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manifest.yaml
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@ -372,12 +372,12 @@ dublin_core:
translation decisions.
format: text/tsv
identifier: tn
issued: '2024-04-24'
issued: '2024-06-21'
language:
direction: ltr
identifier: en
title: English
modified: '2024-04-24'
modified: '2024-06-21'
publisher: unfoldingWord
relation:
- en/ult
@ -391,11 +391,11 @@ dublin_core:
source:
- identifier: tn
language: en
version: '79'
version: '82'
subject: TSV Translation Notes
title: unfoldingWord® Translation Notes
type: help
version: '80'
version: '83'
checking:
checking_entity:
- unfoldingWord

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tn_1TI.tsv
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@ -486,7 +486,7 @@ front:intro wy83 0 # Introduction to 1 Timothy\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
5:20 v5ot rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj οἱ λοιποὶ 1 Paul is using the adjective **rest** as a noun. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Paul could be referring to **the rest** of: (1) the elders. Alternate translation: “the rest of the elders” (2) the believers. Alternate translation: “the rest of the believers”
5:20 ql4m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit φόβον ἔχωσιν 1 Here Paul implies that these people will **have fear** of sinning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “may have fear of themselves sinning”
5:20 t404 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns φόβον ἔχωσιν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **fear**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “may fear”
5:21 x0zp rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-oathformula διαμαρτύρομαι ἐνώπιον τοῦ Θεοῦ, καὶ Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ, καὶ τῶν ἐκλεκτῶν ἀγγέλων, ἵνα 1 Here Paul puts Timothy under oath, making him swear by **God and Christ Jesus and the chosen angels**, that he will do what Paul has written. Use a natural way in your language to express an oath. Alternate translation: “I make you swear before God and Christ Jesus and the chosen angels that” or “I require that you solemnly promise God and Christ Jesus and the chosen angels that”
5:21 x0zp rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-oathformula διαμαρτύρομαι ἐνώπιον τοῦ Θεοῦ, καὶ Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ, καὶ τῶν ἐκλεκτῶν ἀγγέλων, ἵνα 1 Here Paul could be: (1) indicating that **God and Christ Jesus and the chosen angels** know and approve what Paul has written. Alternate translation: “God and Christ Jesus and chosen angels hear and approve when I declare that” or “What I declare is authorized by God and Christ Jesus and the chosen angels. I declare that” (2) putting Timothy under oath, making him swear by **God and Christ Jesus and the chosen angels**, that he will do what Paul has written. Alternate translation: “I make you swear before God and Christ Jesus and the chosen angels that” or “I require that you solemnly promise God and Christ Jesus and the chosen angels that”
5:21 t7jq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive τῶν ἐκλεκτῶν ἀγγέλων 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the action, it is clear from the context that it was God. Alternate translation: “the angels God has chosen”
5:21 t409 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ταῦτα 1 Here, the phrase **these things** refers to the instructions that Paul has given to Timothy about how to treat elders (see [5:17–20](../05/17.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “those rules about elders”
5:21 t408 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet χωρὶς προκρίματος, μηδὲν ποιῶν κατὰ πρόσκλισιν 1 The terms **prejudgment** and **partiality** mean similar things. Paul is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “in a way that is completely fair to everyone”
@ -642,4 +642,4 @@ front:intro wy83 0 # Introduction to 1 Timothy\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
6:21 t501 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing ἡ χάρις μεθ’ ὑμῶν 1 As was customary in his culture, Paul closes his letter with a blessing for Timothy and the believers with him. He implies that the **Grace** is from God. Use a form that people would recognize as a blessing in your language. Alternate translation: “May you experience kindness from God within you” or “I pray that you will have grace from God”
6:21 hix2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἡ χάρις μεθ’ ὑμῶν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **grace**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “May God act graciously toward you”
6:21 wg26 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular ὑμῶν 1 Because Paul gives this blessing to Timothy and all the believers who are with him, this is the only place in the letter where **you** is plural.
6:21 xiaz rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants ὑμῶν 1 Many ancient manuscripts read **you**. The ULT follows that reading. Other ancient manuscripts read “you. Amen.” If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT.
6:21 xiaz rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants ὑμῶν 1 Many ancient manuscripts read **you**. The ULT follows that reading. Other ancient manuscripts read “you. Amen.” If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT.
1 Reference ID Tags SupportReference Quote Occurrence Note
486 5:20 v5ot rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj οἱ λοιποὶ 1 Paul is using the adjective **rest** as a noun. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Paul could be referring to **the rest** of: (1) the elders. Alternate translation: “the rest of the elders” (2) the believers. Alternate translation: “the rest of the believers”
487 5:20 ql4m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit φόβον ἔχωσιν 1 Here Paul implies that these people will **have fear** of sinning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “may have fear of themselves sinning”
488 5:20 t404 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns φόβον ἔχωσιν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **fear**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “may fear”
489 5:21 x0zp rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-oathformula διαμαρτύρομαι ἐνώπιον τοῦ Θεοῦ, καὶ Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ, καὶ τῶν ἐκλεκτῶν ἀγγέλων, ἵνα 1 Here Paul puts Timothy under oath, making him swear by **God and Christ Jesus and the chosen angels**, that he will do what Paul has written. Use a natural way in your language to express an oath. Alternate translation: “I make you swear before God and Christ Jesus and the chosen angels that” or “I require that you solemnly promise God and Christ Jesus and the chosen angels that” Here Paul could be: (1) indicating that **God and Christ Jesus and the chosen angels** know and approve what Paul has written. Alternate translation: “God and Christ Jesus and chosen angels hear and approve when I declare that” or “What I declare is authorized by God and Christ Jesus and the chosen angels. I declare that” (2) putting Timothy under oath, making him swear by **God and Christ Jesus and the chosen angels**, that he will do what Paul has written. Alternate translation: “I make you swear before God and Christ Jesus and the chosen angels that” or “I require that you solemnly promise God and Christ Jesus and the chosen angels that”
490 5:21 t7jq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive τῶν ἐκλεκτῶν ἀγγέλων 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the action, it is clear from the context that it was God. Alternate translation: “the angels God has chosen”
491 5:21 t409 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ταῦτα 1 Here, the phrase **these things** refers to the instructions that Paul has given to Timothy about how to treat elders (see [5:17–20](../05/17.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “those rules about elders”
492 5:21 t408 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet χωρὶς προκρίματος, μηδὲν ποιῶν κατὰ πρόσκλισιν 1 The terms **prejudgment** and **partiality** mean similar things. Paul is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “in a way that is completely fair to everyone”
642 6:21 t501 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing ἡ χάρις μεθ’ ὑμῶν 1 As was customary in his culture, Paul closes his letter with a blessing for Timothy and the believers with him. He implies that the **Grace** is from God. Use a form that people would recognize as a blessing in your language. Alternate translation: “May you experience kindness from God within you” or “I pray that you will have grace from God”
643 6:21 hix2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἡ χάρις μεθ’ ὑμῶν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **grace**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “May God act graciously toward you”
644 6:21 wg26 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular ὑμῶν 1 Because Paul gives this blessing to Timothy and all the believers who are with him, this is the only place in the letter where **you** is plural.
645 6:21 xiaz rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants ὑμῶν 1 Many ancient manuscripts read **you**. The ULT follows that reading. Other ancient manuscripts read “you. Amen.” If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT.

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@ -1592,7 +1592,7 @@ front:intro rm3n 0 # Introduction to Deuteronomy\n\n## Part 1: General Introd
14:29 pzwz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בִּ⁠שְׁעָרֶ֔י⁠ךָ 1 Here, the word **gates** represents the border of a town or city. Anyone who was inside the gates was part of the community. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “within your community”
14:29 xrwf rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal לְמַ֤עַן 1 Here, **so that** marks what follows as the goal or purpose of what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is the purpose.
14:29 zfp5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche יָדְ⁠ךָ֖ אֲשֶׁ֥ר תַּעֲשֶֽׂה 1 Moses is using **hand** to represent the whole person in the act of working. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “that you yourself do”
15:intro n3mh 0 # Deuteronomy 15 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\nThis chapter continues Moses’ second speech that began in chapter 4.\n\n- vv. 1-11: Rules for canceling debts every 7 years\n- vv. 12-18: Rules for fellow Israelite slaves\n- vv. 19-23: Rules for firstborn male livestock\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Israelite slaves\n\nThis chapter contains rules for owning slaves that were fellow Israelites. An Israelite might work as another Israelite’s slave to pay off debt. Instead of receiving pay, their wages would go toward their debt. The debtor would be their creditor’s property, and they could not work elsewhere. If the word “slave” would not accurately describe this practice in your culture, you could use a comparable term, such as “indentured servant” or “bondservant.” (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/servant]])\n\n## Other possible translation issues in this chapter\n\n### “You”\nWhen Moses refers to the Israelites, he uses both singular and plural forms of “you.” \n- vv. 1- : “You” is singular.\nUse pronouns that would be natural in your language for referring to a group of people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
15:intro n3mh 0 # Deuteronomy 15 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\nThis chapter continues Moses’ second speech that began in chapter 4.\n\n- vv. 1-11: Rules for canceling debts every 7 years\n- vv. 12-18: Rules for fellow Israelite slaves\n- vv. 19-23: Rules for firstborn male livestock\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Israelite slaves\n\nThis chapter contains rules for owning slaves that were fellow Israelites. An Israelite might work as another Israelite’s slave to pay off debt. Instead of receiving pay, their wages would go toward their debt. The debtor would be their creditor’s property, and they could not work elsewhere. If the word “slave” would not accurately describe this practice in your culture, you could use a comparable term, such as “indentured servant” or “bondservant.” (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/servant]])\n\n## Other possible translation issues in this chapter\n\r\n### “You”\r\n\r\nWhen Moses is addressing the Israelites, he uses the singular forms of “you.” If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]])
15:1 cd6y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מִ⁠קֵּ֥ץ שֶֽׁבַע־שָׁנִ֖ים 1 The implication is that the Israelites must obey this command once every seven years. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Every seventh year”
15:1 dqgm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative תַּעֲשֶׂ֥ה 1 See [book introduction](../front/intro.md) for more information about translating **shall**. Alternate translation: “make”
15:1 ym2l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit תַּעֲשֶׂ֥ה שְׁמִטָּֽה 1 The implication is that the **remission** is a **remission** of debts. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “you shall declare that loans do not need to be paid back”
@ -1693,7 +1693,7 @@ front:intro rm3n 0 # Introduction to Deuteronomy\n\n## Part 1: General Introd
15:22 lxt5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown כַּ⁠צְּבִ֖י 1 See how you translated this in [12:15](../12/15.md).
15:23 xsv5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast רַ֥ק 1 Moses uses the word **Only** here to indicate a strong contrast between which parts of the animals that the Israelites could and could not eat. In your translation, indicate this strong contrast in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Except”
15:23 bw7p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֶת־דָּמ֖⁠וֹ לֹ֣א תֹאכֵ֑ל עַל־הָ⁠אָ֥רֶץ תִּשְׁפְּכֶ֖⁠נּוּ כַּ⁠מָּֽיִם 1 See how you translated this in [12:16](../12/16.md).
16:intro fgs7 0 # Deuteronomy 16 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n### Outline\n- vv. 1-8: Instructions for the Festival of the Passover\n- vv. 9-12: Instructions for the Festival of the Harvest\n- vv. 13-17: Instructions for the Feast of Huts\n- vv. 18-22: Adminstration of Justice\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Feasts\n\nThis chapter gives instructions for the feasts that Yahweh commanded the Israelites to celebrate. The Passover feast represents the time when the Israelites escaped from Egypt. There are several other important festivals described in this chapter. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/passover]])\n\n## Other Potential Translation Issues in This Chapter\n\n### “You”\n\nWhen Moses is addressing the Israelites, he uses the singular forms of “you” in this chapter. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]])\n\n### “The Place Yahweh your God will choose”\n\nMoses refers to the future place where the temple will be built as “the place Yahweh your God will choose for his name to dwell there” or “the place Yahweh your God will choose it.” These phrases emphasize that Yahweh decides how and where the Israelites must worship him. The wording of these phrases might be unnatural in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “the place Yahweh your God will set his name” or “the place Yahweh your God will choose”\n(See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo]])
16:intro fgs7 0 # Deuteronomy 16 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n### Outline\n- vv. 1-8: Instructions for the Festival of the Passover\n- vv. 9-12: Instructions for the Festival of the Harvest\n- vv. 13-17: Instructions for the Feast of Huts\n- vv. 18-22: Adminstration of Justice\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Feasts\n\nThis chapter gives instructions for the feasts that Yahweh commanded the Israelites to celebrate. The Passover feast represents the time when the Israelites escaped from Egypt. There are several other important festivals described in this chapter. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/passover]])\n\n## Other Potential Translation Issues in This Chapter\n\n### “You”\n\nWhen Moses is addressing the Israelites, he uses the singular forms of “you.” If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]])\n\n### “The Place Yahweh your God will choose”\n\nMoses refers to the future place where the temple will be built as “the place Yahweh your God will choose for his name to dwell there” or “the place Yahweh your God will choose it.” These phrases emphasize that Yahweh decides how and where the Israelites must worship him. The wording of these phrases might be unnatural in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “the place Yahweh your God will set his name” or “the place Yahweh your God will choose”\n(See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo]])
16:1 byqt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שָׁמוֹר֙ 1 The implication is that the Israelites must **keep** “the month of Aviv” by celebrating the Festival of the Passover during that month. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Celebrate”
16:1 q8mq rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths אֶת־חֹ֣דֶשׁ הָ⁠אָבִ֔יב 1 **Aviv** is the first month of the Hebrew calendar and inhcludes parts of March and April on Western calendars. You could convert the Hebrew day and month into an approximate date on the calendar that your culture uses. However, the Jews used a lunar calendar, so if you use a solar calendar, the date will be different every year and the translation will not be entirely accurate. So you may just want to give the number of the day and the name of the month on the Hebrew calendar, and say in a footnote approximately what time of year that is on your calendar.
