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front:intro l57g 0 # Introduction to Zephaniah\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of the book of Zephaniah\n\nTitle of the book, introduces Zephaniah (1:1)\n1. Yahweh will punish Judah and Jerusalem (1:2–18)\n*“For in the fire of his jealousy the whole earth will be consumed.”*\n2. Yahweh will punish the nations\n * Warning to Judah (2:1–3)\n * Yahweh will punish the Philistines (2:4–7)\n * Yahweh will punish Moab and Ammon (2:8–11)\n * Yahweh will punish Ethiopia (2:12)\n * Yahweh will punish Assyria (2:13–16)\n * Yahweh will punish Jerusalem (3:1–7)\n * General review (3:8)\n*“For in the fire of my jealousy the whole earth will be consumed.”*\n3. Yahweh will restore Judah and Jerusalem (3:9–20)\n\n### Who wrote the book of Zephaniah?\n\nThis book records messages that Yahweh spoke through a man named Zephaniah. The title to the book lists Zephaniah’s ancestors back to his great-grandfather, a man named Hezekiah. Since no other prophet’s ancestry is traced back four generations, this Hezekiah must have been a significant person, and interpreters generally agree that he was King Hezekiah, who ruled over Judah from about 715 B.C. to about 686 B.C. So Zephaniah was likely a member of the royal family. In his prophecies, he shows a first-hand knowledge of the city of Jerusalem, so it is also probable that he was part of the royal court in Jerusalem. The title to the book says that he prophesied during the reign of King Josiah, who began to rule of Judah around 640 B.C. So Zephaniah would have prophesied at about the same time that Jeremiah began to prophesy.\n\n### What is the book of Zephaniah about?\n\nThrough Zephaniah’s prophecies, Yahweh warned Judah and other nations that he was about to destroy them because of their wickedness and idolatry. This message seems to have led at least the Judeans to repent, at least for a generation. Hezekiah had been a godly ruler, but his son Manasseh and his grandson Amon were wicked and idolatrous kings. Amon was so unpopular that he was assassinated, and his son Josiah became king when he was only a boy. But when Josiah became a young adult and could assert himself, he introduced a series of reforms that led the people of Judah to worship and obey Yahweh once more. The prophecies of Zephaniah seem to have influenced Josiah strongly to do this. Zephaniah also prophesied about how Yahweh would restore Judah, and those prophecies had at least a partial fulfillment in his own time due to the reforms of Josiah.\n\n### What title should translators use for this book?\n\nTranslators may choose to use the traditional title, “The Book of Zephaniah,” or simply “Zephaniah.” They may use a different title such as “The Prophecies of Zephaniah.”\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### The “day of Yahweh”\n\nZephaniah speaks many times of “the day of Yahweh,” meaning the time when Yahweh will judge and punish the nations, including Judah, for disobeying him and worshiping idols. However, in the final oracle in the book, the phrase “that day” instead means the time when Yahweh will restore Judah and Jerusalem. Notes suggest ways that you can translate these expressions in their various occurrences.\n\n### The time reference of Zephaniah’s prophecies\n\nSome of Zephaniah’s prophecies focus on specific places and times. They warn Judah and other nations that Yahweh will soon destroy them, and they suggest implicitly that this will happen when an enemy empire invades and conquers them. But other prophecies speak of the entire world, and their time reference is uncertain. For example, in the first prophecy in the book, Yahweh says that he is going to destroy every living creature on earth—people, animals, birds, and fish. This could be a prophecy about the more distant future, about the end of the world. But it could also be a generalization for emphasis, and if so, it could apply to the time of Josiah. It is not necessary to determine the exact time reference of all of the prophecies in the book in order to translate the book.\n\n### The identity of the invading empire\n\nZephaniah suggests often that a foreign empire will invade and conquer Judah and other nations. He probably means the empire of Babylon. However, he does not name it specifically, and so it would not be appropriate to use any particular name for the invading army that Zephaniah describes in this book.
1:intro t3tv 0 # Zephaniah 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter is the first of the three major parts of the book of Zephaniah. (See the outline in the General Introduction to the book.) This part describes how Yahweh will punish Judah and Jerusalem for their sinfulness and complacency.\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of verses 2–18 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because they are poetry.\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in This Chapter\n\n### Litany\n\nVerses 2 and 3 state generally that Yahweh’s judgment will be comprehensive. Then, in four places later in the chapter, prophecies emphasize a general point by making a series of specific statements that illustrate that point. These typically move from more obvious or central examples to more peripheral ones. In that way, they demonstrate how comprehensive Yahweh’s judgment will be: It will reach to the most distant and obscure places.\n\nSeries of statements such as these are known as litanies. If your readers would recognize the litany form, you could translate and format these litanies the way the ULT does, as lines of poetry. If the litany form would not be familiar to your readers, you could format these litanies in a way that would illustrate how they work. You could format the general statement in a way that would set it off from the other poetry in the book. For example, if you have chosen to indent that poetry, you could present the general statement without any indentation. You could then put each sentence of the litany on a separate line. The format might look something like this:\n\nVerses 4–6:\n\nand I will cut off from this place \n\n> the remnant of Baal,\n> the name of the idol-priests with the priests,\n> and the ones bowing down on the housetops to the army of the skies,\n> and the ones bowing down, swearing to Yahweh but swearing by their king,\n> and the ones turning back from after Yahweh,\n> and who do not search for Yahweh and do not seek him.\n\nVerses 8–9:\n\nAnd it will happen on the day of the sacrifice of Yahweh that I will visit\n\n> upon the princes\n> and upon the sons of the king\n> and upon all the ones wearing foreign clothing,\nand on that day I will visit\n\n> upon all the ones leaping over the threshold,\n> the ones filling the house of their lords {with} violence and fraud.\n\nVerse 10:\n\nthe sound of\n\n> a cry from the Fish Gate\n> and a wailing from the Second {District}\n> and a great ruin from the hills.\n\nVerses 15–16:\n\nThat day {will be}\n\n> a day of wrath,\n> a day of distress and anguish,\n> a day of destruction and desolation,\n> a day of darkness and gloom,\n> a day of cloud and overcast,\n> a day of horn and battle-cry against the fortified cities and against the high towers.
front:intro l57g 0 # Introduction to Zephaniah\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction \n\n### Outline of the book of Zephaniah\n\nTitle of the book, introduces Zephaniah (1:1)\n1. Yahweh will punish Judah and Jerusalem (1:2–18)\n*“For in the fire of his jealousy the whole earth will be consumed.”*\n2. Yahweh will punish the nations\n * Warning to Judah (2:1–3)\n * Yahweh will punish the Philistines (2:4–7)\n * Yahweh will punish Moab and Ammon (2:8–11)\n * Yahweh will punish Ethiopia (2:12)\n * Yahweh will punish Assyria (2:13–16)\n * Yahweh will punish Jerusalem (3:1–7)\n * General review (3:8)\n"*For in the fire of my jealousy the whole earth will be consumed.*”\n3. Yahweh will restore Judah and Jerusalem (3:9–20)\n\n### Who wrote the book of Zephaniah?\n\nThis book records messages that Yahweh spoke through a man named Zephaniah. The title to the book lists Zephaniah’s ancestors back to his great-grandfather, a man named Hezekiah. Since no other prophet’s ancestry is traced back four generations, this Hezekiah must have been a significant person, and interpreters generally agree that he was King Hezekiah, who ruled over Judah from about 715 B.C. to about 686 B.C. So Zephaniah was likely a member of the royal family. In his prophecies, he shows a first-hand knowledge of the city of Jerusalem, so it is also probable that he was part of the royal court in Jerusalem. The title of the book says that he prophesied during the reign of King Josiah, who began to rule Judah around 640 B.C. So Zephaniah would have prophesied at about the same time that Jeremiah began to prophesy.\n\n### What is the book of Zephaniah about?\n\nThrough Zephaniah’s prophecies, Yahweh warned Judah and other nations that he was about to destroy them because of their wickedness and idolatry. This message seems to have led at least the Judeans to repent, at least for a generation. Hezekiah had been a godly ruler, but his son Manasseh and his grandson Amon were wicked and idolatrous kings. Amon was so unpopular Josiah was only a boy. But when Josiah became a young adult and could assert himself, he introduced a series of reforms that led the people of Judah to worship and obey Yahweh once more. The prophecies of Zephaniah seem to have influenced Josiah strongly to do this. Zephaniah also prophesied about how Yahweh would restore Judah, and those prophecies had at least a partial fulfillment in his own time due to the reforms of Josiah.\n\n### What title should translators use for this book?\n\nTranslators may choose to use the traditional title, “The Book of Zephaniah,” or simply “Zephaniah.” They may use a different title such as “The Prophecies of Zephaniah.”\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### The “day of Yahweh”\n\nZephaniah speaks many times of “the day of Yahweh,” meaning the time when Yahweh will judge and punish the nations, including Judah, for disobeying him and worshiping idols. However, in the final oracle in the book, the phrase “that day” instead means the time when Yahweh will restore Judah and Jerusalem. Notes suggest ways that you can translate these expressions in their various occurrences.\n\n### The time reference of Zephaniah’s prophecies\n\nSome of Zephaniah’s prophecies focus on specific places and times. They warn Judah and other nations that Yahweh will soon destroy them, and they suggest implicitly that this will happen when an enemy empire invades and conquers them. But other prophecies speak of the entire world, and their time reference is uncertain. For example, in the first prophecy in the book, Yahweh says that he is going to destroy every living creature on earth—people, animals, birds, and fish. This could be a prophecy about the more distant future, about the end of the world. But it could also be a generalization for emphasis, and if so, it could apply to the time of Josiah. It is not necessary to determine the exact time reference of all of the prophecies in the book in order to translate the book.\n\n### The identity of the invading empire\n\nZephaniah often suggests that a foreign empire will invade and conquer Judah and other nations. He probably means the empire of Babylon. However, he does not name it specifically, and so it would not be appropriate to use any particular name for the invading army that Zephaniah describes in this book.
