diff --git a/en_tn_21-ECC.tsv b/en_tn_21-ECC.tsv index 48fab42bb2..bcd61023d2 100644 --- a/en_tn_21-ECC.tsv +++ b/en_tn_21-ECC.tsv @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo ECC front intro d82s 0 # Introduction to Ecclesiastes

## Part 1: General Introduction

### Outline of the Book of Ecclesiastes

1. The author questions the nature of life and the limits of human wisdom (1:1–6:12)
1. The author teaches about making wise choices in how one lives (7:1–12:7)
1. The conclusion and ending (12:8–14)

### What is the Book of Ecclesiastes about?

Ecclesiastes is a group of short teachings that try to answer questions such as “What do people gain from all their labor?” Ecclesiastes is a series of thoughts about a variety of subjects, all of them about the purpose and worth of various actions and events. The author concludes that all the work we perform and all the knowledge and skill we gain is like a vapor that disappears, and that we must fear Yahweh and keep his commandments.

### How should the title of this book be translated?

The traditional title for this book is “Ecclesiastes.” Its meaning is similar to “religious assembly.” Translators might decide on a title that better describes the content of the book, such as “Words of a Teacher” or “Teachings of a Wise Man.”

### Who wrote the Book of Ecclesiastes?

The author appears to be Solomon, “the Teacher, the descendant of David and king in Jerusalem.” This is consistent with what Solomon was known for:
* his wisdom ([Ecclesiastes 1:16](../../ecc/01/16.md) and twenty-six other references to wisdom);
* his vast wealth ([Ecclesiastes 2:8](../../ecc/02/08.md)), and the pain that comes from wealth ([Ecclesiastes 5:13-14](../05/13.md); [Ecclesiastes 4:8](../../ecc/04/08.md); and [Ecclesiastes 9:11](../../ecc/09/11.md));
* his large number of servants ([Ecclesiastes 2:7](../../ecc/02/07.md) and [Ecclesiastes 10:7](../../ecc/10/07.md));
* his limitless opportunities for worldly pleasures ([Ecclesiastes 2:1-2](../02/01.md), [Ecclesiastes 10](../02/09.md); [Ecclesiastes 3:13](../../ecc/03/13.md); [Ecclesiastes 4:8](../../ecc/04/08.md); [Ecclesiastes 5:4](../../ecc/05/04.md); and [Ecclesiastes 12:1](../../ecc/12/01.md)); and
* the wide range of his many building projects ([Ecclesiastes 2:4-6](../02/04.md)).

Solomon appears to have written the Book of Ecclesiastes near the end of his life, as he reflected on what he gained from all that he did.

### Why are there so many apparent contradictions in the Book of Ecclesiastes?

Some scholars think the author was a faithful man. Other scholars think that the author made bad decisions and was sorrowful when he wrote this book. Apparent contradictions in the book may indicate that Solomon’s faith was sometimes weak. Or, it is also possible that the teachings in the book differ from each other in order to relate to different things happening in the lives of readers.

## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts

### What does this book teach about how God repays people?

In the ancient Near East, people were concerned with why they were being punished or blessed. They often connected these things to their gods. The writer of Ecclesiastes explains that Yahweh will bless and reward people for the right things they do and punish people for the evil things they do. But this might not happen in this life. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])

### What value did the Israelites place on the Book of Ecclesiastes?

The Israelites have often questioned the value of this book. This is due in large part to its unusual wording and teachings. At times, it appears to disagree with the rest of Scripture. While many have questioned its authority, it has been affirmed to be Scripture. It gives valuable lessons concerning the uselessness of pursuing any goal other than to give Yahweh glory.

## Part 3: Important Translation Issues

### What is the meaning of “under the sun?”

“Under the sun” here is another way of saying “on the earth.” When the author says that there is “nothing new under the sun,” this means that every kind of thing has already happened before on the earth. While a particular event may not have specifically occurred before, something similar has already occurred.

### How do I translate harsh or shocking passages?

Parts of the Book of Ecclesiastes can be shocking or surprising to read in Scripture. For example, “If a man fathers a hundred children and lives many years, so that the days of his years are many, but if his heart is not satisfied with good and he is not buried with honor, then I say that a baby that is born dead is better off than he is” (6:3). The translator should allow these difficulties to remain and not try to make them less surprising.

### How is life described in the Book of Ecclesiastes?

The author of Ecclesiastes concludes that everything in this life quickly passes away, like a vapor that disappears. A person’s circumstances or character and even all of the things of this world have little or no significance apart from God. That is because God gives meaning to everything.

At the end of their life, people often say that the years of their life seemed short. The author of Ecclesiastes used the metaphor of vapor or breath to describe how life ends while it seems to be just beginning. ECC 1 intro g7jr 0 # Ecclesiastes 1 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 1:2-11 and 15.

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Tone
The tone of this chapter is sad, or depressing. The author believes that everything in life is pointless. The metaphors in this chapter all describe the idea that nothing ever changes. This is also known as “fatalism.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ECC 1 2 x2dt figs-simile 0 Like a vapor of mist, like a breeze in the wind, everything vanishes This speaks of how everything in life vanishes and has no lasting value as if everything were like a disappearing vapor or breeze. Alternate translation: “Like a vapor of mist vanishes and like a breeze in the wind disappears, everything vanishes and has no lasting value” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ECC 1 3 bsv3 figs-rquestion 0 What profit does mankind gain … under the sun? The author uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that man’s work is pointless and has no lasting benefit. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Mankind gains no profit … under the sun.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ECC 1 3 bsv3 figs-rquestion 0 What profit does mankind gain … under the sun? The author uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that man’s work is pointless and has no lasting benefit. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Mankind gains no profit … under the sun.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ECC 1 3 r9j3 figs-idiom 0 under the sun This refers to things that are done on earth. Alternate translation: “on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ECC 1 4 fj3a 0 General Information: The writer is presenting the natural order of life as he understands it. ECC 1 5 n9ia figs-personification 0 hurries back to the place This speaks of how the sun sets at the end of the day and is soon ready to rise again, as if it were a person that quickly ran from the place where it sets to the place from which it rises. Alternate translation: “quickly returns to the place” or “quickly goes to the place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ ECC 1 8 n7hm figs-synecdoche 0 nor is the ear fulfilled by what it hears Here t ECC 1 9 h89i 0 General Information: There is nothing new regarding man and his activities. ECC 1 9 i85d figs-activepassive 0 whatever has been done is what will be done If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “whatever has happened before is what will happen again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ECC 1 9 sv37 figs-idiom 0 under the sun This refers to things that are done on earth. See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:3](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: “on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ECC 1 10 kws8 figs-rquestion 0 Is there anything about which it may be said, ‘Look, this is new’? This rhetorical question is asked to emphasize that man cannot say there is anything new. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “There is nothing about which it may be said, ‘Look, this is new.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ECC 1 10 kws8 figs-rquestion 0 Is there anything about which it may be said, ‘Look, this is new’? This rhetorical question is asked to emphasize that man cannot say there is anything new. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “There is nothing about which it may be said, ‘Look, this is new.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ECC 1 10 pdf8 figs-activepassive 0 about which it may be said If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “about which someone may say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ECC 1 11 h282 figs-ellipsis 0 that will happen in the future The understood subject may be supplied. Alternate translation: “the things that will happen in the future” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ECC 1 11 si4s figs-activepassive 0 will not likely be remembered either If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people will not likely remember them either” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ ECC 2 11 g17w figs-metaphor 0 an attempt to shepherd the wind The author says t ECC 2 11 ce6q 0 There was no profit under the sun in it Alternate translation: “But it had no profit under the sun” ECC 2 11 wz2f figs-idiom 0 under the sun This refers to things that are done on earth. See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:3](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: “on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ECC 2 12 l7xp figs-doublet 0 madness and folly The words “madness” and “folly” have similar meanings and refer to foolish thinking and behavior, respectively. See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:17](../01/17.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ECC 2 12 u6br figs-rquestion 0 For what can the next king do who comes after the king, which has not already been done? The author uses this rhetorical question to emphasize his point that the next king will not be able to do anything more valuable that what he had already done. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “For the next king who comes after the king can do nothing that a king before him has not already done.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ECC 2 12 u6br figs-rquestion 0 For what can the next king do who comes after the king, which has not already been done? The author uses this rhetorical question to emphasize his point that the next king will not be able to do anything more valuable that what he had already done. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “For the next king who comes after the king can do nothing that a king before him has not already done.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ECC 2 12 f76d 0 the next king … who comes after the king Alternate translation: “the king … who succeeds the current king” or “the next king … who comes after me” ECC 2 13 p1yi figs-simile 0 wisdom has advantages over folly, just as light is better than darkness This speaks of how wisdom is better than folly by comparing it to how light is better than darkness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ECC 2 14 ml2f figs-metaphor 0 The wise man uses his eyes in his head to see where he is going This speaks of a wise man making wise decisions as walking and paying attention to where he is going. Alternate translation: “The wise man is like a person who uses his eyes to see where he is going” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ ECC 2 14 dub9 figs-idiom 0 uses his eyes in his head to see This is an idiom. A ECC 2 14 j96u figs-metaphor 0 the fool walks in darkness This compares a fool making bad decisions to someone walking in darkness. Alternate translation: “the fool is like a person who walks in the dark” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ECC 2 14 r1qq 0 the same event death ECC 2 15 fe31 figs-synecdoche 0 I said in my heart Here the author refers to himself by his “heart” to emphasize his feelings. Alternate translation: “I said to myself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ECC 2 15 ugh6 figs-rquestion 0 So what difference does it make if I am very wise? The author uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that there is no benefit to being wise. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “So it makes no difference if I am very wise.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ECC 2 15 ugh6 figs-rquestion 0 So what difference does it make if I am very wise? The author uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that there is no benefit to being wise. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “So it makes no difference if I am very wise.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ECC 2 15 l9yw figs-synecdoche 0 I concluded in my heart Here the author refers to himself by his “heart” to emphasize his feelings. Alternate translation: “I concluded” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ECC 2 15 b6qt figs-metaphor 0 is only vapor “is only mist.” The author speaks of useless and meaningless things as if they were “vapor.” See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:14](../01/14.md). Alternate translation: “is as useless as vapor” or “is meaningless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ECC 2 16 ybg8 figs-activepassive 0 For the wise man, like the fool, is not remembered for very long If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “People do not remember the wise man for very long, just as they do not remember the fool for very long” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ ECC 2 22 v87n figs-idiom 0 under the sun This refers to things that are done on ECC 2 23 b5zv figs-doublet 0 painful and stressful These two words mean basically the same thing and emphasize how difficult the person’s work is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ECC 2 23 f3zg figs-idiom 0 his soul does not find rest Here man’s mind is referred to as his “soul” to emphasize his deep thoughts. Alternate translation: “his mind does not rest” or “he continues to worry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ECC 2 24 xa3q figs-metonymy 0 God’s hand Here God is represented by his “hand” to emphasize how he provides for people. Alternate translation: “from God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ECC 2 25 x4m8 figs-rquestion 0 For who can eat or who can have any kind of pleasure apart from God? The author uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that no pleasure can be had without God’s provision. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “For no one can eat or have any kind of pleasure apart from God.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ECC 2 25 x4m8 figs-rquestion 0 For who can eat or who can have any kind of pleasure apart from God? The author uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that no pleasure can be had without God’s provision. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “For no one can eat or have any kind of pleasure apart from God.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ECC 2 26 s16q 0 so that he may give it away to someone who pleases God Possible meanings for the word **he** are: (1) God or (2) the sinner. This also can be translated without making it clear who it is that gives the things that the sinner stored. Alternate translation: “so that the one who pleases God may have it” ECC 2 26 fs9n figs-parallelism 0 vapor … an attempt to shepherd the wind These two phrases are both metaphors that emphasize the idea of things being useless and futile. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ECC 2 26 v8zn figs-metaphor 0 vapor “mist.” The author speaks of useless and meaningless things as if they were “vapor.” See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:14](../01/14.md). Alternate translation: “as useless as vapor” or “meaningless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -134,12 +134,12 @@ ECC 3 18 uam6 figs-simile 0 they are like animals Here the author says that hum ECC 3 19 az6d 0 is the same fate for them Alternate translation: “is the same for both of them” or “is the same” ECC 3 19 i4mv 0 The breath is the same for all of them Alternate translation: “All of them breathe same” ECC 3 19 y2nd 0 There is no advantage for mankind over the animals Alternate translation: “Mankind is no better off than the animals” -ECC 3 19 q66p figs-metaphor 0 is not everything just a breath? Here the author speaks of everything being as temporary as if it were a breath of air. The author uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that everything is temporary. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Everything is just a breath.” or “Everything is as temporary as a breath.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ECC 3 19 q66p figs-metaphor 0 is not everything just a breath? Here the author speaks of everything being as temporary as if it were a breath of air. The author uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that everything is temporary. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Everything is just a breath.” or “Everything is as temporary as a breath.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ECC 3 20 gi8h figs-explicit 0 Everything is going to the same place This means that all people and all animals die and decay and become part of the soil. Alternate translation: “Everything dies and goes to the same place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ECC 3 20 d4km 0 dust soil -ECC 3 21 h8x9 figs-rquestion 0 Who knows whether the spirit … into the earth? The author asks this rhetorical question to emphasize that no one truly knows what happens after people and animals die. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one knows whether the spirit … into the earth.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ECC 3 21 h8x9 figs-rquestion 0 Who knows whether the spirit … into the earth? The author asks this rhetorical question to emphasize that no one truly knows what happens after people and animals die. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one knows whether the spirit … into the earth.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ECC 3 22 h5jm 0 there is nothing better for anyone than to See how you translated this phrase in [Ecclesiastes 3:12](../03/12.md). -ECC 3 22 lqg2 figs-rquestion 0 Who can bring him back to see what happens after him? The author uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that no one will see what happens after he dies. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one of us knows what happens to us after we die.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ECC 3 22 lqg2 figs-rquestion 0 Who can bring him back to see what happens after him? The author uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that no one will see what happens after he dies. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one of us knows what happens to us after we die.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ECC 4 intro ev1x 0 # Ecclesiastes 4 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 4:1-3, 4:5-6, and 4:8-12.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Irony
The teacher looks at the oppression in the world and is saddened by it, but he is the king and has the power to change things. He also laments being alone even though he has many wives, children, and concubines. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/oppress]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lament]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) ECC 4 1 cuy2 figs-idiom 0 under the sun This refers to things that are done on earth. See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:3](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: “on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ECC 4 1 ys32 0 behold, the tears Alternate translation: “I looked and I saw” @@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ ECC 4 8 np2n figs-synecdoche 0 his eyes are not satisfied Here the whole person ECC 4 8 cx1e 0 For whom am I toiling and depriving myself of pleasure Alternate translation: “Will anyone benefit from me working hard and not enjoying myself” ECC 4 10 r5m2 figs-personification 0 sorrow follows the one who is alone when he falls Here sorrow is spoken of as if it were a person that could follow someone else. Alternate translation: “the one who is alone when he falls is sorrowful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ECC 4 11 b486 figs-explicit 0 If two lie down together, they can be warm The writer speaks of two people keeping each other warm on a cold night. Alternate translation: “If two people lie down together at night, they can be warm” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ECC 4 11 b6yw figs-rquestion 0 how can one be warm alone? This refers to a person lying down. The author use this rhetorical question to emphasize that two people can keep each other warm but one person cannot. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “a person cannot be warm when he is alone.” or “a person who lies down alone cannot be warm.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +ECC 4 11 b6yw figs-rquestion 0 how can one be warm alone? This refers to a person lying down. The author use this rhetorical question to emphasize that two people can keep each other warm but one person cannot. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “a person cannot be warm when he is alone.” or “a person who lies down alone cannot be warm.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ECC 4 12 cj73 figs-activepassive 0 One man alone can be overpowered This can be written in active form. Alternate translation: “Someone can overpower a person who is alone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ECC 4 12 aq3c 0 but two Alternate translation: “but two people” ECC 4 12 r98s 0 withstand an attack Alternate translation: “defend themselves against an attack” @@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ ECC 5 2 ucz2 figs-synecdoche 0 do not let your heart Here a person is represent ECC 5 2 g7vv 0 let your words be few Alternate translation: “do not say too much” ECC 5 4 isy3 figs-explicit 0 do not delay to do it, for God has no pleasure in fools It is implied that it is foolish to delay in fulfilling a vow that you have made to God. Alternate translation: “do not foolishly delay in doing it, because God is not pleased with foolish people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ECC 5 6 l6vb figs-metonymy 0 Do not allow your mouth to cause your flesh to sin Here a person’s “mouth” represents a person’s speech, and the person himself is represented by his “flesh.” Alternate translation: “Do not let what you say cause you to sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ECC 5 6 l7nd figs-rquestion 0 Why make God angry by vowing falsely, provoking God to destroy the work of your hands? The author uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that it is foolish to make a vow that you will not keep. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “It would be foolish to make God angry by vowing falsely, provoking God to destroy the work of your hands.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ECC 5 6 l7nd figs-rquestion 0 Why make God angry by vowing falsely, provoking God to destroy the work of your hands? The author uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that it is foolish to make a vow that you will not keep. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “It would be foolish to make God angry by vowing falsely, provoking God to destroy the work of your hands.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ECC 5 6 mi3z figs-synecdoche 0 destroy the work of your hands Here a person is represented by his “hands.” Alternate translation: “destroy everything you do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ECC 5 7 r95z figs-metaphor 0 For in many dreams, as in many words, there is meaningless vapor The author speaks of things as being useless and futile as if they were vapor. See how you translated “vapor” in [Ecclesiastes 1:14](../01/14.md). Alternate translation: “For many dreams and many words are as useless as vapor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ECC 5 8 jdl4 figs-activepassive 0 the poor being oppressed and robbed If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people oppressing the poor and robbing them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ ECC 5 10 kh3l figs-metaphor 0 vapor The author speaks of useless and meaningles ECC 5 11 md9b figs-abstractnouns 0 As prosperity increases The word “prosperity” may be expressed as an adjective. Alternate translation: “As a person becomes more prosperous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ECC 5 11 xh2w 0 so also do the people who consume it This could mean: (1) “so also the person spends more money” or (2) “so also there will be more people who use his wealth.” ECC 5 11 ncz7 figs-metaphor 0 who consume it This speaks of people spending wealth as if they were “eating” it. Alternate translation: “who use it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ECC 5 11 c2dc figs-rquestion 0 What advantage in wealth is there to the owner except to watch it with his eyes? The author uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that the wealthy do not benefit from their wealth. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “The only benefit that the owner has from wealth is that he can look at it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ECC 5 11 c2dc figs-rquestion 0 What advantage in wealth is there to the owner except to watch it with his eyes? The author uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that the wealthy do not benefit from their wealth. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “The only benefit that the owner has from wealth is that he can look at it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ECC 5 12 d52v figs-metaphor 0 The sleep of a working man is sweet This speaks of a person’s sleep being fulfilling and peaceful as if it were sweet like something he eats. Alternate translation: “The sleep of a working man is peaceful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ECC 5 12 dr7p 0 whether he eats little or a lot Alternate translation: “whether he eats a little bit of food or a lot of food” ECC 5 12 u4e4 figs-personification 0 but the wealth of a rich person does not allow him to sleep well “but the wealth of a rich person keeps him awake at night.” This speaks of a rich person not being able to sleep because he is worried about his money as if his money were a person that would not allow him to sleep. Alternate translation: “but rich people do not sleep well because they worry about their money” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) @@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ ECC 5 15 wl6z 0 comes from his mother’s womb Alternate translation: “is bo ECC 5 15 zl7h figs-euphemism 0 he will leave This refers to dying. Alternate translation: “he will die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) ECC 5 15 fe51 figs-metonymy 0 He can take none of the fruits of his labor in his hand Here a man’s possessions are spoken of as if they are fruit that he grew with his labor. Alternate translation: “He can not take any of his possessions with him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ECC 5 16 qd7u figs-explicit 0 as a person comes, so he goes away This refers to the birth and death of a person and expresses the same idea as the previous verse. This refers to women as well as men. Alternate translation: “as people bring nothing into the world when they are born, so they take nothing with them when they die and leave this world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) -ECC 5 16 h3bb figs-rquestion 0 So what profit is there for him who works for the wind? The writer uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that there is no benefit in working for the wind. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one gets any profit in working for the wind.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ECC 5 16 h3bb figs-rquestion 0 So what profit is there for him who works for the wind? The writer uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that there is no benefit in working for the wind. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one gets any profit in working for the wind.