Reference ID Tags SupportReference Quote Occurrence Note
front:intro gtn1 0 # Introduction to Romans\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of the book of Romans\n\n1. Introduction (1:1–15)\n2. Main Theme: Righteousness is received by trusting in Jesus Christ (1:16–17)\n3. All mankind is condemned because of sin (1:18–3:20)\n4. Righteousness is received through Jesus Christ by trusting in him (3:21–5:21)\n5. Becoming like Christ in this life (6:1–8:39)\n6. God’s plan for Israel (9:1–11:36)\n7. Instructions for living as Christians (12:1–15:13)\n8. Conclusion (15:14–16:27)\n\n### Who wrote the book of Romans?\n\nThe Apostle Paul wrote the book of Romans and many other books in the New Testament. Paul was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was part of a strict Jewish religious group called the Pharisees. He persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire, telling people about Jesus.\n\nPaul probably wrote this letter while he was staying in the city of Corinth during his third trip through the Roman Empire.\n\n### What is the book of Romans about?\n\nPaul wrote this letter to the Christians in Rome. Paul wanted to get them ready to receive him when he visited them. He said his purpose was to “bring about the obedience of faith” ([16:26](../16/26.md)).\n\nIn this letter Paul most fully described the gospel of Jesus Christ. He explained that both Jews and non-Jews have sinned, and God will forgive them and declare them righteous only if they believe in Jesus (chapters 1–11). Then he gave them practical advice for how believers should live (chapters 12–16),\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nTranslators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, “Romans.” Or they may choose a clearer title, such as “Paul’s Letter to the Church in Rome,” or “A Letter to the Christians in Rome.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### What are the titles used to refer to Jesus?\n\nIn Romans, Paul described Jesus Christ by many titles and descriptions: Jesus Christ ([1:1](../01/01.md)), the Seed of David ([1:3](../01/03.md)), the Son of God ([1:4](../01/04.md)), the Lord Jesus Christ ([1:7](../01/07.md)), Christ Jesus ([3:24](../03/24.md)), Propitiation ([3:25](../03/025.md)), Jesus ([3:26](../03/26.md)), Jesus our Lord ([4:24](../04/24.md)), Lord of Hosts ([9:29](../09/29.md)), a Stone of Stumbling and Rock of Offense ([9:33](../09/33.md)), the End of the Law ([10:4](../10/04.md)), the Deliverer ([11:26](../11/26.md)), Lord of the Dead and the Living ([14:9](../14/09.md)), and the Root of Jesse ([15:12](../15/12.md)).\n\n### How should theological terms in Romans be translated?\n\nPaul uses many theological terms that are not used in the four Gospels. As early Christians learned more about the meaning of Jesus Christ and his message, they needed words and expressions for new ideas. Some examples of these words are “justification” ([5:1](../05/01.md)), “works of the law” ([3:20](../03/20.md)), “reconcile” ([5:10](../05/10.md)), “propitiation” ([3:25](../03/25.md)), “sanctification” ([6:19](../06/19.md)), and “the old man” ([6:6](../06/06.md)). If your language doesn’t have similar words, you can develop short phrases to communicate these ideas. For example, the term “gospel” can be translated as “the good news about Jesus Christ.”\n\nTranslators should also remember that some of these terms have more than one meaning. The meaning will depend on how the author is using the word in that particular passage. For example, “righteousness” sometimes means that a person obeys God’s law. At other times, “righteousness” means that Jesus Christ has perfectly obeyed God’s law for us.\n\n### What did Paul mean by “a remnant” of Israel ([11:5](../11/05.md))?\n\nThe idea of a “remnant” is important both in the Old Testament and for Paul. Most of the Israelites were either kill
1:intro hn5n 0 # Romans 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n1. Introduction (1:1–15)\n * Greeting (1:1–7)\n * Paul plans to visit Rome (1:8–15)\n2. Main Theme: Righteousness is received by having faith in Jesus Christ (1:16–17)\n3. All mankind is condemned because of sin (1:18–3:20)\n * All non-Jews have sinned (1:18–32)\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### The gospel\n\nThis chapter refers to the contents of the book of Romans as “the gospel” ([1:2](../rom/01/02.md)). Romans is not a Gospel as are Matthew, Mark, Luke, or John, which are historical accounts of the life of Jesus. Instead, chapters 1–8 present the biblical gospel, which is the good news of salvation. The gospel contains the following true ideas: everyone has sinned, Jesus died for our sins, and Jesus came back to life again so that we might live for his glory and receive eternal life when we die.\n\n### Universal Condemnation and the Wrath of God\n\nIn this chapter Paul explains that no one has an excuse for sinning. We all know about the true God, Yahweh, from his creation all around us. Because of our sin and our sinful nature, every person justly deserves the eternal punishment of God. The requirement for this punishment was satisfied by Jesus dying on a cross for those who believe in him. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in this Chapter\n\n### “God gave them over”\n\nMany scholars view the phrases “God gave them over” and “God gave them up” as theologically significant. For this reason, it is important to translate these phrases with God playing a passive role in the action. God allows men to pursue their own sinful desires; he does not force them to act sinfully. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1:1 x3em rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person Παῦλος 1 In the culture of this time, letter writers would give their own names first. Your language may have a particular way of introducing the author of a letter, and if it would be helpful to your readers, you could use it here. Alternate translation: “From Paul” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
1:1 e417 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish δοῦλος Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ, κλητὸς ἀπόστολος 1 These two phrases give further information about Paul. He describes himself as being someone whom God has given the position and authority of being Christ’s **servant** and **apostle**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “a person whom God has made a servant of Christ Jesus, and whom he has called to represent him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
1:1 v5b9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive κλητὸς ἀπόστολος, ἀφωρισμένος 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “whom Jesus called to be an apostle and set apart” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1:1 ukts rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal εἰς εὐαγγέλιον Θεοῦ 1 Here, **for** introduces a purpose clause. Paul is stating the purpose for which Jesus**set** him **apart**. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “in order to preach the gospel of God” or “so that I could announce the good news from God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
1:1 ji90 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession εὐαγγέλιον Θεοῦ 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **the gospel** that comes from **God**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the gospel from God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
1:2 cu3r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish ὃ 1 Here, **which** indicates that what follows is further information about “the gospel of God” mentioned in the previous verse. Paul is emphasizing that “the gospel of God” originated from **the holy Scriptures**, which also come from God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the relationship between these phrases clearer. Alternate translation: “that is, the gospel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
1:3 lab1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish περὶ τοῦ Υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ 1 This phrase gives us further information about “the gospel of God.” Paul means that the message of God’s promised good news is about God’s Son, “Christ Jesus”, as mentioned in [verse 1](../01/01.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the relationship between these phrases clearer. Alternate translation: “that is, the gospel about his Son” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
1:3 lk5q rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples τοῦ Υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ 1 **Son** is an important title that describes the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
1:3 y2uy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom τοῦ γενομένου ἐκ σπέρματος Δαυεὶδ 1 Here, **from a seed of David** is an idiom that refers to a descendant of David. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “who was born a descendant of David” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1:3 rj9f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom κατὰ σάρκα 1 Here, **according to the flesh** is an idiom meaning “with reference to physical descent.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “according to natural descent” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1:4 nhz7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure τοῦ ὁρισθέντος Υἱοῦ Θεοῦ ἐν δυνάμει κατὰ Πνεῦμα ἁγιωσύνης ἐξ ἀναστάσεως νεκρῶν 1 In this verse, Paul places these phrases in the order he wants to emphasize. If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these phrases, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
1:4 at5s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive τοῦ ὁρισθέντος Υἱοῦ Θεοῦ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that **God** did it. Alternate translation: “whom God designated as the Son of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1:4 cp80 rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Υἱοῦ Θεοῦ 1 **Son of God** is an important title that describes the relationship between **God** and **Jesus**. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
1:4 h32u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὁρισθέντος Υἱοῦ Θεοῦ ἐν δυνάμει 1 Here, **in power** could refer to: (1) the means by which God designated Jesus as the Son of God. Alternate translation: “who was designated the Son of God by means of power” (2) a new level of power God gave to the Son of God. Alternate translation: “who was designated as the powerful Son of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1:4 m89w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession Πνεῦμα ἁγιωσύνης 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe God’s **Spirit** that is characterized by **holiness**. This refers to the Holy Spirit. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
1:4 js9m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐξ ἀναστάσεως νεκρῶν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **resurrection**, you could express the same idea with a different form. Alternate translation: “by being resurrected from the dead ones” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1:4 h97z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom νεκρῶν 1 Here, the phrase translated **of dead ones** refers to dead people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from among dead people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1:4 zvql rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession νεκρῶν 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe the place from where **Jesus** was resurrected. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “from death” or “from among the dead ones” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
1:4 brej rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἡμῶν 1 Here, **our** refers to all Christians, so it is inclusive. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
1:5 ww9a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit δι’ οὗ 1 Here, **whom** refers to Jesus. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “through Jesus” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1:5 jr9e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns δι’ οὗ ἐλάβομεν χάριν καὶ ἀποστολὴν 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **grace** and **apostleship**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “he who acted kindly toward us and made us his apostles” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1:5 mosg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἐλάβομεν 1 Here, **we** is exclusive, and your language may require you to mark this form. It could refer to: (1) Paul and other apostles, as in the UST. (2) Paul speaking about himself in a plural form. Alternate translation: “I received” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
1:5 mv5n rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal εἰς 1 Here, **for** introduces a purpose clause. Paul is stating the purpose for which Jesus made Paul and other people his apostles. Use a natural way in your language to introduce a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
1:5 krzj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns εἰς ὑπακοὴν πίστεως ἐν πᾶσιν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **obedience** and **faith**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “for people to faithfully obey Jesus among all the Gentiles” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1:5 cf3g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession εἰς ὑπακοὴν πίστεως 1 Here, **obedience of faith** could refer to: (1) obedience that is characterized by trust in God. Alternate translation: “for obedience by trusting in God” or “obedience that comes from trusting in God” (2) obedience that results from trusting in God. Alternate translation: “faith that results in obedience” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
1:5 eem9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν πᾶσιν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν 1 Here, **the Gentiles** could refer to: (1) the nations. Use this interpretation if you interpreted **we** to refer to all the apostles and retained it in your translation. Alternate translation: “among all people groups” (2) non-Jewish people groups. Use this interpretation if you interpreted **we** to refer only to Paul and translated it as “I”. Alternate translation: “among all non-Jewish people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1:5 rd3v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure ἐλάβομεν χάριν καὶ ἀποστολὴν εἰς ὑπακοὴν πίστεως ἐν πᾶσιν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν ὑπὲρ τοῦ ὀνόματος αὐτοῦ 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “we received grace and apostleship for the sake of his name, for obedience of the faith among all the Gentiles” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
1:5 sxc7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ὑπὲρ τοῦ ὀνόματος αὐτοῦ 1 Here, **name** could refer to: (1) Jesus himself. Alternate translation: “for the sake of Jesus” (2) Jesus’ reputation. Alternate translation: “for the sake of Jesus’ fame” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1:6 xurz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν οἷς 1 Here, **whom** refers to “the Gentiles” who were mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. See how you translated “the Gentiles” in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “among the nations” or “among the Gentiles” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1:6 sks2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular ὑμεῖς 1 In this letter, with four exceptions, the words **you** and “your” are plural and refer to the recipients of this letter, who are the believers in Rome (See [1:7](../01/07.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “you believers in Christ at Rome” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
1:6 qq9z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession κλητοὶ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **called ones** who were called by **Jesus Christ**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “ones called by Jesus Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
1:7 z85a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person πᾶσιν τοῖς οὖσιν ἐν Ῥώμῃ 1 In this culture, after giving their own names, letter writers would then say to whom they were writing, and they would name those people in the third person. If that would be confusing in your language, you could use the second person. Alternate translation: “To all of you who are in Rome” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
1:7 zfwq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj ἀγαπητοῖς Θεοῦ 1 Paul is using the adjective **beloved** as a noun in order to describe the church at Rome. If your language does not use adjectives in the same way, you could translate this with a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “people who are loved of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
1:7 rkdh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἀγαπητοῖς Θεοῦ 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe the **beloved** who are loved by **God**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “loved by God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
1:7 v8bl rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη ἀπὸ Θεοῦ Πατρὸς ἡμῶν καὶ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 In this culture, letter writers would offer a good wish for the recipient before introducing the main business of the letter. Use a form in your language that makes it clear that this is a greeting and blessing. Alternate translation: “May God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ give you grace and peace” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing]])
1:7 ys4e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη ἀπὸ Θεοῦ Πατρὸς ἡμῶν καὶ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **grace** and **peace**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “May God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ show his gracious acts to you and make you feel peaceful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1:7 d8pa rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Θεοῦ Πατρὸς ἡμῶν καὶ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 The word **Father** here is an important title that describes the relationship between God and Jesus and the relationship between God and believers. Alternate translation: “our Father God and the Lord Jesus, the Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
1:7 j61d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive Πατρὸς ἡμῶν 1 When Paul writes **our** here, he is speaking of himself and his readers, so **our** would be inclusive. Your language may require you to mark this form. Alternate translation: “who is the Father of us Christians” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
1:8 yrau rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result πρῶτον μὲν εὐχαριστῶ τῷ Θεῷ μου διὰ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ περὶ πάντων ὑμῶν, ὅτι ἡ πίστις ὑμῶν καταγγέλλεται ἐν ὅλῳ τῷ κόσμῳ. 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these clauses, since the second clause gives the reason for the result that the first clause describes. Alternate translation: “Because your faith is being proclaimed throughout the whole world, I first want to thank my God through Jesus Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
1:8 totr rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases πρῶτον μὲν 1 **First** here indicates that Paul has finished his introduction to the letter, and what follows is the beginning of the content of the letter. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “The first thing I want to say is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
1:8 tdsj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τῷ Θεῷ μου 1 Paul is using the possessive form **my God** to express that he belongs to **God**. Paul does not mean that he owns God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the God I belong to” or “the God that owns me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
1:8 bphf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἡ πίστις ὑμῶν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faith**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “the way you trust in Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1:8 efqs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἡ πίστις ὑμῶν καταγγέλλεται 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The context indicates that other believers are proclaiming how great the faith of the Roman believers is. Alternate translation: “other people are proclaiming your faith” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1:8 k7qf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole ἐν ὅλῳ τῷ κόσμῳ 1 Here, **the whole world** is an exaggeration that refers to all the parts of the world that were familiar to Paul and his readers, particularly the Roman Empire. Paul is not referring to every place on the planet. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “across the known world” or “wherever the Roman Empire is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
1:9 c7pa rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γάρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows is the reason why Paul could say in the previous verse that he thanks God for the Roman believers. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “You can be sure this is true because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
1:9 twht rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure μάρτυς & μού ἐστιν ὁ Θεός, ᾧ λατρεύω ἐν τῷ πνεύματί μου ἐν τῷ εὐαγγελίῳ τοῦ Υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ, ὡς ἀδιαλείπτως μνείαν ὑμῶν ποιοῦμαι 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these clauses and make a new sentence, if you need to do so. Alternate translation: “God is my witness how I continually make mention of you. I serve him in my spirit in the gospel of his Son” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
1:9 dx6p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish μάρτυς & μού & ᾧ λατρεύω ἐν τῷ πνεύματί μου ἐν τῷ εὐαγγελίῳ τοῦ Υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ 1 This phrase gives further information about **God**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the relationship between these phrases clearer. Alternate translation: “my witness, and I serve him in my spirit in the gospel of his Son” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
1:9 ll1e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns μάρτυς & μού 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **witness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “the one who testifies about me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1:9 ydnc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν τῷ πνεύματί μου 1 Here, **spirit** refers to the inner person, which is what a person thinks and feels. Paul means that he serves God with complete devotion. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternative translation: “with my whole heart” or “wholeheartedly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1:9 ih0v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν τῷ εὐαγγελίῳ 1 Here, **in** indicates the means by which Paul served God and **gospel** refers specifically to proclaiming the **gospel**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “by proclaiming the gospel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1:9 o66d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἐν τῷ εὐαγγελίῳ τοῦ Υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe the **gospel** that is about God’s **Son**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “in the gospel about his Son” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
1:9 r2l5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Υἱοῦ 1 **Son** is an important title for Jesus, the **Son** of God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
1:9 f9p2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole ἀδιαλείπτως 1 Here, **continually** is an exaggeration that emphasizes how frequently Paul prayed for the church at Rome. Paul does not mean that he spends all of his time praying for them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use plain language and express the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “I regularly” or “I habitually” (See: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole)
1:9 vtuq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom μνείαν ὑμῶν ποιοῦμαι 1 Here, **making mention** is an idiom for praying. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “I am … praying for you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1:10 mdc8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet πάντοτε ἐπὶ τῶν προσευχῶν μου, δεόμενος 1 This phrase means the same thing as “I continually make mention of you” in the previous verse. Paul uses them to emphasize how intensely he prays that God will allow him to visit the church at Rome. If your language does not use repetition to do this, you could use one phrase for the similar passage in the previous verse and in this verse provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “in all my prayers, I beg God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
1:10 oi0x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole πάντοτε 1 Here, the word **always** is an exaggeration that figuratively expresses the frequency of Paul’s prayers to God for the church at Rome. Paul does not mean that he spends all of his time praying for them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use plain language and express the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “frequently” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
1:10 b5wy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐν τῷ θελήματι τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **will**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “because God wills for me” or “because God wants me”(See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1:11 ki6h rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** here indicates that this is a reason clause. Paul is indicating why he constantly prays to visit the church at Rome in [verses 9–10](../01/09.md). Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “I am always requesting this because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
1:11 gjdu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἰδεῖν ὑμᾶς 1 Paul uses **see** to describe not only seeing the Christians in Rome, but also visiting them and spending time with them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “to visit you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1:11 b23b rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα 1 Here, **so that** indicates that this is a purpose clause. Paul is stating the purpose for why he wants to visit the believers at Rome. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “in order that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
1:12 pnnm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish τοῦτο δέ ἐστιν 1 Here, **and that is** gives further information about why Paul wants to share “some spiritual gift” with the believers in Rome. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the relationship between these phrases clearer. Alternate translation: “namely” or “specifically” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
1:12 ux1x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive συνπαρακληθῆναι ἐν ὑμῖν 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “to mutually encourage each other” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1:12 ddtm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession διὰ τῆς ἐν ἀλλήλοις πίστεως, ὑμῶν τε καὶ ἐμοῦ 1 Paul is using the possessive form to refer to the trust in Jesus that both he and his readers shared. Paul means that they should mutually encourage each other because they have a mutual faith in Christ. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “by both you and I sharing with one another how we trust in God” or “through talking about our common Christian faith” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
1:12 e6py rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns πίστεως 1 See how you translated **faith** in [verse 5](../01/05.md) (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1:13 yi1f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes οὐ θέλω δὲ ὑμᾶς ἀγνοεῖν 1 Here Paul uses a figure of speech that expresses a strong positive meaning by using a negative word together with a word that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you can express the meaning positively. Alternate translation: “I definitely want you to be informed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
1:13 rwzn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἀγνοεῖν 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “to not know” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1:13 u1cq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ἀδελφοί 1 Although the term **brother** is masculine, Paul is using the word here to refer to both male and female believers in Christ. Alternate translation: “brothers and sisters” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
1:13 zvrj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit καὶ ἐκωλύθην ἄχρι τοῦ δεῦρο 1 Paul assumes that his readers will know that **until now** means “even at the present time.” He does not mean that he was no longer **hindered** at the moment he wrote these words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but I have been hindered and still am hindered now” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1:13 b92o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐκωλύθην 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that “God” did it. Alternate translation: “God hindered me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1:13 gnu7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἵνα τινὰ καρπὸν σχῶ καὶ ἐν ὑμῖν 1 Here, **fruit** could refer to: (1) people believing in the gospel as a result of Paul’s preaching, which would connect this verse to the idea in [verse 15](../01/15.md). Alternative translation: “so that I might lead people to salvation among you also” (2) strengthening the believers in Rome, in which case this would have the same meaning as “some spiritual, gracious gift” in [verse 11](../01/11.md). Alternative translation: “so that I might strengthen you also” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1:14 s4bm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὀφειλέτης εἰμί 1 Paul speaks of himself as if he were a **debtor** who owed money to people who were not Jews, such as **Greeks** and **barbarians**. Paul means that he was obligated to preach the gospel to non-Jews because God had commanded him to do so. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternative translation, “I am obliged to preach the gospel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1:14 j2sz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism Ἕλλησίν τε καὶ βαρβάροις 1 Here Paul uses **Greeks** and **barbarians** to represent all the Gentiles referred to in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “to all types of Gentiles” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
1:14 lio6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism σοφοῖς τε καὶ ἀνοήτοις 1 Here Paul uses **wise ones** and **foolish ones** to represent all types of people among the Gentiles referred to in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “to all types of people among the Gentiles” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
1:14 q728 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet Ἕλλησίν τε καὶ βαρβάροις, σοφοῖς τε καὶ ἀνοήτοις 1 These two phrases mean the same thing. Paul uses them to emphasize that he is obligated to preach the gospel to every kind of Gentile. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “to each and every kind of Gentile” or “to every single non-Jewish person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
1:15 h9zv rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result οὕτως 1 **So** here indicates that this a reason clause. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “This is the reason why” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
1:16 oa6m rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** indicates the reason why Paul is eager to proclaim the gospel in Rome. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “I am eager to do this because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
1:16 mm2f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes οὐ & ἐπαισχύνομαι 1 Here Paul uses a figure of speech that expresses a strong positive meaning by using a negative word together with a word that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning positively. Alternate translation: “I am greatly honored” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
1:16 nvkv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy οὐ & ἐπαισχύνομαι τὸ εὐαγγέλιον 1 Here, **gospel** refers specifically to the preaching of the **gospel** that was mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I am not ashamed to preach the gospel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1:16 f5x9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession δύναμις γὰρ Θεοῦ ἐστιν εἰς σωτηρίαν 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe the **gospel** as the powerful way that **God** saves people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression Alternate translation: “for it is the powerful way that God saves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
1:16 sz5b rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result εἰς σωτηρίαν 1 Here, **for** indicates that **salvation** is the result of the gospel. Use a natural way in your language to indicate result. Alternate translation: “that results in the salvation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
1:16 merb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns εἰς σωτηρίαν παντὶ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **salvation**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “for saving everyone” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1:16 htqe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis παντὶ τῷ πιστεύοντι 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “to everyone who believes that Jesus is the Messiah” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
1:16 dwtm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun Ἰουδαίῳ τε πρῶτον καὶ Ἕλληνι 1 Paul is speaking of Jewish people and Greek people in general, not of one particular Jew or Greek. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “both to the Jewish people first and to the Greek people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
1:16 u8on rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Ἰουδαίῳ τε πρῶτον 1 The phrase **the Jew first** means that the Jewish people were the first people to hear the gospel. Paul does not mean that **the Jew** is better or has a high status than **the Greek**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “both to the Jews, who first heard the gospel,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1:16 al16 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Ἕλληνι 1 Here, **the Greek** refers to non-Jewish people in general. It does not refer only to people from the country of Greece. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “to the non-Jew” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1:17 of98 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows is the reason why the gospel is the power of God that leads to salvation, as stated in the previous verse. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “The gospel can save everyone who believes because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
1:17 wfsc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive δικαιοσύνη & Θεοῦ ἐν αὐτῷ ἀποκαλύπτεται 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “it reveals the righteousness of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1:17 h38h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor δικαιοσύνη & Θεοῦ ἐν αὐτῷ ἀποκαλύπτεται 1 Paul speaks about **the righteousness of God** as if it were an object that could be **revealed**. He means that people learn about the righteousness of God when someone proclaims the gospel to them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternative translation: “when people preach the gospel, those who hear it learn about the righteousness of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1:17 qr31 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession δικαιοσύνη & Θεοῦ 1 Here Paul is using the possessive form **of God** that could refer to: (1) righteousness that comes from God. Alternate translation: “the righteousness from God” (2) righteousness that characterizes God. Alternate translation: “God’s righteousness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
1:17 gsl5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns δικαιοσύνη & Θεοῦ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **righteousness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “the way in which God causes people to become righteous” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1:17 ii3m rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ἐν αὐτῷ 1 The pronoun **it** here refers to “the gospel” that was mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in the gospel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
1:17 jl9i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ἐκ πίστεως εἰς πίστιν 1 Here, **from faith to faith** describes how **the righteousness of God is revealed**. It is an idiom that could mean: (1) completely by faith alone. Alternate translation: “by faith from beginning to end” or “through faith from first to last” (2) by the faith that all believers share, in the way that the phrase “from sea to sea” means “from one sea to another sea.” Alternate translation: “from one person’s faith to another person’s faith” (3) by faith that leads to increasing faith. Alternate translation: “through faith for faith” or “from one degree of faith to another” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1:17 igg9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations καθὼς γέγραπται 1 Here Paul uses **just as it is written** to introduce a quotation from an Old Testament book ([Habakkuk 2:4](../hab/02/04.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “just as it is written in the Scriptures” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
1:17 bgvh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive καθὼς γέγραπται 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, the quotation was written by the prophet Habakkuk. Alternate translation: “just as the prophet Habakkuk wrote” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1:17 oih2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks ὁ δὲ δίκαιος ἐκ πίστεως ζήσεται 1 In this sentence Paul quotes [Habakkuk 2:4](../hab/02/04.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
1:17 a9y7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐκ πίστεως ζήσεται 1 Here, **live** could refer to: (1) eternal life. Alternative translation: “will live eternally by faith” (2) the quality of one’s physical life. Alternative translation: “will truly live by faith” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1:17 e7eu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns πίστεως 2 See how you translated **faith** in [verse 5](../01/05.md) (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1:18 c69s rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows is the reason why “the righteous one must live by faith,” as mentioned in the previous verse. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “The righteous one must live this way because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
1:18 r15v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἀποκαλύπτεται & ὀργὴ Θεοῦ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God is revealing his wrath” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1:18 wzy3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ὀργὴ Θεοῦ 1 Here Paul uses **wrath** to refer to the outcome of God’s **wrath**, which is judging and punishing people because they are unrighteous. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “God’s wrathful punishment” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1:18 kjen rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐπὶ πᾶσαν ἀσέβειαν καὶ ἀδικίαν ἀνθρώπων 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **ungodliness** and **unrighteousness**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “against all the ungodly and unrighteous acts of men” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1:18 fz23 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἐπὶ πᾶσαν ἀσέβειαν καὶ ἀδικίαν ἀνθρώπων 1 Here, **ungodliness and unrighteousness of men** refer to the people who do ungodly and unrighteous things. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “against people who do any ungodly or unrighteous deeds” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1:18 td8t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῶν τὴν ἀλήθειαν ἐν ἀδικίᾳ κατεχόντων 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for these ideas of **unrighteousness** and **truth**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “who, because they do not want to act righteously, keep holding back what is true about God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1:18 rztp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ἀνθρώπων 1 Although the term **men** is masculine, Paul is using the word here in a generic sense that includes both men and women. Alternate translation: “people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
1:18 g3qm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish τῶν τὴν ἀλήθειαν ἐν ἀδικίᾳ κατεχόντων 1 This phrase gives us further information about the nature of people, who are called **men** in the previous phrase. It is not making a distinction between different kinds of **men**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the relationship between these phrases clearer. Alternate translation: “these same people who in unrighteousness are holding back the truth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
1:18 k4ql rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification τῶν τὴν ἀλήθειαν ἐν ἀδικίᾳ κατεχόντων 1 Here Paul speaks of **truth** as if it were a person who could be restrained or held back. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “who in unrighteousness prevent the truth from being known” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
1:19 jd85 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive τὸ γνωστὸν τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “what people can know about God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1:19 r6ef rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns αὐτοῖς & αὐτοῖς 1 The pronoun **them** refers to the ungodly and unrighteous people mentioned in the previous verse. Unless, otherwise noted, **them**, “their”, and “they” refer to ungodly and unrighteous people throughout [verses 19–32](../01/19.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “all these ungodly and unrighteous people … all these ungodly and unrighteous people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
1:20 fo6q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὰ & ἀόρατα αὐτοῦ & καθορᾶται; ἥ τε ἀΐδιος αὐτοῦ δύναμις καὶ θειότης 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **qualities**, **power**, and **nature**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “what people cannot see about God, both how eternally powerful he is and who he is are clearly seen” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1:20 szu6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor καθορᾶται 1 Paul uses **seen** to refer to perceiving something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “are clearly perceived” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1:20 abdl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive καθορᾶται 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people can clearly see” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1:20 uvc1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche κόσμου 1 Paul uses **the world** figuratively to refer to the whole universe. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “of all that God made” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
1:20 dr8v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive τοῖς ποιήμασιν νοούμενα 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “which the things God has made understand” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1:20 dxr6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result εἰς τὸ εἶναι αὐτοὺς ἀναπολογήτους 1 **So** indicates that this is a result clause. Use the natural way in your language to introduce a result clause. Alternate translation: “As a result, they are without excuse” or “This is why they are without excuse” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
1:21 pgta rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit γνόντες τὸν Θεὸν 1 Here Paul uses **having known** to imply that these people know about God or know that God exists. He does not mean that they know God personally. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “having known about God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1:21 iasg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet οὐχ ὡς Θεὸν ἐδόξασαν ἢ ηὐχαρίστησαν 1 Here, **not glorify him** and **nor give him thanks** mean basically the same thing. Paul uses them to emphasize that ungodly people dishonor God. If your language does not use repetition in this way, you could combine these phrases. Alternate translation: “they thanklessly despise God” or “they completely disregard God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