1:intro t3tv 0 # Zephaniah 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter is the first of the three major parts of the book of Zephaniah. (See the outline in the General Introduction to the book.) This part describes how Yahweh will punish Judah and Jerusalem for their sinfulness and complacency.\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of verses 2–18 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because they are poetry.\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in This Chapter\n\n### Litany\n\nVerses 2 and 3 generally state that Yahweh’s judgment will be comprehensive. Then, in four places later in the chapter, prophecies emphasize a general point by making a series of specific statements that illustrate that point. These typically move from more obvious or central examples to more peripheral ones. In that way, they demonstrate how comprehensive Yahweh’s judgment will be: It will reach to the most distant and obscure places.\n\nSeries of statements such as these are known as litanies. If your readers would recognize the litany form, you could translate and format these litanies the way the ULT does, as lines of poetry. If the litany form would not be familiar to your readers, you could format these litanies in a way that would illustrate how they work. You could format the general statement in a way that would set it off from the other poetry in the book. For example, if you have chosen to indent that poetry, you could present the general statement without any indentation. You could then put each sentence of the litany on a separate line. The format might look something like this:\n\nVerses 4–6:\n\nand I will cut off from this place \\\n\\\n> the remnant of Baal,\n> the name of the idol-priests with the priests,\n> and the ones bowing down on the housetops to the army of the skies,\n> and the ones bowing down, swearing to Yahweh but swearing by their king,\n> and the ones turning back from after Yahweh,\n> and who do not search for Yahweh and do not seek him.\n\nVerses 8–9:\n\nAnd it will happen on the day of the sacrifice of Yahweh that I will visit\n\n> upon the princes\n> and upon the sons of the king\n> and upon all the ones wearing foreign clothing,\nand on that day I will visit\n\n> upon all the ones leaping over the threshold,\n> the ones filling the house of their lords {with} violence and fraud.\n\nVerse 10:\n\nthe sound of\n\n> a cry from the Fish Gate\n> and a wailing from the Second {District}\n> and a great ruin from the hills.\n\nVerses 15–16:\n\nThat day {will be}\n\n> a day of wrath,\n> a day of distress and anguish,\n> a day of destruction and desolation,\n> a day of darkness and gloom,\n> a day of cloud and overcast,\n> a day of horn and battle-cry against the fortified cities and against the high towers.
1:1 k2ge rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy דְּבַר־יְהוָ֣ה ׀ אֲשֶׁ֣ר הָיָ֗ה אֶל־צְפַנְיָה֙ 1 In this title for the book, the term **word** refers to the message that Yahweh sent to the Judeans through Zephaniah by using words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The message that Yahweh sent through Zephaniah”
1:1 zlc5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants בֶּן־כּוּשִׁ֣י בֶן־גְּדַלְיָ֔ה בֶּן־אֲמַרְיָ֖ה בֶּן־חִזְקִיָּ֑ה 1 The author is describing the ancestors of **Zephaniah** in order to introduce him to readers as a key participant in the book, the person through whom Yahweh spoke the messages that the book records. Your culture may have its own way of introducing people by describing their ancestors, and if so, you can use it here in your translation.
1:1 yy5d rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names צְפַנְיָה֙ & כּוּשִׁ֣י & גְּדַלְיָ֔ה & אֲמַרְיָ֖ה & חִזְקִיָּ֑ה & יֹאשִׁיָּ֥הוּ & אָמ֖וֹן 1 The words **Zephaniah**, **Cushi**, **Gedaliah**, **Amariah**, **Hezekiah**, **Josiah**, and **Amon** are the names of men.
@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ front:intro l57g 0 # Introduction to Zephaniah\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
1:2 z001 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor פְּנֵ֥י הָ⁠אֲדָמָ֖ה 1 Yahweh is speaking as if the surface of the earth or ground were literally its **face**. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the surface of the earth”
1:3 t70v rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations נְאֻם־יְהוָֽה 1 See how you translated the phrase **the declaration of Yahweh** in the previous verse. If you used it to introduce the quotation there, you may wish to do the same thing here.
1:3 zd2p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism אָסֵ֨ף אָדָ֜ם וּ⁠בְהֵמָ֗ה אָסֵ֤ף עוֹף־הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֨יִם֙ וּ⁠דְגֵ֣י הַ⁠יָּ֔ם 1 Yahweh is using creatures from the three components of creation—land creatures, sky creatures, and **sea** creatures—to mean all creatures throughout creation. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “I will take away all the creatures that live everywhere in creation”
1:3 z003 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אָדָ֜ם וּ⁠בְהֵמָ֗ה & הָ⁠אָדָ֗ם 1 Here the masculine term **man** has a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “humans and beasts … humans”
1:3 z003 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אָדָ֜ם וּ⁠בְהֵמָ֗ה & הָ⁠אָדָ֗ם 1 Here the masculine term **man** has a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that clearly includes both men and women. Alternate translation: “humans and beasts … humans”
1:3 z002 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism אָדָ֜ם וּ⁠בְהֵמָ֗ה 1 Yahweh is using two types of creatures that live on the earth, **man** and **beast**, to mean all creatures that live on the earth. If you would like to retain in your translation the references in this verse to the three different parts of creation, you could explain the meaning of this reference. Alternate translation: “all the creatures that live on the earth”
1:3 z004 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj וְ⁠הַ⁠מַּכְשֵׁל֖וֹת אֶת־הָ⁠רְשָׁעִ֑ים 1 Yahweh is using the adjective **wicked** as a noun to mean a certain kind of person. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this adjective with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “and the stumbling blocks with wicked people”
1:3 kw4a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠הַ⁠מַּכְשֵׁל֖וֹת 1 Yahweh is speaking of idols as if they were literally **stumbling blocks**, that is, objects that people would trip over. He is using stumbling to mean doing what is morally and spiritually wrong. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and the idols”
@ -42,11 +42,11 @@ front:intro l57g 0 # Introduction to Zephaniah\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
1:7 z018 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy הַ֕ס מִ⁠פְּנֵ֖י אֲדֹנָ֣⁠י יְהוִ֑ה 1 Here the word **face** represents the presence of a person by association with the way people can see the face of someone who is present. Alternate translation: “Hush in the presence of Lord Yahweh”
1:7 etv8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations הַ֕ס מִ⁠פְּנֵ֖י אֲדֹנָ֣⁠י יְהוִ֑ה 1 The word **Hush** is an exclamation that urges listeners to be silent. In your translation, you may choose to use an exclamation that is natural in your language for communicating this. You could also translate the word as an imperative. Alternate translation: “Shh! in the presence of Lord Yahweh”
1:7 z019 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom קָרוֹב֙ י֣וֹם יְהוָ֔ה 1 The expression **the day of Yahweh** refers to a specific time when God will punish people for their sins. Alternate translation: “the time is coming soon when Yahweh will punish people for their sins”
1:7 xb5b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הֵכִ֧ין יְהוָ֛ה זֶ֖בַח הִקְדִּ֥ישׁ קְרֻאָֽי⁠ו 1 Zephaniah is speaking as if Yahweh had literally **prepared a sacrifice** and ceremonially cleansed (**sanctified**) those he had **invited** to share a meal from the meat of the sacrificed animal. He is speaking of the people of Judah as if they were this sacrifice and of an enemy army, most likely that of the Babylonians, as if it would feast on the Judeans, meaning that this foreign power would conquer them and plunder them, as verses 13–16 indicate. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is going to allow a foreign army to conquer and plunder the land of Judah”
1:7 xb5b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הֵכִ֧ין יְהוָ֛ה זֶ֖בַח הִקְדִּ֥ישׁ קְרֻאָֽי⁠ו 1 Zephaniah is speaking as if Yahweh had literally **prepared a sacrifice** and ceremonially cleansed (**sanctified**) those he had **invited** to share a meal from the meat of the sacrificed animal. He is speaking of the people of Judah as if they were this sacrifice, and of an enemy army, most likely that of the Babylonians, as if it would feast on the Judeans, meaning that this foreign power would conquer them and plunder them, as verses 13–16 indicate. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is going to allow a foreign army to conquer and plunder the land of Judah”
1:7 hwp4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive קְרֻאָֽי⁠ו 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the ones he has invited”
1:8 z023 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litany וְ⁠הָיָ֗ה בְּ⁠יוֹם֙ זֶ֣בַח יְהוָ֔ה 1 As the General Notes to this chapter discuss, this phrase is the beginning of a litany. You may use that discussion to help you consider how to format the material in verses 8–9.
