Reference ID Tags SupportReference Quote Occurrence Note
front:intro syt5 0 # Introduction to Joshua\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of the Book of Joshua\n\n1. Conquest of the land of Canaan (1:1–12:24)\n * Preparation for conquest; spies; crossing the Jordan River (1:1–5:1)\n * Ceremonies at Gilgal; conquest of Jericho and Ai (5:2–8:29)\n * The covenant affirmed at Shechem (8:30–35)\n * Southern and central campaigns; northern campaigns (9:1–12:24)\n1. Settlement in the Promised Land; division of the land (13:1–22:34)\n1. Joshua’s final days (23:1–24:33)\n\n### What is the Book of Joshua about?\n\nThe Book of Joshua is about the Israelites entering and occupying the Promised Land. Joshua was the leader that replaced Moses. He led the Israelites as they fought the people living in the Promised Land. This book also tells how the Israelites divided the land among the twelve tribes. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nThis book traditionally has the title “Joshua” because Joshua leads the people of Israel after Moses dies. Translators may create a title such as “The Book About When Joshua Led Israel.” Translators should avoid a title that suggests Joshua as the writer of the book.\n\n### Who wrote the Book of Joshua?\n\nThe book does not tell who wrote it. However, some verses in the book indicate that Joshua may have written at least part of it. Since ancient times, Jews have thought that Joshua wrote most of the book.\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### How does the Book of Joshua present the cause of historical events?\n\nIn the ancient Near East, people assumed that gods caused world events to happen in a certain way. The Book of Joshua has some similarities with this view, but there are important differences. The events in the Book of Joshua occurred because Yahweh promised the Israelites that he would give them the Promised Land. What happened also depended on whether or not the Israelites obeyed Yahweh.\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### What does the phrase “to this day” mean?\n\nThis phrase was used by the writer to refer to the time when he was writing. The translator should be aware that “to this day” refers to a time already passed. He must avoid giving the impression to readers that “to this day” means “to the present day.” The translator might decide to say “to this day, at the time when this was being written,” or “to this day, at the time of writing.” This Hebrew phrase occurs in Joshua 4:9; 6:25; 7:26; 8:28, 29; 10:27; 13:13; 14:14; 15:63; 16:10.\n\n### What does the phrase “all Israel” mean?\n\nThis phrase appears many times in the Book of Joshua, but it does not always mean every person in the nation of Israel. At times it means the Israelite army. At other times it means the representatives of the twelve tribes of Israel. In still other passages, it probably means a large number of the people in the nation of Israel.\n\n### When should Joshua be translated?\n\nThe Book of Joshua should probably not be translated before Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. This is because the historical events of Joshua will not be understood without the information in these previous books.
1:intro r7gc 0 # Joshua 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter appears to be a natural continuation of the book of Deuteronomy.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Be strong and Courageous\n\nJoshua is often told, “Be strong and courageous.” This repeated encouragement is on purpose and may indicate Joshua will need help in the future.
1:1 s8u5 יְהוָ֑ה 1 This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this.
1:1 eka2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names נ֔וּן 1 Joshua’s father (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
1:2 le23 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom עֲבֹ֜ר אֶת־הַיַּרְדֵּ֣ן הַזֶּ֗ה 1 To “cross over” means “go to the opposite bank of the river.” Alternate translation: “travel from this side to the opposite side of the Jordan” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1:2 vix4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you אַתָּה֙ וְכָל־הָעָ֣ם הַזֶּ֔ה 1 The word “you” here refers to Joshua. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
1:3 v1l7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture כָּל־מָק֗וֹם אֲשֶׁ֨ר תִּדְרֹ֧ךְ כַּֽף־רַגְלְכֶ֛ם בּ֖וֹ לָכֶ֣ם נְתַתִּ֑יו 1 God giving the land to the Israelites in the future is spoken of as if he gave it to them in the past. This emphasizes that he will certainly give it to them. Alternate translation: “I will give to you every place” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
1:3 xjc9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you בּ֖וֹ לָכֶ֣ם נְתַתִּ֑יו 1 The word “you” refers to both Joshua and the nation of Israel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
1:3 t94e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom כָּל־מָק֗וֹם אֲשֶׁ֨ר תִּדְרֹ֧ךְ כַּֽף־רַגְלְכֶ֛ם 1 This refers to all the places Joshua and the Israelites will travel when they cross the Jordan River. Alternate translation: “everywhere you go in this land” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1:4 nbe3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you גְּבוּלְכֶֽם 1 The word “your” refers to the tribes of Israel and not only Joshua. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
1:5 w48w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you יִתְיַצֵּ֥ב & לְפָנֶ֔יךָ 1 In verse 5 the words “you” and “your” refer to Joshua. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
1:5 iq2e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet לֹ֥א אַרְפְּךָ֖ וְלֹ֥א אֶעֶזְבֶֽךָּ 1 The words “abandon” and “leave” mean basically the same thing. Yahweh combines them to emphasize that he will not do these things. Alternate translation: “I will certainly stay with you always” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
1:6 a5yc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative 0 # General Information:\n\nYahweh gives Joshua a series of commands. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]])
1:6 gn34 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative חֲזַ֖ק וֶאֱמָ֑ץ 1 Yahweh commands Joshua to overcome his fears with courage. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]])
1:7 db9m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative אַל־תָּס֥וּר מִמֶּ֖נּוּ יָמִ֣ין וּשְׂמֹ֑אול 1 This can be stated as a positive command. Alternate translation: “Follow it exactly” or “Follow them exactly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]])
1:7 jy5x תַּשְׂכִּ֔יל 1 Alternate translation: “achieve your goal” or “reach your goal”
1:8 lcs7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet תַּצְלִ֥יחַ אֶת־דְּרָכֶ֖ךָ וְאָ֥ז תַּשְׂכִּֽיל 1 These two words mean basically the same thing and emphasize great prosperity. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
1:9 vt4l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲל֤וֹא צִוִּיתִ֨יךָ֙ 1 This refers to Yahweh commanding Joshua. Alternate translation: “I have commanded you!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1:10 b59x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הָעָ֖ם 1 This refers to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1:11 f3rg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes עִבְר֣וּ׀ בְּקֶ֣רֶב הַֽמַּחֲנֶ֗ה וְצַוּ֤וּ אֶת־הָעָם֙ לֵאמֹ֔ר הָכִ֥ינוּ לָכֶ֖ם צֵידָ֑ה כִּ֞י בְּע֣וֹד׀ שְׁלֹ֣שֶׁת יָמִ֗ים אַתֶּם֙ עֹֽבְרִים֙ אֶת־הַיַּרְדֵּ֣ן הַזֶּ֔ה לָבוֹא֙ לָרֶ֣שֶׁת אֶת־הָאָ֔רֶץ אֲשֶׁר֙ יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹֽהֵיכֶ֔ם נֹתֵ֥ן לָכֶ֖ם לְרִשְׁתָּֽהּ 1 Embedded quotes can be expressed as indirect quotes. Alternate translation: “Go through the camp and command the people to prepare provisions for themselves. In three days they will cross over this Jordan and go in and possess the land that Yahweh their God is giving them to possess.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])
1:11 ck8h בְּע֣וֹד׀ שְׁלֹ֣שֶׁת יָמִ֗ים 1 Here Joshua was counting his present day as day one. Alternate translation: “Two days from now” or “On the day after tomorrow”
1:11 wg1e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom עֹֽבְרִים֙ אֶת־הַיַּרְדֵּ֣ן 1 “cross over” refers to going to the opposite side of the river. Alternate translation: “travel to the other side of the Jordan River” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1:12 uji6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 # General Information:\n\nThe tribes of Reuben, Gad and half of the tribe of Manasseh chose to settle east of the Jordan River. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1:12 fx7h rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וְלָרֽאוּבֵנִי֙ 1 These were the descendants of Reuben. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
1:12 z8vh rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וְלַגָּדִ֔י 1 These were the decendants of Gad. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
1:14 tf68 טַפְּכֶם֮ 1 Alternate translation: “your little children”
1:14 fb4d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בְּעֵ֣בֶר הַיַּרְדֵּ֑ן 1 This refers to the east side of the Jordan River. Later most of the Israelites would live west of the Jordan, so they called the east side “beyond the Jordan.” But at this time they were all still on the east side. Alternate translation: “east of the Jordan River” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1:15 b5yt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אֲשֶׁר־יָנִ֨יחַ & לַֽאֲחֵיכֶם֮ 1 This refers to Israel defeating all their enemies residing in Canaan that they were to conquer. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1:15 g4ez וְשַׁבְתֶּ֞ם לְאֶ֤רֶץ יְרֻשַּׁתְכֶם֙ וִֽירִשְׁתֶּ֣ם 1 This refers to living out their life on the land in peace.
1:15 rrj2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בְּעֵ֥בֶר הַיַּרְדֵּ֖ן מִזְרַ֥ח הַשָּֽׁמֶשׁ 1 This refers to the east side of the Jordan river. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1:16 c7t9 0 # General Information:\n\nThese Isrelites were specifically the Reubenites, Gadites, and the half tribe of Manasseh that replied to Joshua.
1:18 rel4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism יַמְרֶ֣ה אֶת־פִּ֗יךָ וְלֹֽא־יִשְׁמַ֧ע אֶת־דְּבָרֶ֛יךָ 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that any form of disobedience will be punished. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
1:18 lbc3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יוּמָ֑ת 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “we will put to death” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1:18 zez7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism חֲזַ֥ק וֶאֱמָֽץ 1 Israel and God considered both traits important for Joshua to pursue as their leader. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
2:intro vg4m 0 # Joshua 2 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter begins the story of the conquest of the Promised Land. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Rahab’s faith\n\nRahab expressed her faith in Yahweh. The statement “for Yahweh your God, he is God in heaven above and on the earth below” is a recognition of her faith. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Metaphor\n\nThe Israelites were to completely destroy the evil Canaanites. They are compared to melting snow: “ … melting away because of us.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])
2:1 ig8n rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names נ֠וּן 1 This is Joshua’s father. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
2:1 w886 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הַשִּׁטִּ֞ים 1 This is the name of a place on the east side of the Jordan River. It means “Acacia Trees.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
2:1 z78b מְרַגְּלִים֙ 1 These men were to visit the land to gain information on how Israel should conquer the land.
2:4 l15y וַתִּקַּ֧ח הָֽאִשָּׁ֛ה אֶת־שְׁנֵ֥י הָאֲנָשִׁ֖ים וַֽתִּצְפְּנ֑וֹ 1 This happened before the king’s messenger spoke to her.
2:4 am3m הָֽאִשָּׁ֛ה 1 This refers to Rahab, the prostitute.
2:5 j3x6 בַּחֹ֨שֶׁךְ֙ 1 This is the time that day begins to change to the darkness of night.
2:6 l5zb rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background וְהִ֖יא הֶעֱלָ֣תַם הַגָּ֑גָה וַֽתִּטְמְנֵם֙ בְּפִשְׁתֵּ֣י הָעֵ֔ץ הָעֲרֻכ֥וֹת לָ֖הּ עַל־הַגָּֽג 1 This is background information and explains how she had hidden the men in [Joshua 2:4](../02/04.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
2:6 st56 הַגָּ֑גָה 1 The roof was flat and strong, so people could walk around on it.
2:6 b99c בְּפִשְׁתֵּ֣י 1 a plant that is grown for its fibers, which is used in making cloth
2:7 kdj3 וְהָאֲנָשִׁ֗ים רָדְפ֤וּ אַֽחֲרֵיהֶם֙ 1 The men pursued the spies because of what Rahab had told them in [Joshua 2:5](../02/05.md).
2:7 p4sx הַֽמַּעְבְּר֑וֹת 1 places where a river or other body of water is shallow enough for people to get to the other side by walking through it
2:8 ds5e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom טֶ֣רֶם יִשְׁכָּב֑וּן 1 This refers to going to sleep for the night. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
2:9 t8zy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you יָדַ֕עְתִּי כִּֽי־נָתַ֧ן יְהוָ֛ה לָכֶ֖ם אֶת־הָאָ֑רֶץ 1 The word “you” refers to the all the Israelite people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
2:9 xr6a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נָפְלָ֤ה אֵֽימַתְכֶם֙ עָלֵ֔ינוּ 1 Becoming afraid is spoken of as if feat came and attacked them. Alternate translation: “we have become afraid of you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2:9 u74z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נָמֹ֛גוּ & מִפְּנֵיכֶֽם 1 This compares the fearful people to ice melting and flowing away. This could mean: (1) they will be weak in the Israelites’ presence or (2) they will be scattered. Alternate translation: “will be so afraid that they will not resist you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2:10 bcm2 יַם־סוּף֙ 1 This is another name for the Red Sea.
2:10 c6i6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names לְסִיחֹ֣ן וּלְע֔וֹג 1 These are the names of the Amorite kings. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
2:11 qx6v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet וַיִּמַּ֣ס לְבָבֵ֔נוּ וְלֹא־קָ֨מָה ע֥וֹד ר֛וּחַ בְּאִ֖ישׁ 1 These two phrases share similar meanings, combined for emphasis. The phrase “our hearts melted” compares the hearts of the fearful people of Jericho to ice melting and flowing away. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2:12 nmi4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism הִשָּֽׁבְעוּ־נָ֥א לִי֙ & וּנְתַתֶּ֥ם לִ֖י א֥וֹת אֱמֶֽת 1 These are similar statements of Rahab seeking assurance from the spies. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
2:12 nh3t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you עָשִׂ֥יתִי עִמָּכֶ֖ם חָ֑סֶד 1 The word “you” refers to the two spies. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
2:13 m6i6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism וְהַחֲיִתֶ֞ם אֶת־ & וְהִצַּלְתֶּ֥ם אֶת־נַפְשֹׁתֵ֖ינוּ מִמָּֽוֶת 1 a polite way of saying “do not to kill us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
2:14 yb7i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom נַפְשֵׁ֤נוּ תַחְתֵּיכֶם֙ לָמ֔וּת 1 This idiom is a way of swearing and asking God to curse them if they do not keep their promise. Alternate translation: “If we do not do what we promise, may Yahweh cause us to die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
2:17 dmh8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo נְקִיִּ֣ם אֲנַ֔חְנוּ מִשְּׁבֻעָתֵ֥ךְ הַזֶּ֖ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר הִשְׁבַּעְתָּֽנוּ 1 This expresses a condition for the promise the spies had made to Rahab. The word, “this,” refers to “tie this scarlet rope in the window” in [Joshua 2:18](../02/18.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
2:18 x2n8 Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nThe Israelite spies clarify the condition they expressed in [Joshua 2:15](../02/15.md).
2:19 vdc9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo כֹּ֣ל אֲשֶׁר־יֵצֵא֩ מִדַּלְתֵ֨י 1 This phrase expresses a condition, creating a hypothetical situation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
2:19 k27w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy דָּמ֥וֹ בְרֹאשׁ֖וֹ 1 Here “blood” represents a person’s death. To be responsible for their own death is spoken of as if their blood would be on their heads. Alternate translation: “their death will be their own fault” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2:19 m728 וַאֲנַ֣חְנוּ נְקִיִּ֑ם 1 Alternate translation: “we will be innocent”
2:19 qg47 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism אִם־יָ֖ד תִּֽהְיֶה־בּֽוֹ 1 Here “a hand is laid upon” is a polite way of referring to causing someone injury. Alternate translation: “if we cause injury to any” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
2:20 ew4z 0 # General Information:\n\nThe two Israelite spies continue to speak to Rahab about their promise to her. The spies required Rahab to remain silent about their visit or they would be free from their oath to protect her family.
2:22 a2i7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שָׁ֖בוּ הָרֹדְפִ֑ים 1 It may be helpful to say they returned to Jericho. Alternate translation: “their pursuers returned to the city of Jericho” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2:22 y2rj וְלֹ֥א מָצָֽאוּ 1 This refers to the men not finding the spies.
2:23 zps9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַיָּשֻׁ֜בוּ שְׁנֵ֤י הָֽאֲנָשִׁים֙ 1 The two men returned back to the Israelite’s camp. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2:23 y6et rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet וַיָּשֻׁ֜בוּ & וַיֵּרְד֣וּ & וַיַּעַבְרוּ֙ וַיָּבֹ֔אוּ 1 These are similar expressions referring to returning to where the Israelite’s are camped. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
2:23 u3is rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַיַּעַבְרוּ֙ 1 “cross over” means to go to the opposite bank of the river. Alternate translation: “traveled from this side to the opposite side of the Jordan” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
2:23 i2bk rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names נ֑וּן 1 This is a male name; the father of Joshua. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
2:23 cv1w אֵ֥ת כָּל־הַמֹּצְא֖וֹת אוֹתָֽם 1 Alternate translation: “all that the men had experienced and seen.”
2:24 rk66 בְּיָדֵ֖נוּ 1 This word, “us,” refers to Israel.
2:24 eh7s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יֹשְׁבֵ֥י הָאָ֖רֶץ 1 The people of the land toward Israel are like a substance that melts in the presence of heat. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3:intro qs85 0 # Joshua 3 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### God dries the Jordan River\n\nJoshua told the people “Dedicate yourselves to Yahweh tomorrow, for Yahweh will do wonders among you.” The conquest of the Promised Land is accomplished through the supernatural power of God. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/miracle]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])
3:1 ct91 וַיַּשְׁכֵּם֩ 1 The phrase, “got up,” means to “awaken.”
3:1 y8kd מֵֽהַשִּׁטִּ֗ים 1 A place in the land of Moab, west of the Jordan River where the Israelites were camped before their entry into the promised land, Canaan.
3:2 wz25 הַשֹּׁטְרִ֖ים 1 These are people holding a position of command or authority.
3:3 ghy1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אֶת־הָעָ֣ם 1 This is the nation of Israel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3:4 tn3h rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance כְּאַלְפַּ֥יִם אַמָּ֖ה 1 “2,000 cubits.” The word “cubit” is a measurement equaling the distance from the elbow to the finger tips. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
3:5 hy6c הִתְקַדָּ֑שׁוּ 1 This refers to a special preparation of being religiously clean before Yahweh.
3:5 wz6l יַעֲשֶׂ֧ה יְהוָ֛ה בְּקִרְבְּכֶ֖ם נִפְלָאֽוֹת 1 Yahweh will be doing miracles for all to see and experience.
3:6 ts4p שְׂאוּ֙ אֶת־אֲר֣וֹן 1 This is referring to the levites picking up the ark for the purpose of carrying it from one location to another.
3:7 q8ud rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אָחֵל֙ גַּדֶּלְךָ֔ בְּעֵינֵ֖י כָּל־יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל 1 The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “the people will see what I do and realize that I have made you a great man” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3:8 b797 קְצֵה֙ מֵ֣י הַיַּרְדֵּ֔ן 1 Joshua is to approach the bank or edge of the Jordan River.
3:10 u9w6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְהוֹרֵ֣שׁ יוֹרִ֣ישׁ מִ֠פְּנֵיכֶם 1 Yahweh will force the other people living on the land to leave or be killed. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3:11 zex2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom עֹבֵ֥ר 1 “cross over” means to go to the opposite bank of the river. Alternate translation: “will travel from this side to the opposite side” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
3:12 u1wg 0 # General Information:\n\nJust as Israel’s fathers experience crossing the Red Sea, these people will experience crossing the Jordan river on dry land.
3:13 bej3 כַּפּ֣וֹת רַגְלֵ֣י 1 This refers to the bottom of their feet.
3:13 u9rl מִלְמָ֑עְלָה 1 This word refers to the direction the Jordan River water is flowing toward Israel.
3:13 s6ud וְיַעַמְד֖וּ נֵ֥ד אֶחָֽד 1 The water will stay in one spot or place. It will not flow around the priests.