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ECC 5 16 dl4p figs-metaphor 0 works for the wind This could mean: (1) This speaks of the person receiving no lasting profit as if he were trying to control the wind. Alternate translation: “tries to shepherd the wind” or “work that is as useless as trying to shepherd the wind” or (2) This implies that the person only receives the air that he breaths as his profit. Alternate translation: “works to receive the air he breathes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ECC 5 17 x449 figs-metaphor 0 During his days he eats with darkness This speaks of a person mourning throughout his life as if he always ate in darkness. Here “darkness” represents sadness and mourning. Alternate translation: “He spends his life in mourning and sadness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ECC 5 17 rys5 figs-metonymy 0 his days Here a person’s “days” represent his life. Alternate translation: “his life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -253,8 +253,8 @@ ECC 6 6 sa97 translate-numbers 0 two thousand years “2,000 years” (See: [[r ECC 6 6 g8tb figs-explicit 0 he goes to the same place as everyone else This means that he dies like all other people. Alternate translation: “he dies and go to the same place as everyone else” or “he goes to the grave just like everyone else” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ECC 6 7 wf5f figs-metonymy 0 is for his mouth Here putting food in a man’s mouth represents feeding him. Alternate translation: “is to put food in his mouth” or “is to feed him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ECC 6 7 lc2f figs-activepassive 0 his appetite is not satisfied If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he does not satisfy his appetite” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ECC 6 8 syz9 figs-rquestion 0 what advantage has the wise person over the fool? The author uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that a wise person does not have any more lasting benefits than a fool. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “it seems the wise person has no advantage over the fool.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ECC 6 8 gse4 figs-rquestion 0 What advantage does the poor man have even if he knows how to act in front of other people? The author uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that a poor man does not have any more lasting benefits than someone else. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “The poor man has no advantage even if he knows how to act in front of other people.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ECC 6 8 syz9 figs-rquestion 0 what advantage has the wise person over the fool? The author uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that a wise person does not have any more lasting benefits than a fool. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “it seems the wise person has no advantage over the fool.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ECC 6 8 gse4 figs-rquestion 0 What advantage does the poor man have even if he knows how to act in front of other people? The author uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that a poor man does not have any more lasting benefits than someone else. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “The poor man has no advantage even if he knows how to act in front of other people.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ECC 6 8 zy1l 0 how to act Alternate translation: “how to conduct himself” ECC 6 9 ays9 figs-metonymy 0 what the eyes see A person can see these things because he already has them. Alternate translation: “what a person has” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ECC 6 9 xhe8 figs-metonymy 0 to desire what a wandering appetite craves This refers to things that a person wants but does not have. Alternate translation: “to want what he does not have” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -267,10 +267,10 @@ ECC 6 10 uy4z 0 the one who is the mighty judge Alternate translation: “God, ECC 6 11 l9d5 figs-activepassive 0 The more words that are spoken If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The more words that people speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ECC 6 11 pz7h 0 the more futility increases The more a person speaks, the more likely he will speak about meaningless things. Alternate translation: “the more meaningless those words are” ECC 6 11 s51v 0 futility being useless, without profit -ECC 6 11 pq2r figs-rquestion 0 what advantage is that to a man? The author uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that there is no advantage for a man to talk a lot. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “that is no advantage to a man.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ECC 6 12 cb4r figs-rquestion 0 For who knows what is good for man … he passes like a shadow? The author uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that no person truly knows what is good for man. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one knows what is good for man … he passes like a shadow.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ECC 6 11 pq2r figs-rquestion 0 what advantage is that to a man? The author uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that there is no advantage for a man to talk a lot. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “that is no advantage to a man.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ECC 6 12 cb4r figs-rquestion 0 For who knows what is good for man … he passes like a shadow? The author uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that no person truly knows what is good for man. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one knows what is good for man … he passes like a shadow.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ECC 6 12 jj23 figs-simile 0 in his life during his futile, numbered days through which he passes like a shadow This speaks of how life passes quickly by saying that it is like a shadow that quickly disappears. The phrase “numbered days” emphasizes that a person’s life is short. Alternate translation: “during his futile, short life, which he passes through as quickly as a shadow passes by” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ECC 6 12 ka2l figs-rquestion 0 Who can tell a man … after he passes? The author uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that no one knows what will happen after a person dies. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one can tell a man … after he passes.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ECC 6 12 ka2l figs-rquestion 0 Who can tell a man … after he passes? The author uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that no one knows what will happen after a person dies. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one can tell a man … after he passes.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ECC 6 12 pjl3 figs-idiom 0 what will come under the sun This refers to things that are done on earth. See how you translated “under the sun” in [Ecclesiastes 1:3](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: “what will happen on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ECC 6 12 k2ab figs-euphemism 0 after he passes This is a polite expression for death. Alternate translation: “after he dies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) ECC 7 intro fp2g 0 # Ecclesiastes 7 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 7:1-26.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Advice
This chapter gives a series of disconnected pieces of advice. Translators should not try to smooth the transitions between these pieces of advice. The advice in these statements do not apply in every situation. Therefore, they should be seen as “good ideas.” @@ -291,12 +291,12 @@ ECC 7 7 n3hs figs-metonymy 0 corrupts the heart Here the word “heart” refer ECC 7 8 bw3c figs-metonymy 0 the people patient in spirit are better than the proud in spirit Here the word “spirit” refers to a person’s attitude. Alternate translation: “patient people are better than proud people” or “a patient attitude is better than a prideful attitude” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ECC 7 9 lb8v figs-metonymy 0 Do not be quick to anger in your spirit Here the word “spirit” refers to a person’s attitude. Alternate translation: “Do not become angry quickly” or “Do not have a bad temper” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ECC 7 9 fx66 figs-metaphor 0 anger resides in the hearts of fools This speaks of a person being full of anger as if the anger lived inside him. This speaks of the anger being in the person’s heart because the “heart” is thought to be the source of a person’s emotions. Alternate translation: “foolish people are full of anger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ECC 7 10 mu3y figs-rquestion 0 Why were the days of old better than these? The person asks this rhetorical question in order to complain about the present time. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Things were better in the past than they are now.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ECC 7 10 mu3y figs-rquestion 0 Why were the days of old better than these? The person asks this rhetorical question in order to complain about the present time. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Things were better in the past than they are now.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ECC 7 10 r6bl figs-irony 0 it is not because of wisdom that you ask this question Here the author uses irony to rebuke the person’s question. Alternate translation: “if you were wise you would not ask this question” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) ECC 7 11 w53h figs-idiom 0 those who see the sun This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “those who are alive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ECC 7 12 wt8d 0 the advantage of knowledge is that wisdom gives life This could mean: (1) that the writer uses the words “knowledge” and “wisdom” to mean the same thing, or (2) “the advantage of knowing wisdom is that it gives life.” ECC 7 12 erb5 figs-personification 0 gives life to whoever has it This speaks of how wisdom helps to preserve a person’s life as if it gave life to that person. When a person is wise he makes good decisions that help him to live a more prosperous and longer life. Alternate translation: “preserves a person’s life” or “helps a person to make good decisions and to live a longer life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ECC 7 13 x6a8 figs-rquestion 0 Who can straighten out anything he has made crooked? The author uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that no one can change something that God has done. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one can straighten out anything he has made crooked.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ECC 7 13 x6a8 figs-rquestion 0 Who can straighten out anything he has made crooked? The author uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that no one can change something that God has done. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one can straighten out anything he has made crooked.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ECC 7 14 iig7 figs-idiom 0 When times are good … when times are bad The word “times” is an idiom for “things happening.” Alternate translation: “When good things happen … when bad things happen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ECC 7 14 ab9b 0 live happily in that good Alternate translation: “be happy about those good things” ECC 7 14 c4j4 figs-idiom 0 both to exist side by side The phrase “side by side” is an idiom that means “this one” and “this one.” Alternate translation: “both to exist” or “there to be both good and bad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ ECC 7 16 ux2c figs-parallelism 0 self-righteous, wise in your own eyes These tw ECC 7 16 p2av 0 Do not be self-righteous Alternate translation: “Do not think that you are more righteous than you actually are” ECC 7 16 n342 figs-metaphor 0 wise in your own eyes The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “being wise in your own opinion” or “being wise according to your own judgement” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ECC 7 16 tc29 figs-rquestion 0 Why should you destroy yourself? The writer uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that being self-righteous destroys a person. Alternate translation: “There is no reason to destroy yourself.” or “If you think this way you will destroy yourself.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ECC 7 17 s5mm figs-rquestion 0 Why should you die before your time? The author uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that there is no reason for people to do things that will cause them to die early. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “There is no reason for you to die sooner than you should.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ECC 7 17 s5mm figs-rquestion 0 Why should you die before your time? The author uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that there is no reason for people to do things that will cause them to die early. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “There is no reason for you to die sooner than you should.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ECC 7 18 u3fa figs-metaphor 0 take hold of this wisdom This speaks of striving to be wise as if “wisdom” were an object that a person could hold on to. Alternate translation: “commit yourself to this wisdom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ECC 7 18 p1xy figs-metaphor 0 you should not let go of righteousness This speaks of striving to be righteous as if “righteousness” were an object that a person could hold on to. Alternate translation: “you should not stop trying to be righteous” or “you should keep trying to be righteous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ECC 7 18 m73i 0 will meet all his obligations Alternate translation: “will do everything that God expects of him” @@ -320,7 +320,7 @@ ECC 7 22 t45l figs-metonymy 0 in your own heart Here a person’s thoughts are ECC 7 23 ix7d figs-explicit 0 All this have I proven here the word “this” refers to all of the things the author has written about. Alternate translation: “All this that I have already written about have I proven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ECC 7 23 fw1m 0 it was more than I could be Alternate translation: “it was beyond my ability to understand” or “but I was not able to do it” ECC 7 24 y2i9 figs-idiom 0 far off and very deep This speaks of wisdom being difficult to understand as if it were something located far away or in a very deep place. Alternate translation: “difficult to understand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ECC 7 24 p3a6 figs-rquestion 0 Who can find it? The writer uses this rhetorical question to emphasize the difficulty in understanding wisdom. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one can understand it.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ECC 7 24 p3a6 figs-rquestion 0 Who can find it? The writer uses this rhetorical question to emphasize the difficulty in understanding wisdom. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one can understand it.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ECC 7 25 l5xj figs-metonymy 0 I turned my heart Here the word “heart” refers to the mind. Also, here the word “turned” is an idiom. Alternate translation: “I directed my thoughts” or “I determined” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ECC 7 25 p2l6 figs-abstractnouns 0 the explanations of reality “the reason for things.” This word “explanations” can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “how to explain various things in life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ECC 7 26 p367 figs-metaphor 0 any woman whose heart is full of snares and nets, and whose hands are chains The writer says that the seductive woman is like traps that hunters use to catch animals. The author speaks of a woman being seductive as if she traps men like a hunter traps animals. Her “heart” represents her thoughts and emotions. Alternate translation: “any woman who traps men by seducing them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -341,11 +341,11 @@ ECC 8 1 beu2 figs-activepassive 0 is changed If your language does not use the ECC 8 2 ig6x 0 God’s oath to protect him Alternate translation: “the oath you made before God to protect him” ECC 8 3 jz73 figs-metaphor 0 Do not hurry out of his presence This could mean: (1) not to be hasty to physically leave the king’s presence or (2) This is a metaphor that speaks of being loyal to the king as being in his presence. Alternate translation: “Do not abandon the king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ECC 8 4 mc7i 0 The king’s word rules Alternate translation: “What the king says is the law” -ECC 8 4 k14s figs-rquestion 0 who will say to him This rhetorical question emphasizes that no one will ask the king the following question. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “no one can say to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ECC 8 4 fn4s figs-rquestion 0 What are you doing? This rhetorical question is a rebuke. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “You should not be doing what you are doing.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ECC 8 4 k14s figs-rquestion 0 who will say to him This rhetorical question emphasizes that no one will ask the king the following question. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “no one can say to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ECC 8 4 fn4s figs-rquestion 0 What are you doing? This rhetorical question is a rebuke. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “You should not be doing what you are doing.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ECC 8 5 v9wu figs-synecdoche 0 A wise man’s heart recognizes Here a man is represented by his “heart” to emphasize his thoughts. Alternate translation: “A wise man recognizes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ECC 8 5 qc3y 0 the proper course and time of action Alternate translation: “the correct time to do things and the right way to do them” -ECC 8 7 l5bd figs-rquestion 0 Who can tell him what is coming? This rhetorical question emphasizes that no one knows what will happen in the future. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one can tell him what is coming.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ECC 8 7 l5bd figs-rquestion 0 Who can tell him what is coming? This rhetorical question emphasizes that no one knows what will happen in the future. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one can tell him what is coming.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ECC 8 8 md5b figs-simile 0 No one is ruler over his breath so as to stop the breath … no one has power over the day of his death Just as no one has the ability to stop himself from breathing, no one can continue living when it is time to die. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ECC 8 8 vd1v 0 No one is ruler The word “ruler” can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “No one has control” ECC 8 8 np67 figs-idiom 0 the day of his death This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “when he will die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -453,7 +453,7 @@ ECC 10 13 z31v figs-metonymy 0 As words begin to flow from a fool’s mouth A f ECC 10 13 z9w4 figs-metonymy 0 at the end his mouth flows with wicked madness A fool’s speech is represented by his “mouth.” Alternate translation: “as he finishes talking, he speaks wicked madness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ECC 10 14 q1x3 figs-idiom 0 multiplies words This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “keeps on talking” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ECC 10 14 m6dn 0 what is coming Alternate translation: “what will happen in the future” -ECC 10 14 y3nu figs-rquestion 0 Who knows what is coming after him? The writer asks this question to emphasize that no one knows what will happen in the future after one’s death. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one knows what is coming after him.” or “No one knows what will happen after he dies.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ECC 10 14 y3nu figs-rquestion 0 Who knows what is coming after him? The writer asks this question to emphasize that no one knows what will happen in the future after one’s death. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one knows what is coming after him.” or “No one knows what will happen after he dies.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ECC 10 15 r99g figs-activepassive 0 wearies them If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Fools become weary by their toil” or “Fools feel tired by the work that they do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ECC 10 15 d4gn 0 so that they do not even know the road to town This could mean: (1) “so much that he is unable to find the road to town.” That the foolish person becomes so tired from working too hard that he is unable to find his way anywhere, or (2) “because he does not even know the way to town.” That the foolish person becomes tired from working too hard because he does not know enough to go home. ECC 10 16 uz4d figs-apostrophe 0 Woe to you, land The writer is speaking to the people of the nation as if they were the land itself, and he is speaking to the land as if it were a person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) diff --git a/en_tn_22-SNG.tsv b/en_tn_22-SNG.tsv index 3e475f32f9..daf08d6f2d 100644 --- a/en_tn_22-SNG.tsv +++ b/en_tn_22-SNG.tsv @@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ SNG 1 6 w18k figs-metaphor 0 but my own vineyard I have not kept The woman comp SNG 1 7 f9hi figs-metonymy 0 my soul loves The soul is a metonym for the person. Alternate translation: “I love” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) SNG 1 7 v54w 0 feed your flock Alternate translation: “graze your flocks” SNG 1 7 f5eb 0 rest your flock Alternate translation: “have your flock lie down” -SNG 1 7 v6rs figs-rquestion 0 Why should I be like someone who wanders beside the flocks of your companions? The woman asks this question to emphasize that she has a closer relationship to the man than other women do. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Tell me so that I will not need to wander around among the flocks of your companions when I am looking for you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +SNG 1 7 v6rs figs-rquestion 0 Why should I be like someone who wanders beside the flocks of your companions? The woman asks this question to emphasize that she has a closer relationship to the man than other women do. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Tell me so that I will not need to wander around among the flocks of your companions when I am looking for you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) SNG 1 7 bq95 figs-metaphor 0 who wanders “who goes all around.” She does not want to have to look for the man. Perhaps she is afraid other men will think she is a prostitute looking for business. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) SNG 1 7 b552 0 your companions Alternate translation: “your friends” or “your co-workers” SNG 1 8 nky4 0 most beautiful among women Alternate translation: “you who are the most beautiful of all women” @@ -288,9 +288,9 @@ SNG 5 2 yh2r 0 dew drops of water or mist that form as the night becomes cool SNG 5 2 d3gt figs-ellipsis 0 my hair with the night’s dampness The words “is wet” are understood from the previous phrase. They can be repeated here. Alternate translation: “my hair is wet with the night’s dampness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) SNG 5 3 tr8w figs-quotations 0 “I have taken off my robe … dirty?” This is what the woman thought to herself when she heard the man speak. ([Song of Songs 5:2](./02.md)). This could be translated with the woman saying that this is what she was thinking, or the woman could just explain the situation and her thoughts as in the UST. Alternate translation: “I thought to myself, ‘I have taken off my robe … dirty?’” or “I had taken off my robe and I did not want to put it on again. I had washed my feet and I did not want to get them dirty.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) SNG 5 3 am4r 0 robe thin linen clothing that people wore on their skin -SNG 5 3 g6z2 figs-rquestion 0 must I put it on again? If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “I do not want to put it on again.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +SNG 5 3 g6z2 figs-rquestion 0 must I put it on again? If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “I do not want to put it on again.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) SNG 5 3 r5cm figs-euphemism 0 I have washed my feet While the word “feet” can be a euphemism for private parts, this probably refers to literal feet. The woman seems more likely to want to make love than to want to refrain from lovemaking because she has just bathed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -SNG 5 3 h4w3 0 must I get them dirty? If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “I do not want to get them dirty.” +SNG 5 3 h4w3 0 must I get them dirty? If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “I do not want to get them dirty.” SNG 5 4 w3ff figs-euphemism 0 My beloved put in his hand through the opening of the door latch Possible interpretations are: (1) literal, the lover reaches into the house through a hole in the door in order to open the door or (2) euphemisic, they have begun to make love. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) SNG 5 4 hqn5 0 My beloved This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for her to refer to him as “my lover.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:13](./12.md). Alternate translation: “My dear one” or “My lover” SNG 5 4 nns1 0 door latch Alternate translation: “door lock” diff --git a/en_tn_23-ISA.tsv b/en_tn_23-ISA.tsv index 7814572e32..ec3e8fd293 100644 --- a/en_tn_23-ISA.tsv +++ b/en_tn_23-ISA.tsv @@ -46,9 +46,9 @@ ISA 1 9 qe2a figs-exclusive 0 us … we Here these words refer to Isaiah and in ISA 1 9 y4cq figs-explicit 0 we would have been like Sodom, we would have been like Gomorrah How Judah would have been like Sodom and Gomorrah can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “God would have destroyed us, like he destroyed the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 1 10 p3g9 figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 1 10 vtc9 figs-metaphor 0 you rulers of Sodom … you people of Gomorrah Isaiah is comparing the people of Judah to Sodom and Gomorrah to emphasize how sinful they have become. Alternate translation: “you rulers who are as sinful as the people of Sodom … you people who are as wicked as those who lived in Gomorrah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 1 11 r739 figs-rquestion 0 What is the multitude of your sacrifices to me? God is using a question to scold the people. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Your many sacrifices mean nothing to me!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ISA 1 11 r739 figs-rquestion 0 What is the multitude of your sacrifices to me? God is using a question to scold the people. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Your many sacrifices mean nothing to me!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 1 12 z32c figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks Yahweh’s words to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 1 12 p91g figs-rquestion 0 who has required this of you, to trample my courts? The word “trample” means to step on and crush with one’s feet. God is using a question to scold the people who live in Judah. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “no one told you to stomp around in my courtyards!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ISA 1 12 p91g figs-rquestion 0 who has required this of you, to trample my courts? The word “trample” means to step on and crush with one’s feet. God is using a question to scold the people who live in Judah. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “no one told you to stomp around in my courtyards!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 1 13 a4yw 0 Bring no more meaningless offerings Alternate translation: “Do not bring me any more of your worthless gifts” ISA 1 13 qg5t figs-abstractnouns 0 incense is an abomination to me If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **abomination**, you could express the same idea with the verb “hate.” Alternate translation: “I hate the incense the priests burn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 1 13 y2mq 0 I cannot tolerate these wicked assemblies This could mean: (1) “I cannot allow you to gather together because of the wicked things you do” or (2) “I cannot allow myself to watch you gather together because of the wicked things you do.” @@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ ISA 2 21 rn5i 0 the glory of his majesty “the great beauty and power he has ISA 2 21 nz4j 0 when he rises to terrify the earth “when Yahweh takes action and causes the people of the earth to be terribly afraid of him.” See how you translated this in [Isaiah 2:19](../02/19.md). ISA 2 22 c4s2 figs-explicit 0 whose life-breath is in his nostrils This describes how man is human and weak by emphasizing that he needs to breath to live. Alternate translation: “who is weak and will die” or “who needs the breath in his nose to live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 2 22 thr5 0 nostrils the holes in the nose through which people breathe -ISA 2 22 hw38 figs-rquestion 0 for what does he amount to? Isaiah uses a question to remind the people of something they should already know. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “for man amounts to nothing!” or “for man is not worth anything!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ISA 2 22 hw38 figs-rquestion 0 for what does he amount to? Isaiah uses a question to remind the people of something they should already know. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “for man amounts to nothing!” or “for man is not worth anything!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 3 intro bgn6 0 # Isaiah 3 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

