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front:intro x7kl 0 # Introduction to Nahum\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of the Book of Nahum\n\n1. Nahum introduces this book (1:1)\n1. Yahweh will destroy his enemies (1:2–15)\n1. Nahum describes how Nineveh will fall (2:1–3:19)\n\n### What is the Book of Nahum about?\n\nThe Book of Nahum contains prophecies about how Yahweh would judge and punish Nineveh.\n\nNineveh was the capital city of the Assyrian Empire. The Assyrians had already conquered the northern kingdom of Israel. They were threatening the southern kingdom of Judah. The book gave Judah hope that the Assyrians would be defeated.\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\n“The Book of Nahum” or just “Nahum” is the traditional title of this book. Translators may choose to call it “The Sayings of Nahum.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n### Who wrote the Book of Nahum?\n\nThe prophet Nahum probably wrote this book. He was a prophet from Elkosh, an unknown city probably in Judah.\n\nNahum wrote before Nineveh fell in about 612 B.C. Nahum also mentions the destruction of Thebes, a city in Egypt, which happened about 663 B.C. Therefore, the Book of Nahum was written sometime between 663 and 612 B.C. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### What is the importance of the descriptions of locusts in 3:15–17?\n\nLocust attacks occurred often in the ancient Near East. Certain kinds of grasshoppers would come in countless numbers. There would be so many that they would darken the sky like a black cloud that blocked the sunlight. They often came after a long period of no rain. They came down on whatever crops were surviving in the fields and stripped them bare of their leaves. The locusts could not be stopped and caused terrible damage. For this reason, locust attacks served as a powerful image of military attacks in the Old Testament.\n\nThe original language of the Old Testament used various names for locusts. It is uncertain whether these names refer to different kinds of locusts or to the same kind of locust in different stages of growth. For this reason, versions of the Bible differ in how they translate these terms.\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### What emotions were present in the various speakers in the Book of Nahum?\n\nWhen Nahum spoke to the Israelites, he wanted to comfort them.\n\nWhen Nahum and Yahweh spoke against the Ninevites, they often mocked them. This manner of speech was similar to speech in the ancient Near East when conquerors laughed at their victims.\n\nIt is important for translators to present both emotions of comfort and of mockery when translating this book. front:intro x7kl 0 # Introduction to Nahum\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of the Book of Nahum\n\n1. Nahum introduces this book (1:1)\n1. Yahweh will destroy his enemies (1:2–15)\n1. Nahum describes how Nineveh will fall (2:1–3:19)\n\n### What is the Book of Nahum about?\n\nThe Book of Nahum contains prophecies about how Yahweh would judge and punish Nineveh.\n\nNineveh was the capital city of the Assyrian Empire. The Assyrians had already conquered the northern kingdom of Israel. They were threatening the southern kingdom of Judah. The book gave Judah hope that the Assyrians would be defeated.\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\n“The Book of Nahum” or just “Nahum” is the traditional title of this book. Translators may choose to call it “The Sayings of Nahum.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n### Who wrote the Book of Nahum?\n\nThe prophet Nahum probably wrote this book. He was a prophet from Elkosh, an unknown city probably in Judah.\n\nNahum wrote before Nineveh fell in about 612 B.C. Nahum also mentions the destruction of Thebes, a city in Egypt, which happened about 663 B.C. Therefore, the Book of Nahum was written sometime between 663 and 612 B.C. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### What is the importance of the descriptions of locusts in 3:15–17?\n\nLocust attacks occurred often in the ancient Near East. Certain kinds of grasshoppers would come in countless numbers. There would be so many that they would darken the sky like a black cloud that blocked the sunlight. They often came after a long period of no rain. They came down on whatever crops were surviving in the fields and stripped them bare of their leaves. The locusts could not be stopped and caused terrible damage. For this reason, locust attacks served as a powerful image of military attacks in the Old Testament.
1:intro fa8i 0 # Nahum 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations prefer to set apart extended quotations, prayers and songs. The ULT and many other English translations set the lines of the entire book (except for verse 1 of this chapter) farther to the right on the page than regular text because they are poetic prophecy. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])\n\nDespite being divided into three chapters, this book consists of one long prophecy.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s anger against Nineveh\nThis prophecy should be read in reference to the book of Jonah. That book described how the people of Niniveh, Assyria’s capital city, repented when Jonah warned them that Yahweh was angry at them. The book of Nahum, written a little over one hundred years later than when Jonah was set, indicates that the Ninevites would be punished by God, but only after he had used them for his own purposes. These actions of Yahweh, although described as vengeance or anger, do not have the same sinful quality as they usually do with humans. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])\n\n### Complete destruction\n\nAt that time, Assyria controlled almost the entire Near East. Nahum prophesied that the Assyrians would be so completely destroyed as a nation that they would no longer even be a people group. This prophecy came true very suddenly. 1:intro fa8i 0 # Nahum 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations prefer to set apart extended quotations, prayers and songs. The ULT and many other English translations set the lines of the entire book (except for verse 1 of this chapter) farther to the right on the page than regular text because they are poetic prophecy. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])\n\nDespite being divided into three chapters, this book consists of one long prophecy.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s anger against Nineveh\nThis prophecy should be read in reference to the book of Jonah. That book described how the people of Niniveh, Assyria’s capital city, repented when Jonah warned them that Yahweh was angry at them. The book of Nahum, written a little over one hundred years later than when Jonah was set, indicates that the Ninevites would be punished by God, but only after he had used them for his own purposes. These actions of Yahweh, although described as vengeance or anger, do not have the same sinful quality as they usually do with humans. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])\n\n### Complete destruction\n\nAt that time, Assyria controlled almost the entire Near East. Nahum prophesied that the Assyrians would be so completely destroyed as a nation that they would no longer even be a people group. This prophecy came true very suddenly.
1:1 wy4y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\nNahum describes the destruction of Nineveh in poetry. 1:1 wy4y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\nNahum describes the destruction of Nineveh in poetry.
1:1 na47 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit The declaration about Nineveh. The book of the vision of Nahum, the Elkoshite 0 These words are an introduction to the entire book. This can be stated as a complete sentence. Alternate translation: “This is the book of the vision of Nahum, the Elkoshite, which gives a declaration about Nineveh” 1:1 na47 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit The declaration about Nineveh. The book of the vision of Nahum, the Elkoshite 0 These words are an introduction to the entire book. This can be stated as a complete sentence. Alternate translation: “This is the book of the vision of Nahum, the Elkoshite, which gives a declaration about Nineveh”
1:1 q626 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Elkoshite 0 A person from the village of Elkosh 1:1 q626 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Elkoshite 0 A person from the village of Elkosh
1:2 z2vj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 # General Information:\n\nNahum begins to describe Yahweh coming to judge his enemies and to save his people. The vision is full of metaphorical language and uses different kinds of parallelism. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 1:2 z2vj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 # General Information:\n\nNahum begins to describe Yahweh coming to judge his enemies and to save his people. The vision is full of metaphorical language.
1:2 krb6 Yahweh 0 This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this. 1:2 krb6 Yahweh 0 This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this.
1:2 z8hx full of wrath 0 Alternate translation: “very angry” 1:2 z8hx full of wrath 0 Alternate translation: “very angry”
1:2 a6fz he continues his anger for 0 Alternate translation: “continues to be angry with” 1:2 a6fz he continues his anger for 0 Alternate translation: “continues to be angry with”
@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ front:intro x7kl 0 # Introduction to Nahum\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction
1:5 cg1v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the hills melt 0 This could mean: (1) the earthquake causing the hills to crumble to pieces is spoken of as if the hills were melting or (2) the water from the storms coursing down the hills and causing them to erode is spoken of as if the hills were melting. 1:5 cg1v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the hills melt 0 This could mean: (1) the earthquake causing the hills to crumble to pieces is spoken of as if the hills were melting or (2) the water from the storms coursing down the hills and causing them to erode is spoken of as if the hills were melting.
1:5 f3dl the earth collapses 0 This could mean: (1) the mountains and hills collapse or (2) the entire ground begins to move with violent motions. 1:5 f3dl the earth collapses 0 This could mean: (1) the mountains and hills collapse or (2) the entire ground begins to move with violent motions.
1:5 w6mf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis the world and all people who live in it 0 Here the word “world” refers to the inhabited places on the earth. The verb for this phrase is understood from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “the world shakes and all the people who live in it collapse” 1:5 w6mf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis the world and all people who live in it 0 Here the word “world” refers to the inhabited places on the earth. The verb for this phrase is understood from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “the world shakes and all the people who live in it collapse”
1:6 pb6q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Who can stand before his wrath? Who can resist the fierceness of his anger? 0 These two rhetorical questions mean basically the same thing. They can be translated with statements. Alternate translation: “No one can stand before his wrath! No one can resist the fierceness of his anger!” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 1:6 pb6q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Who can stand before his wrath? Who can resist the fierceness of his anger? 0 These two rhetorical questions mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “No one can stand before his wrath! No one can resist the fierceness of his anger!”
1:6 s5dd fierceness of his anger 0 Alternate translation: “intensity of his anger” or “amount of his anger” 1:6 s5dd fierceness of his anger 0 Alternate translation: “intensity of his anger” or “amount of his anger”
1:6 b6tk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor His wrath is poured out like fire 0 Nahum speaks of Yahweh’s anger as if it were a liquid that he pours out and which burns like fire. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “He pours out his wrath like fire” or “He expresses his fierce anger” 1:6 b6tk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor His wrath is poured out like fire 0 Nahum speaks of Yahweh’s anger as if it were a liquid that he pours out and which burns like fire. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “He pours out his wrath like fire” or “He expresses his fierce anger”
1:6 s5l3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive the rocks are broken apart by him 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he breaks apart the rocks” or “he causes the rocks to break apart” 1:6 s5l3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive the rocks are broken apart by him 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he breaks apart the rocks” or “he causes the rocks to break apart”
@ -24,27 +24,26 @@ front:intro x7kl 0 # Introduction to Nahum\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction
1:7 z4wh in the day of trouble 0 “in times of trouble” or “when troubles happen.” The word “day” here refers to a general period of time. 1:7 z4wh in the day of trouble 0 “in times of trouble” or “when troubles happen.” The word “day” here refers to a general period of time.
