 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could say this with an active form. Alternate translation: “God would fill you with” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) COL 1 9 hson figs-abstractnouns πληρωθῆτε τὴν ἐπίγνωσιν τοῦ θελήματος αὐτοῦ 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **knowledge** with a verb. Alternate translation: “you might fully know his will” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) COL 1 9 mzz8 figs-abstractnouns ἐν πάσῃ σοφίᾳ καὶ συνέσει πνευματικῇ 1 in all wisdom and spiritual understanding If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the ideas behind the abstract nouns **wisdom** and **understanding** with adjectives or verbs. Alternate translation: “, which includes being very wise and spiritually intelligent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -COL 1 9 k8x2 συνέσει πνευματικῇ 1 Here, the phrase translated **spiritual understanding** could refer to (1) understanding that comes from the Holy Spirit. Alternate translation: “understanding given by the Holy Spirit” (2) understanding in spiritual matters. Alternate translation: “understanding about spiritual things” +COL 1 9 k8x2 συνέσει πνευματικῇ 1 Here, the phrase translated **spiritual understanding** could refer to (1) understanding that comes from the Holy Spirit. Alternate translation: “understanding given by the Holy Spirit” (2) understanding in spiritual matters. Alternate translation: “understanding about spiritual things” COL 1 10 m4hf figs-metaphor περιπατῆσαι ἀξίως τοῦ Κυρίου 1 to walk worthily of the Lord Here, the word **walk** signifies behavior in life. Alternate translation: “to behave the way the Lord expects you to” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) COL 1 10 vv4g figs-abstractnouns εἰς πᾶσαν ἀρεσκείαν 1 in every pleasing way If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the phrase **pleasing way** with a verb. Alternate translation: “, doing everything that pleases him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) COL 1 10 vfp3 figs-metaphor ἐν παντὶ ἔργῳ ἀγαθῷ καρποφοροῦντες 1 bearing fruit Paul is speaking of the Colossian believers as if they were trees or plants that produce **fruit**. If it would be clearer in your language, you could express this in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “performing many good deeds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ COL 1 15 rgb7 translate-unknown τοῦ Θεοῦ τοῦ ἀοράτου 1 The COL 1 15 h945 figs-metaphor πρωτότοκος πάσης κτίσεως 1 the firstborn of all creation The word **firstborn** does not refer to when Jesus was born. Instead, it refers to his position as the eternal Son of God the Father. In this sense, **firstborn** is a metaphor that means that he existed as God before God created anything and that he is most important. You could emphasize either or both of these ideas in your translation. Alternate translation: “God’s Son, the most important one over all creation” or “God’s Son, who existed as God before all creation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) COL 1 15 af6b figs-abstractnouns πάσης κτίσεως 1 of all creation If it is clearer in your language, you could translate the abstract noun **creation** with a verb such as “create.” Alternate translation: “of all that God created” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) COL 1 16 kru3 figs-activepassive ὅτι ἐν αὐτῷ ἐκτίσθη τὰ πάντα 1 For in him all things were created If it would be clearer in your language, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “For in him God created all things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -COL 1 16 zed8 figs-metaphor ἐν αὐτῷ ἐκτίσθη τὰ πάντα 1 Paul here seems to speak as if God created everything inside the Son. This is a metaphor that describes the involvement of the Son when God created all things, which you could clarify by making both the Son and the Father the subjects of **created**. If your language can clearly indicate different types of agency, you could identify God the Father as the primary agent and God the Son as the secondary agent. Alternate translation: “God the Father created all things through the work of God the Son” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +COL 1 16 zed8 figs-metaphor ἐν αὐτῷ ἐκτίσθη τὰ πάντα 1 Paul here seems to speak as if God created everything inside the Son. This is a metaphor that describes the involvement of the Son when God created all things, which you could clarify by making both the Son and the Father the subjects of **created**. If your language can clearly indicate different types of agency, you could identify God the Father as the primary agent and God the Son as the secondary agent. Alternate translation: “God the Father created all things through the work of God the Son” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) COL 1 16 ho8g figs-merism ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς 1 Paul refers to **the heavens** and **the earth** to include them and everything else in what God created. If this is not clear in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “in every part of the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) COL 1 16 s8h1 figs-merism τὰ ὁρατὰ καὶ τὰ ἀόρατα 1 Paul refers to **the visible** and **the invisible** to include everything that humans can and cannot see in what God created. If this is not clear in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “whether people know much about it or not” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) COL 1 16 fkic translate-unknown εἴτε θρόνοι, εἴτε κυριότητες, εἴτε ἀρχαὶ, εἴτε ἐξουσίαι 1 The words **thrones**, **dominions**, **governments**, and **authorities** name different ranks or classes of spiritual beings or angels which are not necessarily good or evil. Paul is emphasizing that God the Father created even the powerful spiritual beings through the Son. If it would be clearer in your language, you could (1) identify that these are spiritual beings and translate the list of names as it appears here. Alternate translation: “Including all spiritual beings, which can be called thrones or dominions or rulers or authorities” (2) use names from your culture that identify different classes of angels or spiritual beings. Alternate translation: “Whether angels or archangels or spirits or spiritual beings” (3) summarize without using specific names. Alternate translation: “Including all the ranks of important spiritual beings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) @@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ COL 1 19 npzz grammar-connect-logic-result ὅτι 1 The word translated **for* COL 1 19 nyos figs-activepassive ἐν αὐτῷ εὐδόκησεν πᾶν τὸ πλήρωμα κατοικῆσαι 1 The subject of the verb **was pleased** could be (1) **all the fullness**. Alternate translation: “full divinity characterizes the Son” (2) an implied reference to God the Father. Alternate translation: “God the Father rejoices that the Son is fully God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) COL 1 19 zu89 figs-metaphor ἐν αὐτῷ εὐδόκησεν πᾶν τὸ πλήρωμα κατοικῆσαι 1 Here, Paul speaks of **fullness** as if it could **dwell** in the Son. This means that the Son has **all** the divinity of God. This does not mean that the Son is part of God or that God lives inside of the Son. Instead, it means that the Son is fully God but that God is not only the Son. If this is not clear in your translation, you could rephrase this metaphor using language that is more precise in your culture and language. Alternate translation: “the Son is fully God, a person of the Trinity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) COL 1 19 wmdw figs-metonymy πᾶν τὸ πλήρωμα 1 In the context, **fullness** stands for the **fullness** of divinity, or everything that characterizes God. If this is not clear in your language, you could make it clear that this word refers to the **fullness** of God. Alternate translation: “full divinity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -COL 1 20 as3p figs-possession τοῦ αἵματος τοῦ σταυροῦ αὐτοῦ 1 through the blood of his cross Paul uses the possessive form to describe **blood** characterized by **his cross**, which is the location where the blood was shed. If this is not clear in your language, you could make the relationship between the two words clearer with a short phrase such as “shed on.” Alternate translation: “the blood shed on his cross.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) +COL 1 20 as3p figs-possession τοῦ αἵματος τοῦ σταυροῦ αὐτοῦ 1 through the blood of his cross Paul uses the possessive form to describe **blood** characterized by **his cross**, which is the location where the blood was shed. If this is not clear in your language, you could make the relationship between the two words clearer with a short phrase such as “shed on.” Alternate translation: “the blood shed on his cross.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) COL 1 20 x5av figs-metonymy τοῦ αἵματος τοῦ σταυροῦ αὐτοῦ 1 the blood of his cross Here, **blood** stands for the death of Christ on the cross. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a comparable word that stands for death or express the idea in non-figurative language. Alternate translation: “his death on the cross” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) COL 1 20 mbra figs-infostructure τὰ πάντα εἰς αὐτόν…εἴτε τὰ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς, εἴτε τὰ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς 1 The last part of this verse (**whether the things on the earth or the things in the heavens**) describes **all things** from near the beginning of the verse. If it would be clearer in your language, you could move the description next to **all things**. Alternate translation: “all things, whether the things on the earth or the things in the heavens, to himself” (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure) COL 1 20 quxc figs-merism εἴτε τὰ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς, εἴτε τὰ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς 1 Paul refers to the **things on the earth** and **the things in the heavens** to include them and everything in between, that is, everything in all of creation. If this is not clear in your language, you could express this idea in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “everything in the whole creation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) @@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ COL 1 28 uk2i translate-unknown τέλειον 1 complete The word translated ** COL 1 29 ejqu figs-metaphor κοπιῶ, ἀγωνιζόμενος 1 Here, Paul uses two words to describe how hard he works. The first, **labor**, means to “work hard” or “strive.” The second, **striving**, is usually used for attempting to win a contest, whether that is athletic, military, or legal. While Paul is not actually participating in an athletic or military contest, he uses the metaphor to explain how hard he works towards his goal. If it is clearer in your language, you could (1) express the ideas behind these two words with one phrase. Alternate translation: “I exert myself” (2) express the ideas with two comparable words. Alternate translation: “I work hard, exerting myself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) COL 1 29 n1h2 figs-abstractnouns κατὰ τὴν ἐνέργειαν αὐτοῦ, τὴν ἐνεργουμένην 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **working** with a verb. Alternate translation: “according to how God works, who works” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) COL 1 29 f397 ἐν δυνάμει 1 Alternate translation: “with power” or “powerfully” -COL 2 intro p3uc 0 # Colossians 2 General Notes