1:21 c6v7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ηὐχαρίστησαν 1 Here Paul speaks of expressions of **thanks** as if they were something that could be given to a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “did they thank him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1:21 dant rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet ἐματαιώθησαν ἐν τοῖς διαλογισμοῖς αὐτῶν, καὶ ἐσκοτίσθη ἡ ἀσύνετος αὐτῶν καρδία 1 These two phrases mean the same thing. Paul uses them to emphasize how foolish these ungodly people became by refusing to honor God. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “they became completely senseless in the way they think” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
1:21 xm6i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐματαιώθησαν ἐν τοῖς διαλογισμοῖς αὐτῶν 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “they began to think futile things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1:21 d2c0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐσκοτίσθη ἡ ἀσύνετος αὐτῶν καρδία 1 Here Paul speaks of the **heart** as if it could mentally sense things or could become black in color. He also uses **darkened** to refer to someone losing the ability to understand something. He means that these people lack spiritual sensitivity and are unable to understand spiritual things. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture or express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “their heart became incapable of feeling or understanding spiritual things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1:21 t4p7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy καρδία 1 Here Paul uses **heart** to refer a person’s inner being or mind. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “inner being” or “mind” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1:21 sw8q rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns καρδία 1 The word **heart** is a singular noun that refers to the inner beings or minds of a group of people. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you can use a different expression. Alternate translation: “inner beings” or “hearts” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
1:22 ddr2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast ἐμωράνθησαν 1 The phrase **they became foolish** is in contrast to what these unrighteous people claimed about themselves in the previous clause. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “instead they became foolish” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
1:22 ly68 ἐμωράνθησαν 1 Alternate translation: “they became fools” or “they acted like fools” or “they started acting like fools”
1:23 k9xu rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases καὶ 1 Here, **and** indicates that what follows describes what these ungodly and unrighteous people did after they “became foolish,” as stated in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “then they” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
1:23 x2wl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor καὶ ἤλλαξαν τὴν δόξαν τοῦ ἀφθάρτου Θεοῦ ἐν ὁμοιώματι εἰκόνος φθαρτοῦ ἀνθρώπου, καὶ πετεινῶν, καὶ τετραπόδων, καὶ ἑρπετῶν. 1 Paul uses **exchanged** to describe the actions of these ungodly people as if they were exchanging goods or money. Paul means that they stopped worshiping God and started worshiping idols that resembled these creatures. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation, “then they stopped glorifying the imperishable God in order to worship images things that God created: perishable humans, birds, four-footed animals, and creeping things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1:23 qb7f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism τὴν δόξαν τοῦ ἀφθάρτου Θεοῦ ἐν ὁμοιώματι εἰκόνος φθαρτοῦ ἀνθρώπου 1 The two phrases **the glory of the imperishable God** and **a likeness of an image of perishable man** mean the opposite thing. Paul says the opposite thing with similar phrases to emphasize the contrast between **God** and **man**. Use a natural way in your language to express a contrast that uses parallel ideas. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
1:23 r14e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὴν δόξαν τοῦ ἀφθάρτου Θεοῦ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **glory**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “what glorifies the imperishable God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1:23 u971 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὴν δόξαν τοῦ ἀφθάρτου Θεοῦ 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe the relationship between **glory** and **the imperishable God**. This phrase could refer to: (1) the glory that characterizes God. Alternate translation: “the glory that characterizes the imperishable God” (2) the glory that belongs to God. Alternate translation: “the glory that belongs only to the imperishable God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
1:23 rfez rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ὁμοιώματι εἰκόνος 1 The words translated as **likeness** and **image** were used in the Greek translation of the Old Testament to refer to the same thing ([Genesis 1:26](../gen/01/26.md)). Here Paul is using the possessive form to indicate that **image** is an explanation of **likeness**. Use a word or phrase that introduces a further explanation or elaboration in your language. Alternate translation: “a likeness, that is, an image” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
1:23 osrt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis καὶ πετεινῶν, καὶ τετραπόδων, καὶ ἑρπετῶν 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a phrase would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from earlier in the verse. Alternate translation: “and likenesses of birds, and likenesses of four-footed animals, and likenesses of creeping things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
1:23 rq7h τετραπόδων 1 The phrase **four-footed beasts** refers to animals that walk on four feet. Use the most natural form to describe this kind of animal in your language. Alternate translation: “of quadrupeds” or “of four-legged beasts”
1:24 fvv6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result διὸ 1 The word **Therefore** indicates that what follows is a logical conclusion. **Therefore** here introduces a result clause. Paul is stating the result of people rejecting the glory of God in the previous verse. Use a natural way in your language to introduce a result clause. Alternate translation: “As a result” or “This is why” or “Because of this” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
1:24 ec9q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor παρέδωκεν αὐτοὺς ὁ Θεὸς ἐν ταῖς ἐπιθυμίαις τῶν καρδιῶν αὐτῶν 1 Paul speaks of these people as if **God** were physically giving them to **lusts**. He means that God is allowing them to have what they desire. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “God permitted them to become controlled by the lusts of their hearts” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1:24 tlv5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ταῖς ἐπιθυμίαις τῶν καρδιῶν αὐτῶν 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **lusts** that come from **their hearts**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the lusts that come from their hearts” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
1:24 le2o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy τῶν καρδιῶν αὐτῶν 1 See how you translated “heart” in [verse 21](../01/21.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1:24 rkou rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result εἰς ἀκαθαρσίαν 1 This is a result clause. Paul is stating the result of people indulging in **the lusts of their hearts**. Use the natural way in your language to express result. Alternate translation: “resulting in uncleanness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
1:24 ze8i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns εἰς ἀκαθαρσίαν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **uncleanness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “to become unclean” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1:24 g0r4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor εἰς ἀκαθαρσίαν 1 Here Paul uses **uncleanness** to refer to sexual immorality as if it were something dirty. He means that these lustful people become spiritually impure as a result of doing sexually immoral acts. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture or express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation, “to become sexually immoral” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1:24 puad rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal τοῦ ἀτιμάζεσθαι 1 Here, **to dishonor** could refer to: (1) the result of God giving the people **over to their lusts**. Alternate translation: “which results in them dishonoring” (2) the purpose for which **God gave them over to their lusts**. Alternate translation: “in order to dishonor” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
1:24 a8pm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism τοῦ ἀτιμάζεσθαι τὰ σώματα αὐτῶν 1 In this clause Paul uses **dishonor their bodies** figuratively to refer to sexually immoral acts. This is a polite way of referring to a shameful act. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different polite way of referring to this or you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to commit sexually immoral acts” or “to indulge in sexually immoral activity” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
1:25 dv6h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor οἵτινες μετήλλαξαν τὴν ἀλήθειαν τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐν τῷ ψεύδει 1 Paul uses **exchanged** to describe the actions of these ungodly people as if they were exchanging goods or money. Paul means that they stopped believing what is true about God and started believing in idols, which are false gods. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated **exchanged** in [verse 23](../01/23.md). Alternative translation, “these people refused to trust what God says is true and accepted what is false” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1:25 koee rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὴν ἀλήθειαν τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐν τῷ ψεύδει 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **truth** and **lie**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “what is correct about God for what is incorrect” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1:25 e9pj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὴν ἀλήθειαν τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **truth** that is about **God**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the truth about God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
1:25 bl7p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet ἐσεβάσθησαν καὶ ἐλάτρευσαν 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Paul uses them to emphasize that these people completely rejected worshiping the true **God**. If your language does not use repetition in this way, you could combine these phrases. Alternate translation: “wholeheartedly worshiped” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
1:25 x3t4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῇ κτίσει 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **creation**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “what was created” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1:25 xrsa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish ὅς ἐστιν εὐλογητὸς εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας 1 This phrase gives further information about **the Creator**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the relationship between these phrases clearer. Alternate translation: “God who is blessed to eternity” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
1:25 m8zg rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing ὅς ἐστιν εὐλογητὸς εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας 1 After naming **the Creator**, Paul adds a blessing. Use a form that people would recognize as a blessing in your language. Alternate translation: “may he be blessed to eternity” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing]])
1:25 v1ex rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj εὐλογητὸς 1 Paul is using the adjective **blessed** as a noun in order to describe **the Creator**. If your language does not use adjectives in the same way, you could translate this with a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “the blessed one” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
1:26 sk6f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor παρέδωκεν αὐτοὺς ὁ Θεὸς εἰς 1 See how you translated this phrase in [verse 24](../01/24.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1:26 hw81 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession πάθη ἀτιμίας 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **passions** that are characterized by **dishonor**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “dishonorable passions” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
1:26 lk73 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns πάθη ἀτιμίας 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **passions** and **dishonor**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “dishonor themselves by doing what they are passionate about” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1:26 j4ni rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 The word translated **for** introduces an explanation of **passions of dishonor**. This explanation begins after the word **for** and continues through the end of the next verse. Use a word or phrase that introduces a further explanation or elaboration in your language. Alternate translation: “That is,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
1:26 jqyi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor μετήλλαξαν τὴν φυσικὴν χρῆσιν εἰς τὴν παρὰ φύσιν 1 Paul uses **exchanged** to describe the actions of ungodly women as if they were exchanging goods or money. Paul means that they stopped doing **natural** sexual acts with men and started doing sexual acts with other women, which is **contrary to nature**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated **exchanged** in [verses 23](../01/23.md) and [25](../01/25.md). Alternative translation, “stopped doing natural sexual acts with men and started doing unnatural sexual acts with women” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1:26 vs4a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism τὴν φυσικὴν χρῆσιν 1 Paul uses **the natural use** figuratively to refer to sexual activity between women and men. This is a polite way of referring to something that would be offensive in some cultures. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different polite way of referring to this or you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “sexual activity with males” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
1:26 qvr5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism τὴν παρὰ φύσιν 1 Paul uses **contrary to nature** figuratively to refer to sexual activity between women and other women. This is a polite way of referring to something immoral. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different polite way of referring to this or you could state this plainly. Alternate translation: “sexual activity with other females” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
1:27 ji3l rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases ὁμοίως τε καὶ οἱ ἄρσενες 1 This phrase emphasizes that what follows is similar to [1:26](../01/26.md). Alternate translation: “in the same way, even the males” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
1:27 gn3f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἀφέντες 1 Paul speaks of these men as if they were leaving their location to go to another one. He means that they are abandoning or rejecting the way God intended for people to do sexual acts. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture or express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “having abandoned” or “having rejected” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1:27 g3ja rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism τὴν φυσικὴν χρῆσιν τῆς θηλείας 1 See how you translated **the natural use** in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
1:27 qvi3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὴν φυσικὴν χρῆσιν τῆς θηλείας 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **the natural use** that is associated with **the female**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the natural use associated with the female” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
1:27 pqpo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun τῆς θηλείας 1 Paul is speaking of these females in general, not of one particular **female**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “of females” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
1:27 yvm1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐξεκαύθησαν ἐν τῇ ὀρέξει αὐτῶν εἰς ἀλλήλους 1 Paul speaks of **lust** as if it were something that could burn like a fire. He means that their **lust** is out of control like a burning fire. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “passionately lusted after one another” or “intensely desired each other” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1:27 ylj6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐξεκαύθησαν ἐν τῇ ὀρέξει αὐτῶν εἰς ἀλλήλους 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **lust**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “burned lustfully for one another” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1:27 kxwj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism ἄρσενες ἐν ἄρσεσιν τὴν ἀσχημοσύνην κατεργαζόμενοι 1 This phrase refers to men doing sexual acts with other men. This is a polite way of referring to something immoral. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different polite way of referring to this or you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “males shamelessly engaging in sexual activity with each other” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
1:27 u2hh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor κατεργαζόμενοι 1 Paul speaks of men doing sexual acts with each other as if it could produce something. He means that what they are doing is morally shameful. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture or express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “committing” or “engaging in” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1:27 sjhb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure καὶ τὴν ἀντιμισθίαν ἣν ἔδει τῆς πλάνης αὐτῶν, ἐν ἑαυτοῖς ἀπολαμβάνοντες 1 In the original language the phrase **the penalty** is at the front of the clause for emphasis. If it would be more natural in your language, you could arrange the order of these phrases to show that emphasis. Alternate translation: “and the penalty, which was necessary for their perversion, receiving in themselves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
1:27 jtru rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result καὶ 2 Here, **and** indicates that what follows is the result of the **shameless acts**. Use a natural way in your language to indicate result. Alternate translation: “and as a result” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
1:27 raet rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐν ἑαυτοῖς ἀπολαμβάνοντες 1 Paul speaks of **the penalty** for their sinful activity as if it were something that they could receive inside of themselves. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “experiencing in their own bodies” or “receiving among themselves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1:27 x6fz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὴν ἀντιμισθίαν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **penalty**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “the punishing act” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1:27 dbtt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἣν ἔδει τῆς πλάνης αὐτῶν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **perversion**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “which was necessary for their perverted acts” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1:28 bt7u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom οὐκ ἐδοκίμασαν, τὸν Θεὸν ἔχειν ἐν ἐπιγνώσει 1 Here, **having God in their full awareness** is an idiom that refers to thinking about God or acknowledging God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “they did not approve of thinking about God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1:28 f53x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὸν Θεὸν ἔχειν ἐν ἐπιγνώσει 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **full awareness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “being fully aware of God” or “fully acknowledging that God exists” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1:28 yy1c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor παρέδωκεν αὐτοὺς ὁ Θεὸς εἰς 1 See how you translated this phrase in [verses 24](../01/24.md) and [26](../01/26.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1:28 p8z2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun εἰς ἀδόκιμον νοῦν 1 Paul is speaking of the minds of these ungodly people in general, not of one particular **mind**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “to disapproved minds” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
1:28 r1pt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit εἰς ἀδόκιμον νοῦν 1 Here, **mind** refers to a person’s will and moral reasoning. The **mind** of one of these ungodly people is **disapproved**, which means that it has been rejected by God as worthless. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “to a mind that has become worthless” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1:28 ie4l rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ποιεῖν 1 Here, **to do** could refer to: (1) the result of **a disapproved mind**. Alternate translation: “and as a result they do” or “causing them to practice” (2) the purpose of **a disapproved mind**. Alternate translation: “so that they do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
1:28 aye6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὰ μὴ καθήκοντα 1 The phrase **those things that are not proper** refers to what Paul describes in [verses 29–31](../01/29.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “those improper things that follow” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1:29 v0zj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor πεπληρωμένους πάσῃ ἀδικίᾳ, πονηρίᾳ, πλεονεξίᾳ, κακίᾳ 1 Paul uses **filled with** to refer to these ungodly people as if they were a container **filled with** the sins that Paul lists in this clause. Like a container that has been **filled with** something, the people are completely controlled by these sins. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “fully controlled by unrighteousness, wickedness, covetousness, and malice” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1:29 t4qm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive πεπληρωμένους 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “they filled themselves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1:29 uqks rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns πεπληρωμένους πάσῃ ἀδικίᾳ, πονηρίᾳ, πλεονεξίᾳ, κακίᾳ; 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **unrighteousness**, **wickedness**, **covetousness**, and **malice**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “filled with all unrighteous, wicked, covetous, and malicious thoughts” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1:29 a7s3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor μεστοὺς φθόνου, φόνου, ἔριδος, δόλου, κακοηθείας 1 Paul uses **full of** to refer to these ungodly people as if they were a container **full of** the sins that Paul lists in this clause. Like a container that is **full of** something, the people are completely controlled by these sins. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “fully controlled by envy, murder, strife, deceit, and evil intent” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1:29 dzda rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns μεστοὺς φθόνου, φόνου, ἔριδος, δόλου, κακοηθείας 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **envy**, **murder**, **strife**, **deceit**, and **evil intent**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “they are full of envious, murderous, contentious, and deceitful thoughts, and they intend to do evil things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1:30 f4tt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj θεοστυγεῖς, ὑβριστάς, ὑπερηφάνους, ἀλαζόνας & ἀπειθεῖς 1 Paul is using these adjectives as nouns in order to describe a group of people. If your language does not use adjectives in the same way, you could translate this with a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “people who hate God, people who are insolent, people who are arrogant, people who are boastful … people who are disobedient” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
1:30 th8q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns καταλάλους & ἐφευρετὰς κακῶν 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **slanderers** and **inventors**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “people who speak against others … people who invent ways to do evil things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1:30 qq50 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἐφευρετὰς κακῶν 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **inventors** who invent **evil things**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “they invent evil things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
1:31 i7ix rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj ἀσυνέτους, ἀσυνθέτους, ἀστόργους, ἀνελεήμονας 1 Paul is using these adjectives as nouns in order to describe a group of people. If your language does not use adjectives in the same way, you could translate this with a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “people who are senseless, faithless, heartless, and merciless” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
1:32 cxx8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὸ δικαίωμα 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **decree**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “what is rightly decreed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1:32 ytu6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὸ δικαίωμα τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe a **the righteous decree** that comes from **God**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “God’s righteous decree” or “what God decrees is right” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
1:32 z12q rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases ὅτι 1 Here, **that** indicates that what follows is the content of the **the righteous decree of God**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “namely,” or “in other words,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
1:32 iqg1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns τὰ τοιαῦτα & αὐτὰ & τοῖς πράσσουσιν 1 The pronouns **such things** and **things** and **them** refer to the litany of “the things that are not proper” in [verses 28–31](../01/28/md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “such improper things … these improper things … those who keep doing these improper things” or “these kinds of evil things … these evil things … those who keep doing these evil things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
1:32 p9e9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj ἄξιοι θανάτου 1 Paul is using the adjective **worthy** as a noun in order to describe a group of people. If your language does not use adjectives in the same way, you could translate this with a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “people who deserve death” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
1:32 t0ls rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἄξιοι θανάτου εἰσίν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **death**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “are worthy to die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1:32 awth rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἄξιοι θανάτου εἰσίν 1 Here, **death** refers to spiritual **death**, which is eternal punishment in hell that occurs after physical death. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “are worthy to die spiritually” or “are worthy of spiritual death” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2:intro dse2 0 # Romans 2 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n3. All mankind is condemned because of sin (1:18–3:20)\n * All non-Jews have sinned (1:18–32)\n * All Jews have sinned (2:1–3:8)\n\nIn this chapter Paul shifts his audience from Roman Christians to people who “judge” other people and do not believe in Jesus. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]])\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### “The Law”\n\nIn this chapter Paul uses the singular noun “the law” to refer to the group of laws that God gave Israel through Moses. Paul says that those who try to obey the Law of Moses will not be justified by trying to obey it. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you can use a different expression. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])\n\n### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\nIn [verses 1–5](../02/01.md) Paul uses the singular pronoun “you” and the singular noun “man” to refer to all people in general. If your language does not use singular pronouns or singular nouns to refer to a group of people, you can use a different expression. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
2:1 y6ts rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result διὸ 1 **Therefore** here marks a new section of the letter. It also introduces a result clause that summarizes the consequences of the behavior that Paul described in [1:18–32](../01/18.md). Use a natural way in your language to indicate result. Alternate translation: “As a result” or “So then” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
2:1 d7pj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd εἶ & κρίνεις & σεαυτὸν κατακρίνεις & πράσσεις, ὁ κρίνων 1 Paul uses the singular pronoun **you** here to refer to all people in general. See the discussion of this in the General Notes for this chapter. Alternate translation: “every one of you is … every one of you judges … every one of you condemns yourself … every one of you who judges practices” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]])
2:1 atxo ἀναπολόγητος 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:20](../01/20.md).
2:1 md5e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations ὦ ἄνθρωπε 1 **O man** here is an exclamation that is meant to convict every judgmental person in the human race. Use an exclamation that is natural in your language for communicating this idea. Alternate translation: “every human being” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
2:1 x3mi rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns ἄνθρωπε 1 Here, **man** is a singular noun that refers to humanity in general. See the discussion of this in the General Notes for this chapter. Alternate translation: “human being” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
2:1 n2mu rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 Here, **for** introduces a reason clause. In the rest of the verse Paul gives the reasons why **everyone judging** is **without excuse**. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “because” or “since” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
2:1 jt4b rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ἐν ᾧ 1 The word translated **that which** is a pronoun that refers to any way or any time a person might judge someone else. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “anytime” or “in anything that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
2:1 ybp2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun τὸν ἕτερον 1 Here, **the other** refers to any other person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “any other person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
2:1 nz11 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 Here, **for** introduces a clause that explains why these judgmental people are self-condemned. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “this is because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
2:1 wumc rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns τὰ & αὐτὰ 1 The phrase **the same things** refers to acts for which people judge one another. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the very same deeds” or “the same things you judge them for doing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
2:2 jr4i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive οἴδαμεν 1 Here, **we** could refer to: (1) Paul and the church at Rome. Alternate translation: “all of us believers in Christ” (2) mankind in general. Alternate translation: “all people” Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
2:2 qca8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὸ κρίμα τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **the judgment** that **God** does. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “God’s judgment” or “how God judges” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
2:2 kfy1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὸ κρίμα τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐστιν κατὰ ἀλήθειαν 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **judgment** and **truth**, you could express the ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “how God judges is according to what is true” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2:2 lfqn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit κατὰ ἀλήθειαν 1 This phrase indicates the manner in which God will judge those who act sinfully. He will judge them according to the sins they truly committed. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “based on the facts” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2:2 j46f τοὺς & πράσσοντας 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:32](../01/32/.md).
2:2 mjao rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὰ τοιαῦτα 1 Here, **such things** refers to the litany of “the things that are not proper” in [1:28–32](../01/28/md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “such improper things” or “these kinds of evil things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2:3 zwg7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion λογίζῃ δὲ τοῦτο, ὦ ἄνθρωπε, ὁ κρίνων τοὺς τὰ τοιαῦτα πράσσοντας, καὶ ποιῶν αὐτά, ὅτι σὺ ἐκφεύξῃ τὸ κρίμα τοῦ Θεοῦ? 1 Paul is using a rhetorical question here to emphasize that these judgmental people should know that God will finally judge them. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “But you should not think, O man, who judges those who are practicing such things and you are doing the same things, that you will escape from the judgment of God!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2:3 jct9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns τοῦτο 1 The pronoun **this** refers to the final clause of this verse **that you will escape from the judgment of God**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “this fact” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
2:3 ysys rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure τοῦτο, ὦ ἄνθρωπε, ὁ κρίνων τοὺς τὰ τοιαῦτα πράσσοντας, καὶ ποιῶν αὐτά, ὅτι σὺ ἐκφεύξῃ τὸ κρίμα τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “that you will escape from the judgment of God, O man, who judges those who are practicing such things and you are doing the same things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
2:3 rk75 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations ὦ ἄνθρωπε 1 See how you translated this phrase in [verse 1](../02/01.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
2:3 mo4p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὰ τοιαῦτα & αὐτά 1 The phrases **such things** and **the same things** refer to the litany of “the things that are not proper” in [1:28–32](../01/28/md). See how you translated **such things** in [verse 2](../02/02.md) and **the same things** in [verse 1](../02/01.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2:3 bd82 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification ὅτι σὺ ἐκφεύξῃ τὸ κρίμα τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Here Paul speaks of **judgment** as if it were a person from whom someone could **escape**. Paul means that no one can avoid God’s judgment. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “that you will not prevent God’s judgment” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
2:3 hpej rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὸ κρίμα τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 See how you translated this phrase in [verse 2](../02/02.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2:4 pex3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion ἢ τοῦ πλούτου τῆς χρηστότητος αὐτοῦ, καὶ τῆς ἀνοχῆς, καὶ τῆς μακροθυμίας καταφρονεῖς, ἀγνοῶν ὅτι τὸ χρηστὸν τοῦ Θεοῦ, εἰς μετάνοιάν σε ἄγει? 1 Paul is using a rhetorical question here to emphasize that these judgmental people should know that **the kindness of God leads** them **to repentance**. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “You who scorn the wealth of his kindness and forbearance and patience surely know that the kindness of God leads you to repentance!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2:4 v9yf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd καταφρονεῖς & σε 1 In this verse Paul uses the singular pronoun **you** here to refer to all of humanity in general. See how you translated **you** in [verses 1](../02/01.md) and [3](../02/03.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]])
2:4 w537 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τοῦ πλούτου τῆς χρηστότητος αὐτοῦ, καὶ τῆς ἀνοχῆς, καὶ τῆς μακροθυμίας 1 Paul speaks of God’s **kindness and forbearance and patience** as if they were wealth that could be acquired or rejected. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a simile or express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “acquiring his wonderful kindness and forbearance and patience” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2:4 swj9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῆς χρηστότητος αὐτοῦ, καὶ τῆς ἀνοχῆς, καὶ τῆς μακροθυμίας 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **kindness**, **forbearance**, and **patience**, you could express these ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “of how kind, forbearing, and patient he is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2:4 pplt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τῆς χρηστότητος αὐτοῦ, καὶ τῆς ἀνοχῆς, καὶ τῆς μακροθυμίας & τὸ χρηστὸν τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe the **kindness**, **forbearance**, and **patience** that characterize **God**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “of God’s kindness, forbearance, and patience … God’s kindness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
2:4 acip rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification τὸ χρηστὸν τοῦ Θεοῦ, εἰς μετάνοιάν σε ἄγει 1 Paul speaks of **the kindness of God** as if it were a person who could lead someone **to repentance**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “God uses his kindness to cause you to repent” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
2:4 u0io rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal εἰς μετάνοιάν σε ἄγει 1 Here, **to repentance** is a goal clause. Paul is stating the goal of **the kindness of God**. Use a natural way in your language to indicate a goal clause. Alternate translation: “leads you to repent” or “guides you to deeply change the way you perceive things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
2:4 jamv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns μετάνοιάν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **repentance**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “to deeply change the way you perceive things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2:5 agl8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor κατὰ δὲ τὴν σκληρότητά σου 1 Paul speaks of these people as if they were a hard substance. He means that these people stubbornly refuse to repent from their judgmental way of life. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture or express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “But according to your stubbornness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2:5 v6z1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἀμετανόητον καρδίαν 1 Here, **heart** refers to a person’s will or inner being. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “unrepentant will” or “unwillingness to repent” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2:5 fv4k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor θησαυρίζεις σεαυτῷ ὀργὴν 1 Here Paul speaks of **wrath** as if it were an object that someone could store up. He means that the longer people refuse to repent, the greater is God’s wrath against them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “you are increasing how much wrath God has against you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2:5 s7cs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ὀργὴν & ὀργῆς 1 Here Paul uses **wrath** to refer to the outcome of God’s **wrath**, which is judging and punishing people because they are unrighteous. See how you translated the same use of this word in [1:18](../01/18.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2:5 pck0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν ἡμέρᾳ ὀργῆς καὶ ἀποκαλύψεως δικαιοκρισίας τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Paul assumes that his readers will know that both **the day of wrath** and **the revelation of the righteous judgment of God** refer to the time in the future when God will punish all wicked people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “at the time God finally punishes wicked people and reveals his righteous judgment” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2:5 uz3k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἐν ἡμέρᾳ ὀργῆς καὶ ἀποκαλύψεως δικαιοκρισίας τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe a **day** that is characterized by **wrath** and by **the revelation of the righteous judgment of God**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “on the day characterized by God’s wrath and the revelation of his righteous judgment” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
2:5 ay1h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐν ἡμέρᾳ ὀργῆς καὶ ἀποκαλύψεως δικαιοκρισίας τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **wrath**, **revelation**, and **judgment**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “on the day of God’s wrathful acts, when he reveals how righteously he judges” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2:5 fnpj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἀποκαλύψεως δικαιοκρισίας τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **the righteous judgment of God** as what **the revelation** reveals. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “when God reveals his righteous judgment” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
2:5 sume rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession δικαιοκρισίας τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **the righteous judgment** that is carried out by **God**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “of God judging righteously” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
2:6 frov rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations ἀποδώσει ἑκάστῳ κατὰ τὰ ἔργα αὐτοῦ 1 This clause is a quotation from the Old Testament ([Psalm 62:12](../psa/062/012.md)). If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as a direct quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
2:6 jwcx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἀποδώσει ἑκάστῳ κατὰ τὰ ἔργα αὐτοῦ 1 Here Paul uses **pay back** to refer to appropriately punishing or rewarding someone as if the punishment or reward was reciprocal payment for that person’s deeds. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will appropriately punish or reward each one according to his deeds” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2:6 gj1q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὰ ἔργα αὐτοῦ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **deeds**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “how he acts” or “what he does” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2:7 ylpm General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nIn [verses 7–10](../02/07.md) Paul explains what he means when he said in [verse 6](../02/06.md) that God will “pay back to each according to his deeds.”