1:8 uz38 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom he will make a full end to his enemies 0 The idiom “make a full end” refers to causing his enemies to die. Alternate translation: “he will completely destroy his enemies” or “he will kill all his enemies” 1:8 uz38 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom he will make a full end to his enemies 0 The idiom “make a full end” refers to causing his enemies to die. Alternate translation: “he will completely destroy his enemies” or “he will kill all his enemies”
1:8 b39g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor with an overwhelming flood 0 Nahum speaks of Yahweh destroying his enemies in such a way that they will be powerless to avoid death as if Yahweh caused them to drown in a great flood of water. 1:8 b39g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor with an overwhelming flood 0 Nahum speaks of Yahweh destroying his enemies in such a way that they will be powerless to avoid death as if Yahweh caused them to drown in a great flood of water.
1:8 n11u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy he will pursue them into darkness 0 Here the word “darkness” represents the place of the dead, which is characterized as a dark place. Nahum speaks of Yahweh killing his enemies as if he were chasing them into this dark place. Alternate translation: “he will cause all his enemies to die” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1:8 n11u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy he will pursue them into darkness 0 Here the word “darkness” represents the place of the dead, which is characterized as a dark place. Alternate translation: “he will cause all his enemies to die”
1:9 mz66 0 # General Information:\n\nNahum tells the people of Nineveh how Yahweh will deal with them. 1:9 mz66 0 # General Information:\n\nNahum tells the people of Nineveh how Yahweh will deal with them.
1:9 c1lk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion What are you people plotting against Yahweh? 0 This rhetorical question emphasizes the futility of making evil plans against Yahweh. Alternate translation: “It is futile for you people to plot against Yahweh” 1:9 c1lk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion What are you people plotting against Yahweh? 0 This rhetorical question emphasizes the futility of making evil plans against Yahweh. Alternate translation: “It is futile for you people to plot against Yahweh”
1:9 v6h3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom He will make a full end to it 0 The idiom “make a full end” refers to causing something to exist no longer. Alternate translation: “He will completely stop what you do” or “He will cause your plotting to fail” 1:9 v6h3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom He will make a full end to it 0 The idiom “make a full end” refers to causing something to exist no longer. Alternate translation: “He will completely stop what you do” or “He will cause your plotting to fail”
1:9 d3wc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy trouble will not rise up a second time 0 This could mean: (1) “trouble” is a metonym for the punishment that Yahweh will inflict upon the people. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will not have to punish you a second time” or (2) “trouble” refers to the trouble that the people cause by plotting against Yahweh. Alternate translation: “you will not cause trouble a second time” 1:10 fkc6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor they will become tangled up like thornbushes 0 The people who plot against Yahweh will not be able to free themselves from the trouble that Yahweh will bring upon them, like a person who is tangled up in thornbushes cannot easily free himself.
1:10 fkc6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor they will become tangled up like thornbushes 0 This metaphor could mean: (1) the people who plot against Yahweh will not be able to free themselves from the trouble that Yahweh will bring upon them, like a person who is tangled up in thornbushes cannot easily free himself or (2) just as thornbushes burn more quickly when they are tangled together, Yahweh will quickly destroy those who plot against him.
1:10 ip7l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor they will be saturated in their own drink 0 Nahum speaks of those who plot against Yahweh suffering the consequences of their plans as if they were completely drunk with alcohol. 1:10 ip7l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor they will be saturated in their own drink 0 Nahum speaks of those who plot against Yahweh suffering the consequences of their plans as if they were completely drunk with alcohol.
1:10 x8il rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor they will be completely devoured by fire like dry stubble 0 Nahum speaks of Yahweh completely destroying those who plot against him as if fire would burn them up like fire burns up dry stubble. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “fire will completely devour them like it devours dry stubble” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1:10 x8il rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor they will be completely devoured by fire like dry stubble 0 Nahum speaks of Yahweh completely destroying those who plot against him as if fire would burn them up like fire burns up dry stubble. Alternate translation: “fire will completely devour them like it devours dry stubble”
1:10 tg7c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor devoured by fire 0 Nahum speaks of fire burning something completely as if the fire were devouring that thing. Alternate translation: “burned up by fire” 1:10 tg7c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor devoured by fire 0 Nahum speaks of fire burning something completely as if the fire were devouring that thing. Alternate translation: “burned up by fire”
1:11 ee38 promoted wickedness 0 encouraged people to do wicked things 1:11 ee38 promoted wickedness 0 encouraged people to do wicked things
1:12 p1bp 0 # General Information:\n\nYahweh speaks to the Israelites about Nineveh. 1:12 p1bp 0 # General Information:\n\nYahweh speaks to the Israelites about Nineveh.
1:12 uyz9 Even if they are at their full strength and full numbers 0 This refers to the Assyrians or to the people of Nineveh. 1:12 uyz9 Even if they are at their full strength and full numbers 0 This refers to the Assyrians or to the people of Nineveh.
1:12 p6cc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor they will nevertheless be sheared 0 Yahweh speaks of destroying the people of Nineveh as if the were sheep that he will shear. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I will nevertheless shear them” or “I will nevertheless destroy them” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1:12 p6cc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor they will nevertheless be sheared 0 Yahweh speaks of destroying the people of Nineveh as if the were sheep that he will shear. Alternate translation: “I will nevertheless shear them” or “I will nevertheless destroy them”
1:13 qfl7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Now will I break that people’s yoke from off you; I will break your chains 0 Yahweh speaks of freeing Judah from Assyrian oppression as if he were breaking the yoke and chains that the Assyrians had placed on them. Alternate translation: “Now I will free you from that people and they will no longer oppress you” 1:13 qfl7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Now will I break that people’s yoke from off you; I will break your chains 0 Yahweh speaks of freeing Judah from Assyrian oppression as if he were breaking the yoke and chains that the Assyrians had placed on them. Alternate translation: “Now I will free you from that people and they will no longer oppress you”
1:14 en7t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I will cut off the carved figures and the cast metal figures from the houses of your gods 0 Yahweh speaks of destroying the Assyrian idols as if he were cutting them off, like a person would cut a branch from a tree. The word “house” is a metonym for the temples in which the people worshiped these idols. Alternate translation: “I will destroy the carved figures and the cast metal figures that are in the temples of your gods” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1:14 en7t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I will cut off the carved figures and the cast metal figures from the houses of your gods 0 Yahweh speaks of destroying the Assyrian idols as if he were cutting them off, like a person would cut a branch from a tree. Alternate translation: “I will destroy the carved figures and the cast metal figures that are in the temples of your gods”
1:14 s2bh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit I will dig your graves 0 It is implied that Yahweh will also bury them in the graves that he digs for them. Alternate translation: “I will dig your graves and bury you in them” 1:14 s2bh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit I will dig your graves 0 It is implied that Yahweh will also bury them in the graves that he digs for them. Alternate translation: “I will dig your graves and bury you in them”
1:15 n617 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche on the mountains there are the feet of someone who is bringing good news 0 Here the word “feet” represent the person who is running in order to declare a message. Alternate translation: “on the mountains there is someone who is bringing good news” 1:15 n617 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche on the mountains there are the feet of someone who is bringing good news 0 Here the word “feet” represent the person who is running in order to declare a message. Alternate translation: “on the mountains there is someone who is bringing good news”
1:15 l31d wicked one … he 0 Nahum refers to the people of Nineveh as though they were one person. 1:15 l31d wicked one … he 0 Nahum refers to the people of Nineveh as though they were one person.
1:15 ink2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he is completely cut off 0 Nahum speaks of the people of Nineveh being completely destroyed as if they had been cut off, like a person would cut a branch from a tree. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he is completely destroyed” or “Yahweh has completely destroyed him” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1:15 ink2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he is completely cut off 0 Nahum speaks of the people of Nineveh being completely destroyed as if they had been cut off, like a person would cut a branch from a tree. Alternate translation: “he is completely destroyed”
2:intro m3yl 0 # Nahum 2 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations prefer to set apart extended quotations, prayers and songs. The ULT and many other English translations set the lines of the entire book (except for verse 1 of chapter 1) farther to the right on the page than regular text because they are poetic prophecy. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])\n\nDespite being divided into three chapters, this book contains one long prophecy.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Complete destruction\n\nAt that time, Assyria controlled almost the entire Near East. Nahum prophesied that the Assyrians would be so completely destroyed as a nation that they would no longer even be a people group. This prophecy came true and did so very suddenly. At times, this chapter is very violent in describing the destruction of Assyria, and this violence should not be toned down through the use of euphemism. 2:intro m3yl 0 # Nahum 2 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations prefer to set apart extended quotations, prayers and songs. The ULT and many other English translations set the lines of the entire book (except for verse 1 of chapter 1) farther to the right on the page than regular text because they are poetic prophecy. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])\n\nDespite being divided into three chapters, this book contains one long prophecy.\n
2:1 c5dg rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 # General Information:\n\nNahum often wrote prophecy in the form of poetry. Hebrew poetry uses different kinds of parallelism. Here he begins to describe the destruction of Nineveh. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 2:1 c5dg rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 # General Information:\n\nNahum often wrote prophecy in the form of poetry.
