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@ -30,7 +30,6 @@ front:intro rm3n 0 # Introduction to Deuteronomy\n\n## Part 1: General Introd
1:10 zy9z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole כְּ⁠כוֹכְבֵ֥י הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֖יִם לָ⁠רֹֽב 1 Moses says **as the stars of the heavens in number** here as a generalization for emphasis. He means that God has greatly increased the number of Israelites. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “almost as numerous as the stars of the heavens”
1:10 x7q2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֵי⁠כֶ֖ם 1 When Moses says **your God**, he is referring to the same God whom he also worships. He is not distinguishing between the God of the Israelites and his own God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could clarify that this is the same God that Moses worships. See the chapter introduction for more information. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, who is our God,”\n
1:11 aj7s rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing יְהוָ֞ה אֱלֹהֵ֣י אֲבֽוֹתֵ⁠כֶ֗ם יֹסֵ֧ף עֲלֵי⁠כֶ֛ם כָּ⁠כֶ֖ם אֶ֣לֶף פְּעָמִ֑ים וִ⁠יבָרֵ֣ךְ אֶתְ⁠כֶ֔ם כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֖ר דִּבֶּ֥ר לָ⁠כֶֽם 1 Moses is asking God to bless the Israelites. You could express this as either a blessing or a prayer, in whichever way is more natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I hope that Yahweh, the God of your fathers, will add to you, as you are, 1000 times, and I hope that he will bless you, just as he spoke to you”
1:11 wrx3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession אֱלֹהֵ֣י אֲבֽוֹתֵ⁠כֶ֗ם 1 When Moses says **your fathers**, he is also referring to his own **fathers**. He is not distinguishing between the ancestors of the Israelites and his own ancestors. If it would be helpful in your language, you could clarify that Moses and the Israelites have the same **fathers**. Alternate translation: “the God of our fathers”
1:11 nybe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲבֽוֹתֵ⁠כֶ֗ם 1 Yahweh is using the term **fathers** to mean “ancestors.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your predecessors”
1:11 h9y3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יֹסֵ֧ף עֲלֵי⁠כֶ֛ם 1 The implication is that God will **add** to the number of Israelites by births. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “add to your population”
1:11 it3v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֶ֣לֶף פְּעָמִ֑ים 1 Here, **a thousand** means “very many.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different number or another phrase that indicates that something happens many times. Alternate translation: “very many times”
@ -38,39 +37,41 @@ front:intro rm3n 0 # Introduction to Deuteronomy\n\n## Part 1: General Introd
1:12 l36d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֶשָּׂ֖א לְ⁠בַדִּ֑⁠י טָרְחֲ⁠כֶ֥ם וּ⁠מַֽשַּׂאֲ⁠כֶ֖ם 1 Here Moses speaks of the people’s problems and complaints that he needed to solve as if they were heavy physical **loads** and **burdens** that he needed to **carry**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable figure of speech or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will I make a decision by myself for your issues and your concerns”
1:12 xa3c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet טָרְחֲ⁠כֶ֥ם וּ⁠מַֽשַּׂאֲ⁠כֶ֖ם 1 The terms **loads** and **burdens** mean similar things. Moses is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “your heavy loads”
1:13 q6g6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet חֲכָמִ֧ים וּ⁠נְבֹנִ֛ים 1 The terms **wise** and **understanding** mean similar things. Moses is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “very wise”
1:13 ue4a waiting rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וִ⁠ידֻעִ֖ים 1 Here, **well-known** means “of good reputation.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use a comparable expression from your language that does have this meaning, or you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and reputable”
1:13 ue4a waiting rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וִ⁠ידֻעִ֖ים 1 Here, **well-known** could mean: (1) “of good reputation.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use a comparable expression from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and reputable” (2) “ knowing.” Alternate translation: “and understanding”
1:13 eea5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ⁠רָאשֵׁי⁠כֶֽם 1 Here **heads** means “leaders.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “as leaders”
1:15 zzio rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor רָאשֵׁ֣י & רָאשִׁ֖ים 1 Here **heads** means “leaders.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the leaders of … as leaders”
1:15 u5jy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וִֽ⁠ידֻעִ֔ים 1 Here **well-known** means “of good reputation.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use a comparable expression from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and reputable”
