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Fixed break and spacing problems in Galatians

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Larry Sallee 2022-12-30 08:41:19 -05:00
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@ -114,8 +114,7 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
1:23 y5ud rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐπόρθει 1 Here, the word **destroying** refers to trying to stop the spread of the Christian message. If it would help your readers, you could express that explicitly as modeled by the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1:24 qp4t rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ἐν ἐμοὶ 1 Here, the phrase **in me** means “because of me” and is giving the reason why the Judean believers were praising God, namely because of Paul’s conversion and work of proclaiming the gospel. If it would help your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “because of me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
1:24 cpni ἐν ἐμοὶ 1 The phrase **in me** means “because of me” and could mean: (1) both option 2 and 3 at the same time, in which case “because of me” would mean both that the Judean believers were praising God because God had caused Paul to believe in Jesus and because Paul was now proclaiming the good news about Jesus. If you decide to use this meaning you could use a general phrase that allows for both meanings at the same time such as “because of me.” Alternatively you could clarify in your translation that “because of me” refers to both meanings simultaneously as modeled by the UST. Alternate translation: “because of me” or “because of what God had done in me and was doing through me” or “because God had caused me to believe in Jesus and was now using me to proclaim the good news about Jesus” (2) because of what God was doing through Paul, that he was proclaiming the gospel. Alternate translation: “because of what God is doing through me” or “because I am now proclaiming the good news about Jesus” or “because I am now proclaiming the faith which I formerly tried to destroy” (3) because of what happened to Paul, that God caused him to believe in Jesus. Alternate translation: “because of what God has done in me” or “because God caused me to believe in his son” or “because of what had happened to me”
2:intro xe28 0 # Galatians 2 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nPaul continues to defend the true gospel. This began in [Galatians 1:11](../../gal/01/11.md).\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Freedom and slavery\n\nThroughout this letter, Paul contrasts freedom and slavery. Paul describes trying to follow the law of Moses as a type of slavery. The Christian is free in Christ from being under the authority of the law of Moses and from the condemnation that the law of Moses brings. The Christian, through their union with Christ in his death and resurrection, which they have by believing in Christ, are set free from the penalty and power of sin. The Christian is empowered by the Spirit to live a life of spiritual freedom and obedience to God. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### “I do not negate the grace of God”\n\nPaul teaches that, if a Christian attempts to follow the law of Moses, they do not understand the grace God has shown to them through the work of Christ. This is a fundamental error. Paul uses the words “I do not negate the grace of God” as a type of hypothetical situation. The purpose of this statement could be seen as, “If you could be saved by following the law, then it would negate the grace of God.” (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])\n\n\n### “the law” \n\nThe phrase “the law” is a singular noun that refers to a group of laws that God gave Israel by dictating them to Moses. This phrase occurs in chapters 2-5, and quite frequently in chapters two and three. Every time this phrase occurs in Galatians it refers to the group of laws that God dictated to Moses at Mount Sinai. You should translate this phrase the same way each time it occurs. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])\n
2:1 mtgj rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential ἔπειτα 1 The word **Then** indicates that the events Paul will now relate came after the events just described. See how you translated the word **Then** in [1:18](../01/18.md) where it is used with the same meaning. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]])
2:intro xe28 0 # Galatians 2 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nPaul continues to defend the true gospel. This began in [Galatians 1:11](../../gal/01/11.md).\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Freedom and slavery\n\nThroughout this letter, Paul contrasts freedom and slavery. Paul describes trying to follow the law of Moses as a type of slavery. The Christian is free in Christ from being under the authority of the law of Moses and from the condemnation that the law of Moses brings. The Christian, through their union with Christ in his death and resurrection, which they have by believing in Christ, are set free from the penalty and power of sin. The Christian is empowered by the Spirit to live a life of spiritual freedom and obedience to God. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### “I do not negate the grace of God”\n\nPaul teaches that, if a Christian attempts to follow the law of Moses, they do not understand the grace God has shown to them through the work of Christ. This is a fundamental error. Paul uses the words “I do not negate the grace of God” as a type of hypothetical situation. The purpose of this statement could be seen as, “If you could be saved by following the law, then it would negate the grace of God.” (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])\n\n\n### “the law” \n\nThe phrase “the law” is a singular noun that refers to a group of laws that God gave Israel by dictating them to Moses. This phrase occurs in chapters 2-5, and quite frequently in chapters two and three. Every time this phrase occurs in Galatians it refers to the group of laws that God dictated to Moses at Mount Sinai. You should translate this phrase the same way each time it occurs. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])2:1 mtgj rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential ἔπειτα 1 The word **Then** indicates that the events Paul will now relate came after the events just described. See how you translated the word **Then** in [1:18](../01/18.md) where it is used with the same meaning. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]])
2:1 zt61 ἀνέβην εἰς Ἱεροσόλυμα 1 See how you translated the similar phrase “I went up to Jerusalem” in [1:18](../01/18.md).
2:1 zth5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go ἀνέβην 1 Your language may say “came” rather than **went** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “I came up” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
2:2 e8xu rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background δὲ 1 Here, the word **Now** introduces background information. Use a natural way in your language for introducing background information. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background]])
@ -127,7 +126,7 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
2:2 ypg1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis κατ’ ἰδίαν δὲ τοῖς 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “but privately I set it before the ones” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
2:2 msv4 τοῖς δοκοῦσιν 1 Alternate translation: “to the men who seemed to be influential” or “to those who were recognized as leaders of the believers in Jerusalem” or “to those who were leaders of the church in Jerusalem”
2:2 t6we rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives μή πως εἰς κενὸν τρέχω ἢ ἔδραμον 1 If your readers would misunderstand this double negative, you could translate it as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “to ensure I was doing profitable work” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
2:2 ik4f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit μή πως εἰς κενὸν τρέχω ἢ ἔδραμον 1 By saying **lest I might run—or had run—in vain** Paul is not expressing doubt regarding the validity or accuracy of the message about Jesus that he preached. Rather, he is referring to the possibility that if the apostles of Jesus were to publicly disagree with his message then it would or could cause people to no longer believe it, in which case his work of teaching people the message about Jesus would or could have no lasting results. Translate this phrase in a way that avoids making it appear that as if Paul is questioning the content or validity of the message he proclaimed. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate more explicitly what this phrase means as modeled by the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2:2 ik4f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit μή πως εἰς κενὸν τρέχω ἢ ἔδραμον 1 By saying **lest I might run—or had run—in vain** Paul is not expressing doubt regarding the validity or accuracy of the message about Jesus that he preached. Rather, he is referring to the possibility that if the apostles of Jesus were to publicly disagree with his message then it would or could cause people to no longer believe it, in which case his work of teaching people the message about Jesus would or could have no lasting results. Translate this phrase in a way that avoids making it appear that as if Paul is questioning the content or validity of the message he proclaimed. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate more explicitly what this phrase means as modeled by the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2:2 ejb8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τρέχω ἢ ἔδραμον 1 Here, Paul uses the word **run** to mean “work.” Paul specifically means working for the advancement of the gospel. Paul uses the word **run** to bring to the Galatians’ minds the image of a runner who is running a race in order to win a prize. If this image is familiar to people in your culture, consider using this metaphor. If this image is not familiar to your readers, consider stating this idea in plain language. Alternate translation: “I might work for the advancement of the gospel—or had” or “I might not work for the spread of the good news—or had worked for it” ( See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2:2 svvy εἰς κενὸν 1 Alternate translation: “for no purpose” or “without positive results” or “for nothing”
2:3 wyrr rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast ἀλλ’ 1 Here, the word **But** is introducing an idea that is in contrast to an idea that was presented in [2:2](../02/02.md). Paul is probably presenting the fact that **not even Titus … was forced to be circumcised** as being in contrast to the idea in [2:2](../02/02.md) that he might have “run in vain” (labored in vain). Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “Rather” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]
@ -233,7 +232,7 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
2:18 mwuo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἃ κατέλυσα, ταῦτα πάλιν οἰκοδομῶ, παραβάτην ἐμαυτὸν συνιστάνω 1 Paul speaks of no longer thinking it is necessary to obey all the laws of Moses as if he were destroying the law of Moses. When he speaks of rebuilding **those things** he is referring to going back again to acting like, and teaching, that it is necessary to keep the laws of Moses. Paul is saying in this verse that he would be sinning if he **again** tried to go back to living as if it was necessary to obey the laws of Moses after becoming convinced that it was not necessary to obey them in order to please God. If your readers would not understand what it means to **rebuild** or destroy in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way or you could use a simile as modeled by the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2:18 o7g8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns παραβάτην 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **a transgressor**, you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language, as modeled by the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2:19 wdaa rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** is introducing the reason that Paul said **May it never be” in [2:17](../02/17.md) and is also introducing information which gives support for what he said in [2:18](../02/18.md). Use a natural form for introducing a reason for something that was said prior. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