1:8 w2xl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person בְּ⁠יוֹם֙ זֶ֣בַח יְהוָ֔ה 1 Yahweh is speaking about himself in the third person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate this in the first person. Alternate translation: “on the day of my sacrifice”
1:8 z020 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ⁠יוֹם֙ זֶ֣בַח יְהוָ֔ה 1 As Zephaniah did in the previous verse Yahweh is speaking as if he is literally going to offer a sacrifice. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “on the day when I punish you Judeans for your sins”
1:8 z020 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ⁠יוֹם֙ זֶ֣בַח יְהוָ֔ה 1 As Zephaniah did in the previous verse, Yahweh is speaking as if he is literally going to offer a sacrifice. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “on the day when I punish you Judeans for your sins”
1:8 z021 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בְּ⁠יוֹם֙ זֶ֣בַח יְהוָ֔ה 1 See how you translated the expression “the day of Yahweh” in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “at the time when I punish you Judeans for your sins”
1:8 z022 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וּ⁠פָקַדְתִּ֥י עַל־הַ⁠שָּׂרִ֖ים וְ⁠עַל־בְּנֵ֣י הַ⁠מֶּ֑לֶךְ וְ⁠עַ֥ל כָּל־הַ⁠לֹּבְשִׁ֖ים מַלְבּ֥וּשׁ נָכְרִֽי 1 The expression **visit upon** means to punish. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “that I will punish the princes and the sons of the king and all the ones wearing foreign clothing”
1:8 z024 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַ⁠שָּׂרִ֖ים 1 In some languages the term **princes** describes male direct descendants of a monarch, but here it means court officials who may or may not have been members of the royal family. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “the court officials”
@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ front:intro l57g 0 # Introduction to Zephaniah\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
1:8 igq2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche כָּל־הַ⁠לֹּבְשִׁ֖ים מַלְבּ֥וּשׁ נָכְרִֽי 1 Yahweh is using one thing that the Judeans were doing to curry favor with foreign powers, wearing the same **clothing** that they did, to mean everything that they did to curry favor, especially including worshiping their gods. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “all those who have adopted foreign ways”
1:9 gma8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וּ⁠פָקַדְתִּ֗י עַ֧ל & בַּ⁠יּ֣וֹם הַ⁠ה֑וּא 1 See how you translated the expressions “on the day” and “I will visit upon” in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “and at the time when I punish you Judeans, I will punish”
1:9 fr1s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom כָּל־הַ⁠דּוֹלֵ֛ג עַל־הַ⁠מִּפְתָּ֖ן 1 The expression **leaping over the threshold** seems to refer to people entering other people’s houses forcibly, as if in a rush, in order to seize their possessions by **violence** or **fraud**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “all those who enter other people’s houses violently in order to seize their possessions”
1:9 z026 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-plural הַֽ⁠מְמַלְאִ֛ים בֵּ֥ית אֲדֹנֵי⁠הֶ֖ם חָמָ֥ס וּ⁠מִרְמָֽה 1 Yahweh is using the plural form **lords** in a context where the singular term “lord” would suffice. This suggests that he may be using the plural form as a superlative, to indicate the supreme example of its own class, in which case this would be a reference to the king, the lord or master of the Judeans. Your language may use plural forms in the same way. If not, you could express the meaning in another way. Alternate translation: “who have filled the house of their king with violence and fraud” or “who have filled the royal palace with violence and fraud”
1:9 z026 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-plural הַֽ⁠מְמַלְאִ֛ים בֵּ֥ית אֲדֹנֵי⁠הֶ֖ם חָמָ֥ס וּ⁠מִרְמָֽה 1 Yahweh is using the plural form **lords** in a context where the singular term “lord” would suffice. This suggests that he may be using the plural form as a superlative to indicate the supreme example of its own class, in which case this would be a reference to the king, the lord or master of the Judeans. Your language may use plural forms in the same way. If not, you could express the meaning in another way. Alternate translation: “who have filled the house of their king with violence and fraud” or “who have filled the royal palace with violence and fraud”
1:9 u614 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy חָמָ֥ס וּ⁠מִרְמָֽה 1 Yahweh is using the terms **violence** and **fraud** by association to mean possessions unlawfully obtained from others by violence or on fraudulent grounds. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “with possessions that they have gotten violently or fraudulently”
1:10 n2di rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וְ⁠הָיָה֩ בַ⁠יּ֨וֹם הַ⁠ה֜וּא נְאֻם־יְהוָ֗ה ק֤וֹל 1 See how you translated the phrase **the declaration of Yahweh** in verses 2 and 3. Alternate translation: “This is what Yahweh declares: ‘And it will happen on that day, the sound of’”
1:10 z027 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בַ⁠יּ֨וֹם הַ⁠ה֜וּא 1 See how you translated the expressions “on that day” in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “at the time when I punish you Judeans for your sins”
@ -71,9 +71,9 @@ front:intro l57g 0 # Introduction to Zephaniah\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
1:12 n4xe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בַּ⁠נֵּר֑וֹת 1 Yahweh is speaking as if he is literally going to use **lamps** in order to **search** for evildoers so that he can find them and punish them. He means that he is going to search thoroughly, as if using a lamp in order to see into all dark corners where someone or something might escape notice. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “thoroughly”
1:12 z031 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וּ⁠פָקַדְתִּ֣י עַל 1 See how you translated the expression “I will visit upon” in verse 8. Alternate translation: “and I will punish”
1:12 z032 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations הָ⁠אֲנָשִׁ֗ים הַ⁠קֹּֽפְאִים֙ עַל־שִׁמְרֵי⁠הֶ֔ם 1 Here the masculine term **men** has a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “the people who are thickening on their sediment”
1:12 sb9c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הָ⁠אֲנָשִׁ֗ים הַ⁠קֹּֽפְאִים֙ עַל־שִׁמְרֵי⁠הֶ֔ם 1 Yahweh is speaking as if the sinful, complacent people of Jerusalem were literally wine that is **thickening** because it has been left on its **sediment**. The term “sediment” describes the small pieces of stem, leaves, and seeds from grape plants that are unintentionally mixed with the juice during the winemaking process. Ordinarily these are allowed to settle to the bottom of the wine, which is then poured off to separate it from them. Yahweh means that just as wine left on its sediment becomes thick, so these Judeans have become difficult to motivate to repentance. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. You may wish to represent the image as a comparison and explain its meaning. Alternate translation: “the people who have become so complacent” or “the people who have become so complacent that they are like wine that has thickened because no one has poured it off its sediment”
1:12 sb9c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הָ⁠אֲנָשִׁ֗ים הַ⁠קֹּֽפְאִים֙ עַל־שִׁמְרֵי⁠הֶ֔ם 1 Yahweh is speaking as if the sinful, complacent people of Jerusalem were literally wine that is **thickening** because it has been left on its **sediment**. The term “sediment” describes the small pieces of stem, leaves, and seeds from grape plants that are unintentionally mixed with the juice during the winemaking process. Ordinarily, these are allowed to settle to the bottom of the wine, which is then poured off to separate it from them. Yahweh means that just as wine left on its sediment becomes thick, so these Judeans have become difficult to motivate to repentance. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. You may wish to represent the image as a comparison and explain its meaning. Alternate translation: “the people who have become so complacent” or “the people who have become so complacent that they are like wine that has thickened because no one has poured it off its sediment”
1:12 t4ux rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes הָ⁠אֹֽמְרִים֙ בִּ⁠לְבָבָ֔⁠ם לֹֽא־יֵיטִ֥יב יְהוָ֖ה וְ⁠לֹ֥א יָרֵֽעַ 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “the ones saying in their heart that Yahweh will not do good and that he will not do bad”
1:12 z033 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person הָ⁠אֹֽמְרִים֙ בִּ⁠לְבָבָ֔⁠ם לֹֽא־יֵיטִ֥יב יְהוָ֖ה וְ⁠לֹ֥א יָרֵֽעַ 1 If you decide to turn this quotation within a quotation into an indirect quotation, then Yahweh would speaking about himself in the third person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate this in the first person. Alternate translation: “the ones saying in their heart that I will not do good and that I will not do bad”
1:12 z033 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person הָ⁠אֹֽמְרִים֙ בִּ⁠לְבָבָ֔⁠ם לֹֽא־יֵיטִ֥יב יְהוָ֖ה וְ⁠לֹ֥א יָרֵֽעַ 1 If you decide to turn this quotation within a quotation into an indirect quotation, then Yahweh would be speaking about himself in the third person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate this in the first person. Alternate translation: “the ones saying in their heart that I will not do good and that I will not do bad”
1:12 nu98 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בִּ⁠לְבָבָ֔⁠ם 1 Here the **heart** represents the thoughts. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in their thoughts” or “to themselves”