1:15 zzio rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor רָאשֵׁ֣י & רָאשִׁ֖ים 1 Here, **heads** means “leaders.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the leaders of … as leaders”
1:15 u5jy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וִֽ⁠ידֻעִ֔ים 1 Here, **well-known** could mean: (1) “of good reputation.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use a comparable expression from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and reputable” (2) “ knowing.” Alternate translation: “and understanding”
1:15 t5iw rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers אֲלָפִ֜ים & מֵא֗וֹת & חֲמִשִּׁים֙ & עֲשָׂרֹ֔ת 1 Alternate translation: “groups of 1,000 … groups of 100 … groups of 50 … groups of 10”
1:15 w87y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שָׂרֵ֨י אֲלָפִ֜ים וְ⁠שָׂרֵ֣י מֵא֗וֹת וְ⁠שָׂרֵ֤י חֲמִשִּׁים֙ וְ⁠שָׂרֵ֣י עֲשָׂרֹ֔ת 1 The implication is that the leaders are in charge of groups of fighting men. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “leaders of thousands of fighting men and leaders of hundreds of fighting men and leaders of fifties of fighting men and leaders of tens of fighting men”
1:15 s3vi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לְ⁠שִׁבְטֵי⁠כֶֽם 1 The implication is that Moses appointed leaders for each of the tribes of Israel. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “from each of your tribes”
1:16 imou rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲחֵי⁠כֶם֙ & אָחִ֖י⁠ו 1 Here **brothers** and **brother** refer to any Israelite. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your fellow Israelites … a fellow Israelite”
1:16 imou rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲחֵי⁠כֶם֙ & אָחִ֖י⁠ו 1 Here **brothers** and **brother** refer to a fellow Israelite. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your fellow Israelites … a fellow Israelite”
1:16 k0bw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שָׁמֹ֤עַ בֵּין אֲחֵי⁠כֶם֙ 1 Here, **Listen** means “listen to the evidence in a legal case.” The judge is **in between** each party involved in the case and will listen to each party. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Pay attention to the evidence from both sides of the legal case”
1:16 x7e5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative וּ⁠שְׁפַטְתֶּ֣ם 1 See [book introduction](../front/intro.md) for more information about translating **should**.
1:16 rdg1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אֲחֵי⁠כֶם֙ & אִ֥ישׁ & אָחִ֖י⁠ו & גֵּרֽ⁠וֹ 1 Although the terms **brother**, **man**, **his**, and **him** are masculine, Moses is using the words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “your fellow Israelites … an Israelite … another Israelite … the foreigner with the Israelite”
1:16 z0ng rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo בֵּֽין־אִ֥ישׁ וּ⁠בֵין־אָחִ֖י⁠ו וּ⁠בֵ֥ין גֵּרֽ⁠וֹ 1 Here, Moses repeats **between** to describe different types of relationships that could require judgment among the Israelites. The first relationship involves two Israelites. The second relationship involves an Israelite and a non-Israelite. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that describes relationships between individuals. Alternate translation: “between a man and his brother, and also between a man and the foreigner with him”
1:16 k6zm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אִ֥ישׁ 1 The word **man** represents any Israelite in general, not one particular Israelite. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “an Israelite”
1:16 d8dp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun גֵּרֽ⁠וֹ 1 The word **foreigner** represents foreigners living among the Israelites in general, not one particular foreigner. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “foreigners”
1:17 k656 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לֹֽא־תַכִּ֨ירוּ פָנִ֜ים 1 Here, **recognize a face** is an idiom that means “show partiality.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “You shall not play favorites” or “You shall not show partiality”
1:17 wjfu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בַּ⁠מִּשְׁפָּ֗ט & הַ⁠מִּשְׁפָּ֖ט 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **judgment**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “in the legal case … the result of the legal case”
1:17 tw6h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit תִּשְׁמָע֔וּ⁠ן 1 The implication is that the judges will **hear** legal cases. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “you should hear legal cases”
1:17 l3vl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism כַּ⁠קָּטֹ֤ן כַּ⁠גָּדֹל֙ 1 Here, **small** and **great** refer to all of the Israelites by naming the parts that are at the extreme ends of Israelite society. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “all Israelites alike”