3:15 nhu7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche בִּקְצֵ֣ה הַמָּ֑יִם 1 This can refer to the surface of the water as well as the bank where the water flows to dry land. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
3:15 mu2b rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background וְהַיַּרְדֵּ֗ן מָלֵא֙ עַל־כָּל־גְּדוֹתָ֔יו כֹּ֖ל יְמֵ֥י קָצִֽיר 1 This is background information and it emphasizes the scale of what Yahweh is doing. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
3:17 tg4f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַיַּרְדֵּ֖ן 1 This refers to the Jordan River bed. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:17 w7z6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom עֹֽבְרִים֙ 1 This phrase means to go to the opposite bank of the river. Alternate translation: “traveled from this side to the opposite side” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
4:intro eh7p 0 # Joshua 4 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### God’s war\nThe conquering of the Promised Land was a special war. It was God’s war against the people of Canaan and Joshua recognized that they would only be victorious through Yahweh’s power. This is why their first act after crossing the Jordan River was to build an altar. This war was a witness to Yahweh’s power. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])
4:1 yem9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns 0 # General Information:\n\nThough Yahweh was speaking directly to Joshua, all occurrences of you include Israel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
4:1 h2p6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לַעֲב֖וֹר 1 The words “crossed over” refer to going to the opposite bank of the river. Alternate translation: “went across” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
4:1 lz4a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֶת־הַיַּרְדֵּ֑ן 1 the Jordan River (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:3 g6yc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes וְצַוּ֣וּ אוֹתָם֮ לֵאמֹר֒ שְׂאֽוּ־לָכֶ֨ם מִזֶּ֜ה מִתּ֣וֹךְ הַיַּרְדֵּ֗ן מִמַּצַּב֙ רַגְלֵ֣י הַכֹּהֲנִ֔ים הָכִ֖ין שְׁתֵּים־עֶשְׂרֵ֣ה אֲבָנִ֑ים וְהַעֲבַרְתֶּ֤ם אוֹתָם֙ עִמָּכֶ֔ם וְהִנַּחְתֶּ֣ם אוֹתָ֔ם בַּמָּל֕וֹן אֲשֶׁר־תָּלִ֥ינוּ ב֖וֹ הַלָּֽיְלָה 1 The nested quote can be stated as an indirect quote. Alternate translation: “Give them this command to take up twelve stones from the middle of the Jordan where the priests are standing on the dry ground, and bring them over with you and lay them down in the place where you will spend the night tonight” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
4:5 wr9d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֶל־תּ֣וֹךְ הַיַּרְדֵּ֑ן וְהָרִ֨ימוּ לָכֶ֜ם אִ֣ישׁ אֶ֤בֶן אַחַת֙ עַל־שִׁכְמ֔וֹ 1 Each of the twelve men were to pick up a large stone from the Jordan River bed and carry them to the other side to build a monument. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:7 bq5m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive נִכְרְת֜וּ מֵימֵ֤י הַיַּרְדֵּן֙ מִפְּנֵי֙ אֲר֣וֹן בְּרִית־יְהוָ֔ה 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh cut off the waters of the Jordan in front of the ark of his covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
4:7 gsy5 נִכְרְת֜וּ מֵימֵ֤י הַיַּרְדֵּן֙ 1 Alternate translation: “The Jordan River was”
4:7 ew13 נִכְרְת֜וּ & מִפְּנֵי֙ אֲר֣וֹן 1 The Jordan River was prevented by God from flowing up to the ark that was being carried by the priests.
4:7 ww74 נִכְרְת֜וּ מֵימֵ֤י הַיַּרְדֵּן֙ 1 The water flowing down the Jordan River stopped before the ark so everyone including the ark traveled on the dry river bed.
4:8 f69z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַיִּשְׂא֡וּ שְׁתֵּֽי־עֶשְׂרֵ֨ה אֲבָנִ֜ים מִתּ֣וֹךְ הַיַּרְדֵּ֗ן 1 This refers to the twelve men picking up stones from the middle of the Jordan River bed. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:9 igh8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּשְׁתֵּ֧ים עֶשְׂרֵ֣ה אֲבָנִ֗ים הֵקִ֣ים יְהוֹשֻׁעַ֮ בְּת֣וֹךְ הַיַּרְדֵּן֒ 1 These were twelve additional stones, not the stones that the twelve men carried from the river bed. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:9 yb3y וַיִּ֣הְיוּ שָׁ֔ם עַ֖ד הַיּ֥וֹם הַזֶּֽה 1 This means the memorial was there to the day that the author was writing this book.
4:10 reg9 הַיַּרְדֵּן֒ 1 This refers to the Jordan River.
4:10 bl85 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy הָעָ֖ם 1 This refers to the nation of Israel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
4:10 er8c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַֽיַּעֲבֹֽרוּ 1 This means to go to the opposite bank of the river. Alternate translation: “traveled from one side to the opposite side” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
4:11 vff8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לִפְנֵ֥י הָעָֽם 1 This refers to being in front of the people or in the sight of all the people. Everyone saw the ark being carried by the priests. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
4:12 gp7q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ֠יַּעַבְרוּ בְּנֵי־רְאוּבֵ֨ן וּבְנֵי־גָ֜ד וַחֲצִ֨י שֵׁ֤בֶט הַֽמְנַשֶּׁה֙ חֲמֻשִׁ֔ים לִפְנֵ֖י בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל 1 These were the soldiers of the 3 tribes that were fulfilling their obligation to lead the Israelites into battle for settling on the East side of the Jordan River. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:14 cc5t כַּאֲשֶׁ֛ר יָרְא֥וּ 1 The word “they” refers to the people of Israel.
4:15 m7sg 0 # General Information:\n\nYahweh tells Joshua to have the priests exit the Jordan River.
4:17 xw1x 0 # General Information:\n\nThe Author was making it clear that parting the Jordan River was no different than parting the Red Sea for the previous generation.
4:18 m5z1 וַיָּשֻׁ֤בוּ מֵֽי־הַיַּרְדֵּן֙ לִמְקוֹמָ֔ם וַיֵּלְכ֥וּ כִתְמוֹל־שִׁלְשׁ֖וֹם עַל־כָּל־גְּדוֹתָֽיו 1 The Jordan River was overflowing its banks and flooding the area before and after Israel passed through on dry land.
4:19 bf72 עָלוּ֙ מִן־הַיַּרְדֵּ֔ן 1 This refers to when Israel crossed the Jordan River on dry ground.
4:19 zy5r rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths בֶּעָשׂ֖וֹר לַחֹ֣דֶשׁ הָרִאשׁ֑וֹן 1 This is the first month of the Hebrew calendar. The tenth day is near the end of March on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
4:20 s8s2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְאֵת֩ שְׁתֵּ֨ים עֶשְׂרֵ֤ה הָֽאֲבָנִים֙ הָאֵ֔לֶּה אֲשֶׁ֥ר לָקְח֖וּ מִן־הַיַּרְדֵּ֑ן 1 Each tribe was to take one stone from the Jordan River so Joshua could build a memorial of the crossing event. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:22 p6nk וְהוֹדַעְתֶּ֖ם אֶת־בְּנֵיכֶ֣ם 1 It was for Israel to teach their children of God’s miracles so that they would honor Yahweh forever.
4:24 qe29 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אֶת־יַ֣ד יְהוָ֔ה כִּ֥י חֲזָקָ֖ה הִ֑יא 1 This refers to the power of Yahweh being strong. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is mighty” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
5:intro dv8f 0 # Joshua 5 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Circumcision\n\nIt would have been very unusual to be circumcised in a time of war. When men are circumcised they are unable to move without pain or to defend themselves in battle for several days. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/circumcise]])\n\n### Manna\n\nYahweh stops providing manna in this chapter and will no longer provide them with their daily allotment of food. This does not mean Yahweh’s care and provision will stop.
5:1 el1p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וַיִּמַּ֣ס לְבָבָ֗ם וְלֹא־הָ֨יָה בָ֥ם עוֹד֙ ר֔וּחַ 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize the intensity of their fear. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
5:1 q8mi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וַיִּמַּ֣ס לְבָבָ֗ם 1 Here “hearts” refers to their courage. They were so afraid that it was as if their courage melted away like wax in a fire. Alternate translation: “they lost all their courage” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
5:1 a2wh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְלֹא־הָ֨יָה בָ֥ם עוֹד֙ ר֔וּחַ 1 Here “spirit” refers to their will to fight. Alternate translation: “they no longer had any will to fight” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
5:3 m1u7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַיַּעַשׂ־ל֥וֹ יְהוֹשֻׁ֖עַ חַֽרְב֣וֹת צֻרִ֑ים וַיָּ֨מָל֙ אֶת־בְּנֵ֣י 1 There were over 600,000 males, so it is understood that while Joshua was in charge of this task, many other people helped him. If this would confuse your readers, you may want to make this explicit. Alternate translation: “Joshua and the Israelites made themselves flint knives … they circumcised all the males” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
5:3 jin6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names גִּבְעַ֖ת הָעֲרָלֽוֹת 1 This is a place name which commemorates Israel rededicating themselves to Yahweh. It means “the hill of the foreskins.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
5:4 uz5p אַנְשֵׁ֣י הַמִּלְחָמָ֗ה 1 the men who were old enough to be soldiers
5:6 k8wl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שָׁמְע֖וּ בְּק֣וֹל יְהוָ֑ה 1 Here “voice” refers to the things that Yahweh spoke. Alternate translation: “obey the things that Yahweh commanded them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
5:6 jrp7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֶ֛רֶץ זָבַ֥ת חָלָ֖ב וּדְבָֽשׁ 1 God spoke of the land being good for animals and plants as if the milk and honey from those animals and plants were flowing through the land. Alternate translation: “a land that is excellent for raising livestock and growing crops” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
5:9 x1q8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הַיּ֗וֹם גַּלּ֛וֹתִי אֶת־חֶרְפַּ֥ת מִצְרַ֖יִם מֵעֲלֵיכֶ֑ם 1 Their disgrace is spoken of as if it were a large stone that blocked their path. Here “rolled away” means “removed.” Alternate translation: “This day I have removed the disgrace of Egypt from you” or “You were disgraced when you were slaves in Egypt. But, today I have caused you to no longer be disgraced” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
5:10 tdl1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths בְּאַרְבָּעָה֩ עָשָׂ֨ר י֥וֹם לַחֹ֛דֶשׁ 1 This is near the end of March on Western calendars. Alternate translation: “the fourteenth day of the first month” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
5:13 iyi7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַיִּשָּׂ֤א עֵינָיו֙ וַיַּ֔רְא וְהִנֵּה־אִישׁ֙ עֹמֵ֣ד 1 Here looking up is spoken of as if Joshua literally lifted his eyes in his hands. Alternate translation: “he looked up and saw that a man was standing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
5:13 x26s וְהִנֵּה 1 The word “behold” alerts us to pay special attention to new information. Your language may have a way of doing this.
5:13 kk45 וְחַרְבּ֥וֹ שְׁלוּפָ֖ה בְּיָד֑וֹ 1 Here the words “he” and “his” refer to the man who was standing in front of Joshua.
5:14 d8u1 וַיֹּ֣אמֶר 1 The word “he” refers to the man Joshua saw.
5:14 ds5l לֹ֗א 1 This is the beginning of the man’s answer to Joshua’s question, “Are you for us or for our enemies?” This short answer could be clarified. Alternate translation: “I am neither for you nor for your enemies”
5:14 r42a rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction וַיִּפֹּל֩ יְהוֹשֻׁ֨עַ אֶל־פָּנָ֥יו אַ֨רְצָה֙ וַיִּשְׁתָּ֔חוּ 1 This was an act of worship. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
5:15 ge5y rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction שַׁל־נַֽעַלְךָ֙ מֵעַ֣ל רַגְלֶ֔ךָ 1 This was an act of reverence. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
6:intro uie9 0 # Joshua 6 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh conquers\n\nIt was God, not the army, who gave them victory. It is said, “Shout! For Yahweh has given you the city.” The circumstances of Israel’s victory in the battle for Jericho were very unusual. It was never common to march around a city or to shout in order to win a military battle. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
6:1 gbz8 וִֽירִיחוֹ֙ 1 This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here the narrator tells us why the gates of Jericho are closed and locked up.
6:2 j65i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture נָתַ֣תִּי בְיָֽדְךָ֔ אֶת־יְרִיח֖וֹ וְאֶת־מַלְכָּ֑הּ גִּבּוֹרֵ֖י הֶחָֽיִל 1 Yahweh is telling Joshua that he will certainly do this by saying that he has already done it. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
6:2 v4hu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְיָֽדְךָ֔ 1 The word “hand” is a metonym for the control that the hand exercises. Alternate translation: “so that you can control it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
6:3 fu9e Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nGod continues telling Joshua what the people must do.
6:3 eik2 כֹּ֥ה תַעֲשֶׂ֖ה שֵׁ֥שֶׁת יָמִֽים 1 Alternate translation: “You must do this once each day for six days”
6:4 b6ml וְשִׁבְעָ֣ה כֹהֲנִ֡ים יִשְׂאוּ֩ שִׁבְעָ֨ה שׁוֹפְר֤וֹת הַיּֽוֹבְלִים֙ לִפְנֵ֣י הָאָר֔וֹן 1 The seven priests are to march in front of other priests who are carrying the ark and marching around the city.
6:5 zdc7 Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nGod continues telling Joshua what the people must do.
6:5 d5rg בִּמְשֹׁ֣ךְ׀ בְּקֶ֣רֶן הַיּוֹבֵ֗ל 1 The word “they” refers to the seven priests. The “ram’s horn” and “trumpet” refer to the trumpets of rams’ horns that the priests were blowing in [Joshua 6:4](../06/04.md).
6:5 g97v חוֹמַ֤ת הָעִיר֙ 1 Alternate translation: “the outer wall of the city” or “the wall surrounding the city”
6:6 h9cn rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names נוּן֙ 1 This is Joshua’s father. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
6:6 s5ne שְׂא֖וּ אֶת־אֲר֣וֹן הַבְּרִ֑ית 1 Alternate translation: “Pick up the ark of the covenant”
6:8 l35d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִפְנֵ֣י יְהוָ֔ה 1 This could mean: (1) “in obedience to Yahweh” or (2) “in front of Yahweh’s ark” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
6:8 vk7j וְתָקְע֖וּ בַּשּֽׁוֹפָר֑וֹת 1 Alternate translation: “they sounded the trumpets loudly” or “the priests blew into the ram’s horn trumpets”
6:8 ayf9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַֽאֲרוֹן֙ בְּרִ֣ית יְהוָ֔ה הֹלֵ֖ךְ אַחֲרֵיהֶֽם 1 It can be stated clearly that there were people carrying the ark. Alternate translation: “The priests who were carrying the ark of the covenant of Yahweh followed after them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
6:10 ls5v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְלֹֽא־תַשְׁמִ֣יעוּ אֶת־קוֹלְכֶ֔ם וְלֹא־יֵצֵ֥א מִפִּיכֶ֖ם דָּבָ֑ר 1 Sound leaving someone’s mouth refers to that person’s speaking or shouting. Alternate translation: “Do not yell or speak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
6:10 tw9q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-events וְאֶת־הָעָם֩ צִוָּ֨ה יְהוֹשֻׁ֜עַ 1 Joshua had commanded the people before they started walking around the city. Alternate translation: “Joshua had commanded the people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-events]])
6:13 ai87 וְתָקְע֖וּ בַּשּׁוֹפָר֑וֹת 1 This means that they blew into their trumpets, causing them to make loud noises, multiple times. Alternate translation: “continually sounded the trumpets loudly” or “blew into the ram’s horn trumpets continually”
6:14 j232 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal בַּיּ֤וֹם הַשֵּׁנִי֙ 1 the next day (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
6:14 r4j1 כֹּ֥ה עָשׂ֖וּ 1 Israel marched around Jericho once every day.
6:16 fp32 הָעָם֙ 1 This refers to the people of Israel.
6:16 sc3s תָּקְע֥וּ & בַּשּׁוֹפָר֑וֹת 1 Alternate translation: “sounded the trumpets loudly” or “blew into the ram’s horn trumpets”
6:16 fj73 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture נָתַ֧ן יְהוָ֛ה לָכֶ֖ם 1 Joshua is saying that Yahweh will definitely give them the city by saying that he has already given it to them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
6:16 wdh6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you נָתַ֧ן & לָכֶ֖ם 1 The word “you” refers to the entire nation of Israel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
6:17 ugl7 Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nJoshua continues speaking to the people of Israel.
6:17 w1sn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְהָיְתָ֨ה הָעִ֥יר חֵ֛רֶם הִ֥יא וְכָל־אֲשֶׁר־בָּ֖הּ לַֽיהוָ֑ה 1 This can be stated with an active form. Alternate translation: “You must set apart to Yahweh the city and all that is in it for destruction” or “You must set apart to Yahweh the city and all that is in it by destroying it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
6:18 ypv3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שִׁמְר֣וּ מִן־הַחֵ֔רֶם 1 Being careful is spoken of as if they are to guard themselves. “Be careful that you do not take the things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
6:18 p8xv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַעֲכַרְתֶּ֖ם אוֹתֽוֹ 1 Doing something that makes bad things to happen to the city is spoken of as bringing trouble on it. Alternate translation: “you will cause bad things to happen to it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
6:19 bz6i אוֹצַ֥ר יְהוָ֖ה 1 a collection of things set apart for the worship of Yahweh
6:20 fm69 וַיָּרִ֤יעוּ הָעָם֙ תְּרוּעָ֣ה גְדוֹלָ֔ה 1 Alternate translation: “the people of Israel shouted”
6:20 v2v6 וַֽיִּתְקְע֖וּ בַּשֹּֽׁפָר֑וֹת 1 Alternate translation: “sounded the trumpets loudly” or “blew into the ram’s horn trumpets”
6:24 ny39 וְהָעִ֛יר שָׂרְפ֥וּ 1 The word “they” refers to the Israelite soldiers. It does not refer only to the two young men who brought Rahab and her family out of the city.
6:25 w9ik rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וַתֵּ֨שֶׁב֙ בְּקֶ֣רֶב יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל 1 The word “She” refers to Rahab and represents her descendants. Alternate translation: “Her descendants live in Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
6:25 qlj6 עַ֖ד הַיּ֣וֹם הַזֶּ֑ה 1 “now” or “even today.” Rahab’s descendants are still living in Israel as the original writer writes this story.
6:26 cq3c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אָר֨וּר הָאִ֜ישׁ לִפְנֵ֣י יְהוָ֗ה אֲשֶׁ֤ר יָקוּם֙ וּבָנָ֞ה 1 Being cursed in Yahweh’s sight represents being cursed by Yahweh. Alternate translation: “May Yahweh curse the man who rebuilds” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
6:26 len7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בִּבְכֹר֣וֹ יְיַסְּדֶ֔נָּה 1 The consequence of a man laying a new foundation for Jericho is that his firstborn son would die. This is spoken of as if it were a cost that the man would pay. Alternate translation: “If he lays the foundation, he will lose his firstborn son” or “If he lays the foundation, his firstborn son will die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
6:26 anp8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּבִצְעִיר֖וֹ יַצִּ֥יב דְּלָתֶֽיהָ 1 The consequence of a man setting up new gates for Jericho is that his youngest son would die. This is spoken of as if it were a cost that the man would pay. Alternate translation: “If he sets up its gates, he will lose his youngest son” or “If he sets up it gates, his youngest son will die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
6:27 brx7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַיְהִ֥י שָׁמְע֖וֹ בְּכָל־הָאָֽרֶץ 1 This refers to Joshua’s fame, not Yahweh’s. Becoming known among the people throughout the land is spoken of as if his fame spread. Alternate translation: “Joshua became famous throughout the land” or “people throughout the land learned about Joshua” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
7:intro uv41 0 # Joshua 7 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Sin brought defeat\n\nIt was great sin to take what was to be destroyed. Because of their sin, Yahweh withheld victory from the Israelites. Sin resulted in defeat in battle. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
7:1 mtm4 בַּחֵ֑רֶם 1 Alternate translation: “the things that God had said they must set apart to him by destroying them”
7:1 z3zl rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names עָכָ֣ן & כַּרְמִי֩ & זַבְדִּ֨י & זֶ֜רַח 1 These are names of men. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
7:1 li2v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַיִּֽחַר־אַ֥ף יְהוָ֖ה 1 “anger” and “burned” indicates intensity, not that fire is present. Alternate translation: “Yahweh’s anger burned like a fire” or “Yahweh was very angry” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
7:3 ui7f כָּל־הָעָם֒ 1 This refers to the army of Israel.