2:7 rrbf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure τοῖς & καθ’ ὑπομονὴν ἔργου ἀγαθοῦ, δόξαν καὶ τιμὴν καὶ ἀφθαρσίαν ζητοῦσιν, ζωὴν αἰώνιον; 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “eternal life to those who are seeking glory and honor and incorruptibility according to endurance of good work” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
2:7 gec6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ζωὴν αἰώνιον 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the previous verse. Alternate translation: “eternal life is what God pays back” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
2:7 sqdo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τοῖς & ζητοῦσιν 1 Paul uses **seeking** to refer to these people as if they were trying to find something. He means that they are trying to live in such a way as to obtain **glory and honor and incorruptibility**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “to those who … keep trying to attain” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2:7 zyff τοῖς & καθ’ ὑπομονὴν ἔργου ἀγαθοῦ & ζητοῦσιν, ζωὴν αἰώνιον 1 Here, **according to** could indicate: (1) the means by which these people **are seeking glory and honor and incorruptibility**. Alternate translation: “everlasting life to those who, by means of endurance of good work, are seeking glory and honor and incorruptibility” (2) the reason why God gives these people **everlasting life**. Alternate translation: “because they endure in good work and are seeking glory and honor and incorruptibility, everlasting life”
2:7 d2gw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns καθ’ ὑπομονὴν ἔργου ἀγαθοῦ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **endurance**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “according to the fact that they keep on doing good work” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2:7 ub51 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns δόξαν καὶ τιμὴν καὶ ἀφθαρσίαν 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **glory**, **honor**, and **incorruptibility**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “for God to glorify, honor, and cause them to live forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2:8 j1e6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐξ ἐριθείας 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **ambition**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “from being selfishly ambitious” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2:8 fcb4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet καὶ ἀπειθοῦσι τῇ ἀληθείᾳ, πειθομένοις δὲ τῇ ἀδικίᾳ 1 These two phrases mean the same thing. Paul uses them to emphasize how sinful these people are. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “who are disobedient to all that is true and right” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
2:8 xhtm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification ἀπειθοῦσι τῇ ἀληθείᾳ, πειθομένοις δὲ τῇ ἀδικίᾳ 1 Here Paul speaks of **the truth**as if it were a person whom someone could disobey, and he speaks of **unrighteousness** as if it were a person whom someone could obey. Paul means that these people reject what God says is true and right by **disobeying** him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “who reject what God says is true and right by disobeying him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
2:8 m7pm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῇ ἀληθείᾳ & τῇ ἀδικίᾳ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **truth** and **unrighteousness**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “to what is true … to what is unrighteous” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2:8 ytny rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ὀργὴ καὶ θυμός 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the [verse 6](../02/06.md). Alternate translation: “wrath and anger are what God pays back” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
2:8 exor rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ὀργὴ 1 Here Paul uses **wrath** to refer to the outcome of God’s **wrath**, which is judging and punishing people because they are unrighteous. See how you translated the same use of this word in [1:18](../01/18.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2:8 wa6f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ὀργὴ καὶ θυμός 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **wrath** and **anger**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “God is wrathful and angry” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2:8 blwx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet ὀργὴ καὶ θυμός 1 The words **wrath** and **anger** mean basically the same thing. Paul uses them to emphasize God’s intense anger toward people who are **disobedient to the truth**. If your language does not use repetition in this way, you could combine these phrases. Alternate translation: “fierce wrath” or “angry wrath” or “wrathful anger” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
2:9 ospb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor θλῖψις καὶ στενοχωρία, ἐπὶ πᾶσαν ψυχὴν ἀνθρώπου τοῦ κατεργαζομένου τὸ κακόν 1 Paul speaks of **Tribulation and distress** as if these ideas were located on top of a person. He means that every **evil** person will experience **Tribulation and distress**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “Every human soul that produces the evil will experience tribulation and distress” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2:9 qonf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns θλῖψις καὶ στενοχωρία 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **Tribulation** and ** distress**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “Difficult and distressing times” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2:9 u8f7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet θλῖψις καὶ στενοχωρία 1 These two words mean basically the same thing. Paul uses them to emphasize how intense God’s judgment will be against these people. If your language does not use repetition in this way, you could combine these phrases. Alternate translation: “Distressing tribulation” or “Intense distress” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
2:9 ck9i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche πᾶσαν ψυχὴν ἀνθρώπου 1 Paul uses **soul of man** to refer to the whole life of a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “every human being” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
2:9 msox rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ἀνθρώπου 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Paul is using the word here in a generic sense that includes both men and women. Alternate translation: “of a person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
2:9 n7q4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj τὸ κακόν 1 Paul is using the adjective **evil** as a noun in order to describe things people do. If your language does not use adjectives in the same way, you could translate this with a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “what is evil” or “things that are evil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
2:9 a9s5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Ἰουδαίου τε πρῶτον καὶ Ἕλληνος 1 This phrase could mean: (1) the Jews will have greater responsibility because God offered salvation to them first. Alternate translation: “especially for the Jewish person and also for the non-Jewish person” (2) the Jews will be judged before non-Jews, which is the same meaning as in [1:16](../01/16.md). Alternate translation: “first for the Jewish person and then for the non-Jewish person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2:9 csnc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Ἕλληνος 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:16](../01/16.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2:10 i9tg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns δόξα & καὶ τιμὴ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **glory** and **honor**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “God will glorify and honor” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2:10 t2od rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns εἰρήνη 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **peace**, you could express the same idea in another way. Here, **peace** could refer to: (1) feeling calm and secure. Alternate translation: “a peaceful feeling” (2) being at peace with God. Alternate translation: “a peaceful relationship with God” (3) both a peaceful feeling and a peaceful relationship with God. “a peaceful feeling and a peaceful relationship with God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2:10 ib56 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj τὸ ἀγαθόν 1 Paul is using the adjective **good** as a noun in order to describe things people do. If your language does not use adjectives in the same way, you could translate this with a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “good deeds” or “things that are good” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
2:10 u06j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Ἰουδαίῳ τε πρῶτον καὶ Ἕλληνι 1 See how you translated this phrase in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2:11 eol0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns οὐ & ἐστιν προσωπολημψία παρὰ τῷ Θεῷ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **favoritism**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “God does not honor one type of person above another” or “God is not more favorable toward one person than another” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2:12 wkx8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** here indicates that what follows in [verses 12–16](../02/12.md) gives the reason for the phrase “there is no favoritism with God” in the previous verse. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “This is true because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
2:12 ecsk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὅσοι & ἀνόμως ἥμαρτον 1 Paul uses this phrase to refer to non-Jews, whom he calls “the Greek” in [verses 9–10](../02/09.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “as many non-Jewish people as have sinned without the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2:12 t3qs rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns ἀνόμως & ἀνόμως & νόμῳ & νόμου 1 The word **law** is a singular noun that refers to a group of laws that God gave Israel by dictating them to Moses. See the discussion of this term in the General Notes for this chapter. Alternate translation: “without God’s laws … without God’s laws … God’s laws … God’s laws” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
2:12 m6cy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ἀνόμως & ἀνόμως 1 Here, **without the law** refers to not knowing God’s **law**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “without knowing God’s law” or “in ignorance of God’s law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
2:12 qkh4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy καὶ ἀπολοῦνται 1 Here Paul uses **perish** to refer to eternal punishment in hell that occurs after physical death. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will also be punished eternally” or “will also experience eternal punishment” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2:12 jwvz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὅσοι ἐν νόμῳ ἥμαρτον 1 Paul uses this phrase to refer to Jews, who are the people to whom God gave his law. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “as many Jewish people as have sinned with the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2:12 w4cp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive διὰ νόμου κριθήσονται 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that “God” did it. Alternate translation: “God will judge by his law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2:12 a0k4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit διὰ νόμου 1 Here, **by** indicates that **the law** is the standard by which God will judge those who know his law. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “according to what the law requires” or “by what the law says” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2:13 sw8x rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** here indicates that this verse gives the reason why God judges both groups of people mentioned in the previous verse. Use a natural way in your language to indicate a reason. Alternate translation: “God judges both groups of people impartially because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
2:13 a8ra rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns νόμου & νόμου 1 See how you translated **the law** in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
2:13 eg4h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor οὐ & δίκαιοι παρὰ τῷ Θεῷ 1 Paul uses **with God** here to describe **righteous** people as if they were located in the presence of **God**. He means that God makes them right with himself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “are not made righteous by God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2:13 c1bu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive οἱ ποιηταὶ νόμου δικαιωθήσονται 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who will do the action, Paul implies that “God” will do it. Alternate translation: “God will justify the doers of the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2:14 q2id rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** here indicates that [verses 14–16](../02/14.md) give another reason why God judges both groups of people mentioned in [verse 12](../02/12.md). [Verses 14–16](../02/14.md) explain why **Gentiles** who do not know God’s law are still sinners. Use a natural way in your language to indicate a reason. Alternate translation: “God also judges both groups of people impartially because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
2:14 vlum rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τὰ μὴ νόμον ἔχοντα & νόμον μὴ ἔχοντες 1 Paul speaks of these people as if they own or possess **the law**. He means that they are unaware of the law that God gave to the Jewish people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated “without the law” in [verse 12](../02/12.md). Alternative translation: “who are unaware of God’s law … who are unaware of God’s law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2:14 zhmw rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns νόμον & τοῦ νόμου & νόμον 1 See how you translated **the law** in [verse 12](../02/12.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
2:14 h53h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns φύσει & ποιῶσιν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **nature**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “naturally do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2:14 atda rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὰ τοῦ νόμου 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe the specific rules that make up **the law**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the rules within the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
2:14 symg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification ἑαυτοῖς εἰσιν νόμος 1 Here Paul speaks of **Gentiles** as if they were **a law**. Paul means that the non-Jewish people still have their own rules about what is right and wrong that are also part of God’s **law**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this meaning in plainly. Alternate translation: “are actually obeying the God’s law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
2:15 xl6v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor οἵτινες ἐνδείκνυνται τὸ ἔργον τοῦ νόμου, γραπτὸν ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις αὐτῶν 1 Paul speaks of the non-Jewish people obeying some basic rules from the law of Moses as if they were showing **the work of the law** to other people. He means that non-Jewish people demonstrate that they naturally understand some rules of the law by obeying those rules. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “who make others aware that they understand the work of the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2:15 wtit rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τὸ ἔργον τοῦ νόμου, γραπτὸν ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις αὐτῶν 1 Here Paul speaks of **the works of the law** as if they can be written on the surfaces of peoples’ hearts. He means that God has enabled non-Jewish people to know generally what is right or wrong even though they do not know the law of Moses. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “they know the work of the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2:15 x35c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὸ ἔργον τοῦ νόμου 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **the work** that characterizes obeying **the law**. This phrase has a similar meaning to “the things of the law” in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the work that the law requires a person to do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
2:15 v60q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive γραπτὸν ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις αὐτῶν 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God wrote on their hearts” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2:15 ja5s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις αὐτῶν 1 See how you translated “heart” in [1:21](../01/21.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2:15 jmeo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun συνμαρτυρούσης αὐτῶν τῆς συνειδήσεως 1 Paul uses the singular **conscience** figuratively to refer to the individual consciences of these people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “their consciences bearing witness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
2:15 z28q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification συνμαρτυρούσης αὐτῶν τῆς συνειδήσεως 1 Here Paul speaks of **conscience** as if it were a person **bearing witness** in a courtroom. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “their conscience confirms that this is true” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
2:15 ub8t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish συνμαρτυρούσης & καὶ μεταξὺ ἀλλήλων, τῶν λογισμῶν κατηγορούντων ἢ καὶ ἀπολογουμένων 1 This clause explains what **bearing witness** means. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the relationship between these phrases clearer or begin a new sentence. Alternate translation: “bearing witness, namely, the thoughts of each person both accusing or even defending them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
2:15 qk53 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification καὶ μεταξὺ ἀλλήλων, τῶν λογισμῶν κατηγορούντων ἢ καὶ ἀπολογουμένων 1 Here Paul speaks of **thoughts** as if they were a person who could accuse or defend someone in court. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this meaning plainly. Alternate translation (remove preceding comma): “by accusing or defending them in the way they think” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
2:16 o6kx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἐν ἡμέρᾳ 1 Here, **day** refers to a point in time when something happens. It does not refer to a 24-hour length of time. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a point in time is coming” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2:16 c5fp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν ἡμέρᾳ ὅτε κρίνει ὁ Θεὸς 1 Paul assumes that his readers will know that **the day when God will judge** refers to the time in the future when God will judge everyone, as Paul also mentioned in [verses 2](../02/02.md) and [5](../02/05.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “at the future time when God finally judges” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2:16 lyvd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὰ κρυπτὰ τῶν ἀνθρώπων 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **secrets** that **men** have. These **secrets** are specifically secret thoughts that people have, as indicated by the word “thoughts” in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “men’s secrets” or “the secrets that men keep” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
2:16 gxet rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὰ κρυπτὰ τῶν ἀνθρώπων 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **secrets**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “what men secretly think” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2:16 r8hz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations τῶν ἀνθρώπων 1 Although the term **men** is masculine, Paul is using the word here in a generic sense that includes both men and women. Alternate translation: “of human beings” or “of people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
2:16 xb7t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure κατὰ τὸ εὐαγγέλιόν μου, διὰ Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “through Christ Jesus, according to my gospel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
2:16 e9bp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor κατὰ τὸ εὐαγγέλιόν μου 1 Paul speaks of the **gospel** as if it belongs to him. He means that this is the **gospel** God has entrusted him to preach. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “according to God’s gospel that I preach” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2:17 lc6m rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases δὲ 1 # Connecting Statement:\n\n**But** here indicates that in [verses 17–29](../02/17.md) Paul changes topics from talking about non-Jewish people who don’t know the law of Moses to Jews who know the law. He explains why the Jews as well cannot escape God’s judgment. Alternate translation: “You also need to know that” or “However” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
2:17 cnq7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact εἰ 1 Here, **if** indicates the beginning of a conditional sentence that extends from this verse to [verse 21](../02/21.md). Paul speaks as if these descriptions of Jews were hypothetical possibilities, but he means that they are actually true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might misunderstand and think that what Paul is saying is not certain, then you can translate his words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “since” or “because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
2:17 kfe8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd σὺ 1 Even though Paul is speaking to Jewish people, he is hypothetically addressing an individual, so **you** and **your** and **yourself** is singular throughout [2:17–27](../02/17.md) unless otherwise noted. If the singular form would not be natural in your language for someone who was speaking to a group of people, you could use the plural forms of **you** and **your** and **yourself** in your translation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]])
2:17 pglg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor σὺ Ἰουδαῖος ἐπονομάζῃ 1 Paul speaks of the Jews as if they named themselves. He means that they consider themselves to be Jews. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture or express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation, “you call yourself Jewish” or “you regard yourself as truly Jewish” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2:17 gz6j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ἐπαναπαύῃ νόμῳ, 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context, which is God’s judgment of sinners. Alternate translation: “rely upon the law to escape God’s judgment” or “rely upon the law to save you from God’s judgment” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
2:17 dapj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor καυχᾶσαι ἐν Θεῷ 1 Paul speaks of the Jews as if they were boasting inside of **God**. He means that the Jews brag that they are the only nation that knows God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation, “brag that you are the only ones who know God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2:18 xn6w rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result καὶ γινώσκεις τὸ θέλημα, καὶ δοκιμάζεις τὰ διαφέροντα, κατηχούμενος ἐκ τοῦ νόμου, 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases, since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. Alternate translation: “and because you are instructed from the law, you know his will and approve of what is excellent” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
2:18 qxkt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὸ θέλημα 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **will**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “what God wills” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2:18 aqbh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive κατηχούμενος ἐκ τοῦ νόμου 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “others having instructed you from the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2:19 nk76 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns πέποιθάς τε σεαυτὸν ὁδηγὸν εἶναι 1 Paul uses the word **yourself** to emphasize how **convinced** the Jews are that they are the only ones who can spiritually guide others. Use a way that is natural in your language to express this emphasis. Alternate translation: “and you have convinced yourself that you alone are a guide” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
2:19 wi7z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὁδηγὸν εἶναι τυφλῶν 1 Paul uses **guide** to refer to the Jews as if they were the only people who could clearly see. He also uses **blind** to refer to non-Jews as if they were unable to see. He means that the Jews think they are the only ones who can teach others God’s truth. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “that you are the only ones who can teach others what is true about God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2:19 beop rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ὁδηγὸν εἶναι τυφλῶν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **guide**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “that you can guide blind men” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2:19 ql0b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations τυφλῶν 1 Although the term **men** is masculine, Paul is using the word here in a generic sense that includes both men and women. Alternate translation: “to blind people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
2:19 j76c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet ὁδηγὸν & τυφλῶν, φῶς τῶν ἐν σκότει 1 These two phrases mean the same thing. Paul uses them to emphasize how strongly the Jews believed that non-Jews were ignorant about God’s truth. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the two ideas into one. Alternate translation: “the only ones who can guide those who are unaware of what is true about God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
2:19 xlge rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor φῶς τῶν ἐν σκότει 1 Here Paul uses **light** to refer to a Jewish person, and he uses **those in darkness** figuratively to refer to non-Jews. He means that the Jews think they can teach non-Jews about God the way that a **light** shines on people who are in a dark place. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “someone who can reveal what is true about God to those who do not know about God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2:20 ymey rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result παιδευτὴν ἀφρόνων, διδάσκαλον νηπίων, ἔχοντα τὴν μόρφωσιν τῆς γνώσεως καὶ τῆς ἀληθείας ἐν τῷ νόμῳ 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these phrases, since the third phrase gives the reason for the result that the first two phrases describe. Alternate translation: “since having in the law the form of the knowledge and of the truth, you believe you should be an instructor of foolish men, a teacher of little children” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
2:20 pf6v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet παιδευτὴν ἀφρόνων, διδάσκαλον νηπίων 1 These two phrases mean the same thing. Paul uses them to emphasize how strongly the Jews believed that non-Jews were ignorant about God’s truth. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “the only people who can instruct those people who are as foolish as children” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
2:20 ar5a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor διδάσκαλον νηπίων 1 Paul speaks of the non-Jews as if they were **little children**. He means that they are ignorant about God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternative translation: “people who are spiritually ignorant” or “people who are like uneducated infants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2:20 ose0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἔχοντα τὴν μόρφωσιν τῆς γνώσεως καὶ τῆς ἀληθείας ἐν τῷ νόμῳ 1 Paul speaks of **the law** as if it were a physical shape that someone could possess. He means that **the law** contains God’s true knowledge that the Jews think they exclusively own. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “understanding through God’s law how a person can truly know God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2:20 ua61 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὴν μόρφωσιν τῆς γνώσεως καὶ τῆς ἀληθείας 1 Paul is using the possessive forms **of the knowledge** and **of the truth** to describe the **form** of **the law**. Here, **of knowledge** and **of the truth** could indicate: (1) what **the law** contains. Alternate translation: “the form that contains the knowledge and the truth” (2) what **the law** represents. Alternate translation: “what represents knowledge and truth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
2:20 y6i5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῆς γνώσεως καὶ τῆς ἀληθείας 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **knowledge** and ** truth**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “of what we know about God and what is true about God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2:21 vy0h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion ὁ οὖν διδάσκων ἕτερον, σεαυτὸν οὐ διδάσκεις? ὁ κηρύσσων μὴ κλέπτειν, κλέπτεις? 1 In [verses 21–23](../02/21.md) Paul transitions from his description of the Jews in [verses 17–20](../02/17.md) to a series of rhetorical questions. These questions emphasize the hypocrisy of the Jews, who thought they were superior to non-Jews because they knew the law of Moses. If you would not use rhetorical questions for this purpose in your language, you could translate Paul’s words as statements or exclamations and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “then you, who teach another, do not teach yourself! You, who preach not to steal, actually steal!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2:21 rftq rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases οὖν 1 Here, **then** indicates that what follows is the second half of the factual conditional statement that Paul began with “if you name yourself a Jew” in [verse 17](../02/17.md). Paul wants to show that what the Jews believe and how they live are in contrast. If you divided [verses 17–21](../02/17.md) into separate sentences, then you may need to include a short form of the “if” statement here. Alternate translation: “if all this is really true, then” or “since all this is really true, then” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
2:21 uq9y rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns ἕτερον 1 Here, **another** is a singular pronoun that refers to a group of people. If your language does not use singular pronouns in that way, you can use a different expression. Alternate translation: “other people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
2:21 abq0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit σεαυτὸν οὐ διδάσκεις 1 Here Paul implies that the Jews need to **teach** themselves, because they do not actually obey the laws that they teach. They act as if they do not know the law of Moses. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “since you don’t obey the law, do you not teach yourself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2:22 parm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion ὁ λέγων μὴ μοιχεύειν, μοιχεύεις? ὁ βδελυσσόμενος τὰ εἴδωλα, ἱεροσυλεῖς? 1 Like in the previous verse, Paul is not asking for information here, but is using the question form twice to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as statements or exclamations and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “You who say not to commit adultery actually commit adultery! You who abhor idols actually rob temples!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2:22 dmpg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἱεροσυλεῖς 1 Here Paul implies that the **temples** the Jews **rob** are where **idols** are kept and worshiped. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “do you rob temples where idols are kept” or “should you actually enter an idol temple and rob it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2:23 z80m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion ὃς ἐν νόμῳ καυχᾶσαι διὰ τῆς παραβάσεως τοῦ νόμου, τὸν Θεὸν ἀτιμάζεις 1 As in the previous two verses, Paul is not asking for information here, but is using the question form to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “You who boast in the law actually dishonor God through the transgression of the law!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2:23 grr3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὃς ἐν νόμῳ καυχᾶσαι 1 Paul uses **in the law** as if it were something that people could boast inside of. He means that the Jews brag that they are the only nation who knows God’s law, which has similar meaning to “boast in God” in [verse 17](../02/17.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation, “You, who brag that you are the only ones who know God’s law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2:23 ob98 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns διὰ τῆς παραβάσεως τοῦ νόμου 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **transgression**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “by transgressing the law” or “by breaking the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2:24 yp4l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure τὸ γὰρ ὄνομα τοῦ Θεοῦ δι’ ὑμᾶς βλασφημεῖται ἐν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν, καθὼς γέγραπται 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “For, just as it is written, ‘the name of God is blasphemed among the Gentiles because of you.’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
2:24 z54i rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** here indicates that what follows is the reason why the previous statement is true. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “These things that I have said about you are true because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
2:24 lk5n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks τὸ & ὄνομα τοῦ Θεοῦ δι’ ὑμᾶς βλασφημεῖται ἐν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν 1 In this clause Paul quotes part of [Isaiah 52:5](../isa/52/05.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
2:24 c4sk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὸ & ὄνομα τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Paul is using the possessive form to indicate the **name** that belongs to **God**. Paul does not mean that **God** is a **name**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “God’s name” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
2:24 mvwq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche τὸ & ὄνομα τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Paul uses **the name of God** figuratively to refer to**God** himself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
2:24 ccm9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive τὸ & ὄνομα τοῦ Θεοῦ δι’ ὑμᾶς βλασφημεῖται ἐν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the Gentiles blaspheme the name of God because of you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2:24 m2bq rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result τὸ & ὄνομα τοῦ Θεοῦ δι’ ὑμᾶς βλασφημεῖται ἐν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases, since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. Alternate translation: “because of you the name of God is blasphemed among the Gentiles” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
2:24 pg0g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit δι’ ὑμᾶς 1 Paul quotes Isaiah implying that the bad behavior of the Jews is what causes **the Gentiles** to blaspheme **the name of God**. Since the Jews were supposed to represent God to the world, their bad behavior misrepresented God so that the Gentiles blasphemed him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “as a result of how you act” or “because of the way you behave” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2:24 e144 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular δι’ ὑμᾶς 1 Here, **you** is the plural and refers to the Jewish people. This is the only occurrence of plural **you** in [verses 17–27](../02/17.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “you Jewish people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
2:24 edrf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive καθὼς γέγραπται 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Since Paul is referring to something Isaiah wrote, you could indicate Isaiah as the subject. Alternate translation: “just as Isaiah wrote” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2:24 end9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations καθὼς γέγραπται 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:17](../01/17.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
2:25 vdu7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** here indicates that [verses 25–29] provide another reason why both Jews and Gentiles will be punished for their sins, as stated in [verse 12](../02/12.md). Paul is arguing against the idea that circumcision guaranteed a Jew’s salvation, which some Jews believed. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “Jews will be judged along with Gentiles because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
2:25 vp6o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns περιτομὴ & ἡ περιτομή σου, ἀκροβυστία γέγονεν 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **circumcision** and **uncircumcision**, you could express the same ideas in a different way. Alternate translation: “being circumcised … your being circumcised has become being uncircumcised” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2:25 wm24 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ὠφελεῖ 1 Paul is leaving out a word here that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply the word from the context. Alternate translation: “benefits you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
2:25 pqhz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession παραβάτης νόμου 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe a person who transgresses **the law**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “one who transgresses the law” or “one who breaks the law”(See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
2:25 xq62 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole ἡ περιτομή σου, ἀκροβυστία γέγονεν 1 Here, **your circumcision becomes uncircumcision** is an exaggeration that Paul uses to show how important it is for God’s people to **practice the law**. Paul does not mean that the person who transgresses God’s **law** is no longer physically circumcised. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “it is as if you are not circumcised” or “it is the same as if you were never circumcised” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
2:26 vt7f rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical ἐὰν οὖν 1 Paul is using a hypothetical situation to help his readers recognize the benefits for **the uncircumcised one** who **keeps the requirements of the law**. Use the natural form in your language for expressing a hypothetical situation. Alternate translation: “Let’s suppose then that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]])
2:26 r9i4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj ἡ ἀκροβυστία 1 Paul is using the adjective **uncircumcision** as a noun in order to describe a group of people. If your language does not use adjectives in the same way, you could translate this with a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “the people who are uncircumcised” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
2:26 nf3j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom φυλάσσῃ 1 Here, **keeps** is an idiom that refers to obeying. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is obedient to” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
2:26 mkhr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὰ δικαιώματα τοῦ νόμου 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **requirements** found in **the law**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “what the law requires” or “the law’s requirements” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
2:26 be71 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion οὐχ ἡ ἀκροβυστία αὐτοῦ εἰς περιτομὴν λογισθήσεται 1 Paul is using a rhetorical question here to emphasize how important it is do what **the law** requires. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “certainly God will consider his uncircumcision to be circumcision” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2:26 rjb5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive οὐχ ἡ ἀκροβυστία αὐτοῦ εἰς περιτομὴν λογισθήσεται 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who will do the action, Paul implies that “God” will do it. Alternate translation: “will God not consider his uncircumcision to be circumcision” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2:26 gjuy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἡ ἀκροβυστία αὐτοῦ & περιτομὴν 1 See how you translated **uncircumcision** and **circumcision** in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2:27 rkxz rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases καὶ 1 **And** here could indicate that what follows is continuing the rhetorical question in the previous verse. If you choose to the translate the passage in this way, then replace the ending exclamation point with a question mark. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
2:27 lqz2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result κρινεῖ ἡ ἐκ φύσεως ἀκροβυστία, τὸν νόμον τελοῦσα 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases, since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. Alternate translation: “since he is fulfilling the law, the uncircumcised by nature will judge” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
2:27 tpno rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj ἡ & ἀκροβυστία 1 See how you translated this in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
2:27 h2lj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἡ ἐκ φύσεως ἀκροβυστία 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **nature**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “the naturally uncircumcised” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2:27 zwh8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom τελοῦσα 1 Here, **fulfilling** is an idiom that refers to fully obeying. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is fully obedient to” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
2:27 sv4b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit διὰ γράμματος καὶ περιτομῆς 1 Here, **through** could mean: (1) the Jews will be judged despite having the **letter and circumcision**. Alternate translation: “despite having letter and circumcision” (2) the Jews will be judged while having the **letter and circumcision**. Alternate translation: “while having letter and circumcision” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2:27 nxa1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy γράμματος 1 Paul is describing **the law** by association with the letters that make up **the law**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “the written law code” or “God’s written law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2:27 lkll rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns περιτομῆς 1 See how you translated **circumcision** in the previous two verses. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2:27 q795 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns παραβάτην νόμου 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for **transgressor**, you could express the idea with a different form. Alternate translation: “someone who transgresses the law” or “someone who breaks God’s law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2:28 g2vh rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** here indicates that what follows is the reason for what has just been stated. This verse is Paul’s conclusion to the statements he made in [verses 25–27](../02/25.md). Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “In fact” or “Truly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
2:28 lfuj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Ἰουδαῖός 1 Here Paul uses **Jew** to refer to someone who is one of God’s people because he truly trusts in God for salvation, as Abraham did. **Jew** here does not refer to someone who only has Jewish ancestors. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a spiritual Jew” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2:28 rohy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν τῷ φανερῷ 1 Here, **visibly** refers to the Jewish religious practices that other people can see, such as circumcision or wearing special clothing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “does externally visible Jewish rituals” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2:28 n34i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἡ & περιτομή 1 Here Paul uses **circumcision** to refer to the change in thinking and attitude that happens when God saves a person. It can also be considered an inward mark of belonging to God’s people, like how circumcision was an outer mark of being Jewish. This was called “circumcision of the heart” in the Old Testament ([Deuteronomy 30:6](../deu/30/06.md); [Jeremiah 4:4](../jer/04/04.md)). Here, **circumcision** does not refer to the Jewish ritual. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “this spiritual circumcision” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2:28 s44m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche ἐν σαρκὶ 1 Paul uses **the flesh** figuratively to mean “the whole body,” which is made of **flesh**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or plain language. Alternate translation: “on the body” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
2:29 b6ag rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν τῷ κρυπτῷ Ἰουδαῖος 1 The word translated **secretly** refers to something that other people cannot see or that is hidden. The meaning here is the opposite of “visibly” in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “a Jew in an inward way not seen by others” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2:29 u7b6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Ἰουδαῖος 1 Here Paul uses **Jew** in the same way he did in the previous verse. See how you translated this word in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2:29 d1go rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession περιτομὴ καρδίας 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe a **circumcision** that is performed in **the heart**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “circumcision is performed in the heart” or “circumcision is an inward change” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
2:29 hbiv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom περιτομὴ καρδίας 1 The phrase **circumcision of the heart** is an idiom that refers to the change in thinking and attitude that happens when God saves a person. It can also be considered an inward mark of belonging to God’s people, just as circumcision was an outer mark of being Jewish. This expression first occurred in the Old Testament ([Deuteronomy 30:6](../deu/30/06.md); [Jeremiah 4:4](../jer/04/04.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. See how you translated “this circumcision” in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “truly belonging to God’s people is by removal of sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
2:29 n4pp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy καρδίας 1 See how you translated this word in [1:21](../01/21.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2:29 ffa3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν Πνεύματι, οὐ γράμματι 1 Here, both occurrences of **in** indicate the means by which something happened. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “by means of the Spirit, not by means of the letter” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2:29 kjc9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν Πνεύματι 1 Here, **the Spirit** could refer to: (1) the Holy Spirit, who changes a person’s thoughts and attitude when God saves that person, as in the UST. (2) a person’s spirit, which would require interpreting **in** to refer to a place. Alternate translation: “in one’s spirit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2:29 gcoq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy γράμματι 1 See how you translated **letter** in [verse 27](../02/27.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2:29 dlac rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns οὗ ὁ ἔπαινος 1 The pronoun **whose** refers to **the one who is inwardly a Jew**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “that inward Jew’s praise” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
2:29 qa6b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession οὗ ὁ ἔπαινος 1 Paul is using the possessive form **whose** to indicate who receives **the praise**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “his praise” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
2:29 r4gm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ἐξ ἀνθρώπων 1 Although the term **men** is masculine, Paul is using the word here in a generic sense that includes both men and women. Alternate translation: “from people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
3:intro y2kb 0 # Romans 3 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n3. All mankind is condemned because of sin (1:18–3:20)\n * All non-Jews have sinned (1:18–32)\n * All Jews have sinned (2:1–3:8)\n * Everyone has sinned (3:9–20)\n4. Righteousness is received through Jesus Christ by trusting in him (3:21–5:21)\n * God’s righteousness is received through faith (3:21–26)\n * No one can boast in works (3:27–31)\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verses [10–18](../03/10.md) of this chapter, which are quotations from the Old Testament.\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in this Chapter\n\n### Rhetorical Questions\n\nIn [verses 1–9](../03/01.md) and [27–31](../03/27.md) Paul frequently uses rhetorical questions in this chapter in order to answer objections that Jews might make about what he is saying. You may need to indicate that Paul is asking these questions as if he were a non-Christian Jew responding to these arguments. When Paul asks the rhetorical questions, he is speaking as if he were a non-Christian Jew arguing against Paul. When Paul answers those questions, he is speaking as himself. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this change in speakers with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate quotations, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
3:1 v788 Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nIn [verses 1–9](../03/01.md) Paul uses a series of rhetorical questions and answers in order to emphasize that both “Jews and Greeks” are “under sin.”