2:1 xj69 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The one who will dash you to pieces 0 The word “you” refers to Nineveh. Nahum speaks of an army or military leader destroying Nineveh as if he were to shatter Nineveh like one would shatter a clay pot. Alternate translation: “The one who will destroy you” 2:1 xj69 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The one who will dash you to pieces 0 The word “you” refers to Nineveh. Nahum speaks of an army or military leader destroying Nineveh as if he were to shatter Nineveh like one would shatter a clay pot. Alternate translation: “The one who will destroy you”
2:1 m6by The one who will dash you 0 The person who is “the one” is not clear, so translate using a general term. Alternate translation: “Someone who will break you” 2:1 m6by The one who will dash you 0 The person who is “the one” is not clear, so translate using a general term. Alternate translation: “Someone who will break you”
2:1 ahz9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom is coming up against you 0 The idiom to “come against” means to attack. Alternate translation: “is preparing to attack you” 2:1 ahz9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom is coming up against you 0 The idiom to “come against” means to attack. Alternate translation: “is preparing to attack you”
@ -52,9 +51,9 @@ front:intro x7kl 0 # Introduction to Nahum\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction
2:1 cpd7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Man the city walls 0 Nineveh had a large, thick wall surrounding it. This refers to placing soldiers on the top of the wall in order to fight off attackers. This can be translated with a more general phrase if necessary. Alternate translation: “Man the fortifications” or “Prepare the defenses” 2:1 cpd7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Man the city walls 0 Nineveh had a large, thick wall surrounding it. This refers to placing soldiers on the top of the wall in order to fight off attackers. This can be translated with a more general phrase if necessary. Alternate translation: “Man the fortifications” or “Prepare the defenses”
2:1 zt4z guard the roads 0 This refers to having soldiers watch the roads leading to the city so that they can keep track of the enemy’s approach. 2:1 zt4z guard the roads 0 This refers to having soldiers watch the roads leading to the city so that they can keep track of the enemy’s approach.
2:1 l226 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom make yourselves strong 0 This is an idiom that means to prepare oneself for action. Here it applies to military action. Alternate translation: “prepare yourselves for battle” 2:1 l226 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom make yourselves strong 0 This is an idiom that means to prepare oneself for action. Here it applies to military action. Alternate translation: “prepare yourselves for battle”
2:2 u4fb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy For Yahweh is restoring the majesty of Jacob, like the majesty of Israel 0 The words “Jacob” and “Israel” are metonyms for the people who are descended from Jacob. This could mean: (1) the word “Jacob” refers to the southern kingdom and the word “Israel” refers to the northern kingdom. Alternate translation: “For Yahweh is restoring the majesty of Judah, as he promised to restore the majesty of Israel” or (2) both “Jacob” and “Israel” refer to the nation as a whole, included both northern and southern kingdoms and the two lines are parallel. Alternate translation: “For Yahweh is restoring the majesty of all Israel” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 2:2 u4fb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy For Yahweh is restoring the majesty of Jacob, like the majesty of Israel 0 The words “Jacob” and “Israel” are metonyms for the people who are descended from Jacob. This could mean: (1) the word “Jacob” refers to the southern kingdom and the word “Israel” refers to the northern kingdom. Alternate translation: “For Yahweh is restoring the majesty of Judah, as he promised to restore the majesty of Israel” or (2) both “Jacob” and “Israel” refer to the nation as a whole, included both northern and southern kingdoms and the two lines are parallel. Alternate translation: “For Yahweh is restoring the majesty of all Israel”
2:2 wmm6 the plunderers 0 people who steal things by force, usually in war 2:2 wmm6 the plunderers 0 people who steal things by force, usually in war
2:2 i6w3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor destroyed their vine branches 0 This could mean: (1) this is a metaphor in which the Assyrians taking away Israel’s possessions by force is spoken of as if Israel were a vine whose branches the Assyrians had stripped bare. Alternate translation: “robbed them of all of their possession, like one would strip bare vine branches” or (2) the words “vine branches” are a synecdoche for the agricultural fields throughout the nation. Alternate translation: “destroyed their fields of crops” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 2:2 i6w3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor destroyed their vine branches 0 This is a metaphor in which the Assyrians taking away Israel’s possessions by force is spoken of as if Israel were a vine whose branches the Assyrians had stripped bare. Alternate translation: “robbed them of all of their possession, like one would strip bare vine branches”
2:3 sal2 The shields of his mighty men are red 0 This could mean: (1) the shields appear red as the light from the sun reflects upon their metal surfaces or (2) the shields are covered with leather that has been dyed red. 2:3 sal2 The shields of his mighty men are red 0 This could mean: (1) the shields appear red as the light from the sun reflects upon their metal surfaces or (2) the shields are covered with leather that has been dyed red.
2:3 tt35 his mighty men 0 the soldiers of the one “who will dash” Nineveh “to pieces” ([Nahum 2:1](../02/01.md)). 2:3 tt35 his mighty men 0 the soldiers of the one “who will dash” Nineveh “to pieces” ([Nahum 2:1](../02/01.md)).
2:3 shs8 the chariots flash with their metal 0 This likely refers to the light from the sun reflecting upon the metal chariots. 2:3 shs8 the chariots flash with their metal 0 This likely refers to the light from the sun reflecting upon the metal chariots.
@ -71,7 +70,6 @@ front:intro x7kl 0 # Introduction to Nahum\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction
2:6 l4xl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive The gates at the rivers are forced open 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The enemy forces open the gates at the rivers” 2:6 l4xl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive The gates at the rivers are forced open 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The enemy forces open the gates at the rivers”
2:6 bi3c The gates at the rivers 0 This refers to the gates that controlled the flow and direction of the river. 2:6 bi3c The gates at the rivers 0 This refers to the gates that controlled the flow and direction of the river.
2:7 v7es rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Huzzab is stripped of her clothes and is taken away 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The enemy strips Huzzab of her clothes and takes her away” 2:7 v7es rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Huzzab is stripped of her clothes and is taken away 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The enemy strips Huzzab of her clothes and takes her away”
2:7 x5zy rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown Huzzab is stripped of her clothes and is taken away 0 The exact meaning of the word “Huzzab” is uncertain. Two This could mean: (1) it is the name of a queen in Nineveh and the sentence means that the attacking soldiers have stripped her of her clothes in order to humiliate her and then have carried her off into captivity or (2) it is the name of an idol and the sentence means that the attackers have stripped the gold and silver off the idol and have carried it away. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2:7 wzf8 her female servants moan like doves 0 The moaning sounds that the female servants make sound like the sounds that doves make. 2:7 wzf8 her female servants moan like doves 0 The moaning sounds that the female servants make sound like the sounds that doves make.
2:7 c3va her female servants 0 If the word “Huzzab” refers to a queen, then this phrase refers to the young women who attended her. If the word “Huzzab” refers to an idol, then this phrase refers to the young women who worked as temple prostitutes. 2:7 c3va her female servants 0 If the word “Huzzab” refers to a queen, then this phrase refers to the young women who attended her. If the word “Huzzab” refers to an idol, then this phrase refers to the young women who worked as temple prostitutes.
2:7 ya8w rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction beating on their breasts 0 Beating one’s breast was a gesture used to express great mourning. 2:7 ya8w rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction beating on their breasts 0 Beating one’s breast was a gesture used to express great mourning.
@ -85,10 +83,10 @@ front:intro x7kl 0 # Introduction to Nahum\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction
2:11 as2e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 # General Information:\n\nIn these verses, Nahum speaks of the people of Nineveh as if they were a group of lions, and of the city Nineveh as if it were their den. The metaphor speaks of the way in which the Assyrians would conquer other people and take their possessions as their own as if they were lions hunting prey and bringing the dead animals back to their den. 2:11 as2e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 # General Information:\n\nIn these verses, Nahum speaks of the people of Nineveh as if they were a group of lions, and of the city Nineveh as if it were their den. The metaphor speaks of the way in which the Assyrians would conquer other people and take their possessions as their own as if they were lions hunting prey and bringing the dead animals back to their den.
2:11 n3ki rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Where now is the lions’ den … afraid of nothing? 0 Nahum uses this rhetorical question to mock Nineveh, which has been destroyed. Alternate translation: “The lions’ den is nowhere to be found … afraid of nothing.” or “Look at what has become of the lions’ den … afraid of nothing!” 2:11 n3ki rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Where now is the lions’ den … afraid of nothing? 0 Nahum uses this rhetorical question to mock Nineveh, which has been destroyed. Alternate translation: “The lions’ den is nowhere to be found … afraid of nothing.” or “Look at what has become of the lions’ den … afraid of nothing!”
2:12 f91d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit he strangled victims 0 “he choked victims.” This is probably a reference to the way that lions usually kill their prey, by biting its throat. Alternate translation: “he killed his victims” 2:12 f91d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit he strangled victims 0 “he choked victims.” This is probably a reference to the way that lions usually kill their prey, by biting its throat. Alternate translation: “he killed his victims”
2:12 f3cw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism filled his cave with victims, his dens with torn carcasses 0 These two phrases are saying the same thing in different ways. The verb may be supplied for the second phrase. Alternate translation: “filled his cave with victims, and filled his dens with torn carcasses” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 2:12 f3cw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism filled his cave with victims, his dens with torn carcasses 0 These two phrases are saying the same thing in different ways. Alternate translation: “filled his cave with victims, and filled his dens with torn carcasses”
2:13 hg33 See 0 Alternate translation: “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you.” 2:13 hg33 See 0 Alternate translation: “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you.”
