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@ -24,12 +24,11 @@ front:intro m2jl 0 # Introduction to Titus\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction
1:5 lh9b ἀπέλιπόν σε ἐν Κρήτῃ 1 Alternate translation: “I told you to stay in Crete”
1:5 ga62 ἵνα τὰ λείποντα ἐπιδιορθώσῃ 1 Alternate translation: “so that you would finish arranging things that needed to be done”
1:5 b52u καταστήσῃς & πρεσβυτέρους 1 Alternate translation: “appoint elders” or “designate elders”
1:5 p56w πρεσβυτέρους 1 In the early Christian churches, Christian **elders** gave spiritual leadership to the assemblies of believers. This word refers to people who are mature in faith.
1:6 jen8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit εἴ τίς ἐστιν ἀνέγκλητος 1 This is the beginning of the description of the character of an elder. Paul assumes that Titus understands that he is to choose men who fit the following description. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “an elder must be blameless” or “any man you choose to be an elder must be without blame”
1:6 ab70 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives ἀνέγκλητος 1 To be **blameless** is to be known as a person who does not do bad things. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state this positively. Alternate translation: “a person who has a good reputation”
1:6 q6uy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit μιᾶς γυναικὸς ἀνήρ 1 This means that he has only **one wife**; that is, he does not have any other wives or concubines. This also means that he does not commit adultery and may also mean that he has not divorced a previous wife. Alternate translation: “a man who has only one woman” or “a man who is faithful to his wife”
1:6 wd6q τέκνα & πιστά 1 This could refer to: (1) children who believe in Jesus or (2) children who are trustworthy.
1:7 lz7x τὸν ἐπίσκοπον 1 The word **overseer** is another name for the same position of spiritual leadership that Paul referred to as “elder” in 1:5. This term focuses on the function of the elder: he oversees the activities and people of the church.
1:6 wd6q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τέκνα & πιστά 1 This could refer to: (1) children who believe in Jesus. Alternate translation: “children who are faithful to God” (2) children who are trustworthy. Alternate translation: “children who are honest”
1:7 lz7x rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown τὸν ἐπίσκοπον 1 The word **overseer** is another name for the same position of spiritual leadership that Paul referred to as “elder” in 1:5. This term focuses on the function of the elder: he oversees the activities and people of the church. Alternate translation: “an elder in charge of God's people”
1:7 g2zf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Θεοῦ οἰκονόμον 1 Paul speaks of the church as if it were God’s **household**, and the overseer as if he were a servant in charge of managing that household. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a person in charge of taking care of God's church”
1:7 d6l1 μὴ πάροινον 1 Alternate translation: “not an alcoholic” or “not one who drinks much wine”
1:7 j1qq μὴ πλήκτην 1 Alternate translation: “not one who is violent” or “not one who likes to fight”
@ -42,12 +41,12 @@ front:intro m2jl 0 # Introduction to Titus\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction
1:9 abcj rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα 1 The connecting words **so that** introduce a goal or purpose relationship. The purpose for the elder to hold tightly to the trustworthy message is for him to be able to encourage others and rebuke those who oppose him. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is a purpose. Alternate translation: “because in this way”
1:9 pzi1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τῇ διδασκαλίᾳ τῇ ὑγιαινούσῃ 1 The word translated here as **sound** normally refers to being physically healthy. Paul is speaking of this **teaching** as if it were a living thing that could be healthy or sick. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “correct teaching”
1:10 w9kk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ματαιολόγοι 1 Here, **empty** is a metaphor for useless, and **empty talkers** are people who say useless or foolish things. Alternate translation: “people who say useless things”
1:10 ga6n φρεναπάται 1 The word **deceivers** describes people who are actively trying to convince people to believe in something other than the true gospel that Paul preaches. Alternate translation: “people who convince others to believe things that are not true”
1:10 ga6n rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown φρεναπάται 1 The word **deceivers** describes people who are actively trying to convince people to believe in something other than the true gospel that Paul preaches. Alternate translation: “people who convince others to believe things that are not true”
1:10 abcd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys ματαιολόγοι, καὶ φρεναπάται 1 Both **empty talkers** and **deceivers** refer to the same people who are also **rebellious**. These people taught false, worthless things and wanted other people to believe them. Alternate translation: “people who say wrong things so that others will believe things that are not true”
1:10 pu74 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy οἱ ἐκ τῆς περιτομῆς 1 Here, **circumcision** represents the Jewish believers who taught that men must be circumcised in order to please God. This teaching is false. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the ones who teach that men must be circumcised in order to please God”
1:11 f4iy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit οὓς δεῖ ἐπιστομίζειν 1 The implication is that these people must be stopped from teaching. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “You must prevent them from spreading their false teachings” or “Someone must stop them from deceiving others by their words”
1:11 aqi5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὅλους οἴκους ἀνατρέπουσιν 1 The issue was that they were leading families away from the truth and destroying their faith. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “are ruining the faith of entire families”
1:11 at7c αἰσχροῦ κέρδους χάριν 1 Here, **shameful profit** refers to money that people are paid for doing things that are not honorable. Consider how to express this in your language.