3:1 a1l0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result τί οὖν 1 Here, **then** indicates that what follows is a response to what Paul said in the previous chapter, especially what he said in [2:28–29](../02/28.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “If these things are true, then what is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
3:1 dawv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion τί οὖν τὸ περισσὸν τοῦ Ἰουδαίου, ἢ τίς ἡ ὠφέλια τῆς περιτομῆς? 1 This verse contains two rhetorical questions connected by **or**. Paul is not asking for information, but here he is using these two questions to express the objections that a Jew might have to what Paul said in the previous chapter, especially what he said in [2:28–29](../02/28.md). If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Then the Jew certainly has no advantage, and circumcision certainly has no benefit!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
3:1 b7ls rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks τί οὖν τὸ περισσὸν τοῦ Ἰουδαίου, ἢ τίς ἡ ὠφέλια τῆς περιτομῆς 1 In this verse Paul is speaking as if he were a non-Christian Jew arguing against Paul. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
3:1 bjfo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τί οὖν τὸ περισσὸν τοῦ Ἰουδαίου, ἢ τίς ἡ ὠφέλια τῆς περιτομῆς 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **advantage** or **benefit**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “How then is being a Jew advantageous, or how is being circumcised beneficial” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3:1 h4h3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τοῦ Ἰουδαίου 1 Paul is using the possessive form **of the Jew** to describe for whom there is **the advantage**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “for the Jew” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
3:1 l79f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τῆς περιτομῆς 1 Paul is using the possessive form **of the circumcision** to describe from where **the benefit** comes. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “that comes from circumcision” or “from being circumcised” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
3:2 eq3o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit πολὺ κατὰ πάντα τρόπον 1 In this verse Paul responds to the rhetorical questions in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I would respond by saying, ‘Great in every way!’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:2 rri9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis πολὺ κατὰ πάντα τρόπον 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the previous verse. Alternate translation: “The advantage of the Jew and the benefit of the circumcision are great in every way” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
3:2 kzlh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole πολὺ κατὰ πάντα τρόπον 1 **Great in every way** is an exaggeration that Paul uses to emphasize the value of being Jewish and being circumcised. Paul does not mean that everything about being a Jew and being circumcised is beneficial. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language that shows enthusiasm. Alternate translation: “Great in many ways” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
3:2 f2fa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit πρῶτον μὲν & ὅτι 1 Here, **indeed first, that** could indicate that: (1) what follows is the first reason in a list of several reasons why being a Jew is beneficial, in which case Paul does not continue the list in this chapter. Alternate translation: “the first of many benefits is indeed that” or “one benefit is indeed that” (2) what follows is the most important reason why being a Jew is beneficial. Alternate translation: “the primary benefit is indeed that” or “the most important thing is indeed that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:2 mrej rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐπιστεύθησαν τὰ λόγια τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that “God” did it. Alternate translation: “God entrusted them with his sayings” or “God trusted them with the sayings of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3:2 jkgk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy τὰ λόγια τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Here, **the sayings of God** could refer to: (1) the entire Old Testament. Alternate translation: “with what God said in the Scriptures” (2) direct speech from God recorded in the Old Testament. Alternate translation: “with the messages that God announced to them in the Scriptures” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3:2 qide rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὰ λόγια τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Here, the possessive form **of God** could refer to: (1) **sayings** that came from **God**. Alternate translation: “with the sayings from God” (2) **says** that are about **God**. Alternate translation: “with the sayings about God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
3:3 d9k3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γάρ 1 **For** here indicates that what follows is a response to what Paul said in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “If these things are true, then” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
3:3 mclv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion τί & εἰ ἠπίστησάν τινες? μὴ ἡ ἀπιστία αὐτῶν, τὴν πίστιν τοῦ Θεοῦ καταργήσει? 1 In this verse Paul is not asking for information, but is using these two questions here to express the objections that a Jew might have to what Paul said in the previous verse. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “But some of them were unfaithful! Their unfaithfulness surely cannot nullify the faithfulness of God!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
3:3 fd0w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks τί γάρ εἰ ἠπίστησάν τινες? μὴ ἡ ἀπιστία αὐτῶν, τὴν πίστιν τοῦ Θεοῦ καταργήσει? 1 In this verse Paul is speaking as if he himself were a non-Christian Jew arguing against Paul. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
3:3 i36p rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns τινες 1 The pronoun **some** refers to some Jewish people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “some Jewish people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
3:3 pkae rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns μὴ ἡ ἀπιστία αὐτῶν, τὴν πίστιν τοῦ Θεοῦ καταργήσει 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **unfaithfulness** or **faithfulness**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “The fact that they are unfaithful will not nullify God’s faithful acts, will it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3:3 moq7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὴν πίστιν τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **the faithfulness** that characterizes **God**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the faithfulness that characterizes God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
3:4 djn7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit μὴ γένοιτο 1 In this verse Paul responds to the rhetorical questions he wrote in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I would respond by saying, ‘May it never be!’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:4 z465 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations μὴ γένοιτο 1 **May it never be** is an exclamation that communicates a strong prohibition. Use an exclamation that is natural in your language for communicating a strong prohibition. Alternate translation: “Absolutely not” or “Certainly not” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
3:4 kz4j rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast δὲ 1 **Instead** here indicates that what follows is a contrast to the idea in the previous verse that unfaithful Jews could “nullify the faithfulness of God.” Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “But” or “However” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
3:4 ld9h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative γινέσθω & ὁ Θεὸς ἀληθής 1 Here, **let God be true** is an imperative phrase, but this is not a command. Instead, Paul is exclaiming that people must consider that God is always truthful regardless of what people think. Use a form in your language that would be used in this type of situation. Alternate translation: “let people always know that God is true” or “may people always declare that God is true” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]])
3:4 nud9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns πᾶς & ἄνθρωπος ψεύστης 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **liar**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “every man lies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3:4 fesk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis πᾶς & ἄνθρωπος ψεύστης 1 Paul is leaving out some words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the previous clause. Alternate translation: “let every man be a liar” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
3:4 hfdf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations πᾶς & ἄνθρωπος 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Paul is using the word here in a generic sense that includes both men and women. Alternate translation: “every person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
3:4 te39 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations καθὼς γέγραπται 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:17](../01/17.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
3:4 b8gv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive καθὼς γέγραπται 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, the quotation was written by David. Alternate translation: “just as David wrote” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3:4 f0oq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks ὅπως ἂν δικαιωθῇς ἐν τοῖς λόγοις σου, καὶ νικήσεις ἐν τῷ κρίνεσθαί σε 1 This sentence is a quotation from [Psalm 51:4](../psa/051/004.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
3:4 xli0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ὅπως 1 **So that** indicates that what follows is the result of what David had written previously in [Psalm 51:4](../psa/051/004.md), which is about how David had sinned. Paul assumes that his readers would be familiar with the earlier part of that verse. Use a natural way in your language for indicating result. Alternate translation: “I have sinned so that” or “Because of my sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
3:4 h0ne rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular ὅπως ἂν δικαιωθῇς ἐν τοῖς λόγοις σου, καὶ νικήσεις ἐν τῷ κρίνεσθαί σε 1 In this sentence, **you** and **your** refer to God and are singular. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
3:4 lnnr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive δικαιωθῇς & ἐν τῷ κρίνεσθαί σε 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people would acknowledge how righteous you are … when people attempt to judge you” or “you would prove yourself to be righteous … when others try to judge you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3:4 tj8g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἐν τοῖς λόγοις σου 1 Paul records David using **words** to describe the things that God said by using words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in what you say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3:5 gw3a rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases εἰ δὲ 1 In this verse, Paul is speaking as if he were an unbelieving Jew and is challenging the statement that Paul made in the previous verse. **But** here indicates that what follows is a response to what Paul said in the previous verse. If it might be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “If indeed that is true” or “Now if” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
3:5 putf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks εἰ δὲ ἡ ἀδικία ἡμῶν, Θεοῦ δικαιοσύνην συνίστησιν, τί ἐροῦμεν? μὴ ἄδικος ὁ Θεὸς, ὁ ἐπιφέρων τὴν ὀργήν? 1 In these sentences Paul is speaking as if he were a non-Christian Jew arguing against Paul. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
3:5 hjyp rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical εἰ & ἡ ἀδικία ἡμῶν, Θεοῦ δικαιοσύνην συνίστησιν, τί ἐροῦμεν? 1 Paul is using a hypothetical situation to develop the argument that an unbelieving Jew would make. Alternate translation: “suppose our unrighteousness commends the righteousness of God. Then what will we say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]])
3:5 y6vv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἡμῶν & ἐροῦμεν 1 Here, **our** and **we** are used exclusively to speak of Paul and other Jews. Your language may require you to mark these forms. Alternate translation: “Jewish … will we Jews say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
3:5 y0r5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἡ ἀδικία ἡμῶν, Θεοῦ δικαιοσύνην 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **unrighteousness** or **righteousness**, you could express these ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “how unrighteous we are … how righteous God is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3:5 ho67 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion μὴ ἄδικος ὁ Θεὸς, ὁ ἐπιφέρων τὴν ὀργήν? 1 In this sentence Paul is not asking for information, but is using this question here to express an objection that a Jew might have to what Paul said in the previous verse. This sentence is also the answer to the hypothetical question that precedes it. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “God certainly cannot be unrighteousness for imposing his wrath!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
3:5 v30z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure εἰ & ἡ ἀδικία ἡμῶν, Θεοῦ δικαιοσύνην συνίστησιν, τί ἐροῦμεν? μὴ ἄδικος ὁ Θεὸς, ὁ ἐπιφέρων τὴν ὀργήν? 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could combine the hypothetical conditional statement of the first sentence with the rhetorical question of the second sentence. Alternate translation: “if our unrighteousness commends the righteousness of God, then we certainly cannot say that God is unrighteousness for imposing his wrath!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
3:5 e9ux rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy τὴν ὀργήν 1 Here Paul uses **wrath** to refer to the outcome of God’s **wrath**, which is judging and punishing people because they are unrighteous. See how you translated the same use of **wrath** in [1:18](../01/18.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3:5 j631 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-aside (κατὰ ἄνθρωπον λέγω.) 1 Paul could be saying this as an aside in order to show that he is not trying to challenge **the righteousness of God**. If this would be confusing in your language, you could add parentheses, as seen in the ULT, or use a natural way in your language to indicate an aside. Alternate translation: “I am reasoning like a human being” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-aside]])
3:5 sd4g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom (κατὰ ἄνθρωπον λέγω.) 1 Here, the phrase **according to men** is an idiom meaning “the way people do” or “like a human being.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “I speak based on how human beings perceive things” or “I speak according to mere human reasoning”(See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
3:6 gd5f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations μὴ γένοιτο 1 See how you translated this in [verse 4](../03/04.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
3:6 zg9s rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ἐπεὶ πῶς κρινεῖ ὁ Θεὸς τὸν κόσμον 1 Here Paul is giving the reason why God is “not unrighteous for imposing his wrath,” as stated in the previous verse. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “Because if God were unrighteous, how would he judge the world” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
3:6 x1y3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion πῶς κρινεῖ ὁ Θεὸς τὸν κόσμον 1 In this clause Paul is not asking for information, but is using his question to emphasize that **God** could not **judge the world** if he were unrighteous. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “God certainly could not judge the world!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
3:6 lnp3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy τὸν κόσμον 1 Here Paul uses **world** to refer to the people who live in the **world**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the people in the world” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3:7 htfa General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nIn [verses 7–9](../03/07.md), Paul is speaking as if he were an unbelieving Jew and is challenging the statement Paul made in [verse 6](../03/06.md). A note will inform you of the one parenthetic statement within these verses in which Paul interjects his own voice into the argument.
3:7 b9k1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases εἰ δὲ 1 **But** here indicates that what follows is a response to what Paul said in the previous verse. In this verse, Paul is speaking as if he were an unbelieving Jew and is challenging the statement Paul made in the previous verse. See how you translated this in [verse 5](../03/05.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
3:7 c2u5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical εἰ & ἡ ἀλήθεια τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐν τῷ ἐμῷ ψεύσματι ἐπερίσσευσεν εἰς τὴν δόξαν αὐτοῦ, τί ἔτι κἀγὼ ὡς ἁμαρτωλὸς κρίνομαι 1 Paul is using a hypothetical situation to develop the argument an unbelieving Jew would make. Alternate translation: “suppose the truth of God through my lie abounds to his glory. Then why am I still being judged as a sinner” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]])
3:7 xysz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure εἰ δὲ ἡ ἀλήθεια τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐν τῷ ἐμῷ ψεύσματι ἐπερίσσευσεν εἰς τὴν δόξαν αὐτοῦ 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “But if the truth of God abounds to his glory through my lie” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
3:7 j9ji rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἡ ἀλήθεια τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **truth**, you could express the same idea with a different form. Alternate translation: “how truthful God is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3:7 lbji rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἡ ἀλήθεια τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **the truth** that characterizes **God**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “God’s truthfulness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
3:7 fa7j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἐν τῷ ἐμῷ ψεύσματι & κἀγὼ ὡς ἁμαρτωλὸς 1 Here Paul uses **my** and **I** to refer to a Jewish person who might give this hypothetical response. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning explicitly. Alternative translation: “when we Jews act falsely … are we … as sinners” or “when we Jews lie … are we … as sinners” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
3:7 o3po rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐν τῷ ἐμῷ ψεύσματι 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **lie**, you could express the same idea with a different form. Alternate translation: “when I act falsely” or “when I lie” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3:7 je41 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result εἰς τὴν δόξαν αὐτοῦ 1 Here, **to** indicates that this is a result clause. Use a natural way in your language to indicate result. Alternate translation: “with the result that he is glorified” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
3:7 h61j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns εἰς τὴν δόξαν αὐτοῦ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **glory**, you could express the same idea in a different way. Alternate translation: “to demonstrate how glorious he is” or “to glorify him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3:7 yv5j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion τί ἔτι κἀγὼ ὡς ἁμαρτωλὸς κρίνομαι 1 In this clause Paul is not asking for information, but is using this question to express an objection that a Jew might have to what Paul said in the previous verse, which was also repeated in the previous clause. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “surely I should not still be judged as a sinner!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
3:7 iiqc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἔτι κἀγὼ & κρίνομαι 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who does the action, Paul implies that “God” does it. Alternate translation: “does God still judge me” or “should God keep on judging me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3:7 pgus rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἁμαρτωλὸς 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **sinner**, you could express the same idea in a different way. Alternate translation: “someone who sins” or “as if I were sinful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3:8 vw1x rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases καὶ 1 **And** here indicates that in this verse Paul continues speaking as if he were an unbelieving Jew and is challenging the statement he made in [verse 6](../03/06.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Furthermore” or “In addition” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
3:8 kb9d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure καὶ μὴ καθὼς βλασφημούμεθα, καὶ καθώς φασίν τινες ἡμᾶς λέγειν, ὅτι ποιήσωμεν τὰ κακὰ, ἵνα ἔλθῃ τὰ ἀγαθά? 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “And not, ‘Let us do evil, so that good may come,’ just as we are blasphemed and just as some affirm we say?” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
3:8 wr3g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis καὶ μὴ 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “And why not say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
3:8 pr4u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion μὴ & ὅτι ποιήσωμεν τὰ κακὰ, ἵνα ἔλθῃ τὰ ἀγαθά 1 In this sentence Paul is not asking for information, but is using an elided question here to emphasize that God could not judge the world if he were unrighteous. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “you should say … ‘Let us do the evil things, so that the good things may come!’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
3:8 o3pz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-aside καθὼς βλασφημούμεθα, καὶ καθώς φασίν τινες ἡμᾶς λέγειν 1 Paul is saying this as an aside in order to show that people have been falsely accusing him of teaching that people should sin in order to show how good God is. If this would be confusing in your language, you could add parentheses like the ULT or use a natural way in your language to indicate an aside. Alternate translation: “Some people blaspheme us and affirm that we are saying such things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-aside]])
3:8 veic rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive βλασφημούμεθα & ἡμᾶς 1 When Paul says **we** and **us**, he could be (1) speaking only of himself in a formal manner. Alternate translation: “I am blasphemed … me” (2) speaking of himself and all other Christians. Alternate translation: “we Christians are blasphemed … us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
3:8 klaa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive βλασφημούμεθα 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people blaspheme us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3:8 vbpa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations μὴ καθὼς βλασφημούμεθα, καὶ καθώς φασίν τινες ἡμᾶς λέγειν, ὅτι ποιήσωμεν τὰ κακὰ 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “not say (just as we are blasphemed and just as some affirm us to say) that we should do the evil things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
3:8 pe2c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-aside ὧν τὸ κρίμα ἔνδικόν ἐστιν 1 Paul is saying this as an aside to show that the people who have been falsely accusing him of teaching people to “do the evil things, so that the good things may come” are the ones who deserve to be judged by God. If this would be confusing in your language, you could add parentheses as in the ULT or use a natural way in your language to indicate an aside. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-aside]])
3:8 re0k rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ὧν τὸ κρίμα ἔνδικόν ἐστιν 1 The pronoun **whose** here refers to the people who slander Paul by claiming that he teaches people to “do the evil things, so that the good things may come.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the judgment of those who say this is just” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
3:8 g87e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ὧν τὸ κρίμα ἔνδικόν ἐστιν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **judgment**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “who are justly judged” or “whom God justly judges” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3:9 z3wu rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result τί οὖν? προεχόμεθα? 1 Here Paul concludes his series of rhetorical questions by using the same phrase **What then** he used to begin this discussion. See how you translated this phrase in [verse 1](../03/01.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
3:9 y6uz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion προεχόμεθα? 1 Paul is using the question form to express an objection that a Jew might have to what Paul has said previously. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Surely we are not better off!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
3:9 ajj8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive προεχόμεθα 1 Here, **we** is used exclusively to speak of Paul and his fellow Jews. Your language may require you to mark these forms. Alternate translation: “Are we Jews better off” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
3:9 g85q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations οὐ πάντως 1 **Not at all** is an exclamation that communicates a strong negative response to the previous statement. Use an exclamation that is natural in your language for communicating this idea. Alternate translation: “Absolutely not!” or “In no way!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
3:9 cbgq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis οὐ πάντως 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “We are not better off at all” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
3:9 a01e rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result προῃτιασάμεθα γὰρ 1 **For** here indicates that what follows is the reason why the previous statement is true. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “We are not better off because we have already accused” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
3:9 qvjy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive προῃτιασάμεθα 1 Here, **we** could mean: (1) Paul is speaking only of himself in a formal manner. Alternate translation: “I have already accused” (2) Paul is speaking of himself and other Christians. Alternate translation: “we Christians have already accused” See how you translated **we** in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
3:9 hgs3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Ἕλληνας 1 Here, **Greeks** refers to non-Jewish people in general. It does not refer only to people from the country of Greece. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “non-Jewish people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:9 x4eb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ὑφ’ ἁμαρτίαν 1 The phrase **under sin** is an idiom that means “under the power of sin” or “controlled by one’s desire to sin.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “controlled by sin” or “unable to stop sinning” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
3:10 u88n rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations καθὼς γέγραπται 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:17](../01/17.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
3:10 zkzr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive καθὼς γέγραπται 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Just as the prophets wrote” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3:10 ju1k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks οὐκ ἔστιν δίκαιος οὐδὲ εἷς 1 This sentence is Paul’s paraphrase of [Psalm 14:3](../psa/014/003.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
3:10 yt5d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism οὐκ ἔστιν δίκαιος οὐδὲ εἷς 1 These two phrases mean the same thing. Paul says the same thing twice, in slightly different ways, to emphasize that **not even one** person is **righteous**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “There is not even one person who is righteous” or “Absolutely no one who is righteous” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
3:10 bscu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj οὐκ ἔστιν δίκαιος οὐδὲ εἷς 1 Paul is using the singular adjectives **none righteous** and **one** as nouns in order to describe all people. If your language does not use adjectives in the same way, you could translate this with a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “There are no righteous people, not any people” or “There is no righteous person, not even one person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
3:11 b0m7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks οὐκ ἔστιν ὁ συνίων; οὐκ ἔστιν ὁ ἐκζητῶν τὸν Θεόν 1 This sentence is Paul’s paraphrase of [Psalm 14:2](../psa/014/002.md) and [Psalm 53:3](../psa/053/003.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
3:11 kqs5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj οὐκ ἔστιν & οὐκ ἔστιν 1 Paul is using the adjectives **none** as nouns in order to describe all people. If your language does not use adjectives in the same way, you could translate this with a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “There are no man … There are no man” or “There is no person … There is no person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
3:11 h9e9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit οὐκ ἔστιν ὁ συνίων 1 Here, **who understands** refers to someone who is able to think wisely or correctly. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “There is none who is wise” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:11 mn84 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὁ ἐκζητῶν τὸν Θεόν 1 Here, Paul quotes David using **seeks** to describe people attempting to know God as if God were lost and people needed to find him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “who attempts to know God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3:12 lg0i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks πάντες ἐξέκλιναν, ἅμα ἠχρεώθησαν; οὐκ ἔστιν ποιῶν χρηστότητα, οὐκ ἔστιν ἕως ἑνός 1 This sentence is quotation of [Psalm 14:3](../psa/014/003.md) and [Psalm 53:4](../psa/053/004.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
3:12 cen3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐξέκλιναν 1 Paul quotes David using **turned away** to describe these people as if they had left a path that leads to where God is. David means that they refuse to live according to God’s rules. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “refused to live the way God requires” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3:12 a72h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἅμα ἠχρεώθησαν 1 Here, **useless** implies that these sinful people are so sinful that they benefit neither God nor humankind. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “They together became worthless for benefitting anyone” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:12 na87 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism οὐκ ἔστιν ποιῶν χρηστότητα, οὐκ ἔστιν ἕως ἑνός 1 These two phrases mean the same thing. Paul says the same thing twice, in slightly different ways, to emphasize that **not even one** type of person can continually do **kindness**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “There is not even one person who does kindness” or “Absolutely no one is doing kindness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
3:12 v9ed rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj οὐκ & ἑνός 1 See how you translated **none** and **one** in [verse 10](../03/10.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
3:12 b3g1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns χρηστότητα 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **kindness**, you could express the same idea in a different way. Alternate translation: “what is kind” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3:13 xr4g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks τάφος ἀνεῳγμένος ὁ λάρυγξ αὐτῶν; ταῖς γλώσσαις αὐτῶν ἐδολιοῦσαν 1 These two sentences are a quotation from [Psalm 5:10](../psa/005/010.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
3:13 c7rh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism τάφος ἀνεῳγμένος ὁ λάρυγξ αὐτῶν; ταῖς γλώσσαις αὐτῶν ἐδολιοῦσαν; ἰὸς ἀσπίδων ὑπὸ τὰ χείλη αὐτῶν 1 These three sentences mean the same thing. Paul says the same thing three times, in slightly different ways, to show how harmful the words are that these people say. If it would be helpful in your language, you could combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “The things they say are deadly, deceptive, and damaging” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
3:13 nmrs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun ὁ λάρυγξ αὐτῶν 1 Paul quotes David speaking of these people’s throats in general, not of one particular **throat**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “throats” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
3:13 sx6y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ὁ λάρυγξ αὐτῶν 1 Here Paul quotes David using **throat** to describe something people would say by using their throats to say it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “What they say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3:13 bbq5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τάφος ἀνεῳγμένος ὁ λάρυγξ αὐτῶν 1 Paul quotes David using **opened grave** to describe these people’s **throat** as if it were a deep hole containing rotting corpses. He means that the things these people say are morally corrupt and offend God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “Their words express moral corruption” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3:13 pemg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ταῖς γλώσσαις αὐτῶν 1 Here Paul quotes David using **tongues** to describe something people would say to deceive someone, using their tongues to say it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “with what they say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3:13 d82g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks ἰὸς ἀσπίδων ὑπὸ τὰ χείλη αὐτῶν 1 This sentence is a quotation from [Psalm 140:3](../psa/140/003.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
3:13 b4bp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἰὸς ἀσπίδων 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **poison** that comes from **asps**, which are venomous snakes. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “Asp’s poison” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
3:13 qk16 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἰὸς ἀσπίδων 1 Paul quotes David using **poison of asps** to refer to what people say as if what they say contained **poison**. He means that the things they say harm people as does deadly venom. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternative translation: “What hurts people like a poisonous snake bite” or “Speech that hurts people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3:13 u40o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ὑπὸ τὰ χείλη αὐτῶν 1 Here Paul quotes David using **lips** to describe something people would say to harm someone by using their **lips** to say it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is in what they say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3:14 ucnr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks ὧν τὸ στόμα ἀρᾶς καὶ πικρίας γέμει 1 This sentence is a quotation from [Psalm 10:7](../psa/010/007.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
3:14 ujjd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun τὸ στόμα 1 Paul quotes David speaking of these people’s mouths in general, not of one particular **mouth**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “speech” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
3:14 sqr5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ὧν τὸ στόμα 1 Here Paul quotes David using **mouth** to describe people speaking curses and bitter things by using their **mouth** to say them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “what they say” or "whose speech" (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3:14 j0sg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἀρᾶς καὶ πικρίας γέμει 1 Paul quotes David using **cursing and bitterness** as if these concepts were things with which people could fill or load their **mouth**. He means that these people habitually curse and say bitter things against others. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “habitually curses and says bitter things against others” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3:15 e67d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nVerses 15–17 are Paul’s paraphrase of [Isaiah 59:7–8](../isa/59/07.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
3:15 vds1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche οἱ πόδες αὐτῶν 1 Paul quotes Isaiah using **feet**, a part of the human body, to refer to the whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “These people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
3:15 quph rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐκχέαι αἷμα 1 Paul quotes Isaiah using **pour out blood** to refer to violently murdering people, which usually causes blood to come out of the people who are murdered. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “to murder others” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3:16 bc96 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns σύντριμμα καὶ ταλαιπωρία 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **Destruction** and **suffering**, you could express the same ideas with other expressions. Alternate translation: “Demolishing lives and making people suffer” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3:16 rrgr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ἐν ταῖς ὁδοῖς αὐτῶν 1 Here, **ways** is an idiom meaning “wherever they go” or “how they behave.” It refers to a person’s daily life. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “characterize how they behave” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
3:17 zbrd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ὁδὸν 1 See how you translated “ways” in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
3:17 jb6b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ὁδὸν εἰρήνης 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **a way** that is characterized by **peace**. He means that these people do not understand how to live peacefully. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “a peaceful way” or “a peaceful way to behave” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
3:18 wr0x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks οὐκ ἔστιν φόβος Θεοῦ ἀπέναντι τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν αὐτῶν 1 This sentence is a quotation from [Psalm 36:1](../psa/036/001.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
3:18 bx27 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns οὐκ ἔστιν φόβος Θεοῦ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **fear**, you could express the same idea with a different form. Alternate translation: “They are not afraid of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3:18 frt1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession φόβος Θεοῦ 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **fear** that people should feel toward for **God**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “fear for God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
3:18 m89o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ἀπέναντι τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν αὐτῶν 1 Here,**before their eyes** is an idiom that refers to thinking about something. Paul means that these people do not think at all about how terrifying God is. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “in their minds” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
3:19 lrdp rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases δὲ 1 **Now** here indicates that what follows summarizes Paul’s teachings about **the law** and “the righteousness of God” in [verses 1–9](../03/01.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Indeed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
3:19 gc8t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive οἴδαμεν 1 Here, **we** is used exclusively to speak of Paul and other Jews. Your language may require you to mark these forms. Alternate translation: “we Jews know” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
3:19 e8h2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification ὅσα ὁ νόμος λέγει & λαλεῖ 1 Here Paul speaks of **the law** as if it were a person who could speak. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “as many things as God says in the law, he speaks” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
3:19 n399 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ὁ νόμος & τῷ νόμῳ 1 Here Paul uses **the law** to refer to the entire Old Testament, which includes the law. Here he is not referring to only the law of Moses, as he did earlier in the chapter. We know this because in [verses 10–18](../03/10.md) Paul quoted verses from parts of the Old Testament that are not in the law of Moses. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “the Scriptures … the Scriptures” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3:19 b0g5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τοῖς ἐν τῷ νόμῳ 1 Paul uses **those with the law** to refer to the Jews. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. See how you translated a similar phrase in [2:12](../02/12.md). Alternative translation: “to Jews” or “to those who know the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:19 end8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα 1 Here, **so that** introduces a purpose clause. Paul is stating the purpose for what **the law says**. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation (without a comma preceding): “in order that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
3:19 cy5r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom πᾶν στόμα φραγῇ 1 Here, **every mouth may be shut** is an idiom that means “no one can say anything to excuse themselves.” Paul means that no one can defend themselves before God, because everyone has sinned. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “no human being can excuse himself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
3:19 js71 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive φραγῇ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “may stop talking” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3:19 w12y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche πᾶς ὁ κόσμος 1 Paul uses**all the world** figuratively to refer to **all** the people living in **the world**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “all the people in the world” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
3:19 wwq3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὑπόδικος γένηται & τῷ Θεῷ 1 The phrase **may become accountable to God** means that God will judge everyone at the final judgment according to how they lived their lives. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “may fall under God's judgment of guilt” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:20 ezbo rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result διότι 1 Here. **because** introduces a reason clause. Paul is stating the reason why all humanity is “accountable to God,” as stated in the previous verse. Use a natural way in your language to indicate a reason clause. You may need to begin a new sentence, as in the UST. Alternate translation: “The reason for this is that” or “As a result,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
3:20 vzot rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive οὐ δικαιωθήσεται πᾶσα σὰρξ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who will do the action, Paul implies that “God” will do it. Alternate translation: “God will not justify any flesh” or “God will not make any flesh righteous” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3:20 xs9x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche σὰρξ 1 Paul uses **flesh** figuratively to refer to a human being, who is made of flesh. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “human being” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
3:20 d6vi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification ἐξ ἔργων νόμου & διὰ & νόμου ἐπίγνωσις ἁμαρτίας 1 In this verse Paul speaks of **the law** as if it were a person who could justify someone or give them **full awareness**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “by doing what God requires in his law … God gives full awareness of sin through his law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
3:20 w5qb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἐξ ἔργων νόμου 1 See how you translated a similar phrase in [2:15](../02/15.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
3:20 i7zi rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns νόμου & νόμου 1 In this verse **law** is a singular noun that refers to a group of laws that God gave Israel by dictating them to Moses. It does not refer to the entire Old Testament, as in the previous verse. See how you translated this use of **law** in [2:12](../02/12.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
3:20 llh9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ἐνώπιον αὐτοῦ 1 Here, **before him** is an idiom meaning “in his presence.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “in his presence” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
3:20 xgpp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐπίγνωσις ἁμαρτίας 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **full awareness** and **sin**, you could express the same ideas in a different way. Alternate translation: “fully aware of being sinful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3:20 aety rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἐπίγνωσις ἁμαρτίας 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **full awareness** about the **sin** a person has committed. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “full knowledge about sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
3:20 jdw9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit διὰ & νόμου 1 Here, **through law** indicates the means by which a person becomes fully aware of sin. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “by means of law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:21 fqz4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast νυνὶ δὲ 1 **But now** here indicates that what follows is in contrast to Paul’s discussion about **the law** in [2:1–3:20](../02/01.md). Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “Yet now” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
3:21 y3te rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure νυνὶ δὲ χωρὶς νόμου, δικαιοσύνη Θεοῦ πεφανέρωται 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “But now, the righteousness of God has been made known apart from the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
3:21 e5ky rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit νόμου & τοῦ νόμου 1 While the first occurrence of **the law** in this verse refers to the laws that God gave the Jews through Moses, the second occurrence refers to the first five books in the Old Testament that were written by Moses. The ULT shows this difference by using **the law** and **the Law** respectively. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the laws that God gave Israel … the part of Scripture that Moses wrote” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:21 nlj0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession χωρὶς νόμου 1 Here, **apart from the law** could mean: (1) **apart from** doing what **the law** requires. Alternate translation: “without having to do what the law requires” (2) outside of what **the law** says. Alternate translation: “not related to what the law says” or “differently than what the law says” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
3:21 e4qe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive δικαιοσύνη Θεοῦ πεφανέρωται 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that “God” did it. Alternate translation: “God has made his righteousness visible” or “God has revealed his righteousness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3:21 qkis rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession δικαιοσύνη Θεοῦ 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:17](../01/17.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
3:21 gvca rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive μαρτυρουμένη ὑπὸ τοῦ νόμου καὶ τῶν προφητῶν 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the Law and the Prophets bearing witness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3:21 tnf8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification μαρτυρουμένη ὑπὸ τοῦ νόμου καὶ τῶν προφητῶν 1 Here Paul uses **the Law and the Prophets** as if they were people who could witness or testify in a courtroom. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “what God says in the Law and the Prophets is a written testimony to this” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
3:21 bgyx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche ὑπὸ τοῦ νόμου καὶ τῶν προφητῶν 1 Paul is using the name of two parts of the Hebrew Scriptures, **the Law and the Prophets**, to represent the entire Hebrew Scriptures in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in your Scriptures” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
3:22 pec5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases δὲ 1 Here, **but** indicates that what follows explains how a person receives “the righteousness of God”. It does not indicate a contrast. Alternate translation: “namely,” or “even” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
3:22 cvhy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession δικαιοσύνη & Θεοῦ 1 See how you translated this phrase in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
3:22 q4m1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession διὰ πίστεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 Here, **faith in Jesus Christ** is a possessive form that indicates **faith** that is associated with **Jesus Christ**. This could refer to: (1) trust in Jesus Christ. Alternate translation: “by trusting in Jesus Christ” or “by believing in Jesus Christ” (2) the faithfulness of Jesus Christ. Alternate translation: “through the faithfulness that Jesus Christ possesses” or “through how faithful Jesus Christ is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
3:22 c4mg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis τοὺς πιστεύοντας 1 Paul is leaving out some words that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply this word from the context. Alternate translation: “those who believe in him” or “those who believe in Jesus for salvation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
3:22 o6qe rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γάρ 1 Here, **for** introduces a reason clause. Paul is giving the reason why **the righteousness of God** is **for all those who believe**. Use a natural way in your language to indicate a reason. Alternate translation: “because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
3:22 daa3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns οὐ & ἐστιν διαστολή 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **distinction**, you could express the same idea in a different way. Alternate translation: “God does not discriminate” or “God is not partial” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3:23 x1hu rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** here introduces a reason clause. Paul is giving the reason why “there is no distinction,” as stated in the previous verse. Use a natural way in your language to indicate a reason. Alternate translation: “The reason for this is that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
3:23 akn9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj πάντες 1 Here Paul uses the adjective **all** as a noun that refers to **all** the people who have ever existed or ever will exist. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “all people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
3:23 jbe9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὑστεροῦνται τῆς δόξης τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Paul speaks of **all** people as if they were something that fails to reach its destination. He means that they lack or do not attain **the glory of God**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “lack the glory of God” or “fail to attain the glory of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3:23 vwsf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τῆς δόξης τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Here the possessive form **the glory of God** could refer to: (1) the glory that God shared with humans when he created them, but which they lost when the first humans sinned. Alternate translation: “the glory God once gave them” or “the glory from God” (2) glorifying God, as in the similar phrase “the glory of the imperishable God” in [1:23](../01/23.md). Alternate translation: “of glorifying God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
3:24 ibi2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification δικαιούμενοι δωρεὰν τῇ αὐτοῦ χάριτι 1 Here Paul speaks of **grace** as if it were a person who could **justify** someone. Paul means that God graciously makes people righteous as a gift. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and are gifted with becoming righteous because God is gracious” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
3:24 evs8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit δικαιούμενοι δωρεὰν 1 Paul assumes that his readers know that those who are **being justified freely** are “all” those who “have sinned” in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “all people are being freely justified” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:24 jgcu δωρεὰν 1 Alternate translation: “as a gift” or “without payment”
3:24 atij rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῇ αὐτοῦ χάριτι, διὰ τῆς ἀπολυτρώσεως τῆς ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **grace** and **redemption**, you could express the same ideas with different forms. Alternate translation: “by God being gracious through redeeming them in Christ Jesus” or “due to how kind God is, because Christ Jesus redeemed them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3:24 hyeb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἀπολυτρώσεως 1 The word translated as **redemption** refers to rescuing someone from captivity by paying a ransom. Your language may require you to indicate what the people are redeemed from. This could mean: (1) Jesus redeems people from eternal punishment. Alternative translation: “redemption from eternal punishment” (2) Jesus redeems people from being enslaved to sin. Alternative translation: “redemption from enslavement to sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:24 lno6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τῆς ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ 1 Here, Paul speaks of **redemption** as if it were an object that could be inside Jesus. Paul means that God redeemed all people who believe in Jesus by uniting them to **Christ Jesus**. If it would be helpful in your language, you can express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “that comes through union with Christ Jesus” or “that is through being united to Christ Jesus” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3:25 ci0v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὃν προέθετο ὁ Θεὸς ἱλαστήριον 1 Here Paul uses **presented** as if Jesus were an Old Testament atonement sacrifice that was **presented** to God in the temple. He means that Jesus’ death was a sacrifice for the sins of humankind. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “whom God offered to atone for the sins of humanity” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3:25 t2d8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἱλαστήριον, διὰ πίστεως & εἰς ἔνδειξιν τῆς δικαιοσύνης αὐτοῦ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **propitiation**, **faith**, **demonstration**, or **righteousness**, you could express the same ideas with different forms. Alternate translation: “to atone for people’s sins by trusting … to demonstrate how he makes people righteous” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3:25 m159 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἐν τῷ αὐτοῦ αἵματι 1 Here Paul uses **his blood** to refer to Jesus’ death. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in Christ’s death” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3:25 ieq9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal εἰς ἔνδειξιν 1 Here, **for** indicates that the phrase that follows is the purpose for which God **presented** Jesus as **a propitiation**. Use a natural way in your language to indicate a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “in order to demonstrate” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
3:25 ze9m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τῆς δικαιοσύνης αὐτοῦ 1 See how you translated “the righteousness of God” in [1:17](../01/17.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
3:25 siri rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns διὰ τὴν πάρεσιν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **overlooking**, you could express the same idea with a different form. Alternate translation: “because he overlooked” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3:25 ydoj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῶν προγεγονότων ἁμαρτημάτων 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **sin**, you could express the same idea in a different way. Alternate translation: “how they had sinned previously” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3:26 b2f6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ἐν 1 Here, **in** introduces a reason clause. Paul is giving the reason for God “overlooking of the sins that happened previously,” as stated in the previous verse. Starting a new sentence, use a natural way in your language to indicate a reason. Alternate translation: “The reason for this is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
3:26 lm1r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐν τῇ ἀνοχῇ τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **forbearance**, you could express the same idea with a different form. Alternate translation: “because God is so forbearing” or “since God forbears” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3:26 cg55 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἐν τῇ ἀνοχῇ τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **God** as being characterized by **forbearance**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “in God’s forbearance” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
3:26 b1xa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession πρὸς τὴν ἔνδειξιν τῆς δικαιοσύνης αὐτοῦ 1 See how you translated this phrase in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
3:26 v1c9 ἐν τῷ νῦν καιρῷ 1 Alternate translation: “at this time in history” or “currently”
3:26 jjwq rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal εἰς τὸ εἶναι αὐτὸν 1 Here, **so that** indicates that what follows is a purpose clause. Paul is stating the purpose for which God now demonstrates **his righteousness**. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation (without a comma preceding): “in order that he would be” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
3:26 x6cf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun τὸν ἐκ πίστεως Ἰησοῦ 1 Paul is speaking of all people who have **faith in Jesus**, not one particular person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “anyone who is from faith in Jesus” or “every person who trusts in Jesus”(See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
3:26 qdkw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὸν ἐκ πίστεως Ἰησοῦ 1 Here Paul is using the possessive form to describe a person who is characterized by **faith in Jesus**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the one who is characterized by faith in Jesus” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
3:26 ab0w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession πίστεως Ἰησοῦ 1 See how you translated this phrase in [verse 22](../03/22.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
3:27 emwi Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nIn [verses 27–31](../03/27.md) Paul uses a series of rhetorical questions and answers in order to emphasize that God alone makes people righteous through faith in Jesus. Like in [verses 1–9](../03/01.md), Paul is speaking as if he were a non-Christian Jew when he asks the rhetorical questions, but he is speaking as himself when he answers those questions.