1:17 tl9s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj כַּ⁠קָּטֹ֤ן כַּ⁠גָּדֹל֙ 1 Moses is using the adjectives **small** and **great** as nouns to mean small people and great people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “small people and great people”
1:17 zbxp rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result לֹ֤א תָג֨וּרוּ֙ מִ⁠פְּנֵי־אִ֔ישׁ כִּ֥י הַ⁠מִּשְׁפָּ֖ט לֵ⁠אלֹהִ֣ים ה֑וּא 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases, since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. Alternate translation: “The judgment, it is before God, so do not be afraid from the face of man”
1:17 jze3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche מִ⁠פְּנֵי 1 Here, **face** represents the presence of a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in the presence of”
1:17 d6rd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אִ֔ישׁ 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Moses is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “a person”
1:17 jze3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche מִ⁠פְּנֵי 1 Here, **face** represents the presence of a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “of”
1:17 d6rd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אִ֔ישׁ 1 The word **man** represents people in general, not one particular man. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “anyone”
1:17 insr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הַ⁠מִּשְׁפָּ֖ט לֵ⁠אלֹהִ֣ים ה֑וּא 1 Moses is speaking of the Israelites' legal cases as if they were objects that **belong to God**. Moses means that God decides what is right and wrong. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “God knows which decision is right or wrong”
1:17 gn5h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תַּקְרִב֥וּ⁠ן 1 Moses is speaking of legal cases as if they were objects that the Israelites could physically **bring** to him. Moses means that the Israelites should let him decide the case. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you shall refer”
1:17 spb9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּ⁠שְׁמַעְתִּֽי⁠ו 1 The implication is that Moses will not only **hear** the legal case, but also decide on a solution. You could include this information if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and I shall hear it and decide” or "and I shall hear and decide it"
1:17 spb9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּ⁠שְׁמַעְתִּֽי⁠ו 1 The implication is that Moses will not only **hear** the legal case, but also decide on a solution. You could include this information if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and I shall hear it and choose a solution”
1:19 s8zk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠הַ⁠נּוֹרָ֨א 1 The implication is that the wilderness causes terror because it is dangerous. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and unsafe”
1:21 itcd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor רְ֠אֵה 1 Yahweh is using the term **Look** to focus the Israelites' attention on what he is about to say. Your language may have a comparable expression that you could use in your translation. Alternate translation: “See” or "Notice"
1:21 itcd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor רְ֠אֵה 1 Yahweh is using the term **Look** to focus the Israelites' attention on what he is about to say. Your language may have a comparable expression that you could use in your translation. Alternate translation: “Now”
1:21 sel7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd רְ֠אֵה & אֱלֹהֶ֛י⁠ךָ לְ⁠פָנֶ֖י⁠ךָ & עֲלֵ֣ה רֵ֗שׁ & אֲבֹתֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ לָ֔⁠ךְ & אַל־תִּירָ֖א וְ⁠אַל־תֵּחָֽת 1 Even though Moses is speaking to a group of people, **you**, **your**, and the command forms are singular in this verse. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation.
1:21 cl66 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְ⁠פָנֶ֖י⁠ךָ 1 Here, the word **faces** represents the presence of people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before you”
1:21 cl66 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְ⁠פָנֶ֖י⁠ךָ 1 Here, the word **face** represents the presence of a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before you”
1:21 c9fo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עֲלֵ֣ה 1 Here, **go up** means “go fight.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “attack”
1:21 xjd3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense נָתַ֨ן יְהוָ֧ה אֱלֹהֶ֛י⁠ךָ לְ⁠פָנֶ֖י⁠ךָ אֶת־הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ 1 Here Yahweh could be using the present tense: (1) to refer to something that will certainly happen in the future. Alternate translation: “I will give the land before your faces” (2) to refer to something that he has already done. Alternate translation: “I have already given the land before your faces” See how this is translated in [Deuteronomy 1:8](../01/08.md).