1:11 at7c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit αἰσχροῦ κέρδους χάριν 1 Here Paul refers to **profit** as **shameful**, meaning that the activity of accepting money for teaching wrong things brings shame on the teacher. Consider how to express this in your language. Alternate translation: “and increasing their shame by taking money for it”
1:12 tr1j τις ἐξ αὐτῶν, ἴδιος αὐτῶν προφήτης 1 Alternate translation: “A Cretan that they themselves consider to be a prophet”
1:12 y3zb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole Κρῆτες ἀεὶ ψεῦσται 1 The word **always** here is an overstatement for emphasis. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “Cretans have a reputation to be liars” or “Cretans tend to be liars”
1:12 h3jb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor κακὰ θηρία 1 This metaphor is speaking of **Cretans** as if they were **evil beasts**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “as dangerous as wild animals”
@ -68,12 +67,12 @@ front:intro m2jl 0 # Introduction to Titus\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction
1:16 i3l2 τοῖς & ἔργοις ἀρνοῦνται 1 Alternate translation: “how they live proves that they do not know him”
2:intro h3il 0 # Titus 2 General Notes\n\nPaul continues giving Titus reasons to preach God’s word, and explains how the older men, older women, young men, and slaves or servants should live as believers.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Gender roles\n\nScholars are divided over how to understand this passage in its historical and cultural context. Some scholars believe men and women are perfectly equal in all things. Other scholars believe God created men and women to serve in distinctly different roles in marriage and the church. Translators should be careful not to let how they understand this issue affect how they translate this passage.\n\n### Slavery\n\nPaul does not write in this chapter about whether slavery is good or bad. Paul teaches slaves to faithfully serve their masters. He teaches all believers to be godly and live rightly in every situation.
2:1 tpi2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit σὺ δὲ 1 Here, **you** is singular and refers to Titus. If it is helpful, you could include the name “Titus” here, as in the UST.
2:1 ph2j τῇ ὑγιαινούσῃ διδασκαλίᾳ 1 See the note about **sound teaching** on [Titus 1:9](../01/09/pzi1). Alternate translation: “with sound doctrine” or “with correct teachings”
2:1 ph2j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τῇ ὑγιαινούσῃ διδασκαλίᾳ 1 See the note about **sound teaching** on [Titus 1:9](../01/09/pzi1). Alternate translation: “with right doctrine” or “with correct teachings”
2:2 xyz3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis πρεσβύτας & εἶναι 1 A verb is lacking here that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. If it would be clearer in your language, you could supply a verb here, drawing from the idea of “speak” in the previous verse, such as “teach” or “exhort.” Alternate translation: “Teach older men to be”
2:2 xy13 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet νηφαλίους & σεμνούς, σώφρονας 1 These three words are very close in meaning and may be combined into one or two terms if the target language does not have three separate terms.