3:27 e0wc rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result οὖν 1 Here, **then** indicates that what follows is a response to what Paul said in [verses 21–26](../03/21.md). If it might be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly, inserting a parenthetical phrase between commas. Alternate translation: “, if it is God who makes people righteous through faith in Jesus,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
3:27 fjm4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion ποῦ οὖν ἡ καύχησις? 1 Paul is not asking for information, but is using this question to express an objection that a Jew might have to what Paul said in [verses 21–26](../03/21.md). If you would not use rhetorical questions for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “There then is no grounds for boasting!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
3:27 mvs0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ποῦ οὖν ἡ καύχησις 1 Here Paul speaks of **boasting** as if it were an object that could be in a location. He means that no one can boast, because only God makes people righteous. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “Then can anyone boast” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3:27 pub7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ποῦ οὖν ἡ καύχησις 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **boasting**, you could express the same idea with a different form. Alternate translation: “Who then can boast” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3:27 px29 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐξεκλείσθη 1 In this sentence Paul responds to the rhetorical question in the previous sentence. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I would respond by saying, ‘It is excluded!’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:27 eufl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐξεκλείσθη 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God has excluded it” or “God does not allow it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3:27 v3ut rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis διὰ ποίου νόμου? τῶν ἔργων? & διὰ νόμου πίστεως 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that these sentences would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “Through what kind of law is a person made righteous? Is a person made righteous through the works of the law? … a person is made righteous through a law of faith” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
3:27 dpny rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion διὰ ποίου νόμου? τῶν ἔργων? 1 In these two sentences Paul is not asking for information, but is using these two questions to express the objections that a Jew might have to what Paul said in the previous sentence and in [verses 21–26](../03/21.md). If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Surely through a kind of law! Surely through the works!” or “Surely a person is made righteous through a kind of law! Surely a person is made righteous through works!”(See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
3:27 bgyy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τῶν ἔργων? 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe a **law** that is characterized by **works**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “Through a law characterized by works?” or “By doing what the law requires?” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
3:27 h9wb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit οὐχί, ἀλλὰ διὰ νόμου πίστεως 1 In this sentence Paul responds to the rhetorical questions in the previous two sentences. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I would respond by saying, ‘No! But through a law of faith.’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:27 tg79 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations οὐχί 1 **No!** is an exclamation that communicates a strong contrast to the previous statement. Use an exclamation that is natural in your language for communicating a strong contrast. Alternate translation: “Not at all!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
3:27 ynz1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession διὰ νόμου πίστεως 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe a **law** that is characterized by **faith**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “through a law characterized by faith” or “by doing what faith requires” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
3:27 mlcq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns πίστεως 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faith**, you could express the same idea with a different form. Alternate translation: “of trusting in God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3:28 qe9p rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. Here, what follows explains what “the law of faith” means in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “In fact,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
3:28 jtqq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive λογιζόμεθα 1 Here, **we** is used exclusively to speak of Paul and other Christian Jews, as indicated in [verse 9](../03/09.md). Your language may require you to mark these forms. Alternate translation: “we believing Jews consider” or “we believing Jews regard” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
3:28 t8um rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ἄνθρωπον 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Paul is using the word here in the generic sense that includes both men and women. Alternate translation: “humankind” or “a person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
3:28 ph88 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive δικαιοῦσθαι & ἄνθρωπον 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in an active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that “God” did it. Alternate translation: “that God justifies a man” or “that God makes a man righteous” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3:28 jb14 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns πίστει 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faith**, you could express the same idea with a different form. Alternate translation: “by believing in Jesus” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3:28 s747 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession χωρὶς ἔργων νόμου 1 See how you translated “apart from the law” in [verse 21](../03/21.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
3:28 ycx2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἔργων νόμου 1 Paul is using the possessive form to refer to **the works** that God requires in **the law**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the works that the law requires” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
3:29 hdbq rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases ἢ 1 **Or** here indicates that the next two sentences are the responses that a Jew might have to what Paul said in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Or you Jews might say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
3:29 ineu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis οὐχὶ καὶ ἐθνῶν? ναὶ, καὶ ἐθνῶν 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that these sentences would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the previous verse. Alternate translation: “Is he not also God of Gentiles? Yes, he is also God of Gentiles” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
3:29 m8eo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐθνῶν & ἐθνῶν 1 See how you translated **Gentiles** in [1:5](../01/05.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:29 ch7p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Ἰουδαίων ὁ Θεὸς μόνον? οὐχὶ καὶ ἐθνῶν? 1 Paul is not asking for information, but is using these two questions here to express the responses that a Jew might have to what Paul said in the previous verse. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “God is surely not only the God of Jews! He is surely also the God of Gentiles!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
3:29 rq5m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ναὶ, καὶ ἐθνῶν 1 In this sentence Paul responds to the rhetorical questions in the previous two sentences. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I would respond by saying, ‘Yes, also of Gentiles’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:29 gp74 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations ναὶ 1 **Yes** is an exclamation that communicates enthusiasm. Use an exclamation that is natural in your language for communicating enthusiasm. Alternate translation (change the period to an exclamation point): “Of course!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
3:30 vur7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact εἴπερ 1 Paul uses **if** as if the rest of the verse were a hypothetical possibility, but he means that it is actually true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might misunderstand and think that what Paul is saying is not certain, then you can translate his words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation, (without either comma preceding): “Since we know” or “Because it is true that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
3:30 qdiu rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result εἴπερ 1 This phrase introduces the reason why Paul could say in the previous verse that God is also the God of the Gentiles. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a reason clause. Alternate translation: “since, indeed” or “we know this is true because, indeed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
3:30 ux30 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor εἷς ὁ Θεός 1 Paul speaks of **God** as if he were a number. He means that **God** is the **one** and only true **God** for both Jews and Gentiles. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “there is only one God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3:30 rjxp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish ὃς δικαιώσει περιτομὴν ἐκ πίστεως, καὶ ἀκροβυστίαν διὰ τῆς πίστεως 1 This phrase gives further information about **who** our **God** is. It is not making a distinction between the one true **God** and false gods. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “he is the one who will justify the circumcision by faith, and he will justify the uncircumcision through the same faith” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
3:30 kw62 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns περιτομὴν & ἀκροβυστίαν 1 The words **circumcision** and **uncircumcision** are singular nouns that refer to groups of people. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you can use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the circumcised people … the uncircumcised people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
3:30 gk5d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy περιτομὴν & ἀκροβυστίαν 1 Here Paul uses **the circumcision** to refer to the Jews by associating them with **circumcision**, and he uses **the uncircumcision** figuratively to refer to the Gentiles by associating them with **uncircumcision**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the Jewish people … the non-Jewish people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3:30 s9i4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἐκ πίστεως & διὰ τῆς πίστεως 1 See how you translated this phrase in [verse 26](../03/26.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
3:31 vj40 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases νόμον οὖν καταργοῦμεν 1 Here, **then** indicates that this sentence is the response that a Jew might have made to what Paul said in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Then you Jews might say, ‘Do we nullify the law’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
3:31 y6qx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion νόμον οὖν καταργοῦμεν διὰ τῆς πίστεως 1 Paul is not asking for information, but is using this question to express the response that a Jew might have to what Paul said in the previous verse. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Then we surely nullify the law through the same faith!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
3:31 nzr7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive οὖν καταργοῦμεν 1 Here, **we** is used exclusively to speak of the unbelieving Jews on whose behalf Paul is speaking. Your language may require you to mark these forms. Alternate translation: “Do we Jews then nullify” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
3:31 cw0k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit νόμον οὖν καταργοῦμεν 1 Here, **nullify the law** means to make **the law** useless or no longer applicable to anyone. Paul is stating that the Jews might worry that he is teaching that the law of Moses does not have any function at all because God makes people righteous by faith. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Do we make the law useless” or “Do we throw away the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:31 aj6s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession διὰ τῆς πίστεως 1 See how you translated this phrase in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
3:31 pjgc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit μὴ γένοιτο! ἀλλὰ νόμον ἱστάνομεν 1 In these two sentences Paul responds to the rhetorical questions in the previous sentence. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I would respond by saying, ‘May it never be! Instead, we establish the law’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:31 rhy5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations μὴ γένοιτο 1 See how you translated this phrase in [verse 6](../03/06.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
3:31 ppvo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive νόμον ἱστάνομεν 1 Here, **we** is used exclusively to refer to Paul and other Christians. Your language may require you to mark these forms. Alternate translation: “we Christians uphold the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
3:31 c295 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor νόμον ἱστάνομεν 1 Paul uses **uphold** to refer to **the law** as if it were an object that people could hold up high. The meaning of **uphold** here is the opposite meaning of **nullify**, used earlier in the verse. It could mean: (1) Christians fulfill the requirements of the law by trusting in Jesus, who fulfilled the law for them. Alternate translation: “we fulfill the law by faith” (2) Christians value **the law** and affirm that it is useful. Alternative translation: “we confirm that the law is useful” or “we affirm that the law has value”(See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4:intro f9jc 0 # Romans 4 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n4. Righteousness is received through Jesus Christ by trusting in him (3:21–5:21)\n * God’s righteousness is received through faith (3:21–26)\n * No one can boast in works (3:27–31)\n * The examples of Abraham and David (4:1–25)\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with [verses 7–8](../04/07.md) of this chapter, which are words from the Old Testament.\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### The purpose of the law of Moses\n\nIn this chapter Paul continues to develop his argument based on what he wrote in the previous chapter. He explains how God made Abraham, the ancestor of all Jews, righteous a long time before God gave the law of Moses to the Jews. Even Abraham could not become righteous by what he did. Rather, God made Abraham righteous on the basis of Abraham’s faith. Obeying the law of Moses does not make a person righteous. People have always become righteous only by faith. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])\n\n### Circumcision\n\nCircumcision was important to the Israelites. It identified a person as a descendant of Abraham. It was also a sign of the covenant between Abraham and Yahweh. However, being circumcised never made anyone righteous. In this chapter Paul uses “circumcision” to refer to Jews and “uncircumcision” to refer to non-Jews. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/circumcise]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in this Chapter\n\n### Rhetorical Questions\n\nIn [verses 1](../04/01.md), [3](../04/03.md), and [9–10](../04/09.md) Paul continues using rhetorical questions like he did in the previous chapter. He does this in order to answer objections that Jews might make about what he is saying.
4:1 q7wc Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\n[Verses 1–12](../04/01.md) are a series of rhetorical questions and answers that Paul uses to emphasize that even **Abraham**, the ancestor of the Jewish people, was made righteous by God “through faith.”
4:1 gxv3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result τί οὖν 1 Here, **then** indicates that what follows is a response to what Paul said in the previous chapter, especially what he said in [3:27–31](../03/27.md). See how you translated **What then** in [3:1](../03/01.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
4:1 gw29 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion τί οὖν ἐροῦμεν, εὑρηκέναι Ἀβραὰμ τὸν προπάτορα ἡμῶν κατὰ σάρκα? 1 In this verse Paul is not asking for information, but is using a question to express the objections that a Jew might have to what Paul said in the previous chapter, especially what he said in [3:27–31](../03/27.md). If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Then we will say that Abraham, our forefather according to the flesh, has surely discovered something!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
4:1 rhrp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks τί οὖν ἐροῦμεν, εὑρηκέναι Ἀβραὰμ τὸν προπάτορα ἡμῶν κατὰ σάρκα? 1 In this verse and the first part of the next verse, Paul is speaking as if he were a non-Christian Jew arguing against Paul. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
4:1 s4b5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἐροῦμεν 1 In [verses 1–9](../04/01.md) Paul uses **we** exclusively to speak of himself and other Jews. Your language may require you to mark these forms. Alternate translation: “will we Jews say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
4:1 ot88 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure εὑρηκέναι Ἀβραὰμ τὸν προπάτορα ἡμῶν κατὰ σάρκα 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “that Abraham has discovered, who is our forefather according to the flesh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
4:1 fk5t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom κατὰ σάρκα 1 See how you translated **according to the flesh** in [1:3](../01/03.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
4:2 pmua rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks εἰ γὰρ Ἀβραὰμ ἐξ ἔργων ἐδικαιώθη, ἔχει καύχημα 1 These clauses continue the the statements that a Jew might have to against Paul that began in the previous verse. You may need to indicate this with a closing quotation mark at the end of these clauses or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the end of a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
4:2 ka9b rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** here indicates that what follows is the reason for the statement in the previous verse. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “This must be the case because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
4:2 oe12 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact εἰ & Ἀβραὰμ ἐξ ἔργων ἐδικαιώθη, ἔχει καύχημα 1 Paul is speaking as if this were a hypothetical possibility, but he means that the unbelieving Jew might think that this is actually true. In Paul’s time some Jewish teachers taught that Abraham had a right to boast because of his faith. However, since translating this as if it were true might confuse your readers, it is best to use a hypothetical sentence, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
4:2 wvmh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Ἀβραὰμ & ἐδικαιώθη 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that “God” did it. Alternate translation: “God justified Abraham” or “God made Abraham right with himself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
4:2 sibe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐξ ἔργων 1 Paul assumes that his readers would understand that **works**means “works of the law” as in [3:28](../03/28.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “by doing what God requires from his people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:2 mefy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἀλλ’ οὐ πρὸς Θεόν 1 In this clause Paul begins to respond to the rhetorical questions he wrote in the previous clauses and previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I would respond by saying, ‘But not before God!’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:2 me3d rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast ἀλλ’ οὐ πρὸς Θεόν. 1 What follows the word **but** here is an emphatic contrast to what was just stated. Paul is negating the argument that he presented earlier in this verse and in the previous verse. You could make this emphasis explicit by replacing the period with an exclamation point or another natural way in your language for introducing am emphatic contrast. Alternate translation: “but certainly not before God!” or “however, not from God’s perspective!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
4:2 z9wx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor πρὸς Θεόν 1 Paul speaks of **Abraham** as if he were located in the presence of **God**. He means that Abraham could not **boast** to God about his **righteousness** if it was **righteous by works**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “from God’s perspective” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4:3 w9i5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** here indicates that what follows in this verse is the reason why Paul said in the previous verse that Abraham cannot boast “before God.” Use a natural way in your language to introduce a reason clause. Alternative translation: “This is true because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
4:3 hih3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion τί & ἡ Γραφὴ λέγει 1 Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form here to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “the scripture surely says” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
4:3 g1wz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification τί & ἡ Γραφὴ λέγει 1 Here Paul uses **say** as if **the scripture** were a person who could speak. He means that the scripture he is about to quote contains information related to the topic he is discussing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “what information is in the scripture” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
4:3 r9te rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations τί & ἡ Γραφὴ λέγει? 1 Here Paul uses **what does the scripture say** to indicate a quotation from an Old Testament book ([Genesis 15:6](gen/15/06.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “what is written in the scripture” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
4:3 xdtx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἡ Γραφὴ 1 Here, **the scripture** refers specifically to the quotation from [Genesis 15:6](../gen/15/06.md) that follows in this verse. It does not refer to the Scriptures in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the scripture that Moses wrote in Genesis” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:3 smc6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that “God” did it. Alternate translation: “God credited it to him as righteousness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
4:3 az65 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ἐλογίσθη 1 The pronoun **it** refers to Abraham’s faith, which was implied by the statement that **Abraham believed God**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “his faith was credited” or “his trust in God was credited” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
4:3 qked rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns δικαιοσύνην 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **righteousness**, you could express the same idea in a different way. Alternate translation: “being righteous” or “being right with God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
4:4 ihul rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases δὲ 1 **Now** here indicates that what follows in verses 4–5 is an explanation of the scripture quotation in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “In fact,” or “Certainly,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
4:4 oojx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo τῷ & ἐργαζομένῳ 1 Here, **the one who works** refers to a hypothetical person who obeys the laws God gave through Moses and is “made righteous by works” (see [verse 2](../04/02.md)). However, since the meaning of verses 4–5 is given in the next verse, you do not need to explain its meaning further here. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]])
4:4 dsl8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ὁ μισθὸς οὐ λογίζεται κατὰ χάριν 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he does not consider his wage as grace” or “he does not regard his pay as grace” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
4:4 xo4x κατὰ χάριν & κατὰ ὀφείλημα 1 Alternate translation: “as a matter of grace … as a matter of obligation” or “as a gift … as an obligation”
4:4 ossx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns κατὰ χάριν & κατὰ ὀφείλημα 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **grace** and **obligation**, you could express the same ideas with different forms. Alternate translation: “as what is gracious … as what is owed” or “as something gifted … as something owed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
4:5 ynp2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast δὲ 1 **Now** here indicates that what follows in this verse is in contrast to what Paul said in the previous verse. Use a natural way in your language to express contrasting ideas. Alternate translation: “But” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
4:5 j3ir rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τῷ & μὴ ἐργαζομένῳ 1 Here, **the one who does not work** refers to a person who does not obey the laws God gave through Moses. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “to the one who is does not obey God’s laws” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:5 fezj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὸν δικαιοῦντα 1 Here, **the one who justifies** refers to God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “God who justifies” or “God who makes righteous” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:5 tovp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj τὸν ἀσεβῆ 1 Paul is using the singular adjective phrase **the ungodly** as a noun in order to describe a group of people. If your language does not use adjectives in the same way, you could translate this with a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “people who are ungodly” or “people who do ungodly things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
4:5 va3e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive λογίζεται ἡ πίστις αὐτοῦ εἰς δικαιοσύνην 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who does the action, Paul implies that “God” does it. See how you translated a similar phrase in [verse 3](../04/03.md). Alternate translation: “God credited his faith as righteousness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
4:5 s00l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἡ πίστις αὐτοῦ εἰς δικαιοσύνην 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **faith** and **righteousness**, you could express the same ideas with different forms. Alternate translation: “how he trusts … as being righteous” or “how he trusts in God … as being right with God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
4:6 hil6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations καὶ Δαυεὶδ λέγει 1 Paul uses **David also speaks of** here to introduce a scripture quotation from [Psalm 31:1–2](../psa/031/001.md), which David wrote. This occurs in [verses 7–8](../04/07.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from the Old Testament. Alternate translation: “David also wrote in the Old Testament of” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
4:6 s0v1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὸν μακαρισμὸν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **blessedness**, you could express the same idea with a different form. Alternate translation: “how blessed the man is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
4:6 vyse rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὸν μακαρισμὸν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **the man** that is characterized by **blessedness**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the blessed man” or “the happy man” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
4:6 x40j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun τοῦ ἀνθρώπου 1 Paul is speaking of people in general, not of one particular **man**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “of a person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
4:6 c6zs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish ᾧ ὁ Θεὸς λογίζεται δικαιοσύνην χωρὶς ἔργων 1 This phrase gives further information about the **the man**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the relationship between these phrases clearer. Alternate translation: “that is, the man God credits as righteous apart from works” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
4:6 lilj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns δικαιοσύνην 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **righteousness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “being righteous” or “being right with himself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
4:6 o260 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession χωρὶς ἔργων 1 See how you translated this phrase in [3:28](../03/28.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
4:7 zqwl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks μακάριοι, ὧν ἀφέθησαν αἱ ἀνομίαι καὶ ὧν ἐπεκαλύφθησαν αἱ ἁμαρτίαι 1 This verse is the beginning of a quotation from [Psalm 31:1–2](../psa/031/001.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
4:7 dur6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism μακάριοι, ὧν ἀφέθησαν αἱ ἀνομίαι καὶ ὧν ἐπεκαλύφθησαν αἱ ἁμαρτίαι 1 These two clauses mean the same thing. Paul says the same thing twice, in slightly different ways, to show how **Blessed** these people are. If it would be helpful in your language, you could combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “How blessed are those people whom God forgives completely for all their sins” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
4:7 lq4w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ὧν & αἱ ἀνομίαι & ὧν & αἱ ἁμαρτίαι 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **lawless deeds** and **sins**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “the lawless things they have done … the sins they have committed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
4:7 d4f4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἀφέθησαν & ἐπεκαλύφθησαν 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that “God” did it. Alternate translation: “God forgives … God covers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
4:7 hj2w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ὧν ἐπεκαλύφθησαν αἱ ἁμαρτίαι 1 Paul quotes David leaving out some of the words that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the previous clause. Alternate translation: “blessed are those whose sins have been covered” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
4:7 hqfm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐπεκαλύφθησαν 1 Paul quotes David using **covered** to refer to God forgiving sins as if he covers sins so that he no longer sees them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “have been forgiven” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4:8 jjov rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks μακάριος ἀνὴρ, οὗ οὐ μὴ λογίσηται Κύριος ἁμαρτίαν 1 The end of this verse is the end of a quotation from [Psalm 31:1–2](../psa/031/001.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with a closing quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the end of a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
4:8 yox7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism μακάριος ἀνὴρ, οὗ οὐ μὴ λογίσηται Κύριος ἁμαρτίαν 1 This verse means the same thing as the two clauses in the previous verse. Paul says the same thing here in a slightly different way to emphasize how **Blessed** people are whom God forgives for their sins. Use a natural way in your language to express this emphasis. Alternate translation: “How truly blessed is a man whose sin the Lord does certainly not count!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
4:8 kpfe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun ἀνὴρ 1 Paul quotes David speaking of people in general, not of one particular **man**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “a person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
4:8 y21b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἁμαρτίαν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **sin**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “sinful deeds” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
4:8 jdrm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor οὐ μὴ λογίσηται 1 Paul quotes David using **count** to refer to God remembering or regarding people’s sins after he has forgiven them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “does certainly not regard” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4:8 yxh2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives οὐ μὴ 1 The phrase **certainly not** translates two negative words in Greek. Paul quotes David using them together to emphasize how certain it is that God does not regard people’s sin after he has forgiven them. Use a natural way in your language to indicate this emphasis. Alternate translation: “never” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
4:9 qtgb rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result οὖν 1 **Then** here introduces a result clause. This verse indicates the logical conclusion to what Paul has stated in [verses 6–8](../04/06.md). Use a natural way in your language for indicating result. Alternate translation: “As a result,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
4:9 g4f6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion ὁ μακαρισμὸς & οὗτος ἐπὶ τὴν περιτομὴν, ἢ καὶ ἐπὶ τὴν ἀκροβυστίαν? 1 Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form here to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “this blessedness is surely upon the circumcision and also upon the uncircumcision!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
4:9 alrb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὁ μακαρισμὸς & οὗτος 1 Here, **this blessedness** refers to the joyful state of those people whom God forgives and makes righteous, as mentioned in [verses 6–8](../04/06.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “is this blessed state of being forgiven by God” or “is this blessed forgiveness from God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:9 jmym rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὁ μακαρισμὸς & οὗτος ἐπὶ τὴν περιτομὴν & ἐπὶ τὴν ἀκροβυστίαν 1 Paul speaks of **blessedness** as if it were an object that could be put **upon** someone. He means that both circumcised and uncircumcised people can receive the blessing of forgiveness from God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is this blessedness given to the circumcision … to the uncircumcision” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4:9 dn7v rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns τὴν περιτομὴν & τὴν ἀκροβυστίαν 1 See how you translated these words in [3:30](../03/30.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
4:9 mrsm rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γάρ 1 **For** here indicates that what follows answers the rhetorical question. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Indeed, ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
4:9 w2xt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive λέγομεν 1 Here Paul uses **we** exclusively to refer to Paul and other Jews. Your language may require you to mark these forms. Alternate translation: “we Jewish people say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
4:9 o51f rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations λέγομεν 1 Paul uses **we say** here to introduce a modified scripture quotation from [Genesis 15:6](../gen/15/06.md), which Moses wrote. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from the Old Testament. Alternate translation: “we say what Moses wrote in the Old Testament” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
4:9 m3uh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐλογίσθη τῷ Ἀβραὰμ ἡ πίστις εἰς δικαιοσύνην 1 See how you translated the similar clauses in [verses 3](../04/03.md) and [5](../04/05.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
4:10 trz4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion πῶς οὖν ἐλογίσθη? ἐν περιτομῇ ὄντι, ἢ ἐν ἀκροβυστίᾳ? 1 In these two sentences Paul is not asking for information, but is using these two questions to emphasize that Abraham was made righteous without being circumcised. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. You may need to combine these sentences. Alternate translation: “Then you surely know how it was credited to him! You surely know whether it was in circumcision or in uncircumcision!” or “Then you surely know how it was credited to him, whether in circumcision or in uncircumcision!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
4:10 unuf rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result πῶς οὖν 1 Here, **then** introduces a result clause that is in the form of a rhetorical question. Use a natural way in your language for indicating result. Alternate translation: “How, as a result,” or “So then, how” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
4:10 uj5i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom πῶς 1 **How** here means “in what circumstances.” Paul is not asking how God made Abraham righteous, but is asking whether or not Abraham was circumcised when God made him righteous. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “In what circumstances” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
4:10 bw38 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ἐλογίσθη & οὐκ ἐν περιτομῇ 1 In this verse the pronoun **it** refers to Abraham’s faith, as stated in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “was Abraham’s faith credited … His faith was not in circumcision” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
4:10 p5rp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive πῶς οὖν ἐλογίσθη 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that “God” did it. Alternate translation: “How then did God credit it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
4:10 wbta rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ἐν περιτομῇ ὄντι, ἢ ἐν ἀκροβυστίᾳ? οὐκ ἐν περιτομῇ, ἀλλ’ ἐν ἀκροβυστίᾳ 1 Here Paul is leaving out some the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the previous sentence. Alternate translation: “Was it credited being in circumcision, or was it credited being in uncircumcision? It was not credited in circumcision, but it was credited in uncircumcision” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
4:10 zj6b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐν περιτομῇ ὄντι, ἢ ἐν ἀκροβυστίᾳ? οὐκ ἐν περιτομῇ, ἀλλ’ ἐν ἀκροβυστίᾳ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **circumcision** and **uncircumcision**, you could express the same ideas in a different way. Paul implies that Abraham is the subject of these sentences. Alternate translation: “While Abraham was circumcised, or while he was uncircumcised? It was not while he was circumcised, but while he was uncircumcised” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
4:11 unmg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns περιτομῆς & ἐν τῇ ἀκροβυστίᾳ & δι’ ἀκροβυστίας 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **circumcision** and **uncircumcision**, you could express the same ideas in a different way. Alternate translation: “of being circumcised … while being uncircumcised … through being uncircumcised” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
4:11 d564 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession σημεῖον & περιτομῆς 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **the sign** that is **circumcision**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the sign that is circumcision” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
4:11 rjhr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish σφραγῖδα τῆς δικαιοσύνης τῆς πίστεως τῆς ἐν τῇ ἀκροβυστίᾳ 1 This phrase gives further information about **the sign of circumcision**. Circumcision is not only a **sign**, but also a **seal**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the relationship between these clauses clearer. Alternate translation: “that is, a seal of the righteousness of the faith that he had in his uncircumcision” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
4:11 wm54 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession σφραγῖδα τῆς δικαιοσύνης 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **a seal** that proves **the righteousness** to be real. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “a seal that proves the righteousness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
4:11 n31z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τῆς δικαιοσύνης τῆς πίστεως 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **righteousness** that comes from **faith**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “of the righteousness from faith” or “of being right with God that comes from trusting in him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
4:11 zlwg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish τῆς ἐν τῇ ἀκροβυστίᾳ 1 This clause gives further information about **the faith** that Abraham had. Paul is referring to **the faith** that Abraham had before he was circumcised. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the relationship between these phrases clearer. Alternate translation: “that Abraham had in his uncircumcision” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
4:11 mob7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐν τῇ ἀκροβυστίᾳ 1 Here Paul speaks of **uncircumcision** as if it were a location someone could be **in**. He means that Abraham was in the state of being uncircumcised. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “while he was uncircumcised” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4:11 f5vv rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal εἰς τὸ εἶναι αὐτὸν 1 Here, **so that** introduces a purpose clause. Paul is stating the purpose for which God required Abraham to become circumcised. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “in order that he would be” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
4:11 ue6v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor πατέρα πάντων τῶν πιστευόντων δι’ ἀκροβυστίας 1 Paul uses **father** to refer to Abraham as if he physically produced **all those who believe** in God. Paul means that Abraham spiritually represents all uncircumcised non-Jews who trust in God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternative translation: “the spiritual representative of all those who believe through uncircumcision” or “like the father of all those who believe through uncircumcision” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4:11 etyl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit δι’ ἀκροβυστίας 1 Here the word translated as **through** refers to going through a time period. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “during uncircumcision” or “throughout the time they were uncircumcised” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:11 hm61 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal εἰς τὸ λογισθῆναι αὐτοῖς τὴν δικαιοσύνην 1 Here, **so that** indicates that this clause could refer to: (1) the purpose of Abraham being **the father of all those who believe**. Alternate translation: “in order that the righteousness would be credited to them” (2) the result of Abraham being **the father of all those who believe**. Alternate translation: “resulting in the righteousness being credited to them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
4:11 y88e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive εἰς τὸ λογισθῆναι αὐτοῖς τὴν δικαιοσύνην 1 See how you translated **counted** in [verses 3–5](../04/03.md) and [9–10](../04/09.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
4:11 ehib rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὴν δικαιοσύνην 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **righteousness**, you could express the same idea with a different form. Alternate translation: “being righteous” or “being right with God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
4:12 v9bu rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases καὶ πατέρα περιτομῆς 1 Here, **and** indicates that what follows is another purpose for God commanding Abraham to be circumcised after he trusted in God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could repeat some of the information from the previous sentence and start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “and also so that he would be the father of circumcision” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
4:12 u8j3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit πατέρα περιτομῆς & τοῦ πατρὸς ἡμῶν 1 Paul uses **father of circumcision** to indicate that Abraham is both the physical ancestor and spiritual ancestor of Jewish people. They are both physically circumcised and have the “circumcision of the heart,” which Paul refers to in [2:29](../02/29.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the spiritual representative of those who are physically and spiritually circumcised … our spiritual representative” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:12 krkf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τοῖς οὐκ ἐκ περιτομῆς μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῖς στοιχοῦσιν τοῖς ἴχνεσιν τῆς ἐν ἀκροβυστίᾳ πίστεως, τοῦ πατρὸς ἡμῶν Ἀβραάμ 1 Paul assumes that his readers will know that these two clauses refer to those Jews who are **not only** circumcised in their bodies, but also have the same **faith** in God that Abraham had before he was circumcised. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “to those Jews who are not only circumcised, but who also follow in the steps of the faith of our father Abraham in uncircumcision” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:12 s9jt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom καὶ τοῖς στοιχοῦσιν τοῖς ἴχνεσιν τῆς & πίστεως, τοῦ πατρὸς ἡμῶν Ἀβραάμ 1 Here, **follow in the steps** is an idiom that means to follow someone’s example. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “who follow the example of the faith of our father Abraham” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