2:13 mzs1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the sword will devour your young lions 0 Here the word “sword” is a metonym for soldiers who attack with swords and is spoken of as if it were a person who eats its victims. Nahum also continues to speak to the people of Nineveh as if they were lions. Alternate translation: “attackers will kill your people with swords” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2:13 mzs1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the sword will devour your young lions 0 Here the word “sword” is a metonym for soldiers who attack with swords. Alternate translation: “attackers will kill your people with swords”
2:13 qg4y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I will cut off your prey from your land 0 Yahweh speaks of the people of Nineveh as if they were lions who preyed upon the nations. This could mean: (1) the word “prey” is a metonym for the things that they have taken from those upon whom they preyed, and Yahweh speaks of taking those things away from them as if it were cutting off their prey. Alternate translation: “I will take away from your land all the things that you took from others” or (2) Yahweh speaks of the nations whom the people of Nineveh had plundered as if they were Nineveh’s prey, and preventing Nineveh from plundering any more nations as if he were cutting off their prey. Alternate translation: “I will stop you from preying upon any other nation” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2:13 qg4y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I will cut off your prey from your land 0 Yahweh speaks of the nations whom the people of Nineveh had plundered as if they were Nineveh’s prey, and preventing Nineveh from plundering any more nations as if he were cutting off their prey. Alternate translation: “I will stop you from preying upon any other nation”
2:13 vf1s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive the voices of your messengers will be heard no more 0 This likely refers to the messengers that the Assyrians sent out to other nations to demand surrender or payment of tribute. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “no one will ever hear the voices of your messengers again” 2:13 vf1s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive the voices of your messengers will be heard no more 0 This likely refers to the messengers that the Assyrians sent out to other nations to demand surrender or payment of tribute. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “no one will ever hear the voices of your messengers again”
3:intro k8ee 0 # Nahum 3 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations prefer to set apart extended quotations, prayers and songs. The ULT and many other English translations set the lines of the entire book (except for verse 1 of chapter 1) farther to the right on the page than regular text because they are poetic prophecy. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])\n\nDespite being divided into three chapters, the book contains one long prophecy.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Euphemism\n\nThis chapter speaks about the evils of the Assyrians in violent ways. It is important to avoiding toning down this language through the use of euphemism, if at all possible. Although there is some hyperbole, the reader should not assume that the author intends this writing to be taken as completely hyperbolic. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) 3:intro k8ee 0 # Nahum 3 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations prefer to set apart extended quotations, prayers and songs. The ULT and many other English translations set the lines of the entire book (except for verse 1 of chapter 1) farther to the right on the page than regular text because they are poetic prophecy. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])\n\nDespite being divided into three chapters, the book contains one long prophecy.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Euphemism\n\nThis chapter speaks about the evils of the Assyrians in violent ways. It is important to avoiding toning down this language through the use of euphemism, if at all possible. Although there is some hyperbole, the reader should not assume that the author intends this writing to be taken as completely hyperbolic. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])
3:1 ki6n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the city full of blood 0 Here the word “blood” represents bloodshed and refers to the people who have committed murder. Alternate translation: “the city full of murderers” 3:1 ki6n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the city full of blood 0 Here the word “blood” represents bloodshed and refers to the people who have committed murder. Alternate translation: “the city full of murderers”
@ -110,14 +108,14 @@ front:intro x7kl 0 # Introduction to Nahum\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction
3:8 ii6k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion are you better than Thebes … itself? 0 Nahum asks this rhetorical question to emphasize the negative answer that it anticipates. Alternate translation: “you are not better than Thebes … itself.” 3:8 ii6k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion are you better than Thebes … itself? 0 Nahum asks this rhetorical question to emphasize the negative answer that it anticipates. Alternate translation: “you are not better than Thebes … itself.”
3:8 c7qr rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Thebes 0 This was the former capital of Egypt, which the Assyrians had conquered. 3:8 c7qr rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Thebes 0 This was the former capital of Egypt, which the Assyrians had conquered.
3:8 w92b that was built on the Nile River 0 Alternate translation: “that was situated by the Nile River” 3:8 w92b that was built on the Nile River 0 Alternate translation: “that was situated by the Nile River”
3:8 a2y2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor whose defense was the ocean, whose wall was the sea itself 0 These two phrases share similar meanings. The words “ocean” and “sea” both refer to the Nile River, which ran near the city. Nahum speaks of the Nile as if it were the wall that protected the city. Alternate translation: “which had the Nile river as its defenses, as some cities have a wall for theirs” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 3:8 a2y2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor whose defense was the ocean, whose wall was the sea itself 0 These two phrases share similar meanings. The words “ocean” and “sea” both refer to the Nile River, which ran near the city. Alternate translation: “which had the Nile river as its defenses, as some cities have a wall for theirs”
3:9 ega5 Cush and Egypt were her strength 0 Alternate translation: “Ethiopia and Egypt strengthened her” or “Cush and Egypt were her allies” 3:9 ega5 Cush and Egypt were her strength 0 Alternate translation: “Ethiopia and Egypt strengthened her” or “Cush and Egypt were her allies”
3:9 knv4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole there was no end to it 0 The word “it” refers to the “strength” that Cush and Egypt gave to Thebes. That there was no end to it is a hyperbole that expresses the great amount of strength. Alternate translation: “their strength was very great” 3:9 knv4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole there was no end to it 0 The word “it” refers to the “strength” that Cush and Egypt gave to Thebes. That there was no end to it is a hyperbole that expresses the great amount of strength. Alternate translation: “their strength was very great”
3:9 c9nd rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Put and Libya 0 These are the names of places in northern Africa that were close to Thebes. 3:9 c9nd rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Put and Libya 0 These are the names of places in northern Africa that were close to Thebes.
3:10 jt2a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Yet Thebes was carried away 0 The word “Thebes” represents the people who lived in Thebes. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yet those who attacked Thebes carried the people away” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 3:10 jt2a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Yet Thebes was carried away 0 The word “Thebes” represents the people who lived in Thebes. Alternate translation: “Yet those who attacked Thebes carried the people away”
3:10 h6s7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy she went into captivity 0 The word “she” refers to Thebes and represents the people who lived there. Alternate translation: “they went into captivity” 3:10 h6s7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy she went into captivity 0 The word “she” refers to Thebes and represents the people who lived there. Alternate translation: “they went into captivity”
3:10 jht3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive her young children were dashed in pieces 0 This is a brutal description of the soldiers killing children. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “enemy soldiers dashed her young children to pieces” or “enemy soldiers beat her young children to death” 3:10 jht3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive her young children were dashed in pieces 0 This is a brutal description of the soldiers killing children. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “enemy soldiers dashed her young children to pieces” or “enemy soldiers beat her young children to death”
3:10 h7t9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor at the head of every street 0 The beginning of a street is spoken of as if it were the head. Also, “every” is a generalization that means many places all over the city. Alternate translation: “on every street corner” or “in the streets all over the city” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 3:10 h7t9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor at the head of every street 0 The beginning of a street is spoken of as if it were the head. Also, “every” is a generalization that means many places all over the city. Alternate translation: “on every street corner”
3:10 hyc8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive all her great men were bound in chains 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “they bound all her great men in chains” 3:10 hyc8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive all her great men were bound in chains 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “they bound all her great men in chains”
3:11 esd7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor You also will become drunk 0 Here the word “You” refers to Nineveh. Nahum speaks of the people of Nineveh suffering and dying in battle as if they had become drunk from drinking too much wine. 3:11 esd7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor You also will become drunk 0 Here the word “You” refers to Nineveh. Nahum speaks of the people of Nineveh suffering and dying in battle as if they had become drunk from drinking too much wine.
3:12 lb3t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit All your fortresses 0 Here, the word **fortresses** could mean: (1) it refers to Nineveh’s fortifications, such as the wall that surrounded the city Alternate translation: “All of your fortifications” or “All of your defenses” or (2) it refers to the fortified cities that were situated along Assyria’s borders and prevented enemy armies from attacking Nineveh. Alternate translation: “All of your fortified cities” 3:12 lb3t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit All your fortresses 0 Here, the word **fortresses** could mean: (1) it refers to Nineveh’s fortifications, such as the wall that surrounded the city Alternate translation: “All of your fortifications” or “All of your defenses” or (2) it refers to the fortified cities that were situated along Assyria’s borders and prevented enemy armies from attacking Nineveh. Alternate translation: “All of your fortified cities”
@ -127,22 +125,20 @@ front:intro x7kl 0 # Introduction to Nahum\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction
3:12 k7ym rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole they fall into the mouth of the eater 0 “the figs fall into the mouth of the eater.” This is an exaggeration. By saying that the figs fall from the tree into the mouth of the one who eats it, Nahum emphasizes that the figs are ready to eat immediately. Alternate translation: “a person can eat the fig immediately” 3:12 k7ym rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole they fall into the mouth of the eater 0 “the figs fall into the mouth of the eater.” This is an exaggeration. By saying that the figs fall from the tree into the mouth of the one who eats it, Nahum emphasizes that the figs are ready to eat immediately. Alternate translation: “a person can eat the fig immediately”
3:13 le29 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the people among you are women 0 In this ancient culture, women were not warriors for a number of reasons, including their being generally weaker physically than men. Here Nahum speaks of Nineveh’s warriors losing their strength and courage to fight as if the people in the city were all women. Alternate translation: “your people are all like women who are weak and cannot defend themselves” 3:13 le29 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the people among you are women 0 In this ancient culture, women were not warriors for a number of reasons, including their being generally weaker physically than men. Here Nahum speaks of Nineveh’s warriors losing their strength and courage to fight as if the people in the city were all women. Alternate translation: “your people are all like women who are weak and cannot defend themselves”
3:13 cv1a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive the gates of your land have been opened wide to your enemies 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the gates of your land are wide open to your enemies” or “someone has opened wide to your enemies the gates of your land” 3:13 cv1a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive the gates of your land have been opened wide to your enemies 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the gates of your land are wide open to your enemies” or “someone has opened wide to your enemies the gates of your land”
3:13 sc8s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the gates of your land have been opened wide to your enemies 0 This could mean: (1) if “fortresses” in v. 12 refers to the Nineveh’s defenses, then “the gates of your land” refers to the gates in the walls around Nineveh. Alternate translation: “the gates of your city are wide open for your enemies to attack” or (2) if “fortresses” in v. 12 refers to the fortified cities that were situated along Assyria’s borders, then “the gates of your land” is a metaphor in which those cities are spoken of as if they were gates that prevented enemy armies from entering the land. Alternate translation: “your land is defenseless before your enemies because they have destroyed the cities that protected your borders”
3:13 ea7i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor fire has devoured their bars 0 This could mean: (1) if “fortresses” in v. 12 refers to the Nineveh’s defenses, then “their bars” refers to the bars that locked the gates in the walls around Nineveh. Alternate translation: “fire has destroyed the bars that lock your city gates” or (2) if “fortresses” in v. 12 refers to the fortified cities that were situated along Assyria’s borders, then “their bars” is a metaphor in which those cities are spoken of as if they were locked gates that prevented enemy armies from entering the land. Alternate translation: “the cities on your borders can no longer protect you, just as gates can no longer protect a city when fire has destroyed their bars”
3:13 i4p2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor fire has devoured 0 Nahum speaks of fire burning up and destroying as if fire were eating. Alternate translation: “fire has destroyed” or “fire has burned up” 3:13 i4p2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor fire has devoured 0 Nahum speaks of fire burning up and destroying as if fire were eating. Alternate translation: “fire has destroyed” or “fire has burned up”
3:14 w932 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony Go draw water for the siege … pick up the molds for the bricks 0 Nahum speaks to the people of Nineveh. He tells them to prepare for battle and to repair the walls, although he knows that the enemy will destroy the city. 3:14 w932 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony Go draw water for the siege … pick up the molds for the bricks 0 Nahum speaks to the people of Nineveh. He tells them to prepare for battle and to repair the walls, although he knows that the enemy will destroy the city.