1:12 z034 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns בִּ⁠לְבָבָ֔⁠ם 1 Since Job is speaking of many people, if you retain the image of **heart** in your translation, it may be more natural in your language to use the plural form of the word. Alternate translation: “in their hearts”
1:12 fhk8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לֹֽא־יֵיטִ֥יב יְהוָ֖ה וְ⁠לֹ֥א יָרֵֽעַ 1 By **do good**, these people are implicitly referring to Yahweh rewarding them, and by **do bad**, they are referring to Yahweh punishing them. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. You could also bring out the further implication in what the people are saying: that Yahweh is not a God who enforces justice in the world, so they may act as they wish. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is not going to reward us, and he is not going to punish us” or “Yahweh is not the kind of God who rewards good people and punishes wicked people, so it does not matter how we live”
@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ front:intro l57g 0 # Introduction to Zephaniah\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
1:15 lw4t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet י֧וֹם צָרָ֣ה וּ⁠מְצוּקָ֗ה י֤וֹם שֹׁאָה֙ וּ⁠מְשׁוֹאָ֔ה י֥וֹם חֹ֨שֶׁךְ֙ וַ⁠אֲפֵלָ֔ה י֥וֹם עָנָ֖ן וַ⁠עֲרָפֶֽל 1 In these four cases, Yahweh is using two words with similar meaning together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “a day of great distress, a day of severe destruction, a day of deep darkness, a day of thick cloud”
1:15 z041 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor י֥וֹם חֹ֨שֶׁךְ֙ וַ⁠אֲפֵלָ֔ה י֥וֹם עָנָ֖ן וַ⁠עֲרָפֶֽל 1 Yahweh is speaking as if the sky will literally be dark and cloudy at the time when he punishes people for their sins. He means that it will be a time when people experience much trouble and feel great sorrow. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a day of terrible trouble, a day of deep sorrow”
1:16 z042 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom י֥וֹם 1 If you have been translating the phrase “the day of Yahweh” with an expression that uses the word “time,” you may wish to say “time” rather than **day** here. Alternate translation: “a time of”
1:16 deb6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שׁוֹפָ֖ר וּ⁠תְרוּעָ֑ה 1 Yahweh is referring to a ram’s **horn** or shofar that soldiers would use to signal an attack. Yahweh is using the term by association to mean the sound that this horn would make. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. It may be more natural in your language to use plural forms here. Alternate translation: “horn blasts and battle-cries”
1:16 deb6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שׁוֹפָ֖ר וּ⁠תְרוּעָ֑ה 1 Yahweh is referring to a ram’s **horn**, a shofar, that soldiers would use to signal an attack. Yahweh is using the term by association to mean the sound that this horn would make. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. It may be more natural in your language to use plural forms here. Alternate translation: “horn blasts and battle-cries”
1:16 z043 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy עַ֚ל הֶ⁠עָרִ֣ים הַ⁠בְּצֻר֔וֹת וְ⁠עַ֖ל הַ⁠פִּנּ֥וֹת הַ⁠גְּבֹהֽוֹת 1 Yahweh is using the term **corners** by association to mean the towers that were built at the corners of the walls around cities in the kingdom of Judah. Those walls were not straight; they had angles and corners so that defenders could attack besieging armies from more than one direction. High towers were built at the corners so that the defenders could attack from a height. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “against the fortified cities and against the high towers at the corners of their walls”
1:16 z044 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet עַ֚ל הֶ⁠עָרִ֣ים הַ⁠בְּצֻר֔וֹת וְ⁠עַ֖ל הַ⁠פִּנּ֥וֹת הַ⁠גְּבֹהֽוֹת 1 The phrases **fortified cities** and **high corners** mean similar things. The high towers at the corners of city walls were one part of their fortifications. Yahweh is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “the walled cities and all of their fortifications”
1:17 z045 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations לָ⁠אָדָ֗ם 1 Here the masculine term **man** has a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. The reference is most likely to the sinful, complacent Judeans. Alternate translation: “to the people of Judah”
@ -106,14 +106,14 @@ front:intro l57g 0 # Introduction to Zephaniah\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
1:18 z052 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וּ⁠בְ⁠אֵשׁ֙ קִנְאָת֔⁠וֹ תֵּאָכֵ֖ל כָּל־הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **jealousy**, you could express the same idea in another way. Zephaniah is saying that Yahweh is jealous because the people who live on the earth have been worshiping false gods even though they owe him their exclusive worship because he is the only true God. Alternate translation: Alternate translation: “For he will destroy all of the people who live on the earth when he punishes them because he is jealous that they have been worshiping false gods instead of him, the only true God”
1:18 z053 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns כָלָ֤ה אַךְ־נִבְהָלָה֙ יַֽעֲשֶׂ֔ה אֵ֥ת כָּל־יֹשְׁבֵ֖י הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **consummation**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “he will end the lives of all the inhabitants of the earth, and he will do that quickly”
1:18 ij81 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole כָּל־יֹשְׁבֵ֖י הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ 1 Since Yahweh does not kill righteous people along with wicked people, the word **all** may be a generalization for emphasis, or the expression **the inhabitants of the earth** may refer specifically to wicked people. Alternate translation: “many of the people who live on the earth” or “the wicked people who disobey him”
1:18 z054 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive נִבְהָלָה֙ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The word translated **hastened** could mean: (1) that Yahweh will do what he is describing quickly. Alternate translation: “he will do this soon” (2) that when Yahweh does this, it will terrify people. Alternate translation: “a terrifying one”
2:intro t1it 0 # Zephaniah 2 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter is the second of the three major parts of the book of Zephaniah. (See the outline in the General Introduction to the book.) This part begins with a warning to the people of Judah and Jerusalem (verses 1–3), and it then describes how Yahweh will punish the Philistines (verses 4–7), Moab and Ammon (verses 8–11), Ethiopia (verse 12), and Assyria (verses 13–16).\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because they are poetry.\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in This Chapter\n\n### Litany\n\nIn verses 1 and 2, Zephaniah uses the litany form, as he did four times in chapter 1. See the discussion of the litany form in the General Notes to chapter 1, and see how you formatted the litanies in that chapter. You may wish to present the general statement in verse 1 without any indentation and then put each sentence of verse 2 on a separate line. The format might look something like this:\n\nGather yourselves together! Yes, gather, O nation not desired,\n> before the bringing forth of the decree,\n> before the day passes like chaff,\n> before the burning of the nose of Yahweh does not come upon you,\n> before the day of the nose of Yahweh does not come upon you.
1:18 z054 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive נִבְהָלָה֙ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The word translated **hastened** could mean that: (1) what he is describing, Yahweh will do quickly. Alternate translation: “he will do this soon” (2) when Yahweh does this, it will terrify people. Alternate translation: “a terrifying one”
2:intro t1it 0 # Zephaniah 2 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter is the second of the three major parts of the book of Zephaniah. (See the outline in the General Introduction to the book.) This part begins with a warning to the people of Judah and Jerusalem (verses 1–3), and it then describes how Yahweh will punish the Philistines (verses 4–7), Moab and Ammon (verses 8–11), Ethiopia (verse 12), and Assyria (verses 13–16).\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because they are poetry.\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in This Chapter\n\n### Litany\n\nIn verses 1 and 2, Zephaniah uses the litany form, as he did four times in chapter 1. See the discussion of the litany form in the General Notes to chapter 1, and see how you formatted the litanies in that chapter. You may wish to present the general statement in verse 1 without any indentation and then put each sentence of verse 2 on a separate line. The format might look something like this:\n\nGather yourselves together! Yes, gather, O nation not desired,\n> before the bringing forth of the decree,\n> before the day passes like chaff,\n> before the burning of the nose of Yahweh does not come upon you,\n> before the day of the nose of Yahweh does not come upon you.
2:1 w14p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-reduplication הִֽתְקוֹשְׁשׁ֖וּ וָ⁠ק֑וֹשּׁוּ 1 Zephaniah is repeating the verb **Gather** in order to emphasize the idea that it expresses. If a speaker of your language would not do that, you may be able to express the emphasis in another way in your translation. Alternate translation: “It is urgent that you gather together”
2:1 z055 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular הִֽתְקוֹשְׁשׁ֖וּ וָ⁠ק֑וֹשּׁוּ 1 The word **yourselves** is plural because Zephaniah is addressing the Judeans as a group. The implied “you” in each of these imperative forms is also plural. So use plural forms in your translation if your language marks that distinction. (The word “you” and the implied “you” in imperatives continue to be plural in verses 2 and 3.)