2:2 xc6t νηφαλίους 1 Alternate translation: “sober-minded” or “self-controlled”
2:2 y3j2 σώφρονας 1 Alternate translation: “in control of their desires”
2:2 abc1 ὑγιαίνοντας τῇ πίστει τῇ ἀγάπῃ, τῇ ὑπομονῇ 1 Here the word **sound** means to be firm and unwavering. It applies to **faith**, **love**, and **perseverance**. See the note about **sound** on [Titus 1:9](../01/09/pzi1) and the note about **sound in faith** on [Titus 1:13](../01/13/je3r). Alternate translation: “unwavering in faith, in loving others, and in continuing to persevere”
2:2 abc1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὑγιαίνοντας τῇ πίστει τῇ ἀγάπῃ, τῇ ὑπομονῇ 1 Here the word **sound** means to be firm and unwavering. It applies to **faith**, **love**, and **perseverance**. See the note about **sound** on [Titus 1:9](../01/09/pzi1) and the note about **sound in faith** on [Titus 1:13](../01/13/je3r). Alternate translation: “unwavering in faith, in loving others, and in continuing to persevere”
2:2 m14y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ὑγιαίνοντας τῇ πίστει 1 You can state the abstract noun **faith** as a verb if that is more clear in your language. Alternate translation: “to firmly believe the true teachings about God”
2:2 z14y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῇ ἀγάπῃ 1 You can state the abstract noun **love** as a verb if that is more clear in your language. Alternate translation: “to love others well”
2:2 a14y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῇ ὑπομονῇ 1 You can state the abstract noun **perseverance** as a verb if that is more clear in your language. Alternate translation: “and to continually serve God in all circumstances”
@ -116,7 +115,7 @@ front:intro m2jl 0 # Introduction to Titus\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction
2:12 abce rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἡμᾶς 1 Here, **us** includes Paul, Titus, and all believers.
2:12 lxb3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὴν ἀσέβειαν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **godlessness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “things that dishonor God”
2:12 n3k5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὰς κοσμικὰς ἐπιθυμίας 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **passions**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “living for the things of this world” or “persuing sinful pleasures”
2:12 xy19 ἀσέβειαν & εὐσεβῶς 1 These terms are direct opposites, meaning “God-dishonoring” and “God-honoring,” respectively.
2:12 xy19 ἀσέβειαν & εὐσεβῶς 1 Alternate translation: “God-dishonoring behavior … God-honoring way”
2:12 fk8j ἐν τῷ νῦν αἰῶνι 1 Alternate translation: “while we live in this world” or “during this time”
2:13 rz93 προσδεχόμενοι 1 Alternate translation: “while we wait to welcome”
2:13 xyz6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys τὴν μακαρίαν ἐλπίδα, καὶ ἐπιφάνειαν τῆς δόξης 1 These two phrases connected with **and** express a single event. The words **blessed hope** describes how Paul feels about the **appearing** of Jesus. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this meaning with an equivalent phrase that does not use **and**. Alternate translation: “the blessing for which we hope, which is the appearing of the glory” or “what we are longing for, the blessed and glorious appearing”
@ -145,7 +144,7 @@ front:intro m2jl 0 # Introduction to Titus\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction
3:2 abcx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives ἀμάχους εἶναι 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a positive expression to translate this double negative that consists of the negative particle **un** and the negative word **contentious**. Alternate translation: “to be peaceful”
3:2 u77t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns πᾶσαν ἐνδεικνυμένους πραΰτητα 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **humility**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “always being humble” or “always being considerate”
3:2 vyaj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations πρὸς πάντας ἀνθρώπους 1 Although the term **men** is masculine, Paul is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “toward everyone”
3:3 m9zd ἦμεν γάρ ποτε καὶ ἡμεῖς 1 The word translated as **For** indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. A reason for being gentle and humble with **foolish and disobedient** people is that we also used to be that way. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “This is because we ourselves were once”
3:3 m9zd rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ἦμεν γάρ ποτε καὶ ἡμεῖς 1 The word translated as **For** indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. A reason for being gentle and humble with **foolish and disobedient** people is that we also used to be that way. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “This is because we ourselves were once”
3:3 me7b ποτε 1 Alternate translation: “formerly” or “at some time” or “previously”
3:3 bl8e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἡμεῖς 1 Here, **we** includes Paul, Titus, and all believers, referring to the time before they trusted in Christ. Alternate translation: “even we” or “we ourselves”
3:3 rrx9 ἦμεν & ἀνόητοι 1 Alternate translation: “were thoughtless” or “were unwise”
@ -163,7 +162,7 @@ front:intro m2jl 0 # Introduction to Titus\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction
3:5 k1a6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor λουτροῦ παλινγενεσίας 1 Paul combines two metaphors here. He is speaking of God’s forgiveness for sinners as if he were physically **washing** them clean from their sin. He is also speaking of sinners who become responsive to God as if they experience a **new birth**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “being forgiven from sin, born again spiritually,”
3:6 fby9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor οὗ ἐξέχεεν ἐφ’ ἡμᾶς πλουσίως 1 It is common for New Testament writers to speak of the Holy Spirit as a liquid that God can pour out in large amounts. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “whom God gave to us generously”
3:6 xy24 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἡμᾶς 1 Here, **us** includes Paul, Titus, and all believers.