3:14 d5xh strengthen your fortresses 0 Alternate translation: “repair the fortifications” 3:14 d5xh strengthen your fortresses 0 Alternate translation: “repair the fortifications”
3:14 tja5 go into the clay and tread the mortar; pick up the molds for the bricks 0 These phrases refer to making mud bricks that they will use to repair the city’s wall. 3:14 tja5 go into the clay and tread the mortar; pick up the molds for the bricks 0 These phrases refer to making mud bricks that they will use to repair the city’s wall.
3:15 x9p7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Fire will devour you there 0 Nahum speaks of fire burning and destroying as if it were eating. Alternate translation: “Fire will destroy you there” or “Your enemies will burn you with fire there” 3:15 x9p7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Fire will devour you there 0 Nahum speaks of fire burning and destroying as if it were eating. Alternate translation: “Fire will destroy you there” or “Your enemies will burn you with fire there”
3:15 f3iu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the sword will destroy you 0 Here the word “sword” is a metonym for the enemies who will attack with swords. Alternate translation: “your enemies will kill you with their swords” 3:15 f3iu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the sword will destroy you 0 Here the word “sword” is a metonym for the enemies who will attack with swords. Alternate translation: “your enemies will kill you with their swords”
3:15 cwk4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification It will devour you as young locusts devour everything 0 The word “It” refers to the “sword,” which is personified as eating those whom it kills. The soldiers using their swords to kill everyone in Nineveh is compared with the way that a swarm of locusts eats every plant in its path. Alternate translation: “Your enemies’ swords will kill all of you, just as easily as a swarm of locusts devours everything in its path” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 3:15 cwk4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification It will devour you as young locusts devour everything 0 The word “It” refers to the “sword,” which is personified as eating those whom it kills. Alternate translation: “Your enemies’ swords will kill all of you, just as easily as a swarm of locusts devours everything in its path”
3:15 mx6w Make yourselves as many as the young locusts, as many as the full-grown locusts 0 These words begin a new paragraph where Nahum compares the number of people in Nineveh with the large number of locusts in a swarm. 3:15 mx6w Make yourselves as many as the young locusts, as many as the full-grown locusts 0 These words begin a new paragraph where Nahum compares the number of people in Nineveh with the large number of locusts in a swarm.
3:16 h3mk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 # General Information:\n\nNahum speaks to the people of Nineveh as though they were the city itself. 3:16 h3mk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 # General Information:\n\nNahum speaks to the people of Nineveh as though they were the city itself.
3:16 f5ml rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole You have multiplied your merchants more than the stars in the heavens 0 This exaggeration emphasizes the great number of merchants who lived and worked in Nineveh. Alternate translation: “It is as if you have more merchants than there are stars in the sky” or “You have more merchants than anyone could count” 3:16 f5ml rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole You have multiplied your merchants more than the stars in the heavens 0 This exaggeration emphasizes the great number of merchants who lived and worked in Nineveh. Alternate translation: “It is as if you have more merchants than there are stars in the sky” or “You have more merchants than anyone could count”
3:16 jax3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile they are like young locusts: they plunder the land and then fly away 0 Nahum compares the way that these merchants, who have made their profit by selling their goods in Nineveh, will flee from the city when the battle begins with the way that locusts fly away after they have eaten all of the plants in their path. 3:16 jax3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile they are like young locusts: they plunder the land and then fly away 0 Nahum compares the way that these merchants, who have made their profit by selling their goods in Nineveh, will flee from the city when the battle begins with the way that locusts fly away after they have eaten all of the plants in their path.
3:17 g39b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile your generals are like swarms of them that camp in the walls on a cold day. But when the sun rises they fly away 0 Nahum compares the way that the officials in Nineveh will flee when the battle starts with the way that locusts will remain still while it is cold, but will fly away when the sun rises and the air becomes warm. 3:17 g39b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile your generals are like swarms of them that camp in the walls on a cold day. But when the sun rises they fly away 0 Nahum compares the way that the officials in Nineveh will flee when the battle starts with the way that locusts will remain still while it is cold, but will fly away when the sun rises and the air becomes warm.
3:17 t77f to no one knows where 0 Alternate translation: “and no one knows where they have gone” 3:17 t77f to no one knows where 0 Alternate translation: “and no one knows where they have gone”
3:18 mzz1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism your shepherds are asleep; your rulers are lying down resting 0 These two lines share similar meanings. Nahum speaks of the leaders of Assyria as if they were shepherd who are to care for their sheep. He speaks of the shepherds and rulers dying as if they had fallen asleep. Alternate translation: “your leaders who are like shepherds are dead; your rulers are all dead” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 3:18 mzz1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism your shepherds are asleep; your rulers are lying down resting 0 These two lines share similar meanings. Alternate translation: “your leaders who are like shepherds are dead; your rulers are all dead”
3:18 r6bi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Your people are scattered on the mountains 0 Nahum speaks of the people of Nineveh as if they were sheep that scatter after the shepherds have died. Alternate translation: “Your people are scattered like sheep on the mountains” 3:18 r6bi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Your people are scattered on the mountains 0 Nahum speaks of the people of Nineveh as if they were sheep that scatter after the shepherds have died. Alternate translation: “Your people are scattered like sheep on the mountains”
3:19 ik24 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor No healing is possible for your wounds. Your wounds are severe 0 Nahum speaks of the certainty of the destruction of Nineveh and the defeat of its king as if the king had suffered an incurable wound. 3:19 ik24 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor No healing is possible for your wounds. Your wounds are severe 0 Nahum speaks of the certainty of the destruction of Nineveh and the defeat of its king as if the king had suffered an incurable wound.