2:19 r55d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐγὼ & διὰ νόμου νόμῳ ἀπέθανον 1 Here, the phrase, **I, through the law, died to the law** could: (1) be a metaphor in which the phrase **through the law** means “by means of the law of Moses.” The phrase **died to the law** would then refer to Paul’s new relationship to the law of Moses which he experienced when he realized that trying to obey the law of Moses was not a valid way of earning God’s approval and as a result he chose to die to the law, by which he means he was released from the power and control of the law of Moses and no longer subjected himself to it. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile as modeled by the UST. Alternate translation: “I, through the law, died to being under the control of the law and am no longer subject to it” or “I, through the law, stopped being subject to the authority of the law of Moses” (2) be a metaphor in which the phrase **through the law** means “by means of the law of Moses” and the phrase **died to the law** means “considered as dead to the requirements of the law of Moses through union with Christ.” The phrase **died to the law** would then refer to believers’ vicarious death with Christ through their believing in him and their consequent union with him which they have as a result of their faith in him. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. (See [Rom 7:4](../07/04.md) and [Gal 4:4-5](../04/04.md)) Alternate translation: “I, through the law, died to the requirements of the law through my union with Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2:19 r55d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐγὼ & διὰ νόμου νόμῳ ἀπέθανον 1 Here, the phrase, **I, through the law, died to the law** could: (1) be a metaphor in which the phrase **through the law** means “by means of the law of Moses.” The phrase **died to the law** would then refer to Paul’s new relationship to the law of Moses which he experienced when he realized that trying to obey the law of Moses was not a valid way of earning God’s approval and as a result he chose to die to the law, by which he means he was released from the power and control of the law of Moses and no longer subjected himself to it. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile as modeled by the UST. Alternate translation: “I, through the law, died to being under the control of the law and am no longer subject to it” or “I, through the law, stopped being subject to the authority of the law of Moses” (2) be a metaphor in which the phrase **through the law** means “by means of the law of Moses” and the phrase **died to the law** means “considered as dead to the requirements of the law of Moses through union with Christ.” The phrase **died to the law** would then refer to believers’ vicarious death with Christ through their believing in him and their consequent union with him which they have as a result of their faith in him. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. (See [Rom 7:4](../07/04.md) and [Gal 4:4-5](../04/04.md)) Alternate translation: “I, through the law, died to the requirements of the law through my union with Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2:19 zqqw διὰ νόμου 1 Alternate translation: “by means of the law”
2:19 v3t5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns νόμου νόμῳ 1 See how you translated the phrase **the law** in [2:16](../02/016.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
2:19 yl7y rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα 1 The phrase **so that** introduces a purpose clause. Paul is introducing the purpose or reason for which he **died to the law**. The purpose was **so that** he **might live to God**. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “in order that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
@ -242,11 +241,10 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
2:19 fh2i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Χριστῷ συνεσταύρωμαι 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that “the law” was the reason Christ had to be but to death. Roman soldiers put Jesus to death, but in context Paul is explaining that it was God’s righteous requirements given in “the law” that made it necessary for Christ to die so that people could be forgiven. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2:20 o3jk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ζῶ & οὐκέτι ἐγώ, ζῇ δὲ ἐν ἐμοὶ Χριστός 1 Here, the phrase **I no longer live, but Christ lives in me** is a metaphor which means that Paul no longer lives for himself and his own self-motivated purposes and desires but rather he now lets Christ’s will direct his actions. If this might confuse your readers, you could use a simile or you could express the meaning plainly as modeled by the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2:20 y2qf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ὃ & νῦν ζῶ 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “that life which I now live” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
2:20 yklz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche ὃ & νῦν ζῶ ἐν σαρκί, ἐν πίστει ζῶ 1 Here, when Paul refers to the life he lives in his earthly body he is using his life to refer to the actions that he does while living in his body. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or use plain language as modeled by the UST. Alternate translation: “the actions that I now do while living in my body, I do them by faith” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])\n
2:20 rtmc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche ὃ & νῦν ζῶ ἐν σαρκί 1 Here, Paul uses the word **flesh**, which is one part of his body, to refer to his entire body. The phrase **that which I now live in the flesh** means “that life which I now live in the body” and refers to Paul’s present life on earth in his physical body. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or plain language. Alternate translation: “that life which I now live in the body” or “that life which I now live in my body” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
2:20 yklz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche ὃ & νῦν ζῶ ἐν σαρκί, ἐν πίστει ζῶ 1 Here, when Paul refers to the life he lives in his earthly body he is using his life to refer to the actions that he does while living in his body. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or use plain language as modeled by the UST. Alternate translation: “the actions that I now do while living in my body, I do them by faith” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])2:20 rtmc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche ὃ & νῦν ζῶ ἐν σαρκί 1 Here, Paul uses the word **flesh**, which is one part of his body, to refer to his entire body. The phrase **that which I now live in the flesh** means “that life which I now live in the body” and refers to Paul’s present life on earth in his physical body. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or plain language. Alternate translation: “that life which I now live in the body” or “that life which I now live in my body” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
2:20 a4j0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν πίστει ζῶ τῇ τοῦ Υἱοῦ τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Here, the word **by** is expressing means and is introducing the means by which Paul now lives, specifically **by faith** in **the Son of God**. So when Paul says **I live by faith that is in the Son of God** he means that he now lives his life by means of having faith in God’s Son. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. See how you translated the similar phrase “through faith in Jesus Christ” in [2:16](../02/16.md). Alternate translation: “I live by having faith in God’s Son” or “I live by exercising faith in God’s Son” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2:20 bkxd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns πίστει 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faith**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “trusting”, as modeled by the UST, or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2:20 kj4p rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases τῇ 1 Here, Paul uses the word **that** to introduce the specific object of his **faith** which is **the Son of God** and not the law of Moses. Use a natural form to express this use of the word **that**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
2:20 bkxd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns πίστει 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faith**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “trusting”, as modeled by the UST, or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2:20 kj4p rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases τῇ 1 Here, Paul uses the word **that** to introduce the specific object of his **faith** which is **the Son of God** and not the law of Moses. Use a natural form to express this use of the word **that**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
2:20 m55w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τοῦ ἀγαπήσαντός με 1 The phrase **the one** refers to **the Son of God**. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “who is the one having loved me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2:20 by5a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit παραδόντος ἑαυτὸν 1 The phrase **having given himself** means that Jesus gave himself as a sacrifice. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly as modeled by the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2:21 tj6l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes οὐκ ἀθετῶ 1 Here, Paul expresses a strong positive meaning by using a negative phrase, **do not**, together with a phrase, **set aside** that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If this is confusing in your language, you can express the meaning positively. Alternate translation: “I strongly affirm” or “I do uphold” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
@ -271,7 +269,7 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
3:2 dbp8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἐξ ἔργων νόμου 1 See how you translated the phrase **by works of the law** in [2:16](../02/16.md) where it occurs three times. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
3:2 j39h rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns νόμου 1 See how you translated the phrase **the law** in [2:16](../02/016.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
3:2 cfj2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἐξ ἀκοῆς πίστεως 1 Paul is using the possessive form here to describe the response that the Galatians had when they heard the preaching of the gospel. The Galatians had respond to the preaching of the gospel with **faith**. If this is not clear in your language, you could clarify the relationship for your readers. Alternate translation: “by believing what you heard” or “by hearing with faith” or “by trusting in the Messiah when you heard the message about him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
3:2 ds9d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns πίστεως 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faith**, you could express the same idea with a such as “believed”, as modeled by the UST, or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3:2 ds9d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns πίστεως 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faith**, you could express the same idea with a word such as “believed”, as modeled by the UST, or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3:3 f96u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion οὕτως ἀνόητοί ἐστε 1 Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form to emphatically express his surprise. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “You are very foolish!” or “Don’t be so foolish!” or “Surely you cannot be so foolish!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
3:3 kkg7 οὕτως 1 Here, the word **so** adds magnitude to (amplifies) the word **foolish** and also points forward to what comes after the word **foolish**. Use a natural form in your language for indicating this.