4:12 btrd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τῆς & πίστεως, τοῦ πατρὸς ἡμῶν Ἀβραάμ 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **the faith** that **our father Abraham** had. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “of our father Abraham’s faith” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
4:12 u5ur rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive τοῦ πατρὸς ἡμῶν Ἀβραάμ 1 Here, **our** refers to Paul and his fellow believing Jews, as in [3:9](../03/09.md). Your language may require you to mark these forms. Alternate translation: “of our Jewish father Abraham” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
4:12 ykdc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν ἀκροβυστίᾳ 1 Here, **in uncircumcision** has the same meaning as “through circumcision” stated in the previous verse. See how you translated the phrase there. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:13 i6xc rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** here gives the reason why Abraham is the spiritual “father” of both non-Jews and Jews, as stated in [verses 11–12](../04/11.md). Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “This is due to the fact that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
4:13 e0a3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἡ ἐπαγγελία & τὸ κληρονόμον αὐτὸν εἶναι 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **promise** and **heir**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “God promised … that he would inherit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
4:13 yqxx rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases ἢ 1 Here, the world translated **or** indicates that **the promise** is **to Abraham** and **his seed**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and also” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
4:13 ew13 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τῷ σπέρματι αὐτοῦ 1 Here Paul uses **seed** to refer to “offspring.” Just as plants produce seeds that grow into many more plants, so people can have many offspring. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to his descendants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4:13 ct1f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche κόσμου 1 Here **the world** could refer to: (1) all the land of **the world**. Although God had promised to give the land of Canaan to Abraham’s descendants, the Jews in Paul’s time understood that this promise included the whole earth. This will indeed take place when Jesus, a descendent of Abraham, rules over the whole world. Alternate expression: “of all the land in the world” (2) the people who live in the world, as in [3:19](../03/19.md). Alternate translation: “of the people who live in the world” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
4:13 pjyt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit οὐ & διὰ νόμου & ἀλλὰ διὰ δικαιοσύνης 1 Here the word translated as **through** indicates the means by which God gave **the promise**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “was not by means of the law but by means of the righteousness” or “was not on the basis of the law but on the basis of the righteousness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:13 kquo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit νόμου 1 See how you translated **the law** in [3:21](../03/21.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:13 iqsm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession δικαιοσύνης πίστεως 1 See how you translated the similar phrase in [verse 11](../04/11.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
4:14 hba4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** here indicates that [verses 14–15](../04/14.md) give the reasons why God’s promise to Abraham was given “through the righteousness of faith” and not “through the law,” as stated in the previous verse. Use a natural way in your language for introducing reasons. Alternate translation: “This is due to the fact that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
4:14 n0x6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical εἰ & οἱ ἐκ νόμου κληρονόμοι, κεκένωται ἡ πίστις 1 Paul is using a hypothetical situation to help his readers recognize the serious implications of how people inherit God’s promises. Use the natural form in your language for expressing a hypothetical situation. Alternate translation: “suppose the heirs are from the law, then the faith has been emptied” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]])
4:14 ksui rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns οἱ ἐκ νόμου κληρονόμοι & ἡ πίστις & ἡ ἐπαγγελία 1 See how you translated “heir”, **the law**, and **faith** in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
4:14 k4ip rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit κληρονόμοι 1 Here, **heirs** refers to “Abraham” and “his seed” from the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the heirs, Abraham or his seed, are” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:14 w977 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit οἱ ἐκ νόμου κληρονόμοι 1 Here, **from the law** refers to those who try to obey the law of Moses. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the heirs are those who try to obey the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:14 hxvd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor κεκένωται ἡ πίστις 1 Paul speaks of **faith** as if it were a container that could be emptied. He means that **faith** would become powerless or useless to make a person righteous if simply obeying**the law** allows a person to inherit God’s promises. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “then it would be impossible to become righteous by trusting in God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4:15 v1ow rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that the rest of the verse gives the reason why inheriting God’s promise by obeying the law would nullify faith and the promise, as stated in the previous verse. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “This is due to the fact that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
4:15 qma4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification ὁ & νόμος ὀργὴν κατεργάζεται 1 Here Paul speaks of **the law** as if it were a person who could produce something. He means that the **law** causes God to punish people because they cannot obey it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “the law results in wrath for those who do not obey it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
4:15 h1x1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ὀργὴν 1 See how you translated the same use of this word in [1:18](../01/18.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
4:15 px0m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor οὗ δὲ οὐκ ἔστιν νόμος, οὐδὲ παράβασις 1 Paul speaks of **the law** and **transgression** as if they were located in a specific place. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “but where the law is not present, neither is transgression present” or “but in a place where God’s law does not exist, transgression also does not exist” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4:15 t0wx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns παράβασις 1 See how you translated the same use of **transgression** in [2:23](../02/23.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
4:16 defl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐκ πίστεως 1 Here, **it** refers to **the promise** mentioned later in the verse and introduced in [verse 13](../04/13.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the promise is by faith” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:16 nchm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐκ πίστεως 1 Here, **by faith** indicates the means by which someone acquires **the promise**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “a person acquires God’s promise by faith” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:16 bc5k rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα 1 This phrase introduces a purpose clause. Paul is stating the purpose for which God makes **faith** the means for acquiring **the promise**. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation (without a comma preceding): “so that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
4:16 fvax κατὰ χάριν 1 Alternate translation: “by grace” or “on the basis of grace”
4:16 cgpq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns χάριν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **grace**, you could express the same idea with a different form. Alternate translation: “how gracious God is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
4:16 v8it rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal εἰς τὸ εἶναι βεβαίαν, τὴν ἐπαγγελίαν 1 Here, **so that** could indicate: (1) a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “in order for the promise to be certain” (2) a result clause. Alternate translation: “with the result that the promise might be certain” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
4:16 qalp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὴν ἐπαγγελίαν 1 See how you translated **promise** in [verse 13](../04/13.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
4:16 r8ji rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns παντὶ τῷ σπέρματι 1 The phrase **all the seed** is singular but refers to a group of people. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “all the descendants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
4:16 xzsp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor παντὶ τῷ σπέρματι 1 See how you translated **seed** in [4:13](../04/13.md).(See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4:16 a4ai rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish οὐ τῷ ἐκ τοῦ νόμου μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῷ ἐκ πίστεως Ἀβραάμ 1 These clauses give further information about the phrase **all the seed**. They distinguish between a **seed** associated with **the law** and a **seed** associated with **the faith**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the relationship between these phrases clearer. Alternate translation: “both from those believers associated with Abraham through the law and those associated with the faith of Abraham” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
4:16 ns6r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐκ τοῦ νόμου 1 See how you translated this phrase in [verse 14](../04/14.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:16 qctv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐκ πίστεως Ἀβραάμ 1 Here, **from the faith of Abraham** refers to those who trust in God the way Abraham did. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “who has the same faith as Abraham” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:16 welr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὅς ἐστιν πατὴρ πάντων ἡμῶν 1 Paul uses **father** to refer to Abraham as if he physically produced all human beings. Paul means that Abraham is the physical ancestor of all believing Jews and the spiritual ancestor of all believing non-Jews. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “who spiritually represents all of us who believe” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4:16 kd6g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive πάντων ἡμῶν 1 Here, **us all** refers to **all the seed** and so is inclusive of all believing Jews and non-Jews. Your language may require you to mark these forms. Alternate translation: “of all believers in God” or “of all of us who trust in God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
4:17 nuj8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure καθὼς γέγραπται, ὅτι πατέρα πολλῶν ἐθνῶν τέθεικά σε 1 Here Paul interrupts the sentence he began in the previous verse and inserts these two clauses in order to support his argument. If it would be helpful in your language, you could mark these clauses in a way that shows they are inserted into the middle of a sentence, as in the UST. You could also move these clauses to the end of the verse so that they do not divide the main sentence. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
4:17 ibwm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit καθὼς γέγραπται 1 Here Paul uses a quotation from the Old Testament in order to support the statement in the previous verse that Abraham “is the father of us all.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the relationship between this verse and the previous verse clearer. Alternate translation: “The fact that Abraham is the father of us all is written in the Scriptures, which say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:17 iju4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations καθὼς γέγραπται 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:17](../01/17.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
4:17 sjm0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive καθὼς γέγραπται 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, the quotation was written by Moses. Alternate translation: “just as Moses wrote” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
4:17 peaf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks πατέρα πολλῶν ἐθνῶν τέθεικά σε 1 In this clause Paul quotes [Genesis 17:5](../gen/17/05.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
4:17 mxm5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns τέθεικά σε & ἐπίστευσεν 1 The pronoun **I** refers to **God**, and **you** and **he** refer to Abraham. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I, God, have appointed you, Abraham, as … Abraham trusted” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
4:17 n6l7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor πατέρα πολλῶν ἐθνῶν 1 Paul quotes God using **father** to refer to Abraham as if he were going to physically produce children who would comprise **many nations**. God means that Abraham would become the spiritual ancestor of a large number of people from **many nations** who trust in God as does Abraham. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “the spiritual representative of numerous groups of people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4:17 ph37 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit κατέναντι οὗ ἐπίστευσεν Θεοῦ, 1 Here Paul continues the sentence from the previous verse that he had interrupted with the first two clauses in this verse. This clause completes the previous statement from the previous verse, “who is the father of us all.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. You made need to start a new sentence, as in the UST. Alternate translation: “Abraham is the father of us all in the presence of God whom he trusted” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:17 ifwu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor κατέναντι & Θεοῦ 1 Paul uses **in the presence of** to refer to Abraham as if he were physically present with **God**. Paul means that **God** personally considers Abraham to represent the believers that come from **many nations**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “according to what God thinks” or “in God’s view” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4:17 s67j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish οὗ ἐπίστευσεν & τοῦ ζῳοποιοῦντος τοὺς νεκροὺς, καὶ καλοῦντος τὰ μὴ ὄντα ὡς ὄντα 1 These clauses give further information about **God**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the relationship between these phrases clearer by making new sentences or by another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “This is the God whom he trusted. It is this God who makes the dead live and calls the things not existing as existing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
4:17 tg2e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor καλοῦντος τὰ μὴ ὄντα ὡς ὄντα 1 Paul speaks of **the things not existing** as if **God** were calling to them. Paul means that **God** creates things by commanding them to exist, as Moses describes in [Genesis 1:3–27](../gen/01/03.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “summons into being things that did not previously exist” or “by speaking, creates things that did not previously exist” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4:18 emih rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ὃς & αὐτὸν & σου 1 The pronouns **who** and **he** and **your** refer to Abraham, not God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
4:18 g8fm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ὃς παρ’ ἐλπίδα, ἐπ’ ἐλπίδι ἐπίστευσεν 1 Here, **against hope** is an idiom meaning “despite what seemed hopeless.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “although it seemed hopeless, he believed on the basis of hope” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
4:18 auah rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ὃς παρ’ ἐλπίδα, ἐπ’ ἐλπίδι ἐπίστευσεν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **hope**, you could express the same idea with a different form. Alternate translation: “who hopefully believed although it seemed hopeless” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
4:18 n62i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ἐπίστευσεν 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “believed in God” or “believed what God had promised” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
4:18 bs6y rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result εἰς τὸ γενέσθαι αὐτὸν 1 Here, **so that** indicates that this is a purpose clause. Paul is stating the result of Abraham believing **on the basis of hope**. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a result clause. Alternate translation: “which resulted in him becoming” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
4:18 qbdq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor πατέρα πολλῶν ἐθνῶν 1 See how you translated this phrase in [verse 17](../04/17.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4:18 b92q rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations τὸ εἰρημένον 1 Here Paul uses **what was said** to introduce a quotation from an Old Testament book ([Genesis 15:5](../gen/15/05.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “what was said in the Scriptures” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
4:18 cryi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive τὸ εἰρημένον 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, the quotation was spoken by God. Alternate translation: “what God said” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
4:18 p5el rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit οὕτως ἔσται τὸ σπέρμα σου 1 Paul assumes that his readers would know the rest of what God said in the verse he is quoting ([Genesis 15:5](../gen/15/05.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Look now at the heavens and count the stars, if you are able to count them. So will your seed be” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:18 i2ev rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τὸ σπέρμα 1 See how you translated **seed** in [verse 16](../04/16.md).(See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4:19 ycte rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure καὶ μὴ ἀσθενήσας τῇ πίστει, κατενόησεν τὸ ἑαυτοῦ σῶμα ἤδη νενεκρωμένον, ἑκατονταετής που ὑπάρχων, καὶ τὴν νέκρωσιν τῆς μήτρας Σάρρας 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “He considered his own body as already having died (being about a hundred years old)—and the deadness of the womb of Sarah—but he was not weakening in the faith” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
4:19 m9gq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes καὶ μὴ ἀσθενήσας τῇ πίστει 1 Here Paul uses a figure of speech that expresses a strong positive meaning by using a negative word together with a word that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you can express the meaning positively. Alternate translation: “And being strengthened in the faith” of "And being strong in the faith" (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
4:19 s6u1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor μὴ ἀσθενήσας τῇ πίστει 1 Paul speaks of Abraham’s **faith** as if it were something in which a person could be **weakening**. He means that Abraham kept trusting God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “not ceasing to trust” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4:19 b3w6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῇ πίστει 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faith**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “in how he trusted God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
4:19 bn9k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἤδη νενεκρωμένον 1 Paul speaks of Abraham as if he actually thought his body was **dead**. Paul means that Abraham knew he was too old to produce a child. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “unable to father a child” or “useless for procreating” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4:19 bfsr rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background ἑκατονταετής που ὑπάρχων 1 Here Paul provides background information about Abraham’s age to help his readers understand why Abraham **considered his own body as already being dead**. Use the natural form in your language for expressing background information. Alternate translation: “since he was about 100 years old” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
4:19 hro2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis τὴν νέκρωσιν τῆς μήτρας Σάρρας 1 Here Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the previous clause. Alternate translation: “he also considered the deadness of the womb of Sarah” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
4:19 ghhm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὴν νέκρωσιν τῆς μήτρας Σάρρας 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **deadness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “that the womb of Sarah was dead” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
4:19 qil5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τὴν νέκρωσιν τῆς μήτρας Σάρρας 1 Paul speaks of Sarah’s **womb** as if it were dead. He means that she was unable to conceive children. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “how Sarah was unable to conceive” or “that Sarah could not bear children” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4:19 yx92 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὴν νέκρωσιν τῆς μήτρας Σάρρας 1 Paul assumes that his readers would know that Sarah had been unable to become pregnant throughout her life, as described in the Old Testament book of Genesis. This fact makes Abraham’s faith even more amazing. If your readers would be unfamiliar with the story of Abraham and Sarah, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the deadness of the womb of Sarah, since she could never become pregnant before” or “the deadness of the womb of Sarah, which had always been dead” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:20 qn5h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure εἰς δὲ τὴν ἐπαγγελίαν τοῦ Θεοῦ, οὐ διεκρίθη τῇ ἀπιστίᾳ 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “Abraham did not waver in unbelief about what God promised” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
4:20 kicf rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases δὲ 1 **But** here indicates that what follows emphasizes Abraham’s **faith** in **the promise of God**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Nonetheless," or “In fact,”
4:20 o3zu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit εἰς & τὴν ἐπαγγελίαν τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 The word translated as **toward** could also mean “with regard to” or “regarding.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “with regard to the promise of God” or “regarding the promise of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:20 qcod rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὴν ἐπαγγελίαν τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **the promise** that comes from **God**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the promise that came from God” or “the promise from God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
4:20 wgmc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὴν ἐπαγγελίαν τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **promise**, you could express the same idea with a different form. Alternate translation: “the things God promised” or “the things God said would happen” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
4:20 ep2z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives οὐ διεκρίθη τῇ ἀπιστίᾳ 1 Here, **did not waver** and **unbelief** form a double negative expression. If this double negative would be misunderstood in your language, you could translate it as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “he did not waver in believing” or “his belief did not waver” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
4:20 th2x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῇ ἀπιστίᾳ & τῇ πίστει 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **unbelief** and **faith**, you could express the same ideas with verbal forms. Alternate translation: “by distrusting … by trusting” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
4:20 zdj5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐνεδυναμώθη τῇ πίστει 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that “God” did it. Alternate translation: “God strengthened him in the faith” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
4:20 a4g4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐνεδυναμώθη τῇ πίστει 1 Paul speaks of Abraham’s **faith** as if it were something in which a person could be **strengthened**. He means that God enabled Abraham to continue trusting him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “was enabled to keep on trusting” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4:20 ew3r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns δοὺς δόξαν τῷ Θεῷ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **glory**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “having glorified God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
4:21 y2sh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive πληροφορηθεὶς 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that “God” did it. Alternate translation: “God fully convinced him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
4:21 plbf rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ἐπήγγελται & ἐστιν 1 The pronoun **he** refers to God, not Abraham. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “God had promised, God is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
4:21 j12r rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ὃ ἐπήγγελται 1 Here, **what he had promised** refers to the promise Paul describes in [verse 13](../04/13.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the things God promised to Abraham” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
4:22 ympp rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result διὸ καὶ 1 Here, **therefore** introduces a result clause. Use a natural way in your language for indicating result. Alternate translation: “And for this reason” or “And this is the reason why” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
4:22 wlnh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην 1 This clause is a quotation from [Genesis 15:6](../gen/15/06.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate quotations. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
4:22 i56a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην 1 See how you translated this in [verse 3](../04/03.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
4:23 zdc0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure οὐκ ἐγράφη & δι’ αὐτὸν μόνον, ὅτι ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases and combine them. Alternate translation: “Now the phrase ‘it was credited to him,’ was not written only for his sake” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
4:23 r65c rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns αὐτὸν & αὐτῷ 1 The pronouns **his** and **him** refer to Abraham. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Abraham’s … to him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
4:23 bfiw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive οὐκ ἐγράφη & δι’ αὐτὸν μόνον 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Moses wrote the quotation. Alternate translation: “Moses did not write it only for Abraham’s sake” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
4:23 ae1u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks ὅτι ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ, 1 This clause is a quotation from [Genesis 15:6](../gen/15/06.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate quotations. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
4:23 jft0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ 1 See how you translated this in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
4:24 pfc9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive δι’ ἡμᾶς, οἷς μέλλει λογίζεσθαι, τοῖς πιστεύουσιν ἐπὶ τὸν ἐγείραντα Ἰησοῦν, τὸν Κύριον ἡμῶν, ἐκ νεκρῶν 1 Here, **our** and **whom** refer to all **those who believe** in **Jesus**. Your language may require you to mark these forms. Alternate translation: “for the sake us believers who are about to be credited, to us who believe in the one who raised from the dead ones Jesus, the Lord of us all” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
4:24 ffdm δι’ ἡμᾶς 1 See how you translated “for his sake” in the previous verse.
4:24 nh4k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive οἷς μέλλει λογίζεσθαι 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who will do the action, Paul implies that “God” will do it. Alternate translation: “to whom God is about to credit it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
4:24 bu1m rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns μέλλει 1 Here the pronoun **it** refers to the “faith” mentioned in [verses 5](../04/05) and [20](../04/20). Previously **it** referred to Abraham’s faith, but in this verse **it** refers to **our** faith. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “our faith is about” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
4:24 mujr λογίζεσθαι 1 See how you translated **credited** in the previous verse.
4:24 artt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὸν ἐγείραντα Ἰησοῦν, τὸν Κύριον ἡμῶν, ἐκ νεκρῶν 1 This clause refers to God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “God who raised Jesus our Lord from the dead ones” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:24 i6vl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ἐγείραντα Ἰησοῦν, τὸν Κύριον ἡμῶν 1 Here, **raised** is an idiom for causing someone who has died to become alive again. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “who caused Jesus our Lord to live again” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
4:24 iq69 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ἐκ νεκρῶν 1 Here, the phrase translated **the dead ones** refers to dead people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from the place where dead people are” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
4:25 irue rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ὃς & ἡμῶν & τὴν δικαίωσιν ἡμῶν 1 Here the pronoun **who** refers to Jesus, and **our** refers to all “those who believe” in him, as mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Jesus … we believers’ … the justification of us believers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
4:25 cca1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ὃς παρεδόθη & ἠγέρθη 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that “God” did it. Alternate translation: “whom God gave up … God raised” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
4:25 b999 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὃς παρεδόθη 1 Paul speaks of Jesus as if he were a thing that could be **given up** to another person. Paul means that God allowed people to arrest and kill Jesus. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “who was allowed to be killed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4:25 op41 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns διὰ τὰ παραπτώματα ἡμῶν & διὰ τὴν δικαίωσιν ἡμῶν 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for these ideas of **trespasses** and **justification**, you could express the same ideas with verbal forms. Alternate translation: “because we trespassed … to make us righteous” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
4:25 imvc rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result διὰ τὰ παραπτώματα ἡμῶν 1 Here Paul uses **for the sake of** differently than he did in [verses 23–24](../04/23.md). Here Paul uses this phrase to indicate the reason why Jesus **was given up**. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “because of our trespasses” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
4:25 gmbd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ἠγέρθη 1 See how you translated **raised** in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
4:25 hzop rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal διὰ τὴν δικαίωσιν ἡμῶν 1 Here Paul uses **for the sake of** differently than he did in the first part of this verse. Here Paul uses this phrase to indicate one of the purposes for Jesus being **raised**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of our justification” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
5:intro i1dt 0 # Romans 5 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n4. Righteousness is received through Jesus Christ by trusting in him (3:21–5:21)\n * God’s righteousness is received through faith (3:21–26)\n * No one can boast in works (3:27–31)\n * The examples of Abraham and David (4:1–25)\n * The blessings of justification (5:1–11)\n * Adam and Christ are compared (5:12–5:21)\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### The second Adam\n\nAdam was the first man. He was created by God and called the first “son” of God. He brought sin and death into the world by eating the forbidden fruit. In this chapter Paul describes Jesus as the “second Adam” and the true son of God. Jesus brings eternal life and overcame sin and death by dying on the cross. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofgod]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/death]])\n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### Inclusive language\n\nIn this chapter the pronouns “we”, “us”, and “our” refer inclusively to all believers in Christ. Paul calls these people those who have been “justified by faith” in [verse 1](../05/01.md). Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
5:1 age4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result οὖν 1 The word **Therefore** here marks a new section of the letter. It also introduces a result clause that summarizes the blessed results of a person becoming righteous by trusting in Jesus, which Paul just discussed in [1:18](../01/18.md)–[4:25](../04/25.md). Use a natural way in your language to indicate result. Alternate translation: “Since all these things are true” or “As a result of everything that I have just told you being true” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
5:1 xmp3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result δικαιωθέντες & ἐκ πίστεως, εἰρήνην ἔχωμεν πρὸς τὸν Θεὸν, διὰ τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases, since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. Alternate translation: “let us have peace with God through our Lord Jesus Christ, because we have been justified by faith” or “we can have peace with God through our Lord Jesus Christ, since we have been justified by faith” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
5:1 xott rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive δικαιωθέντες 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that “God” did it. Alternate translation: “because God makes us righteous” or “since God makes us right with him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
5:1 wbwx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐκ πίστεως 1 See how you translated this phrase in [4:16](../04/16.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
5:1 ldru rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants εἰρήνην ἔχωμεν 1 Some ancient copies say “we have peace,” which makes sense, since [verses 1–5](../05/01.md) are a list of blessings that belong to those people who have been **justified by faith**. If the reading **let us have peace** is correct, this phrase may be indicating Paul’s desire that his fellow believers continue to experience the peace they have with God. If a translation of the Bible already exists in your area, you could consider using the reading in that translation. If there is not already a Bible translation in your area, we recommend that you follow the readings of ULT and UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])
5:1 kjpb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative ἔχωμεν 1 Paul uses the phrase **let us have peace** to exhort his Christian readers to continue living peacefully with God. It is not a command. This phrase does not imply that those who have been **justified by faith** do not yet have peace with God. Use a form in your language that communicates an exhortation. Alternate translation: “we must continue to have” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]])
5:1 hi12 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns εἰρήνην ἔχωμεν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **peace**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
5:1 o2yr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor εἰρήνην ἔχωμεν 1 Paul speaks of these people as if they could possess or own **peace**. He means that they can live peacefully with God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “let us live in a peaceful manner” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
5:1 s6xd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἔχωμεν & ἡμῶν 1 Here and throughout this chapter, **us** and **our** inclusively refer to all those **having been justified by faith** in Jesus. Your language may require you to mark these forms. Alternate translation: “let us believers have … our” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
5:1 xaeg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit διὰ τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 Here, **through** indicates that **our Lord Jesus Christ** is the means by which believers have **peace with God**. This refers to what Jesus did for believers in order for them to have **peace with God**, as briefly mentioned in [4:25](../04/25.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “through what our Lord Jesus Christ did for us” or “which was caused by our Lord Jesus Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
5:2 slyh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns δι’ οὗ καὶ τὴν προσαγωγὴν ἐσχήκαμεν, τῇ πίστει εἰς τὴν χάριν ταύτην, ἐν ᾗ ἑστήκαμεν 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **access**, **faith**, or **grace**, you could express the same ideas another way. Alternate translation: “through whom we also access and stand in how gracious God is by trusting in him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
5:2 tsbo rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns οὗ 1 The pronoun **whom** refers to “our Lord Jesus Christ,” as mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “our Lord Jesus Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
5:2 i50u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive καὶ & ἐσχήκαμεν & ἑστήκαμεν & καυχώμεθα 1 The pronoun **we** in this verse refers inclusively to all believers in Christ. See the discussion of this in the General Notes for this chapter. Alternate translation: “we believers also have … we believers stand … we believers boast” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
5:2 af0n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor εἰς τὴν χάριν ταύτην, ἐν ᾗ ἑστήκαμεν 1 Paul speaks of **grace** as if it were a location that someone could access and stand within. He means that trusting in Jesus allows believers to confidently experience how gracious God is toward his people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “to confidently experience how kind God is” or “to safely experience how gracious God is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
5:2 dxcu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns καυχώμεθα ἐπ’ ἐλπίδι τῆς δόξης τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **hope** and **glory**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “we may boast because we are confident that we will be glorified with God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
5:2 zp5p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τῆς δόξης τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Paul is using possessive forms to describe how **glory** relates to **God**. This could refer to: (1) the glory that God shares with believers. This was the same glory that God shared with humans when he created them, but which they lost when the first humans sinned, as mentioned in [3:23](../03/23.md). Alternate translation: “of sharing in the glory God has” or “of the glory from God” (2) glorifying God, as in the similar phrase “the glory of the imperishable God” in [1:23](../01/23.md). Alternate translation: “of glorifying God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
5:3 q5p7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns οὐ μόνον δέ 1 The pronoun **this** here refers to boasting about “the hope of the glory of God,” as mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “And we not only boast on the basis of the hope of the glory of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
5:3 c644 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor καὶ καυχώμεθα ἐν ταῖς θλίψεσιν 1 Here, **in our sufferings** could mean: (1) believers can **boast** about their **sufferings**. Alternate translation: “we can also boast about our sufferings” (2) believers can boast while they are experiencing **sufferings**. Alternate translation: “we can also boast when we are distressed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
5:3 xeak rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result εἰδότες 1 Here, **knowing** indicates that what follows in this verse and the next verse are the reasons why believers can **boast in our sufferings**. Use a natural way in your language for introducing reasons. Alternate translation: “since we know” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
5:3 c0rl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐν ταῖς θλίψεσιν & ἡ θλῖψις & ὑπομονὴν 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **sufferings**, **suffering**, and **endurance**, you could express the same ideas with verbal forms. Alternate translation: “when we suffer … when we suffer, it … a way to endure” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
5:3 lo57 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἡ θλῖψις ὑπομονὴν κατεργάζεται 1 Paul speaks of **endurance** as if it were an object that could be produced. He means that when Christians trust in God while **suffering**, they develop greater **endurance** than they had before experiencing **suffering**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “this suffering helps us know how to endure” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
5:4 w7c2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ἡ δὲ ὑπομονὴ δοκιμήν, ἡ δὲ δοκιμὴ ἐλπίδα 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “and endurance produces character, and this character produces hope” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
5:4 dt8w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἡ & ὑπομονὴ 1 See how you translated **endurance** in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
5:4 gjvh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns δοκιμήν, ἡ δὲ δοκιμὴ 1 The word translated **character** refers specifically to the mental and moral qualities of someone who has been approved by God because they have successfully endured testing. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **character**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “qualities of which God approves, and the approved qualities” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
5:4 eh9c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐλπίδα 1 See how you translated **hope** in [verse 2](../05/02.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
5:5 u4xh rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ἡ δὲ ἐλπὶς οὐ καταισχύνει, ὅτι ἡ ἀγάπη τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐκκέχυται ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ἡμῶν διὰ Πνεύματος Ἁγίου, τοῦ δοθέντος ἡμῖν 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these clauses, since the second clause gives the reason for the result that the first clause describes. Alternate translation: “And because the love of God has been poured into our hearts through the Holy Spirit, who has been given to us, that hope does not disappoint” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
5:5 rctz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἡ δὲ ἐλπὶς 1 Here, **that hope** refers to "the hope of the glory of God" in [verse 2](../05/02.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “And being confident in God’s glory” or “And the hope of the glory of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
5:5 qka8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὅτι ἡ ἀγάπη τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐκκέχυται ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ἡμῶν διὰ Πνεύματος Ἁγίου, τοῦ δοθέντος ἡμῖν 1 Paul speaks of **love** as if it were something that could be **poured** out of a container, and he speaks figurative of **our hearts** as though they were containers that could be filled. He means that the Holy Spirit has completely revealed to God’s people how much God loves them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “because the Holy Spirit, who was given to us, has deeply revealed how much God loves his people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
5:5 dc95 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἡ ἀγάπη τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐκκέχυται ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ἡμῶν διὰ Πνεύματος Ἁγίου, τοῦ δοθέντος ἡμῖν 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the ideas in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the Holy Spirit, whom God gave us, has poured the love of God into our hearts” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