This chapter is a continuation of the material in the previous chapter. Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 3:1-26, which is a vision Isaiah receives. These are the words of Yahweh.

### Judgment
This chapter is structured as a judgment against the Jews. God is acting as a judge reading the list of convictions against them and then he reads the judgment. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Exile
While the previous part of the prophecy in chapter 2 discussed the last days, this part of the prophecy predicts the exile of Judah to Babylon. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]]) ISA 3 1 li2r 0 See The word “see” here adds emphasis to what follows. It can also be translated as “Listen” or “Indeed.” ISA 3 1 b6ce figs-metaphor 0 support and staff Both of these words refer to a walking stick, on which someone leans for support. This idea here stands for the things that people need the most in order to live: food and water. Alternate translation: “everything that supports you” or “everything that you depend on” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -297,7 +297,7 @@ ISA 5 3 x6tw figs-genericnoun 0 inhabitant of Jerusalem and man of Judah These ISA 5 3 v4cu 0 Jerusalem … Judah “Judah” was the name of the southern kingdom of Israelites, and Jerusalem was the capital city. ISA 5 3 c6vk figs-metaphor 0 judge between me and my vineyard The idea of a space separating two things is often used to express the idea of choosing one or the other of those things. Alternate translation: “decide who has acted right, I or my vineyard” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 5 4 cy5z figs-rquestion 0 What more could have been done for my vineyard, that I have not done for it? The owner uses this question to make a statement about his vineyard. This rhetorical questions can be translated as a stataement. Alternate translation: “I have done all that I could do for my vineyard!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 5 4 ka3q figs-rquestion 0 When I looked for it to produce grapes, why did it produce wild grapes? The owner uses a question to say that his vineyard should have produced good grapes. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “I wanted it to make good grapes, but it only produced worthless grapes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ISA 5 4 ka3q figs-rquestion 0 When I looked for it to produce grapes, why did it produce wild grapes? The owner uses a question to say that his vineyard should have produced good grapes. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “I wanted it to make good grapes, but it only produced worthless grapes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 5 5 d9l9 0 remove the hedge “take away the border of bushes.” A hedge is a row of bushes or small trees that have been planted in order to protect a garden or some other kind of area. Here “hedge” probably refers to the thorn bushes that were planted to grow on the stone wall surrounding the vineyard. ISA 5 5 msh2 0 I will turn it into a pasture “I will allow animals to go there and eat.” This is a grassy place where animals feed. ISA 5 5 b6y6 figs-activepassive 0 it will be trampled down If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “animals will trample it down” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -1256,7 +1256,7 @@ ISA 23 7 m498 figs-rquestion 0 Has this happened to you, the joyful city, whose ISA 23 7 md2c figs-metonymy 0 the joyful city Here “city” represents the people. Alternate translation: “the joyful people who live in the city of Tyre” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 23 7 qlk4 figs-synecdoche 0 whose feet carried her far away to foreign places to settle Here “feet” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “who went to distant places to live and make money” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 23 7 ws35 figs-metonymy 0 her far away Here “her” refers to the city of Tyre which represents the people of Tyre. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 23 8 q8gu figs-rquestion 0 Who has planned this against Tyre … of the earth? Isaiah uses a question to mock Tyre. The word “this” refers to God’s plans to destroy Tyre which Isaiah described in 23:1-7. Also, “Tyre” refers to the people who live in Tyre. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “It was Yahweh who has planned to destroy the people of Tyre … of the earth.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ISA 23 8 q8gu figs-rquestion 0 Who has planned this against Tyre … of the earth? Isaiah uses a question to mock Tyre. The word “this” refers to God’s plans to destroy Tyre which Isaiah described in 23:1-7. Also, “Tyre” refers to the people who live in Tyre. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “It was Yahweh who has planned to destroy the people of Tyre … of the earth.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 23 8 lz33 figs-metonymy 0 the giver of crowns Here “crown” refers to the power a person has as a ruler over people. Alternate translation: “who gives people power to rule over others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 23 8 irz8 figs-metaphor 0 whose merchants are princes The merchants are compared to princes to emphasize how much power they had when they went to different lands. Alternate translation: “whose merchants are like princes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 23 8 qwj2 figs-activepassive 0 whose traders are the honored ones of the earth If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “whose traders the people of the earth give the highest honors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -1540,7 +1540,7 @@ ISA 28 21 e2cw figs-explicit 0 Mount Perazim … Valley of Gibeon These refer t ISA 28 21 l5tw 0 he will rouse himself Alternate translation: “he will become very angry” ISA 28 21 l963 figs-doublet 0 his strange work … his strange deed These two phrases mean the same thing. This work is strange because God is using a foreign army to defeat the people of Jerusalem rather than helping the people of Jerusalem defeat their enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 28 22 w3au 0 Now This does not mean “at this moment,” but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows. -ISA 28 22 upp3 figs-metaphor 0 your bonds will be tightened Yahweh punishing the people even more severely is spoken of as if he would tighten their bonds. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will tighten your bonds” or “Yahweh will punish you even more severely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ISA 28 22 upp3 figs-metaphor 0 your bonds will be tightened Yahweh punishing the people even more severely is spoken of as if he would tighten their bonds. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will tighten your bonds” or “Yahweh will punish you even more severely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 28 22 tpu3 0 Yahweh of hosts See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). ISA 28 22 fdu9 figs-abstractnouns 0 a decree of destruction on the earth If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **destruction**, you could express the same idea with the verb “destroy.” Alternate translation: “that he is going to destroy people throughout the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 28 23 bjv1 figs-parables 0 General Information: This begins a parable that ends in 28:29. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) @@ -1691,7 +1691,7 @@ ISA 30 22 n2zf figs-personification 0 You will say to them, “Get out of here. ISA 30 23 w7ij 0 He will give Alternate translation: “Yahweh will give” ISA 30 23 hjh1 figs-synecdoche 0 bread with abundance from the ground Here “bread” represents food in general. Alternate translation: “he will cause the ground to produce plenty of food for you to eat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 30 23 llp6 0 In that day Alternate translation: “At that time” -ISA 30 24 e7ff figs-activepassive 0 that has been winnowed with a shovel and a fork Shovels and forks were used to throw the grain in the air so the wind would blow away the chaff, leaving only the part that could be eaten. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that you have winnowed with a shovel and a pitchfork” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ISA 30 24 e7ff figs-activepassive 0 that has been winnowed with a shovel and a fork Shovels and forks were used to throw the grain in the air so the wind would blow away the chaff, leaving only the part that could be eaten. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that you have winnowed with a shovel and a pitchfork” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 30 25 n5xk 0 On every high mountain … every high hill Isaiah describes what will be an ideal situation after Yahweh rescues his people. Although the language may be exaggerated, you should translate this just as Isaiah described it. ISA 30 25 lg8s 0 in the day of the great slaughter when the towers fall Alternate translation: “when Yahweh slaughters your enemies and causes their strong towers to fall” ISA 30 25 k7p7 0 in the day Alternate translation: “at the time” @@ -1976,20 +1976,20 @@ ISA 36 3 in74 translate-names 0 Hilkiah … Eliakim See how you translated thes ISA 36 3 pc89 translate-names 0 Shebna See how you translated this man’s name in [Isaiah 22:15](../22/15.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 36 3 ch95 translate-names 0 Asaph … Joah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 36 4 js58 0 said to them Alternate translation: “said to Eliakim, Shebna, and Joah” -ISA 36 4 p18f figs-rquestion 0 What is the source of your confidence? The king of Assyria uses this question to challenge Hezekiah and to say that he does not have a good source for confidence. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “You have no reliable source for your confidence.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ISA 36 4 p18f figs-rquestion 0 What is the source of your confidence? The king of Assyria uses this question to challenge Hezekiah and to say that he does not have a good source for confidence. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “You have no reliable source for your confidence.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 36 5 qam5 figs-metonymy 0 there is counsel and strength for war “you have the council and the strength to go to war.” The phrase “strength for war” refers to having a large enough and strong enough army with weapons. Alternate translation: “you have enough military council, strong men, and weapons to go to war” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 36 5 cx3g figs-rquestion 0 Now in whom are you trusting? Who has given you courage to rebel against me? The king of Assyria uses questions to ridicule Hezekiah for believing he has the strength to rebel. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “No matter in whom you trust, you will not have the courage to rebel against me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ISA 36 5 cx3g figs-rquestion 0 Now in whom are you trusting? Who has given you courage to rebel against me? The king of Assyria uses questions to ridicule Hezekiah for believing he has the strength to rebel. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “No matter in whom you trust, you will not have the courage to rebel against me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 36 6 e9jq 0 Look Sennacherib uses this word to draw Hezekiah’s attention to what he says next. Alternate translation: “Listen” ISA 36 6 riv6 figs-metonymy 0 trusting in Egypt Here “Egypt” refers to the Egyptian army. Alternate translation: “trusting in the Egyptian army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 36 6 p2hf figs-metaphor 0 that splintered reed that you use as a walking staff, but if a man leans on it, it will stick into his hand and pierce it This speaks of Egypt, specifically its army and its Pharaoh, as if it were a splintered reed to emphasize that relying on them would not help them but would only harm them. Alternate translation: “that is like walking with a splintered reed for a staff. If a man leans on it, it will stick into his hand and pierce it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 36 6 ha6p 0 splintered reed A reed is the long, thin stem of a plant like tall grass. If it is splintered or damaged it cannot carry any weight. ISA 36 6 d7dx 0 walking staff This is a stick that someone would use for support when walking, made of whatever kind of tree limb that is found along the way. -ISA 36 7 rnl2 figs-rquestion 0 is not he the one whose high places and altars Hezekiah has taken away … Jerusalem”? The king of Assyria uses this question to ridicule the people and to imply that Yahweh was angry about what Hezekiah did and would not protect them. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “he is the one whose high places and altars Hezekiah has taken away … Jerusalem.” or “he is the one whom Hezekiah insulted by tearing down his high places and altars … Jerusalem.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ISA 36 7 rnl2 figs-rquestion 0 is not he the one whose high places and altars Hezekiah has taken away … Jerusalem”? The king of Assyria uses this question to ridicule the people and to imply that Yahweh was angry about what Hezekiah did and would not protect them. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “he is the one whose high places and altars Hezekiah has taken away … Jerusalem.” or “he is the one whom Hezekiah insulted by tearing down his high places and altars … Jerusalem.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 36 7 dd7s figs-quotations 0 has said to Judah and to Jerusalem, “You must worship before this altar in Jerusalem”? This can be written as an indirect quote. “Judah” and “Jerusalem” refer to the people who live in them. Alternate translation: “has told the people of Judah and Jerusalem that they must worship only at this altar in Jerusalem.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 36 8 cxf8 translate-numbers 0 two thousand horses “2,000 horses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) ISA 36 8 kf72 figs-irony 0 if you are able to find riders for them The chief commander continues to ridicule Hezekiah and his army by implying that he did not have many soldiers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) -ISA 36 9 kkc7 figs-rquestion 0 How could you resist even one captain … servants? The chief commander continues to ridicule Hezekiah and his army. When he says “you,” referring to Hezekiah, he is actually referring to Hezekiah’s army. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Your army could not even defeat one captain … servants.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 36 10 i4d9 figs-rquestion 0 Now then, have I traveled up here without Yahweh to fight against this land and destroy it? The chief commander uses another question to ridicule Hezekiah and the people of Judah. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “I came here with Yahweh’s command to destroy Jerusalem.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ISA 36 9 kkc7 figs-rquestion 0 How could you resist even one captain … servants? The chief commander continues to ridicule Hezekiah and his army. When he says “you,” referring to Hezekiah, he is actually referring to Hezekiah’s army. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Your army could not even defeat one captain … servants.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ISA 36 10 i4d9 figs-rquestion 0 Now then, have I traveled up here without Yahweh to fight against this land and destroy it? The chief commander uses another question to ridicule Hezekiah and the people of Judah. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “I came here with Yahweh’s command to destroy Jerusalem.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 36 10 lp4l figs-metonymy 0 without Yahweh Here “Yahweh” refers to Yahweh’s orders. Alternate translation: “without Yahweh’s command” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 36 10 rme7 figs-metonymy 0 against this land and destroy it … Attack this land and destroy it This means to fight against the people and cause destruction in the place where they live. The land referred to here is Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “against this people and destroy their land … Attack these people and destroy their land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 36 11 u5uf 0 Eliakim … Hilkiah … Shebnah See how you translated these men’s names in [Isaiah 22:20](../22/20.md). @@ -2000,8 +2000,8 @@ ISA 36 11 t9lq 0 Please speak to your servants Eliakim, Shebnah, and Joah refe ISA 36 11 ts48 translate-names 0 the Aramean language, Aramaic “Aramean” is the name of a people group. “Aramaic” is the name of their language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 36 11 src6 figs-idiom 0 in the ears of the people who are on the wall The idiom “to speak in someone’s ear” means to speak where they can hear you. Alternate translation: “where the people who are on the wall may hear us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 36 11 ka86 figs-explicit 0 who are on the wall This means that they are standing on the wall. The top of the wall was wide and a place where people could sit or stand. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “who are standing on the wall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 36 12 sj4i figs-rquestion 0 Has my master sent me to your master and to you to speak these words? The chief commander uses this question to emphasize that his message is for all the people of Judah. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Certainly, my master has sent me to speak this message to you and to all who can hear.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 36 12 e31l figs-rquestion 0 Has he not sent me to the men who sit on the wall, who will have to … you? The chief commander uses this question to emphasize his insult. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “My master has sent me to everyone who hears this, who will have to … you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ISA 36 12 sj4i figs-rquestion 0 Has my master sent me to your master and to you to speak these words? The chief commander uses this question to emphasize that his message is for all the people of Judah. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Certainly, my master has sent me to speak this message to you and to all who can hear.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ISA 36 12 e31l figs-rquestion 0 Has he not sent me to the men who sit on the wall, who will have to … you? The chief commander uses this question to emphasize his insult. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “My master has sent me to everyone who hears this, who will have to … you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 36 12 q31n figs-explicit 0 will have to eat their own dung and drink their own urine with you This is a very offensive statement. He is implying that they will need to eat these things because they will have nothing else to eat because their city will be under attack. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “will soon need to eat their own dung and drink their own urine, just as you will, because you will have nothing else to eat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 36 13 r755 0 the chief commander See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 36:2](../36/02.md). ISA 36 15 m9dz figs-activepassive 0 this city will not be given into the hand of the king of Assyria If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will not give Jerusalem into the hand of the king of Assyria” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -2011,12 +2011,12 @@ ISA 36 16 pq46 figs-idiom 0 come out to me This idiom means to surrender. Alter ISA 36 17 pl47 figs-metonymy 0 until I come and take Here the king of Assyria is referring to his army as himself. Alternate translation: “until my army comes and takes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 36 17 p9x3 figs-parallelism 0 a land of grain and new wine, a land of bread and vineyards These two phrase have the same meaning and are used together to emphasize how prosperous the land will be. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 36 17 dnb3 figs-possession 0 a land of grain … a land of bread This means that they land is full of natural resources, such as grain. Alternate translation: “a land where there is plenty of grain … a land where there is plenty of bread” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) -ISA 36 18 u8gl figs-rquestion 0 Has any of the gods of the peoples rescued them from … Assyria? The chief commander uses this question to ridicule the people of Judah. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “None of the gods of the peoples rescued them from … Assyria.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ISA 36 18 u8gl figs-rquestion 0 Has any of the gods of the peoples rescued them from … Assyria? The chief commander uses this question to ridicule the people of Judah. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “None of the gods of the peoples rescued them from … Assyria.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 36 18 gl11 figs-metonymy 0 the hand of the king The king’s control is referred to as his “hand.” Alternate translation: “the control of the king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 36 19 zj8l figs-rquestion 0 Where are the gods of Hamath and Arpad? Where are the gods of Sepharvaim? Have they rescued Samaria from my power? The chief commander uses these questions to ridicule the people of Judah. These questions may be combined and written as a statement. Alternate translation: “The gods of Hamath, Arpad, Sepharvaim, and Samaria did not rescue their people from my power.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 36 19 r9ju translate-names 0 Hamath … Arpad Translate the names of these cities the same as you did in [Isaiah 10:9](../10/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 36 19 g5q3 translate-names 0 Sepharvaim This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 36 20 tl7p figs-rquestion 0 is there any god who has rescued … as if Yahweh could save Jerusalem from my power? The chief commander uses this question to ridicule the people of Judah. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “there is no god who has rescued … and Yahweh will not save you in Jerusalem from my power.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ISA 36 20 tl7p figs-rquestion 0 is there any god who has rescued … as if Yahweh could save Jerusalem from my power? The chief commander uses this question to ridicule the people of Judah. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “there is no god who has rescued … and Yahweh will not save you in Jerusalem from my power.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 36 20 r234 figs-metonymy 0 his land This refers to the people who live in the land. Alternate translation: “his people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 36 22 zjw1 translate-names 0 Eliakim … Hilkiah … Shebna … Joah … Asaph Translate the names of these men the same as you did in [Isaiah 36:3](../36/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 36 22 yqy8 figs-idiom 0 over the household This idiom means that he was in charge of the affairs of the palace household. Alternate translation: “in charge of the palace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -2081,7 +2081,7 @@ ISA 37 24 wv8g 0 its tall cedars Alternate translation: “Lebanon’s tall ce ISA 37 24 vey3 figs-ellipsis 0 its most fruitful forest Here the word “fruitful” refers to the forest being dense and full of healthy trees. The understood information may be supplied. Alternate translation: “and into its most fruitful forest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ISA 37 25 gwm7 figs-synecdoche 0 I have dug … I dried … my feet Here Sennacherib speaks of himself conquering many things. He is actually conquering them with the armies and chariots that he commands. Alternate translation: “We have dug … we dried … our feet” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 37 25 u9gt figs-hyperbole 0 I dried up all the rivers of Egypt under the soles of my feet Here Sennachrib is exaggerating his conquest and travels across the rivers of Egypt by claiming to have dried up the rivers when he marched his army through them. Alternate translation: “I have marched through all the rivers of Egypt as if they were dry under my feet” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -ISA 37 26 k4vl figs-rquestion 0 Have you not heard how … times? Yahweh uses this rhetorical question to remind Sennacherib of information that he should already be aware of. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Certainly you have heard how … times.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ISA 37 26 k4vl figs-rquestion 0 Have you not heard how … times? Yahweh uses this rhetorical question to remind Sennacherib of information that he should already be aware of. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Certainly you have heard how … times.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 37 26 vpm5 figs-explicit 0 You are here to reduce impregnable cities into heaps of ruins Yahweh had planned for Sennacherib’s army to destroy the cities that they had destroyed. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “I planned that your army would destroy cities and cause them to become piles of rubble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 37 26 ru16 0 impregnable strong and heavily guarded ISA 37 26 lbt8 figs-idiom 0 I am bringing it to pass The idiom “to bring something to pass” means to cause a specific thing to happen. Alternate translation: “I am causing it to happen” or “I am causing these things to take place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -2145,7 +2145,7 @@ ISA 38 14 b2w9 figs-parallelism 0 Like a swallow I chirp; I coo like a dove Bot ISA 38 14 qgn5 figs-synecdoche 0 my eyes Here Hezekiah refers to himself my his “eyes” to emphasize that he is looking for something. Alternate translation: “I” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 38 14 bhl4 figs-explicit 0 with looking upward This refers to Hezekiah looking to heaven for God to help him. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “of waiting for help to come from heaven” or “of waiting for you to help me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 38 14 l1ah figs-activepassive 0 I am oppressed If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “My sickness oppresses me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 38 15 f5ku figs-rquestion 0 What shall I say? Hezekiah uses a question to emphasize he has nothing left to say. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “I have nothing left to say.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ISA 38 15 f5ku figs-rquestion 0 What shall I say? Hezekiah uses a question to emphasize he has nothing left to say. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “I have nothing left to say.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 38 15 hd6w figs-idiom 0 I will walk slowly This is an idiom. Here “walking” refers to living. Alternate translation: “I will like humbly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 38 15 ph65 figs-explicit 0 all my years This refers to the rest of his life. The meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “the rest of my life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 38 15 gm6e 0 because I am overcome with grief Alternate translation: “because I am full of grief” or “because I am very sad” @@ -2378,7 +2378,7 @@ ISA 43 6 l9k3 figs-metaphor 0 my sons … my daughters Yahweh speaks of the peo ISA 43 7 yc6h figs-metonymy 0 everyone who is called by my name Here to be called by someone’s name represents belonging to that person. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “everyone whom I have called by my name” or “everyone who belongs to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 43 7 l8wb figs-doublet 0 whom I have formed, yes, whom I have made Both of these mean the same thing and emphasize that it is God who made the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 43 8 r5rz figs-metaphor 0 the people who are blind … the deaf Yahweh speaks of those who do not listen to him or obey him as if they were blind and deaf. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 43 9 j9gd figs-explicit 0 Who among them could have declared this and announced to us earlier events? This rhetorical question applies to the gods whom the people of the nations worship. The implied answer is that none of them could do this. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “None of their gods could have declared this or announced to us earlier events.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ISA 43 9 j9gd figs-explicit 0 Who among them could have declared this and announced to us earlier events? This rhetorical question applies to the gods whom the people of the nations worship. The implied answer is that none of them could do this. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “None of their gods could have declared this or announced to us earlier events.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 43 9 wm6d figs-explicit 0 announced to us earlier events This phrase refers to their ability to tell about events that happened in the past before they happened. Alternate translation: “announced to us earlier events before they happened” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 43 9 n7pl figs-irony 0 Let them bring their witnesses to prove themselves right, let them listen and affirm, ‘It is true.’ Yahweh challenges the gods whom the nations worship to provide witnesses who will testify that they have been able to do these things, although he knows that they cannot do so. Alternate translation: “These gods have no witnesses who will prove them right, witnesses who will listen and affirm, ‘It is true’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) ISA 43 10 zvu7 figs-you 0 You … my servant Here “you” is plural and refers to the people of Israel. The phrase “my servant” refers to the nation, as a whole. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) @@ -2388,7 +2388,7 @@ ISA 43 10 v98y 0 there will be none after me Alternate translation: “none of ISA 43 11 f73s figs-doublet 0 I, I am Yahweh The word “I” is repeated to emphasize the focus on Yahweh. Alternate translation: “I alone am Yahweh” or “I myself am Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 43 11 m7ei 0 there is no savior but me This can be expressed positively. Alternate translation: “I am the only savior” or “I am the only one who can save you” ISA 43 13 w2y7 figs-metonymy 0 no one can rescue anyone from my hand Here the word “hand” represents Yahweh’s power. Alternate translation: “no one can rescue anyone from my power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 43 13 y176 figs-rquestion 0 who can turn it back? Yahweh uses this question to say that no one can turn back his hand. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Turning back his hand represents stopping him from doing something. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Isaiah 14:27](../14/27.md). Alternate translation: “no one can turn it back.” or “no one can stop me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ISA 43 13 y176 figs-rquestion 0 who can turn it back? Yahweh uses this question to say that no one can turn back his hand. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Turning back his hand represents stopping him from doing something. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Isaiah 14:27](../14/27.md). Alternate translation: “no one can turn it back.” or “no one can stop me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 43 14 e4rv 0 Holy One of Israel See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 1:4](../01/04.md). ISA 43 14 ly8f figs-explicit 0 I send to Babylon and lead them all down The object of the verb “send” may be supplied in translation. Alternate translation: “I send an army to Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 43 14 jrg7 0 lead them all down as fugitives Alternate translation: “lead all of the Babylonians down as fugitives” @@ -2399,7 +2399,7 @@ ISA 43 17 u8ru figs-metaphor 0 They fell down together; they will never rise ag ISA 43 17 v5sn figs-metaphor 0 they are extinguished, quenched like a burning wick The people dying is spoken of as if they were burning candle wicks that someone has extinguished. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “their lives have ended, like a person extinguishes the flame of a burning candle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 43 18 s5e7 figs-parallelism 0 Do not think about these former things, nor consider the things of long ago. These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that they are not to worry about what happened in the past. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 43 19 y1sp 0 Look This word is used to draw attention to the important information that follows. Alternate translation: “Listen” or “Pay attention” -ISA 43 19 j15h figs-rquestion 0 do you not perceive it? Yahweh uses a question to teach the people of Israel. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “surely you have noticed it.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ISA 43 19 j15h figs-rquestion 0 do you not perceive it? Yahweh uses a question to teach the people of Israel. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “surely you have noticed it.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 43 20 fmk2 figs-personification 0 wild animals of the field will honor me, the jackals and the ostriches Here animals honor Yahweh as if they were people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 43 20 s4u1 figs-ellipsis 0 the jackals and the ostriches These are examples of the kinds of animals that will honor Yahweh. See how you translated the names of these animals in [Isaiah 13:21-22](../13/21.md). The understood information can be supplied to make the meaning clear. Alternate translation: “the jackals and the ostriches will honor me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ISA 43 24 l4vk 0 sweet-smelling cane This is a plant with a pleasant smell used to make anointing oil. It did not grow in the land of Israel so the people had to buy it from other nations. @@ -2430,15 +2430,15 @@ ISA 44 5 y4il 0 name himself by the name of Israel Alternate translation: “c ISA 44 6 q311 0 his Redeemer Alternate translation: “Israel’s Redeemer” ISA 44 6 tts3 0 Yahweh of hosts See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). ISA 44 6 j95i figs-merism 0 I am the first, and I am the last This phrase emphasizes Yahweh’s eternal nature. This could mean: (1) “I am the one who began all things, and I am the one who ends all things” or (2) “I am the one who has always lived, and I am the one who always will live.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -ISA 44 7 r8gi figs-rquestion 0 Who is like me? Let him announce Yahweh uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that there is no one like him. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “If anyone thinks he is like me, let him announce” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ISA 44 7 r8gi figs-rquestion 0 Who is like me? Let him announce Yahweh uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that there is no one like him. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “If anyone thinks he is like me, let him announce” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 44 8 jc9b figs-doublet 0 Do not fear or be afraid Yahweh uses two similar expressions in order to strengthen his encouragement. Alternate translation: “Do not be afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ISA 44 8 fb3i figs-rquestion 0 Have I not declared to you long ago, and announced it? Yahweh uses this question to emphasize that he is the one who predicted the events that have now happened. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. The word “announced” means basically the same thing as “declared.” Alternate translation: “I declared these things to you long ago.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ISA 44 8 lr9q figs-rquestion 0 Is there any God besides me? Yahweh uses a question again to emphasize that there is no other God. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “There is no God besides me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ISA 44 8 fb3i figs-rquestion 0 Have I not declared to you long ago, and announced it? Yahweh uses this question to emphasize that he is the one who predicted the events that have now happened. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. The word “announced” means basically the same thing as “declared.” Alternate translation: “I declared these things to you long ago.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +ISA 44 8 lr9q figs-rquestion 0 Is there any God besides me? Yahweh uses a question again to emphasize that there is no other God. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “There is no God besides me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 44 8 z7iv figs-metaphor 0 There is no other Rock Yahweh speaks of himself as if he were a large rock under which people can find shelter. This means he has the power to protect his people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 44 9 uhp3 0 the things they delight in are worthless Alternate translation: “the idols they delight in are worthless” ISA 44 9 ht3n figs-metaphor 0 their witnesses cannot see or know anything This phrase refers to those who worship these idols and who claim to be witnesses of the idols’ power. Yahweh speaks of their inability to understand the truth as if they were blind. Alternate translation: “those who serve as witnesses for these idols are like blind people who know nothing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 44 9 fps8 figs-activepassive 0 they will be put to shame If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “they will be ashamed” or “their idols will put them to shame” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 44 10 rn93 figs-rquestion 0 Who would form a god or cast an idol that is worthless? Yahweh is using this question to rebuke those who make idols. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Only fools would form a god or cast an idol that is worthless.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ISA 44 10 rn93 figs-rquestion 0 Who would form a god or cast an idol that is worthless? Yahweh is using this question to rebuke those who make idols. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Only fools would form a god or cast an idol that is worthless.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 44 10 tu2g figs-distinguish 0 cast an idol that is worthless The word “worthless” does not distinguish worthless idols from idols that have worth, because all idols are worthless. Alternate translation: “cast worthless idols” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) ISA 44 11 xq1i figs-explicit 0 all his associates This could mean: (1) this refers to the associates of the craftsman who makes the idol. Alternate translation: “all of the craftsman’s associates” or (2) this refers to those who associate themselves with the idol by worshiping it. Alternate translation: “all those who worship the idol” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 44 11 ka7l figs-activepassive 0 be put to shame If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “will be ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -2455,7 +2455,7 @@ ISA 44 15 pw7t figs-parallelism 0 he makes an idol and bows down to it This par ISA 44 18 pm8e figs-metaphor 0 for their eyes are blind and cannot see Yahweh speaks of those who cannot understand the foolishness of worshiping idols as if they were blind. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 44 18 w7kp figs-synecdoche 0 for their eyes are blind Here “their eyes” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “for they are blind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 44 18 eri6 figs-synecdoche 0 their hearts cannot perceive Here the people are represented by their “hearts.” Alternate translation: “they cannot understand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 44 19 zz51 figs-rquestion 0 Now should I make … something disgusting to worship? Should I bow down to a block of wood? Yahweh says that these people should be asking themselves these rhetorical questions. The questions anticipate negative answers and emphasize how foolish it would be for a person to do these things. If your readers would misunderstand these questions, you can express them as statements. Alternate translation: “I should not now make … something disgusting to worship. I should not bow down to a block of wood.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ISA 44 19 zz51 figs-rquestion 0 Now should I make … something disgusting to worship? Should I bow down to a block of wood? Yahweh says that these people should be asking themselves these rhetorical questions. The questions anticipate negative answers and emphasize how foolish it would be for a person to do these things. If your readers would misunderstand these questions, you could express them as statements. Alternate translation: “I should not now make … something disgusting to worship. I should not bow down to a block of wood.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 44 20 w2em figs-metaphor 0 It is as if he were eating ashes Yahweh speaks of a person worshiping an idol as if that person were eating the burned ashes of the wood from which he made the idol. Just as eating ashes does not benefit a person, neither does worshiping an idol. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 44 20 lnq9 figs-metonymy 0 his deceived heart misleads him The heart represents the inner person. Alternate translation: “he misleads himself because he is deceived” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 44 20 e7xc 0 He cannot rescue himself Alternate translation: “The person who worships idols cannot save himself” @@ -2771,7 +2771,7 @@ ISA 51 11 ew9a figs-doublet 0 gladness and joy … sorrow and mourning The word ISA 51 11 r6hp figs-personification 0 gladness and joy will overtake them This speaks of the people being overwhelmed by gladness and joy by giving these emotions the human quality of being able to overtake someone. Alternate translation: “they will be overwhelmed by joy and gladness” or “they will be extremely glad and joyful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 51 11 b5dr figs-personification 0 sorrow and mourning will flee away This speaks of the people no longer being sorrowful and mourning by speaking of these emotions as if they could run away. Alternate translation: “they will no longer be sorrowful and mourning” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 51 12 x91f 0 I, I, am he The word “I” is repeated for emphasis. If this is unnatural in your language, the repetition does not need to be used. Alternate translation: “I am he” -ISA 51 12 rzu7 figs-rquestion 0 Why are you afraid of men … like grass? This rhetorical question emphasizes that people who have the Lord’s protection should not be afraid of human beings. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Do not be afraid of men … like grass.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ISA 51 12 rzu7 figs-rquestion 0 Why are you afraid of men … like grass? This rhetorical question emphasizes that people who have the Lord’s protection should not be afraid of human beings. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Do not be afraid of men … like grass.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 51 12 rjp1 figs-simile 0 who are made like grass This phrase compares men to grass to emphasize that their lives are short and that they die quickly. Alternate translation: “who live and die quickly like grass” or “who will wither and disappear like grass” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 51 12 q2ck figs-activepassive 0 who are made like If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “who are like” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 51 13 ht5l figs-rquestion 0 Why have you forgotten Yahweh … earth? Yahweh uses a question to emphasize that they should not forget Yahweh. Alternate translation: “You should not have forgotten Yahweh … earth.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) @@ -2830,7 +2830,7 @@ ISA 52 3 f28v figs-metaphor 0 You were sold for nothing, and you will be redeem ISA 52 4 bae3 0 In the beginning Here “beginning” refers to the start of Israel’s history as they were first becoming a people. ISA 52 4 kvl7 0 went down to … Egypt “went to … Egypt.” It was common to use the phrase “went down” when speaking of traveling from Canaan to Egypt. ISA 52 4 jx27 figs-metonymy 0 Assyria has oppressed them Assyria refers to the people of Assyria. Alternate translation: “the people of Assyria have treated them badly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 52 5 v517 figs-rquestion 0 Now what do I have here … seeing that my people are taken away for nothing? Yahweh uses a question to make the people pay attention to what he is about to say. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Now look at what is happening … my people are again taken away for nothing.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ISA 52 5 v517 figs-rquestion 0 Now what do I have here … seeing that my people are taken away for nothing? Yahweh uses a question to make the people pay attention to what he is about to say. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Now look at what is happening … my people are again taken away for nothing.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 52 5 h4tq figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Translate as in [Isaiah 30:1](../30/01.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) ISA 52 5 b5in figs-activepassive 0 seeing that my people are taken away for nothing If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I see the enemy taking my people away for nothing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 52 5 pw1c figs-metaphor 0 for nothing This could mean: (1) “for nothing” means the Babylonians took the people unjustly and without cause or (2) this continues the metaphor from [Isaiah 52:3](../52/03.md) where Yahweh is spoken of as if he owned the people of Israel and could give them away for nothing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -2921,7 +2921,7 @@ ISA 54 9 xuf9 figs-explicit 0 the waters of Noah This refers to the flood that ISA 54 10 z7di figs-hypo 0 Though the mountains may fall and the hills be shaken, yet my steadfast love Yahweh describes a hypothetical condition to explain what would happen even if those conditions were met. Alternate translation: “Even if the mountains fell and the hills shook, my steadfast love” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) ISA 54 10 n2al figs-activepassive 0 the hills be shaken If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the hills may shake” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 54 10 g8ib figs-metaphor 0 my steadfast love will not turn away from you Yahweh continuing to love his people is spoken of as if his love would not turn away from the people. Alternate translation: “I will not stop loving you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 54 10 e3aj figs-metaphor 0 nor will my covenant of peace be shaken Yahweh not canceling his covenant with the people is spoken of as if his covenant were an object that would not be shaken. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and I will not cancel my covenant of peace” or “and I will surely give you peace as I promised in my covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ISA 54 10 e3aj figs-metaphor 0 nor will my covenant of peace be shaken Yahweh not canceling his covenant with the people is spoken of as if his covenant were an object that would not be shaken. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and I will not cancel my covenant of peace” or “and I will surely give you peace as I promised in my covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 54 10 h5qq figs-123person 0 says Yahweh, who has mercy on you Here Yahweh speaks about himself in the third person. It can be stated in first person. Alternate translation: “that is what I, Yahweh, who acts mercifully, say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) ISA 54 11 dx8e figs-apostrophe 0 Afflicted one Here Yahweh speaks to the city of Jerusalem as if it were listening to him. Here Jerusalem represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “You afflicted people of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 54 11 n2mb figs-metaphor 0 storm-driven Yahweh speaks of the people as if they were blown around and damaged by the winds and storms. This means the people were hurt and without stability. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -2937,7 +2937,7 @@ ISA 54 14 rk6l 0 it will not come near to you No one in the city or outsiders ISA 54 15 h4z4 0 General Information: Yahweh continue speaking to the people of Jerusalem. ISA 54 15 hxz5 figs-idiom 0 stirs up trouble This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “causes trouble” or “troubles you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 54 15 ii4x figs-idiom 0 will fall in defeat This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “you will defeat them in battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 54 17 thu4 figs-metonymy 0 No weapon that is formed against you will succeed Enemies not succeeding against Yahweh’s people is spoken of as if their weapons would not succeed against Yahweh’s people. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Enemies may form weapons to attack you but they will not defeat you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ISA 54 17 thu4 figs-metonymy 0 No weapon that is formed against you will succeed Enemies not succeeding against Yahweh’s people is spoken of as if their weapons would not succeed against Yahweh’s people. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Enemies may form weapons to attack you but they will not defeat you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 54 17 f69n figs-metaphor 0 This is the heritage of the servants of Yahweh The reward that Yahweh will give to those who serve him is spoken of as if the reward were something they would inherit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 54 17 b727 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Translate as in [Isaiah 30:1](../30/01.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) ISA 55 intro c34c 0 # Isaiah 55 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Gentiles
Many scholars believe this chapter prophesies that Gentiles will be able to come to a saving faith in Yahweh. At this time, the Israelites believed that only an Israelite could be saved. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) @@ -3184,10 +3184,10 @@ ISA 62 11 sa9m figs-idiom 0 the daughter of Zion “Daughter” represents the ISA 62 11 n3g6 figs-parallelism 0 See, his reward is with him, and his recompense is going before him These clauses represent the same idea for emphasis. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Isaiah 40:10](../40/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 62 12 q31l figs-activepassive 0 you will be called This can be stated actively, “they will call you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 63 intro g5yz 0 # Isaiah 63 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Imagery
The imagery of judgment in this chapter is intended to be rather vivid. The translator should avoid euphemisms, if possible. Overall, this chapter prophesies a day of great judgment and God’s wrath. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wrath]]) -ISA 63 1 qz61 figs-rquestion 0 Who is this who comes from Edom … Bozrah Isaiah speaks as a watchman using the question and answer format to present this information about Yahweh’s judgment on Edom, an enemy of Israel. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “I, Yahweh, am coming from Edom, clothed in red from Bozrah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ISA 63 1 qz61 figs-rquestion 0 Who is this who comes from Edom … Bozrah Isaiah speaks as a watchman using the question and answer format to present this information about Yahweh’s judgment on Edom, an enemy of Israel. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “I, Yahweh, am coming from Edom, clothed in red from Bozrah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 63 1 vv2a translate-names 0 Bozrah This is the capital city of Edom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 63 1 j2ug 0 It is I Here “I” refers to Yahweh. -ISA 63 2 tzm5 figs-rquestion 0 Why are your clothes red, and why … winepress? If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “The red on your clothing looks makes you look like you have been treading on grapes in a winepress.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ISA 63 2 tzm5 figs-rquestion 0 Why are your clothes red, and why … winepress? If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “The red on your clothing looks makes you look like you have been treading on grapes in a winepress.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 63 2 nmf4 0 winepress A winepress is a low place carved out of rock in the ground where workers step on the grapes to crush them with their feet, in order to remove the grape juice. ISA 63 3 ky69 figs-metaphor 0 I have trodden grapes Here “I” refers to Yahweh. This imagery refers to Yahweh destroying his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 63 4 ebb5 0 the day of vengeance Alternate translation: “the time of vengeance” or “the time for vengeance” @@ -3215,12 +3215,12 @@ ISA 63 14 d9fd 0 General Information: The people of Israel continue speaking. ISA 63 14 vw1c figs-simile 0 As the cattle that go down into the valley … rest This image pictures cattle going into a valley where there is green grass and water and emphasizes that God led the people of Israel and took care of them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 63 14 mt35 figs-metonymy 0 to make yourself a name of praise Here “name of praise” refers to honor and one’s reputation. Alternate translation: “to make sure you have an honored reputation for yourself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 63 15 fet4 0 General Information: The people of Israel continue speaking. -ISA 63 15 z3pw figs-rquestion 0 Where are your zeal and your mighty acts? The writer uses a question to express deep emotion and concern because it seems God is not helping them. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “We do not see your zeal and your mighty acts!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ISA 63 15 z3pw figs-rquestion 0 Where are your zeal and your mighty acts? The writer uses a question to express deep emotion and concern because it seems God is not helping them. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “We do not see your zeal and your mighty acts!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 63 15 ul1l figs-activepassive 0 Your pity and your compassionate actions are kept from us If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You keep your pity and compassion from us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 63 16 sb9w figs-synecdoche 0 though Abraham does not know us, and Israel does not recognize us These ancestors of the nation of Israel would not able to identify their descendants because they changed so much. “Abraham” and “Israel” represent the people from the distant past. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 63 16 n4aq 0 Israel This refers to the name also called “Jacob.” ISA 63 17 h7k1 0 General Information: The people of Israel continue speaking. -ISA 63 17 w2gk figs-rquestion 0 Yahweh, why do you make us wander from your ways and harden our hearts, so we do not obey you? Here the writer uses a question to express a complaint of the people to God. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, you have made us wander from your ways and become stubborn so that we do not obey you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ISA 63 17 w2gk figs-rquestion 0 Yahweh, why do you make us wander from your ways and harden our hearts, so we do not obey you? Here the writer uses a question to express a complaint of the people to God. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, you have made us wander from your ways and become stubborn so that we do not obey you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 63 17 dfb6 figs-metaphor 0 why do you make us wander from your ways To not do what Yahweh commands is spoken of as if a person wanders off of the correct path. Alternate translation: “why do you make do what is wrong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 63 17 pqt9 figs-metaphor 0 harden our hearts This means to become resistant to Yahweh’s teaching by refusing to listen and obey. Here “heart” represents their motives, feelings and desires. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 63 18 ka89 0 General Information: The people of Israel continue speaking. diff --git a/en_tn_24-JER.tsv b/en_tn_24-JER.tsv index a5803ebfd6..9b463940cb 100644 --- a/en_tn_24-JER.tsv +++ b/en_tn_24-JER.tsv @@ -173,20 +173,20 @@ JER 2 37 e943 0 You will also go out from there Alternate translation: “You JER 2 37 tk5j translate-symaction 0 with your hands on your head This is a symbol of shame. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) JER 2 37 dzs3 figs-activepassive 0 so you will not be helped by them If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “so they will not help you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 3 intro v6u2 0 # Jeremiah 3 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 3:1-5, 12-17, 19-25.