## Structure and Formatting

2. Teaching Section (1:13–2:23)

* Paul's Ministry (1:24–2:5)
* Effects of Christ’s Work (2:6–15)
* Freedom in Christ (2:16–23)

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Philosophy

Paul speaks of “philosophy” in [2:8](../02/08.md). He is not referring to all attempts by humans to understand the world around them. Instead, he makes it clear that he is referring to thinking that is “empty” and full of “deceit,” that comes from traditions of humans and the “elemental principles.” All this “philosophy” is bad because it is not “according to Christ.” The “philosophy” that Paul attacks, then, is any attempt to make sense of the world that does not do so in line with Christ and his work.

### Fullness

Just as in the last chapter, “fullness” is an important idea that Paul refers to [2:9–10](../02/9–10.md). Again, Christ has the divine “fullness,” and he “fills” the Colossians. No other source of “fullness” is needed.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Head and Body

As in the last chapter, Christ is called the “head,” both of powerful rulers ([2:10](../02/10.md)) and of his church [2:19](../02/19.md). Paul uses this language to identify Christ as the supreme ruler, just as the head rules over the body, and the source of life for the church, just as a body is dead without its head. Paul also identifies the church as the body of Christ in [2:19](../02/19.md). Here, his point is that the church cannot survive and grow without being connected to Christ, just as a body does not live or grow without a head. Finally, Paul refers to a “body” in [2:17](../02/17.md), but here the metaphor is different. The word “body” refers to any object that can cast a shadow (not primarily to an organic, human body) and here the “body” (the object) is Christ, who casts a shadow, which is identified as old covenant regulations.

### Circumcision and baptism

In [2:11–13](../02/11.md), Paul uses the old covenant sign of circumcision to refer to removing the “the body of flesh” and the new covenant sign of baptism to refer to “being buried” with Christ. He uses these two signs to show how Christians are united with Christ, freed from sin, and given new life.

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Flesh

In Colossians, Paul uses “flesh” to refer to human existence in the world before resurrection and the new heavens and earth. He uses “flesh” neutrally to refer to physical presence in [2:1](../02/01.md); [2:5](../02/05.md). In many other places, however, he uses “flesh” to refer to the weakness and sinfulness of humans as they live in ways that fit with this broken world ([2:11](../02/11.md), [13](../02/13.md), [18](../02/18.md), [23](../02/23.md)). Often, “flesh” in these situations is translated with something like “sinful nature.” However, it is perhaps better to emphasize both weakness and sinfulness, and the term “nature” can be confusing. For examples of some ways to translate “flesh,” see the UST and notes in this chapter.