7:3 z2xr מְעַ֖ט הֵֽמָּה 1 The word “they” refers to the people of Ai.
7:4 i5e8 וַיַּעֲל֤וּ מִן־הָעָם֙ שָׁ֔מָּה כִּשְׁלֹ֥שֶׁת אֲלָפִ֖ים אִ֑ישׁ 1 These men were part of the army. Alternate translation: “three thousand men belonging to the army went up”
7:5 zcr5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וַיִּמַּ֥ס לְבַב־הָעָ֖ם וַיְהִ֥י לְמָֽיִם 1 These phrases “melted” and “became like water” share similar meanings and are combined to emphasize that the people were extremely afraid. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
7:5 j2v2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וַיִּמַּ֥ס לְבַב־הָעָ֖ם 1 Here the people are represented by their “hearts” to emphasize their emotions. Alternate translation: “The people were very afraid” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
7:5 h4tc לְבַב־הָעָ֖ם 1 The phrase “the people” refers to the Israelite soldiers.
7:6 ty1c rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction וַיִּקְרַ֨ע יְהוֹשֻׁ֜עַ שִׂמְלֹתָ֗יו וַיִּפֹּל֩ עַל־פָּנָ֨יו אַ֜רְצָה לִפְנֵ֨י אֲר֤וֹן יְהוָה֙ 1 They did these things to show God how sad and distressed they were. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
7:7 jb6r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis לָ֠מָה הֵעֲבַ֨רְתָּ הַעֲבִ֜יר אֶת־הָעָ֤ם הַזֶּה֙ אֶת־הַיַּרְדֵּ֔ן לָתֵ֥ת אֹתָ֛נוּ בְּיַ֥ד הָאֱמֹרִ֖י לְהַאֲבִידֵ֑נוּ 1 Joshua was asking if this is the reason God had brought them across the Jordan. Alternate translation: “Did you do it in order to give us into the hands of the Amorites to destroy us?” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
7:7 run5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּיַ֥ד הָאֱמֹרִ֖י 1 The hands of the Amorites represents their control and power. Giving the Israelites into their hands to destroy them represents allowing the Amorites to have control of the Israelites and destroy them. Alternate translation: “To allow the Amorites to destroy us? (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
7:7 aq5b וְלוּ֙ הוֹאַ֣לְנוּ 1 The words “If only” show that this is a wish for something that had not happened. Alternate translation: “I wish we had made a different decision”
7:8 ke9p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion בִּ֖י אֲדֹנָ֑י מָ֣ה אֹמַ֔ר אַ֠חֲרֵי אֲשֶׁ֨ר הָפַ֧ךְ יִשְׂרָאֵ֛ל עֹ֖רֶף לִפְנֵ֥י אֹיְבָֽיו 1 Joshua said this to show how upset he was that he did not even know what to say. Alternate translation: “I do not know what to say. Israel has turned their backs before their enemies!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
7:8 s4eb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy הָפַ֧ךְ יִשְׂרָאֵ֛ל עֹ֖רֶף לִפְנֵ֥י אֹיְבָֽיו 1 Doing this represents running away from their enemies. Alternate translation: “Israel has run away from their enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
7:9 n2kp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְנָסַ֣בּוּ עָלֵ֔ינוּ וְהִכְרִ֥יתוּ אֶת־שְׁמֵ֖נוּ מִן־הָאָ֑רֶץ 1 Making people forget the name of the Israelites represents making them forget the Israelites. In this case they would do it by killing the Israelites. Alternate translation: “They will surround us and kill us, and the people of the earth will forget about us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
7:9 r713 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְשִׁמְךָ֥ הַגָּדֽוֹל 1 The phrase “your great name” here represents God’s reputation and power. Alternate translation: “And so what will you do so that people will know that you are great” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
7:9 vd3r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion וּמַֽה־תַּעֲשֵׂ֖ה לְשִׁמְךָ֥ הַגָּדֽוֹל 1 Joshua uses this question to warn God that if the Israelites are destroyed, then the other people will think that God is not great. Alternate translation: “Then there will be nothing you can do for your great name.” or “Then people will not know that you are great.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
7:10 hqu3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion לָ֑ךְ לָ֣מָּה זֶּ֔ה אַתָּ֖ה נֹפֵ֥ל עַל־פָּנֶֽיךָ 1 God used this question to rebuke Joshua for lying there on his face. Alternate translation: “Stop lying there with your face in the dirt!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
7:11 lc29 הַחֵ֔רֶם 1 These are the things “marked for destruction” from [Joshua 6:18-19](../06/18.md). Alternate translation: “the cursed things” or “those things which God has cursed”
7:11 dd18 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor גָּֽנְבוּ֙ וְגַ֣ם כִּֽחֲשׁ֔וּ 1 Hiding their sin represents trying to keep others from knowing that they have sinned. Alternate translation: “They have stolen those things, and then they tried to keep people from knowing that they sinned” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
7:12 yzi5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְלֹ֨א יֻכְל֜וּ בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל לָקוּם֙ לִפְנֵ֣י אֹיְבֵיהֶ֔ם 1 Standing before their enemies represents fighting successfully against their enemies. Alternate translation: “cannot fight successfully against their enemies” or “cannot defeat their enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
7:12 xix1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy עֹ֗רֶף יִפְנוּ֙ לִפְנֵ֣י אֹֽיְבֵיהֶ֔ם 1 Doing this represents running away from their enemies. Alternate translation: “They ran away from their enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
7:12 fs9m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לֹ֤א אוֹסִיף֙ לִֽהְי֣וֹת עִמָּכֶ֔ם 1 Being with Israel represents helping Israel. Alternate translation: “I will not help you any more” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
7:13 u4s8 Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nYahweh continues speaking to Joshua and tells him what to tell the people.
7:13 ln4q אֶת־הָעָ֔ם 1 This refers to the people of Israel.
7:13 j4ki rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לֹ֣א תוּכַ֗ל לָקוּם֙ לִפְנֵ֣י אֹיְבֶ֔יךָ 1 Standing before their enemies represents fighting successfully against them. Alternate translation: “You cannot fight successfully against your enemies” or “You cannot defeat your enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
7:14 gjw9 Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nYahweh continues telling Joshua what he must tell the people.
7:14 dp8p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְנִקְרַבְתֶּ֥ם בַּבֹּ֖קֶר לְשִׁבְטֵיכֶ֑ם 1 There were twelve tribes that made up the people of Israel. The phrase “by your tribes” means “each tribe.” Alternate translation: “each of your tribes must present themselves to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
7:14 scj7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom הַשֵּׁבֶט֩ אֲשֶׁר־יִלְכְּדֶ֨נּוּ יְהוָ֜ה יִקְרַ֣ב לַמִּשְׁפָּח֗וֹת 1 The tribe was made up of multiple clans. Alternate translation: “From the tribe that Yahweh selects, each clan will come near” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
7:14 crt9 הַשֵּׁבֶט֩ אֲשֶׁר־יִלְכְּדֶ֨נּוּ יְהוָ֜ה 1 The leaders of Israel would toss lots, and by doing this, they would learn which tribe Yahweh had selected. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “The tribe that Yahweh selects by lot” or “The tribe that Yahweh selects when we toss lots”
7:14 xl85 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְהַמִּשְׁפָּחָ֞ה אֲשֶֽׁר־יִלְכְּדֶ֤נָּה יְהוָה֙ תִּקְרַ֣ב לַבָּתִּ֔ים 1 The clan was made up of multiple households. Alternate translation: “From the clan that Yahweh selects, each household must come near” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
7:14 q8me rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְהַבַּ֨יִת֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר יִלְכְּדֶ֣נּוּ יְהוָ֔ה יִקְרַ֖ב לַגְּבָרִֽים 1 The household was made up of multiple people. Alternate translation: “From the household that Yahweh selects, each person must come near” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
7:15 d5nb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive הַנִּלְכָּ֣ד 1 This can be stated with an active form. Alternate translation: “the one whom Yahweh selects” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
7:15 g1vn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עָבַר֙ אֶת־בְּרִ֣ית יְהוָ֔ה 1 Breaking the covenant represents disobeying it. Alternate translation: “he has disobeyed the covenant of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
7:16 lzb4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַיַּקְרֵ֥ב אֶת־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל לִשְׁבָטָ֑יו 1 The phrase “tribe by tribe” means each tribe. Alternate translation: “brought each tribe of Israel near” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
7:16 g7qp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וַיִּלָּכֵ֖ד שֵׁ֥בֶט יְהוּדָֽה 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh selected the tribe of Judah” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
7:17 br4y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַיַּקְרֵ֞ב אֶת־מִשְׁפַּ֤חַת הַזַּרְחִי֙ לַגְּבָרִ֔ים 1 The phrase “person by person” is an idiom meaning each person. The persons in this sentence were the leaders of their households. Alternate translation: “He brought near each person of the clan of the Zerahites” or “From the clan of the Zerahites, he brought near each man who was the leader of his household” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
7:17 z419 אֶת־מִשְׁפַּ֤חַת הַזַּרְחִי֙ 1 The clan was named after the man named Zerah.
7:17 ha7i rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names זַבְדִּֽי 1 This is a man’s name. Translate as you did in [Joshua 7:1](../07/01.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
7:18 u41u rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names עָכָ֞ן & כַּרְמִ֧י & זַבְדִּ֛י & זֶ֖רַח 1 These are men’s names. Translate them as you did in [Joshua 7:1](../07/01.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
7:19 k521 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וְתֶן־ל֣וֹ תוֹדָ֑ה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **confession, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “confess.” Alternate translation: “confess to him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
7:19 fv9g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אַל־תְּכַחֵ֖ד מִמֶּֽנִּי 1 Hiding information represents trying to keep someone from knowing it. Alternate translation: “Do not try to prevent me from knowing what you have done” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
7:21 b9nn rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight וּמָאתַ֧יִם שְׁקָלִ֣ים 1 This is over two kilograms. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]])
7:21 y7vj rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight חֲמִשִּׁ֤ים שְׁקָלִים֙ 1 This is over 500 grams. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]])
7:21 xw3j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive טְמוּנִ֥ים בָּאָ֛רֶץ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I hid them in the ground” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
7:23 vh7i וַיַּצִּקֻ֖ם 1 Use the word in your language for pouring many small solid things out of a large bag onto the ground.
7:24 ta3l rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names עֵ֥מֶק עָכֽוֹר 1 The name means “Valley of Trouble,” but it is best to translate Achor the way it sounds. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
7:25 vd6n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion מֶ֣ה עֲכַרְתָּ֔נוּ 1 Joshua uses this question to rebuke Achan. Alternate translation: “You have troubled us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
7:25 i3rq וַיִּשְׂרְפ֤וּ אֹתָם֙ בָּאֵ֔שׁ וַיִּסְקְל֥וּ אֹתָ֖ם בָּאֲבָנִֽים 1 This could mean: (1) the Israelites burned Achan’s family to death and then covered them with stones or (2) the Israelites stoned Achan’s family to death and then burned the dead bodies or (3) that Achan and his possessions were stoned and then burned.
7:26 zcp9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַיָּ֥שָׁב יְהוָ֖ה מֵחֲר֣וֹן אַפּ֑וֹ 1 Turning away his anger represents stopping being angry. Burning anger represents strong anger. Alternate translation: “Yahweh stopped being angry” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
7:26 hfq5 עַ֖ד הַיּ֥וֹם הַזֶּֽה 1 It was still called the valley of Achor at the time the author wrote this. Alternate translation: “even today” or “even now”
8:intro f3jc 0 # Joshua 8 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Sin brought defeat\n\nIt was great sin to take what was to be destroyed. Because of their sin, Yahweh withheld victory from the Israelites. Sin resulted in defeat in battle. Because they repented, Yahweh brought victory to Israel in Ai. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]])\n\n### Built an altar\n\nAltars were commonly built in the Ancient Near East to commemorate important events. Several altars were built in the Book of Joshua.
8:1 l4p8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אַל־תִּירָ֣א וְאַל־תֵּחָ֔ת 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Yahweh combines them to emphasize that there is no reason to be afraid. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
8:1 den6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy נָתַ֣תִּי בְיָדְךָ֗ אֶת־מֶ֤לֶךְ הָעַי֙ וְאֶת־עַמּ֔וֹ וְאֶת־עִיר֖וֹ וְאֶת־אַרְצֽוֹ 1 Giving them into Israel’s hand represents giving Israel victory and control over them. Alternate translation: “I have given you victory over the king of Ai and his people, and I have given you control over his city and his land” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
8:1 t7bq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture נָתַ֣תִּי 1 God speaks of what he promises to do as though he had already done it, because he will certainly do it. Alternate translation: “I will certainly give” or “I am giving” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
8:2 h3r6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וּלְמַלְכָּ֗הּ 1 The word “her” refers to the city of Ai. Cities were often spoken of as if they were women. Alternate translation: “its king” or “their king” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
8:3 k4uk עַ֥ם הַמִּלְחָמָ֖ה 1 Alternate translation: “the army of Israel”
8:7 fw9x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּנְתָנָ֛הּ & בְּיֶדְכֶֽם 1 Here “hand” symbolizes the control and power the people have over their enemies. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
8:9 yt5n וַיִּשְׁלָחֵ֣ם יְהוֹשֻׁ֗עַ 1 This phrase refers to Joshua sending the thirty thousand men who had been selected to ambush Ai to where they would set the ambush.
8:9 i3lf הַמַּאְרָ֔ב 1 Alternate translation: “where they would hide until it was time to attack”
8:12 ycd3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers כַּחֲמֵ֥שֶׁת אֲלָפִ֖ים אִ֑ישׁ 1 “5,000 men.” This group seems to be a portion of the “thirty thousand men” ([Joshua 8:9](../08/09.md)). This smaller group remained in the ambush while the other 25,000 men attacked the city. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
8:13 s1lu אֶת־כָּל־הַֽמַּחֲנֶ֗ה 1 This refers to the largest group of fighting men, those not in the ambush group.
8:13 nq1b עֲקֵב֖וֹ 1 those who were “set in ambush on the west side of the city” ([Joshua 8:12](../08/12.md))
8:15 a83i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וַיִּנָּֽגְע֛וּ & לִפְנֵיהֶ֑ם 1 “let themselves be defeated before the people of Ai.” The phrase “before them” represents what the people of Ai would see and think. The phrase “be defeated” can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “let the people of Ai think that the Israelites were defeated” or “let the people of Ai think that they had defeated the Israelites” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
8:15 w933 לִפְנֵיהֶ֑ם 1 the army of Ai
8:15 bri5 וַיָּנֻ֖סוּ 1 The army of Israel fled.
8:16 dr3a וַֽיִּרְדְּפוּ֙ 1 These occurrences of “they” refer to the army of Ai.
8:16 m6sq לִרְדֹּ֖ף אַחֲרֵיהֶ֑ם 1 to go after the army of Isreal
8:16 lcb5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וַיִּזָּעֲק֗וּ כָּל־הָעָם֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר בעיר 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The city leaders called all the people in the city together” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
8:16 k8ff rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole כָּל־הָעָם֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר בעיר 1 The writer speaks in a general way about all the people, but “all the people” refers only to those who could fight. Alternate translation: “all the people in the city who could help chase the army of Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
8:17 zip6 וַיַּעַזְב֤וּ אֶת־הָעִיר֙ פְּתוּחָ֔ה 1 Alternate translation: “left the city gates open”
8:18 xe2m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְיָדְךָ֖ אֶתְּנֶ֑נָּה 1 Giving Ai into Israel’s hand represents giving Israel victory and control over Ai. Alternate translation: “I will give you victory over Ai” or “I will cause you to capture Ai” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
8:24 v2gf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism כְּכַלּ֣וֹת יִשְׂרָאֵ֡ל לַהֲרֹג֩ אֶת־כָּל־יֹשְׁבֵ֨י & וַֽיִּפְּל֥וּ כֻלָּ֛ם לְפִי־חֶ֖רֶב 1 The writer uses both of these sentences, which mean almost the same thing, to strongly say that the Israelites had obeyed God’s command to kill everyone in Ai. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
8:24 dd98 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism וַֽיִּפְּל֥וּ כֻלָּ֛ם לְפִי־חֶ֖רֶב 1 Here “fallen” is a euphemism for dying. Also, “the edge of the sword” represents whole swords, and swords represent either battle or the army of Israel. Alternate translation: “had died in battle” or “had died when the army of Israel attacked them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
8:30 xev4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names בְּהַ֖ר עֵיבָֽל 1 a mountain in Canaan (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
8:35 ym6u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives לֹֽא־הָיָ֣ה דָבָ֔ר מִכֹּ֖ל אֲשֶׁר־צִוָּ֣ה מֹשֶׁ֑ה אֲשֶׁ֨ר לֹֽא־קָרָ֜א יְהוֹשֻׁ֗עַ 1 This can be expressed positively. Alternate translation: “Joshua read every word of all that Moses commanded” or “Joshua read the entire law of Moses” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
8:35 kdu7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ 1 This refers to the nation of Israel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
9:intro w1cx 0 # Joshua 9 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Israel’s mistake\n\nIsrael was deceived because “they did not consult with Yahweh for guidance.” Instead of consulting Yahweh, they attempted to achieve victory under their own power. This was sinful. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
9:1 g4h4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הַיַּרְדֵּ֜ן 1 a shortened name for the Jordan River (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
9:2 uj94 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy פֶּ֖ה אֶחָֽד 1 Here “command” represents the one who commanded them. Being under him represents obeying his commands. Alternate translation: “obeying the commands of one leader” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
9:4 r5yb בְּעָרְמָ֔ה 1 a crafty scheme intended to trick Joshua and the Israelites
9:5 q9v6 יָבֵ֖שׁ הָיָ֥ה נִקֻּדִֽים 1 Alternate translation: “dry and filled with fungus” or “stale and ruined”
9:6 rz8e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche אִ֣ישׁ יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל 1 This refers to the entire nation of Israel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
9:7 w599 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הַחִוִּ֑י 1 This is another name for the Gibeonites. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
9:7 t1r4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion אוּלַ֗י בְּקִרְבִּי֙ אַתָּ֣ה יוֹשֵׁ֔ב וְאֵ֖יךְ אֶֽכְרָת־לְךָ֥ בְרִֽית 1 Joshua is emphasizing that the people of Israel have to follow the command of Yahweh above all else. Alternate translation: “If you do live near us, we cannot make a covenant with you.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
9:10 kam4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names לְסִיחוֹן֙ 1 This is the name of the defeated Amorite king. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
9:10 s17h rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names חֶשְׁבּ֔וֹן 1 This is the name of the royal city of the nation of Moab. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
9:10 pz6y rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וּלְע֥וֹג 1 This is the name of the defeated king of Bashan. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
9:10 p9ed rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names בְּעַשְׁתָּרֽוֹת 1 This is the name of a city known for worshiping the goddess of the same name. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
9:11 hq3m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche בְיֶדְכֶ֤ם 1 This phrase means “take with you.” Here the word “hand” represents the possession by the Gibeonites of the provisions. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
9:11 k7fe לִקְרָאתָ֑ם וַאֲמַרְתֶּ֤ם אֲלֵיהֶם֙ 1 The word “them” refers to the people of Israel.