16:1 tjfz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative וְ⁠עָשִׂ֣יתָ 1 For more information about translating “shall,” see the [book introduction](../front/intro.md).
@ -1770,7 +1770,7 @@ front:intro rm3n 0 # Introduction to Deuteronomy\n\n## Part 1: General Introd
17:intro a3z4 0 # Deuteronomy 17 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n### Outline\n- v. 1: More instructions for animals for sacrifice\n- vv. 2-7: Punishments for people who worship idols\n- vv. 8-13: Instructions for difficult legal cases\n- vv. 14-20: Instructions for kings\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Witnesses\n\nIn the ancient Near East, it was common for a person to be punished by the testimony of a single person, especially if this was an important person. The rules in this chapter give protection to people, especially the poor by requiring multiple witnesses. This allowed justice to be done. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/testimony]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]])\n\n### King\n\nIsrael was not to have a king because Yahweh was their king. Knowing the sinfulness of the people, Yahweh anticipated that one day Israel would have a king. Therefore, this passage gives commands about their king prophetically. They were not allowed to collect chariots because they were a sign of earthly power and the king was to trust in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sign]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])\n\n## Other Possible Translation Issues in This Chapter\n\n### “You”\n\nWhen Moses is addressing the Israelites, he uses the singular forms of, “you” and “your.” If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]])\n\n### Generic nouns used in hypothetical conditions\n\nVerses 2-13 give examples of sins that an Israelite might commit when they live the land and instructions for deciding what should happen. In these hypothetical conditions, singular nouns like “man,” “woman,” and “judge” represent those groups of people in general, not a specific man or woman whom Moses is predicting will commit a sin. If it would be helpful in your language, you could clarify that these terms refer to any person who fulfills the hypothetical situation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]])
17:1 a78k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun שׁ֣וֹר וָ⁠שֶׂ֗ה 1 Here, **ox** and **sheep** represent those animals in general, not one specific ox or sheep. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any ox or any sheep”
17:1 lym4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֧י 1 The word translated as **for** indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “because”
17:1 fem5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns הֽוּא 1 The pronoun **it** refers to a sacrifice that has a blemish. If this is not clear for your readers, you could use the person's name here. Alternate translation: “a blemished sacrifice”
17:1 fem5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns הֽוּא 1 The pronoun **it** refers to a sacrifice that has a blemish. If this is not clear for your readers, you could repeat the phrase from earlier in the verse. Alternate translation: “a blemished sacrifice”
17:2 uan2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical כִּֽי 1 Here, **If** introduces a hypothetical situation that continues to [verse 7](../17/07.md) and instructions for the Israelites if the situation occurs. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a situation that could happen. Alternate translation: “In the case that”
17:2 ljz8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יִמָּצֵ֤א 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “there is anyone”
17:2 liy9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche בְּ⁠אַחַ֣ד שְׁעָרֶ֔י⁠ךָ 1 Here, **gates** represents the border of a town or city. Anyone who was inside the gates was part of the community. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “in any of your communities”
@ -1787,6 +1787,7 @@ front:intro rm3n 0 # Introduction to Deuteronomy\n\n## Part 1: General Introd
17:4 tk7v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַ⁠דָּבָ֔ר 1 Here, **the matter** refers to the act of an Israelite worshipping an idol. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “idol worship”
17:5 jezm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative וְ⁠הֽוֹצֵאתָ֣ 1 See [book introduction](../front/intro.md) for more information about translating **shall**.
17:5 xblp rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical וְ⁠הֽוֹצֵאתָ֣ 1 This verse gives instructions for what the Israelites should do if the hypothetical situation introduced in [verses 2-4](../17/07.md) occurs. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a situation that could happen. Alternate translation: “then, in that case, you must bring”
17:5 vjvg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go וְ⁠הֽוֹצֵאתָ֣ 1 In a context such as this, your language might say “take” instead of **bring**. Alternate translation: “then you shall take”
17:5 z7q2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo אֶת־הָ⁠אִ֣ישׁ הַ⁠ה֡וּא אוֹ֩ אֶת־הָ⁠אִשָּׁ֨ה הַ⁠הִ֜וא אֲשֶׁ֣ר עָ֠שׂוּ אֶת־הַ⁠דָּבָ֨ר הָ⁠רָ֤ע הַ⁠זֶּה֙ אֶל־שְׁעָרֶ֔י⁠ךָ אֶת־הָ⁠אִ֕ישׁ א֖וֹ אֶת־הָ⁠אִשָּׁ֑ה 1 The expression **that man or that woman who has done this evil thing to your gates, the man or the woman** contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “that man or that woman who has done this evil thing to your gates”
17:5 jmqv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֶת־הַ⁠דָּבָ֨ר הָ⁠רָ֤ע הַ⁠זֶּה֙ 1 Here, **this evil thing** refers to the act of an Israelite worshipping an idol. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “this evil of idol worship”
17:5 mstv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche אֶל־שְׁעָרֶ֔י⁠ךָ 1 Here, **gates** represents the border of a town or city. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “outside of the border of your town”
@ -1851,27 +1852,28 @@ front:intro rm3n 0 # Introduction to Deuteronomy\n\n## Part 1: General Introd
17:20 iebn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מֵֽ⁠אֶחָ֔י⁠ו 1 Here, **brothers** means “fellow Israelites.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “above his fellow Israelites”
17:20 idm3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ⁠לְ⁠בִלְתִּ֛י ס֥וּר מִן־הַ⁠מִּצְוָ֖ה יָמִ֣ין וּ⁠שְׂמֹ֑אול 1 Here, **turn aside** means to disobey or stop following. Moses is speaking of Yahweh’s commandments as if they were a path that one could walk on and disobedience as turning **right or left** from that path. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and so that he does not disobey the commandments”
17:20 sa87 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יַאֲרִ֨יךְ יָמִ֧ים עַל־מַמְלַכְתּ֛⁠וֹ 1 If the king obeys Yahweh, then he will **prolong** the **days** that he rules over **his kingdom**. Moses is speaking of time as if it were something over which man could exercise control, to prolong it. You could include this information if it would be helpful for your readers. Alternate translation: “he will reign in his kingdom for a long time”\n
18:intro u6pf 0 # Deuteronomy 18 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n### Outline\n- vv. 1-8: What the priests receive for their service\n- vv. 9-13: Warnings against pagan practices\n- vv. 14-22: Yahweh promises to send a prophet\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Levites\n\nAs Yahweh’s chosen priests, the priest were to trust in Yahweh to provide for them. He provided for them through the rest of the Israelites. Yahweh was their inheritance. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/elect]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]])\n\n### Messiah\n\nThis chapter is one of the first prophecies about the promised, coming Messiah. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])\n\n## Other Potential Translation Difficulties in This Chapter\n\n### You\n\n### Generic Nouns in Hypothetical Situations\nVerses 6-10 and 20-22 give instructions and warnings for the Israelits. In these hypothetical conditions, singular nouns like “Levite,” “maker,” and “propjet” represent those groups of people in general, not a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could clarify that these terms refer to any person who fulfills the hypothetical situation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]])
18:intro u6pf 0 # Deuteronomy 18 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n### Outline\n- vv. 1-8: What the priests receive for their service\n- vv. 9-13: Warnings against pagan practices\n- vv. 14-22: Yahweh promises to send a prophet\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Levites\n\nAs Yahweh’s chosen priests, the priest were to trust in Yahweh to provide for them. He provided for them through the rest of the Israelites. Yahweh was their inheritance. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/elect]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]])\n\n### Messiah\n\nThis chapter is one of the first prophecies about the promised, coming Messiah. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])\n\n## Other Potential Translation Difficulties in This Chapter\n\n### You\nWhen Moses is referring to all the Israelites, he uses the singular forms of “you” and “your.” If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]])\n\n### Generic Nouns in Hypothetical Situations\nVerses 6-10 and 20-22 give instructions and warnings for the Israelits. In these hypothetical conditions, singular nouns like “Levite,” “maker,” and “propjet” represent those groups of people in general, not a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could clarify that these terms refer to any person who fulfills the hypothetical situation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]])
18:1-2 jc3d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism לֹֽא־יִ֠הְיֶה לַ⁠כֹּהֲנִ֨ים הַ⁠לְוִיִּ֜ם כָּל־שֵׁ֧בֶט לֵוִ֛י חֵ֥לֶק וְ⁠נַחֲלָ֖ה עִם־יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל אִשֵּׁ֧י יְהוָ֛ה וְ⁠נַחֲלָת֖⁠וֹ יֹאכֵלֽוּ⁠ן & וְ⁠נַחֲלָ֥ה לֹא־יִֽהְיֶה־לּ֖⁠וֹ בְּ⁠קֶ֣רֶב אֶחָ֑י⁠ו יְהוָה֙ ה֣וּא נַחֲלָת֔⁠וֹ כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֖ר דִּבֶּר־לֽ⁠וֹ 1 These two verses begin with clauses that basically mean the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could rearrange the clauses in the verses to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “The priests, the Levites, all the tribe of Levi, shall have no portion nor inheritance with Israel; they shall eat the fire offerings of Yahweh as their inheritance. Yahweh is their inheritance, as he spoke to them”
18:1 itle rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לֹֽא־יִ֠הְיֶה לַ⁠כֹּהֲנִ֨ים הַ⁠לְוִיִּ֜ם כָּל־שֵׁ֧בֶט לֵוִ֛י חֵ֥לֶק וְ⁠נַחֲלָ֖ה עִם־יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל 1 The implication is that the Levites will not receive any **portion** or **inheritance** of land so that they cannot grow or raise their own food. See [Numbers 18:20](Num/18/20.md) for more information. You could include this information if it would be helpful for your readers. Alternate translation: “All the tribe of Levi will not own a portion of land”
18:1 gjsk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish לַ⁠כֹּהֲנִ֨ים הַ⁠לְוִיִּ֜ם כָּל־שֵׁ֧בֶט לֵוִ֛י 1 All **priests** come from **the tribe of Levi** and are therefore **Levites**. This does not mean that the Levites and priests are separate groups of people. Additionally, not all **Levites** of **the tribe of Levi** are **priests**. Be sure that this distinction is clear in your translation. Alternate translation: “People from the tribe of Levi who serve as priests, and the rest of the Levites”
18:1 ebhj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל 1 Here, **Israel** represents all the people of Israel. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the rest of the Israelites”
18:1 upwn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession אִשֵּׁ֧י יְהוָ֛ה 1 Here, Moses is using the possessive form to describe a **gift** that Israelites would offer to **Yahweh**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a comparable expression for describing an offering. Alternate translation: “the food that the other Israelites give in sacrifice to Yahweh”
18:2 h6ef rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֶחָ֑י⁠ו 1 Here, **brother** means “fellow Israelite,” specifically the other 11 tribes of Israel. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “text”
18:2 pd8k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יְהוָה֙ ה֣וּא נַחֲלָת֔⁠וֹ 1 Moses speaks of the honor of serving Yahweh as if the priests were receiving Yahweh himself as an **inheritance**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “instead, their inheritance is the privilege of serving Yahweh”
18:2 h6ef rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֶחָ֑י⁠ו 1 Here, **brother** means “fellow Israelite,” specifically the other 11 tribes of Israel. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “their fellow Israelites”
18:2 pd8k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יְהוָה֙ ה֣וּא נַחֲלָת֔⁠וֹ 1 Moses speaks of the honor of serving **Yahweh** as if the priests were receiving **Yahweh** himself as an **inheritance**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “instead, their inheritance is the privilege of serving Yahweh”
18:2 wgks rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דִּבֶּר 1 Here, **spoke** means “promised.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he promised”
18:3 rydf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession מִשְׁפַּ֨ט הַ⁠כֹּהֲנִ֜ים 1 Here, Moses is using the possessive form to describe an **ordinance** that benefits **the priests**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a comparable way to describe rules for priests. Alternate translation: “the provision for the priests”
18:3 q1wb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish מֵ⁠אֵ֣ת הָ⁠עָ֗ם מֵ⁠אֵ֛ת זֹבְחֵ֥י הַ⁠זֶּ֖בַח 1 Here, **the people** and **those who offer a sacrifice** are the same group of people. This does not mean “the other people who will give a sacrifice” which would imply that **the people** do not offer sacrifices. Be sure that this distinction is clear in your translation. Alternate translation: “from the sacrifices that the people offer”
18:3 xju0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַ⁠זֶּ֖בַח אִם־שׁ֣וֹר אִם־שֶׂ֑ה וְ⁠נָתַן֙ לַ⁠כֹּהֵ֔ן הַ⁠זְּרֹ֥עַ וְ⁠הַ⁠לְּחָיַ֖יִם וְ⁠הַ⁠קֵּבָֽה 1 [Leviticus 1-16](Lev/01/01.md) describes the different types of offerings and which parts the Israelites must give to the Levites. You could include this information if it would be helpful for your readers. Alternate translation: “a sacrifice that Yahweh commanded you to eat, whether an oxen or sheep: and they shall give the shoulder and the two cheeks and the innards to the priest and eat the rest”
18:3 bn85 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠הַ⁠קֵּבָֽה 1 The **innards** are the stomach and intestines of the animal. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and the internal organs”