3:6 q9ze διὰ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν 1 Alternate translation: “when Jesus Christ saved us”
3:6 q9ze διὰ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν 1 Alternate translation: “because of what our Savior Jesus Christ did for us”
3:6 xy23 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἡμῶν 1 Here, **our** includes Paul, Titus, and all believers.
3:7 qe39 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα 1 Here, **so that** marks becoming **heirs** of **eternal life** as the goal or purpose for why God gave us the Holy Spirit (verse 6). Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is the purpose.
3:7 di3g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive δικαιωθέντες 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “since God has declared us to be without sin”

1 Reference ID Tags SupportReference Quote Occurrence Note
24 1:5 lh9b ἀπέλιπόν σε ἐν Κρήτῃ 1 Alternate translation: “I told you to stay in Crete”
25 1:5 ga62 ἵνα τὰ λείποντα ἐπιδιορθώσῃ 1 Alternate translation: “so that you would finish arranging things that needed to be done”
26 1:5 b52u καταστήσῃς & πρεσβυτέρους 1 Alternate translation: “appoint elders” or “designate elders”
1:5 p56w πρεσβυτέρους 1 In the early Christian churches, Christian **elders** gave spiritual leadership to the assemblies of believers. This word refers to people who are mature in faith.
27 1:6 jen8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit εἴ τίς ἐστιν ἀνέγκλητος 1 This is the beginning of the description of the character of an elder. Paul assumes that Titus understands that he is to choose men who fit the following description. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “an elder must be blameless” or “any man you choose to be an elder must be without blame”
28 1:6 ab70 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives ἀνέγκλητος 1 To be **blameless** is to be known as a person who does not do bad things. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state this positively. Alternate translation: “a person who has a good reputation”
29 1:6 q6uy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit μιᾶς γυναικὸς ἀνήρ 1 This means that he has only **one wife**; that is, he does not have any other wives or concubines. This also means that he does not commit adultery and may also mean that he has not divorced a previous wife. Alternate translation: “a man who has only one woman” or “a man who is faithful to his wife”
30 1:6 wd6q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τέκνα & πιστά 1 This could refer to: (1) children who believe in Jesus or (2) children who are trustworthy. This could refer to: (1) children who believe in Jesus. Alternate translation: “children who are faithful to God” (2) children who are trustworthy. Alternate translation: “children who are honest”
31 1:7 lz7x rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown τὸν ἐπίσκοπον 1 The word **overseer** is another name for the same position of spiritual leadership that Paul referred to as “elder” in 1:5. This term focuses on the function of the elder: he oversees the activities and people of the church. The word **overseer** is another name for the same position of spiritual leadership that Paul referred to as “elder” in 1:5. This term focuses on the function of the elder: he oversees the activities and people of the church. Alternate translation: “an elder in charge of God's people”
32 1:7 g2zf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Θεοῦ οἰκονόμον 1 Paul speaks of the church as if it were God’s **household**, and the overseer as if he were a servant in charge of managing that household. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a person in charge of taking care of God's church”
33 1:7 d6l1 μὴ πάροινον 1 Alternate translation: “not an alcoholic” or “not one who drinks much wine”
34 1:7 j1qq μὴ πλήκτην 1 Alternate translation: “not one who is violent” or “not one who likes to fight”
41 1:9 abcj rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα 1 The connecting words **so that** introduce a goal or purpose relationship. The purpose for the elder to hold tightly to the trustworthy message is for him to be able to encourage others and rebuke those who oppose him. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is a purpose. Alternate translation: “because in this way”
42 1:9 pzi1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τῇ διδασκαλίᾳ τῇ ὑγιαινούσῃ 1 The word translated here as **sound** normally refers to being physically healthy. Paul is speaking of this **teaching** as if it were a living thing that could be healthy or sick. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “correct teaching”
43 1:10 w9kk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ματαιολόγοι 1 Here, **empty** is a metaphor for useless, and **empty talkers** are people who say useless or foolish things. Alternate translation: “people who say useless things”