### The false teaching

In this chapter, Paul gives some information about what the false teachers are saying and doing. However, it is not enough to give us a full picture of who they were and what they taught. What is clear is that they spoke about extraordinary experiences, were interested in spiritual beings, and gave commands about behavior that at least sometimes were related to Old Testament law. If possible, keep your translation as vague as Paul’s own description of the false teachers. +COL 2 intro p3uc 0 # Colossians 2 General Notes

## Structure and Formatting

2. Teaching Section (1:13–2:23)

* Paul's Ministry (1:24–2:5)
* Effects of Christ’s Work (2:6–15)
* Freedom in Christ (2:16–23)

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Philosophy

Paul speaks of “philosophy” in [2:8](../02/08.md). He is not referring to all attempts by humans to understand the world around them. Instead, he makes it clear that he is referring to thinking that is “empty” and full of “deceit,” that comes from traditions of humans and the “elemental principles.” All this “philosophy” is bad because it is not “according to Christ.” The “philosophy” that Paul attacks, then, is any attempt to make sense of the world that does not do so in line with Christ and his work.

### Fullness

Just as in the last chapter, “fullness” is an important idea that Paul refers to [2:9–10](../02/9–10.md). Again, Christ has the divine “fullness,” and he “fills” the Colossians. No other source of “fullness” is needed.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Head and Body

As in the last chapter, Christ is called the “head,” both of powerful rulers ([2:10](../02/10.md)) and of his church [2:19](../02/19.md). Paul uses this language to identify Christ as the supreme ruler, just as the head rules over the body, and the source of life for the church, just as a body is dead without its head. Paul also identifies the church as the body of Christ in [2:19](../02/19.md). Here, his point is that the church cannot survive and grow without being connected to Christ, just as a body does not live or grow without a head. Finally, Paul refers to a “body” in [2:17](../02/17.md), but here the metaphor is different. The word “body” refers to any object that can cast a shadow (not primarily to an organic, human body) and here the “body” (the object) is Christ, who casts a shadow, which is identified as old covenant regulations.

### Circumcision and baptism

In [2:11–13](../02/11.md), Paul uses the old covenant sign of circumcision to refer to removing the “the body of flesh” and the new covenant sign of baptism to refer to “being buried” with Christ. He uses these two signs to show how Christians are united with Christ, freed from sin, and given new life.

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Flesh

In Colossians, Paul uses “flesh” to refer to human existence in the world before resurrection and the new heavens and earth. He uses “flesh” neutrally to refer to physical presence in [2:1](../02/01.md); [2:5](../02/05.md). In many other places, however, he uses “flesh” to refer to the weakness and sinfulness of humans as they live in ways that fit with this broken world ([2:11](../02/11.md), [13](../02/13.md), [18](../02/18.md), [23](../02/23.md)). Often, “flesh” in these situations is translated with something like “sinful nature.” However, it is perhaps better to emphasize both weakness and sinfulness, and the term “nature” can be confusing. For examples of some ways to translate “flesh,” see the UST and notes in this chapter.