1:21 xae1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲבֹתֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ 1 Moses is using the term **fathers** to mean “ancestors.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your predecessors”
1:21 w65d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אַל־תִּירָ֖א וְ⁠אַל־תֵּחָֽת 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “you shall not be afraid, nor shall you be discouraged”
1:22 yugp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְ⁠פָנֵ֔י⁠נוּ 1 Here, the word **faces** represents the presence of people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before us”
1:22 le48 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠יָשִׁ֤בוּ אֹתָ֨⁠נוּ֙ דָּבָ֔ר 1 Here, **a word** means “a report.” The text describes the **word** as if it were a physical object that someone could **return** to someone else. Alternate translation: “and report back to us about”
1:22 le48 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠יָשִׁ֤בוּ אֹתָ֨⁠נוּ֙ דָּבָ֔ר 1 Moses is speaking of news about the land as if it were a physical object that someone could **return** to someone else. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and report back to us about”
1:22 xrwu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy דָּבָ֔ר 1 Here, **word** represents a report. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a report”
1:22 jr4u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֲשֶׁ֣ר נַעֲלֶה־בָּ֔⁠הּ 1 The implication is that the Israelites are camping in a valley, so they must travel **up** the hilly area when they **go** into the land that Yahweh promised to give to them. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “by which we will go up from the valley and into the land”
1:22 cn77 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go נָבֹ֖א 1 In a context such as this, your language might say “go” instead of **come**. Alternate translation: “we will go”
1:23 t0cv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy הַ⁠דָּבָ֑ר 1 Here, **word** represents what someone said. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “what they said”
@ -81,14 +82,16 @@ front:intro rm3n 0 # Introduction to Deuteronomy\n\n## Part 1: General Introd
1:24 mdt5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go וַ⁠יָּבֹ֖אוּ 1 In a context such as this, your language might say “went” instead of **came**. Alternate translation: “And they went”
1:24 m2qr rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names נַ֣חַל אֶשְׁכֹּ֑ל 1 Here, **the Valley of Eshkol** is the name of a place. This is a valley in the Hebron region, which is south of Jerusalem.
1:25 c795 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo וַ⁠יִּקְח֤וּ בְ⁠יָדָ⁠ם֙ 1 The expression **they took with their hands** contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “And they took”
1:25 gns5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠יִּקְח֤וּ 1 Here, the word **took** means “plucked” or “harvested.” Alternate translation: “And they plucked”
1:25 w02p rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns מִ⁠פְּרִ֣י 1 In this verse, the word **fruit** is singular in form, but it refers to all the fruit of the land as a group. If it would be helpful in your language, you could say this plainly. Alternate translation: “some fruit of”
1:25 et1g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַ⁠יָּשִׁ֨בוּ אֹתָ֤⁠נוּ דָבָר֙ 1 Here, **a word** means “a report.” The text describes the **word** as if it were a physical object that someone could **return** to someone else. Alternate translation: “And they reported to us”
1:25 gns5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠יִּקְח֤וּ 1 Here, the word **took** means “plucked” or “harvested.” You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “And they plucked”
1:25 w02p rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns מִ⁠פְּרִ֣י 1 In this verse, the word **fruit** is singular in form, but it refers to all the fruit of the land as a group. If it would be helpful in your language, you could say this plainly. Alternate translation: “a bit of fruit from”
1:25 et1g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַ⁠יָּשִׁ֨בוּ אֹתָ֤⁠נוּ דָבָר֙ 1 Moses is speaking of news about the land as if it were a physical object that someone could **return** to someone else. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and report back to us about”
1:25 iiy2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy דָבָר֙ 1 Here, **word** represents a report. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a report”
1:25 dgea rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמְר֔וּ טוֹבָ֣ה הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ אֲשֶׁר־יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֵ֖י⁠נוּ נֹתֵ֥ן לָֽ⁠נוּ 1 If your language would not use a direct quotation inside of a direct quotation, you could translate the second direct quotation as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “and said that the land that Yahweh our God is giving to us is good”
1:25 eknv rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense נֹתֵ֥ן לָֽ⁠נוּ 1 Here the present tense could: (1) refer to something that will certainly happen in the future. Alternate translation: “is about to give us” (2) refer to something that has already happened. Alternate translation: “has given to us” See how this is translated in [Deuteronomy 1:8](../01/08.md).