3:19 eje9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns No healing is possible for your wounds 0 The word “healing” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “No one is able to heal your wounds” 3:19 eje9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns No healing is possible for your wounds 0 The word “healing” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “No one is able to heal your wounds”

1 Reference ID Tags SupportReference Quote Occurrence Note
2 front:intro x7kl 0 # Introduction to Nahum\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of the Book of Nahum\n\n1. Nahum introduces this book (1:1)\n1. Yahweh will destroy his enemies (1:2–15)\n1. Nahum describes how Nineveh will fall (2:1–3:19)\n\n### What is the Book of Nahum about?\n\nThe Book of Nahum contains prophecies about how Yahweh would judge and punish Nineveh.\n\nNineveh was the capital city of the Assyrian Empire. The Assyrians had already conquered the northern kingdom of Israel. They were threatening the southern kingdom of Judah. The book gave Judah hope that the Assyrians would be defeated.\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\n“The Book of Nahum” or just “Nahum” is the traditional title of this book. Translators may choose to call it “The Sayings of Nahum.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n### Who wrote the Book of Nahum?\n\nThe prophet Nahum probably wrote this book. He was a prophet from Elkosh, an unknown city probably in Judah.\n\nNahum wrote before Nineveh fell in about 612 B.C. Nahum also mentions the destruction of Thebes, a city in Egypt, which happened about 663 B.C. Therefore, the Book of Nahum was written sometime between 663 and 612 B.C. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### What is the importance of the descriptions of locusts in 3:15–17?\n\nLocust attacks occurred often in the ancient Near East. Certain kinds of grasshoppers would come in countless numbers. There would be so many that they would darken the sky like a black cloud that blocked the sunlight. They often came after a long period of no rain. They came down on whatever crops were surviving in the fields and stripped them bare of their leaves. The locusts could not be stopped and caused terrible damage. For this reason, locust attacks served as a powerful image of military attacks in the Old Testament.\n\nThe original language of the Old Testament used various names for locusts. It is uncertain whether these names refer to different kinds of locusts or to the same kind of locust in different stages of growth. For this reason, versions of the Bible differ in how they translate these terms.\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### What emotions were present in the various speakers in the Book of Nahum?\n\nWhen Nahum spoke to the Israelites, he wanted to comfort them.\n\nWhen Nahum and Yahweh spoke against the Ninevites, they often mocked them. This manner of speech was similar to speech in the ancient Near East when conquerors laughed at their victims.\n\nIt is important for translators to present both emotions of comfort and of mockery when translating this book. # Introduction to Nahum\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of the Book of Nahum\n\n1. Nahum introduces this book (1:1)\n1. Yahweh will destroy his enemies (1:2–15)\n1. Nahum describes how Nineveh will fall (2:1–3:19)\n\n### What is the Book of Nahum about?\n\nThe Book of Nahum contains prophecies about how Yahweh would judge and punish Nineveh.\n\nNineveh was the capital city of the Assyrian Empire. The Assyrians had already conquered the northern kingdom of Israel. They were threatening the southern kingdom of Judah. The book gave Judah hope that the Assyrians would be defeated.\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\n“The Book of Nahum” or just “Nahum” is the traditional title of this book. Translators may choose to call it “The Sayings of Nahum.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n### Who wrote the Book of Nahum?\n\nThe prophet Nahum probably wrote this book. He was a prophet from Elkosh, an unknown city probably in Judah.\n\nNahum wrote before Nineveh fell in about 612 B.C. Nahum also mentions the destruction of Thebes, a city in Egypt, which happened about 663 B.C. Therefore, the Book of Nahum was written sometime between 663 and 612 B.C. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### What is the importance of the descriptions of locusts in 3:15–17?\n\nLocust attacks occurred often in the ancient Near East. Certain kinds of grasshoppers would come in countless numbers. There would be so many that they would darken the sky like a black cloud that blocked the sunlight. They often came after a long period of no rain. They came down on whatever crops were surviving in the fields and stripped them bare of their leaves. The locusts could not be stopped and caused terrible damage. For this reason, locust attacks served as a powerful image of military attacks in the Old Testament.
3 1:intro fa8i 0 # Nahum 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations prefer to set apart extended quotations, prayers and songs. The ULT and many other English translations set the lines of the entire book (except for verse 1 of this chapter) farther to the right on the page than regular text because they are poetic prophecy. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])\n\nDespite being divided into three chapters, this book consists of one long prophecy.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s anger against Nineveh\nThis prophecy should be read in reference to the book of Jonah. That book described how the people of Niniveh, Assyria’s capital city, repented when Jonah warned them that Yahweh was angry at them. The book of Nahum, written a little over one hundred years later than when Jonah was set, indicates that the Ninevites would be punished by God, but only after he had used them for his own purposes. These actions of Yahweh, although described as vengeance or anger, do not have the same sinful quality as they usually do with humans. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])\n\n### Complete destruction\n\nAt that time, Assyria controlled almost the entire Near East. Nahum prophesied that the Assyrians would be so completely destroyed as a nation that they would no longer even be a people group. This prophecy came true very suddenly.
4 1:1 wy4y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\nNahum describes the destruction of Nineveh in poetry.
5 1:1 na47 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit The declaration about Nineveh. The book of the vision of Nahum, the Elkoshite 0 These words are an introduction to the entire book. This can be stated as a complete sentence. Alternate translation: “This is the book of the vision of Nahum, the Elkoshite, which gives a declaration about Nineveh”
6 1:1 q626 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Elkoshite 0 A person from the village of Elkosh
7 1:2 z2vj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 # General Information:\n\nNahum begins to describe Yahweh coming to judge his enemies and to save his people. The vision is full of metaphorical language and uses different kinds of parallelism. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) # General Information:\n\nNahum begins to describe Yahweh coming to judge his enemies and to save his people. The vision is full of metaphorical language.
8 1:2 krb6 Yahweh 0 This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this.
9 1:2 z8hx full of wrath 0 Alternate translation: “very angry”
10 1:2 a6fz he continues his anger for 0 Alternate translation: “continues to be angry with”
16 1:5 cg1v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the hills melt 0 This could mean: (1) the earthquake causing the hills to crumble to pieces is spoken of as if the hills were melting or (2) the water from the storms coursing down the hills and causing them to erode is spoken of as if the hills were melting.
17 1:5 f3dl the earth collapses 0 This could mean: (1) the mountains and hills collapse or (2) the entire ground begins to move with violent motions.
18 1:5 w6mf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis the world and all people who live in it 0 Here the word “world” refers to the inhabited places on the earth. The verb for this phrase is understood from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “the world shakes and all the people who live in it collapse”
19 1:6 pb6q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Who can stand before his wrath? Who can resist the fierceness of his anger? 0 These two rhetorical questions mean basically the same thing. They can be translated with statements. Alternate translation: “No one can stand before his wrath! No one can resist the fierceness of his anger!” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) These two rhetorical questions mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “No one can stand before his wrath! No one can resist the fierceness of his anger!”
20 1:6 s5dd fierceness of his anger 0 Alternate translation: “intensity of his anger” or “amount of his anger”
21 1:6 b6tk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor His wrath is poured out like fire 0 Nahum speaks of Yahweh’s anger as if it were a liquid that he pours out and which burns like fire. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “He pours out his wrath like fire” or “He expresses his fierce anger”
22 1:6 s5l3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive the rocks are broken apart by him 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he breaks apart the rocks” or “he causes the rocks to break apart”
24 1:7 z4wh in the day of trouble 0 “in times of trouble” or “when troubles happen.” The word “day” here refers to a general period of time.
25 1:8 uz38 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom he will make a full end to his enemies 0 The idiom “make a full end” refers to causing his enemies to die. Alternate translation: “he will completely destroy his enemies” or “he will kill all his enemies”
26 1:8 b39g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor with an overwhelming flood 0 Nahum speaks of Yahweh destroying his enemies in such a way that they will be powerless to avoid death as if Yahweh caused them to drown in a great flood of water.
27 1:8 n11u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy he will pursue them into darkness 0 Here the word “darkness” represents the place of the dead, which is characterized as a dark place. Nahum speaks of Yahweh killing his enemies as if he were chasing them into this dark place. Alternate translation: “he will cause all his enemies to die” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) Here the word “darkness” represents the place of the dead, which is characterized as a dark place. Alternate translation: “he will cause all his enemies to die”
28 1:9 mz66 0 # General Information:\n\nNahum tells the people of Nineveh how Yahweh will deal with them.
29 1:9 c1lk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion What are you people plotting against Yahweh? 0 This rhetorical question emphasizes the futility of making evil plans against Yahweh. Alternate translation: “It is futile for you people to plot against Yahweh”
30 1:9 v6h3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom He will make a full end to it 0 The idiom “make a full end” refers to causing something to exist no longer. Alternate translation: “He will completely stop what you do” or “He will cause your plotting to fail”
31 1:9 1:10 d3wc fkc6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor trouble will not rise up a second time they will become tangled up like thornbushes 0 This could mean: (1) “trouble” is a metonym for the punishment that Yahweh will inflict upon the people. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will not have to punish you a second time” or (2) “trouble” refers to the trouble that the people cause by plotting against Yahweh. Alternate translation: “you will not cause trouble a second time” The people who plot against Yahweh will not be able to free themselves from the trouble that Yahweh will bring upon them, like a person who is tangled up in thornbushes cannot easily free himself.
1:10 fkc6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor they will become tangled up like thornbushes 0 This metaphor could mean: (1) the people who plot against Yahweh will not be able to free themselves from the trouble that Yahweh will bring upon them, like a person who is tangled up in thornbushes cannot easily free himself or (2) just as thornbushes burn more quickly when they are tangled together, Yahweh will quickly destroy those who plot against him.
32 1:10 ip7l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor they will be saturated in their own drink 0 Nahum speaks of those who plot against Yahweh suffering the consequences of their plans as if they were completely drunk with alcohol.
33 1:10 x8il rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor they will be completely devoured by fire like dry stubble 0 Nahum speaks of Yahweh completely destroying those who plot against him as if fire would burn them up like fire burns up dry stubble. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “fire will completely devour them like it devours dry stubble” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) Nahum speaks of Yahweh completely destroying those who plot against him as if fire would burn them up like fire burns up dry stubble. Alternate translation: “fire will completely devour them like it devours dry stubble”
34 1:10 tg7c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor devoured by fire 0 Nahum speaks of fire burning something completely as if the fire were devouring that thing. Alternate translation: “burned up by fire”
35 1:11 ee38 promoted wickedness 0 encouraged people to do wicked things
36 1:12 p1bp 0 # General Information:\n\nYahweh speaks to the Israelites about Nineveh.
37 1:12 uyz9 Even if they are at their full strength and full numbers 0 This refers to the Assyrians or to the people of Nineveh.
38 1:12 p6cc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor they will nevertheless be sheared 0 Yahweh speaks of destroying the people of Nineveh as if the were sheep that he will shear. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I will nevertheless shear them” or “I will nevertheless destroy them” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) Yahweh speaks of destroying the people of Nineveh as if the were sheep that he will shear. Alternate translation: “I will nevertheless shear them” or “I will nevertheless destroy them”
39 1:13 qfl7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Now will I break that people’s yoke from off you; I will break your chains 0 Yahweh speaks of freeing Judah from Assyrian oppression as if he were breaking the yoke and chains that the Assyrians had placed on them. Alternate translation: “Now I will free you from that people and they will no longer oppress you”
40 1:14 en7t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I will cut off the carved figures and the cast metal figures from the houses of your gods 0 Yahweh speaks of destroying the Assyrian idols as if he were cutting them off, like a person would cut a branch from a tree. The word “house” is a metonym for the temples in which the people worshiped these idols. Alternate translation: “I will destroy the carved figures and the cast metal figures that are in the temples of your gods” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) Yahweh speaks of destroying the Assyrian idols as if he were cutting them off, like a person would cut a branch from a tree. Alternate translation: “I will destroy the carved figures and the cast metal figures that are in the temples of your gods”
41 1:14 s2bh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit I will dig your graves 0 It is implied that Yahweh will also bury them in the graves that he digs for them. Alternate translation: “I will dig your graves and bury you in them”
42 1:15 n617 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche on the mountains there are the feet of someone who is bringing good news 0 Here the word “feet” represent the person who is running in order to declare a message. Alternate translation: “on the mountains there is someone who is bringing good news”
43 1:15 l31d wicked one … he 0 Nahum refers to the people of Nineveh as though they were one person.