The prophecy revealed to Jeremiah is recorded in 2:1-3:5. Despite covering more than one chapter, this should be seen as one unit. The same is true for 3:19-4:3. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Judah told to repent

If Judah repents, God will bring the people back from the captivity into which he is going to send them. In this book, “Israel” serves as another name Judah because the northern kingdom of Israel no longer exists. The people group formed by these ten tribes had been scattered among the other nations by the Assyrians, who had conquered them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]])

### Adultery
Judah’s faithlessness to God is often pictured as adultery. This is a common image in Scripture. When Judah does not worship God, their nation is spoken of as if it were a woman unfaithful to her husband. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/adultery]]) -JER 3 1 b8c6 figs-rquestion 0 will he return to her again? God uses this question to remind the people that a man would never return to his wife if another man marries her. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “he would not return to her again.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 3 1 wfd2 figs-rquestion 0 Would that land not be greatly polluted? God uses this question to remind the people that a married man would not return to his wife if she married another man, because he knows that the land would become ceremonially unclean. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “He knows that if he did, the land would be greatly polluted.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JER 3 1 b8c6 figs-rquestion 0 will he return to her again? God uses this question to remind the people that a man would never return to his wife if another man marries her. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “he would not return to her again.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JER 3 1 wfd2 figs-rquestion 0 Would that land not be greatly polluted? God uses this question to remind the people that a married man would not return to his wife if she married another man, because he knows that the land would become ceremonially unclean. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “He knows that if he did, the land would be greatly polluted.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 3 1 f5ac figs-metaphor 0 greatly polluted This is a metaphor for being terribly unacceptable to God. Alternate translation: “completely unacceptable to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 3 1 j8li figs-simile 0 You have lived as a prostitute who has many lovers God speaks of Israel worshiping many idols as being like a woman having sex with many men. Alternate translation: “You have given your love and trust to idols the way a prostitute gives her body to men who are not her husband” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JER 3 1 j5dl figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 3 2 f7nj figs-metonymy 0 Lift up your eyes Here “your eyes” represents looking at something. Alternate translation: “Look up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 3 2 d2qe figs-metaphor 0 Is there any place where you have not had illicit sex? God speaks of Israel worshiping idols as if they were a woman who had sex with many different men. He uses this question to tell the Israelites that he knows that they have worshiped idols everywhere. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “There is no place where you have not had illicit sex!” or “As a whore sleeps with many men, you have worshiped your idols everywhere!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JER 3 2 d2qe figs-metaphor 0 Is there any place where you have not had illicit sex? God speaks of Israel worshiping idols as if they were a woman who had sex with many different men. He uses this question to tell the Israelites that he knows that they have worshiped idols everywhere. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “There is no place where you have not had illicit sex!” or “As a whore sleeps with many men, you have worshiped your idols everywhere!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 3 2 tkw5 figs-metaphor 0 By the roadsides you sat waiting for your lovers God speaks of his people being eager to worship any idol as being like a prostitute waiting by the road for any man to come along. Alternate translation: “Like a prostitutes waiting at the roadside for her lovers, you were eager to worship any idol you learned about” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 3 2 p75c figs-simile 0 as an Arab in the wilderness God speaks of his people being eager to worship any idol as being like someone in the wilderness waiting for anyone to come along so he could rob them. Alternate translation: “like an Arab in the wilderness waiting for people he might rob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JER 3 2 h79r translate-names 0 an Arab in the wilderness An Arab is a person from Arabia. Some Arabs lived as nomads in the desert and would rob others who came near them. Alternate translation: “a nomad in the wilderness” or “a robber in the wilderness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) JER 3 3 bza8 figs-activepassive 0 So the showers have been withheld If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “So I withheld the showers from you” or “So I prevented the rains from falling” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 3 3 ry2i figs-metonymy 0 you have the forehead of a prostitute The arrogance showing on a person’s face is spoken of as if the face itself were arrogant. Alternate translation: “But the expression on your face shows that you arrogant, like the face of a prostitute” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 3 5 gxd9 0 Connecting Statement: The rhetorical question that begins with the words “Have you not” in verse 4 ends here. -JER 3 5 tm6g figs-rquestion 0 Will he … to the end?’ The rhetorical question that begins with the words “Have you not” in verse 4 ends here. God uses this question to rebuke his people for calling out to him and saying these things. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “You have just called out to me: ‘My father … youth! Will he … to the end?’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JER 3 5 tm6g figs-rquestion 0 Will he … to the end?’ The rhetorical question that begins with the words “Have you not” in verse 4 ends here. God uses this question to rebuke his people for calling out to him and saying these things. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “You have just called out to me: ‘My father … youth! Will he … to the end?’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 3 5 ks4c figs-rquestion 0 Will he always be angry? Will he always keep his wrath to the end? These questions express the people’s hope that God will not be angry with them forever. They can be translated as statements. Alternate translation: “Surely he will not always be angry. Surely he will not always keep his wrath to the end.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 3 5 ad4m 0 Look! Alternate translation: “pay attention” or “listen” JER 3 6 q6wm figs-rquestion 0 Do you see what faithless Israel has done? God uses this question to draw Jeremiah’s attention to Israel’s faithlessness. It can be translated as a command or a statement. Alternate translation: “See how faithless Israel is to me.” or “You see how faithless Israel is to me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) @@ -582,12 +582,12 @@ JER 7 7 n3ke 0 from ancient times and forever “from ancient times and contin JER 7 8 d4gt 0 General Information: The word “you” in these verses refers to the people of Judah. JER 7 8 znm8 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues giving Jeremiah his message to the people of Judah. JER 7 8 s1dh 0 Behold! The word “Behold” here alerts us to pay attention to the information that follows. -JER 7 9 bi95 figs-rquestion 0 Do you steal, kill, and commit adultery? Do you swear … and walk after other gods whom you have not known? These questions expect a positive answer to make the point that God knows the sins they are committing. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “You steal, kill, and commit adultery. You swear … and walk after other gods whom you have not known.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JER 7 9 bi95 figs-rquestion 0 Do you steal, kill, and commit adultery? Do you swear … and walk after other gods whom you have not known? These questions expect a positive answer to make the point that God knows the sins they are committing. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “You steal, kill, and commit adultery. You swear … and walk after other gods whom you have not known.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 7 9 ikv4 0 swear deceitfully Alternate translation: “lie even in your oaths” JER 7 9 ps9p figs-metonymy 0 walk after other gods Here walking after is a metonym for following after with the intent to serve and obey. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 7:6](../07/06.md). Alternate translation: “serve other gods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 7 10 w19j figs-rquestion 0 Then do you come and stand … so you can do all of these abominations? This question expects a positive answer to make the point that God knows the hypocrisy of their words and actions. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Then you come and stand … so you can do all of these abominations.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JER 7 10 w19j figs-rquestion 0 Then do you come and stand … so you can do all of these abominations? This question expects a positive answer to make the point that God knows the hypocrisy of their words and actions. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Then you come and stand … so you could do all of these abominations.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 7 10 ras4 figs-metonymy 0 house that is called by my name This is a metonym for Yahweh’s temple. It can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “house that belongs to me” or “temple where you worship me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 7 11 pb4b figs-rquestion 0 Is this house, which carries my name, a den of bandits in your eyes? This question expects a positive answer to make the point that God knows what they think about Yahweh’s temple. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “This house, which carries my name, is a den of bandits in your eyes!” or “You act as though you think this house, which is called by my name, should be a place where bandits can go to hide!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JER 7 11 pb4b figs-rquestion 0 Is this house, which carries my name, a den of bandits in your eyes? This question expects a positive answer to make the point that God knows what they think about Yahweh’s temple. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “This house, which carries my name, is a den of bandits in your eyes!” or “You act as though you think this house, which is called by my name, should be a place where bandits can go to hide!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 7 11 kj59 figs-idiom 0 this house, which carries my name Yahweh’s temple is spoken of as if it was carrying the name of Yahweh. This has a similar meaning to “this house that is called by my name” in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 7 11 e4vn 0 bandits violent people who steal and destroy JER 7 11 tj9h 0 But behold, I have seen it Alternate translation: “But I certainly have seen what you are doing” @@ -683,7 +683,7 @@ JER 8 4 xxz7 0 General Information: The words “them” and “they” in the JER 8 4 tke2 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues to speak of his judgment on the people of Judah. JER 8 4 rz6z 0 So say to them Yahweh is telling Jeremiah what to say to the people of Judah. JER 8 4 v36i figs-rquestion 0 Does anyone fall and not get up? Does anyone get lost and not try to return? These questions make the point that the way that the people of Judah were acting did not make sense. They can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You know that when someone falls, he gets back up, and when someone gets lost, he tries to find his way back.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 8 5 zes9 figs-rquestion 0 Why has this people, Jerusalem, turned away in permanent faithlessness? Yahweh is saying that the way the people of Judah are acting does not make sense. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “It does not make sense that this people, Jerusalem, has turned away in permanent faithlessness.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JER 8 5 zes9 figs-rquestion 0 Why has this people, Jerusalem, turned away in permanent faithlessness? Yahweh is saying that the way the people of Judah are acting does not make sense. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “It does not make sense that this people, Jerusalem, has turned away in permanent faithlessness.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 8 5 vgq1 figs-synecdoche 0 Jerusalem The word “Jerusalem” here is a synecdoche for all the people of Judah. Alternate translation: “Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JER 8 5 h7hw figs-metaphor 0 hold on to treachery What the people of Judah were doing is spoken of as if they were clinging to treachery and would not let it go. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 8 5 n5b8 figs-abstractnouns 0 They hold on to treachery Here, **treachery** is spoken of as if it were a physical object that a person could hold on to. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **treachery**, you could express the same idea with the verb “deceive.” Holding on to something is a metaphor for loving. Alternate translation: “They refuse to turn away from what deceives them” or “They love the people who deceive them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -692,7 +692,7 @@ JER 8 6 v92n 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues giving Jeremiah his mess JER 8 6 w5p2 figs-doublet 0 paid attention and listened These two things mean about the same thing and are repeated for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) JER 8 6 sg8t 0 did not speak right Alternate translation: “did not say what is right” JER 8 6 i9mx figs-abstractnouns 0 for his wickedness If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **wickedness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective such as “wicked.” Alternate translation: “for being wicked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 8 6 yw8x figs-explicit 0 What have I done? The implied information is that this is a question that the people of Judah should have been asking. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “I have done a terrible thing.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JER 8 6 yw8x figs-explicit 0 What have I done? The implied information is that this is a question that the people of Judah should have been asking. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “I have done a terrible thing.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 8 6 g12y 0 go where they wish Alternate translation: “go their own way” JER 8 6 r6ux figs-simile 0 like a stallion rushing toward battle The eagerness of the people to follow their own evil way is compared to the eagerness of a war horse running toward a battle. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JER 8 6 j57y 0 stallion adult male horse @@ -701,7 +701,7 @@ JER 8 7 lsk2 translate-unknown 0 stork … doves, swifts, and cranes All of the JER 8 7 i7xx figs-explicit 0 They go on their migrations at the right time, but my people do not know Yahweh’s decrees The implied information is that the people should have naturally known Yahweh’s decrees. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JER 8 7 g1he figs-abstractnouns 0 They go on their migrations If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **migrations**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “migrate.” Alternate translation: “They migrate” or “They fly from one region to another” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) JER 8 8 qa8a 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues giving Jeremiah his message to the people of Judah. -JER 8 8 n65d figs-rquestion 0 How can you say, “We are wise, for the law of Yahweh is with us”? Yahweh asks this question to make the people of Judah think about what they were saying. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “You think that you are wise because you have the law of Yahweh with you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JER 8 8 n65d figs-rquestion 0 How can you say, “We are wise, for the law of Yahweh is with us”? Yahweh asks this question to make the people of Judah think about what they were saying. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “You think that you are wise because you have the law of Yahweh with you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 8 8 g95l 0 How can you say The “you” here refers to the people of Judah. JER 8 8 d131 0 Indeed, see! These words tell the hearer to pay close attention to what follows. JER 8 8 qeg1 figs-metonymy 0 The deceitful pen of the scribes The pen represents the words that the scribes write. Alternate translation: “The false things that the scribes write” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -731,7 +731,7 @@ JER 8 13 yf5y 0 the leaf will wither Alternate translation: “the leaf will d JER 8 13 qr8u 0 what I have given to them will pass away The meaning of the original text is uncertain here. JER 8 14 fx4e 0 General Information: The words “we,” “us” and “our” refer to the people of Judah. JER 8 14 nn25 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues his message by telling us what the people of Judah will say at the time of their punishment. -JER 8 14 r249 figs-rquestion 0 Why are we sitting here? This question is asked to motivate action. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “We should not stay here.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JER 8 14 r249 figs-rquestion 0 Why are we sitting here? This question is asked to motivate action. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “We should not stay here.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 8 14 bl3v 0 Come together; let us go to the fortified cities The “fortified cities” were cities with high walls and strong defenses. See how you translated the similar phrases in [Jeremiah 4:5](../04/05.md). JER 8 14 vsn4 figs-metaphor 0 we will become silent there in death Here “become silent” means to die. Alternate translation: “let us die there” or “let us wait for our enemies to kill us there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 8 14 pv27 figs-metaphor 0 For Yahweh our God will silence us Here “silence” is a metaphor for condemning to death. Alternate translation: “because Yahweh our God has condemned us to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -758,7 +758,7 @@ JER 8 19 i7c2 0 Behold! This alerts the reader to pay attention to what follow JER 8 19 i2u5 figs-metaphor 0 the daughter of my people Jeremiah is speaking about the people of Judah in a way that shows his affection for them, as if for a daughter. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 4:11](../04/11.md). Alternate translation: “my dear people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 8 19 qg4d 0 from a land far away This could mean: (1) From exile. Alternate translation: “from exile in a distant land” or (2) From throughout the land of Judah. Alternate translation: “throughout our land” JER 8 19 r91i figs-parallelism 0 Is Yahweh not in Zion? Is her king no longer there? These two questions are similar in meaning. They imply that the people of Judah are wondering why Yahweh is not saving them. Alternate translation: “Why does Yahweh not save us if he is the king in Zion?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 8 19 i1se figs-rquestion 0 Why then do they provoke me to anger with their carved figures and their worthless foreign idols? The word “me” refers to Yahweh. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “If they want me to save them, then they must not offend me with their carved figures.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JER 8 19 i1se figs-rquestion 0 Why then do they provoke me to anger with their carved figures and their worthless foreign idols? The word “me” refers to Yahweh. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “If they want me to save them, then they must not offend me with their carved figures.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 8 20 i3bj 0 General Information: The word “we” refers to the people of Judah. The words “I” and “my” refer to Jeremiah. JER 8 20 f1z4 0 Connecting Statement: Jeremiah continues talking about the people of Judah. JER 8 20 ey1x 0 The harvest has passed on Alternate translation: “Harvest time is over” @@ -790,7 +790,7 @@ JER 9 6 ijp7 0 in their deceit Alternate translation: “By telling all of the JER 9 6 ra6u figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 9 7 l451 figs-idiom 0 See Yahweh uses this word here to draw Jeremiah’s attention to what he says next. Alternate translation: “Listen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 9 7 kq5h figs-metaphor 0 to refine them Yahweh speaks of testing the people and dealing with their evil ways, as if they were metal that he were melting in a crucible to remove its impurities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 9 7 y5gl figs-rquestion 0 for what else can I do, because of what my people have done? Yahweh uses this rhetorical question to state that this is how he needs to deal with his people because of what they have done. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “for this is how I must deal with my people because of what they have done.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JER 9 7 y5gl figs-rquestion 0 for what else can I do, because of what my people have done? Yahweh uses this rhetorical question to state that this is how he needs to deal with his people because of what they have done. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “for this is how I must deal with my people because of what they have done.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 9 8 ak19 figs-metaphor 0 Their tongues are sharpened arrows This speaks of people’s tongues as if they were sharpened arrows because of how the people hurt others by what they say. Here their speech is represented by their “tongues.” Alternate translation: “Their words are like sharpened arrows that hurt other people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 9 8 yi2b figs-metonymy 0 With their mouths they proclaim peace with their neighbors Here people’s speech is represented by their “mouths.” Alternate translation: “They speak, saying that they want peace with their neighbors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 9 8 f4zw figs-metaphor 0 but with their hearts they lie in wait for them Here a people’s desires are represented by their “hearts.” This speaks of them wanting to hurt their neighbors as if they were an animal crouching and waiting to attack its prey. Alternate translation: “but what they really want is to destroy their neighbors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -803,10 +803,10 @@ JER 9 10 x2nb figs-activepassive 0 For they are burned If your language does no JER 9 10 dv5k 0 They will not hear the sound of any cattle Alternate translation: “Nobody will hear the sound of cattle there” JER 9 11 mp5y 0 a hideout for jackals “a place for jackals to hide.” Jackals are fierce wild dogs. JER 9 11 har1 0 places without inhabitants Alternate translation: “places where no people live” -JER 9 12 lun7 figs-rquestion 0 What man is wise enough to understand this? Yahweh uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that only a very wise person will understand the things he has said. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Only people who are very wise can understand these things.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 9 12 dem8 figs-rquestion 0 To whom has the mouth of Yahweh spoken, and he will declare it? Yahweh uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that only the people he has spoken to can declare these things. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Only those who have been taught by Yahweh can explain these things to others.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JER 9 12 lun7 figs-rquestion 0 What man is wise enough to understand this? Yahweh uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that only a very wise person will understand the things he has said. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Only people who are very wise can understand these things.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JER 9 12 dem8 figs-rquestion 0 To whom has the mouth of Yahweh spoken, and he will declare it? Yahweh uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that only the people he has spoken to can declare these things. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Only those who have been taught by Yahweh can explain these things to others.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 9 12 r7i9 figs-synecdoche 0 the mouth of Yahweh Here Yahweh’s speech is represented by his “mouth.” Alternate translation: “Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JER 9 12 ru4f figs-rquestion 0 Why has the land perished and been destroyed … pass through? Yahweh uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that only a wise person could explain why the land has been destroyed. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Only a wise person could explain why the land has perished and been destroyed … pass through.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JER 9 12 ru4f figs-rquestion 0 Why has the land perished and been destroyed … pass through? Yahweh uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that only a wise person could explain why the land has been destroyed. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Only a wise person could explain why the land has perished and been destroyed … pass through.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 9 12 x8mt figs-activepassive 0 has the land perished and been destroyed If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Both “perished” and “been ruined” describe the land being ruined. Alternate translation: “is the land ruined” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) JER 9 13 v98g 0 It is because Alternate translation: “These things will happen because” JER 9 13 dqx8 figs-metaphor 0 they have abandoned my law Yahweh speaks of the people not obeying his law as if it were something that they had walked away from. Alternate translation: “they have rejected my law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -873,7 +873,7 @@ JER 10 5 y84p 0 cucumber a vegetable that is usually long, with green skin and JER 10 5 s7ty figs-activepassive 0 they have to be carried If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people have to carry them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 10 6 gd4l 0 General Information: Jeremiah has just been talking about idol worship. JER 10 6 n439 figs-metonymy 0 your name is great in power Here Yahweh’s “name” refers to himself and his reputation. Alternate translation: “you are very powerful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 10 7 c4dh figs-rquestion 0 Who does not fear you, king of the nations? Jeremiah asks this rhetorical question to emphasize that everyone should fear Yahweh. Here he refers to Yahweh as “king of the nations.” If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Everyone should fear you, king of the nations.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JER 10 7 c4dh figs-rquestion 0 Who does not fear you, king of the nations? Jeremiah asks this rhetorical question to emphasize that everyone should fear Yahweh. Here he refers to Yahweh as “king of the nations.” If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Everyone should fear you, king of the nations.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 10 7 d3y9 0 what you deserve Alternate translation: “what you have earned” JER 10 8 p37g figs-doublet 0 They are all the same, they are brutish and stupid, disciples The words “brutish” and “stupid” mean basically the same thing and emphasize how foolish the people are for worshiping idols. Alternate translation: “They are all very stupid, they are disciples” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) JER 10 8 hm7c 0 disciples of idols that are nothing but wood Alternate translation: “they try to learn from an idol which is only a piece of wood” @@ -949,7 +949,7 @@ JER 11 12 kpf4 figs-activepassive 0 but they will certainly not be saved by the JER 11 13 k26k 0 to equal Alternate translation: “to as many as” JER 11 13 d3q3 0 her streets Alternate translation: “the streets in Jerusalem” JER 11 14 em49 0 You must not wail Alternate translation: “You must not make a loud cry of sadness” -JER 11 15 r1nl figs-rquestion 0 Why is my beloved one, the one who has had so many wicked intentions, in my house? Yahweh uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that the people Judah no longer have a right to be in his temple. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “My beloved one, the one who has had so many wicked intentions, should not be in my house.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JER 11 15 r1nl figs-rquestion 0 Why is my beloved one, the one who has had so many wicked intentions, in my house? Yahweh uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that the people Judah no longer have a right to be in his temple. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “My beloved one, the one who has had so many wicked intentions, should not be in my house.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 11 15 r9hb figs-metaphor 0 is my beloved one, the one who has had The people of Judah are spoken of as if they were a single woman greatly beloved. Alternate translation: “are the people whom I love, those who have had” or “are the people of Judah whom I love, who have had” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 11 16 ia9c figs-metaphor 0 In the past Yahweh called you a leafy olive tree In the Old Testament people were often compared to trees or plants. Those who were prosperous and healthy were spoken of as leafy, fruitful tree. Alternate translation: “In the past Yahweh said that you were like a leafy olive tree” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 11 16 q1zk figs-metaphor 0 will light a fire on it This expression continues the metaphor of the tree. The fire stands for the destruction of the people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -990,10 +990,10 @@ JER 12 4 gvz5 0 How long will the land go on drying up … because of the wick JER 12 4 bea9 0 wither dry up JER 12 4 lm57 figs-activepassive 0 The animals and the birds have been taken away If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The animals and the birds are gone” or “The animals and the birds have all died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 12 4 a1hp 0 God will not see what happens to us This could mean: (1) The people are saying that God does not know what things will happen to them in their future or (2) God is unaware of their sin. Alternate translation: “God does not see the sinful things that we do” -JER 12 5 hax2 figs-rquestion 0 how can you compete against horses? This rhetorical question implies that he would not be able to run with horses. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “you will never compete well against horses.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JER 12 5 hax2 figs-rquestion 0 how can you compete against horses? This rhetorical question implies that he would not be able to run with horses. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “you will never compete well against horses.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 12 5 e5b2 figs-ellipsis 0 If you fall down This refers to while the person is running. Alternate translation: “If you fall down while running” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) JER 12 5 km32 0 the safe countryside This refers to the open countryside, where it is easy to travel quickly, in contrast to the overgrown thickets along the Jordan River, where it is difficult to move. -JER 12 5 rki9 figs-rquestion 0 how will you do in the thickets along the Jordan? This rhetorical question implies that he would not be able to run through the thickets along the Jordan. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “you will surely not be able to run in the thickets along the Jordan.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JER 12 5 rki9 figs-rquestion 0 how will you do in the thickets along the Jordan? This rhetorical question implies that he would not be able to run through the thickets along the Jordan. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “you will surely not be able to run in the thickets along the Jordan.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 12 5 c56k 0 thickets many bushes or small trees growing close together JER 12 6 g1pt 0 denounced to have accused someone publicly JER 12 7 js9l figs-parallelism 0 I have abandoned my house; I have forsaken my inheritance. I have given my beloved into the hands of her enemies. These three sentences have similar meanings. The first and second one strengthens the thought in the third. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) @@ -1002,7 +1002,7 @@ JER 12 7 v6xh figs-metonymy 0 into the hands of her enemies Here the word “ha JER 12 7 ra61 figs-personification 0 of her Here Yahweh refers to his people as a female by using a feminine pronoun. Alternate translation: “of their” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) JER 12 8 n59e 0 she sets herself against me with her own voice This continues to speaks of Yahweh’s people as a lion. This speaks of the people showing they are against him as if they were roaring at him. Alternate translation: “it is like she roars at me to defy me” JER 12 8 ik2q figs-personification 0 she sets herself … with her … hate her Here Yahweh refers to his people as a female by using feminine pronouns. Alternate translation: “they set themselves … with their … hate them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -JER 12 9 m995 figs-rquestion 0 Has not my prized possession become a speckled bird, that other birds of prey go against her all around? Yahweh uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that his people are surrounded by their enemies. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “My prized possession has become a speckled bird and other birds of prey go against her all around.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JER 12 9 m995 figs-rquestion 0 Has not my prized possession become a speckled bird, that other birds of prey go against her all around? Yahweh uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that his people are surrounded by their enemies. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “My prized possession has become a speckled bird and other birds of prey go against her all around.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 12 9 j8nr figs-explicit 0 Has not my prized possession Here Yahweh speaks of his people as his “prized possession.” Alternate translation: “Have not my people, who are my prized possession” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JER 12 9 rn3n figs-metaphor 0 become a speckled bird, that other birds of prey go against her all around Here Yahweh speaks of his people being in danger and surrounded by their enemies as if they were a speckled bird surrounded by birds of prey. Alternate translation: “become like a speckled bird, and her enemies are like birds of prey attacking her on all sides” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 12 9 q57h 0 a speckled bird “a strange looking bird.” This refers to a bird that was often picked on and eaten by other birds. @@ -1080,10 +1080,10 @@ JER 13 20 s5yj figs-idiom 0 Lift up your eyes and look at the ones coming from JER 13 20 ve51 figs-explicit 0 the ones coming from the north This refers an enemy army that will come from the north. Alternate translation: “the enemy army coming from the north” or “the enemy army marching from the north” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JER 13 20 iny8 figs-rquestion 0 Where is the flock he gave to you, the flock that was so beautiful to you? This rhetorical question is asked to emphasize that the people of Judah will be captured by the enemy armies. This question is asked as if the people of Judah had already been captured even though this has not yet happened. The question can be written as a statement and in future tense. Alternate translation: “I gave you the people of Judah to care for, like a beautiful flock of sheep, but the enemy army will capture them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) JER 13 20 e5mm figs-metaphor 0 the flock This speaks of the people of Judah as a “flock” of sheep to emphasize that the leaders of Judah were supposed to care for them and look after them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 13 21 t9l3 figs-rquestion 0 What will you say when God sets over you those you had trained to be your special allies? This rhetorical question is used to emphasize that the people who Judah’s leaders thought they were at peace with will conquer them. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “The people you thought were your friends will conquer you and rule over you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 13 21 br9q figs-rquestion 0 Are these not the beginnings of the labor pains that will seize you just like a woman in childbirth? Yahweh uses this rhetorical question to tell the people that their capture is just the beginning of the suffering they will go through. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “These things that you will suffer are like the beginning of the labor pains of a woman in childbirth.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JER 13 21 t9l3 figs-rquestion 0 What will you say when God sets over you those you had trained to be your special allies? This rhetorical question is used to emphasize that the people who Judah’s leaders thought they were at peace with will conquer them. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “The people you thought were your friends will conquer you and rule over you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JER 13 21 br9q figs-rquestion 0 Are these not the beginnings of the labor pains that will seize you just like a woman in childbirth? Yahweh uses this rhetorical question to tell the people that their capture is just the beginning of the suffering they will go through. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “These things that you will suffer are like the beginning of the labor pains of a woman in childbirth.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 13 22 i8we figs-euphemism 0 that your skirts are raised up and you have been violated This means that the enemy soldiers will rape the Judean women. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that the enemy soldiers will lift up the skirts of your women and rape them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 13 23 wyf8 figs-rquestion 0 Can the people of Cush change their skin color, or a leopard change its spots? This rhetorical question is used to state an example of something that is impossible. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Also, the understood verb “can” maybe be supplied in the second phrase. Alternate translation: “The people of Cush cannot change their skin color and a leopard cannot change its spots.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +JER 13 23 wyf8 figs-rquestion 0 Can the people of Cush change their skin color, or a leopard change its spots? This rhetorical question is used to state an example of something that is impossible. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Also, the understood verb “can” maybe be supplied in the second phrase. Alternate translation: “The people of Cush cannot change their skin color and a leopard cannot change its spots.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) JER 13 23 m8ie figs-irony 0 If so, then you yourself, although accustomed to wickedness, would be able to do good This statement is ironic because the examples about the Cushite and the leopard are impossible situations. This states that if those impossible things could happen then they could do good. Alternate translation: “Just like these things are impossible, so it is also impossible for you who always do evil to do good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) JER 13 24 rw5p figs-simile 0 I will scatter them like chaff that perishes in the desert wind “I will scatter them like chaff that is blown away by the wind.” Yahweh is saying He will scatter His people throughout the world just as chaff is scattered by the wind. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JER 13 26 pid5 figs-metaphor 0 I myself will strip your skirts off you, and your private parts will be seen. This means that Yahweh will make them feel ashamed. It does not in any way mean that he will rape them. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “It is as though I myself will strip your skirts off of you so that everyone will see your private parts and you will be ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -1108,9 +1108,9 @@ JER 14 7 u1uz 0 General Information: Yahweh, through the prophet Jeremiah, has JER 14 7 a7md figs-personification 0 our iniquities testify against us Here their “iniquities” are spoken of as if they were people who testified against them about their wrong doing. Alternate translation: “our iniquities give evidence of our wrongdoing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) JER 14 7 hdk6 figs-metonymy 0 for the sake of your name Here Yahweh’s “name” refers to his reputation. Alternate translation: “for the sake of your reputation” or “in order that everyone can see that you are very great and keep your promises” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 14 8 t2bf figs-explicit 0 Hope of Israel This is another name for Yahweh. Alternate translation: “You are the hope of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 14 8 pi7p figs-parallelism 0 why will you be like a stranger in the land, like a foreign wanderer who stretches out and spends just one night? The people are asking if Yahweh is unconcerned with his people and unable to help them. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “you should not be like a stranger in the land, like a foreign wanderer who stretches out and spends just one night.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +JER 14 8 pi7p figs-parallelism 0 why will you be like a stranger in the land, like a foreign wanderer who stretches out and spends just one night? The people are asking if Yahweh is unconcerned with his people and unable to help them. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “you should not be like a stranger in the land, like a foreign wanderer who stretches out and spends just one night.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JER 14 8 m5rq figs-simile 0 why will you be like a stranger in the land, like a foreign wanderer … just one night This question speaks of the possibility of Yahweh being unconcerned with helping his people as if he were a stranger just travelling though a place unconcerned with those living there. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 14 9 i24n figs-simile 0 Why are you like someone who is astounded, or like a warrior who has no power to rescue? This speaks of the possibility of Yahweh being unable to help his people as if he were a confused warrior who was unable to rescue anyone. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “You do nothing to help us, like someone who is astounded or like a warrior who has no power to rescue us.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +JER 14 9 i24n figs-simile 0 Why are you like someone who is astounded, or like a warrior who has no power to rescue? This speaks of the possibility of Yahweh being unable to help his people as if he were a confused warrior who was unable to rescue anyone. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “You do nothing to help us, like someone who is astounded or like a warrior who has no power to rescue us.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JER 14 9 np92 0 astounded unable to understand or to think clearly JER 14 9 s46u figs-activepassive 0 your name is called over us If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. This speaks of the people being Yahweh’s people by saying that his name is over them. Alternate translation: “we bear your name” or “we are your people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 14 10 jb8u 0 General Information: Jeremiah has been praying and asking Yahweh not to leave them alone. @@ -1160,7 +1160,7 @@ JER 15 3 b44y figs-metonymy 0 the sword Here the “sword” refers to the enem JER 15 4 etb6 0 I will make of them Here the word “them” refers to the people of Judah, not to the four groups listed in the previous verse. JER 15 4 g2xb figs-explicit 0 because of what Manasseh … did in Jerusalem Manasseh was a very wicked king who did many evil things in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “because of the wicked things that Manasseh … did in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JER 15 5 sb18 0 General Information: Yahweh has just told them he will assign them to four groups to kill them—the sword, dogs, birds, and beasts. -JER 15 5 lb4g figs-rquestion 0 For who will have compassion for you, Jerusalem? Who will grieve for you? Yahweh uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that no one should mourn for Jerusalem. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one should have compassion on you, Jerusalem. No one should mourn for your destruction.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JER 15 5 lb4g figs-rquestion 0 For who will have compassion for you, Jerusalem? Who will grieve for you? Yahweh uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that no one should mourn for Jerusalem. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one should have compassion on you, Jerusalem. No one should mourn for your destruction.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 15 5 wfj2 figs-metonymy 0 for you, Jerusalem Here “Jerusalem” refers to the people who live there. Alternate translation: “for you people who live in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 15 6 es4m figs-parallelism 0 You have forsaken me … you have gone back from me These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that the people have, indeed, forsaken Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JER 15 6 w5w5 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) @@ -1183,7 +1183,7 @@ JER 15 10 tf3x 0 General Information: In these verse, Jeremiah speaks to Yahwe JER 15 10 bwu4 figs-apostrophe 0 Woe to me, my mother Jeremiah pretends to speak to his mother as a way to emphasize how sad he is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) JER 15 10 z3f7 figs-doublet 0 a man of controversy and argument The words “controversy” and “argument” mean basically the same thing. Together they emphasize how much Jeremiah is arguing. Alternate translation: “a man with whom everyone argues all the time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) JER 15 10 pi56 figs-explicit 0 I have not lent, nor has anyone lent to me This refers to lending money to people. Often lending money causes people to fight with one another. Alternate translation: “I have not lent money to anyone, nor has anyone lent money to me” or “I have not made anyone angry by lending or borrow money and then quarreling about it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 15 11 jwd5 figs-rquestion 0 Will I not rescue you for good? The implicit answer to this rhetorical question is “yes.” If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “I will certainly rescue you for good!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JER 15 11 jwd5 figs-rquestion 0 Will I not rescue you for good? The implicit answer to this rhetorical question is “yes.” If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “I will certainly rescue you for good!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 15 11 hg1a 0 your enemies Those are the enemies of Jeremiah who disagreed with his prophecies. JER 15 11 t2nb figs-doublet 0 in the time of calamity and distress Here the words “calamity” and “distress” mean basically the same thing. They emphasize the amount or intensity of the calamity. Alternate translation: “in the time of great calamity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) JER 15 12 gp33 figs-rquestion 0 Can one smash iron? Especially iron from the north that is mixed with bronze? In these questions Yahweh speaks of the strength of Judah’s enemies as if they were iron mixed with bronze. These rhetorical questions can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one can smash iron, especially if it is as strong as the iron from the north that is mixed with bronze.” or “But Judah’s enemies, who are as strong as iron or bronze, will attack Judah from the north, no one will be able to stop them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -1204,7 +1204,7 @@ JER 15 16 f4hq figs-metonymy 0 the delight of my heart Here the “heart” rep JER 15 16 se2v 0 I bear your name Alternate translation: “people know that I serve you” JER 15 17 xx62 figs-idiom 0 I did not sit in the circle of This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “I did not spend time with” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 15 17 lst3 figs-metaphor 0 of your powerful hand Here Yahweh’s “powerful hand” refers to his control and influence over Jeremiah. Alternate translation: “you powerfully influence me” or “you are the one who controls what I do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 15 18 xb1d figs-rquestion 0 Why is my pain ongoing and my wound incurable, refusing to be healed? Jeremiah uses this rhetorical question to emphasize his pain. He speaks of his pain as if it were a physical wound. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “My pain is ongoing, it is like a wound that will not heal.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JER 15 18 xb1d figs-rquestion 0 Why is my pain ongoing and my wound incurable, refusing to be healed? Jeremiah uses this rhetorical question to emphasize his pain. He speaks of his pain as if it were a physical wound. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “My pain is ongoing, it is like a wound that will not heal.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 15 18 f64w figs-personification 0 refusing to be healed This speaks of Jeremiah’s wound as if it were a person that refuses to be healed. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that will not heal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 15 18 c2kw figs-rquestion 0 Will you be like deceitful waters to me, waters that dry up? Jeremiah uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that he feels like he cannot depend on Yahweh. He speaks of this as if Yahweh were a stream that dries up. Alternate translation: “It feels like you are undependable to me, like a stream I go to for a drink only to find it dried up.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JER 15 19 l1n1 figs-simile 0 you will be like my mouth Jeremiah is compared to the mouth of Yahweh because he will be used to speak Yahweh’s message. Alternate translation: “you will speak for me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) @@ -1261,7 +1261,7 @@ JER 16 19 x7cn figs-metonymy 0 The nations will go to you Here the word “nati JER 16 19 nk1x figs-idiom 0 the ends of the earth This is an idiom that means the farthest places on the earth. By referencing both ends, it refers to everywhere in between. Alternate translation: “the farthest places on the earth” or “everywhere on earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) JER 16 19 c5xl figs-metonymy 0 our ancestors inherited deceit Here the word “deceit” refers to false gods. Alternate translation: “our ancestors inherited nothing but false gods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 16 19 jrc3 figs-parallelism 0 They are empty; there is no profit in them Here the words “They” and “them” refer to the false gods that the ancestors taught them to believe in. The two phrases mean basically the same thing, with the second explaining how they “are empty.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JER 16 20 y3fg figs-rquestion 0 Do people make gods for themselves? But they are not gods The people ask this rhetorical question to emphasize that people cannot make gods for themselves. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “People cannot make gods for themselves. The things that they make are not gods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JER 16 20 y3fg figs-rquestion 0 Do people make gods for themselves? But they are not gods The people ask this rhetorical question to emphasize that people cannot make gods for themselves. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “People cannot make gods for themselves. The things that they make are not gods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 16 21 gwn6 0 Therefore see “Therefore, indeed.” Here Yahweh begins speaking. The word “see” adds emphasis to what follows. JER 16 21 fz8r 0 I will cause them to know Here the word “them” refers to the people from the nations. Yahweh repeats this phrase for emphasis. JER 16 21 cs55 figs-metonymy 0 my hand and my power Here the word “hand” refers to power and authority. The two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize Yahweh’s great power. Alternate translation: “my great power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) @@ -1285,7 +1285,7 @@ JER 17 6 d8k3 figs-doublet 0 the wilderness, barren land without inhabitants Th JER 17 8 rs4s figs-simile 0 he will be like a tree planted by water The person who trusts in Yahweh will always prosper, just like a tree does when it is planted by a river. It is not affected when there is no rain. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he will be like a tree that someone has planted by water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 17 8 pf89 figs-personification 0 It will not fear the heat when it comes … It is not anxious in a year of drought Yahweh speaks of a tree that draws its water from a stream being unaffected by heat and drought as if the tree were unafraid of these things. Alternate translation: “The heat will not affect it when it comes … No harm is caused to it in a year of drought” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) JER 17 9 q56q figs-metonymy 0 The heart is more deceitful Here the word “heart” refers to the minds and thoughts of people. Alternate translation: “The human mind is more deceitful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 17 9 h5pr figs-rquestion 0 who can understand it? The speaker uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that no one can understand the human heart. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “no one can understand it.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JER 17 9 h5pr figs-rquestion 0 who can understand it? The speaker uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that no one can understand the human heart. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “no one can understand it.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 17 10 per1 figs-metonymy 0 who tests the hearts Here the word “hearts” represents the emotions. Alternate translation: “who tests the emotions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 17 10 zu1h figs-metaphor 0 according to his ways Here a person’s behavior is spoken of as if it were the paths along which he walks. Alternate translation: “according to how he lives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 17 10 hlu7 figs-metaphor 0 the fruit of his deeds Here the results of a person’s actions are spoken of as if they were fruit. Alternate translation: “what he has done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -1456,7 +1456,7 @@ JER 20 16 l3tc 0 he did not have compassion Here the word “he” refers to Y JER 20 16 ucg7 0 Let him hear a cry for help Here the word “him” refers to “that man.” JER 20 17 j5v9 figs-metaphor 0 making my mother to be my tomb Jeremiah speaks of his dying while his mother was still pregnant with him as if his mother’s womb were his tomb. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 20 17 z5dt figs-metaphor 0 a womb that was pregnant forever Jeremiah speaks of his pregnant mother never giving birth to the baby in her womb as if she had been pregnant forever. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 20 18 zc9e figs-rquestion 0 Why is it that I came out from the womb to see troubles and agony … shame? Jeremiah uses this rhetorical question to complain that there was no good reason for him to be born. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “There was no reason for me to be born only to see troubles and agony … shame.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JER 20 18 zc9e figs-rquestion 0 Why is it that I came out from the womb to see troubles and agony … shame? Jeremiah uses this rhetorical question to complain that there was no good reason for him to be born. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “There was no reason for me to be born only to see troubles and agony … shame.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 20 18 szf6 figs-doublet 0 to see troubles and agony The words “troubles” and “agony” mean basically the same thing and emphasize the amount and severity of suffering. Alternate translation: “to experience so much suffering” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) JER 20 18 fz2s figs-synecdoche 0 my days are filled with shame Here the word “days” represents all the days of Jeremiah’s life. Alternate translation: “my life is filled with shame” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JER 21 intro d7pt 0 # Jeremiah 21 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 21:12-14.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Jerusalem doomed