2:1 z056 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הִֽתְקוֹשְׁשׁ֖וּ 1 Zephaniah is implicitly telling the Judeans to **Gather … together** in order to repent. That is, he is telling them that they urgently need to hold a solemn assembly in which they confess and forsake their sins and ask Yahweh to be merciful to them. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Gather yourselves together in repentance”
2:1 z057 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes הַ⁠גּ֖וֹי לֹ֥א נִכְסָֽף 1 Zephaniah is expressing a positive meaning by using a negative word together with a word that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. The phrase translated **not desired** could mean: (1) that Yahweh does not want to be close to this nation because he is so angry with its people over their sinfulness and idolatry. Alternate translation: “O nation with whom Yahweh is so angry” (2) that the people of this nation are not ashamed of the wrong things that they have been doing. Alternate translation: “O shameless nation”
2:1 z058 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַ⁠גּ֖וֹי לֹ֥א נִכְסָֽף 1 Zephaniah is implicitly addressing the **nation** of Judah. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “you Judeans with whom Yahweh is so angry” or “you shameless Judeans”
2:2 m93y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּ⁠טֶ֨רֶם֙ לֶ֣דֶת חֹ֔ק 1 Zephaniah is using this possessive form not to describe something **bringing forth** the **decree** but to speak of the **decree** as if it would be **bringing forth** something, that is, as if it would literally be giving birth to something. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers, and it may be helpful to use plain language. Alternate translation: “before the decree takes effect”
2:2 m93y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּ⁠טֶ֨רֶם֙ לֶ֣דֶת חֹ֔ק 1 Zephaniah is using this possessive form not to describe something else **bringing forth** the **decree** but to speak of the **decree** as if it would be **bringing forth** something else, that is, as if it would literally be giving birth to something. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers, and it may be helpful to use plain language. Alternate translation: “before the decree takes effect”
2:2 z059 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּ⁠טֶ֨רֶם֙ לֶ֣דֶת חֹ֔ק 1 Zephaniah is referring implicitly to the **decree** of Yahweh that he announced in the previous chapter. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “before Yahweh carries out his decree to destroy sinful people”
2:2 j7xn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom י֑וֹם 1 By **the day**, Zephaniah means the “day of Yahweh.” See how you translated that expression in chapter 1. Alternate translation: “the time when Yahweh punishes people for their sins”
2:2 m9s2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כְּ⁠מֹ֖ץ עָ֣בַר 1 The point of this comparison is that just as the wind blows away **chaff** so that it is gone and will not return, so the **day** of Yahweh will come and go, and afterwards there will be no further opportunity for people to repent. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this point explicitly. Alternate translation: “before … has come and gone and there is no further opportunity to repent”
@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ front:intro l57g 0 # Introduction to Zephaniah\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
2:3 z067 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תִּסָּ֣תְר֔וּ 1 Zephaniah is speaking as if the Judeans could literally **be hidden** somewhere where Yahweh could not find them. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you will be spared”
2:3 z068 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בְּ⁠י֖וֹם אַף־יְהוָֽה 1 See how you translated the similar expression at the end of the previous verse. Alternate translation: “at the time when Yahweh angrily punishes people”
2:4 dth6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry עַזָּה֙ עֲזוּבָ֣ה תִֽהְיֶ֔ה & וְ⁠עֶקְר֖וֹן תֵּעָקֵֽר 1 For poetic effect and emphasis, at the beginning and end of this verse Zephaniah uses verbs that echo the sound of the names of the cities he is describing. It may be possible for you to reproduce this effect in your translation.
2:4 f893 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive עַזָּה֙ עֲזוּבָ֣ה תִֽהְיֶ֔ה 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the people who used to live in Gaza will abandon that city” or “no one will live in Gaza any more”
2:4 f893 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive עַזָּה֙ עֲזוּבָ֣ה תִֽהְיֶ֔ה 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the people who used to live in Gaza will abandon that city” or “no one will live in Gaza anymore”
2:4 z069 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְ⁠אַשְׁקְל֖וֹן לִ⁠שְׁמָמָ֑ה 1 Zephaniah is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and Ashkelon will become a ruin”
2:4 z070 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification אַשְׁדּ֗וֹד & יְגָ֣רְשׁ֔וּ⁠הָ 1 Zephaniah is speaking of the city of **Ashdod** as if it were a woman who could be **expelled** from the home in which she was living. He is using the city to represent the people who live in the city. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “they will expel the inhabitants of Ashdod”
2:4 z071 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns אַשְׁדּ֗וֹד & יְגָ֣רְשׁ֔וּ⁠הָ 1 Here, **they** is an indefinite pronoun that does not have a specific referent in the immediate context. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate this with a different expression that does not use an indefinite pronoun. Alternate translation: “the inhabitants of Ashdod will be expelled” or “an army will expel the inhabitants of Ashdod”
@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ front:intro l57g 0 # Introduction to Zephaniah\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
2:5 z076 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations וְ⁠הַאֲבַדְתִּ֖י⁠ךְ מֵ⁠אֵ֥ין יוֹשֵֽׁב 1 It may be more natural in your language to make this an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “He has said that he will destroy you until there is no inhabitant”
2:5 w9gq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe וְ⁠הַאֲבַדְתִּ֖י⁠ךְ מֵ⁠אֵ֥ין יוֹשֵֽׁב 1 As Zephaniah did, Yahweh is speaking to something that he knows cannot hear him, the land of **Canaan**, in order to show in a strong way how he feels about the people who live there. If a speaker in your language would not do that, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And I will destroy you Philistines until none of you live in the land of Canaan any more”
2:6 z077 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession חֶ֣בֶל הַ⁠יָּ֗ם 1 See how you translated this expression in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “the seacoast” or “the seacoast where the Philistines formerly lived”
2:6 gm12 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession נְוֺ֛ת כְּרֹ֥ת רֹעִ֖ים וְ⁠גִדְר֥וֹת צֹֽאן 1 Zephaniah is using these possessive forms to describe what will be in the **pastures**, who will use the **meadows**, and what the **pens** will contain. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “pastures in which there are meadows where shepherds graze their sheep and pens that hold their flocks”
2:6 gm12 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession נְוֺ֛ת כְּרֹ֥ת רֹעִ֖ים וְ⁠גִדְר֥וֹת צֹֽאן 1 Zephaniah is using these possessive form to describe what will be in the **pastures**, who will use the **meadows**, and what the **pens** will contain. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “pastures in which there are meadows where shepherds graze their sheep and pens that hold their flocks”
2:7 h1ww rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בֵּ֥ית יְהוּדָ֖ה 1 Zephaniah is using the word **house** to mean the people who live in the kingdom of Judah. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the people of Judah”
2:7 e8k3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche בְּ⁠בָתֵּ֣י אַשְׁקְל֗וֹן בָּ⁠עֶ֨רֶב֙ יִרְבָּצ֔וּ⁠ן 1 Zephaniah is using one aspect of living in a house, lying down there in the evening (that is, sleeping there at night) to mean living there in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “they will come and live in the abandoned houses in the city of Ashkelon”
2:7 z078 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom יִפְקְדֵ֛⁠ם 1 Zephaniah is using the term **visit** in a specific sense to mean taking action in regard to someone. In [1:8](../01/08.md), [1:9](../01/09.md), and [1:12](../01/12.md), the term describes taking action to punish people. But here it describes taking action to help people. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “will help them”
@ -178,11 +178,11 @@ front:intro l57g 0 # Introduction to Zephaniah\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
2:13 vj6j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וְ⁠יֵ֤ט יָד⁠וֹ֙ עַל־צָפ֔וֹן וִֽ⁠יאַבֵּ֖ד אֶת־אַשּׁ֑וּר 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. You may wish to include both phrases in your translation, but it may be clearer in your language to connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “And he will stretch out his hand against the north; yes, he will destroy Assyria”
2:13 rqc2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ⁠יֵ֤ט יָד⁠וֹ֙ 1 See how you translated the expression “I will stretch out my hand” in [1:4](../01/04.md). Alternate translation: “And he will use his power”
2:13 z094 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy צָפ֔וֹן 1 Zephaniah is using the term **north** by association to mean the empire that was located to the north of Judah, **Assyria**, as he indicates later in a parallel phrase. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the empire that is north of here”
2:14 z095 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns בְ⁠תוֹכָ֤⁠הּ 1 The pronoun **it** refers to the city of Nineveh. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “in the midst of Nineveh”
2:14 fgc1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun כָּל־חַיְת⁠וֹ־ג֔וֹי 1 Zephaniah is not referring to a specific **nation**. He means nations in general. He is also saying **every** as a generalization for emphasis. It may be more natural in your language to express this meaning by using a plural form. It may also be helpful to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “They will be various kinds of herds, composed of the sorts of animals found in many different nations”
2:14 rq3s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun גַּם־קָאַת֙ גַּם־קִפֹּ֔ד 1 Zephaniah is not referring to a specific **desert owl** or **screech owl**. He means many individual birds of these types. It may be more natural in your language to express this meaning by using plural forms. Zephaniah may also be using these two types of desert bird to mean desert birds in general Alternate translation: “Both desert owls and screech owls” or “Various desert birds”
2:14 z095 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns בְ⁠תוֹכָ֤⁠הּ 1 The possessive pronoun **its** refers to the city of Nineveh. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “in the midst of Nineveh”
2:14 fgc1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun כָּל־חַיְת⁠וֹ־ג֔וֹי 1 Zephaniah is not referring to a specific **nation**. He means nations in general. He is also saying **every** as a generalization for emphasis. It may be more natural in your language to express this meaning by using a plural form. It may also be helpful to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “They will be various kinds of herds composed of the sorts of animals found in many different nations”
2:14 rq3s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun גַּם־קָאַת֙ גַּם־קִפֹּ֔ד 1 Zephaniah is not referring to a specific **desert owl** or **screech owl**. He means many individual birds of these types. It may be more natural in your language to express this meaning by using plural forms. Zephaniah may also be using these two types of desert birds to mean desert birds in general Alternate translation: “Both desert owls and screech owls” or “Various desert birds”
2:14 jp3m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּ⁠כַפְתֹּרֶ֖י⁠הָ יָלִ֑ינוּ 1 The word translated **columns** refers specifically to the tops of columns, which often had ornate decorations. The implication is that an army will have destroyed the elaborate buildings of Nineveh so that only columns remain standing, and they are not supporting a roof, so their tops are exposed and provide a roosting place for birds. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “will roost on top of the exposed columns of its destroyed buildings”
2:14 e998 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ק֠וֹל יְשׁוֹרֵ֤ר בַּֽ⁠חַלּוֹן֙ חֹ֣רֶב בַּ⁠סַּ֔ף כִּ֥י אַרְזָ֖ה עֵרָֽה 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases, since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. Zephaniah is describing how badly Nineveh will be destroyed by referring to the fact that the costly and elaborate **cedar-work** of its ornate buildings will be exposed to the elements. Alternate translation: “Because the city will be destroyed so badly that the cedar-work will be bare, a call will hoot in the window; devastation will be in the threshold”
2:14 e998 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ק֠וֹל יְשׁוֹרֵ֤ר בַּֽ⁠חַלּוֹן֙ חֹ֣רֶב בַּ⁠סַּ֔ף כִּ֥י אַרְזָ֖ה עֵרָֽה 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases, since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. Zephaniah is describing how badly Nineveh will be destroyed by referring to the fact that the costly and elaborate **cedar-work** of its ornate buildings will be exposed to the elements. Alternate translation: “Because the city will be destroyed so thoroughly that the cedar-work will be bare, a call will hoot in the window; devastation will be in the threshold”
2:14 u3vb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification ק֠וֹל יְשׁוֹרֵ֤ר בַּֽ⁠חַלּוֹן֙ 1 Zephaniah is speaking of a bird’s **call** as if it were a living thing that could **hoot** on its own. He is using the call of birds to represent the birds themselves. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Birds will hoot their calls in the windows”
2:14 z096 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חֹ֣רֶב בַּ⁠סַּ֔ף 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **devastation**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “debris will block doorways”
2:15 kl78 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification זֹ֞֠את הָ⁠עִ֤יר הָ⁠עַלִּיזָה֙ הַ⁠יּוֹשֶׁ֣בֶת לָ⁠בֶ֔טַח הָ⁠אֹֽמְרָה֙ בִּ⁠לְבָבָ֔⁠הּ אֲנִ֖י וְ⁠אַפְסִ֣⁠י ע֑וֹד 1 Zephaniah is speaking of the **city** of Nineveh as if it were a living thing that could exult, dwell in **security**, and speak. He means that the people of Nineveh have done these things. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “This is the city whose people exulted, who thought they dwelled in security, who said in their hearts, ‘We are, and besides us there are no others.’”