1:26 t13i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לַ⁠עֲלֹ֑ת 1 Here, **go up** means “go fight.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to fight”
1:26 k4x9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy פִּ֥י 1 Here, **mouth** refers to Yahweh’s commands and what he says to do. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “the command of”
1:26 k4x9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy פִּ֥י 1 Here, **mouth** refers to Yahweh’s commands and what he says to do. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “the commands of”
1:27 vy6l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo וַ⁠תֵּרָגְנ֤וּ בְ⁠אָהֳלֵי⁠כֶם֙ וַ⁠תֹּ֣אמְר֔וּ 1 Here, the text uses two verbs of speaking, **grumbled** and **said**, to introduce direct speech. If it is unnatural in your language to use two verbs of speech, you could use only one. Alternate translation: “And you grumbled in your tents, saying”
1:27-28 wgzi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes וַ⁠תֵּרָגְנ֤וּ בְ⁠אָהֳלֵי⁠כֶם֙ וַ⁠תֹּ֣אמְר֔וּ בְּ⁠שִׂנְאַ֤ת יְהוָה֙ אֹתָ֔⁠נוּ הוֹצִיאָ֖⁠נוּ מֵ⁠אֶ֣רֶץ מִצְרָ֑יִם לָ⁠תֵ֥ת אֹתָ֛⁠נוּ בְּ⁠יַ֥ד הָ⁠אֱמֹרִ֖י לְ⁠הַשְׁמִידֵֽ⁠נוּ & אָנָ֣ה ׀ אֲנַ֣חְנוּ עֹלִ֗ים אַחֵי⁠נוּ֩ הֵמַ֨סּוּ אֶת־לְבָבֵ֜⁠נוּ 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “And you grumbled in your tents. You claimed that Yahweh hates you and brought you from the land of Egypt to give you into the hand of the Amorites. You asked me how you could go up, and you told me that your brothers had caused your heart to melt”
1:27 gpei rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּ⁠שִׂנְאַ֤ת יְהוָה֙ אֹתָ֔⁠נוּ 1 Here, the Israelites are using the possessive form to describe the **hatred** that they believe Yahweh is showing towards them. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a verb to show how **hatred** and **Yahweh** are related. Alternate translation: “Since Yahweh hates us,”
1:27 u8rq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּ⁠שִׂנְאַ֤ת יְהוָה֙ אֹתָ֔⁠נוּ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **hatred**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “Since Yahweh hates us”
1:27 am5b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּ⁠יַ֥ד הָ⁠אֱמֹרִ֖י 1 The word **hand** refers to the power of the owner of the hand, **the Amorites**. Alternate translation: “into the power of the Amorites”
@ -101,12 +104,12 @@ front:intro rm3n 0 # Introduction to Deuteronomy\n\n## Part 1: General Introd
1:28 yi6u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes לֵ⁠אמֹ֗ר עַ֣ם גָּד֤וֹל וָ⁠רָם֙ מִמֶּ֔⁠נּוּ עָרִ֛ים גְּדֹלֹ֥ת וּ⁠בְצוּרֹ֖ת בַּ⁠שָּׁמָ֑יִם וְ⁠גַם־בְּנֵ֥י עֲנָקִ֖ים רָאִ֥ינוּ שָֽׁם 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation, without the preceding comma: “by saying that the people are greater and taller than us, with cities great and fortified to the heavens, and also, that they have seen the sons of the Anakim there”
1:28 ckkl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet גָּד֤וֹל וָ⁠רָם֙ 1 Here, the term **greater** could mean: (1) “more powerful.” Alternate translation: “are stronger and taller” (2) “greater in size.” In this case, the terms **greater** and **taller** mean similar things. The Israelites are using the two terms together for emphasis. Alternate translation: “are much bigger”
1:28 vs1i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole וּ⁠בְצוּרֹ֖ת בַּ⁠שָּׁמָ֑יִם 1 The Israelites say **fortified to the heavens** here as a generalization for emphasis. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “and extremely well-fortified”
1:28 brf4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּנֵ֥י 1 Here, **sons** means “descendants.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the descendants of”
1:28 brf4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּנֵ֥י 1 Here, **sons** means “descendants.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the offspring of”