9:15 f67z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וַיַּ֨עַשׂ לָהֶ֤ם יְהוֹשֻׁ֨עַ֙ שָׁל֔וֹם וַיִּכְרֹ֥ת לָהֶ֛ם בְּרִ֖ית לְחַיּוֹתָ֑ם וַיִּשָּׁבְע֣וּ לָהֶ֔ם נְשִׂיאֵ֖י הָעֵדָֽה 1 These two sentences are saying that the same thing occurred. Joshua, the leader of the nation of Israel, promised not to kill the Gibeonites. The leaders of the nation of Israel, likewise, made the same covenant. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
9:15 je8p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy הָעֵדָֽה 1 Here this refers to the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
9:17 s1u5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers בַּיּ֣וֹם הַשְּׁלִישִׁ֑י 1 This refers to number three in order. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
9:17 q18q rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וְהַכְּפִירָ֔ה 1 This is one of the cities of the Gibeonites. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
9:17 j671 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וּבְאֵר֖וֹת 1 This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
9:17 alr9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וְקִרְיַ֥ת יְעָרִֽים 1 This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
9:19 a168 הָ֣עֵדָ֔ה 1 Here this phrase refers to the nation of Israel.
9:21 wg7n וַ֠יִּֽהְיוּ חֹטְבֵ֨י עֵצִ֤ים וְשֹֽׁאֲבֵי־מַ֨יִם֙ 1 Alternate translation: “the Gibeonites became woodcutters and water carriers”
9:23 zlp7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְבֵ֥ית אֱלֹהָֽי 1 Here this phrase refers to the dwelling place of Yahweh, the Tabernacle. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
9:25 a5un rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet כַּטּ֨וֹב וְכַיָּשָׁ֧ר 1 The words “good” and “right” mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “Whatever seems fair and just” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
9:26 gy9c לָהֶ֖ם 1 The word “them” here refers to the Gibeonites.
9:27 p81s עַד־הַיּ֣וֹם הַזֶּ֔ה 1 “even up to now.” This means that the people had continued to do these things even up to the day that the writer was living.
10:intro uy1f 0 # Joshua 10 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThe ULT sets the lines in 10:12-13 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because they are a poem.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### “For Yahweh was waging war on behalf of Israel”\nIsrael’s conquest of the Promised Land was Yahweh’s war on the ungodly Canaanites more than Israel’s war. This type of war was different from other wars and God gave Israel special instructions. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Idiom\n\nThe people of Gibeon used an idiom when they called for help from Israel: “Do not withdraw your hands,” meaning “do not stop protecting.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
10:1 au8p וַיְהִי֩ 1 This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here the writer tells about a new person in the story, Adoni-Zedek.
10:1 y65k rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אֲדֹֽנִי־צֶ֜דֶק 1 This is the name of a man who is an important king. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
10:3 y6ss rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names יַרְמ֜וּת & לָכִ֛ישׁ & עֶגְל֖וֹן 1 These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
10:3 k9rg rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הוֹהָ֣ם & פִּרְאָ֨ם & יָפִ֧יעַ & דְּבִ֥יר 1 These are the names of kings. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
10:4 ct5k עֲלֽוּ־אֵלַ֣י 1 “Travel to where I am.” Jerusalem was higher in elevation than other cities in Canaan.
10:5 m422 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names יַרְמוּת֙ & לָכִ֣ישׁ & עֶגְל֔וֹן 1 These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
10:5 vs78 וַֽיַּחֲנוּ֙ עַל 1 This means they set up their camp around their city. This was a way of weakening those in the city. It prevented people from escaping the city, and it prevented others from bringing food and water to them in the city.
10:6 wk68 לֵאמֹ֔ר 1 The word “They” here refers to Gibeonites.
10:6 zhx9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes אַל־תֶּ֥רֶף יָדֶ֖יךָ מֵֽעֲבָדֶ֑יךָ 1 This humble request is stated with two negatives to emphasize the need for a positive action. Alternate translation: “Please come and use your strength to protect us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
10:6 am1x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy יָדֶ֖יךָ 1 The word “hands” here refers to the people of Israel’s strength. Alternate translation: “your strength” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
10:8 c4uw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְיָדְךָ֖ נְתַתִּ֑ים 1 Here “hand” represents the people of Israel’s strength and their ability to defeat their enemy. The word “them” refers to the attacking army. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
10:8 du96 נְתַתִּ֑ים 1 Here the word “them” refers to the attacking armies.
10:9 ecq8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וַיָּבֹ֧א אֲלֵיהֶ֛ם יְהוֹשֻׁ֖עַ 1 The entire army of Israel is referred to here by the name of their commander, Joshua. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
10:10 sq89 וַיְהֻמֵּ֤ם יְהוָה֙ לִפְנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל 1 Here “Israel” refers to the entire army of Israel.
10:10 yr7y rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names בֵית־חוֹרֹ֔ן & עֲזֵקָ֖ה & מַקֵּדָֽה 1 These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
10:11 fbf9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names בֵּית־חוֹרֹן֙ & עֲזֵקָ֖ה 1 These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
10:11 tuc9 הִשְׁלִ֣יךְ עֲלֵיהֶם֩ אֲבָנִ֨ים גְּדֹל֧וֹת מִן־הַשָּׁמַ֛יִם 1 Alternate translation: “threw large hailstones from the sky”
10:12 si1e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism שֶׁ֚מֶשׁ בְּגִבְע֣וֹן דּ֔וֹם וְיָרֵ֖חַ בְּעֵ֥מֶק אַיָּלֽוֹן 1 Joshua is praying that Yahweh would make the progression of time stop on this day. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
10:12 j9zt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification שֶׁ֚מֶשׁ & וְיָרֵ֖חַ 1 Joshua commands the sun and moon as if these were people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
10:12 ug8m rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names בְּעֵ֥מֶק אַיָּלֽוֹן 1 This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
10:13 dq14 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy גּוֹי֙ 1 This refers to the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
10:13 b91l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲלֹא־הִ֥יא כְתוּבָ֖ה עַל־סֵ֣פֶר הַיָּשָׁ֑ר 1 The writer uses this question as background information to remind the reader that the incident is well-documented. Alternate translation: “This is written in The Book of Jashar.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
10:16 wcb9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names בְּמַקֵּדָֽה 1 This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
10:17 mns8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וַיֻּגַּ֖ד לִיהוֹשֻׁ֣עַ 1 Messengers came and told Joshua. Alternate translation: “Someone told Joshua” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
10:19 l8tl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּיֶדְכֶֽם 1 The phrase “your hand” here means “your control.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
10:21 kb3w rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מַקֵּדָ֖ה 1 Translate the same way as you did in [Joshua 10:10](../10/10.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
10:21 py6w לֹֽא־חָרַ֞ץ לִבְנֵ֧י יִשְׂרָאֵ֛ל לְאִ֖ישׁ אֶת־לְשֹׁנֽוֹ 1 Alternate translation: “No one dared to say anything against” or “No one dared to complain or protest against”
10:22 zs9n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom פִּתְח֖וּ אֶת־פִּ֣י הַמְּעָרָ֑ה 1 Here “mouth” is an idiom that means “entrance.” Alternate translation: “Open the entrance of the cave” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
10:23 g4te rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names יַרְמ֔וּת & לָכִ֖ישׁ & עֶגְלֽוֹן 1 These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
10:24 dnc1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche כָּל־אִ֣ישׁ יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל 1 Here the men of Israel represent only those who were soldiers. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
10:27 e9z9 עַד־עֶ֖צֶם הַיּ֥וֹם הַזֶּֽה 1 Alternate translation: “until the author wrote this story”
10:28 e1nc rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מַקֵּדָ֔ה 1 This is the name of a city. See how you translated it in [Joshua 10:10](../10/10.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
10:28 nhk6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism הֶחֱרִ֣ם אוֹתָ֗ם וְאֶת־כָּל־הַנֶּ֨פֶשׁ֙ אֲשֶׁר־בָּ֔הּ לֹ֥א הִשְׁאִ֖יר שָׂרִ֑יד 1 The second sentence summarizes the first sentence to emphasize that Joshua left no person or animal alive. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
10:29 k439 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names לִבְנָ֑ה 1 This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
10:31 dsk6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מִלִּבְנָ֖ה לָכִ֑ישָׁה 1 These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
10:32 yw79 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּיַ֣ד יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל 1 Here their “hand” represents their control. Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave Lachish into the control of the nation of Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
10:33 rff2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הֹרָם֙ 1 This is the name of a man who is an important king. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
10:33 lp2c rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names גֶּ֔זֶר & אֶת־לָכִ֑ישׁ 1 These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
10:34 y3g9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מִלָּכִ֖ישׁ עֶגְלֹ֑נָה 1 These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
10:35 dqi7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet וַיַּכּ֣וּהָ לְפִי־חֶ֔רֶב וְאֵת֙ כָּל־הַנֶּ֣פֶשׁ אֲשֶׁר־ & הַה֖וּא הֶחֱרִ֑ים 1 These two phrases have similar meanings. Together they show the completeness of the destruction of Eglon. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
10:36 a6ng rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מֵעֶגְל֖וֹנָה 1 This is the name of a city. See how you translated this in [Joshua 10:3](../10/03.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
10:37 gba2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וַיִּלְכְּד֣וּהָ וַיַּכּֽוּהָ־לְפִי־חֶ֠רֶב 1 The sword represents the army of Israel and striking expresses the idea of slaughter and destruction. Alternate translation: “They captured and killed and destroyed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
10:38 mr8b rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names דְּבִ֑רָה 1 This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
10:39 g2ta rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names לִדְבִ֨רָה֙ & לְלִבְנָ֖ה 1 These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
10:39 m8bf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וַיַּכּ֣וּם לְפִי־חֶ֔רֶב 1 The sword represents the army of Israel and striking expresses the idea of slaughter and destruction. Alternate translation: “They killed and destroyed them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
10:40 u843 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וְאֵת֙ כָּל־מַלְכֵיהֶ֔ם לֹ֥א הִשְׁאִ֖יר שָׂרִ֑יד וְאֵ֤ת כָּל־הַנְּשָׁמָה֙ הֶחֱרִ֔ים 1 These two phrases share similar meanings and emphasize the complete destruction that the people of Israel accomplished at Yahweh’s command. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
10:42 qy8i כָּל־הַמְּלָכִ֤ים הָאֵ֨לֶּה֙ וְאֶת־אַרְצָ֔ם לָכַ֥ד יְהוֹשֻׁ֖עַ 1 This refers to the kings and lands that were listed beginning in [Joshua 10:28](../10/28.md).
10:42 rbp2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לָכַ֥ד יְהוֹשֻׁ֖עַ 1 Here Joshua represents his whole army. Alternate translation: “Joshua and his soldiers captured” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
10:42 f9tx פַּ֣עַם אֶחָ֑ת 1 This does not mean in one day. It means during one military campaign, which may have lasted many days or weeks.
11:intro g8mw 0 # Joshua 11 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh overcomes the united forces of the northern kingdoms\n\nYahweh said to Joshua, “Do not be afraid in their presence, because tomorrow at this time I am giving them all to Israel as dead men.” Even when the kingdoms of Canaan joined forces, they were not able to overcome the power of Yahweh.\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### “Yahweh gave the enemy into the hand of Israel”\nThis phrase may present difficulties in translation. The translator should ensure that Yahweh receives credit for Israel’s victory. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
11:1 a1ca rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names יָבִ֣ין & יוֹבָב֙ 1 These are names of kings. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
11:1 zi5u rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names חָצ֑וֹר & מָד֔וֹן & שִׁמְר֖וֹן & אַכְשָֽׁף 1 These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
11:2 gz61 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names כִּֽנֲר֖וֹת & וּבְנָפ֥וֹת דּ֖וֹר 1 These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
11:3 rds6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names חֶרְמ֔וֹן 1 This is the name of a mountain. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
11:4 e5l4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole וְכָל־מַֽחֲנֵיהֶם֙ עִמָּ֔ם עַם־רָ֕ב כַּח֛וֹל אֲשֶׁ֥ר עַל־שְׂפַת־הַיָּ֖ם לָרֹ֑ב 1 No one can count the grains of sand on the seashore. This exaggeration emphasizes the very large number of soldiers that these kings assembled. Alternate translation: “such a great number of soldiers that there appeared to be as many of them as there are grains of sand on the seashore” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
11:5 kc2e rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מֵר֔וֹם 1 This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
11:6 n348 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אָנֹכִ֞י נֹתֵ֧ן אֶת־כֻּלָּ֛ם חֲלָלִ֖ים לִפְנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל 1 Yahweh enabling Israel to conquer the enemy army and kill all of the soldiers is spoken of as if Yahweh killed the soldiers and then gave them to Israel. Alternate translation: “I will enable Israel to kill all of them in battle” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
11:6 lgk2 אֶת־סוּסֵיהֶ֣ם תְּעַקֵּ֔ר 1 “cripple their horses by cutting their legs.” This is a practice where the tendons in the backs of the legs are cut so that the horses cannot walk.
11:7 sm9k rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מֵר֖וֹם 1 This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
11:8 cw9y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַיִּתְּנֵ֨ם יְהוָ֥ה בְּיַֽד־יִשְׂרָאֵל֮ 1 Here the word “hand” represents power. Yahweh enabling the army of Israel to conquer their enemy is spoken of as if Yahweh had put the enemy army into Israel’s hand. Alternate translation: “Yahweh enabled Israel to conquer the enemy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
11:8 m9b1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מִשְׂרְפ֣וֹת מַ֔יִם 1 This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
11:9 q7dn עִקֵּ֔ר 1 This is a practice where the tendons in the backs of the legs are cut so that the horses cannot run. See how you translated this word in [Joshua 11:6](../11/06.md).
11:10 pbp8 מַלְכָּ֖הּ הִכָּ֣ה בֶחָ֑רֶב 1 Alternate translation: “Joshua killed the king of Hazor with his sword”
11:10 cjd1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor חָצ֣וֹר לְפָנִ֔ים הִ֕יא רֹ֖אשׁ כָּל־הַמַּמְלָכ֥וֹת הָאֵֽלֶּה 1 Hazor being the most important city is spoken of as Hazor being the head of the other kingdoms. Alternate translation: Hazor had been the most important of all these kingdoms” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
11:11 be72 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וַ֠יַּכּוּ אֶת־כָּל־הַנֶּ֨פֶשׁ אֲשֶׁר־בָּ֤הּ לְפִי־חֶ֨רֶב֙ הַֽחֲרֵ֔ם לֹ֥א נוֹתַ֖ר כָּל־נְשָׁמָ֑ה 1 These two phrases share similar meanings and emphasize complete destruction. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
11:11 z2md rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche הַֽחֲרֵ֔ם 1 The word “he” refers to Joshua and represents himself and his army. Completely destroying every living thing in the city is spoken of as if those living things were dedicated for destruction. Alternate translation: “the army completely destroyed them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
11:13 f8kv הֶעָרִ֗ים הָעֹֽמְדוֹת֙ עַל־תִּלָּ֔ם 1 Alternate translation: “cities built on small hills”
11:14 grk1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns לָהֶ֖ם 1 This phrase refers to the army of Israel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
11:14 n215 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אֶֽת־כָּל־הָאָדָ֞ם הִכּ֣וּ לְפִי־חֶ֗רֶב עַד־הִשְׁמִדָם֙ אוֹתָ֔ם לֹ֥א הִשְׁאִ֖ירוּ כָּל־נְשָׁמָֽה 1 These two phrases share similar meanings and emphasize complete destruction. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
11:15 ta4x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes לֹֽא־הֵסִ֣יר דָּבָ֔ר מִכֹּ֛ל אֲשֶׁר־צִוָּ֥ה יְהוָ֖ה אֶת־מֹשֶֽׁה 1 This negative phrase emphasizes that Joshua did everything that Yahweh commanded. Alternate translation: “Joshua did everything that Yahweh commanded” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
11:17 yr6b rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הָהָ֤ר הֶֽחָלָק֙ & בַּ֤עַל גָּד֙ 1 These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
11:20 pq7v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מֵאֵ֣ת יְהוָ֣ה׀ הָיְתָ֡ה לְחַזֵּ֣ק אֶת־לִבָּם֩ 1 Yahweh causing the people of the cities to be stubborn is spoken of as if Yahweh had hardened their hearts. Alternate translation: “it was Yahweh who caused them to act stubbornly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
11:21 im1q rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אֶת־הָֽעֲנָקִים֙ 1 These are the descendants of Anak. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
11:21 p6cd rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names דְּבִ֣ר & עֲנָ֔ב 1 These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
11:23 qe5v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַיִּתְּנָהּ֩ יְהוֹשֻׁ֨עַ לְנַחֲלָ֧ה לְיִשְׂרָאֵ֛ל 1 Joshua giving the land to the Israelites is spoken of as if he had given the Israelites an inheritance as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “Joshua gave the land to the Israelites as a permanent possession” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
11:23 x695 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וְהָאָ֥רֶץ שָׁקְטָ֖ה מִמִּלְחָמָֽה 1 The people no longer fighting wars is spoken of as if the land were a person who rested from war. Alternate translation: “the people no longer fought wars in the land” or “there was peace in the land” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
12:intro ga6k 0 # Joshua 12 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThe ULT sets the lines in 12:2-5 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because they are part of a long list.
12:1 e45x rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background וְאֵ֣לֶּה 1 This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here the writer begins to provide background information. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
12:1 fe2c וְאֵ֣לֶּה׀ מַלְכֵ֣י 1 This refers to the list of kings that continues through verse 24.
12:1 g8ju rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הָעֲרָבָ֖ה 1 These are the names of a region of land. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
12:2 uv1m rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מֵעֲרוֹעֵ֡ר 1 This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
12:2 ts6s סִיחוֹן֙ & בְּחֶשְׁבּ֑וֹן 1 See how you translated these words in [Joshua 9:10](../09/10.md).
12:3 dh7d יָ֨ם כִּנְר֜וֹת 1 This is a place. See how you translated this in [Joshua 11:2](../11/02.md).
12:3 gc3x rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names בֵּ֣ית הַיְשִׁמ֑וֹת & הַפִּסְגָּֽה 1 These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
12:4 zb6d ע֚וֹג מֶ֣לֶךְ הַבָּשָׁ֔ן 1 See how you translated this man’s name in [Joshua 9:10](../09/10.md).
12:4 m4ct rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הָרְפָאִ֑ים 1 These are the names of people groups. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
12:4 t7hy rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names בְּעַשְׁתָּר֖וֹת וּבְאֶדְרֶֽעִי 1 These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
12:5 vu4f rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וּבְסַלְכָה֙ 1 This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
12:5 sbq3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וְהַמַּעֲכָתִ֑י 1 This is the name of a people group. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
12:6 bsj6 לָרֻֽאוּבֵנִי֙ 1 These are the descendants of Reuben.
12:6 p8zt וְלַגָּדִ֔י 1 These are the descendants of Gad.
12:6 zk48 וְלַחֲצִ֖י שֵׁ֥בֶט הַֽמְנַשֶּֽׁה 1 They are called a half tribe because the other half of the tribe received an inheritance in the land of Canaan.