@ -191,27 +191,27 @@ front:intro l57g 0 # Introduction to Zephaniah\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
2:15 z097 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes הָ⁠אֹֽמְרָה֙ בִּ⁠לְבָבָ֔⁠הּ אֲנִ֖י וְ⁠אַפְסִ֣⁠י ע֑וֹד 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “The one saying to itself that it is the only city that really matters, as if all other cities did not even exist” or “The one whose people said to themselves that their city was the only one that really mattered, as if all other cities did not even exist”
2:15 w3q5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture אֵ֣יךְ ׀ הָיְתָ֣ה לְ⁠שַׁמָּ֗ה 1 Zephaniah is using the past tense in order to describe something that will happen in the future. He is doing this to show that the event will certainly happen. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use the future tense. Alternate translation: “How it will become a ruin”
2:15 z098 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מַרְבֵּץ֙ לַֽ⁠חַיָּ֔ה 1 Zephaniah is not referring to a specific **beast**. He means beasts in general. It may be more natural in your language to express this meaning by using a plural form. Alternate translation: “a lair for beasts”
2:15 n4jw rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction כֹּ֚ל עוֹבֵ֣ר עָלֶ֔י⁠הָ יִשְׁרֹ֖ק יָנִ֥יעַ יָדֽ⁠וֹ 1 Hissing and shaking a **fist** at Nineveh would be symbolic actions that expressed contempt for the city. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the significance of these actions. Alternate translation: “Every one passing by will hiss at it in contempt, he will shake his fist in scorn”
3:intro f3en 0 # Zephaniah 3 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter is the third of the three major parts of the book of Zephaniah. (See the outline in the General Introduction to the book.) This part begins with a warning to the city of Jerusalem (verses 1–8), and it then describes how Yahweh will restore Jerusalem and bring people from many nations there to worship him (verses 9–20).\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because they are poetry.\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in This Chapter\n\n### Personification\n\nIn verses 1–5, Zephaniah speaks of the city of Jerusalem as if it were a person who was acting in certain ways. Zephaniah is actually addressing the people of Jerusalem. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that in your translation. For example, for the statement “Woe to the one rebelling” in verse 1, you might say “Woe to the people of Jerusalem, who are rebelling.”\n\n## Translation Issues in This Chapter\n\n### Gender of the pronoun for a city\n\nIn verses 1–5, Zephaniah uses the pronouns “she” and “her” to mean Jerusalem, since it was conventional in his language to use feminine pronouns when speaking about a city. In verses 11–12 and 18–19, Yahweh addresses the city as if it were a person, and he uses the feminine singular form of “you.” Zephaniah does the same in verses 14–15, as do the people who speak to Jerusalem in verses 16–17. If you decide to show in your translation that all of these speakers are addressing Jerusalem as if it were a person, you may decide to use the gender of pronoun that is conventional in your own language.\n\n### Number of pronouns\n\nThe pronoun “you” is singular throughout the chapter except for in v. 20, where it is plural. Use the corresponding forms in your translation if your language marks a distinction between singular and plural “you” and if you decide to retain the references to the city of Jerusalem as if it were a person.
2:15 n4jw rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction כֹּ֚ל עוֹבֵ֣ר עָלֶ֔י⁠הָ יִשְׁרֹ֖ק יָנִ֥יעַ יָדֽ⁠וֹ 1 Hissing and shaking a **fist** at Nineveh would be symbolic actions that expressed contempt for the city. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the significance of these actions. Alternate translation: “Every one passing by will hiss at it in contempt; he will shake his fist in scorn”
3:intro f3en 0 # Zephaniah 3 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter is the third of the three major parts of the book of Zephaniah. (See the outline in the General Introduction to the book.) This part begins with a warning to the city of Jerusalem (verses 1–8), and it then describes how Yahweh will restore Jerusalem and bring people from many nations there to worship him (verses 9–20).\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because they are poetry.\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in This Chapter\n\n### Personification\n\nIn verses 1–5, Zephaniah speaks of the city of Jerusalem as if it were a person who was acting in certain ways. Zephaniah is actually addressing the people of Jerusalem. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that in your translation. For example, for the statement “Woe to the one rebelling” in verse 1, you might say “Woe to the people of Jerusalem, who are rebelling.”\n\n## Translation Issues in This Chapter\n\n### Gender of the pronoun for a city\n\nIn verses 1–5, Zephaniah uses the pronouns “she” and “her” to mean Jerusalem, since it was conventional in his language to use feminine pronouns when speaking about a city. In verses 11–12 and 18–19, Yahweh addresses the city as if it were a person, and he uses the feminine singular form of “you.” Zephaniah does the same in verses 14–15, as do the people who speak to Jerusalem in verses 16–17. If you decide to show in your translation that all of these speakers are addressing Jerusalem as if the city were a person, you may decide to use the gender of pronoun that is conventional in your own language.\n\n### Number of pronouns\n\nThe pronoun “you” is singular throughout the chapter except for in v. 20, where it is plural. Use the corresponding forms in your translation if your language marks a distinction between singular and plural “you” and if you decide to retain the references to the city of Jerusalem as if it were a person.