3:3 nghz ἀνόητοί 1 See how you translated the word ** foolish** in [3:1](../03/01.md) where it is used with the same meaning.
@ -280,7 +278,7 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
3:3 xff5 Πνεύματι 1 The word **Spirit** refers to the Holy Spirit. Make sure that you translate the word **Spirit** with the same word that you used to translate “Spirit” in [3:2](../03/02.md) where it is also referring to the Holy Spirit.
3:3 xu4d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy σαρκὶ 1 Paul is describing the actions a person does while in their body by association with their body, which he calls **flesh**. Here, **flesh** refers to a reliance on one’s own effort in doing outward deeds and doing these actions with a self-sufficient and self-reliant trust in them instead of trusting in God. If your readers would not understand this, you could use plain language. Alternate translation: “by your own effort” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3:4 iyj1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion τοσαῦτα ἐπάθετε εἰκῇ 1 Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form in order to try to make the Galatian believers think about the implications of believing and following the false teachers. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way as modeled by the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
3:4 xujz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo τοσαῦτα ἐπάθετε εἰκῇ— εἴ γε καὶ εἰκῇ 1 The original word that Paul used, which is translated as **experienced** by the ULT, could refer to: (1) experiencing bad things such as suffering. If this is what Paul means here, then he is referring to the suffering that the Galatians believers experienced when they were persecuted. Alternate translation: “Keep in mind that if what God has done for you was because of your obeying the laws that God gave to Moses and not because of trusting in Christ, did you not suffer so many things needlessly? I certainly hope that you did not suffer like that needlessly” (2) the spiritual privileges and blessings that the Galatian believers had experienced such as receiving God’s Spirit and God “working miracles” among them, both of which are mentioned in the next verse. If your language does not allow you to use a neutral term but rather requires a more specific term you could specify that the things the Galatians experienced were good things. Alternate translation: “Keep in mind that if the good things God has done for you was because of your obeying the laws that God gave to Moses and not because you trusted in Christ then the good things God has done for you have been wasted. I certainly hope that the good things you have experienced have not been wasted”\n(3) both good things and bad things and be referring to both the persecution that the Galatians had experienced and the spiritual blessings that they had experienced. Because it is not known for sure what type of things that Paul is referring to, if possible you should try to use a neutral term or expression. You could then translate this rhetorical question as the ULT does or with a similar neutral phrase such as “Did all the things that happened to you not cause you to think about them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]])
3:4 xujz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo τοσαῦτα ἐπάθετε εἰκῇ— εἴ γε καὶ εἰκῇ 1 The original word that Paul used, which is translated as **experienced** by the ULT, could refer to: (1) experiencing bad things such as suffering. If this is what Paul means here, then he is referring to the suffering that the Galatians believers experienced when they were persecuted. Alternate translation: “Keep in mind that if what God has done for you was because of your obeying the laws that God gave to Moses and not because of trusting in Christ, did you not suffer so many things needlessly? I certainly hope that you did not suffer like that needlessly” (2) the spiritual privileges and blessings that the Galatian believers had experienced such as receiving God’s Spirit and God “working miracles” among them, both of which are mentioned in the next verse. If your language does not allow you to use a neutral term but rather requires a more specific term you could specify that the things the Galatians experienced were good things. Alternate translation: “Keep in mind that if the good things God has done for you was because of your obeying the laws that God gave to Moses and not because you trusted in Christ then the good things God has done for you have been wasted. I certainly hope that the good things you have experienced have not been wasted” (3) both good things and bad things and be referring to both the persecution that the Galatians had experienced and the spiritual blessings that they had experienced. Because it is not known for sure what type of things that Paul is referring to, if possible you should try to use a neutral term or expression. You could then translate this rhetorical question as the ULT does or with a similar neutral phrase such as “Did all the things that happened to you not cause you to think about them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]])
3:4 mvad ἐπάθετε 1 Alternate translation: “Did you experience”
3:4 nq68 εἰκῇ— εἴ γε καὶ εἰκῇ 1 Alternate translation: “uselessly—if indeed it was really uselessly” or “in vain—if indeed it was really in vain” or “for no purpose—if indeed it was really for no purpose”
3:4 xl9l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo εἴ γε καὶ εἰκῇ 1 The phrase **if indeed it was really for nothing** shows contingency regarding his rhetorical question **Have you experienced so many things for nothing** and shows that Paul still has hope for the Galatians. Paul hopes that the Galatians will not make the **many things** that they have **experienced** be **for nothing** by obeying the teachings of the false teachers who were teaching that it was necessary that they obey the laws of Moses such as circumcision and the dietary laws. Paul is making a hypothetical statement to help his readers recognize the serious implications of following the teachings of these false teachers. Use the natural form in your language for expressing a hypothetical situation. Alternate translation: “if indeed it was really for nothing that you experienced so many things, but I hope with you that this is not the case” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
@ -290,10 +288,10 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
3:5 xoax Πνεῦμα 1 The word **Spirit** refers to the Holy Spirit. Make sure that you translate the word **Spirit** with the same word that you used to translate “Spirit” in [3:2](../03/02.md) where it is also referring to the Holy Spirit.