18:4 lixq rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown גֵּ֥ז 1 A **fleece** is the hair from a sheep. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of hair, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “the hair of”
18:4 g5u8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns לּֽ⁠וֹ 1 The pronoun **him** refers to any of the Levites. If this is not clear for your readers, you could use the person's name here. Alternate translation: “to one of the Levites”
18:4 g5u8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns לּֽ⁠וֹ 1 The pronoun **him** refers to any of the Levites. If this is not clear for your readers, you could state the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “to one of the Levites”
18:5 m2oz rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֣י 1 The word translated as **For** indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “This is because”
18:5 py8r rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ב֗⁠וֹ 1 The pronoun **him** refers to Levi and all his descendants. If this is not clear for your readers, you could use the person's name here. Alternate translation: “Levi”
18:5 g5j5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּ⁠שֵׁם־יְהוָ֛ה 1 Here, **name** represents all of Yahweh: his power, presence, knowledge, and so on. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Yahweh himself”\n
18:5 myxm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ⁠בָנָ֖י⁠ו 1 Here, **sons** means “descendants.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and his descendants”
18:5 bmfw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom כָּל־הַ⁠יָּמִֽים 1 Here, **all of the days** is an idiom that means “forever.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “forever”
18:6 ojea rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical וְ⁠כִֽי 1 Moses is describing a hypothetical situation in order to tell the Israelites what they should do if it takes place. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a situation that could happen. Alternate translation: “In the case that”
18:6 k2zj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo אֲשֶׁר־ה֖וּא גָּ֣ר שָׁ֑ם 1 The expression **where he is living there** contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “where he is living”
18:6 we5s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּ⁠כָל־אַוַּ֣ת נַפְשׁ֔⁠וֹ 1 Here, **soul** represents a whole person, including their inner being, will, and desires. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he indeed desires”
18:7 p9jv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בְּ⁠שֵׁ֖ם יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהָ֑י⁠ו 1 Here, **name** represents all of Yahweh: his power, presence, knowledge, and so on. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Yahweh himself”
18:7 qyru rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֶחָי⁠ו֙ 1 Here, **brother** means “fellow tribesman.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “his fellow tribesmen”
@ -1930,7 +1932,7 @@ front:intro rm3n 0 # Introduction to Deuteronomy\n\n## Part 1: General Introd
18:22 ys2k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּ⁠זָדוֹן֙ דִּבְּר֣⁠וֹ 1 The implication is that the false prophet did not speak in the name of Yahweh. He spoke **arrogantly** by presuming to know what Yahweh wants. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “has spoken it message without my authority”
18:22 nweh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לֹ֥א תָג֖וּר מִמֶּֽ⁠נּוּ 1 The implication is that the Israelites should not **be afraid** of that prophet and not respect that prophet. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “you shall not take him seriously”
19:intro r53s 0 # Deuteronomy 19 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n### Outline\n- vv. 1-13: Cities of refuge\n- v. 14: Property lines\n- vv. 15-21: Rules against bearing false witness\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Witnesses\n\nIn the ancient Near East, it was common for a person to be punished by the testimony of a single person, especially if this was an important person. The rules in this chapter give protection to people, especially the poor by requiring multiple witnesses. This allowed justice to be done. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/testimony]])\n\n### Cities of Refuge\n\nVerses 1-13 discuss cities of refuge, which are towns to which a killer could flee. These verses address both cases where the killer accidentally kills another person, and cases where the killer plans the murder. In those times, a close family member of the deceased would be obligated to take revenge for the killing of his family member by finding and killing the manslayer. Yahweh provides protection for the killer who killed accidentally so that he will not be punished too harshly.\n(See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/refuge]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Law of retaliation\n\nThe chapter describes a famous law, often called the “law of retaliation.” It is said, an “eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot.” This does not mean a person who causes another person to lose their eye must have their own eye removed as punishment. This law is not about making all things equal. Instead, it is about limiting the punishment or the ability of a person to retaliate. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])\n\n### Generic Nouns in Hypothetical Situations\nThis chapter gives instructions and warnings for the Israelites. In these hypothetical conditions, singular nouns like “man,” “witness,” and “neighbor” represent those groups of people in general, not a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could clarify that these terms refer to any person who fulfills the hypothetical situation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]])
19:1 av28 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יַכְרִ֞ית יְהוָ֤ה אֱלֹהֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ 1 Here, **cuts off** means destroy or exterminate. Yahweh destroying the people who live in Canaan is spoken of as if he were cutting them off, as one would cut a piece of cloth or cut a branch from a tree.
19:1 av28 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יַכְרִ֞ית יְהוָ֤ה אֱלֹהֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ 1 Here, **cuts off** means destroy or exterminate. Yahweh destroying the people who live in Canaan is spoken of as if he were cutting them off, as one would cut a piece of cloth or cut a branch from a tree. Alternate translation: "Yahweh your God eliminates"
19:1 jh1z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אֶת־הַ⁠גּוֹיִ֔ם 1 Here, **the nations** represents the people groups who live in those nations. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “those people groups”
19:1 ahp2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns אֶת־אַרְצָ֑⁠ם 1 The pronoun **their** refers to the people of the “nations.” If this is not clear for your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the territory of those nations”
19:2 eteu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit תַּבְדִּ֣יל 1 See [book introduction](../front/intro.md) for more information about translating **shall**.
@ -1944,21 +1946,21 @@ front:intro rm3n 0 # Introduction to Deuteronomy\n\n## Part 1: General Introd
19:4 vaca rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בִּ⁠בְלִי־דַ֔עַת 1 Here **without knowledge** means “unintentionally.” Moses is speaking of knowledge as if it were the same thing as intention. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “unintentionally”
19:4 uvu6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠ה֛וּא לֹא־שֹׂנֵ֥א ל֖⁠וֹ מִ⁠תְּמֹ֥ל שִׁלְשֹֽׁם 1 The implication is that the killer had no reason to kill and did not plan the murder. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and he did not hate him previously before and did not plan to kill him”
19:4 traa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo מִ⁠תְּמֹ֥ל שִׁלְשֹֽׁם 1 The expression **from previous times** contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “previously”
19:5 qb1k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo וַ⁠אֲשֶׁר֩ 1 Moses is introducing an example of an accidental murder to help the Israelites understand the commands about the cities of refuge. Use a natural method in your language for introducing an imaginary situation. Alternate translation: “for example, who”
19:5 qb1k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo וַ⁠אֲשֶׁר֩ 1 Moses is introducing an example of an accidental murder to help the Israelites understand the commands about the cities of refuge. Use a natural method in your language for introducing an imaginary situation. Alternate translation: “and for example, who”
19:5 pvag rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֶת־רֵעֵ֥⁠הוּ & אֶת־רֵעֵ֖⁠הוּ 1 Here, **neighbor** means “fellow Israelite.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “with his fellow Israelite … his fellow Israelite”
19:5 n0x8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy הַ⁠בַּרְזֶל֙ 1 Here, **the iron** represents the metal part of the ax, which is the sharp part. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the blade of the ax”
19:5 kjm2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וְ⁠נָשַׁ֤ל הַ⁠בַּרְזֶל֙ מִן־הָ⁠עֵ֔ץ וּ⁠מָצָ֥א אֶת־רֵעֵ֖⁠הוּ 1 Here, Moses speaks of **the iron** part of the ax as if it were a person who could find a person. He means that the metal part of the ax hits and cuts the **neighbor**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and the iron detaches from the wood and hits his neighbor”
19:5 kjm2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וְ⁠נָשַׁ֤ל הַ⁠בַּרְזֶל֙ מִן־הָ⁠עֵ֔ץ וּ⁠מָצָ֥א אֶת־רֵעֵ֖⁠הוּ 1 Here, Moses speaks of **the iron** part of the ax as if it were a person who could find something. He means that the metal part of the ax hits and cuts the **neighbor**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and the iron detaches from the wood and hits his neighbor”
19:5 lvr0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וָ⁠מֵ֑ת ה֗וּא 1 The pronoun **he** refers to the “neighbor.” If this is not clear for your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and his neighbor dies”
19:5 wlkf rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns יָנ֛וּס 1 The pronoun **he** refers to the “killer.” If this is not clear for your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the killer shall flee”
19:5 l3mr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וָ⁠חָֽי 1 The implication is that the family members of the dead person would try to kill the manslayer, so the people of those **cities** would protect the killer so that he can **live**. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and the avenger would not be able to kill him there”
19:5 l3mr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וָ⁠חָֽי 1 The implication is that the family members of the dead person would try to kill the manslayer in revenge. The people of those **cities** would protect the killer so that he can **live**. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and the avenger would not be able to kill him there”
19:6 mr4x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo פֶּן 1 Moses is using the word **lest** to introduce a hypothetical condition as a warning for a negative consequence. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a situation that could happen. Alternate translation: “In case”
19:6 y8e5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יִרְדֹּף֩ גֹּאֵ֨ל הַ⁠דָּ֜ם אַחֲרֵ֣י הָ⁠רֹצֵ֗חַ כִּי־יֵחַם֮ לְבָב⁠וֹ֒ וְ⁠הִשִּׂיג֛⁠וֹ כִּֽי־יִרְבֶּ֥ה הַ⁠דֶּ֖רֶךְ 1 The implication is that, if there are no roads to the cities of refuge, it will be difficult for a killer to travel to a safe city. Then, the avenger of blood might overtake the killer before the killer arrives at the city. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers, as modeled by the UST.
19:6 y8e5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יִרְדֹּף֩ גֹּאֵ֨ל הַ⁠דָּ֜ם אַחֲרֵ֣י הָ⁠רֹצֵ֗חַ כִּי־יֵחַם֮ לְבָב⁠וֹ֒ וְ⁠הִשִּׂיג֛⁠וֹ כִּֽי־יִרְבֶּ֥ה הַ⁠דֶּ֖רֶךְ 1 The implication is that, if there are no roads to the cities of refuge, it will be difficult for a manslayer to travel to a safe city. Then, the avenger of blood might overtake the killer before the killer arrives at the city. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers, as modeled by the UST.
19:6 qzap rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns לְבָב⁠וֹ֒ & וְ⁠הִכָּ֣ה⁠וּ 1 The pronouns **his** and **he** refer to “the avenger of blood.” If this is not clear for your readers, you could repeat the phrase. Alternate translation: “the heart of the avenger … and the avenger strikes him”
19:6 dpt3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy יֵחַם֮ לְבָב⁠וֹ֒ 1 Here, **heart** refers to a person’s inner being and emotions. In this case, the desire is to fear Yahweh. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “his emotions are heated”\n
19:6 dpt3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy יֵחַם֮ לְבָב⁠וֹ֒ 1 Here, **heart** refers to a person’s inner being and emotions. In this case, the desire is to fear Yahweh. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “his emotions intensify”\n
19:6 p7ba rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יֵחַם֮ 1 Here, **heated** means “become angry.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “has become angry”
19:6 nbgp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠הִכָּ֣ה⁠וּ נָ֑פֶשׁ 1 The implication is that the avenger of blood murdered the killer. He harmed the killer to the point of taking his **life**. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and he kills him”
19:6 nbgp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠הִכָּ֣ה⁠וּ נָ֑פֶשׁ 1 The implication is that the avenger of blood murders the killer. He harmed the killer to the point of taking his **life**. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and he kills him”
19:6 ytbp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠הִכָּ֣ה⁠וּ 1 Here, **strike** means “injure” or “harm.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and he injures him”
19:6 z4dg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠ל⁠וֹ֙ אֵ֣ין מִשְׁפַּט־מָ֔וֶת כִּ֠י לֹ֣א שֹׂנֵ֥א ה֛וּא ל֖⁠וֹ מִ⁠תְּמ֥וֹל שִׁלְשֽׁוֹם 1 The implication is that a killer who killed accidentally does not deserve execution. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “though that man did not deserve to die since he accidentally killed the other person and was not his enemy, and he had not planned to hurt the man”
19:6 z4dg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠ל⁠וֹ֙ אֵ֣ין מִשְׁפַּט־מָ֔וֶת כִּ֠י לֹ֣א שֹׂנֵ֥א ה֛וּא ל֖⁠וֹ מִ⁠תְּמ֥וֹל שִׁלְשֽׁוֹם 1 The implication is that a killer who killed accidentally does not deserve execution. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “though that man did not deserve to die since he unintentionally killed the other person and was not his enemy, and he had not planned to hurt the man”
19:7 raqo rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר 1 Here, the word **saying** introduces direct speech. Consider natural ways of doing that in your own language.