### The false teaching

In this chapter, Paul gives some information about what the false teachers are saying and doing. However, it is not enough to give us a full picture of who they were and what they taught. What is clear is that they spoke about extraordinary experiences, were interested in spiritual beings, and gave commands about behavior that at least sometimes were related to Old Testament law. If possible, keep your translation as vague as Paul’s own description of the false teachers. COL 2 1 tt6v figs-explicit γὰρ 1 Connecting Statement: The word translated **for** introduces the reason why Paul told them about how hard he works in [1:29](../01/29.md). If this is not clear in your language, you could make the transition more explicit. Alternate translation: “I tell you about my hard work because” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) COL 2 1 dqg5 figs-metaphor ἡλίκον ἀγῶνα ἔχω 1 how great a struggle I have for you Here, the word translated **struggle** is directly related to the word translated “striving” in [1:29](../01/29.md). Just as in that verse, it is usually used for striving to win a contest, whether athletic, legal, or military, and Paul uses the word here to indicate how much he cares for the Colossians and how hard he works for them. If this is not clear in your language, you could express the idea in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “how much care I have” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) COL 2 1 xoih figs-abstractnouns ἡλίκον ἀγῶνα ἔχω 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate the abstract noun **struggle** by combining it with the verb **have**. Alternate translation: “how much I struggle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) @@ -293,43 +293,43 @@ COL 3 5 p9w9 translate-unknown ἀκαθαρσίαν 1 uncleanness The Word tran COL 3 5 e65k translate-unknown πάθος 1 passion The word translated **passion** refers to negative emotions that are triggered by outside events. Examples would include forms of anger and jealousy. If it would clearer for your readers, you could clarify that these are improper emotions, since Paul is not saying that all emotions are wrong. Alternate translation: “improper emotions” or “evil passions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) COL 3 5 l9rv translate-unknown ἐπιθυμίαν κακήν 1 The word translated **desire** refers to longing after something, often in a sexual context. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could use a comparable word or express the idea with a short phrase. Alternate translation: “evil lust” or “evil longing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) COL 3 5 h5v4 translate-unknown τὴν πλεονεξίαν 1 envy, which is idolatry The word translated **envy** refers to wanting more than one has. Paul uses it to refer to wanting more than one needs, especially wanting more than what others have. If you have a comparable term, you could use if here, or you could express the idea with a short phrase. Alternate translation: “desiring to have more than what others have” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -COL 3 6 dj6g grammar-connect-logic-result δι’ ἃ 1 With this phrase, Paul identifies the sins listed in the previous verse as the reason why God’s “wrath” is coming. If it would be helpful for your readers, you could clarify this idea by including a word such as “sins” in the phrase. Alternate translation: “because of these sins” [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
-COL 3 6 s9lm figs-metaphor ἔρχεται ἡ ὀργὴ τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 the wrath of God Here, Paul speaks of **the wrath of God** as if it were a person or package that can arrive somewhere. By this, he means that **the wrath of God** has not yet been acted upon but that it will soon, just like a package that is arriving soon. If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a comparable metaphor or express the idea non-figuratively. Alternate translation: “God will act upon his wrath soon” or “the wrath of God will be enacted soon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-COL 3 6 ygaj figs-explicit ἔρχεται ἡ ὀργὴ τοῦ Θεοῦ, 1 When the **wrath of God** “comes,” it must arrive somewhere and be against certain people. If it would be helpful for you readers, you could clarify that the **wrath** of God comes on earth and against those who do the sins listed in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “the wrath of God is coming against those who do these things on earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
-COL 3 6 xb24 figs-metonymy ἡ ὀργὴ τοῦ Θεοῦ, 1 The **wrath of God** does not refer simply to an emotion. Rather this phrase primarily refers to God action against the sin he hates (examples of which appear in the previous verse). If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a word or phrase that indicates action and not just emotion. Alternate translation: “punishment from God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-COL 3 7 u4p6 writing-pronouns
ἐν οἷς 1 The word translated **which** refers again back to the list of sins in [3:5](../03/05.md). If it would be clearer in your language, you could include the word “sins” to clarify this reference. Alternate translation: “in which sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
+COL 3 6 dj6g grammar-connect-logic-result δι’ ἃ 1 With this phrase, Paul identifies the sins listed in the previous verse as the reason why God’s “wrath” is coming. If it would be helpful for your readers, you could clarify this idea by including a word such as “sins” in the phrase. Alternate translation: “because of these sins” [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) +COL 3 6 s9lm figs-metaphor ἔρχεται ἡ ὀργὴ τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 the wrath of God Here, Paul speaks of **the wrath of God** as if it were a person or package that can arrive somewhere. By this, he means that **the wrath of God** has not yet been acted upon but that it will soon, just like a package that is arriving soon. If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a comparable metaphor or express the idea non-figuratively. Alternate translation: “God will act upon his wrath soon” or “the wrath of God will be enacted soon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +COL 3 6 ygaj figs-explicit ἔρχεται ἡ ὀργὴ τοῦ Θεοῦ, 1 When the **wrath of God** “comes,” it must arrive somewhere and be against certain people. If it would be helpful for you readers, you could clarify that the **wrath** of God comes on earth and against those who do the sins listed in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “the wrath of God is coming against those who do these things on earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +COL 3 6 xb24 figs-metonymy ἡ ὀργὴ τοῦ Θεοῦ, 1 The **wrath of God** does not refer simply to an emotion. Rather this phrase primarily refers to God action against the sin he hates (examples of which appear in the previous verse). If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a word or phrase that indicates action and not just emotion. Alternate translation: “punishment from God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +COL 3 7 u4p6 writing-pronouns ἐν οἷς 1 The word translated **which** refers again back to the list of sins in [3:5](../03/05.md). If it would be clearer in your language, you could include the word “sins” to clarify this reference. Alternate translation: “in which sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) COL 3 7 p4q8 figs-metaphor ἐν οἷς καὶ ὑμεῖς περιεπατήσατέ ποτε 1 in which you also formerly walked Paul speaks of behavior that is characteristic of one’s life as if it were something that one could “walk in.” By this, he means that the sinful behaviors were characteristic of their lives. If it would be clearer in your language, you could express this idea with a comparable metaphor or non-figuratively. Alternate translation: “which formerly characterized your lives too” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -COL 3 7 jz5d figs-explicit περιεπατήσατέ ποτε 1 The word translated **formerly** is used to refer to some indefinite time in the past. Here, Paul uses it to refer to the time before the believes in Jesus. If it would be helpful, you could clarify that this is the specific time reference. Alternate translation: “walked before you believed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