12:7 nie7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מִבַּ֤עַל גָּד֙ & הָהָ֥ר הֶחָלָ֖ק 1 These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
12:8 z37z rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וּבָֽעֲרָבָה֙ 1 This is the name of a region of land. Translate as in [Joshua 12:1](./01.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
12:10 ps2m rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names חֶבְר֖וֹן 1 This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
12:11 aj97 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names יַרְמוּת֙ & לָכִ֖ישׁ 1 These are the names of cities. Translate in the same way you did in [Joshua 10:3](../10/03.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
12:12 bgl2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names עֶגְלוֹן֙ & גֶּ֖זֶר 1 These are the names of cities. Translate “Eglon” in the same way you did in [Joshua 10:3](../10/03.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
12:13 mgg8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names דְּבִר֙ & גֶּ֖דֶר 1 These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
12:14 e9ba rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names חָרְמָה֙ & עֲרָ֖ד 1 These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
12:15 nec9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names לִבְנָה֙ & עֲדֻלָּ֖ם 1 These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
12:16 se49 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מַקֵּדָה֙ 1 This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
12:17 g346 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names תַּפּ֨וּחַ֙ & חֵ֖פֶר 1 These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
12:18 m8vl rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אֲפֵק֙ & לַשָּׁר֖וֹן 1 These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
12:19 ga17 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מָדוֹן֙ & חָצ֖וֹר 1 These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
12:20 cq4i rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names שִׁמְר֤וֹן מְראוֹן֙ & אַכְשָׁ֖ף 1 These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
12:21 pv5n rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names תַּעְנַךְ֙ & מְגִדּ֖וֹ 1 These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
12:22 z2b9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names קֶ֨דֶשׁ֙ & יָקְנֳעָ֥ם 1 These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
12:23 a6eq rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names דּ֛וֹר לְנָפַ֥ת דּ֖וֹר & גּוֹיִ֥ם 1 These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
12:24 kv8w rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names תִּרְצָ֖ה 1 This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
13:intro zl7s 0 # Joshua 13 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter begins a section about dividing the land between the tribes of Israel.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Division of the land\n\nThere was still much land to be captured west of the Jordan River, but the tribe of Reuben, Gad and half of the tribe of Mannasah received their land east of the Jordan. This land had been promised to them in Numbers 32.\n\n### Driving out the people\n\nWhile Yahweh achieved many great victories through Joshua, Israel was still supposed to drive out the rest of the Canaanites. Israel’s success in this would depend on their faith in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])
13:2 s51z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit זֹ֥את הָאָ֖רֶץ הַנִּשְׁאָ֑רֶת 1 You may clarify that this is the land that Israel still needs to capture. Alternate translation: “This is the land that still remains for Israel to capture” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
13:3 q1nv rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הַשִּׁיח֞וֹר 1 This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
13:3 a3iw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive לַֽכְּנַעֲנִ֖י תֵּחָשֵׁ֑ב 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “which the Canaanites now consider their property” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
13:3 jnl3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וְהָעַוִּֽים 1 This is the name of a people group. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
13:4 b13s rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וּמְעָרָ֛ה & אֲפֵ֑קָה 1 These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
13:5 bj71 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מִבַּ֣עַל גָּ֔ד & הַר־חֶרְמ֑וֹן 1 These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
13:5 jd8r rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הַגִּבְלִ֗י 1 This is the name of a people group who lived in Geba. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
13:6 b7pk rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מִשְׂרְפֹ֥ת מַ֨יִם֙ 1 this is the name of a place (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
13:6 si8i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לְיִשְׂרָאֵל֙ בְּֽנַחֲלָ֔ה 1 The land that Israel will claim is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that they will receive as a permanent possession. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
13:9 gfc4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מֵעֲרוֹעֵ֡ר & מֵידְבָ֖א & דִּיבֽוֹן 1 These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
13:9 lk8d הַנַּ֛חַל 1 a place where the river is far below the land on the sides
13:9 t2an הַמִּישֹׁ֥ר 1 flat land high above rivers
13:10 zm4w rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names בְּחֶשְׁבּ֑וֹן 1 This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
13:11 whz4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names סַלְכָֽה 1 These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
13:11 kc79 וּגְב֧וּל הַגְּשׁוּרִ֣י וְהַמַּעֲכָתִ֗י 1 Alternate translation: “the land where the Geshurites and Maacathites lived”
13:11 l98j rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וְהַמַּעֲכָתִ֗י 1 These are the names of people groups. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
13:12 hw24 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names בְּעַשְׁתָּר֖וֹת וּבְאֶדְרֶ֑עִי 1 These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
13:12 u2dn rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הָרְפָאִ֔ים 1 This is the name of a people group. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
13:12 l1cu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וַיַּכֵּ֥ם מֹשֶׁ֖ה 1 Here “Moses” represents himself and the Israelite army that Moses led. Alternate translation: “Moses and the Israelites attacked them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
13:13 zb9l rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אֶת־הַגְּשׁוּרִ֖י וְאֶת־הַמַּעֲכָתִ֑י 1 These are the names of people groups. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
13:13 hu1n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit גְּשׁ֤וּר וּמַֽעֲכָת֙ בְּקֶ֣רֶב יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל 1 “Geshur” and “Maacath” are either the names of the ancestors of “the Geshurites” and “the Maacathites” or are the names of the cities in which they lived. Alternate translation: “those people live among Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
13:13 xw7d עַ֖ד הַיּ֥וֹם הַזֶּֽה 1 This refers to the period of time in which the author wrote this book.
13:14 zs6y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לֹ֥א נָתַ֖ן נַחֲלָ֑ה 1 The land that Moses assigned to the tribes of Israel is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that they received as a permanent possession. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
13:14 v9zc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אִשֵּׁ֨י יְהוָ֜ה & ה֣וּא נַחֲלָת֔וֹ 1 The writer speaks of the great honor that the Levites had by serving Yahweh as priests as if the offerings were something that they would inherit. Alternate translation: “The offerings of Yahweh … are what they will have for their provision” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
13:14 br61 אִשֵּׁ֨י יְהוָ֜ה 1 Alternate translation: “offerings that the people were to bring to Yahweh”
13:14 lz8a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive אִשֵּׁ֨י 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that the priests burned with fire” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
13:16 f1uv rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מֵעֲרוֹעֵ֡ר & מֵידְבָֽא 1 These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
13:16 s5yv נַ֨חַל & הַמִּישֹׁ֖ר 1 See how you translated these words in [Joshua 13:9](../13/09.md).
13:17 y6iu rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names חֶשְׁבּ֥וֹן & דִּיבוֹן֙ וּבָמ֣וֹת בַּ֔עַל וּבֵ֖ית בַּ֥עַל מְעֽוֹן 1 These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
13:18 i4fe rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וְיַ֥הְצָה וּקְדֵמֹ֖ת וּמֵפָֽעַת 1 These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
13:19 f1h3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וְקִרְיָתַ֣יִם וְשִׂבְמָ֔ה וְצֶ֥רֶת הַשַּׁ֖חַר 1 These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
13:20 is7v rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וּבֵ֥ית פְּע֛וֹר & הַפִּסְגָּ֖ה וּבֵ֥ית הַיְשִׁמֽוֹת 1 These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
13:21 uld7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names בְּחֶשְׁבּ֑וֹן 1 This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
13:21 j6hq rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names סִיחוֹן֙ & אֶת־אֱוִ֤י וְאֶת־רֶ֨קֶם֙ וְאֶת־צ֤וּר וְאֶת־חוּר֙ וְאֶת־רֶ֔בַע 1 These are the names of people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
13:21 x56e אֹת֣וֹ׀ וְאֶת־נְשִׂיאֵ֣י מִדְיָ֗ן 1 Alternate translation: “as he had defeated the leaders of Midian”
13:23 gc1r וּגְב֑וּל זֹ֣את 1 The Jordan River was the western border of the land that the tribe of Reuben received.
13:23 x56m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּגְב֑וּל זֹ֣את נַחֲלַ֤ת בְּנֵֽי־רְאוּבֵן֙ 1 The land that Moses assigned to the tribe of Reuben is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that the tribe of Reuben received as a permanent possession. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
13:23 ud8m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive לְמִשְׁפְּחֹתָ֔ם 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that Moses gave to each of their clans” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
13:25 fmp2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names יַעְזֵר֙ & עֲרוֹעֵ֕ר & רַבָּֽה 1 These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
13:26 mr54 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וּמֵחֶשְׁבּ֛וֹן & רָמַ֥ת הַמִּצְפֶּ֖ה וּבְטֹנִ֑ים וּמִֽמַּחֲנַ֖יִם & לִדְבִֽר 1 These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
13:27 ie4m rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names בֵּ֣ית הָרָם֩ וּבֵ֨ית נִמְרָ֜ה וְסֻכּ֣וֹת וְצָפ֗וֹן & חֶשְׁבּ֔וֹן 1 These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
13:28 hla2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor זֹ֛את נַחֲלַ֥ת בְּנֵי־גָ֖ד 1 The land that Moses assigned to the tribe of Gad is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that the tribe of Gad received as a permanent possession. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
13:29 we69 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַיִּתֵּ֣ן מֹשֶׁ֔ה לַחֲצִ֖י שֵׁ֣בֶט מְנַשֶּׁ֑ה 1 The land that Moses assigned to the half tribe of Manasseh is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that he gave to them as a permanent possession. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
13:29 gs84 לַחֲצִ֖י שֵׁ֣בֶט מְנַשֶּׁ֑ה 1 Only half of the tribe received this land because the other half received land on the other side of the Jordan River.
13:29 p8yw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וַיְהִ֗י לַחֲצִ֛י 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Moses assigned it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
13:30 s32g rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מִמַּחֲנַ֨יִם & יָאִ֛יר 1 These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
13:31 b2aa rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וְעַשְׁתָּר֣וֹת וְאֶדְרֶ֔עִי 1 These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
13:31 zde9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive לִבְנֵ֤י 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Moses assigned these” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
13:31 g5si rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מָכִ֖יר 1 This is a man’s name. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
13:32 hh57 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֵ֕לֶּה אֲשֶׁר־נִחַ֥ל מֹשֶׁ֖ה 1 The land that Moses assigned to the tribes of Israel on the east side of the Jordan is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that Moses gave to them as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “This is the land that Moses assigned to them as an inheritance” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
13:33 ce57 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יְהוָ֞ה אֱלֹהֵ֤י יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ ה֣וּא נַחֲלָתָ֔ם 1 The writer speaks of the great honor that the Levites had by serving Yahweh as priests as if Yahweh were something that they would inherit. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, the God of Israel, is what they have” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
14:intro dsn7 0 # Joshua 14 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Drive them out\n\nThe Israelites were to completely drive out the Canaanites. If they did not drive them out completely, the Canaanites would cause the Israelites to worship other gods. It was sinful to allow the Canaanites to remain in the land. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
14:1 u4tc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְאֵ֛לֶּה אֲשֶׁר־נָחֲל֥וּ בְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל 1 The land that the people of Israel acquired is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that they received as a permanent possession. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
14:1 ql64 אֲב֥וֹת הַמַּטּ֖וֹת 1 Alternate translation: “leaders of the tribes”
14:2 f1ux rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive בְּגוֹרַ֖ל נַחֲלָתָ֑ם 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Eleazar, Joshua, and the tribal leaders cast lots to determine the inheritance” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
14:2 ti9l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche בְּיַד־מֹשֶׁ֔ה 1 Here the word “hand” refers to Moses himself and means that Yahweh used Moses as the agent to deliver his command. Alternate translation: “through Moses” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
14:3 ptq4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor כִּֽי־נָתַ֨ן מֹשֶׁ֜ה נַחֲלַ֨ת שְׁנֵ֤י הַמַּטּוֹת֙ וַחֲצִ֣י הַמַּטֶּ֔ה מֵעֵ֖בֶר לַיַּרְדֵּ֑ן וְלַ֨לְוִיִּ֔ם לֹֽא־נָתַ֥ן נַחֲלָ֖ה בְּתוֹכָֽם 1 The land that Moses gave to the tribes is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that they received as a permanent possession. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
14:4 tye1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְלֹֽא־נָתְנוּ֩ חֵ֨לֶק לַלְוִיִּ֜ם בָּאָ֗רֶץ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “And Moses did not give a portion of the inheritance to the Levites in the land” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
14:4 c5l6 חֵ֨לֶק 1 Alternate translation: “part”
14:4 tj8s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis כִּ֤י אִם־עָרִים֙ לָשֶׁ֔בֶת 1 The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “but he gave to them only certain cities to live in” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
14:4 m4nv וּמִ֨גְרְשֵׁיהֶ֔ם 1 fields of grass for the livestock to eat
14:4 j8ys וּלְקִנְיָנָֽם 1 physical things they needed so they could provide for their families
14:6 b9tc rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names יְפֻנֶּ֖ה 1 This is a man’s name. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
14:6 g6g8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הַקְּנִזִּ֑י 1 This is the name of a people group. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
14:7 wqe2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וָאָשֵׁ֤ב אֹתוֹ֙ דָּבָ֔ר כַּאֲשֶׁ֖ר עִם־לְבָבִֽי 1 Here the word “heart” represents the thoughts. The phrase is an idiom that refers to a report that is given honestly. Alternate translation: “I brought back to him an honest report” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
14:8 q6zs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הִמְסִ֖יו אֶת־לֵ֣ב הָעָ֑ם 1 Making the people very afraid is spoken of as if it were making the hearts of the people melt. Alternate translation: “made the people very afraid” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
14:8 d53a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְאָנֹכִ֣י מִלֵּ֔אתִי אַחֲרֵ֖י יְהוָ֥ה 1 Being loyal to Yahweh is spoken of as if it were completely following Yahweh. Alternate translation: “I remained loyal to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
14:9 ew2r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הָאָ֨רֶץ֙ & בָּ֔הּ לְךָ֨ תִֽהְיֶ֧ה לְנַחֲלָ֛ה וּלְבָנֶ֖יךָ עַד־עוֹלָ֑ם 1 The land that Caleb and his descendants would have is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that they would receive as a permanent possession. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
14:9 shc9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche הָאָ֨רֶץ֙ אֲשֶׁ֨ר דָּרְכָ֤ה רַגְלְךָ֙ 1 Here “your foot” represents Caleb. Alternate translation: “the land on which you have walked” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
14:10 m9sn הִנֵּה֩ 1 Alternate translation: “pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important”
14:10 c4ma אֲשֶׁר־הָלַ֥ךְ יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל בַּמִּדְבָּ֑ר 1 Alternate translation: “while the people of Israel traveled in the wilderness”
14:11 q443 כְּכֹ֥חִי אָ֖ז וּכְכֹ֣חִי עָ֑תָּה 1 Alternate translation: “I am still as strong now as I was then”
14:11 y4nf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְלָצֵ֥את וְלָבֽוֹא 1 This is an idiom that refers to daily activities. Alternate translation: “for the things I do every day” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
14:12 r8ka אֶת־הָהָ֣ר 1 This could mean: (1) many large hills or small mountains or (2) one mountain.
14:12 ner3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names עֲנָקִ֣ים 1 This is the name of a people group. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
14:13 q6ae rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַיִּתֵּ֧ן אֶת־חֶבְר֛וֹן לְכָלֵ֥ב 1 Hebron is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that Caleb received as a permanent possession. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
14:14 gji6 עַ֖ד הַיּ֣וֹם הַזֶּ֑ה 1 This refers to the period of time in which the author wrote this book.
14:14 zii3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִלֵּ֔א אַחֲרֵ֕י יְהוָ֖ה 1 Being loyal to Yahweh is spoken of as if it were completely following Yahweh. Alternate translation: “he remained loyal to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
14:15 hyh6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names קִרְיַ֣ת אַרְבַּ֔ע 1 This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
14:15 wv1z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וְהָאָ֥רֶץ שָׁקְטָ֖ה מִמִּלְחָמָֽה 1 The people no longer fighting wars is spoken of as if the land were a person who rested from war. See how you translated this phrase in [Joshua 11:23](../11/23.md). Alternate translation: “Then the people no longer fought wars in the land” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
15:intro ght5 0 # Joshua 15 General Notes\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\nThis chapter is about the land given to the tribe of Judah. It will be difficult to fully understand their location without a map. Further research may be needed to understand the location of their land. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
15:1 ex51 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names צִ֛ן 1 This is the name of the wilderness area. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
15:2 k5za מִקְצֵ֖ה יָ֣ם הַמֶּ֑לַח מִן־הַלָּשֹׁ֖ן הַפֹּנֶ֥ה נֶֽגְבָּה 1 “from the bay that faces south at the end of the Salt Sea.” These two phrases refer to the same location. The second phrase clarifies the point at which the southern border begins.
15:2 j6xn מִן־הַלָּשֹׁ֖ן הַפֹּנֶ֥ה נֶֽגְבָּה 1 Alternate translation: “from the bay that extends to the south” or “from the southern bay”
15:2 qj2g הַלָּשֹׁ֖ן 1 smaller part of the sea that extends into the land
15:3 kb99 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names עַקְרַבִּים֙ & צִ֔נָה & חֶצְרוֹן֙ & אַדָּ֔רָה & הַקַּרְקָֽעָה 1 These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
15:4 nzh3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names עַצְמ֗וֹנָה 1 This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
15:4 d1b1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names נַ֣חַל מִצְרַ֔יִם 1 a small river of water at the southwestern edge of the land, near Egypt (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
15:5 xrg4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִקְצֵ֖ה הַיַּרְדֵּֽן 1 The point at which the river empties into the sea is spoken of as if it were the mouth of the river. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
15:6 lbt5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names בֵּ֣ית חָגְלָ֔ה & לְבֵ֣ית הָעֲרָבָ֑ה 1 These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
15:6 eqi7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אֶ֥בֶן בֹּ֖הַן 1 This was likely a large stone that someone set up as a landmark and named after the man, Bohan. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
15:7 n7k5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names דְּבִרָה֮ מֵעֵ֣מֶק עָכוֹר֒ & הַגִּלְגָּ֗ל & לְמַעֲלֵ֣ה אֲדֻמִּ֔ים & מֵי־עֵ֣ין שֶׁ֔מֶ & עֵ֥ין רֹגֵֽל 1 These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
15:8 qa4u rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names גֵּ֣י בֶן־הִנֹּ֗ם & עֵֽמֶק־רְפָאִ֖ים 1 These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
15:9 hb3j rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names נֶפְתּ֔וֹחַ & הַר־עֶפְר֑וֹן & קִרְיַ֥ת יְעָרִֽים 1 These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
15:10 h92v rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מִבַּעֲלָ֥ה & הַ֣ר שֵׂעִ֔יר & הַר־יְעָרִ֛ים & כְסָל֑וֹן & בֵּֽית־שֶׁ֖מֶשׁ & תִּמְנָֽה 1 These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
15:11 n6qt rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names שִׁכְּר֔וֹנָה & הַר־הַֽבַּעֲלָ֖ה & יַבְנְאֵ֑ל 1 These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
15:13 gx9f rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אֶת־קִרְיַ֥ת אַרְבַּ֛ע 1 These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
15:13 v154 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אַרְבַּ֛ע & הָעֲנָ֖ק 1 These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
15:14 jp1i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֶת־שְׁלוֹשָׁ֖ה בְּנֵ֣י הָעֲנָ֑ק אֶת־שֵׁשַׁ֤י וְאֶת־אֲחִימַן֙ וְאֶת־תַּלְמַ֔י יְלִידֵ֖י הָעֲנָֽק 1 These names represent clans of people who were descendants of Sheshai, Ahiman, and Talmai. The words “sons” and “descendants” in this context mean the same thing. Alternate translation: “the three clans, Sheshai, Ahiman, and Talmai, who were descendants of Anak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
15:14 q23k rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הָעֲנָ֑ק אֶת־שֵׁשַׁ֤י וְאֶת־אֲחִימַן֙ וְאֶת־תַּלְמַ֔י 1 These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
15:15 n52j וַיַּ֣עַל מִשָּׁ֔ם אֶל 1 Alternate translation: “He went up from there to fight against”
15:15 k99v rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names דְּבִ֥ר & קִרְיַת־סֵֽפֶר 1 These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
15:16 hs9c rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אֶת־קִרְיַת־סֵ֖פֶר 1 This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
15:16 z82q rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אֶת־עַכְסָ֥ה 1 This is a woman’s name. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
15:17 kvc1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names עָתְנִיאֵ֥ל & קְנַ֖ז 1 These are men’s names. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
15:18 d6qf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בְּבוֹאָ֗הּ 1 This is an idiom that refers to Aksah becoming Othniel’s wife. Alternate translation: “when Aksah became Othniel’s wife” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
15:18 ia6d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations וַתְּסִיתֵ֨הוּ֙ לִשְׁא֤וֹל מֵֽאֵת־אָבִ֨יהָ֙ שָׂדֶ֔ה 1 This can be translated as direct speech. Alternate translation: “she urged him, ‘Ask my father to give me a field.’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
15:19 nun3 אֵ֚ת גֻּלֹּ֣ת עִלִּיּ֔וֹת וְאֵ֖ת גֻּלֹּ֥ת תַּחְתִּיּֽוֹת 1 The words “upper” and “lower” likely refer to the geographical altitude of the water springs.