3:1 aew2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ה֥וֹי מֹרְאָ֖ה וְ⁠נִגְאָלָ֑ה הָ⁠עִ֖יר הַ⁠יּוֹנָֽה 1 Zephaniah is implicitly referring to the **city** of Jerusalem. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Woe to Jerusalem, the one rebelling and being defiled, the oppressing city”
3:1 d7qu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification מֹרְאָ֖ה וְ⁠נִגְאָלָ֑ה הָ⁠עִ֖יר הַ⁠יּוֹנָֽה 1 As the General Notes to this chapter discuss, here and through verse 5, Zephaniah is speaking of the **city** of Jerusalem as if it were a person who could be **rebelling** and who could have become **defiled** and that who be **oppressing** vulnerable people. Zephaniah is actually addressing the people of Jerusalem who have been doing these things. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this in your translation, here and in verses 2–5. Alternate translation: “you people of Jerusalem who are rebelling against Yahweh and who have become defiled and who are oppressing others”
3:1 d7qu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification מֹרְאָ֖ה וְ⁠נִגְאָלָ֑ה הָ⁠עִ֖יר הַ⁠יּוֹנָֽה 1 As the General Notes to this chapter discuss, here and through verse 5, Zephaniah is speaking of the **city** of Jerusalem as if it were a person who could be **rebelling** and who could have become **defiled** and who would be **oppressing** vulnerable people. Zephaniah is actually addressing the people of Jerusalem who have been doing these things. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this in your translation, here and in verses 2–5. Alternate translation: “you people of Jerusalem who are rebelling against Yahweh and who have become defiled and who are oppressing others”
3:1 fc2a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive מֹרְאָ֖ה וְ⁠נִגְאָלָ֑ה הָ⁠עִ֖יר הַ⁠יּוֹנָֽה 1 If your language does not use a passive form such as **being defiled**, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the city that has rebelled and defiled herself and that has oppressed people” or “you people of Jerusalem who are rebelling against Yahweh and who have defiled yourselves and who are oppressing others”
3:1 z099 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns מֹרְאָ֖ה וְ⁠נִגְאָלָ֑ה 1 In verses 1­–7, as the ULT shows, Zephaniah uses feminine singular pronouns to refer to the city of Jerusalem. That was conventional in his language. Your language may use a different gender of pronouns to refer to cities. If you translate verses 1–7 as Zephaniah speaking directly to the city as a person, use the gender of pronoun that is most natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the city that has rebelled and defiled itself”
3:1 z099 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns מֹרְאָ֖ה וְ⁠נִגְאָלָ֑ה 1 In verses 1­–7, as the ULT shows, Zephaniah uses feminine singular pronouns to refer to the city of Jerusalem. That was conventional in his language. Your language may use a different gender of pronouns to refer to cities. If you translate verses 1–7 as though Zephaniah is speaking directly to the city as a person, use the gender of pronoun that is most natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the city that has rebelled and defiled itself”
3:2 lb6h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לֹ֤א שָֽׁמְעָה֙ בְּ⁠ק֔וֹל 1 Zephaniah is using the term **heard** in a specific sense to mean “obeyed.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “She does not obey the voice”
3:2 z100 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לֹ֤א שָֽׁמְעָה֙ בְּ⁠ק֔וֹל 1 The term **voice** could mean: (1) the voice of Yahweh, that is, the message Yahweh has been sending to the people of Jerusalem through his prophets telling the people to repent. Alternate translation: “She has not obeyed Yahweh’s command to repent” (2) the voice of anyone who has been warning the people of the city that their wicked behavior will have destructive consequences. Alternate translation: “She does not listen to anyone who tries to warn her”
3:2 z101 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֶל־אֱלֹהֶ֖י⁠הָ לֹ֥א קָרֵֽבָה 1 Zephaniah is speaking as if the city of Jerusalem, meaning its people, could literally have **drawn near** to **God**, that is, moved closer to a place where God was. He means that they could have and should have worshiped God sincerely. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “she does not worship her God sincerely”
3:3 z102 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שָׂרֶ֣י⁠הָ 1 See how you translated the term “princes” in [1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “her officials”
3:3 ae1f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְ⁠קִרְבָּ֔⁠הּ אֲרָי֖וֹת שֹֽׁאֲגִ֑ים 1 Zephaniah is speaking as if the **princes** of Jerusalem were literally **roaring lions**. He means that they exploit and harm vulnerable people rather than protecting them. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. You may find it helpful to translate this image as a comparison. Alternate translation: “exploit and harm the vulnerable people of the city, as if they were roaring lions attacking their prey”
3:3 z5i2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor זְאֵ֣בֵי עֶ֔רֶב 1 Zephaniah is speaking as if the **judges** of Jerusalem were literally **wolves**. As in the case of his comparison of the city’s princes to lions, he means that they exploit and harm vulnerable people rather than protecting them. By **wolves of the evening**, Zephaniah means wolves that have not eaten all day and so are especially aggressive from hunger. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Once again you may find it helpful to translate this image as a comparison. Alternate translation: “also exploit and harm the vulnerable people of the city, like hungry wolves attacking their prey”
3:3 z103 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לֹ֥א גָרְמ֖וּ לַ⁠בֹּֽקֶר 1 Zephaniah is continuing to speak of the city’s **judges** as if they were **wolves**. The last thing a wolf would do to eat an animal it had killed, after consuming its flesh, would be to **gnaw** on its bones to get at the marrow inside. Zephaniah is saying that these judges are like wolves that eat an entire animal at once when they kill it in the evening or at night, leaving not even this final task for the morning. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “they take everything away from vulnerable people”
3:3 z103 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לֹ֥א גָרְמ֖וּ לַ⁠בֹּֽקֶר 1 Zephaniah is continuing to speak of the city’s **judges** as if they were **wolves**. The last thing a wolf would do in eating an animal it had killed, after consuming its flesh, would be to **gnaw** on its bones to get at the marrow inside. Zephaniah is saying that these judges are like wolves that eat an entire animal at once when they kill it in the evening or at night, leaving not even this final task for the morning. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “they take everything away from vulnerable people”
3:4 u7tc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor פֹּֽחֲזִ֔ים 1 Zephaniah is speaking as if the **prophets** in Jerusalem were literally **light**, that is, as if they did not weigh very much. He could mean: (1) that they are frivolous in character and so what they say is not profound or significant. Alternate translation: “are frivolous” (2) that nothing restrains them from doing wrong things, as if they were a light object with nothing weighing it down that would float away or be blown away. Alternate translation: “are unprincipled” or “are reckless”
3:4 z104 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish אַנְשֵׁ֖י בֹּֽגְד֑וֹת 1 The phrase **men of treacheries** gives further information about the **prophets** whom Zephaniah is describing. It does not refer to a different group of people. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. It may be helpful to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “They are men of treacheries”
3:4 xm2b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession אַנְשֵׁ֖י בֹּֽגְד֑וֹת 1 Zephaniah is using this possessive form not to describe men who belong to treacheries but to describe **men** who habitually commit **treacheries**. This could mean: (1) that these prophets deceive and betray other people in order to take advantage of them. Alternate translation: “They treat others treacherously” (2) that they are not faithful to Yahweh, that is, they do not speak only messages that Yahweh has given them. Rather, they speak messages that they claim are from Yahweh but which Yahweh has not given them. Alternate translation: “They do not speak faithfully only what Yahweh has told them”
3:4 q96w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj חִלְּלוּ־קֹ֔דֶשׁ 1 Zephaniah is using the adjective **holy** as a noun to mean a certain thing or kind of thing. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this adjective with an equivalent phrase. The word **holy** could be referring to: (1) the temple, as a holy place set apart for the worship of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “treat the temple as if it were just an ordinary place” (2) in addition to the temple, all of the clothing, equipment, and food that was set apart for the use of the priests in leading the people in the worship of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “treat the special things that they are supposed to use in worship as if they were ordinary things”
3:5 a3p2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives לֹ֥א יַעֲשֶׂ֖ה עַוְלָ֑ה 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a positive expression to translate this double negative that consists of the negative particle **not** and the negative word ** unrighteousness **. Alternate translation: “He always does what is right”
3:5 a3p2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives לֹ֥א יַעֲשֶׂ֖ה עַוְלָ֑ה 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a positive expression to translate this double negative that consists of the negative particle **not** and the negative word **unrighteousness**. Alternate translation: “He always does what is right”
3:5 z105 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism בַּ⁠בֹּ֨קֶר בַּ⁠בֹּ֜קֶר מִשְׁפָּט֨⁠וֹ יִתֵּ֤ן לָ⁠אוֹר֙ לֹ֣א נֶעְדָּ֔ר 1 The word **light** could mean: (1) the light of dawn. In that case, Zephaniah would be saying the same thing twice in slightly different ways for emphasis. Hebrew poetry was based on this kind of repetition. To reflect this, you may wish to include both phrases in your translation rather than combining them. If you do that, it may be helpful to add a connecting word in order to show that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “In the morning, in the morning he gives his justice; indeed, at dawn he is not left out” (2) visibility, representing how Yahweh makes **justice** evident. In that case, the phrase **at light** would apply to the first clause rather than to the second one. Alternate translation: “In the morning, in the morning he brings his justice to light; he is not left out” or “In the morning, in the morning he makes his justice evident; indeed, he does not fail to do that”
3:5 fe75 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-reduplication בַּ⁠בֹּ֨קֶר בַּ⁠בֹּ֜קֶר 1 Zephaniah is repeating the phrase **In the morning** in order to intensify the idea that it expresses. If your language can repeat phrases for intensification, you may find it appropriate to do that here in your translation. Your language may also have another way of expressing the emphasis. Alternate translation: “Morning by morning” or “Every morning”
3:5 z106 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בַּ⁠בֹּ֨קֶר בַּ⁠בֹּ֜קֶר 1 Zephaniah is using the term **morning** to mean a day by association with the way that each day begins with a morning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Day by day” or “Every day”
3:5 z106 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בַּ⁠בֹּ֨קֶר בַּ⁠בֹּ֜קֶר 1 Zephaniah is using the term **morning** to mean a day, by association with the way that each day begins with a morning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Day by day” or “Every day”
3:5 cvu6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מִשְׁפָּט֨⁠וֹ יִתֵּ֤ן 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **justice**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “he tells people how to act justly” or “he declares what would be the just thing to do”
3:5 z107 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive לֹ֣א נֶעְדָּ֔ר 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he is not missing” or “he does not fail to appear”
3:5 dm1b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives לֹ֣א נֶעְדָּ֔ר 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a positive expression to translate this double negative that consists of the negative particle **not** and the negative verb **left out**. The double negative expresses emphasis, and you may choose to express that emphasis in a different way. Alternate translation: “he diligently appears”
@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ front:intro l57g 0 # Introduction to Zephaniah\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
3:6 z111 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit פִּנּוֹתָ֔⁠ם 1 See how you translated the word **corners** in [1:16](../01/16.md). Alternate translation: “the high towers at the corners of their walls”
3:6 y9qd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive נִצְדּ֧וּ עָרֵי⁠הֶ֛ם 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Their cities are in ruins”
3:6 asi4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet מִ⁠בְּלִי־אִ֖ישׁ מֵ⁠אֵ֥ין יוֹשֵֽׁב 1 These two phrases mean similar things. Yahweh is using them together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “without a single person living there”
3:7 z112 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person אָמַ֜רְתִּי אַךְ־תִּירְאִ֤י אוֹתִ⁠י֙ תִּקְחִ֣י מוּסָ֔ר וְ⁠לֹֽא־יִכָּרֵ֣ת מְעוֹנָ֔⁠הּ כֹּ֥ל אֲשֶׁר־פָּקַ֖דְתִּי עָלֶ֑י⁠הָ 1 In this quotation, Yahweh first speaks directly to the city of Jerusalem in the second person, then he speaks about that city in the third person. If it would help your readers appreciate what Yahweh is saying, you could translate the entire quotation in the third person. Alternate translation: “I said, ‘Surely she will fear me; she will take correction. Then her dwelling will not be cut off {by} all that I have visited upon her.’”