5:5 clmb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἡ ἀγάπη τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe how **love** relates to **God**. Here, **the love of God** could refer to: (1) God’s love for us. Alternate translation: “God’s love” or “God’s love for us” (2) our love for God. Alternate translation: “our love for God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
5:5 glt1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ἡμῶν 1 See how you translated this word in [1:21](../01/21.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
5:6 x5eg rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 **For** here indicates that what follows in [verses 6–8](../05/06.md) explains “the love of God” in [verse 5](../05/05.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “Indeed,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
5:6 a7s7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous ἔτι & ὄντων ἡμῶν ἀσθενῶν 1 In this clause Paul is describing something that was true during the time period he is describing in the rest of the verse. You can make this clear in your translation with an appropriate connecting word or phrase. Alternate translation: “during the time we were still being weak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous]])
5:6 xqr3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἔτι & ὄντων ἡμῶν ἀσθενῶν 1 Here, **weak** means that people are completely unable to make themselves righteous. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “we still being powerless to make ourselves righteous” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
5:6 xl85 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὑπὲρ ἀσεβῶν 1 Here, **ungodly ones** refers to the **we** mentioned earlier in the verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “on behalf of us ungodly ones” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
5:7 o92c rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. Here,**For** introduces an explanation, by contrast, of how surprising it is that Christ would die on behalf of ungodly sinners, as stated in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
5:7 h089 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo μόλις γὰρ & τις ἀποθανεῖται & γὰρ & τάχα τις 1 Paul uses **someone** twice in this verse in two hypothetical situations. He does this to help his readers recognize how rare it is for someone to voluntarily die on behalf of another person. Use the natural form in your language for expressing hypothetical situations. Alternate translation: “Let us consider how rare it would be for someone to die … Let us, though, suppose that perhaps someone” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
5:7 x60d rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast γὰρ & τάχα τις 2 What follows the word **though** here is in contrast to what Paul stated in the previous sentence. Although **someone will hardly die** for **a righteous person**, **someone** might possibly be willing to die for a **good person**. Although Paul does not state the difference between **a righteous person** and **a good person**, he contrasts both examples to emphasize how unlikely it is for a person to willingly die on behalf of another person. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “By contrast, perhaps someone” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
5:7 mqyq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor καὶ τολμᾷ ἀποθανεῖν 1 Paul speaks of dying as if it were a **dare** or challenge for **someone** to overcome. He means that **someone** would be brave enough to give their life for the sake of someone else. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “might even be willing to die” or “would even be brave enough to die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
5:8 qh0h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns ἑαυτοῦ 1 Paul uses the word **his own** to emphasize how much **God** loves his people. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this emphasis. Alternate translation: “his very own” or “his personal” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
5:8 vh6y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὴν ἑαυτοῦ ἀγάπην εἰς ἡμᾶς 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **love**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “how much God loves us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
5:8 c8vd rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous ἔτι ἁμαρτωλῶν ὄντων ἡμῶν 1 In this clause Paul is describing something that was true during the time period he is describing in the rest of the verse. You can make this clear in your translation with an appropriate connecting word or phrase. Alternate translation: “during the time we were still being sinners” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous]])
5:8 fel5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure ἔτι ἁμαρτωλῶν ὄντων ἡμῶν, Χριστὸς ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν ἀπέθανεν 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases. Alternate translation (omitting the preceding comma): “Christ died for us while we were still being sinners” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
5:9 vnxd rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result πολλῷ οὖν μᾶλλον 1 Here, **then** indicates that what follows is the result of what Paul described in [verses 6–8](../05/06.md). Use a natural way in your language for indicating result. Alternate translation: “Much more, therefore” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
5:9 tewt rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases πολλῷ οὖν μᾶλλον 1 **Much more then** here strongly emphasizes that what follows is another important result of what Christ did for us. Use a natural way in your language to express strong emphasis. Alternate translation: “It is then much more certain that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
5:9 zp4v rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result δικαιωθέντες νῦν ἐν τῷ αἵματι αὐτοῦ 1 This clause states the reason why **we** can be **much more** certain that **we will be saved**. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “because we have now been justified by his blood” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
5:9 x9yi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive δικαιωθέντες νῦν ἐν τῷ αἵματι αὐτοῦ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express these ideas with active forms or in other ways that are natural in your language. Alternate translation: “his blood having now justified us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
5:9 nvs3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἐν τῷ αἵματι αὐτοῦ 1 See how you translated **his blood** in [3:25](../03/25.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
5:9 jbaz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive σωθησόμεθα δι’ αὐτοῦ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express these ideas with active forms or in other ways that are natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he will save us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
5:9 bev3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῆς ὀργῆς 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **the wrath**, you could use a different expression. Here, **the wrath** refers specifically to “the day of wrath”, which is mentioned in [2:5](../02/05.md). Alternate translation: “when God finally judges sinners” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
5:10 wply rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. Here, **For** introduces an explanation of what Paul said in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “So” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
5:10 mz06 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact εἰ & ἐχθροὶ ὄντες 1 Paul is speaking as if this were a hypothetical possibility, but he means that it is actually true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might misunderstand and think that what Paul is saying is not certain, then you can translate his words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “since, being enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
5:10 rnc5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive κατηλλάγημεν τῷ Θεῷ διὰ τοῦ θανάτου τοῦ Υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ 1 If your language does not use passive forms in this way, you could express these ideas with active forms or in other ways that are natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the death of his Son reconciled us to God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
5:10 cu3c rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples τοῦ Υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ 1 **Son** is an important title for Jesus, the **Son** of God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
5:10 o1m6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases πολλῷ μᾶλλον 1 Here, **much more** strongly emphasizes that what follows is an important result of **having been reconciled** with **God**. See how you translated this phrase in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “it is much more certain” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
5:10 n817 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive καταλλαγέντες 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express this idea with an active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he having reconciled us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
5:10 e4ug rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result καταλλαγέντες 1 This clause states the reason why **we** can be **much more** certain that **we will be saved**. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “because we have been reconciled” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
5:10 tmxf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive σωθησόμεθα ἐν τῇ ζωῇ αὐτοῦ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express this idea with an active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “his life will save us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
5:10 gcto rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis σωθησόμεθα 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the similar statement in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “when God finally judges people, we will be saved ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
5:10 eeo4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τῇ ζωῇ αὐτοῦ 1 Here **life** implies the **life** that Jesus has after God made him alive again. This resurrection **life** showed that God had accepted Jesus’ death as the payment for the sins of everyone who trusts in Jesus. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Jesus’ life after God caused him to become alive again” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
5:10 b3z4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῇ ζωῇ αὐτοῦ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **life**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “him being alive again” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
5:11 a0vk rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns οὐ μόνον δέ 1 The pronoun **this** could refer to: (1) what Paul said in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “Not only are we saved by his life, but” (2) what Paul said in [verses 2–10](../05/02.md). Alternate translation: “Not only are all these things true, but” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
5:11 zp36 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor καὶ καυχώμενοι ἐν τῷ Θεῷ 1 Paul speaks of these people as if they were boasting inside of God. Paul means that these believers in Christ **boast** about how great God is. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “we also are boasting about how great God is” or “we also are boasting because of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
5:11 uukm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit διὰ τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 Here, **through** indicates that **our Lord Jesus Christ** is the means by which believers can boast. This refers to what Jesus did for believers in order for them to be able to boast. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “through what our Lord Jesus Christ did for us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
5:11 r0zj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit δι’ οὗ νῦν τὴν καταλλαγὴν ἐλάβομεν 1 Here, **through** indicates that Jesus is the means by which believers **have received the reconciliation**. This refers to what Jesus did for believers in order for them to have peace with God, as briefly mentioned in [4:25](../04/25.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “through what he did for us that caused us to receive the reconciliation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
5:11 xjes rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns νῦν τὴν καταλλαγὴν ἐλάβομεν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **reconciliation**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “we have now been reconciled with God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
5:12 hjx4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases διὰ τοῦτο 1 The phrase **For this reason** indicates that what follows in [verses 12–21](../05/12.md) is Paul’s explanation of the relationship between human **sin** and God’s grace. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “Because of this” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
5:12 wf9f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὥσπερ δι’ ἑνὸς ἀνθρώπου ἡ ἁμαρτία εἰς τὸν κόσμον εἰσῆλθεν, καὶ διὰ τῆς ἁμαρτίας ὁ θάνατος; καὶ οὕτως εἰς πάντας ἀνθρώπους ὁ θάνατος διῆλθεν 1 Here Paul speaks of **sin** and **death** as if they were objects that could enter a place or spread within people. Paul means that the way God intended for **the world** and human beings to function became thoroughly corrupted by **sin** and **death**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “just as through one man sin began to exist in the world, and that sin would result in that man’s death, so also all men born after that man would die too” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
5:12 pa8s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit δι’ ἑνὸς ἀνθρώπου 1 Paul uses the phrase **one man** to refer to Adam, the first human being. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly, as in [verse14](../05/14.md). Alternate translation: “through the first man, Adam,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
5:12 smc2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἡ ἁμαρτία & τῆς ἁμαρτίας ὁ θάνατος; καὶ οὕτως & ὁ θάνατος 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **sin** and **death**, you could use different expressions. Alternate translation: “sinful things … sinful things, living things could die, so also the ability to die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
5:12 uxcs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis διὰ τῆς ἁμαρτίας ὁ θάνατος 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the previous clause. Alternate translation: “and through sin death entered into the world” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
5:12 xhbv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ἀνθρώπους 1 Although the term **men** is masculine, Paul is using the word here in a generic sense that includes both men and women. Alternate translation: “people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
5:12 jy25 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ἐφ’ ᾧ πάντες ἥμαρτον 1 Here the pronoun **which** could refer to: (1) the fact that Paul states in the next phrase. Alternate translation: “because of this fact, namely, that all sinned” (2) the **one man** mentioned earlier in the verse. Alternate translation: “because of the one man, all sinned” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
5:12 si2i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj πάντες 1 Paul is using the adjective **all** as a noun in order to describe a group of people. If your language does not use adjectives in the same way, you could translate this with a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “all men” or “all humanity” or “all people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
5:13 at4i rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 **For** here indicates that what follows in [verses 13–14](../05/13.md) explains what came before it. Here it explains how death and **sin** existed before the **law**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In fact,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
5:13 e6bx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ἄχρι γὰρ νόμου & μὴ ὄντος νόμου 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “For until the law came … as that was when there was no law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
5:13 abjg rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns νόμου & νόμου 1 In this verse **law** refers to the laws that God gave the Jews. See how you translated **law** in [2:12](../02/12.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
5:13 v51t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἁμαρτία & ἁμαρτία 1 See how you translated **sin** in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
5:13 uyd4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἁμαρτία ἦν ἐν κόσμῳ 1 Here Paul speaks of **sin** as if it were an object that could exist in a place. Paul means that people sinned **in the world** before God gave his laws to Moses. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “people sinned in the world” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
5:13 juq7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἁμαρτία & οὐκ ἐλλογεῖται 2 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that “God” did it. Alternate translation: “God did not charge them with sinning” or “God did not reckon it as sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
5:13 izno ἁμαρτία & οὐκ ἐλλογεῖται 2 Alternate translation: “a record of sin is not kept” or “no account is kept of sins”
5:13 v5l9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result μὴ ὄντος νόμου 1 Here, **being** could indicate: (1) the reason why **sin is not charged**. Alternate translation: “because there was no law” (2) the time when **sin is not charged**. Alternate translation: “when there was no law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
5:13 j04c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit μὴ ὄντος νόμου 1 Here, **no law** implies that God had not yet given people his laws that could help them identify what sin is. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “being no law to identify to people what sin is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
5:14 bd3q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification ἐβασίλευσεν ὁ θάνατος ἀπὸ Ἀδὰμ μέχρι Μωϋσέως, καὶ ἐπὶ τοὺς 1 Here Paul speaks of **death** as if it were a king who **ruled** **over** people. Paul means that nobody could prevent themselves from dying. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “no human from Adam until Moses could escape dying, even those” or “human life from Adam until Moses inevitably ended in death, even the lives of those” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
5:14 u66m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ὁ θάνατος 1 See how you translated **death** in [verse 12](../05/12.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
5:14 pdrh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἀπὸ Ἀδὰμ μέχρι Μωϋσέως 1 Here, **Adam** refers to the period of time when Adam lived and **Moses** refers to the period of time when **Moses** lived. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “from the time when Adam lived until the time when Moses lived” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
5:14 w24g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish καὶ ἐπὶ τοὺς μὴ ἁμαρτήσαντας ἐπὶ τῷ ὁμοιώματι τῆς παραβάσεως Ἀδάμ 1 This phrase gives further information about over whom **death ruled**. It is not making a distinction between those who lived during the time of **Adam** and **Moses**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the relationship between these phrases clearer. Alternate translation: “even over the people who did not disobey God in the same way as did Adam” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
5:14 skns rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐπὶ τῷ ὁμοιώματι τῆς παραβάσεως Ἀδάμ, ὅς ἐστιν τύπος τοῦ μέλλοντος 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **likeness**, **transgression**, and **pattern**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “in the same way that Adam transgressed, who typifies the one who is coming” or “exactly how Adam transgressed, who resembles the one who is coming” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
5:14 k2w7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἐπὶ τῷ ὁμοιώματι τῆς παραβάσεως Ἀδάμ 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe how **the likeness** relates to the **transgression**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “like Adam’s transgression” or “in the same way Adam transgressed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
5:14 e4ze rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Ἀδάμ, ὅς ἐστιν τύπος τοῦ μέλλοντος 1 Paul speaks of **Adam** as if he were a model or **pattern**. Paul means that **Adam**’s role is similar to the role of **the one who is coming** because both people do things that affect all human beings. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “Adam, who is a replica of the one who is coming” or “Adam, who models the one who is coming” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
5:14 mu4s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τοῦ μέλλοντος 1 The phrase **the one who is coming** refers to Jesus. Paul means that Adam represents the ideal human being, Jesus, who would come in the future. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “representing Jesus, who would come in the future” or “prefiguring Jesus, who was destined to come” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
5:15 x37x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὸ παράπτωμα & τὸ χάρισμα & τῷ τοῦ ἑνὸς παραπτώματι & ἡ χάρις τοῦ Θεοῦ καὶ ἡ δωρεὰ ἐν χάριτι 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **trespass**, **gracious gift**, **grace**, and **gift**, you could express the same ideas with verbal forms. Alternate translation: “how Adam trespassed … what God graciously gave … when the one man trespassed … how gracious God is and what he graciously gave” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
5:15 ieb0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure οὐχ ὡς τὸ παράπτωμα, οὕτως καὶ τὸ χάρισμα 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “the gracious gift is not like the trespass” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
5:15 sful rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. Here, it introduces an explanation of the difference between the **trespass** and the **gracious gift**. Use a connection word or other way to indicate that the second sentence of this verse explains the first one. Alternate translation: “Indeed,” or “You see,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
5:15 yxej rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact εἰ 1 Paul is making a conditional statement that sounds hypothetical, but he is already convinced that the condition is true. He has concluded that the benefits of **the gracious gift** are superior to the consequences of **the trespass**. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a condition that the speaker believes is true. Alternate translation: “as” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
5:15 kdhb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τῷ τοῦ ἑνὸς παραπτώματι 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **the trespass** that was committed by the **one** man. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “by one man’s trespass” or “because one man trespassed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
5:15 e9me rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj οἱ πολλοὶ & τοὺς πολλοὺς 1 Here Paul is using the adjective **many** as a noun in order to describe a large group of people. If your language does not use adjectives in the same way, you could translate this with a noun phrase, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
5:15 h6c3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases πολλῷ μᾶλλον 1 Here, **how much more** strongly emphasizes the difference between the results of **the trespass** of Adam and the **grace of God** that comes through **Jesus Christ**. Use a natural way in your language to express strong emphasis. Alternate translation: “even more certainly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
5:15 tfhj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure ἡ χάρις τοῦ Θεοῦ καὶ ἡ δωρεὰ ἐν χάριτι, τῇ τοῦ ἑνὸς ἀνθρώπου, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, εἰς τοὺς πολλοὺς ἐπερίσσευσεν 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “abounded to the many the grace of God and the gift by the grace of the one man, Jesus Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
5:15 ejxz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἡ χάρις τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **grace** that comes from **God**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “God’s grace” or “the grace from God” or “how kind God is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
5:15 wn36 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τοῦ ἑνὸς ἀνθρώπου 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **the grace** that comes from **the one man**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “from the one man” or “associated with the one man” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
5:16 ns9a rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result καὶ οὐχ ὡς δι’ ἑνὸς ἁμαρτήσαντος, τὸ δώρημα; τὸ μὲν γὰρ κρίμα ἐξ ἑνὸς, εἰς κατάκριμα, τὸ δὲ χάρισμα ἐκ πολλῶν παραπτωμάτων, εἰς δικαίωμα 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these sentences, since the second sentence gives the reason for the result that the first sentence describes. Alternate translation: “Indeed, because the judgment came from one man unto condemnation, but the gift came from many trespasses unto justification. This is why the gift is not the same as through the one man who sinned” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
5:16 rmpt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὸ δώρημα & τὸ δὲ χάρισμα 1 See how you translated these two phrases in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
5:16 ok2k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ὡς δι’ ἑνὸς ἁμαρτήσαντος 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “the same as what came through one who sinned” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
5:16 muum rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἑνὸς ἁμαρτήσαντος 1 Here, **one who sinned** refers to Adam, as mentioned in [verses 12–15](../05/12.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Adam, the one who sinned” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
5:16 ub9s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὸ & κρίμα 2 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **judgment**, you could express the same idea in another way, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
5:16 eusx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐξ ἑνὸς 1 Here, **one** refers to the **one** sin Adam committed. It does not refer to Adam himself, as the previous **one** does. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “from Adam’s trespass” or “from the sin Adam committed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
5:16 xza3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ἐξ ἑνὸς 1 Here, **from one** could indicate: (1) that **the judgment** happened after the **one** trespass. Alternate translation: “after one” (2) that **the judgment** happened because of the **one** trespass. Alternate translation: “because of one” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
5:16 t4t8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns εἰς κατάκριμα & παραπτωμάτων, εἰς δικαίωμα 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **condemnation**, **trespasses**, and **justification**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “to cause God to condemn … sinful deeds people have done, to cause God to justify” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
5:16 s82t rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result εἰς κατάκριμα 1 Here, **to** indicates that was follows is the result of God’s **judgment**. Use a natural way in your language for indicating result. Alternate translation (omitting the comma): “to the resulting condemnation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
5:16 m5k4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ἐκ πολλῶν παραπτωμάτων 1 Here, **from many trespasses** could indicate: (1) that **the gracious gift** happened after **many trespasses**. Alternate translation: “after many trespasses” (2) that **the gracious gift** happened because of **many trespasses**. Alternate translation: “because of many trespasses” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
5:16 jarb rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result εἰς δικαίωμα 1 Here, **to** indicates that was follows is the result of God’s **gracious gift**. Use a natural way in your language for indicating result. Alternate translation: “to the resulting justification” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
5:17 n5zx rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. Here, it introduces a further explanation of the difference between the trespass and the gracious gift, as discussed in [verses15–16](../05/15.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In fact” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
5:17 mhtc rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact εἰ 1 Paul is making a conditional statement that sounds hypothetical, but he is already convinced that the condition is true. He has concluded that the benefits of **the gift** are superior to the consequences of **the trespass**. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a condition that the speaker believes is true. Alternate translation: “because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
5:17 lcyd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τῷ τοῦ ἑνὸς παραπτώματι 1 See how you translated this phrase in [verse 15](../05/15.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
5:17 whbf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj τοῦ ἑνὸς & τοῦ ἑνός & τοῦ ἑνὸς 1 See how you translated the first occurrence of **one** in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
5:17 yvq5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῷ τοῦ ἑνὸς παραπτώματι, ὁ θάνατος & τὴν περισσείαν τῆς χάριτος καὶ τῆς δωρεᾶς τῆς δικαιοσύνης & ἐν ζωῇ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for these ideas, you could express the same ideas with verbal forms. Alternate translation: “because the one man trespassed, the fact that people die … how abundantly kind God is and how he makes people righteous … by living” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
5:17 kz6z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification ὁ θάνατος ἐβασίλευσεν 1 See how you translated this phrase in [verse 14](../05/14.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
5:17 mtr9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result διὰ τοῦ ἑνός 1 Here, **through** indicates that **the one** is the reason why **death ruled**. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “because of the one” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
5:17 lf7t rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases πολλῷ μᾶλλον 1 See how you translated this phrase in [verses 10](../05/10.md) and [15](../05/15.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
5:17 hfvt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure ἐν ζωῇ βασιλεύσουσιν, διὰ τοῦ ἑνὸς, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ. 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “through the one man Jesus Christ will … rule in life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
5:17 xy6h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor οἱ & ἐν ζωῇ βασιλεύσουσιν 1 Paul speaks of these people as if they were kings who **rule** in a location called **life**. This could mean: (1) they will have control over their sinful desires while physically alive. Alternate translation: “will those … have control over their sinfulness while alive” (2) they **will rule** with **Jesus Christ** while living eternally. Alternative translation: “will those … rule and live eternally” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
5:17 nr25 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish οἱ τὴν περισσείαν τῆς χάριτος καὶ τῆς δωρεᾶς τῆς δικαιοσύνης λαμβάνοντες 1 This clause describes the people who will **rule in life**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the relationship between these phrases clearer. Alternate translation: “those who receive the abundance of the grace and the gift of the righteousness as well” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
5:17 fodc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession οἱ τὴν περισσείαν τῆς χάριτος & λαμβάνοντες 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **abundance** that relates to **grace**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “those who receive God’s abundant grace” or “those who experience how abundantly gracious God is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
5:17 o8c3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τῆς δωρεᾶς τῆς δικαιοσύνης 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe how **righteousness** is a **gift**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the gift, which is that of being made righteous,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
5:17 ehbk rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result διὰ τοῦ ἑνὸς, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 Here, **through** indicates that **the one, Jesus Christ** is the reason why his people will **rule in life**. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “because of the one, Jesus Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
5:17 uifs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τοῦ ἑνὸς, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 The phrase **the one, Jesus Christ** refers to what Jesus did for believers in order for them to **rule in life**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “what the one, Jesus Christ has done for them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
5:18 e7cq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ἄρα οὖν ὡς δι’ ἑνὸς παραπτώματος, εἰς πάντας ἀνθρώπους εἰς κατάκριμα, οὕτως καὶ δι’ ἑνὸς δικαιώματος, εἰς πάντας ἀνθρώπους εἰς δικαίωσιν ζωῆς 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “So then, as one man trespassed and this trespass caused all men to become condemned, so also one man acted righteously and this act caused all men to become justified for living eternally” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
5:18 mccf rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases ἄρα οὖν 1 **So then** indicates that what follows in [verses 18–21](../05/18.md) summarizes the ideas of [verses 12–17](../05/12.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a clearer expression. Alternate translation: “Finally” or “In summary” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
5:18 sfwg rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result δι’ & δι’ 1 See how you translated **through** in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
5:18 z0jq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns παραπτώματος & κατάκριμα & δικαίωσιν 1 See how you translated **trespass**, **condemnation**, and **justification** in [verse 16](../05/16.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
5:18 n8pr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations πάντας ἀνθρώπους -1 Although the term **men** is masculine, Paul is using the word here in a generic sense that includes both men and women. See how your translated **all men** in [verse 12](../05/12.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
5:18 bcm2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession δικαίωσιν ζωῆς 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe how **justification** relates to **life**. This could mean: (1) **justification** that leads to **life**. Alternate translation: “justification that brings eternal life” (2) **justification** that is **life**. Alternate translation: “justification, which is eternal life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
5:18 bmey rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ζωῆς 1 Here, **life** refers to “eternal life.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “of eternal life” or “for living forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
5:19 hj69 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 **For** here indicates that what follows explains what Paul said in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In fact,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
5:19 sjek rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases ὥσπερ & οὕτως καὶ 1 See how you translated the similar connective words **just as** and **so also** in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
5:19 rgji rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result διὰ & διὰ 1 See how you translated **through** in the previous two verses. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
5:19 z8r8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῆς παρακοῆς τοῦ ἑνὸς ἀνθρώπου & τῆς ὑπακοῆς τοῦ ἑνὸς 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **disobedience** and **obedience**, you could express the same ideas with verbal forms. You may need to supply an object for the verbs, such as “God” or “God’s command.” Alternate translation: “the one man disobeying God … the one man obeying God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
5:19 qpsm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τοῦ ἑνὸς ἀνθρώπου 1 Here, **the one man** refers to “Adam.” See how you translated the similar use of **one man** in [verse 12](../05/12.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
5:19 q8lj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive διὰ τῆς παρακοῆς τοῦ ἑνὸς ἀνθρώπου, ἁμαρτωλοὶ κατεστάθησαν οἱ πολλοί 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the disobedience of the one man caused the many to become sinners” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
5:19 huig rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj οἱ πολλοί -1 See how you translated **the many** in [verse 15](../05/15.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
5:19 px2r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj ἁμαρτωλοὶ 1 See how you translated **sinners** in [verse 8](../05/08.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
5:19 bhra rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive διὰ τῆς ὑπακοῆς τοῦ ἑνὸς, δίκαιοι κατασταθήσονται οἱ πολλοί 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the obedience of the one caused the many to become righteous ones” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
5:19 haks rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τοῦ ἑνὸς 2 Here, **the one** refers to “Jesus Christ.” See how you translated the third occurrence of **the one ** in [verse 17](../05/17.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
5:20 lah6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns νόμος 1 See how you translated **the law** in [2:12](../02/12.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
5:20 w958 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification παρεισῆλθεν 1 The word translated **slipped in** can refer to sneaking in unnoticed, as in [Jude 1:4](../jud/01/04.md). Paul may be stressing how the coming of **the law** was like an unwelcome person secretly intruding at some location. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this explicit. Alternate translation: “intruded like a person sneaking in unnoticed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
5:20 ttcw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὸ παράπτωμα & ἡ ἁμαρτία & ἡ χάρις 1 See how you translated **trespass** in [verses 15–18](../05/15.md), **sin** in [verses 12–13](../05/12.md), and **grace** in [verses 15](../05/15.md) and [17](../05/17.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
5:20 relk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor πλεονάσῃ τὸ παράπτωμα & ἐπλεόνασεν ἡ ἁμαρτία, ὑπερεπερίσσευσεν ἡ χάρις 1 Paul speaks of **the trespass**, **sin**, and **grace** as if they were objects that could increase in amount. He means that the power or influence of these concepts expanded throughout humanity. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “the trespass might be more evident … sin became more evident, the grace became even more obvious” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
5:20 wbh3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα πλεονάσῃ τὸ παράπτωμα 1 This clause could refer to: (1) one of God’s purposes for giving **the law**. Alternate translation: “in order to increase the trespass” (2) the result of God giving **the law**. Alternate translation (with preceding comma): “resulting in the trespass increasing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
5:20 godn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor οὗ 1 Here Paul uses **where** to refer to **sin** and **grace** as if they were located somewhere. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “as” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
5:21 ycy7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα 1 The phrase **so that** here introduces a purpose clause. Paul is stating the purpose for which God caused grace to abound, as stated in the previous verse. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation (without a comma preceding): “for the purpose that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
5:21 ymxy rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases ὥσπερ & οὕτως καὶ 1 See how you translated **just as** and **so also** in the [verse 19](../05/19.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
5:21 leu9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἡ ἁμαρτία ἐν τῷ θανάτῳ & ἡ χάρις & δικαιοσύνης & ζωὴν αἰώνιον 1 See how you translated **sin** and **grace** in the previous verse, **death** and **righteousness** in [verse 17](../05/17.md), and **eternal life** in [2:7](../02/07.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
5:21 wmy8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification ἐβασίλευσεν ἡ ἁμαρτία 1 Here Paul speaks of **sin** as if it were a king ruling over people. Paul means that everyone was controlled by their sinful desires. While death **ruled** in [verse 14](../05/14.md), **sin ruled** after God gave the law. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “everyone was controlled by sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
5:21 wuh2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν τῷ θανάτῳ 1 Here, **in death** could refer to: (1) the location in which **sin ruled**. Alternate translation: “in the place where death exists” (2) the means by which **sin ruled**. Alternate translation: “by means of death” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
5:21 kc21 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification χάρις βασιλεύσῃ διὰ δικαιοσύνης 1 Here Paul speaks of **grace** as if it were a king ruling over people. Paul means that God’s **grace** allows people to become righteous. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “how gracious God is might make people become righteous” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
5:21 bk72 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result διὰ & διὰ 1 See how you translated **through** in the [verses 17–19](../05/17.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
5:21 c9nj rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result εἰς ζωὴν αἰώνιον 1 Here, **to** indicates that was follows is the result of God’s **grace** ruling **through righteousness**. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “resulted in eternal life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
5:21 axr9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν 1 The phrase **Jesus Christ our Lord** refers to what Jesus did for believers in order for them to have **eternal life**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “what Jesus Christ our Lord has done for them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
6:intro v522 0 # Romans 6 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n5. Becoming like Christ in this life (6:1–8:39)\n * Baptism represents union with Christ’s death (6:1–14)\n * Christians are now slaves of righteousness (6:15–23)\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Slavery\n\nIn this chapter Paul frequently uses the metaphor of the relationship between slaves and their masters. He speaks figuratively of people who live sinfully as if they were slaves to sin and the death it causes ([6:6](../06/06.md), [16–17](../06/16.md), [20](../06/20.md)). He also speaks figuratively of Christians as if God has freed them from being enslaved to sin and has himself or righteousness as their master ([6:18](../06/18.md), [22](../06/22.md)). Because Christians are no longer controlled by their desire to sin, they should instead serve God and live in a way that glorifies him ([6:12–14](../06/12.md), [19](../06/19.md)). (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/servant]])\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in this Chapter\n\n### Rhetorical Questions\n\nIn [verses 1–3](../06/01.md), [15–16](../06/15.md), and [21](../06/21.md) Paul uses rhetorical questions in order to answer objections that people might make about what he is saying.\n\n## Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### Inclusive language\n\nIn this chapter the pronouns “we”, “us”, and “our” refer inclusively to all believers in Christ. Paul calls these people those who have been “baptized into Christ Jesus” in [verse 3](../06/03.md). Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
6:1 fxgw rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result τί οὖν 1 Here, **then** indicates that what follows is a response to what Paul said in the previous chapter, especially what he said in [5:20](../05/20.md). See how you translated **What then** in [3:1](../03/01.md) and [4:1](../04/01.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
6:1 pvg3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion τί οὖν ἐροῦμεν? ἐπιμένωμεν τῇ ἁμαρτίᾳ, ἵνα ἡ χάρις πλεονάσῃ? 1 In this verse Paul is not asking for information, but is using a question to address rumors some people may have been spreading that misrepresent his teachings. If you would not use rhetorical questions for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation or communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Then we will say that we should continue in the sin so that the grace might increase!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