15:20 q76c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor זֹ֗את נַחֲלַ֛ת מַטֵּ֥ה בְנֵי־יְהוּדָ֖ה 1 The land that the tribe of Judah received is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that they received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “This was the land that the tribe of Judah received as an inheritance” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
15:46 dfe2 וְחַצְרֵיהֶֽן 1 villages
15:47 hsx1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names נַ֣חַל מִצְרָ֑יִם 1 a small river of water at the southwestern edge of the land near Egypt (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
15:63 j68z עַ֖ד הַיּ֥וֹם הַזֶּֽה 1 This refers to the period of time in which the author wrote this book.
16:intro bpv3 0 # Joshua 16 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Drive them out\n\nThe Israelites were to completely drive out the Canaanites. If they did not drive them out completely, the Canaanites would cause the Israelites to worship other gods. It was sinful to allow the Canaanites to remain in the land. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\nThis chapter is about the land given to the tribe of Ephraim, one of Joseph’s sons. It will be difficult to fully understand their location without a map. Further research may be needed to understand the location of their land. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
16:1 b1k9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לִבְנֵ֤י יוֹסֵף֙ 1 The “tribe of Joseph” consisted of the tribes of Joseph’s two sons, Manasseh and Ephraim. Since half of the tribe of Manasseh had settled east of the Jordan, this phrase refers to the tribe of Ephraim and the other half of the tribe of Manasseh. Alternate translation: “the tribe of Ephraim and the other half of the tribe of Manasseh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
16:2 g9td rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names ל֑וּזָה & עֲטָרֽוֹת 1 These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
16:2 zs9f rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הָאַרְכִּ֖י 1 This is the name of a people group. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
16:3 w8gi rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הַיַּפְלֵטִ֗י 1 This is the name of a people group. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
16:3 id59 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names בֵּית־חוֹרֹ֛ן תַּחְתּ֖וֹן & גָּ֑זֶר 1 These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
16:4 u6fy בְנֵי־יוֹסֵ֖ף מְנַשֶּׁ֥ה וְאֶפְרָֽיִם 1 Alternate translation: “the tribes of Manasseh and Ephraim, the sons of Joseph”
16:4 r4qw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַיִּנְחֲל֥וּ 1 The land that the tribes of Manasseh and Ephraim possessed is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that they received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “received this land as their inheritance” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
16:5 f2i9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive גְּב֥וּל בְּנֵֽי־אֶפְרַ֖יִם לְמִשְׁפְּחֹתָ֑ם 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The territory … that Joshua assigned to their clans” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
16:5 m6lu rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names עַטְר֣וֹת אַדָּ֔ר & בֵּ֥ית חוֹרֹ֖ן עֶלְיֽוֹן 1 These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
16:6 vg46 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הַֽמִּכְמְתָת֙ & תַּאֲנַ֣ת שִׁלֹ֑ה & יָנֽוֹחָה 1 These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
16:7 uyw7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מִיָּנ֖וֹחָה עֲטָר֣וֹת וְנַעֲרָ֑תָה 1 These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
16:8 at1t rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מִתַּפּ֜וּחַ & קָנָ֔ה 1 These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
16:8 mb6i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor זֹ֗את נַחֲלַ֛ת מַטֵּ֥ה בְנֵי־אֶפְרַ֖יִם לְמִשְׁפְּחֹתָֽם 1 The land that Ephraim possessed is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that they received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “This was the land that the tribe of Ephraim received as an inheritance” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
16:8 ke41 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive לְמִשְׁפְּחֹתָֽם 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “which Joshua assigned to their clans” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
16:9 y6xs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְהֶעָרִ֗ים הַמִּבְדָּלוֹת֙ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the cities that Joshua had chosen” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
16:9 f1yc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּת֖וֹךְ נַחֲלַ֣ת בְּנֵֽי־מְנַשֶּׁ֑ה 1 The land that the tribe of Manasseh possessed is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that they received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “within the land that the tribe of Manasseh had received as an inheritance” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
16:10 au8e עַד־הַיּ֣וֹם הַזֶּ֔ה 1 This refers to the period of time in which the author wrote this book.
16:10 fth4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וַיְהִ֖י לְמַס־עֹבֵֽד 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the Israelites forced these people to work as slaves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
17:intro m3nk 0 # Joshua 17 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Manasseh’s lack of faith\nEven though they were one of the largest and most powerful tribes of Israel, the tribe of Manasseh lacked faith in the power of Yahweh. This caused them many problems. It would also cause their descendants many problems. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\nThis chapter is about the land given to the tribe of Manasseh, one of Joseph’s sons. It will be difficult to fully understand their locations without a map. Further research may be needed to understand the locations of their land. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
17:1 j2sj rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names לְמָכִיר֩ 1 These are men’s names. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
17:1 zuz5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וַֽיְהִי־ל֖וֹ הַגִּלְעָ֥ד וְהַבָּשָֽׁן 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Joshua assigned the land of Gilead and Bashan to Makir’s descendants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
17:2 us2l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וַ֠יְהִי 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Joshua assigned land … and gave them to their clans” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
17:3 u2e9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וְלִצְלָפְחָד֩ & חֵ֨פֶ 1 These are men’s names. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
17:3 k5z5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מַחְלָ֣ה וְנֹעָ֔ה חָגְלָ֥ה מִלְכָּ֖ה וְתִרְצָֽה 1 These are women’s names. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
17:4 x2q2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אֶלְעָזָ֨ר 1 This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
17:4 q55m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לָֽתֶת־לָ֥נוּ נַחֲלָ֖ה 1 The land is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that the people received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “to give to us some land as an inheritance” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
17:4 s6fd וַיִּתֵּ֨ן לָהֶ֜ם & נַֽחֲלָ֔ה 1 This could mean: (1) “Joshua gave those women an inheritance” or (2) “Eleazar gave those women an inheritance.”
17:5 d1c3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וַיִּפְּל֥וּ חַבְלֵֽי־מְנַשֶּׁ֖ה עֲשָׂרָ֑ה 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Joshua assigned ten parcels of land” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
17:6 d9gb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נָחֲל֥וּ נַחֲלָ֖ה 1 The land is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that they received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “received land as an inheritance” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
17:6 qbx1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive הַגִּלְעָ֔ד הָיְתָ֥ה לִבְנֵֽי 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Joshua assigned the land of Gilead” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
17:7 jln6 אֶל־הַיָּמִ֔ין 1 toward the south
17:7 dfe9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הַֽמִּכְמְתָ֔ת & תַּפּֽוּחַ 1 These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
17:9 k7gp הַגְּבוּל֩ 1 Alternate translation: “The border of Manasseh’s land”
17:9 l2af נַ֨חַל 1 a very small river
17:9 qvi8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names קָנָ֜ה 1 name of a brook (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
17:10 mi9b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וּבְאָשֵׁר֙ יִפְגְּע֣וּן מִצָּפ֔וֹן 1 This could mean: (1) that the border of Manasseh’s land on the north side touched the land that belonged to the tribe of Asher or (2) that one can travel north to reach Asher. Alternate translation: “Asher was on the north side” or “One can travel north to reach Asher” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
17:10 fj36 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וּבְיִשָּׂשכָ֖ר מִמִּזְרָֽח 1 The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “to the east, one can reach Issachar” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
17:11 s1sn rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names בֵּית־שְׁאָ֣ן & וְיִבְלְעָ֨ם & דֹ֣אר & עֵֽין־דֹּר֙ & תַעְנַךְ֙ & מְגִדּ֖וֹ & הַנָּֽפֶת 1 These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
17:14 b4j6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּנֵ֣י יוֹסֵ֔ף 1 This refers to the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
17:14 sk37 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion מַדּוּעַ֩ נָתַ֨תָּה לִּ֜י נַחֲלָ֗ה גּוֹרָ֤ל אֶחָד֙ וְחֶ֣בֶל אֶחָ֔ד וַֽאֲנִ֣י עַם־רָ֔ב עַ֥ד אֲשֶׁר־עַד־כֹּ֖ה בֵּֽרְכַ֥נִי יְהוָֽה 1 The people of the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh ask this question to emphasize that Joshua should have assigned to them more land. Alternate translation: “You should have given us more than one … Yahweh has blessed us.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
17:14 ju22 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet גּוֹרָ֤ל אֶחָד֙ וְחֶ֣בֶל אֶחָ֔ד 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. In the second, the land is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that the people received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “one assignment of land as our inheritance” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
17:15 d24l אִם־עַם־רַ֤ב אַתָּה֙ 1 Alternate translation: “Since you are a people great in number”
17:15 psc4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וְהָֽרְפָאִ֑ים 1 This is the name of a people group. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
17:16 g788 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names בְּבֵית־שְׁאָן֙ & יִזְרְעֶֽאל 1 These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
17:17 wa3y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בֵּ֣ית יוֹסֵ֔ף 1 Here the word “house” refers to the descendants. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Joseph” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
17:18 w4m4 וּבֵ֣רֵאת֔וֹ 1 Alternate translation: “you will clear the forest of trees” or “you will cut down its trees”
18:intro j38i 0 # Joshua 18 General Notes\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\nThis chapter is about the land given to the tribes of Israel. It will be difficult to fully understand their locations without a map. Further research may be needed to understand the locations of their land. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
18:1 fkg2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-events וְהָאָ֥רֶץ נִכְבְּשָׁ֖ה לִפְנֵיהֶֽם 1 They had conquered the people who lived in the land before they set up the tent of meeting. Alternate translation: “after they had conquered the land” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-events]])
18:2 ynk6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲשֶׁ֥ר לֹֽא־חָלְק֖וּ אֶת־נַֽחֲלָתָ֑ם 1 The land that the tribes would receive is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that they would receive as a permanent possession. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “to whom Joshua had not assigned land as an inheritance” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
18:3 bia9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion עַד־אָ֨נָה֙ אַתֶּ֣ם מִתְרַפִּ֔ים לָבוֹא֙ לָרֶ֣שֶׁת אֶת־הָאָ֔רֶץ אֲשֶׁר֙ נָתַ֣ן לָכֶ֔ם יְהוָ֖ה אֱלֹהֵ֥י אֲבֽוֹתֵיכֶֽם 1 Joshua asks this question in order to encourage the Israelites to take possession of the land. Alternate translation: “For long enough, you have put off … has given you.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
18:4 p7hg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְיִֽתְהַלְּכ֥וּ בָאָ֛רֶץ 1 The words “up and down” mean in every direction. Alternate translation: “the land in every direction” or “throughout the land” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
18:4 zry7 וְיִכְתְּב֥וּ אוֹתָ֛הּ לְפִ֥י נַֽחֲלָתָ֖ם 1 This means that they will describe the portions of land that each tribe would like to receive for an inheritance.
18:4 lh9w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נַֽחֲלָתָ֖ם 1 The land that they are to survey is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that each of the tribes would receive as a permanent possession. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
18:5 dmy4 וְהִֽתְחַלְּק֥וּ אֹתָ֖הּ 1 Alternate translation: “They will divide the land”
18:5 y5gn יְהוּדָ֞ה יַעֲמֹ֤ד 1 Alternate translation: “The tribe of Judah will remain”
18:5 d41l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּבֵ֥ית יוֹסֵ֛ף 1 Here the word “house” represents the descendants of Joseph. The phrase refers to the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh. Alternate translation: “the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
18:7 e6s8 אֵֽין־חֵ֤לֶק 1 Alternate translation: “no portion of land”
18:7 kus7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor כִּֽי־כְהֻנַּ֥ת יְהוָ֖ה נַחֲלָת֑וֹ 1 Joshua speaks of the great honor that the Levites have by serving Yahweh as priests as if it were something that they inherited. Alternate translation: “for the priesthood of Yahweh is what they have” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
18:7 eqg6 וַחֲצִי֩ שֵׁ֨בֶט הַֽמְנַשֶּׁ֜ה 1 Alternate translation: “half of the tribe of Manasseh”
18:7 cyc8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לָקְח֣וּ נַחֲלָתָ֗ם 1 The land that the tribes received is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that they received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “have received land as their inheritance” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
18:8 p238 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְהִתְהַלְּכ֨וּ בָאָ֜רֶץ 1 The words “up and down” mean in every direction. See how you translated this in [Joshua 18:4](../18/04.md). Alternate translation: “in every direction in the land” or “throughout the land” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
18:10 pz3n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive כְּמַחְלְקֹתָֽם 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “to each tribe Joshua gave their portion in the land” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
18:11 hd7v בֵּ֚ין בְּנֵ֣י יְהוּדָ֔ה וּבֵ֖ין בְּנֵ֥י יוֹסֵֽף 1 Alternate translation: “between the land that belonged to the descendants of Judah and the land that belonged to the descendants of Joseph”
18:11 ib4f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּנֵ֥י יוֹסֵֽף 1 This refers to the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
18:12 ij99 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names בֵּ֥ית אָֽוֶן 1 This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
18:13 hx15 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names ל֨וּזָה֙ & בֵּֽית־אֵ֑ל & עַטְר֣וֹת אַדָּ֔ר & לְבֵית־חֹר֖וֹן 1 These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
18:14 h4e6 הַגְּבוּל֩ 1 This refers to the same thing as “the border” in verse 13.
18:14 eq7x rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names קִרְיַת־בַּ֨עַל֙ & קִרְיַ֣ת יְעָרִ֔ים 1 These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
18:15 ulq2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names קִרְיַ֣ת יְעָרִ֑ים & נֶפְתּֽוֹחַ 1 These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
18:16 br6t rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names בֶן־הִנֹּ֔ם & רְפָאִ֖ים & הִנֹּ֜ם & עֵ֥ין רֹגֵֽל 1 These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
18:17 d8dt rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names עֵ֣ין שֶׁ֔מֶשׁ & גְּלִיל֔וֹת & אֲדֻמִּ֑ים 1 These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
18:17 z2mh rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אֶ֥בֶן בֹּ֖הַן 1 This was likely a large stone that someone set up as a landmark and named after the man, Bohan. See how you translated this in [Joshua 15:6](../15/06.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
18:18 g6td rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor כֶּ֥תֶף מוּל־הָֽעֲרָבָ֖ה 1 Land that is in the form of a slope or ridge is spoken of as if it were a shoulder. Alternate translation: “the slope of Beth Arabah” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
18:18 b98y rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מוּל־הָֽעֲרָבָ֖ה 1 This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
18:19 k48g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor כֶּ֣תֶף בֵּית־חָגְלָה֮ צָפוֹנָה֒ 1 Land that is in the form of a slope or ridge is spoken of as if it were a shoulder. Alternate translation: “the north slope of Beth Hoglah” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
18:19 xy3i rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names בֵּית־חָגְלָה֮ 1 This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
18:20 ywb2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor זֹ֡את נַחֲלַת֩ בְּנֵ֨י בִנְיָמִ֧ן 1 The land that the tribe of Benjamin received is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that they received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “This was the land that the tribe of Benjamin received as an inheritance” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
18:20 pe6e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive לְמִשְׁפְּחֹתָֽם 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Joshua gave it to each of their clans” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
18:21 i6af rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names 0 # General Information:\n\nThe writer lists the cities that were in the land that the tribe of Benjamin received as an inheritance. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
18:24 jsu9 וְחַצְרֵיהֶֽן 1 Alternate translation: “the villages around them”
18:28 t3aa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor זֹ֛את נַֽחֲלַ֥ת בְּנֵֽי־בִנְיָמִ֖ן 1 The land and cities that the tribe of Benjamin received are spoken of as if they were an inheritance that they received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “This was the land and the cities that the tribe of Benjamin received as an inheritance” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
19:intro j62l 0 # Joshua 19 General Notes\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\nThis chapter is about the land given to the tribes of Israel. It will be difficult to fully understand their locations without a map. Further research may be needed to understand the locations of their land. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
19:1 s149 וַיֵּצֵ֞א הַגּוֹרָ֤ל הַשֵּׁנִי֙ לְשִׁמְע֔וֹן 1 Alternate translation: “The second time Joshua cast lots, the lot indicated the tribe of Simeon”
19:1 gl7x rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal הַשֵּׁנִי֙ 1 number two in a list (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
19:1 z9r9 לְמִשְׁפְּחוֹתָ֑ם 1 Alternate translation: “and Joshua assigned the land to each of their clans”
19:1 u57y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַֽיְהִי֙ נַֽחֲלָתָ֔ם בְּת֖וֹךְ נַחֲלַ֥ת בְּנֵֽי־יְהוּדָֽה 1 The land is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that the tribes received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “The land that they received as an inheritance was in the middle of the land that the tribe of Judah received as an inheritance” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
19:2 kg51 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names 0 # General Information:\n\nThe writer lists cities that were in the land that the tribe of Simeon received as an inheritance. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
19:2 eu6h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַיְהִ֥י לָהֶ֖ם בְּנַֽחֲלָתָ֑ם 1 The land and cities that the tribe of Simeon received are spoken of as if they were an inheritance that they received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “They had the following cities for their inheritance” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
19:5 f4vb וְצִֽקְלַ֥ג 1 See how you translated the name of this city in [Joshua 15:31](../15/31.md).
19:8 uc1c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor זֹ֗את נַחֲלַ֛ת מַטֵּ֥ה בְנֵֽי־שִׁמְע֖וֹן 1 The land and cities that the tribe of Simeon received are spoken of as if they were an inheritance that they received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “This was the land and the cities that the tribe of Simeon received as an inheritance” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
19:8 q586 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive לְמִשְׁפְּחֹתָֽם 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “which Joshua gave to their clans” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
19:9 lep5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive מֵחֶ֨בֶל֙ בְּנֵ֣י יְהוּדָ֔ה 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the portion of land which Joshua assigned to the tribe of Judah” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
19:9 p2ji בְּת֥וֹךְ נַחֲלָתָֽם 1 Alternate translation: “the middle of Judah’s portion of land”
19:10 f5gu וַיַּ֨עַל֙ הַגּוֹרָ֣ל הַשְּׁלִישִׁ֔י 1 See how you translated this phrase in [Joshua 19:1](../19/01.md).
19:10 s2j1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal הַשְּׁלִישִׁ֔י 1 number three in a list (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
19:10 vde5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names שָׂרִֽיד 1 This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
19:11 v9gp rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וּמַרְעֲלָ֖ה & בְּדַבָּ֑שֶׁת & יָקְנְעָֽם 1 These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
19:11 gx7v עַל־פְּנֵ֥י יָקְנְעָֽם 1 Alternate translation: “across from Jokneam”
19:12 n9dc rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מִשָּׂרִ֗יד & כִּסְלֹ֖ת תָּבֹ֑ר & הַדָּֽבְרַ֖ת & יָפִֽיעַ 1 These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
19:13 dqd5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names גִּתָּ֥ה חֵ֖פֶר עִתָּ֣ה קָצִ֑ין & רִמּ֥וֹן & הַנֵּעָֽה 1 These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
19:14 ja4s rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names חַנָּתֹ֑ן & יִפְתַּח־אֵֽל 1 These are names of places. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
19:15 xk4u rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וְקַטָּ֤ת וְנַֽהֲלָל֙ וְשִׁמְר֔וֹן וְיִדְאֲלָ֖ה וּבֵ֣ית לָ֑חֶם 1 These are names of places. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
19:15 yn5n rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וּבֵ֣ית לָ֑חֶם 1 This is not the same “Bethlehem” that is south of Jerusalem in Judah. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
19:16 a4ee rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor זֹ֛את נַחֲלַ֥ת בְּנֵֽי־זְבוּלֻ֖ן 1 The land and cities that the tribe of Zebulun received are spoken of as if they were an inheritance that they received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “This was the land and the cities that the tribe of Zebulun received as an inheritance” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
19:17 fum5 יָצָ֖א הַגּוֹרָ֣ל הָֽרְבִיעִ֑י 1 See how you translated this phrase in [Joshua 19:1](../19/01.md).