God will fight against Jerusalem and will use the nation of Babylon to fight his battle. If the Jews wanted to live, they needed to surrender to Babylon. Most of the Jews would have rather died than to surrender to Babylon. Usually, fighting against a Gentile nation was a sign of trust in Yahweh’s power. In this instance, it was a sign of trust in Yahweh to surrender. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sign]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) @@ -1556,7 +1556,7 @@ JER 22 17 idh3 figs-idiom 0 pouring out innocent blood Here “pouring out … JER 22 17 l1rn 0 crushing of others Alternate translation: “doing violence to others in order to get money” JER 22 18 h7h1 figs-ellipsis 0 They will not lament for him In verse 18, Yahweh stops speaking directly to Jehoiakim and begins to speak to other people. Here “lament” refers to grieving at Jehoiakim’s death. Alternate translation: “They will not lament for Jehoiakim when he dies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) JER 22 18 n6j5 figs-parallelism 0 Woe, my brother!…Woe, my sister!…Woe, master!…Woe, majesty! Yahweh uses the word “Woe” several times for emphasis. He addresses the various people who would normally show great sadness when someone dies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JER 22 19 s435 figs-metaphor 0 He will be buried with a donkey’s burial, dragged away and thrown out The burial of Jehoiakim is spoken of as being the same as the manner in which people would bury a donkey. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “They will bury his dead body the way they would bury a dead donkey; they will drag it away and throw it out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JER 22 19 s435 figs-metaphor 0 He will be buried with a donkey’s burial, dragged away and thrown out The burial of Jehoiakim is spoken of as being the same as the manner in which people would bury a donkey. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “They will bury his dead body the way they would bury a dead donkey; they will drag it away and throw it out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 22 20 ggs2 0 General Information: It appears that Yahweh is here speaking to the people of Jerusalem, telling them that they will be destroyed. JER 22 20 gv51 figs-idiom 0 Lift your voice This idiom refers to shouting. In this case, they are crying out in grief. Alternate translation: “Cry out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 22 20 ptb6 translate-names 0 Abarim mountains a mountain range that was southeast of Jerusalem (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -1962,7 +1962,7 @@ JER 29 25 p62k translate-names 0 Maaseiah This is a man’s name. (See: [[rc:// JER 29 26 x2p7 translate-names 0 Jehoiada This is a man’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 29 26 bf8u 0 stocks a wooden frame that holds the feet, hands, or head of a person whom someone is punishing JER 29 27 z9tj 0 General Information: This finishes the letter by Shemaiah that he sent out to the people in Jerusalem. -JER 29 27 p5f5 figs-rquestion 0 why have you not rebuked Jeremiah of Anathoth … against you? Shemaiah uses a rhetorical question to scold the people of Jerusalem for not rebuking Jeremiah. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “I want you to rebuke Jeremiah of Anathoth … against you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JER 29 27 p5f5 figs-rquestion 0 why have you not rebuked Jeremiah of Anathoth … against you? Shemaiah uses a rhetorical question to scold the people of Jerusalem for not rebuking Jeremiah. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “I want you to rebuke Jeremiah of Anathoth … against you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 29 28 v7fm figs-explicit 0 he has sent to us You may need to make explicit what it was that Jeremiah sent. Alternate translation: “he has sent a message to us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JER 29 28 v3zf 0 Build houses and live in them, and plant gardens and eat their fruit See how you translated similar words in [Jeremiah 29:5](../29/05.md). JER 29 29 vih2 0 in the hearing of Jeremiah the prophet “so that Jeremiah the prophet could hear him read it.” See how you translated similar words in [Jeremiah 2:2](../02/02.md). @@ -2065,7 +2065,7 @@ JER 31 18 s9qf figs-simile 0 I have been punished like an untrained calf When p JER 31 18 pay9 0 punished Another possible meaning is “disciplined.” JER 31 19 ip4s figs-idiom 0 I slapped my thigh in grief. If people use a different phrase or action in your language to show that they are very sad, you may want to use it here. Alternate translation: “I rubbed my brow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) JER 31 19 p5xj figs-doublet 0 I was ashamed and humiliated The words “ashamed” and “humiliated” mean basically the same thing and intensify the idea of shame. Alternate translation: “I was completely ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JER 31 20 lm82 figs-rquestion 0 Is not Ephraim my precious child? Is he not my dear, delightful son? Yahweh is speaking tenderly, trying to comfort the people. If your readers would misunderstand these questions, you can express them as statements. Alternate translation: “Ephraim is my precious child. He is my dear, delightful son. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JER 31 20 lm82 figs-rquestion 0 Is not Ephraim my precious child? Is he not my dear, delightful son? Yahweh is speaking tenderly, trying to comfort the people. If your readers would misunderstand these questions, you could express them as statements. Alternate translation: “Ephraim is my precious child. He is my dear, delightful son. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 31 20 y1a8 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 31 21 t8m8 figs-pronouns 0 Place road signs for yourself … Set up guideposts for yourself … Set your mind … you should take … Come back These commands and instances of “yourself” and “your” and “you” are addressed to “virgin Israel” and so are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) JER 31 21 kbs3 figs-metaphor 0 Come back, virgin Israel! God is referring to a changed Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -2174,7 +2174,7 @@ JER 32 25 v7a7 0 have witnesses witness it Alternate translation: “have peop JER 32 25 fl8j figs-activepassive 0 this city is being given This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “I am giving this city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 32 26 m8wk figs-idiom 0 The word of Yahweh came to Jeremiah, saying, This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 1:4](../01/04.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave a message to Jeremiah. He said,” or “Yahweh spoke this message to Jeremiah:” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 32 26 m9gx figs-123person 0 came to Jeremiah It is not clear why Jeremiah is referring to himself by name here. You may translate using first person, as the UST does. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 32 27 v6cp figs-rquestion 0 Is anything too difficult for me to do? Yahweh uses a question to emphasize that he can do anything. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Nothing is too difficult for me to do.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JER 32 27 v6cp figs-rquestion 0 Is anything too difficult for me to do? Yahweh uses a question to emphasize that he can do anything. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Nothing is too difficult for me to do.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 32 28 dcf6 0 See, I am about to give Alternate translation: “Listen carefully! I am the one who will give” JER 32 28 fb9t figs-metonymy 0 give this city into the hand of the Chaldeans Yahweh speaks of the city as if it were a small object that he could put into a person’s hand. The word “hand” is a metonym for the power that the hand puts into action. Alternate translation: “put this city under the power of the Chaldeans” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 32 29 s7dq 0 in order to provoke me Alternate translation: “so that I would become very angry” @@ -2262,7 +2262,7 @@ JER 33 21 x13t figs-metonymy 0 to sit on his throne The throne is a metonym for JER 33 22 xip8 figs-simile 0 As the hosts of heaven cannot be counted, and as the sand of the seashores cannot be measured, so I will increase the descendants of David my servant and the Levites who serve before me No one can count the stars in the sky or the sand on the seashore, and no one will be able to count the descendants of David and Levi who serve Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JER 33 23 ufu8 figs-idiom 0 The word of Yahweh came to Jeremiah, saying, This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 1:4](../01/04.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave a message to Jeremiah. He said,” or “Yahweh spoke this message to Jeremiah:” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 33 23 liq9 figs-123person 0 to Jeremiah It is not clear why Jeremiah is referring to himself by name here. There is no need to translate using first person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 33 24 wv8q figs-rquestion 0 Have you not considered what this people has declared when they said, ‘The … them’? Yahweh wants Jeremiah to think deeply about what the people have said. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “You should have noticed what this people are really saying when they said, ‘The … them.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JER 33 24 wv8q figs-rquestion 0 Have you not considered what this people has declared when they said, ‘The … them’? Yahweh wants Jeremiah to think deeply about what the people have said. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “You should have noticed what this people are really saying when they said, ‘The … them.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 33 24 k7ki 0 In this way they despise my people, saying … sight Alternate translation: “What they are really saying is that my people are worthless and that my people will never again be a nation.” JER 33 24 yua9 figs-metonymy 0 my people … are no longer a nation in their sight Sight is a metonym for thinking. Alternate translation: “they no longer think of my people as a nation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 33 25 j74f figs-hypo 0 If I have not established … and if I have not fixed This is the beginning of a hypothetical statement that describes a situation that Yahweh never expects to be true.(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) @@ -2605,7 +2605,7 @@ JER 40 12 hny7 0 wine and summer fruit in great abundance Alternate translatio JER 40 12 t7ep 0 summer fruit “fruit that becomes ripe during the summer.” See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 40:10](../40/10.md). JER 40 13 qk6a translate-names 0 Johanan … Kareah See how you translated these names in [Jeremiah 40:8](../40/08.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 40 13 yp1p translate-names 0 Gedaliah See how you translated this man’s name in [Jeremiah 39:14](../39/14.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 40 14 dj6f figs-rquestion 0 Do you realize that Baalis king of the people of Ammon sent Ishmael son of Nethaniah to murder you? Johanan and the commanders use a rhetorical question to warn Gedaliah. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “You need to understand that Baalis king of the people of Ammon sent Ishmael son of Nethaniah to murder you!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JER 40 14 dj6f figs-rquestion 0 Do you realize that Baalis king of the people of Ammon sent Ishmael son of Nethaniah to murder you? Johanan and the commanders use a rhetorical question to warn Gedaliah. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “You need to understand that Baalis king of the people of Ammon sent Ishmael son of Nethaniah to murder you!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 40 14 mv1l translate-names 0 Baalis This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 40 14 p3zy translate-names 0 Ishmael … Nethaniah Translate these names as in [Jeremiah 40:8](../40/08.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 40 14 q9l2 translate-names 0 Ahikim See how you translated this name in [Jeremiah 26:24](../26/24.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -2613,7 +2613,7 @@ JER 40 15 yyw2 translate-names 0 Johanan … Kareah See how you translated thes JER 40 15 tfj9 0 Gedaliah See how you translated this name in [Jeremiah 39:14](../39/14.md). JER 40 15 vk6u 0 Ishmael … Nethaniah See how you translated these men’s names in [Jeremiah 40:8](../40/08.md). JER 40 15 tnu5 0 No one will suspect me Alternate translation: “No one will think that I did it” -JER 40 15 l7ed figs-rquestion 0 Why should he kill you? Johanan uses a rhetorical question to try to change Gedaliah’s thinking. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “You should not allow him to kill you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JER 40 15 l7ed figs-rquestion 0 Why should he kill you? Johanan uses a rhetorical question to try to change Gedaliah’s thinking. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “You should not allow him to kill you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 40 15 mc43 figs-rquestion 0 Why allow all of Judah that has been gathered to you to be scattered and the remnant of Judah destroyed? Johanan uses a rhetorical question to try to get Gedaliah to think about what will happen if Gedaliah does what Gedaliah is planning to do. Alternate translation: “If you do this, all of Judah that has been gathered to you will be scattered and the remnant of Judah will be destroyed.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 40 15 c9ug figs-hyperbole 0 all of Judah The word “all” is a generalization. Alternate translation: “many of the people of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) JER 40 15 hp75 figs-activepassive 0 that has been gathered to you This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “who have come to you” or “whom Yahweh has brought to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -2835,11 +2835,11 @@ JER 46 2 v9gg translate-ordinal 0 the fourth year The word “fourth” is the JER 46 4 vhi9 0 Put the harness on the horses; mount up on the horses A “harness” is a set of straps placed on a horse so that it can pull a chariot. Here “mount up on the horses” means that the soldiers rode in the chariots that the horses were pulling. JER 46 4 z233 0 helmets A helmet is armor which protects the head in battle. JER 46 4 v58m 0 polish the spears This phrase means to “sharpen” the spear. -JER 46 5 nj2q figs-rquestion 0 What am I seeing here? The word “I” here refer to Yahweh. Yahweh uses a question to introduce the vision and to draw attention to what he says next. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Look at what is happening here” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JER 46 5 nj2q figs-rquestion 0 What am I seeing here? The word “I” here refer to Yahweh. Yahweh uses a question to introduce the vision and to draw attention to what he says next. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Look at what is happening here” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 46 5 hry1 figs-abstractnouns 0 They are filled with terror If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **terror**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “terrified.” Alternate translation: “The Egyptian soldiers are terrified” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) JER 46 6 gr1r figs-doublet 0 the swift cannot run away, and the soldiers cannot escape These two phrases share similar meanings and emphasize that no one, not even the strongest and fastest, can escape. The nominal adjective “the swift” can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “even the swiftest soldier cannot escape” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) JER 46 6 bv4q figs-parallelism 0 They stumble in the north and fall beside the Euphrates River Both statements mean the same thing. Being and dying in battle is spoken of as if the soldiers stumble and fall. Alternate translation: “The Egyptian soldiers suffer defeat and die in the north by the Euphrates River” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 46 7 j7fk figs-rquestion 0 Who is this who rises like the Nile … the rivers? Yahweh uses a question to draw attention to what he is about to say concerning Egypt. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Look at who rises like the Nile … the rivers.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JER 46 7 j7fk figs-rquestion 0 Who is this who rises like the Nile … the rivers? Yahweh uses a question to draw attention to what he is about to say concerning Egypt. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Look at who rises like the Nile … the rivers.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 46 8 n8ng figs-simile 0 Egypt rises like the Nile The Nile river floods its banks once a year, covering the surrounding area with water. Yahweh compares the kingdom of Egypt to the Nile because the Egyptian people think they are mighty enough to destroy cities in all the lands. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JER 46 8 udt1 figs-metonymy 0 Egypt rises … Egypt says … I will Here “Egypt” represents all the people of Egypt. Alternate translation: “The Egyptians rise … The Egyptians say … We will” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 46 9 ew5h figs-metonymy 0 Go up, horses. Be angry, you chariots Here “horses” and “chariots” represent the soldiers who use horses and chariots in battle. The leaders of Egypt are ordering their soldiers to start the battle. Alternate translation: “Go up to battle, you soldiers on horses. Fight furiously, you soldiers in chariots” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -2865,7 +2865,7 @@ JER 46 14 g5lu translate-names 0 Migdol Translate the name of this city as you JER 46 14 qy9a translate-names 0 Memphis … Tahpanhes Translate the names of these cities as you did in [Jeremiah 2:16](../02/16.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 46 14 b4vr figs-metonymy 0 the sword will devour those around you The word “sword” here represents soldiers carrying weapons. The enemy soliders killing people is spoken of as if their swords were devouring people. Alternate translation: “your enemies will kill people all around you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) JER 46 15 a8tg 0 Why are your mighty ones face-down on the ground? They will not stand Some Bibles translate this as “Why has Apis fled? Why did your bull not stand?” Apis was an Egyptian god that was represented by the form of a bull. The bull is often a symbol for strength. That is why the ULT and other versions of the Bible translate this as “strong ones” or “mighty ones,” which refers to soldiers. -JER 46 15 i1pz figs-rquestion 0 Why are your mighty ones face-down on the ground? They will not stand Yahweh uses a question to mock the strength of the Egyptian soldiers. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Your soldiers are face-down on the ground and will not stand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JER 46 15 i1pz figs-rquestion 0 Why are your mighty ones face-down on the ground? They will not stand Yahweh uses a question to mock the strength of the Egyptian soldiers. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Your soldiers are face-down on the ground and will not stand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 46 16 a5tm 0 He increases the numbers of those who stumble Alternate translation: “Yahweh causes more and more of your soldiers to stumble” JER 46 16 c7x1 figs-metonymy 0 Let us leave this sword that is beating us down Here “sword” represents the enemy soldiers who are carrying weapons. Alternate translation: “Let us run away from our enemies because they are killing us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 46 17 bd2w 0 They proclaimed there This could mean: (1) “they” refers to people in general who are in Egypt or (2) “they” refers to the foreign soldiers who are fleeing to their native lands of Cush, Put, and Lud. @@ -2911,15 +2911,15 @@ JER 47 4 g199 translate-names 0 Caphtor This is the name of an island of the no JER 47 5 u8ep figs-abstractnouns 0 Baldness will come upon Gaza If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **baldness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “bald.” “Gaza” represents the people. Alternate translation: “The people of Gaza will shave their heads bald” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 47 5 yv2n translate-symaction 0 Baldness The shaving of the entire head or portions of the head is a sign of great sorrow practiced by idol worshipers in nations such as Philistia. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) JER 47 5 dw3l figs-euphemism 0 the people … will be made silent This could mean: (1) the people will be silent because they are mourning or (2) this is a euphemism that means the enemy soldiers will kill them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -JER 47 5 m4h3 figs-rquestion 0 How long will you cut yourself in mourning? Yahweh uses a question to emphasize that the people of Ashkelon will never stop mourning. Yahweh speaks to the people as if he were speaking to one woman, who is a metaphor for the city itself. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “You will forever cut yourselves in mourning.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) +JER 47 5 m4h3 figs-rquestion 0 How long will you cut yourself in mourning? Yahweh uses a question to emphasize that the people of Ashkelon will never stop mourning. Yahweh speaks to the people as if he were speaking to one woman, who is a metaphor for the city itself. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “You will forever cut yourselves in mourning.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) JER 47 5 f7f4 translate-symaction 0 cut yourself in mourning The cutting of one’s skin was another practice done by the idol worshipers when they mourn the dead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) JER 47 6 eck8 figs-personification 0 sword of Yahweh! How long will it be until you become silent? Go back to your scabbard! Stop and be silent. The Philistines speak to the sword of Yahweh as if it were a person who could hear them. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, you who are holding your sword! When will you stop striking us with your sword? Stop your sword and put it back in its scabbard!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) JER 47 6 m6j8 figs-metaphor 0 sword of Yahweh Yahweh punishing the Philistines by sending the army from the north is spoken of as if Yahweh were striking them with a sword. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 47 6 cid1 figs-rquestion 0 How long will it be until you become silent? The people of the Philistines use this question to express their deep frustration about the devastation caused by their enemies. This may be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Please be silent!” or “Please, Yahweh, stop striking us with your sword!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 47 6 r4br figs-idiom 0 you become silent A sword makes a noise as it slashes back and forth. Asking the sword to be silent means to ask it to stop slashing and killing. Alternate translation: “you rest” or “you stop slashing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 47 6 hg5n 0 scabbard This is the case used to protect the blade of a sword. -JER 47 7 x3p6 figs-personification 0 How can it rest … along the sea? Here Jeremiah is speaking. He continues speaking of the sword of Yahweh as if it were a person who could rest. Yahweh punishing the Philistines by sending the army of the north is spoken of as if Yahweh were striking the people with a sword. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “It cannot rest … along the sea.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 47 7 w3uj figs-rquestion 0 How can it rest when Yahweh has commanded it, when he has ordered … the sea? Jeremiah uses a question to mean that the sword cannot stop since Yahweh has commanded it to continue killing. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “It cannot stop, for Yahweh has commanded it. He has ordered … the sea.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JER 47 7 x3p6 figs-personification 0 How can it rest … along the sea? Here Jeremiah is speaking. He continues speaking of the sword of Yahweh as if it were a person who could rest. Yahweh punishing the Philistines by sending the army of the north is spoken of as if Yahweh were striking the people with a sword. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “It cannot rest … along the sea.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JER 47 7 w3uj figs-rquestion 0 How can it rest when Yahweh has commanded it, when he has ordered … the sea? Jeremiah uses a question to mean that the sword cannot stop since Yahweh has commanded it to continue killing. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “It cannot stop, for Yahweh has commanded it. He has ordered … the sea.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 48 intro d44i 0 # Jeremiah 48 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 48:1-25, 28-33, 39-47.