19:7 t157 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes מְצַוְּ⁠ךָ֖ לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר שָׁלֹ֥שׁ עָרִ֖ים תַּבְדִּ֥יל לָֽ⁠ךְ 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “command you to select three cities for yourself”
19:7 vrq0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo שָׁלֹ֥שׁ עָרִ֖ים תַּבְדִּ֥יל לָֽ⁠ךְ 1 The expression **Select three cities for yourself** contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “Select three cities”
@ -1985,7 +1987,7 @@ front:intro rm3n 0 # Introduction to Deuteronomy\n\n## Part 1: General Introd
19:12 y76n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְ⁠שָֽׁלְחוּ֙ זִקְנֵ֣י עִיר֔⁠וֹ 1 Moses is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “then the elders of his city shall send a representative out”
19:12 v4zd rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns עִיר֔⁠וֹ & אֹת֖⁠וֹ & אֹת֗⁠וֹ & וָ⁠מֵֽת 1 The pronouns **him**, **he**, and **his** refer to the killer. If this is not clear for your readers, you could repeat the noun from earlier in the verse. Alternate translation: “the killer’s city … the killer … him … then the killer shall die”
19:12 dvxf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מִ⁠שָּׁ֑ם 1 Here, **there** refers to the city of refuge that the killer fled to. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “from the city of refuge”
19:12 wm9p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ⁠נָתְנ֣וּ אֹת֗⁠וֹ בְּ⁠יַ֛ד גֹּאֵ֥ל הַ⁠דָּ֖ם 1 Here, **hand** represents control. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and hand him over to the redeemer of blood”
19:12 wm9p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ⁠נָתְנ֣וּ אֹת֗⁠וֹ בְּ⁠יַ֛ד גֹּאֵ֥ל הַ⁠דָּ֖ם 1 Here, **hand** represents control. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and allow the redeemer of blood to do what he wants with him”
19:12 s6si rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וָ⁠מֵֽת 1 The implication is that “the redeemer of blood” will execute the killer. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “then the redeemer of blood shall execute him”
19:13 nzj3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לֹא־תָח֥וֹס עֵֽינְ⁠ךָ֖ עָלָ֑י⁠ו 1 Here, **Your eye shall not pity him** is an idiom that means “do not feel sorry for him.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Do not let your heart soften towards him” or “Do not have compassion on him”
19:13 bf7g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy דַֽם 1 Here, **blood** represents the responsibility for a wrongful killing such as murder. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the guilt of murdering”
@ -2003,7 +2005,7 @@ front:intro rm3n 0 # Introduction to Deuteronomy\n\n## Part 1: General Introd
19:15 b9c6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יָק֥וּם דָּבָֽר 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “may a judge hear a case”
19:16-17 xylb rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical כִּֽי־יָק֥וּם עֵד־חָמָ֖ס בְּ⁠אִ֑ישׁ לַ⁠עֲנ֥וֹת בּ֖⁠וֹ סָרָֽה & וְ⁠עָמְד֧וּ שְׁנֵֽי־הָ⁠אֲנָשִׁ֛ים אֲשֶׁר־לָ⁠הֶ֥ם הָ⁠רִ֖יב 1 Moses is describing a hypothetical situation in order to tell the Israelites what they should do if it takes place. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a situation that could happen. Alternate translation: “In the case that a false witness rises up against a man to testify falsehood against him, then the two men that have the controversy must stand”
19:16 ece2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עֵד־חָמָ֖ס 1 The implication is that the **witness** is **false** because he is accusing someone of a sin that did not happen. The **false witness** is attempting to harm that person. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “a false witness wants to cause trouble for someone and”
19:16 zqg3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom יָק֥וּם & בְּ⁠אִ֑ישׁ 1 Here, **rise up against** is an idiom that means “bring up a case against.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “bring a case against a man”
19:16 zqg3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom יָק֥וּם & בְּ⁠אִ֑ישׁ 1 Here, **rise up against** is an idiom that means “bring up a case against.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “bring a legal case against a man”
19:16 eg4n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit סָרָֽה 1 The implication is that “false witness” testifies a **falsehood** that the accused man committed a sin that deserves a punishment of death. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “a false sin”
19:17 l9ti rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שְׁנֵֽי־הָ⁠אֲנָשִׁ֛ים אֲשֶׁר־לָ⁠הֶ֥ם הָ⁠רִ֖יב 1 The implication is that the **two men** disagree about whether the accused man sinned or not. Thus, **the controversy** is about what really happened. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “the accuser and the accused who disagree about what happened”
19:17 d8nf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠עָמְד֧וּ שְׁנֵֽי־הָ⁠אֲנָשִׁ֛ים אֲשֶׁר־לָ⁠הֶ֥ם הָ⁠רִ֖יב 1 Here, **stand** means “present the case to the court and listen to their decision.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “then the two men that have the controversy shall bring their case”
@ -2022,15 +2024,18 @@ front:intro rm3n 0 # Introduction to Deuteronomy\n\n## Part 1: General Introd
19:20 lv0h כַּ⁠דָּבָ֥ר הָ⁠רָ֛ע הַ⁠זֶּ֖ה 1 Alternate translation: “such an evil thing as this”
19:21 z5fm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠לֹ֥א תָח֖וֹס עֵינֶ֑⁠ךָ 1 Here, **your eye shall not pity him** is an idiom that means “do not feel sorry for him.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And do not let your heart soften towards him” or “And do not have compassion on him”
19:21 nz4x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit נֶ֣פֶשׁ בְּ⁠נֶ֗פֶשׁ עַ֤יִן בְּ⁠עַ֨יִן֙ שֵׁ֣ן בְּ⁠שֵׁ֔ן יָ֥ד בְּ⁠יָ֖ד רֶ֥גֶל בְּ⁠רָֽגֶל 1 The implication is that the punishment for a sin must be as severe as the harm that the sinner caused. For example, if someone takes *a life** through murder, then they must lose their **life** through execution. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “someone who takes a life must lose their life, someone who gouges out an eye must lose their eye, someone who knocks out a tooth must lose a tooth, someone who cuts off a hand must lose a hand, and someone who cuts off a foot must lose a foot”
20:intro qq8m 0 # Deuteronomy 20 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s protection\nIsrael was not to worry about the power and strength of other nations. Instead, they were to trust in the power of Yahweh. He is the source of their military strength and protection. This is why a priest leads them into battle, rather than a military commander. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]])\n\n### Holy war\n\nIsrael’s conquering of the Promised Land was unique in history. It was a type of holy war and had special rules. This war was really Yahweh’s punishment against the sin of the Canaanite people. If the people were not completely destroyed, they would cause Israel to sin. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### “What man is there”\nThis phrase is used several times to introduce a rhetorical question. The questions are intended to tell the readers that Yahweh only wants soldiers who are completely dedicated to fighting for him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Excused from fighting\n\nIn ancient Israel, men were excused from fighting in battle for several different reasons. Some of these reasons are mentioned in this chapter. Apparently, needing to establish a new house, the need to harvest a field and cowardice were possible excuses. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
20:1 x89z 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues speaking to the people of Israel.
20:1 ei7a When you march out to battle against your enemies 0 Alternate translation: “When you go out to fight in a war against your enemies”
20:1 r5j1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit see horses, chariots 0 People considered an army with many horses and chariots to be very strong. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit.
20:1 ta4q he who brought you up out of the land of Egypt 0 Yahweh brought the people from Egypt to Canaan. It was common to use the word “up” to refer to traveling from Egypt to Canaan. Alternate translation: “Yahweh who led you out from the land of Egypt”
20:2 a8vr 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues speaking to the people of Israel.
20:2 qi76 speak to the people 0 Alternate translation: “speak to the soldiers of Israel”
20:3 fy5i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Do not let your hearts faint. Do not fear or tremble. Do not be afraid of them 0 These four expressions all mean the same thing and strongly emphasize that they are not to be afraid. If your language does not have four ways to express this concept, you may use less than four.
20:3 e17d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Do not let your hearts faint 0 Here “hearts” represents people’s courage. For a heart to faint is an idiom that means “Do not be afraid.” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
20:intro qq8m 0 # Deuteronomy 20 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n### Outline\n- vv. 1-20: Instructions for going to war.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s protection\nIsrael was not to worry about the power and strength of other nations. Instead, they were to trust in the power of Yahweh. He is the source of their military strength and protection. This is why a priest leads them into battle, rather than a military commander. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]])\n\n### Holy war\n\nIsrael’s conquering of the Promised Land was unique in history. It was a type of holy war and had special rules. This war was really Yahweh’s punishment against the sin of the Canaanite people. If the people were not completely destroyed, they would cause Israel to sin. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### “What man is there”\nThis phrase is used several times to introduce a rhetorical question. The questions are intended to tell the readers that Yahweh only wants soldiers who are completely dedicated to fighting for him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])\n\n##### Excused from fighting\r\n\r\nIn ancient Israel, men were excused from fighting in battle for several different reasons. Some of these reasons are mentioned in this chapter. Apparently, needing to establish a new house, the need to harvest a field and cowardice were possible excuses. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])\n\r\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n
20:1 r5j1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְֽ⁠רָאִ֜יתָ ס֤וּס וָ⁠רֶ֨כֶב֙ 1 The implication is that an army with **horses and chariots** was a very strong army, so anyone who was fighting that army would be afraid. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and see a strong army with horses and chariots”\n
20:1 e1bw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy עַ֚ם 1 Here, **people** represents the army of that people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a people whose army is”
20:1 raez rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns מֵ⁠הֶ֑ם 1 The pronoun **them** refers to the army of the people group. If this is not clear for your readers, you could use the person's name here. Alternate translation: “their army”
20:1 ta4q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הַ⁠מַּֽעַלְ⁠ךָ֖ מֵ⁠אֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם 1 Here Moses is speaking of Yahweh bringing the Israelites out of Egypt as if Yahweh were raising the people up. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “who brought you from the land of Egypt”
20:2 i3vl rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases וְ⁠הָיָ֕ה 1 Moses is using the word translated **And it will be** to introduce a commandment. Use a word, phrase, or other method in your language that is natural for introducing a command. Alternate translation: “And it must be”
20:2 chhe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative וְ⁠נִגַּ֥שׁ הַ⁠כֹּהֵ֖ן 1 For more information about translating **shall**, see [book introduction](../front/intro.md).
20:2 qi76 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy הָ⁠עָֽם 1 Here, **the people** represents the army of Israel. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the fighting men”
20:3 oqo2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל 1 Here, **Israel** represents the fighting men of Israel. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “soldiers of Israel”
20:3 fy5i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אַל־יֵרַ֣ךְ לְבַבְ⁠כֶ֗ם אַל־תִּֽירְא֧וּ וְ⁠אַֽל־תַּחְפְּז֛וּ וְ⁠אַל־תַּֽעַרְצ֖וּ מִ⁠פְּנֵי⁠הֶֽם 1 These phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “You shall not soften your hearts. Indeed, you shall not fear or panic or be terrified of them”
20:3 i1rl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אַל־יֵרַ֣ךְ לְבַבְ⁠כֶ֗ם 1 Here, **soften your hearts** is an idiom that means “be afraid.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “You shall not be afraid”
20:4 gx63 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֚י 1 The word translated as **for** indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “for the reason that”
20:4 mdt8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Yahweh your God is the one who is going with you to fight for you against your enemies 0 Yahweh defeating the enemies of the people of Israel is spoken of as if Yahweh were a warrior who would fight along with the people of Israel.
20:4 fvb1 to save you 0 Alternate translation: “to give you victory”
20:5 dxx2 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses says what the army officers must say to the people of Israel before a battle.

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front:intro syt5 0 # Introduction to Joshua\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of the Book of Joshua\n\n1. Conquest of the land of Canaan (1:1–12:24)\n * Preparation for conquest; spies; crossing the Jordan River (1:1–5:1)\n * Ceremonies at Gilgal; conquest of Jericho and Ai (5:2–8:29)\n * The covenant affirmed at Shechem (8:30–35)\n * Southern and central campaigns; northern campaigns (9:1–12:24)\n1. Settlement in the Promised Land; division of the land (13:1–22:34)\n1. Joshua’s final days (23:1–24:33)\n\n### What is the Book of Joshua about?\n\nThe Book of Joshua is about the Israelites entering and occupying the Promised Land. Joshua was the leader that replaced Moses. He led the Israelites as they fought the people living in the Promised Land. This book also tells how the Israelites divided the land among the twelve tribes. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nThis book traditionally has the title “Joshua” because Joshua leads the people of Israel after Moses dies. Translators may create a title such as “The Book About When Joshua Led Israel.” Translators should avoid a title that suggests Joshua as the writer of the book.\n\n### Who wrote the Book of Joshua?\n\nThe book does not tell who wrote it. However, some verses in the book indicate that Joshua may have written at least part of it. Since ancient times, Jews have thought that Joshua wrote most of the book.\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### How does the Book of Joshua present the cause of historical events?\n\nIn the ancient Near East, people assumed that gods caused world events to happen in a certain way. The Book of Joshua has some similarities with this view, but there are important differences. The events in the Book of Joshua occurred because Yahweh promised the Israelites that he would give them the Promised Land. What happened also depended on whether or not the Israelites obeyed Yahweh.\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### What does the phrase “to this day” mean?\n\nThis phrase was used by the writer to refer to the time when he was writing. The translator should be aware that “to this day” refers to a time already passed. He must avoid giving the impression to readers that “to this day” means “to the present day.” The translator might decide to say “to this day, at the time when this was being written,” or “to this day, at the time of writing.” This Hebrew phrase occurs in Joshua 4:9; 6:25; 7:26; 8:28, 29; 10:27; 13:13; 14:14; 15:63; 16:10.\n\n### What does the phrase “all Israel” mean?\n\nThis phrase appears many times in the Book of Joshua, but it does not always mean every person in the nation of Israel. At times it means the Israelite army. At other times it means the representatives of the twelve tribes of Israel. In still other passages, it probably means a large number of the people in the nation of Israel.\n\n### When should Joshua be translated?\n\nThe Book of Joshua should probably not be translated before Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. This is because the historical events of Joshua will not be understood without the information in these previous books.
1:intro r7gc 0 # Joshua 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter appears to be a natural continuation of the book of Deuteronomy.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Be strong and Courageous\n\nJoshua is often told, “Be strong and courageous.” This repeated encouragement is on purpose and may indicate Joshua will need help in the future.
1:1 s8u5 יְהוָ֑ה 1 This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this.