3:5 y4ka rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns νόμου 1 See how you translated the phrase **the law** in [2:16](../02/016.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
3:5 qnkz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἐξ ἀκοῆς πίστεως 1 See how you translated the phrase **by hearing of faith** in [3:02](../03/02.md) where it is used with the same meaning. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
3:5 s3bc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion ἐξ ἔργων νόμου ἢ ἐξ ἀκοῆς πίστεως 1 Paul asks another rhetorical question to remind the Galatians how they received the Spirit. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way as modeled by the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
3:5 s3bc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion ἐξ ἔργων νόμου ἢ ἐξ ἀκοῆς πίστεως 1 Paul asks another rhetorical question to remind the Galatians how they received the Spirit. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way as modeled by the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
3:5 j4vz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἐξ ἔργων νόμου 1 See how you translated the phrase **by works of the law** in [2:16](../02/16.md) where it occurs three times. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
3:5 e17q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐξ ἀκοῆς πίστεως 1 Your language may require that what the people heard and whom they trusted be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “because you heard the message and had faith in Jesus” or “because you listened to the message and trusted in Jesus” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:6 ahy9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases καθὼς 1 # Connecting Statement:\n\nHere, the phrase **Just as** indicates that what follows is connected to what precedes it, specifically [3:1-5](../03/01.md). The phrase **Just as** is also introducing new information. The new information that this phrase is introducing is the biblical example of Abraham. Use a form that would be appropriate in this context. Alternate translation: “Even as” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
3:6 ahy9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases καθὼς 1 Here, the phrase **Just as** indicates that what follows is connected to what precedes it, specifically [3:1-5](../03/01.md). The phrase **Just as** is also introducing new information. The new information that this phrase is introducing is the biblical example of Abraham. Use a form that would be appropriate in this context. Alternate translation: “Even as” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
3:6 iv9t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks ἐπίστευσεν τῷ Θεῷ καὶ ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην 1 Here, Paul quotes Genesis 15:16. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with opening and closing quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning and end of a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
3:6 ohbw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐλογίσθη 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God credited it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3:6 ghuy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐλογίσθη 1 Here, the word **it** refers to Abraham’s belief in God. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “God credited his belief” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
@ -324,7 +322,7 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
3:10 komd rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns τοῦ νόμου 1 See how you translated the phrase **the law** in [2:16](../02/016.md). Alternate translation: “of God’s Laws” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
3:11 zyvq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐν νόμῳ, οὐδεὶς δικαιοῦται παρὰ τῷ Θεῷ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God justifies no one by the law” or “God justifies no one as a result of their seeking to obey the Law of Moses” or “God justifies no person on the basis of doing what the Law of Moses commands” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3:11 sn9h δῆλον 1 Alternate translation: “is evident”
3:11 e2hj rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases ὅτι 2 The sentence **The righteous will live by faith** is a quotation from Habakkuk 2:4. The word **because** is introducing this quotation. Use a natural way of introducing direct quotations from an important or sacred text. Alternate translation: “because it is written in Scripture” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
3:11 e2hj rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases ὅτι 2 The sentence **The righteous will live by faith** is a quotation from Habakkuk 2:4. The word **because** is introducing this quotation. Use a natural way of introducing direct quotations from an important or sacred text. Alternate translation: “because it is written in Scripture” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
3:11 cged δικαιοῦται 1 See how you translated the word **justified** in [2:16](../02/016.md).
3:11 yn2k rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns νόμῳ 1 See how you translated the phrase **the law** in [2:16](../02/016.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
3:11 qiab rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations ὁ δίκαιος ἐκ πίστεως ζήσεται 1 The sentence **The righteous will live by faith** is a quotation from Habakkuk 2:4. Use a natural way of indicating that something is a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
@ -339,9 +337,9 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
3:12 fml8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast ἀλλ’ 1 What follows the word **but** here is indicating a contrast between **law** and **faith**. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
3:12 opyp rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations ἀλλ’ 1 The phrase **The one doing these things will live in them** is a quotation from Leviticus 18:5. Use a natural way of introducing direct quotations from an important or sacred text. Alternate translation: “but as it is written in Scripture” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
3:12 khuu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit αὐτὰ 1 The phrase **these things” refers to God’s “statutes” and “laws” which are mentioned in the first part of Leviticus 18:5. Paul is citing the second half of Leviticus 18:5 here. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate explicitly in your translation what “these things” refers to. Alternate translation: “these law and statutes of mine” or “my law and statutes” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:12 rep5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ζήσεται ἐν αὐτοῖς 1 Here, the word **in** means “by” and refers to the means by which a person **will live**, namely by doing **them**. The word **them** refers to “all the things written in the Book of the Law” mentioned in [3:10](../03/10.md). If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate these things explicitly. Alternate translation: “will live because they do them” or “will live by obeying them” or “will live because they obey all the things written in the Book of the Law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:12 rep5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ζήσεται ἐν αὐτοῖς 1 Here, the word **in** means “by” and refers to the means by which a person **will live**, namely by doing **them**. The word **them** refers to “all the things written in the Book of the Law” mentioned in [3:10](../03/10.md). If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate these things explicitly. Alternate translation: “will live because they do them” or “will live by obeying them” or “will live because they obey all the things written in the Book of the Law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:13 iql5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐξηγόρασεν 1 Paul uses the metaphor of a person buying back lost property or buying the freedom of a slave to illustrate the meaning of God sending Jesus to pay for people’s sins by dying on the cross. If your readers would not understand what **redeemed** means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3:13 tmwi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἡμᾶς & ἡμῶν 1 When Paul says **us*** here, he is including the Galatian believers, so both occurrences of **us** would be inclusive. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
3:13 tmwi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἡμᾶς & ἡμῶν 1 When Paul says **us*** here, he is including the Galatian believers, so both occurrences of **us** would be inclusive. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
3:13 ml63 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῆς κατάρας & κατάρα 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **curse**, you could express the same idea with a verb phrase as modeled by the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3:13 rshg rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns τοῦ νόμου 1 See how you translated the phrase **the law** in [2:16](../02/016.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
3:13 vqc3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy κατάρα 1 By using the phrase **a curse** Paul is describing a person who is cursed by God by association with the **curse** itself. If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “one who was cursed” or “one who was cursed by God” or “one who God cursed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
@ -352,7 +350,7 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
3:13 mt6z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ξύλου 1 In the language that Paul wrote this letter in the word **tree** can refer to a post made out of wood. Here, Paul is using the word **tree** to refer to the wooden cross that Jesus was crucified on. If it would help your readers, use a term which would be applicable to something made of wood and not merely to a live tree. Alternate translation: “a pole” or “a wooden pole” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:14 brf7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα 1 The phrase **so that** introduces a purpose clause. Paul is stating the purpose for Christ’s death (which he discussed in the previous verse). Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “in order that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
3:14 z38j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns εὐλογία 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **blessing**, you could express the same idea with a verb such as “bless”, as modeled by the UST, or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3:14 e70s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἡ εὐλογία τοῦ Ἀβραὰμ 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe the blessing which Abraham received or which was promised to him. If this is not clear in your language, you could clarify the relationship for your readers. Alternate translation: “the blessing which Abraham received” or “the blessing which God promised to Abraham” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
3:14 e70s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἡ εὐλογία τοῦ Ἀβραὰμ 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe the blessing which Abraham received or which was promised to him. If this is not clear in your language, you could clarify the relationship for your readers. Alternate translation: “the blessing which Abraham received” or “the blessing which God promised to Abraham” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