3:7 z112 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person אָמַ֜רְתִּי אַךְ־תִּירְאִ֤י אוֹתִ⁠י֙ תִּקְחִ֣י מוּסָ֔ר וְ⁠לֹֽא־יִכָּרֵ֣ת מְעוֹנָ֔⁠הּ כֹּ֥ל אֲשֶׁר־פָּקַ֖דְתִּי עָלֶ֑י⁠הָ 1 In this quotation, Yahweh first speaks directly to the city of Jerusalem in the second person, and then he speaks about that city in the third person. If it would help your readers appreciate what Yahweh is saying, you could translate the entire quotation in the third person. Alternate translation: “I said, ‘Surely she will fear me; she will take correction. Then her dwelling will not be cut off {by} all that I have visited upon her.’”
3:7 mvv5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes אָמַ֜רְתִּי אַךְ־תִּירְאִ֤י אוֹתִ⁠י֙ תִּקְחִ֣י מוּסָ֔ר וְ⁠לֹֽא־יִכָּרֵ֣ת מְעוֹנָ֔⁠הּ כֹּ֥ל אֲשֶׁר־פָּקַ֖דְתִּי עָלֶ֑י⁠הָ 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “I said that she would surely fear me; she would take correction. Then her dwelling would not be cut off by all that I had visited upon her”
3:7 z113 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification אָמַ֜רְתִּי אַךְ־תִּירְאִ֤י אוֹתִ⁠י֙ תִּקְחִ֣י מוּסָ֔ר וְ⁠לֹֽא־יִכָּרֵ֣ת מְעוֹנָ֔⁠הּ כֹּ֥ל אֲשֶׁר־פָּקַ֖דְתִּי עָלֶ֑י⁠הָ 1 Yahweh is speaking to and about the city of Jerusalem as if it were a person who could **fear** him and **take correction**. He is actually speaking to and about the people who live in Jerusalem. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. See what you did in [3:1–5](../03/01.md). Alternate translation: “I said that the people of Jerusalem would surely fear me; they would take correction. Then their dwelling would not be cut off by all that I had visited upon them”
3:7 g15j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom כֹּ֥ל אֲשֶׁר־פָּקַ֖דְתִּי עָלֶ֑י⁠הָ 1 See how you translated the expression “visit upon” in [1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “by all that I have done to punish her”
@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ front:intro l57g 0 # Introduction to Zephaniah\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
3:8 rhe9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations לָ⁠כֵ֤ן חַכּוּ־לִ⁠י֙ נְאֻם־יְהוָ֔ה לְ⁠י֖וֹם קוּמִ֣⁠י לְ⁠עַ֑ד 1 See how you translated the phrase “the declaration of Yahweh” in [1:2](../01/02.md), [1:3](../01/03.md), [1:10](../01/10.md), and [2:9](../02/09.md). If you used it to introduce the quotations in those places, you may wish to do the same thing here. Alternate translation: “This is what Yahweh declares: ‘Therefore wait for me, for the day of my arising to the prey’”
3:8 my26 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לָ⁠כֵ֤ן חַכּוּ־לִ⁠י֙ נְאֻם־יְהוָ֔ה לְ⁠י֖וֹם קוּמִ֣⁠י לְ⁠עַ֑ד 1 The imperative **wait** is plural, so Yahweh is addressing some group of people. That group could be: (1) the wicked Judeans who are still disobeying Yahweh despite his warnings. In that case, Yahweh would be using the term **wait** to indicate that he is certainly going to do what he describes. Your language may use the term “wait” in this same sense. If not, you could use plain language. Alternate translation: “‘Therefore, you sinful Judeans, just wait!’—the declaration of Yahweh—‘One day soon I will arise to the prey” or “‘Therefore you can be certain, you sinful Judeans—the declaration of Yahweh—‘that one day soon I will arise to the prey” (2) the “humble of the earth” whom Zephaniah mentions in [2:3](../01/01.md). In that case, Yahweh would be using the term **wait** to tell them to be patient until he punishes sin and enforces justice. Alternate translation: “‘Therefore, be patient, you godly people—the declaration of Yahweh—‘until the day when I arise to the prey”
3:8 z115 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לְ⁠י֖וֹם קוּמִ֣⁠י 1 While Yahweh is going to punish sinful nations on a specific **day**, he is using that term here to refer to a specific time. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “until the time when I arise”
3:8 izp2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לְ⁠עַ֑ד 1 Yahweh is speaking as if he were a predatory animal and the wicked **nations** and **kingdoms** that he is going to punish were **prey** that he was going to pounce on. (This could be an allusion to the description of Jerusalem’s “princes” as “lions” and its “judges” as “wolves” in [3:3](../03/03.md), indicating that those who preyed on others will themselves become prey.) If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to punish wicked people”
3:8 izp2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לְ⁠עַ֑ד 1 Yahweh is speaking as if he were a predatory animal and the wicked **nations** and **kingdoms** that he is going to punish were **prey** that he was going to pounce upon. (This could be an allusion to the description of Jerusalem’s “princes” as “lions” and its “judges” as “wolves” in [3:3](../03/03.md), indicating that those who preyed on others will themselves become prey.) If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to punish wicked people”
3:8 mvx7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לְ⁠עַ֑ד 1 The phrase translated **to the prey** could also be translated **as a witness**. If that is the meaning, then Yahweh would be speaking as if he were literally going to stand up and give evidence that these kingdoms and nations had sinned wickedly against him. If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of ULT. Alternate translation: “as if I were going testify against you”
3:8 z116 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לִ⁠שְׁפֹּ֨ךְ עֲלֵי⁠הֶ֤ם זַעְמִ⁠י֙ 1 Yahweh is speaking as if his **indignation** were a liquid that he was going to **pour out** onto wicked nations and kingdoms. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to punish them in my indignation”
3:8 q1ml rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish כֹּ֚ל חֲר֣וֹן אַפִּ֔⁠י 1 The phrase **all of the burning of my nose** is a further description of Yahweh’s **indignation**. See how you translated the similar expression in [2:2](../02/02.md). It may be helpful to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “My anger against them is very intense”
@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ front:intro l57g 0 # Introduction to Zephaniah\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
3:13 z125 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠לֹֽא־יִמָּצֵ֥א בְּ⁠פִי⁠הֶ֖ם לְשׁ֣וֹן תַּרְמִ֑ית 1 Here the word **found** indicates that something will not be able to be found because it will not be there. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and there will be not be any deceitful tongues in their mouths”
3:13 z126 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ⁠לֹֽא־יִמָּצֵ֥א בְּ⁠פִי⁠הֶ֖ם לְשׁ֣וֹן תַּרְמִ֑ית 1 Yahweh is using the terms **tongue** and **mouth** by association to mean speaking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and they will not say any deceitful things”
3:13 z127 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּֽי־הֵ֛מָּה יִרְע֥וּ וְ⁠רָבְצ֖וּ וְ⁠אֵ֥ין מַחֲרִֽיד 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases, since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. Alternate translation: “And since no one will frighten them, they will be able to graze and lie down”
3:13 pe7k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor כִּֽי־הֵ֛מָּה יִרְע֥וּ וְ⁠רָבְצ֖וּ וְ⁠אֵ֥ין מַחֲרִֽיד 1 Yahweh is speaking as if the people in the remnant of Israel will be animals that will **graze** and **lie down** in pastures. He means that they will be able to live peacefully, like animals that can be undisturbed out in a field. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “But they will be able to live without anyone disturbing them”
3:13 pe7k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor כִּֽי־הֵ֛מָּה יִרְע֥וּ וְ⁠רָבְצ֖וּ וְ⁠אֵ֥ין מַחֲרִֽיד 1 Yahweh is speaking as if the people in the remnant of Israel will be animals that will **graze** and **lie down** in pastures. He means that they will be able to live peacefully, like animals grazing undisturbed out in a field. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “But they will be able to live without anyone disturbing them”
3:14 z128 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular רָנִּי֙ & הָרִ֖יעוּ & שִׂמְחִ֤י וְ⁠עָלְזִי֙ 1 The implied “you” in the imperatives **Sing**, **Rejoice**, and **exult** is singular because Zephaniah is addressing a group as if it were a single individual. The implied “you” in the imperative **Shout** is plural because Zephaniah is addressing a group as a number of individuals. Use the same singular and plural forms in your translation if your language marks a distinction between singular and plural “you” and you decide to retain the singular and plural forms of address. However, see the notes to the rest of this verse, which suggest the possibility of using a plural address throughout the verse.
3:14 d6q3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בַּת־צִיּ֔וֹן 1 See how you translated the expression **daughter of** in [3:10](../03/10.md). Here as well it describes the people who make up a certain group. Alternate translation: “you people of Zion”
3:14 z129 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names בַּת־צִיּ֔וֹן 1 The word **Zion** is the name of the mountain on which the city of Jerusalem was located. Zephaniah is using the name by association to represent the entire kingdom of Judah, whose capital was Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “you people of Judah”

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