1:29 ukp2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism לֹא־תַֽעַרְצ֥וּ⁠ן וְֽ⁠לֹא־תִֽירְא֖וּ⁠ן מֵ⁠הֶֽם 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Do not be terrified, nor be afraid of them”
1:29 dgo7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive לֹא־תַֽעַרְצ֥וּ⁠ן 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Do not fear”
1:30 l93e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הַ⁠הֹלֵ֣ךְ לִ⁠פְנֵי⁠כֶ֔ם 1 When Moses says that Yahweh **walks before** the Israelites, he is describing how Yahweh guides them and protects them. See the chapter introduction for more information about Yahweh's presence. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “who guides you”
1:30 sv3g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִ⁠פְנֵי⁠כֶ֔ם 1 Here, the word **faces** represents the presence of people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before you”
1:30 wdr7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְ⁠עֵינֵי⁠כֶֽם 1 Here, **eyes** represents seeing. The Israelites could see physical proof that Yahweh fought for them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternative translation: “in your sight”
1:30 wdr7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְ⁠עֵינֵי⁠כֶֽם 1 Here, **eyes** represents the act of seeing. The Israelites could see physical proof that Yahweh fought for them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternative translation: “in your sight”
1:31 yy3f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor רָאִ֔יתָ 1 Here, Moses speaks of experiencing something as if it were being **seen**. If this word does not have that meaning in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you have experienced”
1:31 t94m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd רָאִ֔יתָ & נְשָׂאֲ⁠ךָ֙ & אֱלֹהֶ֔י⁠ךָ 1 Even though Moses is speaking to a group of people, **you** and **your** are singular here. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation.
1:31 b4n9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נְשָׂאֲ⁠ךָ֙ 1 Here, **carried** means “led” and “protected.” If this word does not have that meaning in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “protected you” or "took care of you"
@ -116,16 +119,17 @@ front:intro rm3n 0 # Introduction to Deuteronomy\n\n## Part 1: General Introd
1:33 gg6j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִ⁠פְנֵי⁠כֶ֜ם 1 Here, **before your faces** represents being in the presence of these people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before you”
1:33 w2xc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בָּ⁠אֵ֣שׁ ׀ לַ֗יְלָה לַ⁠רְאֹֽתְ⁠כֶם֙ בַּ⁠דֶּ֨רֶךְ֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר תֵּֽלְכוּ־בָ֔⁠הּ וּ⁠בֶ⁠עָנָ֖ן יוֹמָֽם 1 These phrases refer to [Exodus 13:21–22](../exo/13/21.md), which explains how Yahweh led the Israelites with a pillar of fire and pillar of cloud. After the Israelites left Egypt, they did not know which direction to go. They needed Yahweh to guide them, and Yahweh chose to guide them through the physical signs of fire and cloud.
1:33 o90m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo אֲשֶׁ֣ר תֵּֽלְכוּ־בָ֔⁠הּ 1 The expression **that you should go in it** contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “that you should go”
1:34 a5i6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ק֣וֹל דִּבְרֵי⁠כֶ֑ם 1 Here, the phrase **the sound of your words** means “what you were saying.” Alternate translation: “what you were saying” or "what you said"\n
1:34 a5i6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ק֣וֹל דִּבְרֵי⁠כֶ֑ם 1 Here, the phrase **the sound of your words** means “what you were saying.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “what you were saying” or "what you said"\n
1:34 gv71 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations לֵ⁠אמֹֽר 1 Here, the word **saying** introduces direct speech. Consider natural ways of introducing direct quotations in your language.