Jeremiah’s prophesies about other nations continue in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Obeying Yahweh

Moab worshiped and served other gods. Despite this, Yahweh expected every nation to worship and serve him and him alone. They were punished because of it. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) JER 48 1 r24j writing-poetry 0 General Information: Jeremiah often wrote prophecy in the form of poetry. Hebrew poetry uses different kinds of parallelism. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JER 48 1 kuu3 figs-metonymy 0 To Moab Here “Moab” represents the people. Alternate translation: “To the people of Moab” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -3054,7 +3054,7 @@ JER 48 47 i5t1 0 The judgment on Moab ends here Alternate translation: “That JER 49 intro t6np 0 # Jeremiah 49 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

The ULT sets the lines in 49:1-11, 14-27, 29-33, 37-39 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because they are part of a long quotation.

Jeremiah’s prophesies about other nations conclude in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])

## Special concepts in this chapter
### Covenant with Abraham
Ammon is destroyed because it drove the people of the tribe of Gad from their homeland. This is in line with the promises of the covenant Yahweh made with Abraham to curse those who curse Abraham’s descendants. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter
### Rhetorical questions
There are many rhetorical questions in this chapter. The purpose of these rhetorical questions is to convict those Yahweh addresses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 49 1 q42f writing-poetry 0 General Information: See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] JER 49 1 tz36 0 Yahweh says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). -JER 49 1 rj3z figs-rquestion 0 Does Israel have no children? Is there no one to inherit anything in Israel? Why does Molech occupy Gad, and his people live in its cities? Yahweh uses a question to express that the people of Israel should be living in Gad rather than those who worship Molech. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “There are plenty of Israelites to inherit the land of Israel. The people who worship the false idol, Molech, should not live in Gad.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JER 49 1 rj3z figs-rquestion 0 Does Israel have no children? Is there no one to inherit anything in Israel? Why does Molech occupy Gad, and his people live in its cities? Yahweh uses a question to express that the people of Israel should be living in Gad rather than those who worship Molech. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “There are plenty of Israelites to inherit the land of Israel. The people who worship the false idol, Molech, should not live in Gad.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 49 1 t5qg figs-metonymy 0 Why does Molech Here “Molech” represents the people who worship Molech. Alternate translation: “Why do the people who worship Molech” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 49 2 lb84 0 So look This adds emphasis to what follows. Alternate translation: “Look and listen” JER 49 2 b61d figs-metaphor 0 days are coming … when I will Future time is spoken of as if the “days are coming.” See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 7:32](../07/32.md). Alternate translation: “in the future … I will” or “there will be a time … when I will” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -3067,29 +3067,29 @@ JER 49 3 ywk1 translate-names 0 Heshbon Translate the name of this city as you JER 49 3 kfc8 figs-activepassive 0 for Ai will be devastated If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “for your enemies will devastate Ai” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 49 3 bf53 figs-metaphor 0 daughters of Rabbah This could mean: (1) “daughters” represent the women who live in Rabbah. Alternate translation: “women of Rabbah” or (2) all the people in general are spoken of as if they are the daughters of Rabbah. Alternate translation: “people of Rabbah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 49 3 z6g9 0 for Molech is going into captivity “for your enemies will take your god Molech captive.” This means the enemies will take the idol that represents Molech back to their land. -JER 49 4 p3m1 figs-rquestion 0 Why do you brag about your valleys … daughter? Yahweh uses a question to scold the people for bragging about the large amount of fruit that grows in their valleys. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Do not be proud of your valleys … daughter.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JER 49 4 p3m1 figs-rquestion 0 Why do you brag about your valleys … daughter? Yahweh uses a question to scold the people for bragging about the large amount of fruit that grows in their valleys. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Do not be proud of your valleys … daughter.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 49 4 ve6p 0 Why do you brag about your valleys, your valleys that are so fruitful Some versions of the Bible read, “Why do you brag about your strength, your strength which is ebbing away” JER 49 4 a3g4 figs-metaphor 0 faithless daughter Here, the people of Ammon are spoken of as if they were a daughter. Alternate translation: “faithless people” or “rebellious people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 49 4 yq5q figs-rquestion 0 say, ‘Who will come against me?’ The Ammonites use this question to state that they do not believe anyone can defeat them. It can be reworded as an indirect statement. Alternate translation: “falsely think that no one can defeat you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) JER 49 5 a2bs 0 you The word “you” refers to the people of Ammon. JER 49 5 wlw8 figs-abstractnouns 0 this terror will come from all those who surround you. Each one of you will be scattered before it If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **terror**, you could express the same idea with the verb “terrify.” The phrase “will be scattered” can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will cause all those around you to terrify you. Each one of you flee to different directions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 49 7 j239 0 Yahweh of hosts says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). -JER 49 7 j6lv figs-rquestion 0 Is there no longer any wisdom to be found in Teman? Yahweh uses a question to scold the people of Teman for not acting wisely. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “It seems that there are no longer any wise people in Teman!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JER 49 7 j6lv figs-rquestion 0 Is there no longer any wisdom to be found in Teman? Yahweh uses a question to scold the people of Teman for not acting wisely. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “It seems that there are no longer any wise people in Teman!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 49 7 rhs5 translate-names 0 Teman This is the name of a district in Edom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 49 7 c4hs figs-parallelism 0 Has good advice … understanding? Has their wisdom become corrupted? The same idea is expressed in two different ways. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JER 49 7 hk68 figs-rquestion 0 Has good advice disappeared from those who have understanding? Yahweh uses this question to scold the people. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “It seems that there are no longer any wise people in Teman district in Edom!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JER 49 7 hk68 figs-rquestion 0 Has good advice disappeared from those who have understanding? Yahweh uses this question to scold the people. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “It seems that there are no longer any wise people in Teman district in Edom!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 49 7 gu21 figs-rquestion 0 Has their wisdom become corrupted? Yahweh uses this question to scold the people. This question may be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Their advice is no longer wise.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 49 8 mu6m translate-names 0 Dedan The is the name of a city in Edom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 49 8 b1f3 figs-metonymy 0 I am bringing the disaster of Esau on him at the time that I punish him Here “Esau” represents the people of Edom. The Edomites were descendants of Esau. Alternate translation: “I will cause the people of Edom to experience disaster when I punish them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 49 8 wxg4 figs-123person 0 on him … I punish him Yahweh is speaking to the people of Edom. This can be stated in second person. Alternate translation: “on you … I punish you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 49 9 rj8q figs-rquestion 0 If grape harvesters … would they not leave a little bit behind? Yahweh uses a question to cause the people to think about how grape harvesters leave some grapes behind. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “If grape harvesters … they would certainly leave some grapes behind.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 49 9 j7jl figs-rquestion 0 If thieves … would they not steal only as much as they wanted? Yahweh uses a question to cause the people to think about how thieves only take what they want. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “If thieves … they would only take as much as they wanted.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JER 49 9 rj8q figs-rquestion 0 If grape harvesters … would they not leave a little bit behind? Yahweh uses a question to cause the people to think about how grape harvesters leave some grapes behind. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “If grape harvesters … they would certainly leave some grapes behind.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JER 49 9 j7jl figs-rquestion 0 If thieves … would they not steal only as much as they wanted? Yahweh uses a question to cause the people to think about how thieves only take what they want. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “If thieves … they would only take as much as they wanted.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 49 10 fyc2 figs-metaphor 0 But I have stripped Esau bare Yahweh causing an enemy army to come and take everything is spoken of as if Yahweh stripped all the clothes off of Esau. Alternate translation: “But I have sent an army to take everything away from Esau” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 49 10 sn3n figs-metonymy 0 Esau … his hiding … he will not … hide himself … His children … he is gone Here “Esau” represents the people of Edom. Alternate translation: “the people of Edom … their hiding … they will not … hide themselves … Their children … they are gone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 49 10 i22l 0 I have revealed his hiding places Alternate translation: “I have made known to the enemy soldiers where the people of Edom hide” JER 49 12 l9lp 0 See Alternate translation: “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you” JER 49 12 auj9 figs-metonymy 0 must certainly drink some of the cup … for you will certainly drink Here “the cup” is a metonym that represents the contents in the cup that the people must drink. The people experiencing Yahweh’s punishment is spoken of as if Yahweh’s punishment were liquid in a cup and the people must drink it. Alternate translation: “must certainly experience my punishment … for you will certainly experience my punishment” or “I will certainly still punish … for I will certainly punish you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 49 12 h58s figs-rquestion 0 Do you yourself think you will go without punishment? Yahweh uses a question to emphasize the people of Edom have sinned and will certainly be punished. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Certainly, you must be aware that you will personally experience my punishment for your sins.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JER 49 12 h58s figs-rquestion 0 Do you yourself think you will go without punishment? Yahweh uses a question to emphasize the people of Edom have sinned and will certainly be punished. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Certainly, you must be aware that you will personally experience my punishment for your sins.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 49 12 fb4j figs-you 0 you yourself The words “you” and “yourself” refer to Edom, which represents the people of Edom. The word “yourself” is used to draw attention to the people of Edom. Alternate translation: “you yourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) JER 49 13 g6tz figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 49 13 g35q figs-abstractnouns 0 Bozrah will become a horror, a disgrace, a devastation, and an object for cursing The abstract nouns “a horror,” “a disgrace,” and “a devastation” can be translated as verbs. Alternate translation: “People will be horrified when they see that the city of Bozrah is devastated. And they will mock the city and use its name when they curse others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) @@ -3116,12 +3116,12 @@ JER 49 19 r4k5 figs-simile 0 he will go up like a lion from the forests of the JER 49 19 k55q 0 pasturelands This is land covered with grass where animals feed on the grass. JER 49 19 yjn4 figs-metonymy 0 Edom run from it Here “Edom” represents the people. “It” refers to the land. Alternate translation: “the people of Edom will run from their land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 49 19 c4yq figs-activepassive 0 who will be chosen If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “whom I will choose” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 49 19 l6pt figs-rquestion 0 For who is like me, and who will summon me? Yahweh uses the question to emphasize that no one is like him. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “For no one is like me, no one can summon me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JER 49 19 l6pt figs-rquestion 0 For who is like me, and who will summon me? Yahweh uses the question to emphasize that no one is like him. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “For no one is like me, no one can summon me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 49 19 j5u5 0 who will summon me Alternate translation: “who will challenge me” or “who will call me to account” -JER 49 19 y36a figs-rquestion 0 What shepherd is able to resist me? Yahweh uses the question to show no one can defeat him. Here “shepherd” is a metaphor for “king” or “ruler.” If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “No king is able to resist me!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JER 49 19 y36a figs-rquestion 0 What shepherd is able to resist me? Yahweh uses the question to show no one can defeat him. Here “shepherd” is a metaphor for “king” or “ruler.” If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “No king is able to resist me!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 49 20 kqc2 0 the inhabitants of Teman Alternate translation: “the people who live in Teman” JER 49 20 yyc7 0 Teman Translate the name of this city as you did in [Jeremiah 49:7](../49/07.md). -JER 49 20 x5ym figs-metaphor 0 They will certainly be dragged away, even the smallest flock This continues speaking of Yahweh punishing the people of Edom as if he would come like a lion and attack the sheep. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “He will drag them away, even the smallest flock” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JER 49 20 x5ym figs-metaphor 0 They will certainly be dragged away, even the smallest flock This continues speaking of Yahweh punishing the people of Edom as if he would come like a lion and attack the sheep. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “He will drag them away, even the smallest flock” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 49 20 k44h figs-metaphor 0 even the smallest flock Here the youngest and weakest people of Edom are spoken of as if they are the smallest flock of sheep. Alternate translation: “even the weakest and the smallest people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 49 20 qbe4 figs-metaphor 0 Their pasturelands will be turned into ruined places Here the land of Edom is spoken of as if it were pasturelands for flocks. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “He will turn their pasturelands into ruined places” or “He will completely get rid of the people who live there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 49 21 c9gl figs-metaphor 0 At the sound of their falling the earth shakes The loud sound of Edom being destroyed is spoken of as if Edom were a large object that shakes the earth when it falls. Alternate translation: “When enemies come and destroy Edom, the noise will be extremely loud, with the result that the earth will shake” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -3138,7 +3138,7 @@ JER 49 23 pe7l figs-simile 0 They become as troubled as the sea, which cannot s JER 49 24 tg9v figs-metonymy 0 Damascus has become very weak. It turns … seizes it Here “Damascus” represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “The people of Damascus have become very weak. They turn … seizes them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 49 24 ik2u 0 terror seizes it If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **terror**, you could express the same idea with the verb “terrified.” Alternate translation: “Damascus is terrified” or “The people of Damascus are terrified” JER 49 24 b8u2 figs-abstractnouns 0 Distress and pain seize it, like the pain of a woman giving birth This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns “distress” and “pain.” The people are compared to a woman giving birth to emphasize their pain and fear. Alternate translation: “The people are afraid and suffering like a woman giving birth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 49 25 u3wm figs-rquestion 0 How has the city of praise not been forsaken, the town of my joy? Yahweh uses a question to express that the people should have left the city. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “This famous city once caused me to rejoice, but now the people should leave it.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JER 49 25 u3wm figs-rquestion 0 How has the city of praise not been forsaken, the town of my joy? Yahweh uses a question to express that the people should have left the city. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “This famous city once caused me to rejoice, but now the people should leave it.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 49 25 c4ki 0 How has the city of praise not been forsaken, the town of my joy? Some Bibles translate this with the people of Damascus speaking. Alternate translation: “The people of Damascus say, ‘The famous city, which once made us rejoice, is now empty.’” JER 49 26 b744 0 its The word “its” refers to Damascus and its people. JER 49 26 p99r figs-metaphor 0 its young men will fall in its plazas They young men being killed is spoken of as if they will fall. Alternate translation: “enemies will kill the young men of Damascus in its plazas” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -3355,7 +3355,7 @@ JER 50 44 vd1u 0 who will summon me Alternate translation: “who will challen JER 50 44 ume1 figs-rquestion 0 What shepherd is able to resist me? Yahweh uses this question to show no one can defeat him. Here “shepherd” is a metaphor for “king” or “ruler.” Alternate translation: “No king is able to resist me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 50 45 h7vf 0 General Information: These verses are almost identical to [Jeremiah 49:20](../49/20.md) and [Jeremiah 49:21](../49/21.md). See how you translated those verses. JER 50 45 bl7z figs-parallelism 0 the plans that Yahweh has decided against Babylon, the plans that he has planned against the land of the Chaldeans These two phrases have the same meaning and are used together for emphasis. Alternate translation: “the plans that Yahweh has decided for the people of Babylon and the Chaldeans” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JER 50 45 e83p figs-metaphor 0 They will certainly be dragged away, even the smallest flock This continues speaking of Yahweh punishing the people of Babylon as if he would come like a lion and attack the sheep. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “He will drag them away, even the smallest flock” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JER 50 45 e83p figs-metaphor 0 They will certainly be dragged away, even the smallest flock This continues speaking of Yahweh punishing the people of Babylon as if he would come like a lion and attack the sheep. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “He will drag them away, even the smallest flock” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 50 45 dja3 figs-metaphor 0 even the smallest flock Here the youngest and weakest people of Babylon are spoken of as if they were the smallest flock of sheep. Alternate translation: “even the youngest and weakest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 50 45 fwh2 figs-metaphor 0 Their pasturelands will be turned into ruined places Here the land of Babylonia is spoken of as if it were pasturelands for flocks. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “He will turn their pasturelands into ruined places” or “He will completely destroy the people who live there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 50 46 q28h figs-metaphor 0 At the sound of conquered Babylon the earth shakes This phrase compares the fall of the once powerful nation of Babylon to the extremely loud noise of an earthquake. Alternate translation: “The fall of Babylon will sound like a mighty earthquake” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) diff --git a/en_tn_25-LAM.tsv b/en_tn_25-LAM.tsv index f676e4b57c..8468e2abea 100644 --- a/en_tn_25-LAM.tsv +++ b/en_tn_25-LAM.tsv @@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ LAM 1 11 q7bp figs-explicit 0 They have given their precious treasures for food LAM 1 11 kx7c 0 precious treasures This refers to their valuable possessions. LAM 1 11 u733 0 to restore their lives Alternate translation: “to save their lives” or “to restore their strength” LAM 1 11 ae41 figs-personification 0 Look, Yahweh, and consider me Here Jerusalem speaks directly to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -LAM 1 12 lv2d figs-rquestion 0 Is it nothing to you, all you who pass by? This rhetorical question is an accusation aganist the people who walk past Jerusalem and do not care about its well-being. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “All you who pass by should care more for my affliction!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +LAM 1 12 lv2d figs-rquestion 0 Is it nothing to you, all you who pass by? This rhetorical question is an accusation aganist the people who walk past Jerusalem and do not care about its well-being. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “All you who pass by should care more for my affliction!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) LAM 1 12 hb8j figs-personification 0 Is it nothing to you Here Jerusalem continues to speak, but now to people who pass by instead of to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) LAM 1 12 mb6z figs-doublet 0 Look and see These words share similar meanings. Together they invite the reader to understand by seeing that no one has suffered so much. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) LAM 1 12 gua5 figs-activepassive 0 the sorrow that is being inflicted on me If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the sorrow that Yahweh is inflicting upon me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -160,20 +160,20 @@ LAM 2 11 ww8f figs-idiom 0 My eyes have failed from their tears This is an idio LAM 2 11 r9cy figs-metaphor 0 my stomach churns The word “churn” means to move around violently, normally in a circular rotation. This does not mean the stomach is literally churning, but describes how the author feels. Alternate translation: “my insides ache” or “my stomach hurts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LAM 2 11 drr4 figs-metaphor 0 my inner parts are poured out to the ground The author speaks of feeling grief in his inner being as if his inner body parts had fallen out of his body onto the ground. Alternate translation: “my entire inner being is in grief” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LAM 2 11 ckr1 figs-metonymy 0 the daughter of my people This is a poetic name of Jerusalem, which is spoken of here as if it were a woman. Alternate translation: “my people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -LAM 2 12 xg9t figs-metonymy 0 Where is grain and wine? This rhetorical question is used as a request for something to eat. The children are telling their mother that they are hungry. The phrase “grain and wine” represents food and drink. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Give us something to eat and drink.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +LAM 2 12 xg9t figs-metonymy 0 Where is grain and wine? This rhetorical question is used as a request for something to eat. The children are telling their mother that they are hungry. The phrase “grain and wine” represents food and drink. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Give us something to eat and drink.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) LAM 2 12 e2aq figs-simile 0 as they faint like a wounded man This speaks of the children fainting from hunger and thirst in the same way that a wounded man faints. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) LAM 2 12 m2n2 figs-metaphor 0 their lives are poured out on the bosom of their mothers This speaks of the children dying as if their lives were a liquid that was being poured out. Alternate translation: “they slowly die in the arms of their mothers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LAM 2 13 rk8s 0 General Information: The author begins to address Jerusalem. -LAM 2 13 ez4e figs-rquestion 0 What can I say … Jerusalem? The author uses this rhetorical question to express that he does not know what to say to help Jerusalem. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “There is nothing that I can say … Jerusalem.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +LAM 2 13 ez4e figs-rquestion 0 What can I say … Jerusalem? The author uses this rhetorical question to express that he does not know what to say to help Jerusalem. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “There is nothing that I can say … Jerusalem.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) LAM 2 13 r825 figs-personification 0 daughter of Jerusalem … virgin daughter of Zion These are poetic names for Jerusalem, which is spoken of here as if it were a woman. “Zion” is another name for Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -LAM 2 13 yt6j figs-rquestion 0 To what can I compare to you … Zion? The author uses this rhetorical question to express that he does not know how to give comfort to Jerusalem. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “There is nothing to which I can compare you … Zion.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +LAM 2 13 yt6j figs-rquestion 0 To what can I compare to you … Zion? The author uses this rhetorical question to express that he does not know how to give comfort to Jerusalem. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “There is nothing to which I can compare you … Zion.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) LAM 2 13 xm7j figs-simile 0 Your wound is as great as the sea This speaks of Jerusalem’s great suffering as if it were as terrible as the sea is great. Alternate translation: “Your suffering is as terrible as the sea is large” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -LAM 2 13 cfe5 figs-rquestion 0 Who can heal you? “Who can restore you?” The author uses this rhetorical question to express that there is no one who can restore Jerusalem to the way it was before. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one can heal you.” or “No one can restore you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +LAM 2 13 cfe5 figs-rquestion 0 Who can heal you? “Who can restore you?” The author uses this rhetorical question to express that there is no one who can restore Jerusalem to the way it was before. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one can heal you.” or “No one can restore you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) LAM 2 14 rg7i 0 They have not exposed your iniquity to restore your fortunes “They did not tell you about your sins to restore your fortunes.” The word “fortune” refers to a person’s wealth and prosperity. LAM 2 14 p4y7 figs-abstractnouns 0 for you they gave utterances The word “utterances” can be expressed with the verb “spoke.” Alternate translation: “they spoke things to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) LAM 2 15 na4v translate-symaction 0 clap their hands … hiss and shake their heads These actions are used to mock and insult others. Alternate translation: “mock you by clapping their hands … hiss and shake their heads” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) LAM 2 15 s9nn figs-personification 0 the daughter of Jerusalem This is a poetic name for Jerusalem, which is spoken of here as if it were a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -LAM 2 15 cxb8 figs-rquestion 0 Is this the city that they called ‘The Perfection of Beauty,’ ‘The Joy for All of Earth’? This rhetorical question is used to express sarcasm. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “This city that they called ‘The Perfection of Beauty,’ ‘The Joy for All of Earth,’ is not so beautiful or joyful anymore!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +LAM 2 15 cxb8 figs-rquestion 0 Is this the city that they called ‘The Perfection of Beauty,’ ‘The Joy for All of Earth’? This rhetorical question is used to express sarcasm. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “This city that they called ‘The Perfection of Beauty,’ ‘The Joy for All of Earth,’ is not so beautiful or joyful anymore!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) LAM 2 15 rkz8 0 The Perfection of Beauty Alternate translation: “Perfectly Beautiful” LAM 2 16 t9p2 translate-symaction 0 grind their teeth This action shows a person’s anger and that they are mocking others. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) LAM 2 16 v2ed figs-metaphor 0 We have swallowed her up Here the people speak of destroying Jerusalem as if they were an animal swallowing its food. Alternate translation: “We have completely destroyed Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -193,9 +193,9 @@ LAM 2 19 n8wa figs-idiom 0 Pour out your heart like water before the face of th LAM 2 19 ihn4 translate-symaction 0 Lift up your hands to him This was an action often performed while praying. Alternate translation: “Lift up your hands to him in prayer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) LAM 2 19 xm86 figs-explicit 0 for the lives of your children This means for them to request that the Lord save their children. Alternate translation: “to save the lives of your children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LAM 2 19 mt5t figs-hyperbole 0 at the corner of every street The word “every” here is an exaggeration for “many.” Alternate translation: “where the streets come together” or “by the roads” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -LAM 2 20 tx1s figs-rquestion 0 Should women eat the fruit of their wombs … for? This rhetorical question is asked to emphasize that it is not right for women to eat their children. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Woman should not eat their own children … for!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +LAM 2 20 tx1s figs-rquestion 0 Should women eat the fruit of their wombs … for? This rhetorical question is asked to emphasize that it is not right for women to eat their children. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Woman should not eat their own children … for!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) LAM 2 20 si6q figs-metaphor 0 the fruit of their wombs This speaks of children having come from their mother as if they were fruit that came from her womb. Alternate translation: “their children that they have given birth to” or “their own children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LAM 2 20 iy1m figs-rquestion 0 Should priest and prophet be slaughtered in the sanctuary of the Lord? This rhetorical question is used to emphasize that the prophets and priests should not be killed. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “The prophets and priests should not be slaughtered in the sanctuary of the Lord!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +LAM 2 20 iy1m figs-rquestion 0 Should priest and prophet be slaughtered in the sanctuary of the Lord? This rhetorical question is used to emphasize that the prophets and priests should not be killed. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “The prophets and priests should not be slaughtered in the sanctuary of the Lord!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) LAM 2 20 e8bt figs-activepassive 0 Should priest and prophet be slaughtered If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Should our enemies slaughter priests and prophets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LAM 2 21 h93z figs-explicit 0 Both the young and the old lie on the dust It is implied here that this refers to dead people. Alternate translation: “The corpses of both the young and the old lie on the dust” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LAM 2 21 bm92 figs-nominaladj 0 Both the young and the old These phrases refer to people. These two opposites are used to refer to all ages of people. Alternate translation: “Both young people and old people” or “People of all ages” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) diff --git a/en_tn_26-EZK.tsv b/en_tn_26-EZK.tsv index 3066563eea..46e731543a 100644 --- a/en_tn_26-EZK.tsv +++ b/en_tn_26-EZK.tsv @@ -715,7 +715,7 @@ EZK 14 3 g57d 0 Son of man God calls Ezekiel this to emphasize that Ezekiel is EZK 14 3 ky9e figs-metaphor 0 have taken their idols into their hearts Yahweh speaks of the elders committing themselves to worshiping idols as if the elders had “taken their idols into their hearts.” Alternate translation: “have devoted themselves to idols” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZK 14 3 qej2 figs-metaphor 0 have put the stumbling block of their iniquity before their own faces Yahweh speaks of the idols that the elders worship as if they were blocks over which the elders stumble, and of being determined to worship those idols as if they had placed those stumbling blocks in front of their faces. Alternate translation: “have resolutely determined to worship the things that lead to iniquity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZK 14 3 s8bu 0 stumbling block of their iniquity This could mean: (1) the idols are a stumbling block that leads to the elders’ iniquity or (2) worshiping idols is an iniquity that causes the elders to stumble. -EZK 14 3 lx5m figs-rquestion 0 Should I be inquired of at all by them? Yahweh asks this rhetorical question to emphasize that the elders should not be inquiring of him. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. It can also be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Should I permit them to inquire of me at all?” or “They should not be inquiring of me at all.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +EZK 14 3 lx5m figs-rquestion 0 Should I be inquired of at all by them? Yahweh asks this rhetorical question to emphasize that the elders should not be inquiring of him. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. It can also be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Should I permit them to inquire of me at all?” or “They should not be inquiring of me at all.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) EZK 14 4 te7p 0 Therefore announce this to them The word “them” refers to the “men from the elders of Israel.” EZK 14 4 m2x4 figs-metonymy 0 the house of Israel The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house, in this case the Israelites, the descendants of Jacob over many years. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 3:1](../03/01.md). Alternate translation: “the Israelite people group” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EZK 14 4 ug3h figs-metaphor 0 who takes his idols into his heart Yahweh speaks of the people committing themselves to worshiping idols as if they had taken their idols into their hearts. See how you translated this metaphor in [Ezekiel 14:3](../14/03.md). Alternate translation: “who devotes himself to idols” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -764,10 +764,10 @@ EZK 15 intro n4wz 0 # Ezekiel 15 General Notes