44 1:10 ga6n rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown φρεναπάται 1 The word **deceivers** describes people who are actively trying to convince people to believe in something other than the true gospel that Paul preaches. Alternate translation: “people who convince others to believe things that are not true”
45 1:10 abcd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys ματαιολόγοι, καὶ φρεναπάται 1 Both **empty talkers** and **deceivers** refer to the same people who are also **rebellious**. These people taught false, worthless things and wanted other people to believe them. Alternate translation: “people who say wrong things so that others will believe things that are not true”
46 1:10 pu74 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy οἱ ἐκ τῆς περιτομῆς 1 Here, **circumcision** represents the Jewish believers who taught that men must be circumcised in order to please God. This teaching is false. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the ones who teach that men must be circumcised in order to please God”
47 1:11 f4iy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit οὓς δεῖ ἐπιστομίζειν 1 The implication is that these people must be stopped from teaching. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “You must prevent them from spreading their false teachings” or “Someone must stop them from deceiving others by their words”
48 1:11 aqi5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὅλους οἴκους ἀνατρέπουσιν 1 The issue was that they were leading families away from the truth and destroying their faith. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “are ruining the faith of entire families”
49 1:11 at7c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit αἰσχροῦ κέρδους χάριν 1 Here, **shameful profit** refers to money that people are paid for doing things that are not honorable. Consider how to express this in your language. Here Paul refers to **profit** as **shameful**, meaning that the activity of accepting money for teaching wrong things brings shame on the teacher. Consider how to express this in your language. Alternate translation: “and increasing their shame by taking money for it”
50 1:12 tr1j τις ἐξ αὐτῶν, ἴδιος αὐτῶν προφήτης 1 Alternate translation: “A Cretan that they themselves consider to be a prophet”
51 1:12 y3zb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole Κρῆτες ἀεὶ ψεῦσται 1 The word **always** here is an overstatement for emphasis. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “Cretans have a reputation to be liars” or “Cretans tend to be liars”
52 1:12 h3jb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor κακὰ θηρία 1 This metaphor is speaking of **Cretans** as if they were **evil beasts**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “as dangerous as wild animals”
67 1:16 i3l2 τοῖς & ἔργοις ἀρνοῦνται 1 Alternate translation: “how they live proves that they do not know him”
68 2:intro h3il 0 # Titus 2 General Notes\n\nPaul continues giving Titus reasons to preach God’s word, and explains how the older men, older women, young men, and slaves or servants should live as believers.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Gender roles\n\nScholars are divided over how to understand this passage in its historical and cultural context. Some scholars believe men and women are perfectly equal in all things. Other scholars believe God created men and women to serve in distinctly different roles in marriage and the church. Translators should be careful not to let how they understand this issue affect how they translate this passage.\n\n### Slavery\n\nPaul does not write in this chapter about whether slavery is good or bad. Paul teaches slaves to faithfully serve their masters. He teaches all believers to be godly and live rightly in every situation.
69 2:1 tpi2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit σὺ δὲ 1 Here, **you** is singular and refers to Titus. If it is helpful, you could include the name “Titus” here, as in the UST.
70 2:1 ph2j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τῇ ὑγιαινούσῃ διδασκαλίᾳ 1 See the note about **sound teaching** on [Titus 1:9](../01/09/pzi1). Alternate translation: “with sound doctrine” or “with correct teachings” See the note about **sound teaching** on [Titus 1:9](../01/09/pzi1). Alternate translation: “with right doctrine” or “with correct teachings”
71 2:2 xyz3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis πρεσβύτας & εἶναι 1 A verb is lacking here that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. If it would be clearer in your language, you could supply a verb here, drawing from the idea of “speak” in the previous verse, such as “teach” or “exhort.” Alternate translation: “Teach older men to be”
72 2:2 xy13 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet νηφαλίους & σεμνούς, σώφρονας 1 These three words are very close in meaning and may be combined into one or two terms if the target language does not have three separate terms.