1:34-36 depn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes וַ⁠יִּשָּׁבַ֥ע לֵ⁠אמֹֽר & אִם־יִרְאֶ֥ה אִישׁ֙ בָּ⁠אֲנָשִׁ֣ים הָ⁠אֵ֔לֶּה הַ⁠דּ֥וֹר הָ⁠רָ֖ע הַ⁠זֶּ֑ה אֵ֚ת הָ⁠אָ֣רֶץ הַ⁠טּוֹבָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֣ר נִשְׁבַּ֔עְתִּי לָ⁠תֵ֖ת לַ⁠אֲבֹתֵי⁠כֶֽם & זֽוּלָתִ֞י כָּלֵ֤ב בֶּן־יְפֻנֶּה֙ ה֣וּא יִרְאֶ֔⁠נָּה וְ⁠לֽ⁠וֹ־אֶתֵּ֧ן אֶת־הָ⁠אָ֛רֶץ אֲשֶׁ֥ר דָּֽרַךְ־בָּ֖⁠הּ וּ⁠לְ⁠בָנָ֑י⁠ו יַ֕עַן אֲשֶׁ֥ר מִלֵּ֖א אַחֲרֵ֥י יְהוָֽה 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “And he swore that no one from your parents’ generation would see the good land that he swore to give to your fathers except Caleb son of Jephunneh. He swore to give him the land that he steps on, and to his sons, becauses Caleb is wholly after him”
1:35 n9j8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אִישׁ֙ בָּ⁠אֲנָשִׁ֣ים הָ⁠אֵ֔לֶּה 1 Although the words **man** and **men** are masculine, Yahweh is using these words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “one person of these people of”
1:35 l5ps rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole יִרְאֶ֥ה 1 Yahweh says **see** here as a generalization for emphasis. He means that the rebellious Israelites will not be able to enter and live in the land that Yahweh promised them. They will not even get close enough to see it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “shall live in”
1:35 l5ps rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole יִרְאֶ֥ה 1 Yahweh says that the rebellious generation would not even **see** the land here as a generalization for emphasis. He means that the rebellious Israelites will not be able to enter and live in the land that Yahweh promised them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “shall live in”
1:36 ai2l rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names יְפֻנֶּה֙ 1 The word **Jephunneh** is the name of Caleb's father.
1:36 p6yl rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ה֣וּא יִרְאֶ֔⁠נָּה 1 For emphasis, Yahweh is stating the pronoun **he**, whose meaning is already included in the verb translated as **see**. If your language can state implied pronouns explicitly for emphasis, you may want to use that construction in your translation. Other languages may have other ways of bringing out this emphasis. The ULT does so by using the intensive pronoun **himself**. Alternate translation: “he indeed shall see it”
1:36 z43i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ה֣וּא יִרְאֶ֔⁠נָּה 1 Here **see** means “enter and experience.” If this word does not have that meaning in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he himself shall go into it”
1:36 s7rb rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וְ⁠לֽ⁠וֹ־אֶתֵּ֧ן אֶת־הָ⁠אָ֛רֶץ אֲשֶׁ֥ר דָּֽרַךְ־בָּ֖⁠הּ וּ⁠לְ⁠בָנָ֑י⁠ו יַ֕עַן אֲשֶׁ֥ר מִלֵּ֖א אַחֲרֵ֥י יְהוָֽה 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could move the last phrase to the beginning, since the last phrase gives the reason for the result that the beginning of the sentence describes. Alternate translation: “He is wholly after Yahweh, so to him I will give the land that he has stepped on, and to his sons”
1:36 hwf9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ⁠לְ⁠בָנָ֑י⁠ו 1 Here, **sons** means “descendants.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and to his offspring”
1:36 namd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֲשֶׁ֥ר מִלֵּ֖א אַחֲרֵ֥י יְהוָֽה 1 The implication is that Caleb follows **after Yahweh** and obeys him completely. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “he wholly obeys Yahweh’”
1:36 namd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲשֶׁ֥ר מִלֵּ֖א אַחֲרֵ֥י יְהוָֽה 1 Yahweh is speaking of obedience as if it were a path that one could follow **after**. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “he wholly fulfills Yahweh’s commands”
1:36 ix6z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person אַחֲרֵ֥י יְהוָֽה 1 Yahweh is speaking about himself in the third person. If this would not be natural in your language, you could use the first person form. Alternate translation: “after me, Yahweh”\n\n
1:37 j94d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit גַּם־בִּ⁠י֙ הִתְאַנַּ֣ף יְהוָ֔ה בִּ⁠גְלַלְ⁠כֶ֖ם 1 This refers to [Numbers 20](Num/20/10.md), when Moses disobeyed what Yahweh told him to do because Moses was angry with the people of Israel. The Israelite people complained that they did not have water in the wilderness. Yahweh told Moses to speak to the rock so water would come out, but Moses disobeyed Yahweh and struck the rock with his staff. As a result, Yahweh promised that Moses would not enter the land.