3:14 a0nd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ 1 Here, the word **in** could be used to indicate: (1) by what means **the blessing of Abraham** would **come to the Gentiles**, namely “by means of” **Christ Jesus**. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “by means of Christ Jesus” or “through Christ Jesus” or “by Christ Jesus” (2) the sphere in which **the blessing of Abraham** would **come to the Gentiles**, namely **so that the blessing of Abraham might come to the Gentiles** who are “in the sphere of” **Christ Jesus**. Alternate translation: “who are in union with Christ Jesus” (3) the reason **the blessing of Abraham** would **come to the Gentiles**, namely “because of” **Christ Jesus**. Alternate translation: “because of what Christ Jesus has done” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:14 gt7z rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα 2 Here, the phrase **so that** introduces a purpose clause. Paul is stating the purpose for **the blessing of Abraham** coming **to the Gentiles**, namely so that **the promise of the Spirit** could be received **through faith**. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “in order that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
3:14 g87i διὰ 1 Alternate translation: “by”
@ -428,7 +426,7 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
3:22 upkg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification συνέκλεισεν ἡ Γραφὴ τὰ πάντα ὑπὸ ἁμαρτίαν 1 Here, Paul speaks of **the Scripture** as though it were a person who is an authority figure who **imprisoned** people in a prison and he speaks of **sin** as though it were a jailer who keeps people imprisoned so that they cannot break free. If this might be confusing for your readers, you could express this meaning in a non-figurative way as modeled by the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
3:22 jbn7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἡ Γραφὴ 1 Here, the word **Scripture** could: (1) refer to all of the Old Testament scriptures. Use whatever convention you are using to indicate this. The ULT indicates when the word **Scripture** refers to the entire Bible, or the entire Old Testament, by capitalizing the word **Scripture**. (2) refer to a particular passage of Scripture such as Deuteronomy 27:26 or some other specific Old Testament passage. Alternate translation: “the scripture”
3:22 dxqc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἡ Γραφὴ 1 Paul is describing “God” doing something by association with his Word, **the Scripture**. If your readers would not understand this, you could use plain language. Alternate translation: “God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3:22 mk9g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὰ πάντα 1 Here, the phrase **all things* could refer to: (1) all people. If your language requires you to indicate explicitly what **all things** refers to, you could indicate that it refers to “people,” but if your language does not require this then you could use a general expression as modeled by the ULT. Alternate translation: “all people” (2) the entire creation and the things which make up this present fallen world. See Romans 8:18-22. If you decide that this is what Paul means you should use a general phrase such as **all things** as the ULT does. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:22 mk9g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὰ πάντα 1 Here, the phrase **all things* could refer to: (1) all people. If your language requires you to indicate explicitly what **all things** refers to, you could indicate that it refers to “people,” but if your language does not require this then you could use a general expression as modeled by the ULT. Alternate translation: “all people” (2) the entire creation and the things which make up this present fallen world. See Romans 8:18-22. If you decide that this is what Paul means you should use a general phrase such as **all things** as the ULT does. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:22 dt14 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὑπὸ ἁμαρτίαν 1 Here, the phrase **under sin** refers to being “under the power of sin.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “under the power of sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:22 xqmi rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα 1 The phrase **so that** introduces a purpose clause. Following the phrase **so that** Paul states the purpose for which **the Scripture imprisoned all things under sin**. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “in order that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
3:22 pvv3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἡ ἐπαγγελία ἐκ πίστεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ δοθῇ τοῖς πιστεύουσιν 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that “God” did it. Alternate translation: “God might give the promise by faith in Jesus Christ to the ones believing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
@ -439,7 +437,7 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
3:22 bo1b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns πίστεως 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faith**, you could express the same idea with a verb such as “trust”, as modeled by the UST, or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3:23 jzut rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὴν πίστιν & τὴν μέλλουσαν πίστιν ἀποκαλυφθῆναι 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faith**, you could express the same idea with a verb such as “trusting” or “believe”, as modeled by the UST, or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3:23 ztcj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit πρὸ τοῦ & ἐλθεῖν τὴν πίστιν 1 The phrase **before the faith came** means “before faith in Jesus Christ came.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “before faith in Jesus Christ came” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:23 uu10 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἐφρουρούμεθα 1 When Paul says **we**, he is including the Galatian believers, so **we** would be inclusive. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
3:23 uu10 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἐφρουρούμεθα 1 When Paul says **we**, he is including the Galatian believers, so **we** would be inclusive. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
3:23 su16 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὑπὸ νόμον ἐφρουρούμεθα, συνκλειόμενοι 1 Here, Paul is continuing the metaphor of **the law** that he began in the previous verse. The power that **the law** had over humans is spoken of as if the law were a prison guard holding people captive. If your readers would not understand what it means to be **held captive** by the law in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way as modeled by the UST. [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3:23 aue6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὑπὸ 1 Here, the word **under** means “under the authority of” or “under the jurisdiction of.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “under the authority of” or “under the jurisdiction of” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:23 r5y3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification ὑπὸ νόμον ἐφρουρούμεθα, συνκλειόμενοι 1 Here, Paul is continuing his personification of **the law** that he began in the previous verse. Paul speaks of **the law** as though it were a jailer who **held** people **captive** and kept them **imprisoned until** the time when the coming **faith** in Jesus Christ would **be revealed**. If this might be confusing for your readers, you could express this meaning in a non-figurative way as modeled by the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
@ -447,19 +445,19 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
3:23 c9gl rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns νόμον 1 See how you translated the phrase **the law** in [2:16](../02/016.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
3:23 xmur rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive συνκλειόμενοι 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, the first half of the verse states that **the law** did it. Alternate translation: “and the law imprisoned us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3:23 way9 εἰς τὴν μέλλουσαν πίστιν ἀποκαλυφθῆναι 1 Here, the word **until** could: (1) refer to time and introduce the time at which people being **imprisoned** under the law would be end, namely **until** the time when God would reveal Jesus Christ as an object of faith. Alternate translation: “until God would reveal the message about trusting in Christ that he was about to reveal” (2) be translated as “to” and be indicating the purpose for people being **imprisoned** under the law, namely so that people would be ready for the coming faith in Jesus Christ. Alternate translation: “in order to lead us to believe in the good news that God was about to reveal” or “in order that we might be ready to believe the good news concerning Christ, the news that God would later reveal”
3:23 rz75 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὴν πίστιν & τὴν & πίστιν 1 The phrase **the faith** means “the faith in Jesus Christ.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the faith in Jesus Christ … the faith in Jesus Christ came which was” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:23 rz75 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὴν πίστιν & τὴν & πίστιν 1 The phrase **the faith** means “the faith in Jesus Christ.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the faith in Jesus Christ … the faith in Jesus Christ came which was” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:23 t32j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive εἰς τὴν μέλλουσαν πίστιν ἀποκαλυφθῆναι 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “until the faith came that God was about to reveal” or “until the faith that God would soon reveal came” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3:24 we2y rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ὥστε 1 Here, the phrase **So that** is introducing a result. Use a natural form for introducing a result. Alternate translation: “Thus” or “Therefore” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
3:24 skph rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns ὁ νόμος 1 See how you translated the phrase **the law** in [2:16](../02/016.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
3:24 mcdn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὁ νόμος, παιδαγωγὸς ἡμῶν γέγονεν 1 Paul speaks of **the law** as if it were a **guardian**. If your readers would not understand what a **guardian** means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning by using a simile as modeled by the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3:24 a6yz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἡμῶν 1 When Paul says **our**, he is including the Galatian believers, so **our** would be inclusive. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
3:24 a6yz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἡμῶν 1 When Paul says **our**, he is including the Galatian believers, so **our** would be inclusive. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
3:24 amrv rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown παιδαγωγὸς 1 In Paul’s culture a **guardian** was a slave whose job was to discipline and take care of a child who was not yet an adult. If your readers would not be familiar with this term you could either explain the meaning of this word in your translation, as modeled by the UST, or you could use the term from your culture that comes the closest to expressing the meaning of this word and then write a footnote explaining this word if you are using footnotes in your translation. Alternate translation: “custodian” or “guide” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
3:24 ln1s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification παιδαγωγὸς 1 Here, Paul speaks of **the law** as though it were a **guardian** whose job or role was to watch over people’s actions **until Christ** came. If this might be confusing for your readers, you could express this meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “guide” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
3:24 p30v εἰς 1 See how you translated the word **until** in [3:23](../03/23.md).