-COL 3 7 jsfs grammar-connect-time-simultaneous ὅτε 1 The word translated **when** introduces a clause that occurs simultaneously with the main clause. Here, the Colossians “live in them” at the same as they were “walking” in them. Use an expression that indicates simultaneous time in your language. Alternate translation: “at the time when” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous]])
+COL 3 7 jz5d figs-explicit περιεπατήσατέ ποτε 1 The word translated **formerly** is used to refer to some indefinite time in the past. Here, Paul uses it to refer to the time before the believes in Jesus. If it would be helpful, you could clarify that this is the specific time reference. Alternate translation: “walked before you believed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +COL 3 7 jsfs grammar-connect-time-simultaneous ὅτε 1 The word translated **when** introduces a clause that occurs simultaneously with the main clause. Here, the Colossians “live in them” at the same as they were “walking” in them. Use an expression that indicates simultaneous time in your language. Alternate translation: “at the time when” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous]]) COL 3 7 s824 figs-metaphor ἐζῆτε ἐν τούτοις 1 when you were living in them The metaphor **living in** something could mean (1) that the Colossians practiced these sins in addition to having lives characterized by them (“walking in them”). Alternate translation: “you were doing these things” (2) that the Colossians were living among people who did these things. Alternate translation: “you were living among people who did these things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -COL 3 8 k2dx grammar-connect-logic-contrast νυνὶ δὲ 1 The phrase **but now** introduces a contrast with the previous verse, a contrast that focuses on time. The Word translated **now** refers to the time after the Colossians have believed to introduce how they should behave **now** in contrast to how they behaved “formerly” ([3:7](../03/07.md)). If it would be clearer in your language, you could clarify what **now** refers to. Alternate translation: “But now that you believe in Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
-COL 3 8 l019 figs-metaphor ἀπόθεσθε 1 Here, Paul exhorts the Colossians to **lay aside** sins as if they were garments they could take off or objects they could set down and stop using. By talking this way, Paul encourages the Colossians to no longer use or be associated with sins that are not part of who they are, just as clothes and objects are not part of the person. If it would be clearer in your language, you could express this idea with a comparable metaphor or non-figuratively. Alternate translation: “must … disassociate yourselves from” or “must … no longer do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-COL 3 8 ahhs figs-doublet ὀργήν, θυμόν 1 The words translated **wrath** and **anger** are almost synonymous, with **wrath** emphasizing angry actions and **anger** emphasizing angry emotions. If your language does not have two words for “anger” that work here, you could express the idea with one word. Alternate translation: “anger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
-COL 3 8 d3wr translate-unknown κακίαν 1 evil desire The word translated **evil desire** is a broad term that means “vice,” the opposite of “virtue.” If your language has a general term for “vice,” you could use it here. Alternate translation: “vice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
-COL 3 8 f59z translate-unknown αἰσχρολογίαν 1 and obscene speech The word translated **obscene speech** refers to “shameful words,” words that are not spoken in polite company. If your language has a word or phrase for these kinds of words, you could use it here. Alternate translation: “and obscenities” or “and cursing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
+COL 3 8 k2dx grammar-connect-logic-contrast νυνὶ δὲ 1 The phrase **but now** introduces a contrast with the previous verse, a contrast that focuses on time. The Word translated **now** refers to the time after the Colossians have believed to introduce how they should behave **now** in contrast to how they behaved “formerly” ([3:7](../03/07.md)). If it would be clearer in your language, you could clarify what **now** refers to. Alternate translation: “But now that you believe in Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) +COL 3 8 l019 figs-metaphor ἀπόθεσθε 1 Here, Paul exhorts the Colossians to **lay aside** sins as if they were garments they could take off or objects they could set down and stop using. By talking this way, Paul encourages the Colossians to no longer use or be associated with sins that are not part of who they are, just as clothes and objects are not part of the person. If it would be clearer in your language, you could express this idea with a comparable metaphor or non-figuratively. Alternate translation: “must … disassociate yourselves from” or “must … no longer do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +COL 3 8 ahhs figs-doublet ὀργήν, θυμόν 1 The words translated **wrath** and **anger** are almost synonymous, with **wrath** emphasizing angry actions and **anger** emphasizing angry emotions. If your language does not have two words for “anger” that work here, you could express the idea with one word. Alternate translation: “anger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +COL 3 8 d3wr translate-unknown κακίαν 1 evil desire The word translated **evil desire** is a broad term that means “vice,” the opposite of “virtue.” If your language has a general term for “vice,” you could use it here. Alternate translation: “vice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +COL 3 8 f59z translate-unknown αἰσχρολογίαν 1 and obscene speech The word translated **obscene speech** refers to “shameful words,” words that are not spoken in polite company. If your language has a word or phrase for these kinds of words, you could use it here. Alternate translation: “and obscenities” or “and cursing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) COL 3 8 n23c figs-idiom ἐκ τοῦ στόματος ὑμῶν 1 from your mouth Here, **from your mouth** is an idiom that refers to speaking. If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a comparable idiom or express the idea with a word such as “talk.” Alternate translation: “in your talk” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -COL 3 9 molr grammar-connect-logic-result ἀπεκδυσάμενοι 1 The clause that begins with **having taken off** could (1) give the reason why the Colossians should not lie to each other (and should put off the sins listed in the previous verse). Alternate translation: “because you have taken off” (2) give another command. Alternate translation: “and take off” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
+COL 3 9 molr grammar-connect-logic-result ἀπεκδυσάμενοι 1 The clause that begins with **having taken off** could (1) give the reason why the Colossians should not lie to each other (and should put off the sins listed in the previous verse). Alternate translation: “because you have taken off” (2) give another command. Alternate translation: “and take off” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) COL 3 9 vsd8 figs-metaphor ἀπεκδυσάμενοι τὸν παλαιὸν ἄνθρωπον 1 having taken off the old man with its practices Here, Paul uses a metaphor that is very similar to one he used in [2:11](../02/11.md), where he speaks of the “circumcision of Christ” that “puts off” the body of flesh. Here, he speaks of the **old man** as if it were a piece of clothing that the Colossians could “take off.” This does not mean that their true selves are found underneath the **old man**, since the next verse has them putting on the **new man**. Instead, Paul uses the metaphor to illustrate how they have changed identity from **old** to “new.” If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express this idea with a comparable metaphor or non-figuratively. Alternate translation: “having forsaken your old identity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -COL 3 9 x13d translate-unknown τὸν παλαιὸν ἄνθρωπον 1 Paul uses the phrase **the old man** as part of his language about dying and rising with Christ. The **old man** is thus the person who died with Christ. It does not refer to a part of the person but rather to what the whole person used to be before dying with Christ. If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a term that refers to the whole person and who they are. Alternate translation: “the old ‘you’” or “your old identity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