1:1 eka2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names נ֔וּן 1 Joshua’s father
1:2 le23 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom עֲבֹ֜ר אֶת־הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּ֣ן הַ⁠זֶּ֗ה 1 To “cross over” means “go to the opposite bank of the river.” Alternate translation: “travel from this side to the opposite side of the Jordan”
1:2 vix4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you אַתָּה֙ וְ⁠כָל־הָ⁠עָ֣ם הַ⁠זֶּ֔ה 1 The word “you” here refers to Joshua.
1:3 v1l7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture כָּל־מָק֗וֹם אֲשֶׁ֨ר תִּדְרֹ֧ךְ כַּֽף־רַגְלְ⁠כֶ֛ם בּ֖⁠וֹ לָ⁠כֶ֣ם נְתַתִּ֑י⁠ו 1 God giving the land to the Israelites in the future is spoken of as if he gave it to them in the past. This emphasizes that he will certainly give it to them. Alternate translation: “I will give to you every place”
1:3 xjc9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you בּ֖⁠וֹ לָ⁠כֶ֣ם נְתַתִּ֑י⁠ו 1 The word “you” refers to both Joshua and the nation of Israel.
1:3 t94e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom כָּל־מָק֗וֹם אֲשֶׁ֨ר תִּדְרֹ֧ךְ כַּֽף־רַגְלְ⁠כֶ֛ם 1 This refers to all the places Joshua and the Israelites will travel when they cross the Jordan River. Alternate translation: “everywhere you go in this land”
1:4 nbe3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you גְּבוּלְ⁠כֶֽם 1 The word “your” refers to the tribes of Israel and not only Joshua.
1:5 w48w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you יִתְיַצֵּ֥ב & לְ⁠פָנֶ֔י⁠ךָ 1 In verse 5 the words “you” and “your” refer to Joshua.
1:intro r7gc 0 # Joshua 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter appears to be a natural continuation of the book of Deuteronomy.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Be strong and Courageous\n\nJoshua is often told, “Be strong and courageous.” This repeated encouragement is on purpose and may indicate Joshua will need help in the future.\n\n### The settling of the the Promised Land by the people of Israel\n\nJoshua [1:12-15](../01/12.md) records that the tribes of Reuben, Gad, and half of the tribe of Manasseh settled on the east side of the Jordan River but that God required the fighting men from these three tribes to accompany the rest of the Israelites to the west side of the Jordan River and help them fight against the people who lived in the land.
1:1 s8u5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מ֥וֹת מֹשֶׁ֖ה עֶ֣בֶד יְהוָ֑ה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **death**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “Yahweh’s servant died”
1:1 eka2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names נ֔וּן 1 The word **Nun** is the name of Joshua’s father.
1:2 le23 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עֲבֹ֜ר אֶת־הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּ֣ן הַ⁠זֶּ֗ה 1 Here, the phrase **cross over this Jordan** means “go to the opposite bank of the Jordan River.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “travel from this side to the opposite side of the Jordan River”
1:2 xugz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לָ⁠הֶ֖ם לִ⁠בְנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל 1 The phrase **the sons of Israel** is used with the phrase **to them** to add emphasis. It is not making a distinction between **the sons of Israel** and the word **them**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could combine these two phrase into one phrase as modeled by the UST.
1:2 o0hj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לִ⁠בְנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל 1 Here, **sons** means “descendants.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to the offspring of Israel” or “to the descendants of Israel”
1:2 ragw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לִ⁠בְנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל 1 Joshua is one of the **sons of Israel** If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate explicitly that Joshua is included in this promise. Alternate translation: “to you and the rest of the sons of Israel” or “to you and all the descendants of Israel”
1:3 t94e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche כָּל־מָק֗וֹם אֲשֶׁ֨ר תִּדְרֹ֧ךְ כַּֽף־רַגְלְ⁠כֶ֛ם בּ֖⁠וֹ 1 Yahweh is using **the sole of your foot** to represent the people of Israel themselves. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Every place that you will tread upon”
1:3 xjc9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular רַגְלְ⁠כֶ֛ם…לָ⁠כֶ֣ם 1 Here, the words **your** and **you** are plural and refer to Joshua and all the other Israelite people.
1:3 v1l7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture לָ⁠כֶ֣ם נְתַתִּ֑י⁠ו 1 Yahweh is using the past tense in order to refer to something that he will do in the future. He is doing this to show that the event will certainly happen. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use the future tense. Alternate translation: “I will give it to you” or “I will certainly give it to you”
1:4 xqnb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish וְֽ⁠עַד־הַ⁠נָּהָ֧ר הַ⁠גָּד֣וֹל נְהַר־פְּרָ֗ת 1 The phrase **the great river** gives us further information about **the Euphrates River**. It is not making a distinction between a river that is great and one that is not great. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the relationship between these phrases clearer. Alternate translation: “the great Euphrates River”
1:4 nffx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַ⁠יָּ֥ם הַ⁠גָּד֖וֹל 1 Here, the phrase **the great sea** refers to the Mediterranean Sea. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly as modeled by the UST.
1:4 nbe3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular גְּבוּלְ⁠כֶֽם 1 Here, the word **your** is plural and refers to the tribes of Israel and includes Joshua.
1:5 l58e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לֹֽא…אִישׁ֙ 1 Here, the phrase **No man** means “No people group” or “No nation.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “No nation”
1:5 rk2g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יִתְיַצֵּ֥ב 1 The phrase **stand against** is a Hebrew expression that means “resist” or “withstand”. If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent expression or use plain language. Alternate translation: “will be able to resist”
1:5 qg7u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 1
1:5 w48w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular לְ⁠פָנֶ֔י⁠ךָ…חַיֶּ֑י⁠ךָ…עִמָּ֔⁠ךְ…אַרְפְּ⁠ךָ֖…אֶעֶזְבֶֽ⁠ךָּ 1 In this verse every occurrence of the words **you** and **your** are singular and refer to Joshua.
1:5 iq2e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet לֹ֥א אַרְפְּ⁠ךָ֖ וְ⁠לֹ֥א אֶעֶזְבֶֽ⁠ךָּ 1 The words “abandon” and “leave” mean basically the same thing. Yahweh combines them to emphasize that he will not do these things. Alternate translation: “I will certainly stay with you always” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
1:6 a5yc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative 0 # General Information:\n\nYahweh gives Joshua a series of commands.
1:6 gn34 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative חֲזַ֖ק וֶ⁠אֱמָ֑ץ 1 Yahweh commands Joshua to overcome his fears with courage.
1:7 db9m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative אַל־תָּס֥וּר מִמֶּ֖⁠נּוּ יָמִ֣ין וּ⁠שְׂמֹ֑אול 1 This can be stated as a positive command. Alternate translation: “Follow it exactly” or “Follow them exactly”
1:7 jy5x תַּשְׂכִּ֔יל 1 Alternate translation: “achieve your goal” or “reach your goal”
1:8 lcs7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet תַּצְלִ֥יחַ אֶת־דְּרָכֶ֖⁠ךָ וְ⁠אָ֥ז תַּשְׂכִּֽיל 1 These two words mean basically the same thing and emphasize great prosperity.
1:9 vt4l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲ⁠ל֤וֹא צִוִּיתִ֨י⁠ךָ֙ 1 This refers to Yahweh commanding Joshua. Alternate translation: “I have commanded you!”
1:9 fnz8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative חֲזַ֣ק וֶ⁠אֱמָ֔ץ 1 Yahweh is commanding Joshua.
1:10 b59x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הָ⁠עָ֖ם 1 This refers to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel”
1:11 f3rg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes עִבְר֣וּ׀ בְּ⁠קֶ֣רֶב הַֽ⁠מַּחֲנֶ֗ה וְ⁠צַוּ֤וּ אֶת־הָ⁠עָם֙ לֵ⁠אמֹ֔ר הָכִ֥ינוּ לָ⁠כֶ֖ם צֵידָ֑ה כִּ֞י בְּ⁠ע֣וֹד׀ שְׁלֹ֣שֶׁת יָמִ֗ים אַתֶּם֙ עֹֽבְרִים֙ אֶת־הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּ֣ן הַ⁠זֶּ֔ה לָ⁠בוֹא֙ לָ⁠רֶ֣שֶׁת אֶת־הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ אֲשֶׁר֙ יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹֽהֵי⁠כֶ֔ם נֹתֵ֥ן לָ⁠כֶ֖ם לְ⁠רִשְׁתָּֽ⁠הּ 1 Embedded quotes can be expressed as indirect quotes. Alternate translation: “Go through the camp and command the people to prepare provisions for themselves. In three days they will cross over this Jordan and go in and possess the land that Yahweh their God is giving them to possess.”
1:11 ck8h בְּ⁠ע֣וֹד׀ שְׁלֹ֣שֶׁת יָמִ֗ים 1 Here Joshua was counting his present day as day one. Alternate translation: “Two days from now” or “On the day after tomorrow”
1:11 wg1e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom עֹֽבְרִים֙ אֶת־הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּ֣ן 1 “cross over” refers to going to the opposite side of the river. Alternate translation: “travel to the other side of the Jordan River”
1:12 uji6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 # General Information:\n\nThe tribes of Reuben, Gad and half of the tribe of Manasseh chose to settle east of the Jordan River.
1:12 fx7h rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וְ⁠לָ⁠רֽאוּבֵנִי֙ 1 These were the descendants of Reuben.
1:12 z8vh rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וְ⁠לַ⁠גָּדִ֔י 1 These were the decendants of Gad.
1:14 tf68 טַפְּ⁠כֶם֮ 1 Alternate translation: “your little children”
1:14 fb4d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בְּ⁠עֵ֣בֶר הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּ֑ן 1 This refers to the east side of the Jordan River. Later most of the Israelites would live west of the Jordan, so they called the east side “beyond the Jordan.” But at this time they were all still on the east side. Alternate translation: “east of the Jordan River”
1:15 b5yt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אֲשֶׁר־יָנִ֨יחַ & לַֽ⁠אֲחֵי⁠כֶם֮ 1 This refers to Israel defeating all their enemies residing in Canaan that they were to conquer.
1:15 g4ez וְ⁠שַׁבְתֶּ֞ם לְ⁠אֶ֤רֶץ יְרֻשַּׁתְ⁠כֶם֙ וִֽ⁠ירִשְׁתֶּ֣ם 1 This refers to living out their life on the land in peace.
1:15 rrj2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בְּ⁠עֵ֥בֶר הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּ֖ן מִזְרַ֥ח הַ⁠שָּֽׁמֶשׁ 1 This refers to the east side of the Jordan river.
1:16 c7t9 0 # General Information:\n\nThese Isrelites were specifically the Reubenites, Gadites, and the half tribe of Manasseh that replied to Joshua.
1:18 rel4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism יַמְרֶ֣ה אֶת־פִּ֗י⁠ךָ וְ⁠לֹֽא־יִשְׁמַ֧ע אֶת־דְּבָרֶ֛י⁠ךָ 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that any form of disobedience will be punished.
1:18 lbc3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יוּמָ֑ת 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “we will put to death”
1:18 zez7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism חֲזַ֥ק וֶ⁠אֱמָֽץ 1 Israel and God considered both traits important for Joshua to pursue as their leader.
1:6 a5yc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet חֲזַ֖ק וֶ⁠אֱמָ֑ץ 1 The phrases **Be strong** and **be courageous** mean similar things. The author is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “Be very courageous”
1:6 gn34 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לַ⁠אֲבוֹתָ֖⁠ם 1 Here, **fathers** means “ancestors” and refers specifically to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to their forefathers” or “to their forefathers Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob”
1:7 xle4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet חֲזַ֨ק וֶֽ⁠אֱמַ֜ץ מְאֹ֗ד 1 These are the exact same phrases that occurred in the previous verse except here the word **very** is added for increased emphasis. See how you translated the words “Be strong and be courageous” in the previous verse.
1:7 vwe1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal חֲזַ֨ק וֶֽ⁠אֱמַ֜ץ מְאֹ֗ד לִ⁠שְׁמֹ֤ר לַ⁠עֲשׂוֹת֙ 1 Here, the first use of the word **to** shows that **do according to all the law that Moses…commanded** is the goal or purpsoe of the command to **be strong and courageous**. Yahweh wanted Joshua to **be strong and be very courageous** so that he would obey the law of Moses. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is the purpose. Alternate translation: “be strong and be very courageous, in order that you are careful to do” or “be strong and be very courageous, so that you can be careful to do”
1:7-9 k618 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular צִוְּ⁠ךָ֙…תַּשְׂכִּ֔יל…תֵּלֵֽךְ…מִ⁠פִּ֗י⁠ךָ וְ⁠הָגִ֤יתָ…תִּשְׁמֹ֣ר…תַּצְלִ֥יחַ אֶת־דְּרָכֶ֖⁠ךָ…תַּשְׂכִּֽיל…צִוִּיתִ֨י⁠ךָ֙…עִמְּ⁠ךָ֙ יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֶ֔י⁠ךָ בְּ⁠כֹ֖ל אֲשֶׁ֥ר תֵּלֵֽךְ 1 Every use of the words **your** and **you** in these three verses are singular and refer to Joshua.