44 1:15 ink2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he is completely cut off 0 Nahum speaks of the people of Nineveh being completely destroyed as if they had been cut off, like a person would cut a branch from a tree. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he is completely destroyed” or “Yahweh has completely destroyed him” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) Nahum speaks of the people of Nineveh being completely destroyed as if they had been cut off, like a person would cut a branch from a tree. Alternate translation: “he is completely destroyed”
45 2:intro m3yl 0 # Nahum 2 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations prefer to set apart extended quotations, prayers and songs. The ULT and many other English translations set the lines of the entire book (except for verse 1 of chapter 1) farther to the right on the page than regular text because they are poetic prophecy. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])\n\nDespite being divided into three chapters, this book contains one long prophecy.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Complete destruction\n\nAt that time, Assyria controlled almost the entire Near East. Nahum prophesied that the Assyrians would be so completely destroyed as a nation that they would no longer even be a people group. This prophecy came true and did so very suddenly. At times, this chapter is very violent in describing the destruction of Assyria, and this violence should not be toned down through the use of euphemism. # Nahum 2 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations prefer to set apart extended quotations, prayers and songs. The ULT and many other English translations set the lines of the entire book (except for verse 1 of chapter 1) farther to the right on the page than regular text because they are poetic prophecy. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])\n\nDespite being divided into three chapters, this book contains one long prophecy.\n
46 2:1 c5dg rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 # General Information:\n\nNahum often wrote prophecy in the form of poetry. Hebrew poetry uses different kinds of parallelism. Here he begins to describe the destruction of Nineveh. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) # General Information:\n\nNahum often wrote prophecy in the form of poetry.
47 2:1 xj69 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The one who will dash you to pieces 0 The word “you” refers to Nineveh. Nahum speaks of an army or military leader destroying Nineveh as if he were to shatter Nineveh like one would shatter a clay pot. Alternate translation: “The one who will destroy you”
48 2:1 m6by The one who will dash you 0 The person who is “the one” is not clear, so translate using a general term. Alternate translation: “Someone who will break you”
49 2:1 ahz9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom is coming up against you 0 The idiom to “come against” means to attack. Alternate translation: “is preparing to attack you”
51 2:1 cpd7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Man the city walls 0 Nineveh had a large, thick wall surrounding it. This refers to placing soldiers on the top of the wall in order to fight off attackers. This can be translated with a more general phrase if necessary. Alternate translation: “Man the fortifications” or “Prepare the defenses”
52 2:1 zt4z guard the roads 0 This refers to having soldiers watch the roads leading to the city so that they can keep track of the enemy’s approach.
53 2:1 l226 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom make yourselves strong 0 This is an idiom that means to prepare oneself for action. Here it applies to military action. Alternate translation: “prepare yourselves for battle”
54 2:2 u4fb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy For Yahweh is restoring the majesty of Jacob, like the majesty of Israel 0 The words “Jacob” and “Israel” are metonyms for the people who are descended from Jacob. This could mean: (1) the word “Jacob” refers to the southern kingdom and the word “Israel” refers to the northern kingdom. Alternate translation: “For Yahweh is restoring the majesty of Judah, as he promised to restore the majesty of Israel” or (2) both “Jacob” and “Israel” refer to the nation as a whole, included both northern and southern kingdoms and the two lines are parallel. Alternate translation: “For Yahweh is restoring the majesty of all Israel” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) The words “Jacob” and “Israel” are metonyms for the people who are descended from Jacob. This could mean: (1) the word “Jacob” refers to the southern kingdom and the word “Israel” refers to the northern kingdom. Alternate translation: “For Yahweh is restoring the majesty of Judah, as he promised to restore the majesty of Israel” or (2) both “Jacob” and “Israel” refer to the nation as a whole, included both northern and southern kingdoms and the two lines are parallel. Alternate translation: “For Yahweh is restoring the majesty of all Israel”
55 2:2 wmm6 the plunderers 0 people who steal things by force, usually in war
56 2:2 i6w3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor destroyed their vine branches 0 This could mean: (1) this is a metaphor in which the Assyrians taking away Israel’s possessions by force is spoken of as if Israel were a vine whose branches the Assyrians had stripped bare. Alternate translation: “robbed them of all of their possession, like one would strip bare vine branches” or (2) the words “vine branches” are a synecdoche for the agricultural fields throughout the nation. Alternate translation: “destroyed their fields of crops” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) This is a metaphor in which the Assyrians taking away Israel’s possessions by force is spoken of as if Israel were a vine whose branches the Assyrians had stripped bare. Alternate translation: “robbed them of all of their possession, like one would strip bare vine branches”
57 2:3 sal2 The shields of his mighty men are red 0 This could mean: (1) the shields appear red as the light from the sun reflects upon their metal surfaces or (2) the shields are covered with leather that has been dyed red.
58 2:3 tt35 his mighty men 0 the soldiers of the one “who will dash” Nineveh “to pieces” ([Nahum 2:1](../02/01.md)).
59 2:3 shs8 the chariots flash with their metal 0 This likely refers to the light from the sun reflecting upon the metal chariots.
70 2:6 l4xl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive The gates at the rivers are forced open 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The enemy forces open the gates at the rivers”
71 2:6 bi3c The gates at the rivers 0 This refers to the gates that controlled the flow and direction of the river.
72 2:7 v7es rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Huzzab is stripped of her clothes and is taken away 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The enemy strips Huzzab of her clothes and takes her away”
2:7 x5zy rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown Huzzab is stripped of her clothes and is taken away 0 The exact meaning of the word “Huzzab” is uncertain. Two This could mean: (1) it is the name of a queen in Nineveh and the sentence means that the attacking soldiers have stripped her of her clothes in order to humiliate her and then have carried her off into captivity or (2) it is the name of an idol and the sentence means that the attackers have stripped the gold and silver off the idol and have carried it away. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
73 2:7 wzf8 her female servants moan like doves 0 The moaning sounds that the female servants make sound like the sounds that doves make.
74 2:7 c3va her female servants 0 If the word “Huzzab” refers to a queen, then this phrase refers to the young women who attended her. If the word “Huzzab” refers to an idol, then this phrase refers to the young women who worked as temple prostitutes.
75 2:7 ya8w rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction beating on their breasts 0 Beating one’s breast was a gesture used to express great mourning.
83 2:11 as2e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 # General Information:\n\nIn these verses, Nahum speaks of the people of Nineveh as if they were a group of lions, and of the city Nineveh as if it were their den. The metaphor speaks of the way in which the Assyrians would conquer other people and take their possessions as their own as if they were lions hunting prey and bringing the dead animals back to their den.
84 2:11 n3ki rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Where now is the lions’ den … afraid of nothing? 0 Nahum uses this rhetorical question to mock Nineveh, which has been destroyed. Alternate translation: “The lions’ den is nowhere to be found … afraid of nothing.” or “Look at what has become of the lions’ den … afraid of nothing!”
85 2:12 f91d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit he strangled victims 0 “he choked victims.” This is probably a reference to the way that lions usually kill their prey, by biting its throat. Alternate translation: “he killed his victims”
86 2:12 f3cw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism filled his cave with victims, his dens with torn carcasses 0 These two phrases are saying the same thing in different ways. The verb may be supplied for the second phrase. Alternate translation: “filled his cave with victims, and filled his dens with torn carcasses” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) These two phrases are saying the same thing in different ways. Alternate translation: “filled his cave with victims, and filled his dens with torn carcasses”
87 2:13 hg33 See 0 Alternate translation: “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you.”
88 2:13 mzs1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the sword will devour your young lions 0 Here the word “sword” is a metonym for soldiers who attack with swords and is spoken of as if it were a person who eats its victims. Nahum also continues to speak to the people of Nineveh as if they were lions. Alternate translation: “attackers will kill your people with swords” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) Here the word “sword” is a metonym for soldiers who attack with swords. Alternate translation: “attackers will kill your people with swords”
89 2:13 qg4y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I will cut off your prey from your land 0 Yahweh speaks of the people of Nineveh as if they were lions who preyed upon the nations. This could mean: (1) the word “prey” is a metonym for the things that they have taken from those upon whom they preyed, and Yahweh speaks of taking those things away from them as if it were cutting off their prey. Alternate translation: “I will take away from your land all the things that you took from others” or (2) Yahweh speaks of the nations whom the people of Nineveh had plundered as if they were Nineveh’s prey, and preventing Nineveh from plundering any more nations as if he were cutting off their prey. Alternate translation: “I will stop you from preying upon any other nation” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) Yahweh speaks of the nations whom the people of Nineveh had plundered as if they were Nineveh’s prey, and preventing Nineveh from plundering any more nations as if he were cutting off their prey. Alternate translation: “I will stop you from preying upon any other nation”
90 2:13 vf1s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive the voices of your messengers will be heard no more 0 This likely refers to the messengers that the Assyrians sent out to other nations to demand surrender or payment of tribute. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “no one will ever hear the voices of your messengers again”
91 3:intro k8ee 0 # Nahum 3 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations prefer to set apart extended quotations, prayers and songs. The ULT and many other English translations set the lines of the entire book (except for verse 1 of chapter 1) farther to the right on the page than regular text because they are poetic prophecy. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])\n\nDespite being divided into three chapters, the book contains one long prophecy.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Euphemism\n\nThis chapter speaks about the evils of the Assyrians in violent ways. It is important to avoiding toning down this language through the use of euphemism, if at all possible. Although there is some hyperbole, the reader should not assume that the author intends this writing to be taken as completely hyperbolic. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])
92 3:1 ki6n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the city full of blood 0 Here the word “blood” represents bloodshed and refers to the people who have committed murder. Alternate translation: “the city full of murderers”
108 3:8 ii6k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion are you better than Thebes … itself? 0 Nahum asks this rhetorical question to emphasize the negative answer that it anticipates. Alternate translation: “you are not better than Thebes … itself.”