-COL 3 9 qlmf figs-gendernotations ἄνθρωπον 1 While the word translated **man** is grammatically masculine, it does not refer primarily to male people but rather to humans in general. If you have a general word for humans in your language, you could use it here. Alternate translation: “human” or “human being” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
-COL 3 9 cowf σὺν ταῖς πράξεσιν αὐτοῦ
1 Alternate translation: “with its habits” +COL 3 9 x13d translate-unknown τὸν παλαιὸν ἄνθρωπον 1 Paul uses the phrase **the old man** as part of his language about dying and rising with Christ. The **old man** is thus the person who died with Christ. It does not refer to a part of the person but rather to what the whole person used to be before dying with Christ. If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a term that refers to the whole person and who they are. Alternate translation: “the old ‘you’” or “your old identity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +COL 3 9 qlmf figs-gendernotations ἄνθρωπον 1 While the word translated **man** is grammatically masculine, it does not refer primarily to male people but rather to humans in general. If you have a general word for humans in your language, you could use it here. Alternate translation: “human” or “human being” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) +COL 3 9 cowf σὺν ταῖς πράξεσιν αὐτοῦ 1 Alternate translation: “with its habits” COL 3 10 ya9k grammar-connect-logic-result ἐνδυσάμενοι 1 The clause that begins with **having put on** is parallel to the clause beginning with “having taken off” in the previous verse. Translate this clause with the same structure you used in the previous verse: it could (1) give the reason why the Colossians should not lie to each other (and should put off the sins listed in the previous verse). Alternate translation: “because you have put on” (2) give another command. Alternate translation: “put on” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) COL 3 10 brx6 figs-metaphor ἐνδυσάμενοι τὸν νέον 1 and having put on the new man Here, Paul continues the metaphor of changing clothing that he began in the previous verse. Once the Colossians have “taken off” the “old man,” they **put on** the **new man**. Translate this expression as an appropriate opposite to your translation of “take off” in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “having stepped into your new identity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -COL 3 10 q1ts translate-unknown τὸν νέον 1 As in the previous verse, the phrase translated **new man** does not refer to a male person but rather to what one has become when one is raised with Christ. It does not refer to a part of the person but rather to what the whole person has become after being raised with Christ. If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a term that refers to the whole person and who they are. Alternate translation: “the new ‘you’” or “your new identity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
-COL 3 10 hjw8 translate-unknown τὸν ἀνακαινούμενον 1 The word translated **who is being renewed** refers to the process of making something “new” again. Paul uses it to give details about how the “new man” is being made “new.” If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a word that connects **renewed** with the “new man.” Alternate translation: “who is being made new” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
-COL 3 10 sr6v figs-activepassive τὸν ἀνακαινούμενον 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could express this in active form with God as the subject. Alternate translation: “whom God is renewing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
-COL 3 10 jlhz grammar-connect-logic-goal εἰς ἐπίγνωσιν, 1 The first thing Paul says about the “renewing” is its purpose, which is **knowledge**. If it would be clearer in your language, you could use an expression that indicates that gaining **knowledge** is one purpose of “being renewed.” Alternate translation: “to gain knowledge” or “so as to know more” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
-COL 3 10 degc figs-explicit ἐπίγνωσιν 1 While Paul does not say here what this **knowledge** concerns, it probably refers to knowing both God (as in [1:10](../01/10.md)) and God’s will (as in [1:9](../01/09.md)). If it would be clearer in your language, you could clarify what this knowledge concerns. Alternate translation: “the knowledge of God and his will” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
-COL 3 10 v7xq grammar-connect-logic-goal κατ’ εἰκόνα τοῦ κτίσαντος αὐτόν 1 The second thing Paul says about the “renewing” is the standard or pattern by which God renews his people: the **image of the one who created it**. Use a word or phrase in your language that indicates the standard or pattern according to which something is accomplished. Alternate translation: “so that it matches the image of the one who created it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
-COL 3 10 d15v translate-unknown εἰκόνα 1 the image The word translated **image** could refer to (1) the way humans show or reflect God’s glory, just like he created them to do. Alternate translation: “the reflection of the glory” (2) Christ, who is the image of God, the way humans can see the invisible God. Alternate translation: “Christ, the image” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
-COL 3 10 jep5
τοῦ κτίσαντος 1 Alternate translation: “of God, who created” -COL 3 10 xnc0 writing-pronouns αὐτόν 1 The pronoun translated **it** refers to “the new man.” If this is not clear in your language, you could translate **it** with a phrase that more clearly refers back to “the new man.” Alternate translation: “this new man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
-COL 3 11 wnmm figs-metaphor ὅπου 1 Here, Paul refers to the “new man” from the previous verse as if it were a place one could be in. This means that the word translated **where** refers to the new situation of those who have put on this “new man.” If it would be clearer in your language, you could express this idea by identifying those who have put on the “new man” as the ones addressed by this verse. Alternate translation: (start a new sentence) “For those who have put on the new man,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-COL 3 11 mrpc figs-hyperbole οὐκ ἔνι 1 Here, Paul speaks as if none of the kinds of people he mentions exist in this new situation. He speaks in this way to emphasize how little the differences between all these kinds of people matter once they have died and risen with Christ; they all fit into the category of the “new man” now. If it would clearer in your language, you could express this idea without the hyperbole by emphasizing the new unity of people from all these categories. Alternate translation: “all people are the same,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
-COL 3 11 t2w2 grammar-collectivenouns