1:7 fi6s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אַל־תָּס֥וּר מִמֶּ֖⁠נּוּ 1 Here, to **turn aside from** means “stop obeying.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “Do not stop obeying it”
1:7 db9m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom יָמִ֣ין וּ⁠שְׂמֹ֑אול 1 The phrase **to the right or to the left** is an idiom that means that Joshua must not stop obeying any part of the law of Moses. If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “follow it exactly” or “obey all of the law”
1:7 pust rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal אַל־תָּס֥וּר מִמֶּ֖⁠נּוּ יָמִ֣ין וּ⁠שְׂמֹ֑אול לְמַ֣עַן תַּשְׂכִּ֔יל בְּ⁠כֹ֖ל אֲשֶׁ֥ר תֵּלֵֽךְ 1 Here, **so that** marks **you may succeed in every place where you go** as the goal or purpose of **Do not turn aside from it to the right or to the left**. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is the purpose.
1:8 g4qg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לֹֽא־יָמ֡וּשׁ סֵפֶר֩ הַ⁠תּוֹרָ֨ה הַ⁠זֶּ֜ה מִ⁠פִּ֗י⁠ךָ 1 The phrase **shall not depart from your mouth** means that Joshua must read the **book of the law**, both alone and to the people of Israel. Jewish people read out loud, even when reading alone, so the command that the **book of the law…not depart from your mouth** is a command to read the **book of the law**. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate explicitly that this command refers to reading the **book of the law**. Alternate translation: “You shall not stop reading this book of the law”
1:8 vu2t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism יוֹמָ֣ם וָ⁠לַ֔יְלָה 1 Here, **day and night** is referring to all the time by naming major time components. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “round-the-clock” or “all the time”
1:8 m25g rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal וְ⁠הָגִ֤יתָ בּ⁠וֹ֙ יוֹמָ֣ם וָ⁠לַ֔יְלָה לְמַ֨עַן֙ תִּשְׁמֹ֣ר לַ⁠עֲשׂ֔וֹת כְּ⁠כָל־הַ⁠כָּת֖וּב בּ֑⁠וֹ 1 Here, **so that** marks **be careful to do according to all that is written in it** as the goal or purpose of meditating on the **book of the law…day and night**. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is the purpose.
1:8 ennq rc://*/ta/man/translate/ grammar-connect-words-phrases תִּשְׁמֹ֣ר לַ⁠עֲשׂ֔וֹת כְּ⁠כָל־הַ⁠כָּת֖וּב בּ֑⁠וֹ כִּי־אָ֛ז תַּצְלִ֥יחַ אֶת־דְּרָכֶ֖⁠ךָ וְ⁠אָ֥ז תַּשְׂכִּֽיל 1 Here, the phrase **For then** introduces the result if Joshua and the Israelites are **careful to do according to all this is written in** the law of Moses. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is introducing the result of carefully obeying the law of Moses.
1:8 lcs7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet תַּצְלִ֥יחַ אֶת־דְּרָכֶ֖⁠ךָ וְ⁠אָ֥ז תַּשְׂכִּֽיל 1 The terms **prosperous** and **succeed** mean similar things. The author is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “you will make your ways prosperous” or “you will succeed”
1:9 vt4l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲ⁠ל֤וֹא צִוִּיתִ֨י⁠ךָ֙ 1 The author is not asking for information, but is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate these words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way as modeled by the Alternate translation: “I have commanded you!” or “Surely I have commanded you!”
1:9 fnz8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet חֲזַ֣ק וֶ⁠אֱמָ֔ץ 1 See how you translated **Be strong and be courageous** in [1:6](../01/06.md).
1:9 f8qm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person יְהוָ֣ה 1 Here Yahweh speaks about himself in the third person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use the first person as modeled by the UST.
1:11 ck8h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּ⁠ע֣וֹד׀ שְׁלֹ֣שֶׁת יָמִ֗ים 1 Here Joshua was counting the current day as day one. This was the way that Jewish people counted days. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “in two days from now” or “on the day after tomorrow”
1:11 wg1e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom עֹֽבְרִים֙ אֶת־הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּ֣ן הַ⁠זֶּ֔ה 1 Here, **cross over** refers to going to the opposite side of the river. Alternate translation: “will be about to travel to the other side of this Jordan”
1:11 f3rg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes 1 Embedded quotes can be expressed as indirect quotes. Alternate translation: “Go through the camp and command the people to prepare provisions for themselves. In three days they will cross over this Jordan and go in and possess the land that Yahweh their God is giving them to possess.”
1:13 dgxd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit זָכוֹר֙ אֶת־הַ⁠דָּבָ֔ר אֲשֶׁ֨ר 1 Joshua did not think that the people from these three tribes had forgotten what Moses had instructed them. Rather, he is using the word **Remember** to cause them to pay attention to what he is going to say next. If you would not use the word **Remember** for this purpose you could use an equivalent expression or indicate the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “You know the word that” or “You remember the word that” or “Keep in mind the word that”
1:13 ylv8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אֶת־הַ⁠דָּבָ֔ר 1 Here, **word** represents what Moses had said to Joshua using words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the instructions” or “the words”
1:13 jquc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular אֶתְ⁠כֶ֛ם…אֱלֹהֵי⁠כֶם֙…לָ⁠כֶ֔ם…לָ⁠כֶ֖ם 1 Every occurrence of the words **your** and **you** in this verse are plural and refer to Joshua and the Israelites.
1:13 l5qn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מֵנִ֣יחַ לָ⁠כֶ֔ם 1 The phrase **give rest** is an idiom that refers to living peacefully and settling down in the land after Israel defeated its enemies. If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “cause you to live peacefully”
1:14 tf68 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit טַפְּ⁠כֶם֮ 1 Here, the phrase **little ones** refers to little chlidren. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly as modeled by the UST.
1:14 vefn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּ⁠מִקְנֵי⁠כֶם֒ 1 Here, the word translated as **livestock** refers to cows, sheep, and goats. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “and your cows and sheep and goats”
1:14 d575 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לַֽ⁠אֲחֵי⁠כֶם֮ 1 Here, the word **brothers** means “fellow Israelites” and refers to the Israelites from the other tribes of Israel. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “to your fellow Israelites”
1:14 rk3h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בּוֹרֵ֣י הַ⁠חַ֔יִל 1 The phrase **the mighty men of valor** refers to the men who were fighting age, over 20 years old. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the men of fighting age”
1:15 b5yt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אֲשֶׁר־יָנִ֨יחַ & לַֽ⁠אֲחֵי⁠כֶם֮ 1 The phrase **gives rest** refers to living peacefully and settling down in the land after Israel defeated its enemies. It has the same meaning as the phrase **give rest** in [1:13](../01/13.md). See how you translated that phrase there.
1:15 f85b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לַֽ⁠אֲחֵי⁠כֶם֮ 1 See how you translated the word **brothers** in the previous verse where it is used with the same meaning.
1:18 zhz1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations כָּל־אִ֞ישׁ 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, the Reubenites, the Gadites, and the half-tribe of Manasseh are using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “Every person”
1:18 rel4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism כָּל־אִ֞ישׁ אֲשֶׁר־יַמְרֶ֣ה אֶת־פִּ֗י⁠ךָ וְ⁠לֹֽא־יִשְׁמַ֧ע אֶת־דְּבָרֶ֛י⁠ךָ לְ⁠כֹ֥ל אֲשֶׁר־תְּצַוֶּ֖⁠נּוּ יוּמָ֑ת 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that any form of disobedience will be punished. The phrase **rebels against your mouth** and the phrase **will not hear your words** mean basically the same thing. The Reubenites, the Gadites, and the half-tribe of Manasseh are the same thing twice, in slightly different ways, to emphasize that they will **put to death** anyone who rebels against what Joshua commands. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one and show the emphasis in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “We will surely put to death every man who rebels against what you instruct us to do”
1:18 mxi0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom יַמְרֶ֣ה אֶת־פִּ֗י⁠ךָ וְ⁠לֹֽא־יִשְׁמַ֧ע אֶת־דְּבָרֶ֛י⁠ךָ 1 The speakers are using the words **mouth** and **words** and associating them with the instructions or commands that Joshua would speak with his **mouth** using **words**. If your readers would not understand this, you could use equivalent expressions or use plain language. Alternate translation: “rebels against your commands and will not hear your instructions”
1:18 lbc3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יוּמָ֑ת 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, the context implies indicates that the Reubenites, the Gadites, and the half-tribe of Manasseh will do it. Alternate translation: “we will put to death”
1:18 m66s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns יוּמָ֑ת 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **death**, you could express the same idea with an active verb or in some other way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “we will kill”
1:18 zez7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet חֲזַ֥ק וֶ⁠אֱמָֽץ 1 See how you translated the phrase **be strong and be courageous** in [1:6](../01/06.md).
2:intro vg4m 0 # Joshua 2 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter begins the story of the conquest of the Promised Land. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Rahab’s faith\n\nRahab expressed her faith in Yahweh. The statement “for Yahweh your God, he is God in heaven above and on the earth below” is a recognition of her faith. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Metaphor\n\nThe Israelites were to completely destroy the evil Canaanites. They are compared to melting snow: “ … melting away because of us.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])
2:1 ig8n rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names נ֠וּן 1 This is Joshua’s father.
2:1 w886 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הַ⁠שִּׁטִּ֞ים 1 This is the name of a place on the east side of the Jordan River. It means “Acacia Trees.”
2:1 z78b מְרַגְּלִים֙ 1 These men were to visit the land to gain information on how Israel should conquer the land.
2:4 k613 0 # General Information:\n\nRahab the prostitute protects the two Israelite spies from harm.
2:4 l15y וַ⁠תִּקַּ֧ח הָֽ⁠אִשָּׁ֛ה אֶת־שְׁנֵ֥י הָ⁠אֲנָשִׁ֖ים וַֽ⁠תִּצְפְּנ֑⁠וֹ 1 This happened before the king’s messenger spoke to her.
2:4 am3m הָֽ⁠אִשָּׁ֛ה 1 This refers to Rahab, the prostitute.
2:5 j3x6 בַּ⁠חֹ֨שֶׁךְ֙ 1 This is the time that day begins to change to the darkness of night.
2:6 l5zb rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background וְ⁠הִ֖יא הֶעֱלָ֣תַ⁠ם הַ⁠גָּ֑גָ⁠ה וַֽ⁠תִּטְמְנֵ⁠ם֙ בְּ⁠פִשְׁתֵּ֣י הָ⁠עֵ֔ץ הָ⁠עֲרֻכ֥וֹת לָ֖⁠הּ עַל־הַ⁠גָּֽג 1 This is background information and explains how she had hidden the men in [Joshua 2:4](../02/04.md).
2:6 st56 הַ⁠גָּ֑גָ⁠ה 1 The roof was flat and strong, so people could walk around on it.
2:6 b99c בְּ⁠פִשְׁתֵּ֣י 1 a plant that is grown for its fibers, which is used in making cloth
2:7 kdj3 וְ⁠הָ⁠אֲנָשִׁ֗ים רָדְפ֤וּ אַֽחֲרֵי⁠הֶם֙ 1 The men pursued the spies because of what Rahab had told them in [Joshua 2:5](../02/05.md).
2:7 p4sx הַֽ⁠מַּעְבְּר֑וֹת 1 places where a river or other body of water is shallow enough for people to get to the other side by walking through it
2:8 ds5e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom טֶ֣רֶם יִשְׁכָּב֑וּ⁠ן 1 This refers to going to sleep for the night.
2:9 t8zy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you יָדַ֕עְתִּי כִּֽי־נָתַ֧ן יְהוָ֛ה לָ⁠כֶ֖ם אֶת־הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ 1 The word “you” refers to the all the Israelite people.
2:9 xr6a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נָפְלָ֤ה אֵֽימַתְ⁠כֶם֙ עָלֵ֔י⁠נוּ 1 Becoming afraid is spoken of as if feat came and attacked them. Alternate translation: “we have become afraid of you”
2:9 u74z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נָמֹ֛גוּ & מִ⁠פְּנֵי⁠כֶֽם 1 This compares the fearful people to ice melting and flowing away. This could mean: (1) they will be weak in the Israelites’ presence or (2) they will be scattered. Alternate translation: “will be so afraid that they will not resist you”
2:10 bcm2 יַם־סוּף֙ 1 This is another name for the Red Sea.
2:10 c6i6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names לְ⁠סִיחֹ֣ן וּ⁠לְ⁠ע֔וֹג 1 These are the names of the Amorite kings.
2:11 qx6v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet וַ⁠יִּמַּ֣ס לְבָבֵ֔⁠נוּ וְ⁠לֹא־קָ֨מָה ע֥וֹד ר֛וּחַ בְּ⁠אִ֖ישׁ 1 These two phrases share similar meanings, combined for emphasis. The phrase “our hearts melted” compares the hearts of the fearful people of Jericho to ice melting and flowing away. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2:12 nmi4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism הִשָּֽׁבְעוּ־נָ֥א לִ⁠י֙ & וּ⁠נְתַתֶּ֥ם לִ֖⁠י א֥וֹת אֱמֶֽת 1 These are similar statements of Rahab seeking assurance from the spies.
2:12 nh3t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you עָשִׂ֥יתִי עִמָּ⁠כֶ֖ם חָ֑סֶד 1 The word “you” refers to the two spies.
2:13 m6i6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism וְ⁠הַחֲיִתֶ֞ם אֶת־ & וְ⁠הִצַּלְתֶּ֥ם אֶת־נַפְשֹׁתֵ֖י⁠נוּ מִ⁠מָּֽוֶת 1 a polite way of saying “do not to kill us”
2:14 ji8q 0 # General Information:\n\nThe Israelite spies make the promise which Rahab asked for in [Joshua 2:12](../02/12.md)
2:14 yb7i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom נַפְשֵׁ֤⁠נוּ תַחְתֵּי⁠כֶם֙ לָ⁠מ֔וּת 1 This idiom is a way of swearing and asking God to curse them if they do not keep their promise. Alternate translation: “If we do not do what we promise, may Yahweh cause us to die”
2:15 b3dr 0 # General Information:\n\nThe Israelite spies continue to talk to Rahab.