3:24 zick rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα 1 The phrase **so that** introduces a purpose clause. Paul is stating the purpose for which **the law became our guardian until Christ** which was for the intended purpose that **we might be justified by faith** in Christ. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “with the purpose that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
3:24 i4j0 δικαιωθῶμεν 1 See how you translated the word **justified** in [2:16](../02/016.md).
3:24 s8g5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive δικαιωθῶμεν 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God would declare us to be righteous” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3:24 dkks rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive δικαιωθῶμεν 1 When Paul says **we**, he is including the Galatian believers, so **we** would be inclusive. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
3:24 dkks rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive δικαιωθῶμεν 1 When Paul says **we**, he is including the Galatian believers, so **we** would be inclusive. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
3:24 j1xp ἐκ πίστεως 1 See how you translated the phrase **by faith** in [2:16](../02/16.md) where it is used with the same meaning.
3:24 vj5u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐκ 1 Here, the word **by** is indicating the basis or source of God’s act of justifying sinners. It is indicating that **faith** is the basis on which **we might be justfied.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “on the basis of” or “by means of” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:24 kw1h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns πίστεως 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faith**, you could express the same idea with a verb such as “trust,” as modeled by the UST, or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
@ -467,7 +465,7 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
3:25 x257 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast δὲ 1 Here, the word **But** is introducing a contrast. What follows the word **But** is in contrast to the way things were in the period of time before Christ came. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “But now” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
3:25 a4pk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῆς πίστεως 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faith**, you could express the same idea with a verb such as “trusting”, as modeled by the UST, or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3:25 meot rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τῆς πίστεως 1 Here, the context implies that the object of **faith** is “Christ.” If it would be helpful to your readers to state the object of faith here, you could indicate it explicitly. Alternate translation: “faith in Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:25 blv8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἐσμεν 1 When Paul says **we**, he is including the Galatian believers, so **we** would be inclusive. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
3:25 blv8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἐσμεν 1 When Paul says **we**, he is including the Galatian believers, so **we** would be inclusive. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
3:25 efvh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὑπὸ παιδαγωγόν 1 Here, Paul continues the metaphor he began in [3:24](../03/24.md) by continuing to speak of “the law” as if it were a **guardian**. If your readers would not understand what the term **guardian** means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way as modeled by the UST. See how you translated the word **guardian** in [3:24](../03/24.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3:25 be13 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification ὑπὸ παιδαγωγόν 1 Here, Paul is speaking of “the law” as though it were a person who was a **guardian**. If this might be confusing for your readers, you could express this meaning in a non-figurative way as modeled by the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
3:25 kjvy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὑπὸ 1 Here, the word **under** means “under the supervision of.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “under the supervision of” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
@ -487,7 +485,7 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
3:28 aonk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives οὐκ & Ἰουδαῖος οὐδὲ Ἕλλην, οὐκ ἔνι δοῦλος οὐδὲ ἐλεύθερος, οὐκ ἔνι ἄρσεν καὶ θῆλυ 1 If your readers would misunderstand these double negatives, you could translate each double negative using only one negative word. Alternate translation: “neither Jew or Greek, there is neither slave or free, there is neither male or female” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
3:28 zxfp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Ἕλλην 1 Here, the term **Greek** refers to non-Jewish people. It does not refer only to people from the country of Greece or to people who speak the Greek language. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly as modeled by the UST. Alternate translation: “Gentiles” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:28 pfrh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐλεύθερος 1 Here, the term **free** refers to people who are not slaves and thus are free from bondage to a master. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly as modeled by the UST. Alternate translation: “free person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:28 fy09 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 Here, the word **for** introduces a reason. Use a natural form for introducing the reason for something that was said previously. Alternate translation: “because” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
3:28 fy09 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 Here, the word **for** introduces a reason. Use a natural form for introducing the reason for something that was said previously. Alternate translation: “because” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
3:28 fakq πάντες γὰρ ὑμεῖς εἷς ἐστε ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ 1 Alternate translation: “because all of you are together joined to the Messiah Jesus”
3:28 mppd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit εἷς 1 Here, Paul uses the word **one** to indicate that all believers share the same equal position because of their new identity which they have by being **in Christ**. (Paul is further explaining his statement from the previous verse in which he says that all believers have “put on Christ”, meaning that they have a new and common identity which is derived from and centers on Christ). If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate explicitly what **one** means here. Alternate translation: “one person” or “of one and the same standing” or “of equal standing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:28 pddu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ 1 Paul speaks of believers being **in Christ Jesus** as if **Christ Jesus** were a physical location in which someone could be. Here, **in Christ** refers to being spiritually united with Christ in close spiritual union with him. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning of this phrase plainly. Alternative translation: “in close spiritual union with Christ” or “because of your close spiritual union with Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
@ -541,7 +539,7 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
4:6 bikp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor υἱοί 1 Paul speaks of the Galatian believers as if God was their biological, physical father. He means that these people have a father-son relationship with God because they trust in Jesus. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the word **sons** in [4:5](../04/25.md) where it is used with the same meaning. Alternate translation: “the spiritual children of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4:6 yadl τὸ Πνεῦμα 1 The phrase **the Spirit** refers to the Holy Spirit. Make sure that you translate the word **Spirit** with the same word that you used to translate “Spirit” in [3:2](../03/02.md), where it is also referring to the Holy Spirit.