Ἕλλην καὶ Ἰουδαῖος, περιτομὴ καὶ ἀκροβυστία, βάρβαρος, Σκύθης, δοῦλος, ἐλεύθερος 1 there is no Greek and Jew, circumcision and uncircumcision, barbarian, Scythian, slave, freeman All these terms are nouns that refer to groups of people that are characterized by the trait that the noun names. If your language has a way to categorize people by characteristics, you could use that form here. Alternate translation: “Greek and Jewish people, circumcised and uncircumcised people, barbaric people, Scythian people, enslaved people, free people” -COL 3 11 vt4t translate-unknown βάρβαρος 1 barbarian The word translated **barbarian** was used by people who spoke Greek to describe anyone who did not speak Greek. If it would be clearer in your language, you could express this idea with a word such as “foreign.” Alternate translation: “alien” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
-COL 3 11 n7by translate-unknown Σκύθης 1 Scythian The word translated **Scythian** was used to describe a nomadic group of people who were fierce warriors. It was also used to describe those who behaved in similar ways, often considered rough or rude. If it would be clearer in your language, you could add an adjective before **Scythian** to clarify its connotation. Alternate translation: “uncivilized Scythian” or “rough Scythian” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
-COL 3 11 i964 figs-metaphor πάντα καὶ…Χριστός 1 but Christ is all, and in all Here, Paul speaks **Christ** as if he himself were **all** things. By this, he means that none of the categories he just listed matter because Christ is the only thing that matters. If it would be clearer in your language, you could express this idea with a verb such as “matters” or noun such as of “importance.” Alternate translation: “Christ is all that matters, and he is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+COL 3 10 q1ts translate-unknown τὸν νέον 1 As in the previous verse, the phrase translated **new man** does not refer to a male person but rather to what one has become when one is raised with Christ. It does not refer to a part of the person but rather to what the whole person has become after being raised with Christ. If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a term that refers to the whole person and who they are. Alternate translation: “the new ‘you’” or “your new identity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +COL 3 10 hjw8 translate-unknown τὸν ἀνακαινούμενον 1 The word translated **who is being renewed** refers to the process of making something “new” again. Paul uses it to give details about how the “new man” is being made “new.” If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a word that connects **renewed** with the “new man.” Alternate translation: “who is being made new” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +COL 3 10 sr6v figs-activepassive τὸν ἀνακαινούμενον 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could express this in active form with God as the subject. Alternate translation: “whom God is renewing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +COL 3 10 jlhz grammar-connect-logic-goal εἰς ἐπίγνωσιν, 1 The first thing Paul says about the “renewing” is its purpose, which is **knowledge**. If it would be clearer in your language, you could use an expression that indicates that gaining **knowledge** is one purpose of “being renewed.” Alternate translation: “to gain knowledge” or “so as to know more” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) +COL 3 10 degc figs-explicit ἐπίγνωσιν 1 While Paul does not say here what this **knowledge** concerns, it probably refers to knowing both God (as in [1:10](../01/10.md)) and God’s will (as in [1:9](../01/09.md)). If it would be clearer in your language, you could clarify what this knowledge concerns. Alternate translation: “the knowledge of God and his will” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +COL 3 10 v7xq grammar-connect-logic-goal κατ’ εἰκόνα τοῦ κτίσαντος αὐτόν 1 The second thing Paul says about the “renewing” is the standard or pattern by which God renews his people: the **image of the one who created it**. Use a word or phrase in your language that indicates the standard or pattern according to which something is accomplished. Alternate translation: “so that it matches the image of the one who created it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) +COL 3 10 d15v translate-unknown εἰκόνα 1 the image The word translated **image** could refer to (1) the way humans show or reflect God’s glory, just like he created them to do. Alternate translation: “the reflection of the glory” (2) Christ, who is the image of God, the way humans can see the invisible God. Alternate translation: “Christ, the image” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +COL 3 10 jep5 τοῦ κτίσαντος 1 Alternate translation: “of God, who created” +COL 3 10 xnc0 writing-pronouns αὐτόν 1 The pronoun translated **it** refers to “the new man.” If this is not clear in your language, you could translate **it** with a phrase that more clearly refers back to “the new man.” Alternate translation: “this new man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) +COL 3 11 wnmm figs-metaphor ὅπου 1 Here, Paul refers to the “new man” from the previous verse as if it were a place one could be in. This means that the word translated **where** refers to the new situation of those who have put on this “new man.” If it would be clearer in your language, you could express this idea by identifying those who have put on the “new man” as the ones addressed by this verse. Alternate translation: (start a new sentence) “For those who have put on the new man,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +COL 3 11 mrpc figs-hyperbole οὐκ ἔνι 1 Here, Paul speaks as if none of the kinds of people he mentions exist in this new situation. He speaks in this way to emphasize how little the differences between all these kinds of people matter once they have died and risen with Christ; they all fit into the category of the “new man” now. If it would clearer in your language, you could express this idea without the hyperbole by emphasizing the new unity of people from all these categories. Alternate translation: “all people are the same,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +COL 3 11 t2w2 grammar-collectivenouns Ἕλλην καὶ Ἰουδαῖος, περιτομὴ καὶ ἀκροβυστία, βάρβαρος, Σκύθης, δοῦλος, ἐλεύθερος 1 there is no Greek and Jew, circumcision and uncircumcision, barbarian, Scythian, slave, freeman All these terms are nouns that refer to groups of people that are characterized by the trait that the noun names. If your language has a way to categorize people by characteristics, you could use that form here. Alternate translation: “Greek and Jewish people, circumcised and uncircumcised people, barbaric people, Scythian people, enslaved people, free people” +COL 3 11 vt4t translate-unknown βάρβαρος 1 barbarian The word translated **barbarian** was used by people who spoke Greek to describe anyone who did not speak Greek. If it would be clearer in your language, you could express this idea with a word such as “foreign.” Alternate translation: “alien” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +COL 3 11 n7by translate-unknown Σκύθης 1 Scythian The word translated **Scythian** was used to describe a nomadic group of people who were fierce warriors. It was also used to describe those who behaved in similar ways, often considered rough or rude. If it would be clearer in your language, you could add an adjective before **Scythian** to clarify its connotation. Alternate translation: “uncivilized Scythian” or “rough Scythian” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +COL 3 11 i964 figs-metaphor πάντα καὶ…Χριστός 1 but Christ is all, and in all Here, Paul speaks **Christ** as if he himself were **all** things. By this, he means that none of the categories he just listed matter because Christ is the only thing that matters. If it would be clearer in your language, you could express this idea with a verb such as “matters” or noun such as of “importance.” Alternate translation: “Christ is all that matters, and he is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) COL 3 11 iqmw figs-metaphor ἐν πᾶσιν 1 Again, Paul speaks of those who have died and risen with Christ. Here, instead of speaking of the Colossians being “in Christ,” he reverses the form, just as he did in [1:27](../01/27.md): Christ is **in all** of those who believe in him. If possible, translate this expression the