19:17 l33x rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal הָֽרְבִיעִ֑י 1 number four in a list (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
19:18 qmg4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וְהַכְּסוּלֹ֖ת וְשׁוּנֵֽם 1 These are names of cities. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
19:19 c3ti rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וַחֲפָרַ֥יִם וְשִׁיאֹ֖ן וַאֲנָחֲרַֽת 1 These are names of cities. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
19:20 mft4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וְהָֽרַבִּ֥ית וְקִשְׁי֖וֹן וָאָֽבֶץ 1 These are names of cities. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
19:21 b1ex rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וְרֶ֧מֶת וְעֵין־גַּנִּ֛ים וְעֵ֥ין חַדָּ֖ה וּבֵ֥ית פַּצֵּֽץ 1 These are names of cities. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
19:22 hs7i rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names בְּתָב֤וֹר 1 This is the name of a mountain. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
19:22 ht1e rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names ושחצומה 1 This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
19:23 yll2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor זֹ֗את נַחֲלַ֛ת מַטֵּ֥ה בְנֵֽי־יִשָּׂשכָ֖ר 1 The land and cities that the tribe of Issachar received are spoken of as if they were an inheritance that they received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “This was the land and the cities that the tribe of Issachar received as an inheritance” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
19:24 lhr4 וַיֵּצֵא֙ הַגּוֹרָ֣ל הַֽחֲמִישִׁ֔י 1 See how you translated this phrase in [Joshua 19:1](../19/01.md).
19:24 xa5a rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal הַֽחֲמִישִׁ֔י 1 number five in a list (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
19:25 prg9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names חֶלְקַ֥ת וַחֲלִ֖י וָבֶ֥טֶן וְאַכְשָֽׁף 1 These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
19:26 v6t4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וְאַֽלַמֶּ֥לֶךְ וְעַמְעָ֖ד וּמִשְׁאָ֑ל & וּבְשִׁיח֖וֹר לִבְנָֽת 1 These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
19:27 pbh2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names בֵּ֣ית דָּגֹן֒ & וּבְגֵ֨י יִפְתַּח־אֵ֥ל & בֵּ֥ית הָעֵ֖מֶק וּנְעִיאֵ֑ל & כָּב֖וּל 1 These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
19:28 ht1l rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וְעֶבְרֹ֥ן וּרְחֹ֖ב וְחַמּ֣וֹן וְקָנָ֑ה 1 These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
19:29 q8wz rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names חֹסָ֔ה & אַכְזִֽיבָה 1 These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
19:30 y1g5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וְעֻמָ֥ה וַאֲפֵ֖ק וּרְחֹ֑ב 1 These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
19:31 x4aq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor זֹ֗את נַחֲלַ֛ת מַטֵּ֥ה בְנֵֽי־אָשֵׁ֖ר 1 The land and cities that the tribe of Asher received are spoken of as if they were an inheritance that they received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “This was the land and the cities that the tribe of Asher received as an inheritance” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
19:32 jy7g יָצָ֖א הַגּוֹרָ֣ל הַשִּׁשִּׁ֑י 1 See how you translated this phrase in [Joshua 19:1](../19/01.md).
19:32 jjm6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal הַשִּׁשִּׁ֑י 1 number six in a list (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
19:33 syr4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מֵחֵ֨לֶף & בְּצַעֲנַנִּ֗ים וַאֲדָמִ֥י הַנֶּ֛קֶב וְיַבְנְאֵ֖ל & לַקּ֑וּם 1 These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
19:34 lu5s rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אַזְנ֣וֹת תָּב֔וֹר & חוּקֹ֑קָה 1 These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
19:35 h8p6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הַצִּדִּ֣ים צֵ֔ר וְחַמַּ֖ת רַקַּ֥ת וְכִנָּֽרֶת 1 These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
19:35 lq51 וְחַמַּ֖ת 1 This is not the same location as “Hamath,” but is located on the west shore of the Sea of Galilee.
19:36 e379 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וַאֲדָמָ֥ה וְהָרָמָ֖ה וְחָצֽוֹר 1 These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
19:37 vez5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וְקֶ֥דֶשׁ וְאֶדְרֶ֖עִי וְעֵ֥ין חָצֽוֹר 1 These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
19:38 jp9v rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וְיִרְאוֹן֙ וּמִגְדַּל־אֵ֔ל חֳרֵ֥ם וּבֵית־עֲנָ֖ת וּבֵ֣ית שָׁ֑מֶשׁ 1 These are names of cities. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
19:39 s9en rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor זֹ֗את נַחֲלַ֛ת מַטֵּ֥ה בְנֵֽי־נַפְתָּלִ֖י 1 The land and cities that the tribe of Naphtali received are spoken of as if they were an inheritance that they received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “This was the land and the cities that the tribe of Naphtali received as an inheritance” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
19:40 q3a2 יָצָ֖א הַגּוֹרָ֥ל הַשְּׁבִיעִֽי 1 See how you translated this phrase in [Joshua 19:1](../19/01.md).
19:40 b1tt rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal הַשְּׁבִיעִֽי 1 number seven in a list (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
19:41 d7it rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor גְּב֣וּל נַחֲלָתָ֑ם 1 The land that the tribe of Dan received is spoken of as if it was an inheritance that they received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “The territory of land that the tribe of Dan received as an inheritance” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
19:41 b8bg rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names צָרְעָ֥ה וְאֶשְׁתָּא֖וֹל וְעִ֥יר שָֽׁמֶשׁ 1 These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
19:42 q637 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וְשַֽׁעֲלַבִּ֥ין וְאַיָּל֖וֹן וְיִתְלָֽה 1 These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
19:43 sht1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וְאֵיל֥וֹן וְתִמְנָ֖תָה וְעֶקְרֽוֹן 1 These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
19:44 gca7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וְאֶלְתְּקֵ֥ה וְגִבְּת֖וֹן וּבַעֲלָֽת 1 These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
19:45 yan4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וִיהֻ֥ד וּבְנֵֽי־בְרַ֖ק וְגַת־רִמּֽוֹן 1 These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
19:46 ddh6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וּמֵ֥י הַיַּרְק֖וֹן וְהָֽרַקּ֑וֹן 1 These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
19:47 i8zh rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names לֶ֜שֶׁם 1 This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
19:48 cx9h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor זֹ֗את נַחֲלַ֛ת מַטֵּ֥ה בְנֵי־דָ֖ן 1 The land and cities that the tribe of Dan received are spoken of as if they were an inheritance that they received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “This was the land and the cities that the tribe of Dan received as an inheritance” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
19:49 jzi6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַיִּתְּנ֨וּ בְנֵי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֧ל נַחֲלָ֛ה לִיהוֹשֻׁ֥עַ בִּן־נ֖וּן בְּתוֹכָֽם 1 The city that Joshua received is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that he received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “gave a city within their own land as an inheritance to Joshua son of Nun” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
19:50 ac8r rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אֶת־תִּמְנַת־סֶ֖רַח 1 This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
19:51 cs47 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֵ֣לֶּה הַנְּחָלֹ֡ת אֲשֶׁ֣ר נִחֲל֣וּ 1 The land and cities that the various tribes received are spoken of as if they were an inheritance that they received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “These are the portions of land and the cities … assigned as inheritances” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
20:intro vg5f 0 # Joshua 20 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Cities of Refuge\n\nIf a person was killed, it was the duty of his relatives to kill the killer. If the death was an accident, this would be unfair. Therefore, God told the Israelites to make cities of refuge for a person who killed someone accidentally. In the city where he sought refuge, his case would be solved legally: “Do this so that one who unintentionally kills a person can go there. These cities will be a place of refuge from anyone who seeks to avenge the blood of a person who was killed.” (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/refuge]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/blood]])
20:2 qhs6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּיַד־מֹשֶֽׁה 1 Here “hand of Moses” refers to the scriptures that Moses wrote down. Alternate translation: “through the things that Moses wrote” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
20:3 a1vg מַכֵּה־נֶ֥פֶשׁ בִּשְׁגָגָ֖ה 1 This happens when a person accidentally kills another person, without intending to do so.
20:3 h73b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִגֹּאֵ֖ל הַדָּֽם 1 Here the shed blood of a person represents their death. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “avenge a person’s death” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
20:4 u2dh וְנָ֞ס 1 Here the word “he” refers to the person who unintentionally killed someone.
20:4 p1sg וְדִבֶּ֛ר בְּאָזְנֵ֛י זִקְנֵ֥י־הָעִֽיר הַהִ֖יא אֶת־דְּבָרָ֑יו 1 “convince the elders of that city that he had not intentionally killed the person.
20:4 dhh4 וְאָסְפ֨וּ אֹת֤וֹ 1 The word “they” refers to the elders and “him” refers to the person who unintentionally killed someone.
20:4 k969 וְיָשַׁ֥ב עִמָּֽם 1 This refers to the city as a whole, not to the elders only.
20:5 x945 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy גֹּאֵ֤ל הַדָּם֙ 1 Here the shed blood of a person represents their death. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. See how you translated this in [Joshua 20:3](../20/03.md). Alternate translation: “avenge a person’s death” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
20:5 u27s בִבְלִי־דַ֨עַת֙ הִכָּ֣ה אֶת־רֵעֵ֔הוּ 1 accidentally killed his neighbor
20:6 c6fe עָמְד֞וֹ לִפְנֵ֤י הָֽעֵדָה֙ 1 This is a phrase that describes standing to seek justice from a court of the assembly of his fellow citizens.
20:7 lyr5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names 0 # General Information:\n\nThere are a lot of names in this section. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
20:8 cy8e לְיַרְדֵּ֤ן 1 This is a short name for the Jordan River.
20:9 b89x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְלֹ֣א יָמ֗וּת בְּיַד֙ גֹּאֵ֣ל הַדָּ֔ם 1 Here “by the hand” is an idiom that means to be the specific cause of something. Alternate translation: “would not be killed by the one” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
20:9 j61z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy גֹּאֵ֣ל הַדָּ֔ם 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Joshua 20:3](../20/03.md). Alternate translation: “avenge a person’s death” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
21:intro pp5c 0 # Joshua 21 General Notes\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\nThis chapter is about the land given to the tribe of Levi. Even though they did not receive a large piece of land like the other tribes, they did receive small pieces of land to live on and for their animals. It will be difficult to fully understand their locations without a map. Further research may be needed to understand the locations of their land. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
21:1 js4y rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אֶלְעָזָר֙ & נ֑וּן 1 These are names of men. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
21:2 wk1t וַיְדַבְּר֨וּ אֲלֵיהֶ֜ם 1 Alternate translation: “The Levites said to them”
21:2 wk1m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom יְהוָה֙ צִוָּ֣ה בְיַד־מֹשֶׁ֔ה 1 The phrase “by the hand of” is an idiom that means that Yahweh used Moses to deliver his command. Alternate translation: “Yahweh told Moses to command you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
21:3 f9ei אֶת־הֶעָרִ֥ים 1 This refers to the cities to be listed in the next verses.
21:4 r4ry וַיֵּצֵ֥א הַגּוֹרָ֖ל 1 A random method of choosing to remove the choice from the leader’s will, often done with the idea that God will decide the outcome. See how you translated this in [Joshua 19:1](../19/01.md).
21:4 fl2y rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הַקְּהָתִ֑י 1 This priests in this group were descendants of Levi’s son Kohath. A portion of them were also descendants of Aaron, Kohath’s grandson. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
21:5 iwh3 וּמֵחֲצִ֨י 1 Half the tribe because the other half received their inheritance before crossing the Jordan River.
21:6 bk5g rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names גֵרְשׁ֗וֹן 1 Gershon was one of the sons of Levi. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
21:6 ezu2 בַּגּוֹרָ֔ל 1 A random method of choosing to remove the choice from the leader’s will, often done with the idea that God will decide the outcome. See how you translated this in [Joshua 19:1](../19/01.md).
21:7 cg61 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מְרָרִ֜י 1 Merari was one of the sons of Levi. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
21:8 qe5y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy צִוָּ֧ה יְהוָ֛ה בְּיַד־מֹשֶׁ֖ה 1 The phrase “by the hand of” here means that Yahweh used Moses as the agent to deliver his command. Alternate translation: “Yahweh had told Moses to command” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
21:10 t6l2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מִמִּשְׁפְּח֥וֹת הַקְּהָתִ֖י 1 The priests in this group were descendants of Levi’s son Kohath. A portion of them were also descendants of Aaron, Kohath’s grandson. See how you translated this in [Joshua 21:2](../21/02.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
21:10 tnp1 הַגּוֹרָ֖ל 1 A random method of choosing to remove the choice from the leader’s will, often done with the idea that God will decide the outcome. See how you translated this in [Joshua 19:1](../19/01.md).
21:11 vkd2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background אַרְבַּ֨ע אֲבִ֧י הָֽעֲנ֛וֹק 1 This is background information about the name of the man who founded the city of Kiriath Arba. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
21:11 mn2g rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הָֽעֲנ֛וֹק 1 This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
21:11 vd7d בְּהַ֣ר 1 An area of land with natural elevations, smaller than mountains.
21:11 kwe7 מִגְרָשֶׁ֖הָ 1 An area covered with grass or plants suitable for the grazing of livestock or cattle.
21:12 aj9s שְׂדֵ֥ה הָעִ֖יר 1 Areas of open land, usually, planted with crops, belonging to and surrounding the city.
21:12 uz84 חֲצֵרֶ֑יהָ 1 Small communities, usually smaller than a town.
21:13 p1nr rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names לִבְנָ֖ה 1 This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
21:14 q8gl rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names יַתִּר֙ & אֶשְׁתְּמֹ֖עַ 1 These are all names of cities. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
21:15 cb4t rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names חֹלֹן֙ & דְּבִ֖ר 1 These are all names of cities. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
21:16 bx8i rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names עַ֣יִן & יֻטָּה֙ 1 These are all names of cities. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
21:17 e8r4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וּמִמַּטֵּ֣ה בִנְיָמִ֔ן 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The tribe of Benjamin gave Gibeon” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
21:17 fd6z rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אֶת־גֶּ֖בַע 1 This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
21:18 sk7n rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אֶת־עֲנָתוֹת֙ & עַלְמ֖וֹן 1 These are names of cities. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
21:20 lfp9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וּלְמִשְׁפְּח֤וֹת בְּנֵֽי־קְהָת֙ 1 The priests in this group were descendants of Levi’s son Kohath. A portion of them were also descendants of Aaron, Kohath’s grandson. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
21:20 x8eu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וַֽיְהִי֙ עָרֵ֣י גֽוֹרָלָ֔ם 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “they received cities” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
21:20 tg75 גֽוֹרָלָ֔ם 1 A random method of choosing to remove the choice from the leader’s will, often done with the idea that God will decide the outcome. See how you translated this in [Joshua 19:1](../19/01.md).
21:21 kz7k rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names גֶּ֖זֶר 1 This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
21:22 r4hl rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers עָרִ֖ים אַרְבַּֽע 1 This refers to the list by the total number. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
21:23 dw9x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וּמִמַּ֨טֵּה־דָ֔ן 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The tribe of Dan gave to the clan of Kohath Eltekeh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
21:23 r7qr rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אֶֽת־אֶלְתְּקֵ֖א & גִּבְּת֖וֹן 1 These are names of cities. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
21:24 g45w rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אֶת־אַיָּלוֹן֙ & אֶת־גַּת־רִמּ֖וֹן 1 These are names of cities. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
21:24 g4ma rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers עָרִ֖ים אַרְבַּֽע 1 This refers to the number of cities. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
21:25 e6cl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וּמִֽמַּחֲצִית֙ מַטֵּ֣ה מְנַשֶּׁ֔ה אֶת־תַּעְנַךְ֙ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The half tribe of Manasseh gave to the clan of Kohath Taanach” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
21:25 yn8h rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אֶת־תַּעְנַךְ֙ & גַּת־רִמּ֖וֹן 1 These are names of cities. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
21:26 hn9j rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names לְמִשְׁפְּח֥וֹת בְּנֵֽי־קְהָ֖ת 1 The priests in this group were descendants of Levi’s son Kohath. A portion of them were also descendants of Aaron, Kohath’s grandson. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
21:30 rbf6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וּמִמַּטֵּ֣ה אָשֵׁ֔ר אֶת־מִשְׁאָ֖ל 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “They received from the tribe of Asher Mishal” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
21:32 h2j8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names חַמֹּ֥ת דֹּאר֙ & קַרְתָּ֖ן 1 These are names of cities. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
21:34 yuv3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וּלְמִשְׁפְּח֣וֹת בְּנֵֽי־מְרָרִי֮ הַלְוִיִּ֣ם הַנּוֹתָרִים֒ מֵאֵת֙ מַטֵּ֣ה זְבוּלֻ֔ן אֶֽת־יָקְנְעָ֖ם 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: The rest of the Levites—the clans of Merari—received from the tribe of Zebulun Jokneam” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
21:34 ws8g rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מְרָרִי֮ 1 This is a man’s name. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
21:34 ng32 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אֶֽת־יָקְנְעָ֖ם & אֶת־קַרְתָּ֖ה 1 These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
21:37 jbp6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers עָרִ֖ים אַרְבַּֽע 1 This refers to the total number of cities. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
21:38 r7m5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אֶת־רָמֹ֥ת & מַחֲנַ֖יִם 1 These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
21:39 a2l1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אֶת־חֶשְׁבּוֹן֙ & אֶת־יַעְזֵ֖ר 1 These are names of cities. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
21:40 q83e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וַיְהִי֙ גּוֹרָלָ֔ם עָרִ֖ים שְׁתֵּ֥ים עֶשְׂרֵֽה 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “they received these twelve cities by the casting of lots” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
21:40 at28 גּוֹרָלָ֔ם 1 A random method of choosing to remove the choice from the leader’s will, often done with the idea that God will decide the outcome. See how you translated this in [Joshua 19:1](../19/01.md).
21:41 g7z1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive כֹּ֚ל עָרֵ֣י הַלְוִיִּ֔ם בְּת֖וֹךְ אֲחֻזַּ֣ת בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The Levites received their cities from the middle of the land” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
21:43 q5na נִשְׁבַּ֖ע 1 Alternate translation: “he gave an oath”
21:44 t1a4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes וְלֹא־עָ֨מַד אִ֤ישׁ בִּפְנֵיהֶם֙ מִכָּל־אֹ֣יְבֵיהֶ֔ם 1 This is stated in a negative way to strengthen the statement. Alternate translation: “They defeated every one of their enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
21:44 lg6d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אֵ֚ת כָּל־אֹ֣יְבֵיהֶ֔ם נָתַ֥ן יְהוָ֖ה בְּיָדָֽם 1 Here “into their hand” means “into their power.” Alternate translation: “gave them power to defeat all their enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
21:45 u1ik rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes לֹֽא־נָפַ֣ל דָּבָ֔ר מִכֹּל֙ הַדָּבָ֣ר הַטּ֔וֹב אֲשֶׁר־דִּבֶּ֥ר יְהוָ֖ה אֶל־בֵּ֣ית יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל 1 This is stated in a negative way to strengthen the statement. Alternate translation: “Every one of the good promises that Yahweh had spoken to the house of Israel came true” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
22:intro l4hr 0 # Joshua 22 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThe division of the land is completed in this chapter. Additionally, the soldiers who received land on the east side of the Jordan River were released to go home.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### The tribes east of the Jordan River build a monument\n\nThe tribes east of the Jordan River said, “Let us now build an altar, not for burnt offerings nor for any sacrifices, but to be a witness between us and you, and between our generations after us, that we will perform the service of Yahweh before him, with our burnt offerings and with our sacrifices and with our peace offerings, so that your children will never say to our children in time to come, ‘You have no share in Yahweh.’” They went home even though the Israelites had not fully conquered the land.