4:6 nei3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy εἰς τὰς καρδίας ἡμῶν 1 Here, the word **hearts** refers to the innermost part of a person. Paul is describing the innermost part of a person by association with their physical heart. If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent term from your culture that is used to describe the center of a person’s inner being or you could use plain language. Alternate translation: “to live within each of us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
4:6 s54r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit κρᾶζον 1 The phrase **crying out** means “to call out loudly.” This phrase does not mean to cry or weep from sorrow. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “calling out loudly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:6 s54r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit κρᾶζον 1 The phrase **crying out** means “to call out loudly.” This phrase does not mean to cry or weep from sorrow. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “calling out loudly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:6 eqx5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate Ἀββά, ὁ Πατήρ 1 The word **Abba** is an Aramaic word meaning **Father** which the Jews used to address their fathers. Paul writes it as it sounds in Aramaic (he transliterates it) and then translates its meaning into Greek for his readers. Since the Aramaic word **Abba** is followed by the Greek word **Father**, it is best to transliterate **Abba** and then give its meaning in your language as Paul does. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]])
4:7 jkor rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ὥστε 1 The phrase **So then** introduces the result of what Paul explained in [4:6](../04/06.md). Use a natural form for introducing a result. Alternate translation: “As a result” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
4:7 akb8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you εἶ 1 Here,**you** is singular. Paul is probably addressing the Galatian believers by using a singular pronoun in order to emphasize that what he is saying applies to each of them individually. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
@ -660,17 +658,17 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
4:27 ummm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive γέγραπται 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that the prophet “Isaiah” did it. Alternate translation: “Isaiah wrote” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
4:27 jql2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations εὐφράνθητι, στεῖρα, ἡ οὐ τίκτουσα, ῥῆξον καὶ βόησον, ἡ οὐκ ὠδίνουσα, ὅτι πολλὰ τὰ τέκνα τῆς ἐρήμου μᾶλλον, ἢ τῆς ἐχούσης τὸν ἄνδρα 1 This is a quotation from Isaiah 54:1. Use a natural way of indicating that something is a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
4:27 iqvm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism εὐφράνθητι, στεῖρα, ἡ οὐ τίκτουσα, ῥῆξον καὶ βόησον, ἡ οὐκ ὠδίνουσα 1 These two phrases mean the same thing. Isaiah uses a common Hebrew poetic device and says the same thing twice, in slightly different ways. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “Rejoice, you who are barren” “Rejoice you who have been unable to have children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
4:27 r8jm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit στεῖρα & ἡ οὐκ ὠδίνουσα 1 If your language requires you to state the person who is the object of a command, it is implied that a woman is being addressed. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “you barren woman … you woman not suffering the pains of childbirth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:27 y6x4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor εὐφράνθητι, στεῖρα, ἡ οὐ τίκτουσα, ῥῆξον καὶ βόησον, ἡ οὐκ ὠδίνουσα, ὅτι πολλὰ τὰ τέκνα τῆς ἐρήμου μᾶλλον, ἢ τῆς ἐχούσης τὸν ἄνδρα 1 Paul is quoting the prophet Isaiah who is speaking of the city of Jerusalem as if it were a **barren** woman who is unable to give **birth**. If your readers would not understand what **barren** and **children** mean in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way as modeled by the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4:27 r8jm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit στεῖρα & ἡ οὐκ ὠδίνουσα 1 If your language requires you to state the person who is the object of a command, it is implied that a woman is being addressed. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “you barren woman … you woman not suffering the pains of childbirth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:27 y6x4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor εὐφράνθητι, στεῖρα, ἡ οὐ τίκτουσα, ῥῆξον καὶ βόησον, ἡ οὐκ ὠδίνουσα, ὅτι πολλὰ τὰ τέκνα τῆς ἐρήμου μᾶλλον, ἢ τῆς ἐχούσης τὸν ἄνδρα 1 Paul is quoting the prophet Isaiah who is speaking of the city of Jerusalem as if it were a **barren** woman who is unable to give **birth**. If your readers would not understand what **barren** and **children** mean in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way as modeled by the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4:27 scqa rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ὅτι 1 The word **because** is introducing the reason to **Rejoice**. Use a natural form for introducing a reason to do something. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
4:27 xi97 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor πολλὰ τὰ τέκνα τῆς ἐρήμου μᾶλλον, ἢ τῆς ἐχούσης τὸν ἄνδρα 1 The prophet Isaiah wrote this scripture passage during the time in which Jerusalem and its people had been conquered by the Babylonian army and the people of Jerusalem had been taken away to Babylon. Isaiah is speaking of the city of Jerusalem, as it was at the time of his writing in which is was without most of its original inhabitants, as if it were a **desolate** woman (a woman whose husband has left her) and the inhabitants of Jerusalem as if they were **children**. In this passage from Isaiah 54:1 Isaiah is picturing Israel as a wife who is abandoned by her husband, which is God. Having **children** in this context, refers to having inhabitants. If your readers would not understand what **desolate** and **children** mean in this context, you could use equivalent metaphors from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way as modeled by the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4:27 bu3l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ἢ 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “than the children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
4:27 xi97 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor πολλὰ τὰ τέκνα τῆς ἐρήμου μᾶλλον, ἢ τῆς ἐχούσης τὸν ἄνδρα 1 The prophet Isaiah wrote this scripture passage during the time in which Jerusalem and its people had been conquered by the Babylonian army and the people of Jerusalem had been taken away to Babylon. Isaiah is speaking of the city of Jerusalem, as it was at the time of his writing in which is was without most of its original inhabitants, as if it were a **desolate** woman (a woman whose husband has left her) and the inhabitants of Jerusalem as if they were **children**. In this passage from Isaiah 54:1 Isaiah is picturing Israel as a wife who is abandoned by her husband, which is God. Having **children** in this context, refers to having inhabitants. If your readers would not understand what **desolate** and **children** mean in this context, you could use equivalent metaphors from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way as modeled by the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4:27 bu3l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ἢ 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “than the children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
4:28 jfx1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases δέ 1 Here, Paul uses the word **Now** to indicate that what he writes next is connected to what he wrote immediately before this and that he is continuing his line of thought. Use a natural form in your language to indicate that what follows is in continuity with what precedes it. Alternate translation: “And” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
4:28 oyo4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile ὑμεῖς & ἀδελφοί, κατὰ Ἰσαὰκ, ἐπαγγελίας τέκνα ἐστέ 1 The point of this comparison is that the Galatian believers (who are referred to as **brothers**) are **like Isaac** because both **Isaac** and the Galatians are **children of promise**, meaning that they both owe their birth to God’s supernatural working. Isaac’s physical birth came about as a result of God’s supernatural intervention, and the Galatian believers spiritual birth came about as a result of God’s supernatural intervention. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent comparison or express this meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “my fellow believers, you are similar to Isaac in that God miraculously intervened for both you and him in order to fulfill his promise to Abraham” or “my fellow believers, you are similar to Isaac because God did something miraculous for both you and him in order to fulfill what he promised to Abraham” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
4:28 oyo4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile ὑμεῖς & ἀδελφοί, κατὰ Ἰσαὰκ, ἐπαγγελίας τέκνα ἐστέ 1 The point of this comparison is that the Galatian believers (who are referred to as **brothers**) are **like Isaac** because both **Isaac** and the Galatians are **children of promise**, meaning that they both owe their birth to God’s supernatural working. Isaac’s physical birth came about as a result of God’s supernatural intervention, and the Galatian believers spiritual birth came about as a result of God’s supernatural intervention. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent comparison or express this meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “my fellow believers, you are similar to Isaac in that God miraculously intervened for both you and him in order to fulfill his promise to Abraham” or “my fellow believers, you are similar to Isaac because God did something miraculous for both you and him in order to fulfill what he promised to Abraham” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
4:28 p45d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular ὑμεῖς 1 Here, the pronoun **you** is plural. Your language may require you to mark such forms. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
4:28 ad75 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ἀδελφοί 1 See how you translated the word **brothers** in [1:2](../01/02.md) where it is used with the same meaning. Alternate translation: “brothers and sisters” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
4:28 ct63 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐπαγγελίας τέκνα 1 Here, **children** could be a metaphor which means that the Galatian believers are: (1) “God’s spiritual descendants.” If it would help your readers, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “God’s spiritual descendants” or “God’s children” (2) “Abraham’s spiritual descendants.” If it would help your readers, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “Abraham’s spiritual descendants” or “Abraham’s children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4:28 u3dr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἐπαγγελίας τέκνα 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe the source of these **children**. He means that the **children** are the **children** or “descendants” which God promised to supernaturally give to Abraham and therefore they are **children** whose source derives from God fulfillment of his **promise** to Abraham. If this is not clear in your language, you could clarify the relationship for your readers. Alternate translation: “children of God’s promise” or “children born from promise” or “children of God’s promise to Abraham” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
4:28 u3dr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἐπαγγελίας τέκνα 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe the source of these **children**. He means that the **children** are the **children** or “descendants” which God promised to supernaturally give to Abraham and therefore they are **children** whose source derives from God fulfillment of his **promise** to Abraham. If this is not clear in your language, you could clarify the relationship for your readers. Alternate translation: “children of God’s promise” or “children born from promise” or “children of God’s promise to Abraham” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
4:28 u9t0 ἐπαγγελίας 1 See how you translated the word **promise** in [3:14](../03/14.md).