same way you translated “Christ in you” in [1:27](../01/27.md). Alternate translation: “is united to all of you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) COL 3 12 hu90 grammar-connect-words-phrases οὖν 1 The word translated **Therefore** introduces an inference or, as here, an exhortation based on what has already been said. Paul bases his exhortation on what he has already told the Colossians about putting off the old man, putting on the new man, and the effects of this in [3:9–11](../03/09.md). Use a customary word or phrase in your language for introducing an exhortation based on what has already been said. If it would be clearer, you could refer back to what Paul has already said. Alternate translation: “Because you have put off the old man and put on the new man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) COL 3 12 yyfe figs-metaphor ἐνδύσασθε 1 The word translated **put on** is the same word Paul used in [3:10](../03/10.md) for “having put on” the new man. Here, he uses the same clothing metaphor to show the Colossians that “putting on” the new man means that they also must **put on** the character traits he lists here. If possible, translate **put on** as you did in [3:10](../03/10.md). Alternate translation: “step into new virtues:” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -421,7 +421,7 @@ COL 4 3 ub1i figs-metaphor ὁ Θεὸς ἀνοίξῃ ἡμῖν θύραν τ COL 4 3 tl71 grammar-connect-logic-goal λαλῆσαι 1 may open a door to us for the word The word translated **to speak** indicates the purpose for which the “door” is opened. If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a word or phrase that indicates purpose. Alternate translation: “in order that we might speak” or “so that we can speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) COL 4 3 ce37 translate-unknown τὸ μυστήριον 1 the mystery of Christ Paul speaks of his message as **the mystery** of Christ. This does not mean that the message is hard to understand but rather that it had not previously been revealed. Now, however, Paul does “make it clear” (as [4:4](../04/04.md) says). If it is not clear in your language to speak of a **mystery** that is revealed or spoken, you could replace **mystery** with a short descriptive phrase. Alternate translation: “the concealed message” or “the previously hidden message” (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown) COL 4 3 fkva figs-possession τὸ μυστήριον τοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 the mystery of Christ Here, Paul uses the possessive form to speak of a **mystery** whose content is a message about **Christ**. If it would be clearer in your language, you could express this idea with a preposition such as “about” or a relative clause such as “that concerns.” Alternate translation: “the mystery that concerns Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) -COL 4 3 gs8f writing-pronouns δι’ ὃ 1 the mystery of Christ The word translated **which** refers back to the “mystery of Christ.” If it would be helpful for your readers, you could express this more clearly by adding a word such as “mystery.” Alternate translation: “on account of which mystery” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) +COL 4 3 gs8f writing-pronouns δι’ ὃ 1 the mystery of Christ The word translated **which** refers back to the “mystery of Christ.” If it would be helpful for your readers, you could express this more clearly by adding a word such as “mystery.” Alternate translation: “on account of which mystery” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) COL 4 3 q4jx figs-metonymy δέδεμαι 1 on account of which also I have been bound Here, Paul uses the word translated ** I have been bound** to refer to how he is in prison. If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a comparable word or phrase that stands for being in prison or express the idea non-figuratively. Alternate translation: “I am imprisoned” or “I am incarcerated” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) COL 4 4 x8bf grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα 1 in order that I may make it clear The word translated **in order that** could introduce (1) another purpose for which the Colossians should pray for Paul (in addition to what is said in [4:3](../04/03.md)). Alternate translation: “and so that” (2) another thing for which they should pray (in addition to what is said in [4:3](../04/03.md)). Alternate translation: “and that” or “and asking that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) COL 4 4 hm5w φανερώσω αὐτὸ 1 in order that I may make it clear Alternate translation: “I may reveal it” or “I may express it clearly” @@ -432,7 +432,7 @@ COL 4 5 u3j7 figs-abstractnouns ἐν σοφίᾳ 1 Walk in wisdom toward those COL 4 5 ww8p figs-idiom τοὺς ἔξω 1 Walk in wisdom toward those outside The words translated **those outside** are a way to identify people who do not belong to one's group. Here, **those outside** would be anyone who does not believe in Jesus. If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a comparable word for those who are not in one's group or express the idea with a short phrase. Alternate translation: “outsiders” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) COL 4 5 nvqu grammar-connect-time-simultaneous ἐξαγοραζόμενοι 1 Walk in wisdom toward those outside The word translated **redeeming** introduces an example of how to “walk in wisdom toward those outside.” If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a customary way to indicate that the **redeeming** happens at the same time as “walking in wisdom” and gives an example of how it might look. Alternate translation: “which includes redeeming” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous]]) COL 4 5 b525 figs-metaphor τὸν καιρὸν ἐξαγοραζόμενοι 1 redeeming the time Here, Paul speaks of **time** as something that one could be **redeeming**. The picture is of a person buying time from someone else. Paul uses this picture to describe making the most of (**redeeming**) one’s opportunities (**the time**). If it would be clearer in your language, you could express this idea with a comparable metaphor or non-figuratively. Alternate translation: “making the most of every chance you have” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -COL 4 6 bza7 0 your words always with grace, seasoned with salt This verse provides one way in which Paul wants the Colossians to “walk in wisdom toward those outside” ([4:5](../04/05.md)). They are to speak with words that are compelling and carefully chosen to fit the situation. +COL 4 6 bza7 0 your words always with grace, seasoned with salt This verse provides one way in which Paul wants the Colossians to “walk in wisdom toward those outside” ([4:5](../04/05.md)). They are to speak with words that are compelling and carefully chosen to fit the situation. COL 4 6 v14n figs-ellipsis ὁ λόγος ὑμῶν πάντοτε ἐν χάριτι 1 your words always with grace, seasoned with salt Paul has not included a verb for “speaking” in this phrase because it was not necessary in his language. If your language would require a verb of speaking here, you could include it. Alternate translation: “speaking your words always with grace” or “your words always spoken with grace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) COL 4 6 u9mh figs-abstractnouns ἐν χάριτι 1 your words always with grace, seasoned with salt If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun with an adjective such as “gracious” or “pleasant.” Alternate translation: “gracious” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) COL 4 6 fuv5 figs-metaphor ἅλατι ἠρτυμένος 1 your words always with grace, seasoned with salt In this culture, when food is **seasoned with salt**, it tastes good and is nourishing. Paul is thus speaking of making one’s “words” **seasoned with salt**, which means that the words should be interesting (like food that tastes good) and helpful (like food that is nourishing). If it would be clearer in your language, you could express this idea with a comparable idiom or non-figuratively. Alternate translation: “both compelling and helpful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])