## Special concepts in EZK 15 1 bfj3 0 General Information: Yahweh is talking to Ezekiel in this section. EZK 15 1 pb75 figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh came This is an idiom that is used to introduce something that God told his prophets or his people. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 3:16](../03/16.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh spoke this message” or “Yahweh spoke these words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) EZK 15 2 mim8 0 Son of man God calls Ezekiel this to emphasize that Ezekiel is only a human being. God is eternal and powerful, but humans are not. Alternate translation: “Mortal person” or “Human” -EZK 15 2 j7mt figs-rquestion 0 how is a vine better than any tree with branches that is among the trees in a forest? Yahweh asks this rhetorical question to remind Ezekiel of something he already knows. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “a vine is not better than any tree with branches that is among the trees in a forest.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -EZK 15 3 c3me figs-rquestion 0 Do people take wood from a vine to make anything? Yahweh asks this rhetorical question to remind Ezekiel of something he already knows. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “People do not take wood from a vine to make anything.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -EZK 15 3 lw53 figs-rquestion 0 do they make a peg from it to hang anything on it? Yahweh asks this rhetorical question to remind Ezekiel of something he already knows. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “they do not make a peg from it to hang things on it.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -EZK 15 4 z9vv figs-rquestion 0 If it is thrown into a fire as fuel … is it good for anything? Yahweh asks this rhetorical question to remind Ezekiel of something he already knows. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “If it is thrown into a fire as fuel … it is not good for anything.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +EZK 15 2 j7mt figs-rquestion 0 how is a vine better than any tree with branches that is among the trees in a forest? Yahweh asks this rhetorical question to remind Ezekiel of something he already knows. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “a vine is not better than any tree with branches that is among the trees in a forest.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +EZK 15 3 c3me figs-rquestion 0 Do people take wood from a vine to make anything? Yahweh asks this rhetorical question to remind Ezekiel of something he already knows. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “People do not take wood from a vine to make anything.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +EZK 15 3 lw53 figs-rquestion 0 do they make a peg from it to hang anything on it? Yahweh asks this rhetorical question to remind Ezekiel of something he already knows. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “they do not make a peg from it to hang things on it.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +EZK 15 4 z9vv figs-rquestion 0 If it is thrown into a fire as fuel … is it good for anything? Yahweh asks this rhetorical question to remind Ezekiel of something he already knows. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “If it is thrown into a fire as fuel … it is not good for anything.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) EZK 15 4 s2c2 figs-activepassive 0 If it is thrown into a fire as fuel If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “If a person throws it into a fire as fuel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) EZK 15 5 x46v 0 See! The word “see” here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows. EZK 15 5 ln6m 0 When it was complete Alternate translation: “When it was whole” or “Before the fire burned it” @@ -811,8 +811,8 @@ EZK 16 17 h8iz 0 male figures Alternate translation: “statues of men” or EZK 16 17 rgp8 figs-euphemism 0 you did with them as a prostitute would do This could mean: (1) this is a polite way to say the young woman was sleeping with the male figures. Alternate translation: “you slept with them” or (2) this is a metaphor in which Yahweh speaks of her worshiping the figures as if she were sleeping with them. Alternate translation: “you worshiped them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZK 16 19 ml19 0 set before them Alternate translation: “placed as an offering in front of them” EZK 16 20 ev7l 0 whom you bore for me Alternate translation: “who were my children” -EZK 16 20 tgj4 figs-explicit 0 you sacrificed them to the images to be devoured as food Here Yahweh speaks of something that the people of Israel had actually done. They sacrificed their children to pagan idols. In these ancient pagan sacrifices, the people believed that the gods would eat the food that they offered to them. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you sacrificed them to the images so that those images could devour them as food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -EZK 16 20 ku1z figs-rquestion 0 Are your acts of prostitution a small matter? Yahweh asks this rhetorical question to emphasize that the woman is acting as if her prostitution was not bad enough and so she decided to sacrifice her children as well. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “You must think that your acts of prostitution are a small matter.” or “I do not think your acts of prostitution are a small matter.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +EZK 16 20 tgj4 figs-explicit 0 you sacrificed them to the images to be devoured as food Here Yahweh speaks of something that the people of Israel had actually done. They sacrificed their children to pagan idols. In these ancient pagan sacrifices, the people believed that the gods would eat the food that they offered to them. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you sacrificed them to the images so that those images could devour them as food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +EZK 16 20 ku1z figs-rquestion 0 Are your acts of prostitution a small matter? Yahweh asks this rhetorical question to emphasize that the woman is acting as if her prostitution was not bad enough and so she decided to sacrifice her children as well. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “You must think that your acts of prostitution are a small matter.” or “I do not think your acts of prostitution are a small matter.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) EZK 16 21 pxu4 figs-explicit 0 made them pass through the fire Here Yahweh speaks of something that the people of Israel had actually done. They sacrificed their children to pagan idols. It is implicit that she put them into the fire in order to offer them as burnt offerings to her images. Alternate translation: “sacrificed them as burnt offerings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EZK 16 22 wvq2 figs-doublet 0 naked and bare These two words mean the same thing. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 16:7](../16/07.md). Alternate translation: “completely naked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) EZK 16 24 fs8i 0 you built yourself a mound and made yourself a lofty shrine in every public place This could mean: (1) she could worship her idols or (2) she could practice her prostitution. @@ -822,7 +822,7 @@ EZK 16 27 c82p figs-metonymy 0 I will strike you with my hand Here “hand” r EZK 16 27 ge6y figs-metaphor 0 cut off your food Yahweh speaks of stopping the supply of food as if it were cutting off the food. Alternate translation: “stop your food supply” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZK 16 27 ltw1 figs-synecdoche 0 I will hand your life over Here “life” represents the person. Alternate translation: “I will hand you over” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) EZK 16 27 r2ql figs-metaphor 0 the daughters of the Philistines Here Yahweh speaks of the cities of Philistia as if they were the daughters of the Philistines. The cities represent the people who live there. Alternate translation: “the Philistine people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -EZK 16 30 db6k figs-rquestion 0 How sick is your heart … that you would do all these things, deeds of a shameless prostitute? Yahweh asks the rhetorical question in order to rebuke Jerusalem. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Your heart must be very sick … that you would do all these things, deeds of a shameless prostitute!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +EZK 16 30 db6k figs-rquestion 0 How sick is your heart … that you would do all these things, deeds of a shameless prostitute? Yahweh asks the rhetorical question in order to rebuke Jerusalem. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Your heart must be very sick … that you would do all these things, deeds of a shameless prostitute!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) EZK 16 30 yze4 figs-metonymy 0 How sick is your heart Here the word “heart” represents the will and emotions. Yahweh speaks of her inability to control her desires as if her heart were sick. Alternate translation: “How weak-willed are you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZK 16 31 bg24 0 built your mounds … made your lofty shrines This could mean: (1) she could worship her idols or (2) she could practice her prostitution. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 16:24](../16/24.md). EZK 16 31 wxg7 figs-metaphor 0 at the head of every street Yahweh speaks of the beginning of a street as if it were its head. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Ezekiel 16:25](../16/25.md). Alternate translation: “at the beginning of every street” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -901,25 +901,25 @@ EZK 17 7 i797 0 Behold! The word “behold” here alerts us to pay attention EZK 17 7 zj2i figs-personification 0 This vine turned its roots toward the eagle Yahweh speaks of the vine as if it were able to behave like a person and intentionally turned its roots toward the other eagle to receive nourishment from it. Alternate translation: “The roots of the vine grew toward the eagle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) EZK 17 7 xwj3 figs-activepassive 0 from the place it had been planted so it would be watered If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “from the place that the first eagle had planted it so that it would have water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) EZK 17 8 g869 figs-activepassive 0 It had been planted If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The first eagle had planted the vine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -EZK 17 9 ejf7 figs-rquestion 0 Will it prosper? Yahweh asks this as a leading question to emphasize the negative answer. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “It will not prosper.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -EZK 17 9 l3kb figs-rquestion 0 Will it not be uprooted and stripped of its fruit so that it withers, and all its fresh growth will wither? Yahweh asks this rhetorical question to emphasize that the vine will certainly be judged. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. It can also be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Someone will pull up its roots and pluck out its fruit so all of its growth of leaves will wither away.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +EZK 17 9 ejf7 figs-rquestion 0 Will it prosper? Yahweh asks this as a leading question to emphasize the negative answer. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “It will not prosper.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +EZK 17 9 l3kb figs-rquestion 0 Will it not be uprooted and stripped of its fruit so that it withers, and all its fresh growth will wither? Yahweh asks this rhetorical question to emphasize that the vine will certainly be judged. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. It can also be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Someone will pull up its roots and pluck out its fruit so all of its growth of leaves will wither away.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) EZK 17 9 di6t figs-synecdoche 0 No strong arm or many people will be needed to pull it out The phrase “strong arm” represents a strong person. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “There will be no need for a strong person or many people to pull it out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) EZK 17 10 k94f 0 behold Alternate translation: “look” or “listen” or “pay attention to what I am about to tell you” -EZK 17 10 duh3 figs-rquestion 0 will it grow? Yahweh asks this as a leading question to emphasize the negative answer. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “It will not grow.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -EZK 17 10 l8e6 figs-rquestion 0 Will it not wither when the eastern wind touches it? Yahweh asks this rhetorical question to emphasize that this will certainly happen. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “It will wither when the eastern wind touches it.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +EZK 17 10 duh3 figs-rquestion 0 will it grow? Yahweh asks this as a leading question to emphasize the negative answer. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “It will not grow.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +EZK 17 10 l8e6 figs-rquestion 0 Will it not wither when the eastern wind touches it? Yahweh asks this rhetorical question to emphasize that this will certainly happen. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “It will wither when the eastern wind touches it.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) EZK 17 10 ggh9 0 when the eastern wind touches it Alternate translation: “when the eastern wind blows on it” EZK 17 11 bwu2 figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh came This is an idiom that is used to introduce something that God told his prophets or his people. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 3:16](../03/16.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh spoke this message” or “Yahweh spoke these words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) EZK 17 12 rcf6 figs-metonymy 0 the rebellious house This is a metonym for the family that lives in the house, in this case the Israelites, the descendants of Jacob over many years. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 2:5](../02/05.md). Alternate translation: “the rebellious people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -EZK 17 12 j8se figs-rquestion 0 Do you not know what these things mean? Yahweh asks this as a leading question in order to provide the answer. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “This is what these things mean.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +EZK 17 12 j8se figs-rquestion 0 Do you not know what these things mean? Yahweh asks this as a leading question in order to provide the answer. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “This is what these things mean.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) EZK 17 12 cz8t 0 Behold Alternate translation: “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you” EZK 17 12 x6yx 0 her king and her princes The word “her” refers to Jerusalem. EZK 17 13 it2v 0 brought him under an oath Alternate translation: “made him swear an oath” EZK 17 14 x5je figs-metaphor 0 so the kingdom might become lowly and not lift itself up The kingdom being small and weak is spoken of as if it were lowly and being large and powerful as if it lifted itself up. Alternate translation: “so the kingdom might remain small and not become great” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZK 17 14 r3al figs-metonymy 0 the land will survive Here the word “land” represents the kingdom of Judah and the people in it. Alternate translation: “the kingdom will continue to exist” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EZK 17 15 z8mt 0 General Information: Yahweh speaks about the king of Jerusalem rebelling against the king of Babylon. -EZK 17 15 r2jb figs-rquestion 0 Will he succeed? Yahweh asks this leading question to emphasize the negative answer. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “He will certainly not succeed.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +EZK 17 15 r2jb figs-rquestion 0 Will he succeed? Yahweh asks this leading question to emphasize the negative answer. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “He will certainly not succeed.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) EZK 17 15 nh8e figs-rquestion 0 Will the one doing these things escape? Yahweh asks this leading question to emphasize the negative answer. This may be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “The one doing these things will not escape.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -EZK 17 15 tpu9 figs-rquestion 0 If he breaks the covenant, will he escape? Yahweh asks this leading question to emphasize the negative answer. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “If he breaks the covenant, he will certainly not escape.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +EZK 17 15 tpu9 figs-rquestion 0 If he breaks the covenant, will he escape? Yahweh asks this leading question to emphasize the negative answer. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “If he breaks the covenant, he will certainly not escape.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) EZK 17 16 pb2s 0 the land of the king who made him king, the king whose oath he despised Alternate translation: “the land of the king of Babylon who made him King of Judah, the king of Babylon whose oath he despised” EZK 17 17 mp8q 0 General Information: Yahweh speaking about the king of Jerusalem. EZK 17 17 eyn4 figs-doublet 0 his mighty army and a great company of men These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize how large and strong Pharaoh’s army is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) @@ -928,7 +928,7 @@ EZK 17 17 hhy8 0 siege walls this refers to a tower with ladders that can be p EZK 17 17 ayl5 0 to cut off many lives Alternate translation: “to kill many people” EZK 17 18 kzm6 0 Behold, he reached out Alternate translation: “He did something even worse than that: he reached out” EZK 17 18 e7e3 translate-symaction 0 reached out with his hand to make a promise This refers to taking hold of another person’s hand as a sign of friendship and agreement. Here it represents the covenant oath that he made with the king of Babylon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -EZK 17 19 s5c8 figs-rquestion 0 was it not my oath that he despised and my covenant that he broke? Yahweh asks this leading question to emphasize the affirmative answer. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “it was my oath that the king of Jerusalem despised and my covenant that he broke.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +EZK 17 19 s5c8 figs-rquestion 0 was it not my oath that he despised and my covenant that he broke? Yahweh asks this leading question to emphasize the affirmative answer. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “it was my oath that the king of Jerusalem despised and my covenant that he broke.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) EZK 17 19 kev4 figs-idiom 0 I will bring his punishment on his head The idiom “bring … on his head” means that he will experience this punishment. See how you translated this idiom in [Ezekiel 11:21](../11/21.md). Alternate translation: “I will cause him to suffer his punishment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) EZK 17 20 y1rd figs-metaphor 0 I will spread my net out over him, and he will be caught in my hunting net Yahweh speaks of enabling the enemy army to capture the king as if he were trapping the king in a net. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZK 17 20 r443 figs-activepassive 0 he will be caught in my hunting net This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will catch him in my hunting net” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -1266,7 +1266,7 @@ EZK 22 12 jp8b figs-metaphor 0 you have forgotten me Refusing to obey Yahweh is EZK 22 12 al1x figs-123person 0 this is the Lord Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 5:11](../05/11.md). Alternate translation: “this is what the Lord Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, the Lord Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) EZK 22 13 b8at translate-symaction 0 With my hand I have struck “I have shaken my fist against” or “I have clapped my hands against.” This is a symbolic action that shows anger and disapproval. Alternate translation: “I have shown my anger and disapproval against” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) EZK 22 13 vvt6 0 the bloodshed that is done in the midst of you Alternate translation: “the murder that people commit in you” -EZK 22 14 i494 figs-rquestion 0 Will your heart stand, will your hands be strong on the days when I myself will deal with you? Yahweh uses this rhetorical question to emphasize how hurt they will be when he punishes them. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Your heart will not stand and your hands will not be strong on the days when I myself will deal with you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +EZK 22 14 i494 figs-rquestion 0 Will your heart stand, will your hands be strong on the days when I myself will deal with you? Yahweh uses this rhetorical question to emphasize how hurt they will be when he punishes them. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Your heart will not stand and your hands will not be strong on the days when I myself will deal with you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) EZK 22 14 se71 figs-synecdoche 0 Will your heart stand Here the whole person is referred to by his “heart” to emphasize his emotions and will. Here the idea of “standing” is an idiom that means to be courageous. Alternate translation: “Will you stand” or “Will you be courageous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) EZK 22 14 ajb4 figs-synecdoche 0 will your hands be strong Here the whole person is referred to by his “hands.” Alternate translation: “will you be strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) EZK 22 15 q5cz figs-parallelism 0 So I will scatter you among the nations and disperse you through the lands These two phrases mean basically the same thing. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Ezekiel 12:15](../12/15.md). Alternate translation: “So I will cause them to separate from each other and live in different nations”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) @@ -1379,7 +1379,7 @@ EZK 23 33 t7dj figs-metaphor 0 the cup of your sister Samaria Oholibah’s sist EZK 23 34 r2ip 0 tear your breasts Alternate translation: “cut your beasts” EZK 23 34 hs2h figs-123person 0 this is the Lord Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 5:11](../05/11.md). Alternate translation: “this is what the Lord Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, the Lord Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) EZK 23 35 k299 figs-metaphor 0 thrown me away behind your back Yahweh speaks of Oholibah rejecting him as if he were an object that she had thrown behind her back and forgotten. Alternate translation: “rejected me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EZK 23 36 ght4 figs-rquestion 0 Son of man, will you judge Oholah and Oholibah? Yahweh uses this rhetorical question as a command for Ezekiel. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. The cities of Jerusalem and Samaria are represented by Oholah and Oholibah. Alternate translation: “Son of man, you will judge Oholah and Oholibah!” or “Son of man, judge the people of those two cities represented by Oholah and Oholibah.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EZK 23 36 ght4 figs-rquestion 0 Son of man, will you judge Oholah and Oholibah? Yahweh uses this rhetorical question as a command for Ezekiel. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. The cities of Jerusalem and Samaria are represented by Oholah and Oholibah. Alternate translation: “Son of man, you will judge Oholah and Oholibah!” or “Son of man, judge the people of those two cities represented by Oholah and Oholibah.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZK 23 36 m5e3 0 Son of man “Son of a human being” or “Son of humanity.” God calls Ezekiel this to emphasize that Ezekiel is only a human being. God is eternal and powerful, but humans are not. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 2:1](../02/01.md). EZK 23 37 p5bi figs-idiom 0 there is blood on their hands This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “they have murdered people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) EZK 23 38 bmp1 0 General Information: Yahweh speaks about how the people of Jerusalem and Samaria have been unfaithful to him. @@ -1570,7 +1570,7 @@ EZK 26 14 r43e figs-metaphor 0 I will make you a bare rock This metaphor descri EZK 26 14 y7m1 figs-metaphor 0 you will become a place where nets are spread out to dry This metaphor also describes the results after Yahweh destroys Tyre. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Ezekiel 26:5](../26/05.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZK 26 14 f7ce figs-activepassive 0 you will become a place where nets If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I will make you a place where nets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) EZK 26 15 v6ti 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues giving Ezekiel his message to Tyre. -EZK 26 15 mn77 figs-rquestion 0 Will not the islands quake … in your midst? This question expects a positive answer and emphasizes the results of Tyre’s destruction. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “The islands will quake … in your midst.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +EZK 26 15 mn77 figs-rquestion 0 Will not the islands quake … in your midst? This question expects a positive answer and emphasizes the results of Tyre’s destruction. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “The islands will quake … in your midst.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) EZK 26 15 l6ij figs-metonymy 0 Will not the islands quake Here “the islands” represents the people living on the islands. Alternate translation: “Will not the people of the islands quake with fear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EZK 26 16 gy2a 0 princes of the sea Alternate translation: “princes of the coastlands” EZK 26 16 fg7y figs-metaphor 0 They will clothe themselves with trembling This metaphor represents the princes trembling enough to seem like it was their clothing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -1742,7 +1742,7 @@ EZK 28 7 nrp5 figs-abstractnouns 0 the beauty of your wisdom The abstract nouns EZK 28 7 b7md figs-abstractnouns 0 profane your splendor If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **splendor**, you could express the same idea with an adjective such as “splendid.” Alternate translation: “profane how splendid you are” or “defile how majestic you are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) EZK 28 8 w6fj figs-metonymy 0 down to the pit Here “the pit” refers to the grave or to hell. Alternate translation: “down to the grave” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EZK 28 8 t782 0 in the heart of the seas Alternate translation: “in the middle of the seas” -EZK 28 9 d3z2 figs-rquestion 0 Will you truly say, “I am a god” to the face of one who kills you? This question expects a negative answer to emphasize the irony when one who claims to be a god is destroyed by men. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “You will not say ‘I am a god’ to the face of one who kills you!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) +EZK 28 9 d3z2 figs-rquestion 0 Will you truly say, “I am a god” to the face of one who kills you? This question expects a negative answer to emphasize the irony when one who claims to be a god is destroyed by men. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “You will not say ‘I am a god’ to the face of one who kills you!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) EZK 28 9 a38a figs-synecdoche 0 to the face of Here the face represents being in the presence of another person. Alternate translation: “in the presence of” or “before” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) EZK 28 9 a1vr figs-metaphor 0 in the hand of Here being in the hand of someone represents being under their control. Alternate translation: “under the control of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZK 28 10 z2rh figs-metonymy 0 by the hand of foreigners Here “hand” is a metonym for the actions of the foreigners’ army. Alternate translation: “by an army of foreigners” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])