4:29 on63 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases ἀλλ’ 1 Here, the word **But** could be: (1) introducing a contrast. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a contrast as modeled by the ULT. (2) indicating a transition. Alternate translation: “And” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
4:29 vmec rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases ὥσπερ 1 Here, the word **just as** introduces a comparison. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a comparison. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
@ -680,21 +678,21 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
4:29 ued8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis κατὰ Πνεῦμα 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “having been born according to Spirit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
4:29 gt1e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit κατὰ Πνεῦμα 1 Here, **according to Spirit** means that Isaac’s birth came about because the Holy Spirit worked in a supernatural way in order to make it happen. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “having been born because of the supernatural working of the Spirit” or “having been born by the miraculous working of the Spirit” or “having been born because of the powerful working of the Spirit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:29 jff1 Πνεῦμα 1 The word **Spirit** refers to the Holy Spirit. Make sure that you translate the word **Spirit** with the same word that you used to translate “Spirit” in [3:2](../03/02.md) where it is also referring to the Holy Spirit.
4:29 saqx rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases οὕτως καὶ 1 The phrase **so it also is** introduces a comparison. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a comparison. Alternate translation: “so it is also the same” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
4:29 saqx rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases οὕτως καὶ 1 The phrase **so it also is** introduces a comparison. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a comparison. Alternate translation: “so it is also the same” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
4:30 a2xo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion τί λέγει ἡ Γραφή 1 Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form to get the Galatian believers to think about the Scripture verse he cites next. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way as modeled by the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
4:30 klbo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification λέγει ἡ Γραφή 1 Here, Paul speaks of the specific Scripture passage he is quoting from Genesis as though it were a were a person who is speaking. If this might be confusing for your readers, you could express this meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “does Moses say in the scripture” or “does Moses write in the scripture” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
4:30 kg1j rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations ἔκβαλε τὴν παιδίσκην καὶ τὸν υἱὸν αὐτῆς; οὐ γὰρ μὴ κληρονομήσει ὁ υἱὸς τῆς παιδίσκης, μετὰ τοῦ υἱοῦ τῆς ἐλευθέρας 1 This is a quotation from Genesis. Use a natural way in your language, to indicate that this is a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
4:30 x9d7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἔκβαλε 1 Here, **Cast out** means to “send away.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly as modeled by the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:30 x9d7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἔκβαλε 1 Here, **Cast out** means to “send away.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly as modeled by the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:30 upqy παιδίσκην & παιδίσκης & ἐλευθέρας 1 See how you translated the phrases **slave girl** and **free woman** in [4:22](../04/22.md).
4:30 mjj5 κληρονομήσει 1 See how you translated the similar word “inheritance” in [3:18](../03/18.md).
4:30 imto οὐ & μὴ 1 The phrase **certainly not** is a strong negation used to emphatically negate the idea that follows it. Use a form in your language to emphatically negate an idea.
4:31 g74v rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases διό 1 The word **Therefore** is introducing Paul’s conclusion to what he explained immediately prior to this verse. Use a natural form for introducing a concluding statement. Alternate translation: “So then” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
4:31 g74v rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases διό 1 The word **Therefore** is introducing Paul’s conclusion to what he explained immediately prior to this verse. Use a natural form for introducing a concluding statement. Alternate translation: “So then” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
4:31 sy8u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ἀδελφοί 1 See how you translated the word **brothers** in [1:2](../01/02.md) where it is used with the same meaning. Alternate translation: “brothers and sisters” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
4:31 pesk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἐσμὲν 1 When Paul says **we**, he is including the Galatian believers, so **we** would be inclusive. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
4:31 pesk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἐσμὲν 1 When Paul says **we**, he is including the Galatian believers, so **we** would be inclusive. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
4:31 iz3b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τέκνα 1 Paul speaks of “spiritual descendants” as if they were **children**. If your readers would not understand what **children** means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way as modeled by the UST. See how you translated the word **children** in [4:28](../04/28.md) where it is also used to mean “spiritual descendants.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4:31 al42 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit παιδίσκης & ἀλλὰ τῆς ἐλευθέρας 1 Here, Paul is using the phrase **slave girl** to refer to Hagar who symbolizes the law of Moses (which brings spiritual bondage) and is using Sarah, **the free woman**, to symbolize God’s promise that he made to Abraham. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly as modeled by the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:31 al42 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit παιδίσκης & ἀλλὰ τῆς ἐλευθέρας 1 Here, Paul is using the phrase **slave girl** to refer to Hagar who symbolizes the law of Moses (which brings spiritual bondage) and is using Sarah, **the free woman**, to symbolize God’s promise that he made to Abraham. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly as modeled by the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:31 akrv παιδίσκης & ἐλευθέρας 1 See how you translated the phrases **slave girl** and **free woman** in [4:22](../04/22.md).
4:31 ily3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast ἀλλὰ 1 Here, the word **But** is introducing a contrast. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a contrast. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
4:31 ily3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast ἀλλὰ 1 Here, the word **But** is introducing a contrast. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a contrast. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
5:intro bcg3 0 # Galatians 5 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nPaul continues writing about the law of Moses as something that traps or enslaves a person. In this chapter Paul declares repeatedly that Christ has freed believers from being obligated to obey the law of Moses. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Fruit of the Spirit\n\nThe phrase “the fruit of the Spirit” is not plural, even though it begins a list of several things. The word “fruit” is singular and refers to the nine qualities listed in [5:22–23](../05/22.md) to show that they are a united cluster of qualities that are manifested in each believer. Translators should keep the singular form for “fruit” if possible. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/fruit]])\n\n\n### “the law” \n\nThe phrase “the law” is a singular noun that refers to a group of laws that God gave Israel by dictating them to Moses. This phrase occurs in chapters 2-5. Every time this phrase occurs in Galatians it refers to the group of laws that God dictated to Moses at Mount Sinai. You should translate this phrase the same way each time it occurs. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
5:1 kuu9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τῇ ἐλευθερίᾳ, ἡμᾶς Χριστὸς ἠλευθέρωσεν 1 **For freedom Christ set us free** implies that Christ **set** believers **free** from being required to obey the laws God gave the Jews. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Christ has set us free from the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
5:1 dt67 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal τῇ ἐλευθερίᾳ 1 **For** here indicates that what follows is the purpose for which Christ freed believers. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose. Alternate translation: “For the purpose of freedom” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])

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