109 3:8 c7qr rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Thebes 0 This was the former capital of Egypt, which the Assyrians had conquered.
110 3:8 w92b that was built on the Nile River 0 Alternate translation: “that was situated by the Nile River”
111 3:8 a2y2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor whose defense was the ocean, whose wall was the sea itself 0 These two phrases share similar meanings. The words “ocean” and “sea” both refer to the Nile River, which ran near the city. Nahum speaks of the Nile as if it were the wall that protected the city. Alternate translation: “which had the Nile river as its defenses, as some cities have a wall for theirs” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) These two phrases share similar meanings. The words “ocean” and “sea” both refer to the Nile River, which ran near the city. Alternate translation: “which had the Nile river as its defenses, as some cities have a wall for theirs”
112 3:9 ega5 Cush and Egypt were her strength 0 Alternate translation: “Ethiopia and Egypt strengthened her” or “Cush and Egypt were her allies”
113 3:9 knv4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole there was no end to it 0 The word “it” refers to the “strength” that Cush and Egypt gave to Thebes. That there was no end to it is a hyperbole that expresses the great amount of strength. Alternate translation: “their strength was very great”
114 3:9 c9nd rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Put and Libya 0 These are the names of places in northern Africa that were close to Thebes.
115 3:10 jt2a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Yet Thebes was carried away 0 The word “Thebes” represents the people who lived in Thebes. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yet those who attacked Thebes carried the people away” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) The word “Thebes” represents the people who lived in Thebes. Alternate translation: “Yet those who attacked Thebes carried the people away”
116 3:10 h6s7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy she went into captivity 0 The word “she” refers to Thebes and represents the people who lived there. Alternate translation: “they went into captivity”
117 3:10 jht3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive her young children were dashed in pieces 0 This is a brutal description of the soldiers killing children. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “enemy soldiers dashed her young children to pieces” or “enemy soldiers beat her young children to death”
118 3:10 h7t9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor at the head of every street 0 The beginning of a street is spoken of as if it were the head. Also, “every” is a generalization that means many places all over the city. Alternate translation: “on every street corner” or “in the streets all over the city” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) The beginning of a street is spoken of as if it were the head. Also, “every” is a generalization that means many places all over the city. Alternate translation: “on every street corner”
119 3:10 hyc8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive all her great men were bound in chains 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “they bound all her great men in chains”
120 3:11 esd7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor You also will become drunk 0 Here the word “You” refers to Nineveh. Nahum speaks of the people of Nineveh suffering and dying in battle as if they had become drunk from drinking too much wine.
121 3:12 lb3t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit All your fortresses 0 Here, the word **fortresses** could mean: (1) it refers to Nineveh’s fortifications, such as the wall that surrounded the city Alternate translation: “All of your fortifications” or “All of your defenses” or (2) it refers to the fortified cities that were situated along Assyria’s borders and prevented enemy armies from attacking Nineveh. Alternate translation: “All of your fortified cities”
125 3:12 k7ym rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole they fall into the mouth of the eater 0 “the figs fall into the mouth of the eater.” This is an exaggeration. By saying that the figs fall from the tree into the mouth of the one who eats it, Nahum emphasizes that the figs are ready to eat immediately. Alternate translation: “a person can eat the fig immediately”
126 3:13 le29 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the people among you are women 0 In this ancient culture, women were not warriors for a number of reasons, including their being generally weaker physically than men. Here Nahum speaks of Nineveh’s warriors losing their strength and courage to fight as if the people in the city were all women. Alternate translation: “your people are all like women who are weak and cannot defend themselves”
127 3:13 cv1a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive the gates of your land have been opened wide to your enemies 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the gates of your land are wide open to your enemies” or “someone has opened wide to your enemies the gates of your land”
3:13 sc8s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the gates of your land have been opened wide to your enemies 0 This could mean: (1) if “fortresses” in v. 12 refers to the Nineveh’s defenses, then “the gates of your land” refers to the gates in the walls around Nineveh. Alternate translation: “the gates of your city are wide open for your enemies to attack” or (2) if “fortresses” in v. 12 refers to the fortified cities that were situated along Assyria’s borders, then “the gates of your land” is a metaphor in which those cities are spoken of as if they were gates that prevented enemy armies from entering the land. Alternate translation: “your land is defenseless before your enemies because they have destroyed the cities that protected your borders”
3:13 ea7i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor fire has devoured their bars 0 This could mean: (1) if “fortresses” in v. 12 refers to the Nineveh’s defenses, then “their bars” refers to the bars that locked the gates in the walls around Nineveh. Alternate translation: “fire has destroyed the bars that lock your city gates” or (2) if “fortresses” in v. 12 refers to the fortified cities that were situated along Assyria’s borders, then “their bars” is a metaphor in which those cities are spoken of as if they were locked gates that prevented enemy armies from entering the land. Alternate translation: “the cities on your borders can no longer protect you, just as gates can no longer protect a city when fire has destroyed their bars”
128 3:13 i4p2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor fire has devoured 0 Nahum speaks of fire burning up and destroying as if fire were eating. Alternate translation: “fire has destroyed” or “fire has burned up”
129 3:14 w932 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony Go draw water for the siege … pick up the molds for the bricks 0 Nahum speaks to the people of Nineveh. He tells them to prepare for battle and to repair the walls, although he knows that the enemy will destroy the city.
130 3:14 d5xh strengthen your fortresses 0 Alternate translation: “repair the fortifications”
131 3:14 tja5 go into the clay and tread the mortar; pick up the molds for the bricks 0 These phrases refer to making mud bricks that they will use to repair the city’s wall.
132 3:15 x9p7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Fire will devour you there 0 Nahum speaks of fire burning and destroying as if it were eating. Alternate translation: “Fire will destroy you there” or “Your enemies will burn you with fire there”
133 3:15 f3iu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the sword will destroy you 0 Here the word “sword” is a metonym for the enemies who will attack with swords. Alternate translation: “your enemies will kill you with their swords”
134 3:15 cwk4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification It will devour you as young locusts devour everything 0 The word “It” refers to the “sword,” which is personified as eating those whom it kills. The soldiers using their swords to kill everyone in Nineveh is compared with the way that a swarm of locusts eats every plant in its path. Alternate translation: “Your enemies’ swords will kill all of you, just as easily as a swarm of locusts devours everything in its path” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) The word “It” refers to the “sword,” which is personified as eating those whom it kills. Alternate translation: “Your enemies’ swords will kill all of you, just as easily as a swarm of locusts devours everything in its path”
135 3:15 mx6w Make yourselves as many as the young locusts, as many as the full-grown locusts 0 These words begin a new paragraph where Nahum compares the number of people in Nineveh with the large number of locusts in a swarm.
136 3:16 h3mk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 # General Information:\n\nNahum speaks to the people of Nineveh as though they were the city itself.
137 3:16 f5ml rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole You have multiplied your merchants more than the stars in the heavens 0 This exaggeration emphasizes the great number of merchants who lived and worked in Nineveh. Alternate translation: “It is as if you have more merchants than there are stars in the sky” or “You have more merchants than anyone could count”
138 3:16 jax3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile they are like young locusts: they plunder the land and then fly away 0 Nahum compares the way that these merchants, who have made their profit by selling their goods in Nineveh, will flee from the city when the battle begins with the way that locusts fly away after they have eaten all of the plants in their path.
139 3:17 g39b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile your generals are like swarms of them that camp in the walls on a cold day. But when the sun rises they fly away 0 Nahum compares the way that the officials in Nineveh will flee when the battle starts with the way that locusts will remain still while it is cold, but will fly away when the sun rises and the air becomes warm.
140 3:17 t77f to no one knows where 0 Alternate translation: “and no one knows where they have gone”
141 3:18 mzz1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism your shepherds are asleep; your rulers are lying down resting 0 These two lines share similar meanings. Nahum speaks of the leaders of Assyria as if they were shepherd who are to care for their sheep. He speaks of the shepherds and rulers dying as if they had fallen asleep. Alternate translation: “your leaders who are like shepherds are dead; your rulers are all dead” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) These two lines share similar meanings. Alternate translation: “your leaders who are like shepherds are dead; your rulers are all dead”
142 3:18 r6bi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Your people are scattered on the mountains 0 Nahum speaks of the people of Nineveh as if they were sheep that scatter after the shepherds have died. Alternate translation: “Your people are scattered like sheep on the mountains”
143 3:19 ik24 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor No healing is possible for your wounds. Your wounds are severe 0 Nahum speaks of the certainty of the destruction of Nineveh and the defeat of its king as if the king had suffered an incurable wound.
144 3:19 eje9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns No healing is possible for your wounds 0 The word “healing” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “No one is able to heal your wounds”