73 2:2 xc6t νηφαλίους 1 Alternate translation: “sober-minded” or “self-controlled”
74 2:2 y3j2 σώφρονας 1 Alternate translation: “in control of their desires”
75 2:2 abc1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὑγιαίνοντας τῇ πίστει τῇ ἀγάπῃ, τῇ ὑπομονῇ 1 Here the word **sound** means to be firm and unwavering. It applies to **faith**, **love**, and **perseverance**. See the note about **sound** on [Titus 1:9](../01/09/pzi1) and the note about **sound in faith** on [Titus 1:13](../01/13/je3r). Alternate translation: “unwavering in faith, in loving others, and in continuing to persevere”
76 2:2 m14y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ὑγιαίνοντας τῇ πίστει 1 You can state the abstract noun **faith** as a verb if that is more clear in your language. Alternate translation: “to firmly believe the true teachings about God”
77 2:2 z14y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῇ ἀγάπῃ 1 You can state the abstract noun **love** as a verb if that is more clear in your language. Alternate translation: “to love others well”
78 2:2 a14y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῇ ὑπομονῇ 1 You can state the abstract noun **perseverance** as a verb if that is more clear in your language. Alternate translation: “and to continually serve God in all circumstances”
115 2:12 abce rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἡμᾶς 1 Here, **us** includes Paul, Titus, and all believers.
116 2:12 lxb3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὴν ἀσέβειαν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **godlessness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “things that dishonor God”
117 2:12 n3k5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὰς κοσμικὰς ἐπιθυμίας 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **passions**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “living for the things of this world” or “persuing sinful pleasures”
118 2:12 xy19 ἀσέβειαν & εὐσεβῶς 1 These terms are direct opposites, meaning “God-dishonoring” and “God-honoring,” respectively. Alternate translation: “God-dishonoring behavior … God-honoring way”
119 2:12 fk8j ἐν τῷ νῦν αἰῶνι 1 Alternate translation: “while we live in this world” or “during this time”
120 2:13 rz93 προσδεχόμενοι 1 Alternate translation: “while we wait to welcome”
121 2:13 xyz6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys τὴν μακαρίαν ἐλπίδα, καὶ ἐπιφάνειαν τῆς δόξης 1 These two phrases connected with **and** express a single event. The words **blessed hope** describes how Paul feels about the **appearing** of Jesus. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this meaning with an equivalent phrase that does not use **and**. Alternate translation: “the blessing for which we hope, which is the appearing of the glory” or “what we are longing for, the blessed and glorious appearing”
144 3:2 abcx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives ἀμάχους εἶναι 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a positive expression to translate this double negative that consists of the negative particle **un** and the negative word **contentious**. Alternate translation: “to be peaceful”
145 3:2 u77t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns πᾶσαν ἐνδεικνυμένους πραΰτητα 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **humility**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “always being humble” or “always being considerate”
146 3:2 vyaj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations πρὸς πάντας ἀνθρώπους 1 Although the term **men** is masculine, Paul is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “toward everyone”
147 3:3 m9zd rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ἦμεν γάρ ποτε καὶ ἡμεῖς 1 The word translated as **For** indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. A reason for being gentle and humble with **foolish and disobedient** people is that we also used to be that way. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “This is because we ourselves were once”
148 3:3 me7b ποτε 1 Alternate translation: “formerly” or “at some time” or “previously”
149 3:3 bl8e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἡμεῖς 1 Here, **we** includes Paul, Titus, and all believers, referring to the time before they trusted in Christ. Alternate translation: “even we” or “we ourselves”
150 3:3 rrx9 ἦμεν & ἀνόητοι 1 Alternate translation: “were thoughtless” or “were unwise”
162 3:5 k1a6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor λουτροῦ παλινγενεσίας 1 Paul combines two metaphors here. He is speaking of God’s forgiveness for sinners as if he were physically **washing** them clean from their sin. He is also speaking of sinners who become responsive to God as if they experience a **new birth**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “being forgiven from sin, born again spiritually,”
163 3:6 fby9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor οὗ ἐξέχεεν ἐφ’ ἡμᾶς πλουσίως 1 It is common for New Testament writers to speak of the Holy Spirit as a liquid that God can pour out in large amounts. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “whom God gave to us generously”
164 3:6 xy24 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἡμᾶς 1 Here, **us** includes Paul, Titus, and all believers.
165 3:6 q9ze διὰ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν 1 Alternate translation: “when Jesus Christ saved us” Alternate translation: “because of what our Savior Jesus Christ did for us”
166 3:6 xy23 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἡμῶν 1 Here, **our** includes Paul, Titus, and all believers.
167 3:7 qe39 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα 1 Here, **so that** marks becoming **heirs** of **eternal life** as the goal or purpose for why God gave us the Holy Spirit (verse 6). Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is the purpose.
168 3:7 di3g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive δικαιωθέντες 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “since God has declared us to be without sin”