22:1 ic3e rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names לָרֽאוּבֵנִ֖י 1 people of the tribe of Reuben (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
22:1 w3xd rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וְלַגָּדִ֑י 1 people of the tribe of Gad (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
22:2 x8l8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וַתִּשְׁמְע֣וּ בְקוֹלִ֔י 1 Here “my voice” refers to the things that Joshua had said. Alternate translation: “obeyed everything I said” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
22:3 a89l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes לֹֽא־עֲזַבְתֶּ֣ם אֶת־אֲחֵיכֶ֗ם 1 This can be stated in a positive way. Alternate translation: “You have remained with your brothers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
22:5 zh9u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְלָלֶ֧כֶת בְּכָל־דְּרָכָ֛יו 1 A person obeying Yahweh is spoken of as if he were walking on Yahweh’s ways or roads. Alternate translation: “to obey everything he says” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
22:5 r5dh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche בְּכָל־לְבַבְכֶ֖ם וּבְכָל־נַפְשְׁכֶֽם 1 The terms “heart” and “soul” are here used together to refer to the entire person. Alternate translation: “with all you think and feel” or “with your entire being” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
22:7 k89d הַיַּרְדֵּ֖ן 1 This was a short name for the Jordan River.
22:8 w4re וּבְבַרְזֶ֛ל 1 a strong, hard, magnetic metal
22:8 k79c שְׁלַל 1 The winning army would take everything of value from the people they conquered.
22:9 cmc4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom פִּ֥י יְהוָ֖ה בְּיַד־מֹשֶֽׁה 1 The phrase “by the hand of” is an idiom that means that Yahweh used Moses to deliver his command. Alternate translation: “the commandment that Yahweh told Moses to give to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
22:10 iy3p הַיַּרְדֵּ֔ן 1 This was a short name for the Jordan River.
22:11 ww1z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֶל־מוּל֙ אֶ֣רֶץ כְּנַ֔עַן 1 The Israelite tribes who lived across the Jordan River would enter Canaan at the place where they built the altar. This place is spoken of as if it was the “front” or “entrance” to Canaan where the other tribes lived. Alternate translation: “at the entrance to the land of Canaan” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
22:11 yqa5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names גְּלִילוֹת֙ 1 This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
22:12 v3q5 לַצָּבָֽא 1 a state of armed conflict between two nations or people groups
22:13 t232 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אֶלְעָזָ֥ר 1 name of man (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
22:16 sy2y כֹּ֣ה אָמְר֞וּ כֹּ֣ל׀ עֲדַ֣ת יְהוָ֗ה 1 All the people of Israel are spoken of together in the singular as if they were one person. Alternate translation: “All the other Israelites are asking”
22:17 lcv2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הַמְעַט־לָ֨נוּ֙ אֶת־עֲוֺ֣ן פְּע֔וֹר אֲשֶׁ֤ר לֹֽא־הִטַּהַ֨רְנוּ֙ מִמֶּ֔נּוּ עַ֖ד הַיּ֣וֹם הַזֶּ֑ה 1 This question emphasizes how serious their previous sin was. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “We had already sinned terribly at Peor!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
22:17 b18v rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names פְּע֔וֹר 1 This is name of a place. Translate the same way as in [Joshua 13:20](../13/20.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
22:17 ie2t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes אֲשֶׁ֤ר לֹֽא־הִטַּהַ֨רְנוּ֙ מִמֶּ֔נּוּ 1 This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “we are still dealing with the guilt of that sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
22:20 kyw7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names עָכָ֣ן & זֶ֗רַח 1 names of men (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
22:20 v3qy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲל֣וֹא׀ עָכָ֣ן בֶּן־זֶ֗רַח מָ֤עַל מַ֨עַל֙ בַּחֵ֔רֶם 1 These questions are used to remind the people of the punishment for past sins. These questions can be written as statements. Alternate translation: “Achan son of Zerah sinned by taking things that had been reserved for God. And because of that God punished all the people of Israel!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
22:22 x5pm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo אִם־בְּמֶ֤רֶד וְאִם־בְּמַ֨עַל֙ בַּֽיהוָ֔ה אַל־תּוֹשִׁיעֵ֖נוּ הַיּ֥וֹם הַזֶּֽה 1 The three tribes are making a hypothetical statement that they insist is not true. They did not build the altar in rebellion or breach of faith. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
22:23 sku4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo לִבְנ֥וֹת לָ֨נוּ֙ מִזְבֵּ֔חַ לָשׁ֖וּב מֵאַחֲרֵ֣י יְהוָ֑ה וְאִם־לְהַעֲל֨וֹת עָלָ֜יו עוֹלָ֣ה וּמִנְחָ֗ה וְאִם־לַעֲשׂ֤וֹת עָלָיו֙ זִבְחֵ֣י שְׁלָמִ֔ים יְהוָ֖ה ה֥וּא יְבַקֵּֽשׁ 1 The three tribes are making a hypothetical statement that they insist is not true. They did not build the altar to worship another god. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
22:24 xpn5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo יֹאמְר֨וּ בְנֵיכֶ֤ם לְבָנֵ֨ינוּ֙ לֵאמֹ֔ר מַה־לָּכֶ֕ם וְלַֽיהוָ֖ה אֱלֹהֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל 1 This is a hypothetical accusation that the three tribes think the children of the other tribes may make sometime in the future. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
22:24 qr6z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion מַה־לָּכֶ֕ם וְלַֽיהוָ֖ה אֱלֹהֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל 1 The three tribes use this rhetorical question to emphasize the situation they are trying to avoid. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “You have nothing to do with Yahweh, the God of Israel!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
22:25 w2sv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo וּגְב֣וּל נָֽתַן־יְ֠הוָה בֵּינֵ֨נוּ וּבֵינֵיכֶ֜ם בְּנֵי־רְאוּבֵ֤ן וּבְנֵי־גָד֙ אֶת־הַיַּרְדֵּ֔ן אֵין־לָכֶ֥ם חֵ֖לֶק בַּֽיהוָ֑ה 1 This is the continuation of the hypothetical accusation that the three tribes think the children of the other tribes may make sometime in the future. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
22:25 w3az אֶת־הַיַּרְדֵּ֔ן 1 This is a short name for the Jordan River.
22:25 iy97 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo וְהִשְׁבִּ֤יתוּ בְנֵיכֶם֙ אֶת־בָּנֵ֔ינוּ לְבִלְתִּ֖י יְרֹ֥א אֶת־יְהוָֽה 1 The three tribes built the altar to avoid this hypothetical situation from happening in the future. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
22:27 m97u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עֵ֨ד ה֜וּא בֵּינֵ֣ינוּ וּבֵינֵיכֶ֗ם 1 The altar is spoken of as if it were a witness that could testify to the rights of the three tribes. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
22:27 gs6k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo וְלֹא־יֹאמְר֨וּ בְנֵיכֶ֤ם מָחָר֙ לְבָנֵ֔ינוּ אֵין־לָכֶ֥ם חֵ֖לֶק בַּיהוָֽה 1 This is the hypothetical situation that the three tribes did not want to happen. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
22:28 kuu5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo וְהָיָ֗ה כִּֽי־יֹאמְר֥וּ אֵלֵ֛ינוּ וְאֶל־דֹּרֹתֵ֖ינוּ מָחָ֑ר וְאָמַ֡רְנוּ רְא֣וּ אֶת־תַּבְנִית֩ מִזְבַּ֨ח יְהוָ֜ה אֲשֶׁר־עָשׂ֣וּ אֲבוֹתֵ֗ינוּ לֹ֤א לְעוֹלָה֙ וְלֹ֣א לְזֶ֔בַח כִּי־עֵ֣ד ה֔וּא בֵּינֵ֖ינוּ וּבֵינֵיכֶֽם 1 The three tribes are describing their potential answer to an accusation that might or might not be made at a future time. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
22:29 b4w1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom חָלִילָה֩ לָּ֨נוּ מִמֶּ֜נּוּ לִמְרֹ֣ד 1 The unlikely chance that they would rebel is spoken of as if it is something that is a great distance away from them. Alternate translation: “We would certainly not rebel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
22:29 i8y4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְלָשׁ֤וּב הַיּוֹם֙ מֵאַחֲרֵ֣י יְהוָ֔ה 1 To stop following Yahweh is spoken of as if they were turning away from him. Alternate translation: “stop following him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
22:30 i3xp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַיִּיטַ֖ב בְּעֵינֵיהֶֽם 1 Here “in their eyes” means “in their opinion.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
22:31 ab6h לֹֽא־מְעַלְתֶּ֥ם בַּֽיהוָ֖ה הַמַּ֣עַל הַזֶּ֑ה 1 Alternate translation: “broken your promise to him”
22:31 w1fn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy הִצַּלְתֶּ֛ם אֶת־בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל מִיַּ֥ד יְהוָֽה 1 Here “the hand of Yahweh” refers to his punishment. Protecting the people is spoken of as rescuing them from his hand. Alternate translation: “you have kept Yahweh from punishing us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
22:33 pn48 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַיִּיטַ֣ב הַדָּבָ֗ר בְּעֵינֵי֙ בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל 1 Here “good in the eyes” means “accepted.” Alternate translation: “The people accepted the report of the leaders” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
22:33 h5hk לְשַׁחֵת֙ אֶת־הָאָ֔רֶץ 1 Alternate translation: “destroy everything in the land”
22:34 xf56 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עֵ֥ד הוּא֙ בֵּֽינֹתֵ֔ינוּ 1 The altar is spoken of as if it were a witness that could testify for the three tribes. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
23:intro v3r6 0 # Joshua 23 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Joshua’s final words to Israel (Joshua 23-24)\n\n“Do not marry with the heathen people but drive them out.” ##### Drive them out\n\nThe Israelites were to completely drive out the Canaanites. If they did not drive them out completely, the Canaanites would cause the Israelites to worship other gods. It was sinful to allow the Canaanites to remain in the land because if the Israelites married the Canaanites, the Canaanites would cause them to worship other gods. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
23:2 vyz9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet זָקַ֔נְתִּי בָּ֖אתִי בַּיָּמִֽים 1 This doublet can be translated as “very old.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
23:4 t22f הַיַּרְדֵּ֗ן 1 This is a short name for the Jordan River.
23:4 bf99 מְב֥וֹא הַשָּֽׁמֶשׁ 1 This indicates the direction of the setting sun.
23:6 w84i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לְבִלְתִּ֥י סוּר־מִמֶּ֖נּוּ יָמִ֥ין וּשְׂמֹֽאול 1 Disobeying the commands of the law of Moses is spoken of as turning to the right or to the left away from a path. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
23:7 mc72 לְבִלְתִּי־בוֹא֙ בַּגּוֹיִ֣ם הָאֵ֔לֶּה 1 This could mean: (1) having close friendship with them or (2) intermarrying with them.
23:7 vkw6 תַזְכִּ֨ירוּ֙ 1 to speak of
23:7 wbj7 אֱלֹהֵיהֶ֤ם 1 This refers to the gods of the remaining nations.
23:8 k6my rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בַּיהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֵיכֶ֖ם תִּדְבָּ֑קוּ 1 “hold tightly to Yahweh.” Believing in Yahweh is spoken of as if they were holding tightly onto him. Alternate translation: “continue to believe in Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
23:9 wf3v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לֹא־עָ֤מַד אִישׁ֙ בִּפְנֵיכֶ֔ם 1 Here “stand” represents holding ground in a battle. The word “you” refers to the entire nation of Israel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
23:12 i2mf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּדְבַקְתֶּם֙ בְּיֶ֨תֶר֙ הַגּוֹיִ֣ם הָאֵ֔לֶּה 1 Accepting the beliefs of these nations is spoken of as holding tightly to them. Alternate translation: “accept the beliefs of the survivors of these nations” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
23:13 pdx3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet לְפַ֣ח וּלְמוֹקֵ֗שׁ 1 The words “snare” and “trap” mean basically the same thing. Together they speak of the other nations as if they were a deadly trap that will cause trouble for Israel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
23:13 ut82 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּלְשֹׁטֵ֤ט בְּצִדֵּיכֶם֙ וְלִצְנִנִ֣ים בְּעֵינֵיכֶ֔ם 1 These phrases speak of the troubles these nations will cause Israel as if they were as painful as whips and thorns. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
23:14 ba62 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism אָנֹכִ֤י הוֹלֵךְ֙ הַיּ֔וֹם בְּדֶ֖רֶךְ כָּל־הָאָ֑רֶץ 1 Joshua uses a polite term to refer to his death. Alternate translation: “I am going to die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
23:14 x3c7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet וִידַעְתֶּ֞ם בְּכָל־לְבַבְכֶ֣ם וּבְכָל־נַפְשְׁכֶ֗ם 1 Here the words “hearts” and “souls” have similar meanings. Together they emphasize deep personal knowledge. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
23:14 vtt2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives לֹֽא־נָפַל֩ דָּבָ֨ר אֶחָ֜ד 1 These words emphasize that Yahweh’s promises have all occurred. This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “every word has come true” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
23:16 xwa3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וַעֲבַדְתֶּם֙ אֱלֹהִ֣ים אֲחֵרִ֔ים וְהִשְׁתַּחֲוִיתֶ֖ם לָהֶ֑ם 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second describes how the people “worship other gods.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
23:16 wz7d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְחָרָ֤ה אַף־יְהוָה֙ בָּכֶ֔ם 1 “Kindled” here is a metaphor for the beginning of Yahweh’s anger, like a fire is “kindled” or started with “kindling” or very easy to start burning like dried grass or small twigs. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will begin to be angry with you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
24:intro yqa8 0 # Joshua 24 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Joshua’s instructions\nIn this chapter, Joshua gives the leaders and people instructions in preparation for his death. It was common in the Ancient Near East for important leaders to do this. Unfortunately, the people of Israel did not listen to Joshua’s instructions.
24:1 e4nq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַיֶּאֶסֹ֧ף יְהוֹשֻׁ֛עַ אֶת־כָּל־שִׁבְטֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל 1 Joshua’s summons to the tribes is spoken of as if he gathered them together in a basket. Alternate translation: “Joshua asked all the tribes of Israel to meet with him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
24:1 c7pt וַיִּֽתְיַצְּב֖וּ לִפְנֵ֥י 1 Alternate translation: “came and stood in front of” or “came before”
24:2 tn5x מֵֽעוֹלָ֔ם 1 Alternate translation: “many years ago”
24:2 y8s6 כֹּֽה־אָמַ֣ר 1 Joshua begins to quote what Yahweh had said previously. The quotation continues until the end of verse 13.
24:2 uke1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names תֶּ֛רַח & נָח֑וֹר 1 These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
24:4 z8e8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names שֵׂעִיר֙ 1 This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
24:4 azj7 יָרְד֥וּ 1 Egypt was lower in elevation that the land of Canaan. Alternate translation: “traveled”
24:5 shc6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you הוֹצֵ֥אתִי אֶתְכֶֽם 1 The word “you” is plural and refers to the entire nation of Israel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
24:6 uxu8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you וָֽאוֹצִ֤יא אֶת־אֲבֽוֹתֵיכֶם֙ 1 The word “your” is plural throughout this speech and refers to the entire nation of Israel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
24:7 t8kg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you וַיִּצְעֲק֣וּ & בֵּינֵיכֶ֣ם 1 Yahweh continually alternates between these two phrases, which both refer to all the Israelites, past and present. The word “you” is plural throughout this speech and refers to the entire nation of Israel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
24:7 rv8q אֶת־הַיָּם֙ 1 This refers to the Sea of Reeds.
24:7 gqs1 בַמִּדְבָּ֖ר 1 an uninhabited area, a desert
24:8 xwk4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you אֶתְכֶ֗ם 1 The word “you” is plural throughout this speech and refers to the entire nation of Israel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
24:8 ew9g הַיַּרְדֵּ֔ן 1 This is a short name for the Jordan River.
24:8 wu3t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וָאֶתֵּ֨ן אוֹתָ֤ם בְּיֶדְכֶם֙ 1 Here “hand” refers to power. Alternate translation: “enabled you to conquer them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
24:9 l9gd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you אֶתְכֶֽם 1 The word “you” is plural throughout this speech and refers to the entire nation of Israel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
24:10 jr3f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וָאַצִּ֥ל אֶתְכֶ֖ם מִיָּדֽ 1 Here “hand” refers to power. Alternate translation: “enabled you to overcome him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
24:11 b324 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you וַתַּעַבְר֣וּ 1 The word “you” is plural throughout this speech and refers to the entire nation of Israel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
24:11 jx4u אֶת־הַיַּרְדֵּן֮ 1 This is a short name for the Jordan River.
24:12 d1wr אֶת־הַצִּרְעָ֔ה 1 A small fast flying stinging insect that lives in colonies. Here, many “hornets” are spoken of as only one.
24:15 gei6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְאִם֩ רַ֨ע בְּֽעֵינֵיכֶ֜ם 1 The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or desire. Alternate translation: “If you do not want” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
24:15 bff7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּבֵיתִ֔י 1 This represents his family that lives in his house. Alternate translation: “my family” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
24:17 uf71 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns אֹתָ֧נוּ וְאֶת־אֲבוֹתֵ֛ינוּ 1 The people speak as if they were present with their ancestors, and interchange the words “us” and “we” with “our ancestors.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
24:17 n1g2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מִבֵּ֣ית עֲבָדִ֑ים 1 Here “house” is an idiom that refers to the location of their slavery. Alternate translation: “place where we were slaves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
24:17 v2lc הָֽעַמִּ֔ים אֲשֶׁ֥ר עָבַ֖רְנוּ 1 Alternate translation: “nations that we passed through”
24:19 in4p הָעָ֗ם 1 This refers to the Israelites.
24:19 di8z אֵֽל־קַנּ֣וֹא ה֔וּא 1 God wants his people to worship only him.
24:20 l4yi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְשָׁ֨ב & וְכִלָּ֣ה אֶתְכֶ֔ם 1 Yahweh’s anger is spoken of as if he was a fire that would destroy them. Alternate translation: “He will destroy you as with fire” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
24:21 mt8s הָעָ֖ם 1 This refers to the Israelites.
24:23 h48g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְהַטּוּ֙ אֶת־לְבַבְכֶ֔ם אֶל־יְהוָ֖ה 1 Deciding to obey Yahweh only is spoken of as turning their heart towards him. Here “heart” represents the whole person. In this case, “heart” is plural because it refers to all the Israelites as a single group. However, it may be best to translate it in the plural since “your” is plural. Alternate translation: “turn yourselves to Yahweh” or “decide to obey Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
24:24 ut8c הָעָ֖ם 1 This refers to the Israelites.
24:24 yq9g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּבְקוֹל֖וֹ נִשְׁמָֽע 1 Here “listen” means to obey. Alternate translation: “We will obey everything he tells us to do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
24:25 g8by rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַיָּ֥שֶׂם ל֛וֹ חֹ֥ק וּמִשְׁפָּ֖ט 1 Establishing laws is spoken of as if Joshua physically set them in place like monuments. Alternate translation: “He established decrees and laws” or “He gave them laws and decrees to obey” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
24:26 n7ac בְּסֵ֖פֶר תּוֹרַ֣ת אֱלֹהִ֑ים 1 This appears to be a continuation of the writings of Moses.
24:26 ct9g וַיְקִימֶ֣הָ שָּׁ֔ם 1 Alternate translation: “placed it there”
24:27 u7ad הָעָ֗ם 1 This refers to the Israelites.
24:27 mkt9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification הָאֶ֤בֶן הַזֹּאת֙ תִּֽהְיֶה־בָּ֣נוּ לְעֵדָ֔ה כִּֽי־הִ֣יא שָׁמְעָ֗ה אֵ֚ת כָּל־אִמְרֵ֣י 1 The stone that Joshua set up is spoken of as if it were a person who heard what was spoken and would be able to testify about what was said. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
24:27 h23i פֶּֽן־תְּכַחֲשׁ֖וּן 1 Alternate translation: “if you ever”
24:29 e9uy rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers בֶּן־מֵאָ֥ה וָעֶ֖שֶׂר שָׁנִֽים 1 “one hundred and ten years old” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
24:31 gf2q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom כֹּ֖ל יְמֵ֣י יְהוֹשֻׁ֑עַ 1 This is an idiom that refers to Joshua’s entire life. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
24:32 a3ik עַצְמ֣וֹת י֠וֹסֵף & קָבְר֣וּ בִשְׁכֶם֒ 1 It may be helpful to change the order of the beginning of this sentence. Alternate translation: “The people of Israel brought the bones of Joseph up out of Egypt and buried them at Shechem”
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