1:38 du4b rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names נוּן֙ 1 The word **Nun** is the name of Joshua’s father.
@ -716,7 +720,7 @@ front:intro rm3n 0 # Introduction to Deuteronomy\n\n## Part 1: General Introd
6:2 uugi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יַאֲרִכֻ֥⁠ן יָמֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you will prolong your days”
6:3 ppv0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ 1 Here, **Israel** represents the people of Israel. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Israelites”
6:3 mv7p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative וְ⁠שָׁמַעְתָּ֤ & וְ⁠שָׁמַרְתָּ֣ לַ⁠עֲשׂ֔וֹת 1 See the [book introduction](../front/intro.md) for more information about translating **shall**. Alternate translation: “And listen … and carefully do”
6:3 hcz1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְ⁠שָׁמַעְתָּ֤
6:3 hcz1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְ⁠שָׁמַעְתָּ֤ Note needed
6:3 b1v4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal אֲשֶׁר֙ & וַ⁠אֲשֶׁ֥ר 1 Here, **that** marks what comes after as the goal or purpose of what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is the purpose.
6:3 bqv9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit תִּרְבּ֖וּ⁠ן מְאֹ֑ד 1 The implication is that the number of Israelites will **multiply** by births. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “your population will greatly increase”
6:3 zh48 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲבֹתֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ 1 Moses is using the term **fathers** to mean “ancestors.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your predecessors”
@ -1536,6 +1540,7 @@ front:intro rm3n 0 # Introduction to Deuteronomy\n\n## Part 1: General Introd
14:22 oimi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd תְּעַשֵּׂ֔ר & זַרְעֶ֑⁠ךָ 1 Even though Moses is speaking to a group of people, **you** and **your** are singular in this verse. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation.
14:22 yq3a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-reduplication עַשֵּׂ֣ר תְּעַשֵּׂ֔ר 1 Moses is repeating the verb **tithe** in order to intensify the idea that it expresses. If your language can repeat words for intensification, it would be appropriate to do that here in your translation. If not, your language may have another way of expressing the emphasis. Alternate translation: “You shall surely tithe”
14:22 nfuq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession תְּבוּאַ֣ת זַרְעֶ֑⁠ךָ 1 Here, Moses is using the possessive form to describe all the crops that a planted **seed** would **produce**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use an equivalent expression. Alternate translation: “the harvest”
14:22 mnpn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit זַרְעֶ֑⁠ךָ 1 Here, **seed** is literal and refers to seeds used in farming. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “your farming”
14:22 q611 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom שָׁנָ֥ה שָׁנָֽה 1 Here, **year after year** is an idiom that means “every year.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “yearly” or “every year”
14:23 wc9q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd וְ⁠אָכַלְתָּ֞ & אֱלֹהֶ֗י⁠ךָ & דְּגָֽנְ⁠ךָ֙ תִּֽירֹשְׁ⁠ךָ֣ וְ⁠יִצְהָרֶ֔⁠ךָ & בְּקָרְ⁠ךָ֖ וְ⁠צֹאנֶ֑⁠ךָ & תִּלְמַ֗ד & אֱלֹהֶ֖י⁠ךָ 1 Even though Moses is speaking to a group of people, **you** and **your** are singular in this verse. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation.
14:23 n5kz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י 1 Here, **face** represents the presence of someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in the presence of”
@ -2985,4 +2990,4 @@ front:intro rm3n 0 # Introduction to Deuteronomy\n\n## Part 1: General Introd
34:9 g774 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Joshua … was full of the spirit of wisdom 0 The writer speaks as if Joshua were a container and the spirit were a physical object that could be put into a container. Alternate translation: “Yahweh enabled Joshua … to be very wise”
34:9 yd83 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Moses had laid his hands on him 0 The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “Moses had laid his hands on him to set Joshua apart so Joshua would serve Yahweh”
34:10 t1l8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Yahweh knew face to face 0 This is an idiom. It means Yahweh and Moses had a very close relationship.
34:12 mq8g in all the great 0 Alternate translation: “who did all the great”
34:12 mq8g in all the great 0 Alternate translation: “who did all the great”

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