2:1 ig8n rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names נ֠וּן 1 See how you translated this name in [1:1](../01/01.md).
2:1 w886 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הַ⁠שִּׁטִּ֞ים 1 This is the name of a place on the east side of the Jordan River. It means “acacia trees.”
2:1 z78b rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names רָחָ֖ב 1 **Rahab** is the name of a woman.
2:2 y177 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וַ⁠יֵּ֣אָמַ֔ר לְ⁠מֶ֥לֶךְ יְרִיח֖וֹ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, the context does not indicate who did it but it can be implied that it was a person. Alternate translation: “And someone said to the king of Jericho”
2:2 rlef rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations מִ⁠בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל 1 Although the term **sons** is masculine, the person speaking to the king is using the word here in a generic sense that includes both men and women. The word **sons** here, refers to both men and women who are descendants of Israel. Alternate translation: “from the descendants of Israel”
2:3 apx4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names רָחָ֖ב 1 See how you translated the name **Rahab** in the previous verse.
2:3 xz7u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go הַ⁠בָּאִ֤ים אֵלַ֨יִ⁠ךְ֙ אֲשֶׁר־בָּ֣אוּ לְ⁠בֵיתֵ֔⁠ךְ 1 Your language may say “going” and “went” rather than **coming** and **came** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “the ones going to you who went to your house”
2:5 ty4v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וַ⁠יְהִ֨י הַ⁠שַּׁ֜עַר לִ⁠סְגּ֗וֹר 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action you can indicate that “men” did it. Alternate translation: “And men shut the gate”
2:5 o0r3 תַשִּׂיגֽוּ⁠ם 1 The word the ULT translates as **you may overtake them** could refer to an event that is: (1) a possibility. Alternate translation: “perhaps you can overtake them” (2) in the future. Alternate translation: “you will overtake them”
2:6 l5zb rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background וְ⁠הִ֖יא הֶעֱלָ֣תַ⁠ם הַ⁠גָּ֑גָ⁠ה וַֽ⁠תִּטְמְנֵ⁠ם֙ בְּ⁠פִשְׁתֵּ֣י הָ⁠עֵ֔ץ הָ⁠עֲרֻכ֥וֹת לָ֖⁠הּ עַל־הַ⁠גָּֽג 1 The author is providing this background information to explain how Rahab had hidden the men in [2:4](../02/04.md). Use a natural way in your language for introducing background information.
2:6 st56 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַ⁠גָּ֑גָ⁠ה 1 The **roof** was flat and strong, so people could walk around on it. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate explicitly that the roof was flat as modeled by the UST.
2:6 b99c rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown בְּ⁠פִשְׁתֵּ֣י הָ⁠עֵ֔ץ 1 The word **flax** refers to a plant that is grown for its fibers, which is used in making cloth. It has tall, slender stalks that can tied into bundles. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of plant, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “in the long stalks of a plant”
2:7 p4sx rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown הַֽ⁠מַּעְבְּר֑וֹת 1 A **ford** is a place where a river or other body of water is shallow enough for people to get to the other side by walking through it. If you do not have a term to describe this type of place, you could use a more general term as modeled by the UST.
2:8 ds5e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go עָלְתָ֥ה 1 Your language may say “came up” rather than **went up** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “came up”
2:9 t8zy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you יָדַ֕עְתִּי כִּֽי־נָתַ֧ן יְהוָ֛ה לָ⁠כֶ֖ם אֶת־הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ 1 Here, the word **you** is plural and refers to all the Israelite people. Alternate translation: “I know that Yahweh has given the land to you Israelites”
2:9 oa1x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וְ⁠כִֽי־נָפְלָ֤ה אֵֽימַתְ⁠כֶם֙ עָלֵ֔י⁠נוּ וְ⁠כִ֥י נָמֹ֛גוּ כָּל־יֹשְׁבֵ֥י הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ מִ⁠פְּנֵי⁠כֶֽם 1 The phrase **dread of you has fallen** and the phrase **melted from before your face** mean basically the same thing. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “and we and all the other people who dwell in the land have become very afraid of you”
2:9 xr6a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom נָפְלָ֤ה אֵֽימַתְ⁠כֶם֙ עָלֵ֔י⁠נוּ 1 The phrase **the dread of you has fallen on us** is an idiom meaning that they “had become afraid.” If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “we have become afraid of you”
2:9 u74z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom נָמֹ֛גוּ & מִ⁠פְּנֵי⁠כֶֽם 1 The phrase **melted from before your face** is an idiom meaning that the people who lived in the land of Canaan had become afraid of the Israelites. If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “have become afraid before you” or “have become afraid in your presence”
2:10 y7a1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go בְּ⁠צֵאתְ⁠כֶ֖ם 1 Your language may say “came” rather than **went** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “when you came out”
2:10 c6i6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names לְ⁠סִיחֹ֣ן וּ⁠לְ⁠ע֔וֹג 1 **Sihon** and **Og** are the names of men who were Amorite kings.
2:11 qx6v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יִּמַּ֣ס לְבָבֵ֔⁠נוּ וְ⁠לֹא־קָ֨מָה ע֥וֹד ר֛וּחַ בְּ⁠אִ֖ישׁ מִ⁠פְּנֵי⁠כֶ֑ם 1 The phrases **our hearts have melted** and **the spirit in a man no longer stands from your face** are both idioms that mean that the people who lived in Canaan were very afraid of the Israelites. If your readers would not understand this, you could use equivalent idioms or use plain language. Alternate translation: “and we are afraid and the people in the land are afraid of your presence”
2:11 sdem rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וַ⁠יִּמַּ֣ס לְבָבֵ֔⁠נוּ וְ⁠לֹא־קָ֨מָה ע֥וֹד ר֛וּחַ בְּ⁠אִ֖ישׁ מִ⁠פְּנֵי⁠כֶ֑ם 1 The phrases **our hearts have melted** and **the spirit in a man no longer stands from your face** mean basically the same thing. Rahab says the same thing twice, in slightly different ways, for emphasis. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “and we have become very afraid of you” or “and we have become very afraid of your presence”
2:11 agqj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בְּ⁠אִ֖ישׁ 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Paul is using the word here in a generic sense that includes both men and women. Alternate translation: “in a person”
2:12 nmi4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns עָשִׂ֥יתִי עִמָּ⁠כֶ֖ם חָ֑סֶד וַ⁠עֲשִׂיתֶ֨ם גַּם־אַתֶּ֜ם עִם־בֵּ֤ית אָבִ⁠י֙ חֶ֔סֶד וּ⁠נְתַתֶּ֥ם לִ֖⁠י א֥וֹת אֱמֶֽת 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **kindness** and **truth**, you could express the same ideas with adverbs or non-abstract nouns or in some other way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I have acted kindly with you, swear to me that you also will act kindly toward the house of my father and give me a sure token that you will do this”
2:12 iw4j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בֵּ֤ית אָבִ⁠י֙ 1 Rahab is speaking of her family as if they were her father’s **house**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning with a similar expression or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the household of my father” or “my family”
2:13 m6i6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ⁠הִצַּלְתֶּ֥ם אֶת־נַפְשֹׁתֵ֖י⁠נוּ מִ⁠מָּֽוֶת 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **death** and **lives**, you could express the same ideas with a verb or in some other way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “And you will save us from being killed”
2:14 ji8q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular תַחְתֵּי⁠כֶם֙ 1 Here, the word **your** is plural and refers to Rahab and her family.
2:14 yb7i rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-oathformula נַפְשֵׁ֤⁠נוּ תַחְתֵּי⁠כֶם֙ לָ⁠מ֔וּת 1 This is an oath formula in which the two spies are promising to give their lives (allow themselves to be killed) if they do not keep their promise and spare Rahab and her families lives when the Israelites conquer Jericho and kill its inhabitants. Alternate translation: “If we do not do what we promise, may Yahweh take our lives” or "If you and your family are killed when we conquer Jericho may Yahweh kill us as well"
2:14 ja4n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וְ⁠עָשִׂ֥ינוּ עִמָּ֖⁠ךְ חֶ֥סֶד וֶ⁠אֱמֶֽת 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **kindness** and **faithfulness**, you could express the same ideas with adjectives or in some other way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that we will act kindly and faithfully with you”
2:14 af54 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet וְ⁠עָשִׂ֥ינוּ עִמָּ֖⁠ךְ חֶ֥סֶד וֶ⁠אֱמֶֽת 1 The terms **kindness** and **faithfulness** mean similar things. The author is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “we will surely deal kindly with you” or “we will surely act faithfully toward you”
2:17 dmh8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo נְקִיִּ֣ם אֲנַ֔חְנוּ מִ⁠שְּׁבֻעָתֵ֥⁠ךְ הַ⁠זֶּ֖ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר הִשְׁבַּעְתָּֽ⁠נוּ 1 This expresses a condition for the promise the spies had made to Rahab. The word, “this,” refers to “tie this scarlet rope in the window” in [Joshua 2:18](../02/18.md).
2:18 e4iw 0 # General Information:\n\nThe Israelite spies continue talking to Rahab.
2:18 z8uo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations הִנֵּ֛ה 1 The author is using the term **Behold** to focus attention on what he is about to say. Your language may have a comparable expression that you could use in your translation.
2:18 giu3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go אֲנַ֥חְנוּ בָאִ֖ים 1 Your language may say “go” rather than **come** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “we are about to go”
2:18 e4iw rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown הַ⁠שָּׁנִ֨י 1 The word **scarlet** refers to a bright red color. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the bright red material” or “the crimson material”
2:18 yscl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בֵּ֣ית אָבִ֔י⁠ךְ 1 The two men are speaking of Rahab’s family as if they were her father’s **house**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning with a similar expression or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the household of your father” or “of your family”
2:18 x2n8 Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nThe Israelite spies clarify the condition they expressed in [Joshua 2:15](../02/15.md).
2:19 vdc9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo כֹּ֣ל אֲשֶׁר־יֵצֵא֩ מִ⁠דַּלְתֵ֨י 1 This phrase expresses a condition, creating a hypothetical situation.
2:19 k27w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy דָּמ֥⁠וֹ בְ⁠רֹאשׁ֖⁠וֹ 1 Here “blood” represents a person’s death. To be responsible for their own death is spoken of as if their blood would be on their heads. Alternate translation: “their death will be their own fault” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2:19 m728 וַ⁠אֲנַ֣חְנוּ נְקִיִּ֑ם 1 Alternate translation: “we will be innocent”
2:19 qg47 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism אִם־יָ֖ד תִּֽהְיֶה־בּֽ⁠וֹ 1 Here “a hand is laid upon” is a polite way of referring to causing someone injury. Alternate translation: “if we cause injury to any”
2:20 ew4z 0 # General Information:\n\nThe two Israelite spies continue to speak to Rahab about their promise to her. The spies required Rahab to remain silent about their visit or they would be free from their oath to protect her family.
2:20 e659 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you וְ⁠אִם־תַּגִּ֖ידִי 1 “You” refers to Rahab.
2:21 uxw6 כְּ⁠דִבְרֵי⁠כֶ֣ם כֶּן 1 Rahab agreed to their terms of the oath to protect her family.
2:22 gjr5 0 # General Information:\n\nThe two Israelites spies leave Jericho.
2:22 a2i7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שָׁ֖בוּ הָ⁠רֹדְפִ֑ים 1 It may be helpful to say they returned to Jericho. Alternate translation: “their pursuers returned to the city of Jericho”
2:22 y2rj וְ⁠לֹ֥א מָצָֽאוּ 1 This refers to the men not finding the spies.
2:23 zps9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠יָּשֻׁ֜בוּ שְׁנֵ֤י הָֽ⁠אֲנָשִׁים֙ 1 The two men returned back to the Israelite’s camp.
2:23 y6et rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet וַ⁠יָּשֻׁ֜בוּ & וַ⁠יֵּרְד֣וּ & וַ⁠יַּעַבְרוּ֙ וַ⁠יָּבֹ֔אוּ 1 These are similar expressions referring to returning to where the Israelite’s are camped.
2:23 u3is rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יַּעַבְרוּ֙ 1 “cross over” means to go to the opposite bank of the river. Alternate translation: “traveled from this side to the opposite side of the Jordan”
2:23 i2bk rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names נ֑וּן 1 This is a male name; the father of Joshua.
2:23 cv1w אֵ֥ת כָּל־הַ⁠מֹּצְא֖וֹת אוֹתָֽ⁠ם 1 Alternate translation: “all that the men had experienced and seen.”
2:24 rk66 בְּ⁠יָדֵ֖⁠נוּ 1 This word, “us,” refers to Israel.
2:24 eh7s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יֹשְׁבֵ֥י הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ 1 The people of the land toward Israel are like a substance that melts in the presence of heat.
2:19 vdc9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical כֹּ֣ל אֲשֶׁר־יֵצֵא֩ מִ⁠דַּלְתֵ֨י בֵיתֵ֧⁠ךְ ׀ הַ⁠ח֛וּצָ⁠ה דָּמ֥⁠וֹ בְ⁠רֹאשׁ֖⁠וֹ וַ⁠אֲנַ֣חְנוּ נְקִיִּ֑ם וְ֠⁠כֹל אֲשֶׁ֨ר יִֽהְיֶ֤ה אִתָּ⁠ךְ֙ בַּ⁠בַּ֔יִת דָּמ֣⁠וֹ בְ⁠רֹאשֵׁ֔⁠נוּ אִם־יָ֖ד תִּֽהְיֶה־בּֽ⁠וֹ 1 This part of the verse expresses two possible situations and then gives the outcome of what will happen if the condition is met in each. (1) If Rahab or any person in her family goes outside the doors of her house then their blood will be on their own head (they will be responsible for their own death) (2) If any one who stays inside Rahab’s house is harmed then their blood will be on the spies heads (the two men will be responsible). Express these conditions in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “if anyone goes outside your house then it is that person’s own fault and we will be innocent. But if our army harms anyone who remains in your house then we will be responsible for that person’s death”
2:19 k27w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy דָּמ֥⁠וֹ בְ⁠רֹאשׁ֖⁠וֹ…דָּמ֣⁠וֹ בְ⁠רֹאשֵׁ֔⁠נוּ 1 Here **blood** death. To be responsible for a persons death is spoken of as if the blood would be on thei responsible person’s head. Alternate translation: “their death will be their own fault” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2:19 yrzq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche דָּמ֥⁠וֹ בְ⁠רֹאשׁ֖⁠וֹ…דָּמ֣⁠וֹ בְ⁠רֹאשֵׁ֔⁠נוּ 1 The two men are using one part of a person, the **head**, to represent all of a person who is guilty or responsible, specifically a person who is responsible for a death. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “his blood will be his own responsibility...his blood will be our responsibility” or “his blood will be his own fault...his blood will be our fault”
2:19 m728 וַ⁠אֲנַ֣חְנוּ נְקִיִּ֑ם 1 Alternate translation: “and we will be without fault”
2:19 qg47 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom יָ֖ד תִּֽהְיֶה־בּֽ⁠וֹ 1 The phrase **a hand is laid upon** is an idiom meaning someone is injured or harmed. If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “that person is injured” or “if that person is harmed”
2:20 e659 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person תַּגִּ֖ידִי 1 Here, **you** is singular and refers to Rahab.
2:21 uxw6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כְּ⁠דִבְרֵי⁠כֶ֣ם כֶּן־ה֔וּא 1 This expression indicates that Rahab agreed to the men’s terms of the oath. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I agree with these conditions”
2:21 kdr6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown הַ⁠שָּׁנִ֖י 1 See how you translated the phrase **red material** in [2:18](../02/18.md).
2:22 gjr5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go וַ⁠יָּבֹ֣אוּ 1 Your language may say “went” rather than **came** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “and went”
2:23 cv1w אֵ֥ת כָּל־הַ⁠מֹּצְא֖וֹת אוֹתָֽ⁠ם 1 Alternate translation: “all that they had experienced and seen”
2:23 hegq rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names נ֑וּן 1 See how you translated the name **Nun** in [1:1](../01/01.md).
2:24 avki rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom נָתַ֧ן יְהוָ֛ה בְּ⁠יָדֵ֖⁠נוּ 1 The two spies are using the past tense in order to refer to something that will happen in the future. He is doing this to show that the event will certainly happen. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use the future tense. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will give into our hand”
2:24 tsz0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom נָתַ֧ן יְהוָ֛ה בְּ⁠יָדֵ֖⁠נוּ אֶת־כָּל־הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ 1 The phrase **has given into our hand** is an idiom meaning “has delivered to our control.” If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “has delivered all the land to our control” or “has allowed us to conquer all the land”
2:24 eh7s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom נָמֹ֛גוּ כָּל־יֹשְׁבֵ֥י הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ 1 See how you translated the similar phrase “have melted from before your face” in [2:9](../02/09.md).
3:intro qs85 0 # Joshua 3 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### God dries the Jordan River\n\nJoshua told the people “Dedicate yourselves to Yahweh tomorrow, for Yahweh will do wonders among you.” The conquest of the Promised Land is accomplished through the supernatural power of God. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/miracle]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])
3:1 ct91 וַ⁠יַּשְׁכֵּם֩ 1 The phrase, “got up,” means to “awaken.”
3:1 y8kd מֵֽ⁠הַ⁠שִּׁטִּ֗ים 1 A place in the land of Moab, west of the Jordan River where the Israelites were camped before their entry into the promised land, Canaan.
3:2 wz25 הַ⁠שֹּׁטְרִ֖ים 1 These are people holding a position of command or authority.
3:3 ghy1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אֶת־הָ⁠עָ֣ם 1 This is the nation of Israel.
3:4 tn3h rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance כְּ⁠אַלְפַּ֥יִם אַמָּ֖ה 1 “2,000 cubits.” The word “cubit” is a measurement equaling the distance from the elbow to the finger tips. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
3:5 hy6c הִתְקַדָּ֑שׁוּ 1 This refers to a special preparation of being religiously clean before Yahweh.
3:5 wz6l יַעֲשֶׂ֧ה יְהוָ֛ה בְּ⁠קִרְבְּ⁠כֶ֖ם נִפְלָאֽוֹת 1 Yahweh will be doing miracles for all to see and experience.
3:6 ts4p שְׂאוּ֙ אֶת־אֲר֣וֹן 1 This is referring to the levites picking up the ark for the purpose of carrying it from one location to another.
3:7 u6dt 0 # General Information:\n\nYahweh tells Joshua what the priest are to do.
3:7 q8ud rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אָחֵל֙ גַּדֶּלְ⁠ךָ֔ בְּ⁠עֵינֵ֖י כָּל־יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל 1 The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “the people will see what I do and realize that I have made you a great man”
3:8 b797 קְצֵה֙ מֵ֣י הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּ֔ן 1 Joshua is to approach the bank or edge of the Jordan River.
3:9 pd66 0 # General Information:\n\nJoshua tells Israel what Yahweh is about to do
3:10 u9w6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠הוֹרֵ֣שׁ יוֹרִ֣ישׁ מִ֠⁠פְּנֵי⁠כֶם 1 Yahweh will force the other people living on the land to leave or be killed.
3:11 zex2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom עֹבֵ֥ר 1 “cross over” means to go to the opposite bank of the river. Alternate translation: “will travel from this side to the opposite side”
3:12 u1wg 0 # General Information:\n\nJust as Israel’s fathers experience crossing the Red Sea, these people will experience crossing the Jordan river on dry land.
3:13 bej3 כַּפּ֣וֹת רַגְלֵ֣י 1 This refers to the bottom of their feet.
3:13 u9rl מִ⁠לְ⁠מָ֑עְלָ⁠ה 1 This word refers to the direction the Jordan River water is flowing toward Israel.
3:13 s6ud וְ⁠יַעַמְד֖וּ נֵ֥ד אֶחָֽד 1 The water will stay in one spot or place. It will not flow around the priests.
3:15 nhu7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche בִּ⁠קְצֵ֣ה הַ⁠מָּ֑יִם 1 This can refer to the surface of the water as well as the bank where the water flows to dry land.
3:15 mu2b rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background וְ⁠הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּ֗ן מָלֵא֙ עַל־כָּל־גְּדוֹתָ֔י⁠ו כֹּ֖ל יְמֵ֥י קָצִֽיר 1 This is background information and it emphasizes the scale of what Yahweh is doing.
3:1 pddt rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מֵֽ⁠הַ⁠שִּׁטִּ֗ים 1 See how you translated the word **Shittim** in [2:1](../02/01.md).
3:1 g18m 1 See how you translated the phrase **the sons of Israel** in [1:2](../01/02.md).
3:4 tn3h rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance כְּ⁠אַלְפַּ֥יִם אַמָּ֖ה 1 The word **cubit** is a measurement equaling the distance from the elbow to the end of the the middle finger tip. If it would help your readers, you could express this in terms of modern measurements, either in the text or a footnote. Alternate translation: “of about 900 meters” or “of about 1,000 yards”
3:4 whh9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result אַֽל־תִּקְרְב֣וּ אֵלָ֗י⁠ו לְמַ֤עַן אֲשֶׁר־תֵּֽדְעוּ֙ אֶת־הַ⁠דֶּ֨רֶךְ֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר תֵּֽלְכוּ־בָ֔⁠הּ כִּ֣י לֹ֧א עֲבַרְתֶּ֛ם בַּ⁠דֶּ֖רֶךְ מִ⁠תְּמ֥וֹל שִׁלְשֽׁוֹם 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these phrases so that the reason for the command is placed before the result. Alternate translation: “Since you have not passed over by the way from yesterday or before, do not come near to it, so that you will know the way in which you should go.”
3:4 i5vh rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal לְמַ֤עַן אֲשֶׁר 1 The phrase **so that** introduces a purpose clause. The officers are stating the purpose for which they were to stay **2,000 cubits** behind the Box of the Covenant. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause.
3:7 q8ud rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אָחֵל֙ גַּדֶּלְ⁠ךָ֔ בְּ⁠עֵינֵ֖י כָּל־יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל 1 Here, **eyes** represent seeing, and seeing represents people’s evaluation and esteem. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I will begin to cause the Israelite people to realize that I have made you a great leader”
3:9 pd66 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל 1 See how you translated the phrase **the sons of Israel** in [1:2](../01/02.md).
3:12 u1wg
3:13 bej3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כַּפּ֣וֹת רַגְלֵ֣י הַ⁠כֹּהֲנִ֡ים 1 The phrase **the soles of the feet** refers to the bottom of the priests feet. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the bottom of the feet of the priests”
3:13 wfhv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כְּ⁠נ֣וֹחַ כַּפּ֣וֹת רַגְלֵ֣י הַ⁠כֹּהֲנִ֡ים נֹשְׂאֵי֩ אֲר֨וֹן יְהוָ֜ה\nאֲד֤וֹן כָּל־הָ⁠אָ֨רֶץ֙ 1 Here, the word **rest** means “stand” or “step into.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “as soon as the soles of the feet of the priests who lift the Box of Yahweh, the Lord of all the earth, stand” or “as soon as the soles of the feet of the priests who lift the Box of Yahweh, the Lord of all the earth, step into”
3:13 fuma rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive מֵ֤י הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּן֙ יִכָּ֣רֵת֔וּ⁠ן 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, the context implies that “Yahweh” will do it. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will cut off the waters of the Jordan”
3:13 qp0v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יִכָּ֣רֵת֔וּ⁠ן 1 Here, the phrase **cut off** means “stopped” from flowing. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “will be stopped”
3:13 s6ud rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go הַ⁠מַּ֥יִם הַ⁠יֹּרְדִ֖ים מִ⁠לְ⁠מָ֑עְלָ⁠ה 1 Your language may say “coming” rather than **going** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “the waters coming down from above”
3:15 gv1e וּ⁠כְ⁠ב֞וֹא נֹשְׂאֵ֤י הָֽ⁠אָרוֹן֙ עַד־הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּ֔ן וְ⁠רַגְלֵ֤י הַ⁠כֹּֽהֲנִים֙ נֹשְׂאֵ֣י הָֽ⁠אָר֔וֹן נִטְבְּל֖וּ בִּ⁠קְצֵ֣ה הַ⁠מָּ֑יִם וְ⁠הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּ֗ן מָלֵא֙ עַל־כָּל־גְּדוֹתָ֔י⁠ו כֹּ֖ל יְמֵ֥י קָצִֽיר 1 The first sentence in this verse contains the part of the events of this story and the second sentence in this verse is background information. If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these sentences so that the background information is placed first. Alternate translation: “(Now the Jordan was full over all its banks all the days of the harvest.) And as soon as those lifting the Box came as far as the Jordan then the feet of the priests lifting the Box were dipped in the edge of the water”
3:15 mx3t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go וּ⁠כְ⁠ב֞וֹא נֹשְׂאֵ֤י הָֽ⁠אָרוֹן֙ 1 Your language may say “went” rather than **came** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “And as soon as those lifting the Box went”
3:16 smkr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive תַּ֣מּוּ נִכְרָ֑תוּ 1 See how you translated the similar phrase in [3:13](../03/13.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh completely cut off” or “were completely stopped”
3:16 gx0y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go הַ⁠יֹּרְדִ֨ים מִ⁠לְ⁠מַ֜עְלָ⁠ה 1 See how you translated the phrase **going down from above** in [3:]13(../03/13.md). Alternate translation: “coming down from above”
3:16 krqs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish יָ֧ם הָ⁠עֲרָבָ֛ה יָם־הַ⁠מֶּ֖לַח 1 The phrase **the Sea of Salt** and the phrase **the sea of the Arabah** refer to the same sea. The phrase **the sea of the Arabah** gives the location of the sea and the phrase **the Sea of Salt** gives the name of the sea, it is not making a distinction. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the relationship between these phrases clearer. Alternate translation: “the sea located near the Arabah, called the Sea of Salt.”
3:15 mu2b rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background וְ⁠הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּ֗ן מָלֵא֙ עַל־כָּל־גְּדוֹתָ֔י⁠ו כֹּ֖ל יְמֵ֥י קָצִֽיר 1 The author is providing this background information to emphasize the greatness of what Yahweh is about to do. Use a natural way in your language for introducing background information.
3:17 tg4f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּ֖ן 1 This refers to the Jordan River bed.
3:17 w7z6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom עֹֽבְרִים֙ 1 This phrase means to go to the opposite bank of the river. Alternate translation: “traveled from this side to the opposite side”
4:intro eh7p 0 # Joshua 4 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### God’s war\nThe conquering of the Promised Land was a special war. It was God’s war against the people of Canaan and Joshua recognized that they would only be victorious through Yahweh’s power. This is why their first act after crossing the Jordan River was to build an altar. This war was a witness to Yahweh’s power. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])

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