6:1 t8tl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks τί οὖν ἐροῦμεν? ἐπιμένωμεν τῇ ἁμαρτίᾳ, ἵνα ἡ χάρις πλεονάσῃ? 1 In this verse and the first part of the next verse, Paul is speaking as if he were a Christian who misunderstood what Paul had taught in the previous chapter. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
6:1 fj9e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἐροῦμεν? ἐπιμένωμεν 1 Here, **we** includes all those of whom Paul spoke as those “who were baptized into Christ Jesus,” as mentioned in [6:3](../06/03.md), so **we** is inclusive of all Christians. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
6:1 ngpt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῇ ἁμαρτίᾳ & ἡ χάρις 1 See how you translated **sin** and **grace** in [5:21](../05/21.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
6:1 sa16 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐπιμένωμεν τῇ ἁμαρτίᾳ 1 Paul speaks of **sin** as if it were a location. He is referring to the idea of people continuing to live sinfully after they have become Christians. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “Should we continue to live sinfully” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
6:1 ju6f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἵνα ἡ χάρις πλεονάσῃ 1 Paul speaks here of **grace** as if it were an object that could **increase** in amount, as he also does in [5:20](../05/20.md). He is referring to the idea of Christians experiencing the power or influence of **grace** in their lives. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “so that we can experience more grace” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
6:1 f5qt rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα ἡ χάρις πλεονάσῃ 1 The phrase **so that** here introduces a purpose clause. Paul is stating the supposed purpose for which someone would **sin**. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “in order to increase the grace” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
6:2 e82n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit μὴ γένοιτο 1 In this verse Paul responds to the rhetorical questions he wrote in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I would respond by saying, ‘May it never be!’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
6:2 pa6g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations μὴ γένοιτο 1 See how you translated this phrase in [3:4](../03/04.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
6:2 wvhg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion οἵτινες ἀπεθάνομεν τῇ ἁμαρτίᾳ, πῶς ἔτι ζήσομεν ἐν αὐτῇ? 1 Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form here to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “We who died to sin surely cannot still live in it!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
6:2 rgte rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor οἵτινες ἀπεθάνομεν τῇ ἁμαρτίᾳ, πῶς ἔτι ζήσομεν ἐν αὐτῇ? 1 Paul speaks of **sin** as if it were a location where Christians could live or die. Here, **died to sin** refers to the idea that Christians are no longer controlled by their sinful desires. By contrast, **live in** sin means to continue being controlled by sinful desires. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “We who are no longer controlled by our desire to sin, how could we still live as though we are controlled by that desire” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
6:3 wwaw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion ἢ ἀγνοεῖτε, ὅτι ὅσοι ἐβαπτίσθημεν εἰς Χριστὸν Ἰησοῦν, εἰς τὸν θάνατον αὐτοῦ ἐβαπτίσθημεν? 1 Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form here to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “You surely know that as many as were baptized into Christ Jesus were baptized into his death!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
6:3 wh26 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ὅσοι 1 Paul is leaving out a word that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “as many people as” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
6:3 yy94 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ὅσοι ἐβαπτίσθημεν εἰς Χριστὸν Ἰησοῦν, εἰς τὸν θάνατον αὐτοῦ ἐβαπτίσθημεν 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “as many people as someone baptized into Christ Jesus someone also baptized into his death” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
6:3 bd11 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐβαπτίσθημεν εἰς Χριστὸν Ἰησοῦν, εἰς τὸν θάνατον αὐτοῦ ἐβαπτίσθημεν 1 Paul speaks of **Christ Jesus** and **his death** as if they were locations into which someone could be **baptized**. Here, **into Christ Jesus** refers to being united with **Christ Jesus**, and **into his death** refers to sharing in the spiritual benefits of **his death**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning of these two phrases plainly. Alternative translation: “were baptized are united with Christ Jesus and also share in the benefits of his death” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
6:3 tcve rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὸν θάνατον 1 See how you translated **death** in [5:21](../05/21.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
6:4 m43r rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result συνετάφημεν οὖν 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “We were buried, therefore” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
6:4 f4va rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor συνετάφημεν οὖν αὐτῷ 1 Paul speaks of Christians as if they **were buried** with Jesus when they were baptized. Paul mentions burial because it emphasizes that Jesus did indeed die. Here he means that Christians are indeed united with Christ’s **death** and share in its spiritual benefits. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “We are indeed united, then, with Christ’s death” or “We are so united, then, with Christ’s death that it is as if we were really buried with him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
6:4 vva7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit διὰ τοῦ βαπτίσματος εἰς τὸν θάνατον 1 Here, **through** indicates that the following phrase is the means by which Christians **were buried** with Jesus. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “by means of the baptism into his death” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
6:4 kmn3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor εἰς τὸν θάνατον 1 See how you translated this phrase in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
6:4 y71v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὸν θάνατον & τῆς δόξης & ζωῆς 1 See how you translated **death** in [6:3](../06/03.md), **glory** in [5:2](../05/02.md), and **life** in [5:21](../05/21.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
6:4 k1el rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα ὥσπερ ἠγέρθη Χριστὸς ἐκ νεκρῶν διὰ τῆς δόξης τοῦ Πατρός, οὕτως καὶ ἡμεῖς ἐν καινότητι ζωῆς περιπατήσωμεν 1 Here, **so that** indicates that what follows is a purpose clause. Paul is stating one purpose for which God instituted **baptism**. If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases to make this explicit. Alternate translation: “in order for us to walk in newness of life, just as Christ was raised from the dead by the glory of the Father” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
6:4 kado rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases ὥσπερ & οὕτως καὶ 1 See how you translated **just as** and **so also** in the [5:19](../05/19.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
6:4 z6zk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile ὥσπερ ἠγέρθη Χριστὸς ἐκ νεκρῶν διὰ τῆς δόξης τοῦ Πατρός, οὕτως καὶ ἡμεῖς ἐν καινότητι ζωῆς περιπατήσωμεν 1 The point of this comparison is that the new way a Christian should live after being baptized is similar to being **raised** from the dead, as Christ was. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent comparison or express this meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “we should live in a new way, similar to when Christ was raised from death through the glory of the Father” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
6:4 dpy2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἠγέρθη Χριστὸς ἐκ νεκρῶν διὰ τῆς δόξης τοῦ Πατρός 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the glory of the Father raised Christ from dead ones” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
6:4 t47r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ἠγέρθη Χριστὸς ἐκ νεκρῶν 1 See how you translated this phrase in [4:24](../04/24.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
6:4 ce9z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ἐκ νεκρῶν 1 See how you translated this phrase in [4:24](../04/24.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
6:4 gblc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession διὰ τῆς δόξης τοῦ Πατρός 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **glory** that comes from or characterizes **the Father**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “through the glory from the Father” or “through the Father’s glory” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
6:4 y29w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τῆς δόξης 1 Here, **the glory** refers specifically to God’s glorious power. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the glorious power” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
6:4 r3hn rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples τοῦ Πατρός 1 **Father** is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
6:4 gtns rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἡμεῖς & περιπατήσωμεν 1 Here Paul uses **walk** to refer to how a person lives and behaves. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “we … might act” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
6:4 hyab rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἐν καινότητι ζωῆς 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **life** that is characterized by **newness**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “with a new life” or “like those made newly alive” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
6:5 msbq rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. **For** here indicates that what follows explains what Paul said in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “So then,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
6:5 jdzp rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact εἰ 1 Paul is making a conditional statement that sounds hypothetical, but he is already convinced that the condition is true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might misunderstand and think that what Paul is saying is not certain, then you can translate his words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
6:5 p6xk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor σύμφυτοι γεγόναμεν τῷ ὁμοιώματι τοῦ θανάτου αὐτοῦ 1 Here Paul speaks of **death** as if it were something with which Christians could be physically **planted together**. He means that by being baptized, Christians show that they participate in the spiritual benefits obtained by Christ’s death. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “we participate in Christ’s death through baptism” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
6:5 z8wa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῷ ὁμοιώματι τοῦ θανάτου αὐτοῦ & τῆς ἀναστάσεως 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for these ideas of **likeness** and **resurrection**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “in what is like his death … his resurrecting from the dead” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
6:5 hg5y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τῷ ὁμοιώματι τοῦ θανάτου αὐτοῦ 1 Here Paul implies that **likeness of his death** refers to the “baptism” referred to in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in the likeness of his death that is represented by baptism” or “in baptism, which represents dying with him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
6:5 kfvs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἀλλὰ καὶ τῆς ἀναστάσεως ἐσόμεθα 1 Here Paul speaks of **resurrection** as if it were something of which Christians could **become part**. He means that Christians will one day rise from the dead like Christ did. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “we will also certainly be resurrected like Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
6:6 fhvh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ὁ παλαιὸς ἡμῶν ἄνθρωπος συνεσταυρώθη 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God crucified our old man together with him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
6:6 lu12 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὁ παλαιὸς ἡμῶν ἄνθρωπος συνεσταυρώθη 1 Paul speaks of **our** sinful human nature as if it were an **old man** who was nailed to the same cross as Christ. Paul means that when Christ was **crucified**, he destroyed the power of **sin** and death that controlled all humans. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “God destroyed the power of sin that controlled people when Christ was crucified” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
6:6 y0ib rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns συνεσταυρώθη 1 The pronoun **him** refers to Christ. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “was crucified with Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
6:6 n6o6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα 1 Here, **in order that** introduces a purpose clause. Paul is stating the purpose for which God **crucified our old man**. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation (without a comma preceding): “so that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
6:6 jpge rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive καταργηθῇ τὸ σῶμα τῆς ἁμαρτίας 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that “God” did it. Alternate translation: “God might nullify the body of sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
6:6 jw00 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor καταργηθῇ τὸ σῶμα τῆς ἁμαρτίας 1 Paul speaks of **the body of sin** as if it were a condition of slavery that could be cancelled. He means that Christ’s crucifixion removed the ability of sinful desires to control people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “God might completely end how living sinfully controls people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
6:6 l6pd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὸ σῶμα τῆς ἁμαρτίας 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe how **the body** is related to **sin**. Use a natural way in your language to express this idea. Here, **the body of sin** could refer to: (1) how humans tend to **sin**. Alternate translation: “our human tendency to sin” or “how living sinfully controls us” (2) how sin controls the human body. Alternate translation: “how sin controls our bodies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
6:6 l3zm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἁμαρτίας & ἁμαρτίᾳ 1 See how you translated **sin** in [verse 1](../06/01.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
6:6 c5ie rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal τοῦ μηκέτι δουλεύειν 1 Here, **for** could indicate: (1) God’s purpose for nullifying **the body of sin**. Alternate translation: “in order for it to no longer enslave” (2) the result of **the body of sin** being **nullified**. Alternate translation: “causing it to no longer enslave” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
6:6 rpax rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τοῦ μηκέτι δουλεύειν ἡμᾶς τῇ ἁμαρτίᾳ 1 Paul speaks of **the body of sin** as if it could **enslave** people. Here he means that the desire to sin that controls people would no longer do so. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “for it to no longer make us live sinfully” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
6:7 f893 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὁ & ἀποθανὼν 1 Here Paul implies that **the one having died** is the same “old man” whom Paul said “was crucified” with Christ in the previous verse. Paul means that God considers any person who has “died to sin” ([6:2](../06/02.md)) to be **freed from** living sinfully. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the one who has died to sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
6:7 qvgd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor δεδικαίωται ἀπὸ τῆς ἁμαρτίας 1 Paul continues the metaphor of **sin** enslaving people from the previous verse. Here Paul speaks of **sin** as if it were something that people need to be **freed from**. He means that the desire to **sin** that controls people would no longer do so. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “no longer has to live sinfully” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
6:7 hoqm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive δεδικαίωται 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that “God” did it. Alternate translation: “God has freed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
6:7 geua rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἁμαρτίας 1 See how you translated **sin** in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
6:8 mbx9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact εἰ 1 In this verse, Paul is making a conditional statement that sounds hypothetical, but he is already convinced that the condition is true. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a condition that the speaker believes is true. Alternate translation: “because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
6:8 wwhf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἀπεθάνομεν σὺν Χριστῷ 1 Paul speaks of Christians as if they physically died with Christ. He means that through baptism Christians show that they participate in the spiritual benefits obtained by Christ’s death and will one day **live together with him**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “we are united to Christ’s death when baptized” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
6:8 c724 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit πιστεύομεν 1 Paul implies that since Christians have **died with Christ**, the result is that they have confidence that they will **live together with him**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “we are confident” or “this persuades us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
6:8 nuc1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit καὶ συνζήσομεν αὐτῷ 1 Here Paul implies that **live together with him** refers to “eternal life”, as he mentioned in [5:21](../05/21.md) and [6:4–5](../06/04.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “we will also live forever with him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
6:9 bebx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure εἰδότες ὅτι Χριστὸς ἐγερθεὶς ἐκ νεκρῶν, οὐκέτι ἀποθνῄσκει 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “knowing that Christ no longer dies, having been raised from dead ones” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
6:9 zdkc rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases εἰδότες ὅτι 1 See how you translated the similar phrase in [verse 6](../06/06.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
6:9 gjqq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Χριστὸς ἐγερθεὶς ἐκ νεκρῶν 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that “God” did it. Alternate translation: “God raised Christ from dead ones, Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
6:9 zkq2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ἐγερθεὶς ἐκ νεκρῶν 1 See how you translated the similar clause in [verse 4](../06/04.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
6:9 lvv8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism οὐκέτι ἀποθνῄσκει; θάνατος αὐτοῦ οὐκέτι κυριεύει 1 These two phrases mean similar things. Paul says the same thing twice, in slightly different ways, to emphasize that **Christ** can never die again. If it would be helpful in your language, you could combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “will absolutely never die again” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
6:9 wem1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification θάνατος αὐτοῦ οὐκέτι κυριεύει 1 Here Paul speaks of **death** as if it were a **lord** who could rule over someone. Paul means that Jesus could not possibly die again. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he no longer submits to being dead” or “he can never die again” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
6:9 kl3e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns θάνατος 1 See how you translated **death** in [verse 4](../06/04.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
6:10 ehi9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows is the reason why Christ “no longer dies,” as stated in the previous verse. Use the most natural way in your language for indicating a reason, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
6:10 e290 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ὃ 1 Here, **that which** refers to Christ’s death and life. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the death which” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
6:10 aw31 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τῇ ἁμαρτίᾳ ἀπέθανεν 1 Here, **to sin** implies that Christ died for the sake of freeing humanity from being “enslaved to sin.” It does not mean that Jesus himself was ever controlled by sin before he died. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternative translation: “he died for the sake of removing sin’s control over people” or “he died to stop sin from controlling people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
6:10 j7bl rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ὃ 2 Here, **that which** refers to Christ’s life after God raised him from the dead. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the life which” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
6:10 z4yb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ζῇ τῷ Θεῷ 1 Here, **to God** implies that Christ now lives for the sake of glorifying God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternative translation: “he lives for the sake of glorifying God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
6:11 zjjv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular ὑμεῖς 1 Throughout [verses 11–23](../06/11.md), the pronouns **you** and “your” are plural and refer to the believers in Rome to whom Paul wrote this letter. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “you believers at Rome” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
6:11 dw6l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor εἶναι νεκροὺς μὲν τῇ ἁμαρτίᾳ 1 See how you translated “died to sin” in [verse 2](../06/02.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
6:11 bjxg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ζῶντας & τῷ Θεῷ 1 See how you translated the similar phrase “he lives to God” in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
6:11 nkvd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ 1 See how you translated this phrase in [3:24](../03/24.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
6:12 pp2t rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result οὖν 1 **Therefore** here introduces a result clause. Paul is stating how he wants his readers to act in response to what he said in the previous verse. Use a natural way in your language to introduce a result clause. Alternate translation: “This is why” or “Because of this” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
6:12 s6h1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification μὴ & βασιλευέτω ἡ ἁμαρτία ἐν τῷ θνητῷ ὑμῶν σώματι 1 Here Paul speaks of **sin** as if it were a king who rules over a place called **mortal body**. By *(*do not let sin rule**, Paul means that Christians should not allow **sin** to control the way they use their bodies. See how you translated a similar use of **rule** in [5:21](../05/21.md). Alternate translation: “do not let your physical body become controlled by sinning” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
6:12 z1ia rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun ἐν τῷ θνητῷ ὑμῶν σώματι, 1 Although **body** here is a singular noun, Paul is referring to the bodies of his readers. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a plural form. Alternate translation: “in your mortal bodies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
6:12 cm8d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche ἐν τῷ θνητῷ ὑμῶν σώματι 1 Here, **body** could refer to: (1) the whole person. Alternative translation: “in you” or “in your whole being” (2) the physical human body. Alternative translation: “in your physical body” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
6:12 r462 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result εἰς τὸ ὑπακούειν ταῖς ἐπιθυμίαις αὐτοῦ 1 Here **to** indicates that what follows is the result of letting **sin rule**. Use a natural way in your language to indicate result. Alternate translation: “causing you to obey its lusts” or “resulting in you obeying your lusts”(See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
6:12 yg9l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification εἰς τὸ ὑπακούειν ταῖς ἐπιθυμίαις αὐτοῦ 1 Here Paul speaks of **lusts** as if they were people who could be obeyed. He means that people can submit to their desires to do sinful things. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to submit to your lustful desires” or “to do what you lust for” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
6:12 zs9g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ταῖς ἐπιθυμίαις αὐτοῦ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **lusts**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “how it urges you to lust” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
6:12 kh3w rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns αὐτοῦ 1 The pronoun **its** refers to **mortal body**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “your mortal body’s” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
6:13 wt07 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure μηδὲ παριστάνετε τὰ μέλη ὑμῶν, ὅπλα ἀδικίας τῇ ἁμαρτίᾳ, ἀλλὰ παραστήσατε ἑαυτοὺς τῷ Θεῷ, ὡσεὶ ἐκ νεκρῶν ζῶντας, καὶ τὰ μέλη ὑμῶν, ὅπλα δικαιοσύνης τῷ Θεῷ 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these clauses in order to emphasize the similar ideas. Alternate translation: “And do not keep presenting your members as tools of unrighteousness to sin, but present your members as tools of righteousness to God. And present yourselves to God, as living from dead ones” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
6:13 mxto rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor μηδὲ παριστάνετε τὰ μέλη ὑμῶν, ὅπλα ἀδικίας τῇ ἁμαρτίᾳ & καὶ τὰ μέλη ὑμῶν, ὅπλα δικαιοσύνης τῷ Θεῷ 1 Paul speaks of body parts as if they were **tools** that could be offered to someone or used by someone. He means that he wants his readers to stop using their body parts for sinning, but instead to use them to live in the way God wants. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “And do not keep using your members to act unrighteously by sinning … and use your members to act righteously for God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
6:13 qncn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ὅπλα ἀδικίας 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **tools** that are characterized by **unrighteousness**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “as unrighteous tools” or “as tools for living unrighteously” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
6:13 hlzf ὅπλα & ὅπλα 1 The word translated as **tools** often refers to “weapons.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “as weapons … as weapons”
6:13 dq4n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἀδικίας & δικαιοσύνης 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **unrighteousness** and **righteousness**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “of what is unrighteous … of what is righteous” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
6:13 wq3m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor παραστήσατε ἑαυτοὺς τῷ Θεῷ 1 Paul speaks of his readers as if they could offer themselves as slaves to their master, who is **God**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “give yourselves to God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
6:13 px9k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile ὡσεὶ ἐκ νεκρῶν ζῶντας 1 The point of this comparison is that Christians should live in such a way that demonstrates that they are now **dead to sin, but alive to God**, as mentioned in [verse 11](../06/11.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “as those who are free from living sinfully” or “as those who are no longer controlled by living sinfully” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
6:13 vk76 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ἐκ νεκρῶν 1 See how you translated this phrase in [verse 4](../06/04.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
6:13 amyo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis καὶ τὰ μέλη ὑμῶν 1 Paul is leaving out a word that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply this from the beginning of this sentence. Alternate translation: “and present your members” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
6:13 dz8u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ὅπλα δικαιοσύνης 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **tools** that are characterized by **righteousness**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “as righteous tools” or “as tools for living righteously” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
6:14 xfz1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. Here, it introduces an explanation of what Paul said in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In fact,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
6:14 u36f rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ἁμαρτία & ὑμῶν οὐ κυριεύσει, οὐ γάρ ἐστε ὑπὸ νόμον, ἀλλὰ ὑπὸ χάριν 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these clauses, since the second clause gives the reason for the result that the first clause describes. Alternate translation: “because you are not under law, but under grace, do not allow sin to rule over you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
6:14 gez3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification ἁμαρτία & ὑμῶν οὐ κυριεύσει 1 See how you translated the similar phrase in [verse 12](../06/12.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
6:14 bl09 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative ἁμαρτία & οὐ κυριεύσει 1 Paul is using a future statement to give a command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural form for a command. Alternate translation: “sin must not rule over” or “do not allow sin to rule over” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative]])
6:14 caqv rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γάρ 1 Here, **for** indicates that what follows is the reason why Paul urges his readers to not allow **sin** to **lord over** them. Use the most natural form in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “since” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
6:14 a0dz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification οὐ γάρ ἐστε ὑπὸ νόμον, ἀλλὰ ὑπὸ χάριν 1 Paul speaks of **law** and **grace** as if they were rulers **under** whose authority people have to live. He means that Christians are no longer controlled by the requirements of the **law**, which resulted in people sinning more, as stated in [5:20](../05/20.md). By contrast, Christians now serve the gracious God, as is explained in [verses 15–23](../06/15.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “for the law no longer controls you, but you are now controlled by God’s grace” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
6:14 eibi rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns νόμον 1 See how you translated **law** in [2:12](../02/12.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
6:14 ypqx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὑπὸ χάριν 1 Here, **grace** refers specifically to God’s gracious empowering of people to stop sinning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternative translation: “controlled by God’s grace” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
6:15 yk81 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result τί οὖν 1 Here, **then** indicates that what follows is a response to what Paul said in [verses 1–14](../06/01.md). See how you translated **What then** in [3:1](../03/01.md), [4:1](../04/01.md), and [6:1](../06/01.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
6:15 zxb8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion τί οὖν? ἁμαρτήσωμεν ὅτι οὐκ ἐσμὲν ὑπὸ νόμον, ἀλλὰ ὑπὸ χάριν? 1 Paul is not asking for information, but is using a question form here to address an objection that some people may have to what he said in the previous verses. If you would not use rhetorical questions for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation or communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Then we should sin because we are not under law, but under grace!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
6:15 rtts rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks τί οὖν? ἁμαρτήσωμεν ὅτι οὐκ ἐσμὲν ὑπὸ νόμον, ἀλλὰ ὑπὸ χάριν? 1 In these two sentences, Paul is speaking as if he were a Christian who misunderstood what Paul had taught in the previous verses. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
6:15 t4cc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification ὑπὸ νόμον & ὑπὸ χάριν 1 See how you translated these phrases in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
6:15 t52x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit μὴ γένοιτο 1 In this sentence Paul begins to respond to the rhetorical questions he posed earlier in the verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I would respond by saying, ‘May it never be!’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
6:15 c77g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations μὴ γένοιτο 1 See how you translated this phrase in [3:4](../03/04.md) and [6:2](../06/02.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
6:16 n5j4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion οὐκ οἴδατε, ὅτι ᾧ παριστάνετε ἑαυτοὺς δούλους εἰς ὑπακοήν, δοῦλοί ἐστε ᾧ ὑπακούετε—ἤτοι ἁμαρτίας εἰς θάνατον, ἢ ὑπακοῆς εἰς δικαιοσύνην? 1 Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form here to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “You surely know that to what you keep presenting yourselves as slaves for obedience, you become slaves to what you obey—whether of sin leading to death, or of obedience leading to righteousness!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
6:16 hn6y rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ᾧ & ᾧ 1 The pronoun translated **what** here indicates a general reference to a thing or person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “to whomever or whatever … to whomever or whatever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
6:16 g6zz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor παριστάνετε ἑαυτοὺς δούλους & δοῦλοί ἐστε ᾧ ὑπακούετε 1 Paul speaks of people as if they could offer themselves as **slaves** to someone or something. He is referring to being controlled by someone or something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “you keep being controlled by … you become controlled by what you obey” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
6:16 psrr rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal εἰς ὑπακοήν 1 Here, **for** indicates that this is a purpose clause. Paul is stating the purpose for which these people are **presenting** themselves as **slaves**. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “in order to obey” or “for the purpose of obeying” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
6:16 zim4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns εἰς ὑπακοήν & ὑπακοῆς 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **obedience**, you could express the same idea in a different way. Alternate translation: “to obey … to obey” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
6:16 h0ar rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification ἤτοι ἁμαρτίας εἰς θάνατον, ἢ ὑπακοῆς εἰς δικαιοσύνην 1 Here, **sin** and **obedience** are spoken of as if they were masters that **slaves** would obey. Paul means that people can be controlled either by their desire to **sin** or a desire to obey God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this plainly. Alternate translation: “whether you are controlled by sinning, leading to death, or you are controlled by obeying God, leading to righteousness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
6:16 gtzd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἁμαρτίας & ὑπακοῆς 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **slaves** that belong to **sin** or **obedience**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “slaves that belong to sin … slaves that belong to obedience” or “sin’s slaves … obedience’s slaves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
6:16 cyct rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἁμαρτίας & δικαιοσύνην 1 See how you translated **sin** in [verse 1](../06/01.md) and **righteousness** in [verse 13](../06/13.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
6:16 zfgc rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result εἰς θάνατον & εἰς δικαιοσύνην 1 Here, **leading to** indicates result. Use a natural way in your language to indicate result. Alternate translation: “resulting in death … resulting to righteousness” or “causing death … causing righteousness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
6:16 d8gv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit εἰς θάνατον 1 Here, **death** refers to spiritual **death**, which is eternal punishment in hell that occurs after physical death. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “leading to spiritual death” or “causing one to die spiritually” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
6:17 xj75 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations χάρις & τῷ Θεῷ 1 Here, **thanks be to God** is an exclamatory phrase that communicates Paul’s thankfulness. Use an exclamation form that is natural in your language for communicating thanks. Alternate translation: “I give thanks to God!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
6:17 tl5d rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast ὅτι ἦτε δοῦλοι τῆς ἁμαρτίας 1 Here, **that** indicates that the clause that follows provides a contrast between who Paul’s readers were before they became Christians and who they were after they had **listened from the heart** to true Christian **teaching**. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “even though you were slaves of sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
6:17 yxt7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification δοῦλοι τῆς ἁμαρτίας 1 See how you translated the similar phrase **of sin** in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
6:17 uwcy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification ὑπηκούσατε δὲ ἐκ καρδίας, εἰς & τύπον διδαχῆς 1 Here Paul speaks of **the pattern of teaching** as if it were a person who could be **listened** to. He means that his readers accepted the true Christian teaching that Christians were teaching them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but you accepted the form of teaching” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
6:17 ep7k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὑπηκούσατε 1 The word translated **listened** implies that the people who listened also responded by obeying what they heard. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “you clung” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
6:17 my2z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ὑπηκούσατε & ἐκ καρδίας 1 Here, **from the heart** is an idiom that refers to being sincere or doing something with one’s will and emotions. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you totally listened” or “you listened from deep within” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
6:17 lugj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification εἰς ὃν παρεδόθητε τύπον διδαχῆς 1 Here Paul speaks of **the pattern of teaching** as if it were a slave-master to which people are **given over to** as slaves when they become Christians. Paul means that Christians should submit to the authority of true Christian teaching. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to the pattern of teaching that you were submitted to” or “to the pattern of teaching that you were handed over to, as if you were its slave” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
6:17 pz14 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ὃν παρεδόθητε 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that God gave you over to” or (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
6:18 fcd1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification ἐλευθερωθέντες δὲ ἀπὸ τῆς ἁμαρτίας, ἐδουλώθητε τῇ δικαιοσύνῃ 1 Here Paul speaks of **sin** and **righteousness** as if they were slave-masters that people could be **enslaved** to. Paul means that his readers are no longer controlled by their sinful desires, but are controlled by the desire to live righteously. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And having been freed from having to live sinfully, you now have to live righteously” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
6:18 y2zg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐλευθερωθέντες δὲ ἀπὸ τῆς ἁμαρτίας, ἐδουλώθητε 1 If your language does not use passive forms in this way, you could express these ideas in active forms or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that “God” did it. Alternate translation: “And God having freed you from sin, he enslaved you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
6:18 twpq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἁμαρτίας & δικαιοσύνῃ 1 See how you translated **sin** and **righteousness** in [verse 16](../06/16.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
6:19 jlmd rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ἀνθρώπινον λέγω, διὰ τὴν ἀσθένειαν τῆς σαρκὸς ὑμῶν 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases, since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. Alternate translation: “Because of the weakness of your flesh, I speak as a man” or “Because you are still immature, I have to speak in simple terms” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
6:19 puvh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ἀνθρώπινον λέγω 1 Here, **as a man** is an idiom meaning “the way people do” or “like a human being.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “I am speaking based on how human beings perceive things” or “I am talking like a mere human being” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
6:19 gt1n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὴν ἀσθένειαν τῆς σαρκὸς ὑμῶν & τῇ ἀκαθαρσίᾳ, καὶ τῇ ἀνομίᾳ εἰς τὴν ἀνομίαν & τῇ δικαιοσύνῃ εἰς ἁγιασμόν 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **weakness**, **uncleanness**, **lawlessness**, **righteousness**, and **sanctification**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “how weak your flesh is … to act impurely and to be more and more lawless … for living righteously, which leads to being sanctified” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
6:19 l4ah rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom τὴν ἀσθένειαν τῆς σαρκὸς ὑμῶν 1 Here, **flesh** is an idiom that refers to human nature. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “your human weakness” or “your natural limitations” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
6:19 psmw rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. Here, it introduces an explanation of what Paul said in [verses 17–18](../06/17.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Moreover,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
6:19 x2kt rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases ὥσπερ & οὕτως 1 See how you translated **just as** and **so** in the [5:19](../05/19.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
6:19 jbcz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification παρεστήσατε τὰ μέλη ὑμῶν δοῦλα τῇ ἀκαθαρσίᾳ, καὶ τῇ ἀνομίᾳ εἰς τὴν ἀνομίαν & παραστήσατε τὰ μέλη ὑμῶν, δοῦλα τῇ δικαιοσύνῃ 1 Paul speaks of body parts as if they were **slaves** that could be offered to someone or used by someone. He means that his readers used to use their body parts to act impurely and to disobey God’s laws, but now they should use them to live in the way God wants. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated similar phrases in [verse 13](../06/13.md). Alternative translation: “you used your members to act uncleanly and to disobey God more and more … use your members to act righteously” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
6:19 o0ta rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result εἰς ἁγιασμόν 1 The phrase **leading to** indicates result. Use a natural way in your language to indicate result. Alternate translation: “resulting in sanctification” or “causing sanctification” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
6:20 s9pk rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** here introduces a result clause. Use a natural way in your language to indicate result. Alternate translation: “This reason for this is that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
6:20 i1ze rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification ὅτε & δοῦλοι ἦτε τῆς ἁμαρτίας, ἐλεύθεροι ἦτε τῇ δικαιοσύνῃ 1 Here, Paul speaks of **sin** and **righteousness** as if they were slave-masters. Paul means that when his readers had previously used their bodies to act sinfully, they were not serving God’s purposes as **slaves** of **righteousness**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “when you were controlled by sin, you did not serve God” or “when you were living sinfully, you did not live righteously” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
6:20 mu0y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony ἐλεύθεροι ἦτε τῇ δικαιοσύνῃ 1 Paul is not making a serious suggestion here that sinful people are not required to live righteously. Paul means to communicate the opposite of the literal meaning of **free**. If this would be misunderstood in your language, consider expressing the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you were unrighteous” or “you were unable to live righteously” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
6:21 x3bn rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result τίνα & καρπὸν εἴχετε τότε, ἐφ’ οἷς νῦν ἐπαισχύνεσθε? τὸ γὰρ τέλος ἐκείνων θάνατος 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these sentences since the second sentence gives the reason for the result that the first sentence describes. Alternate translation: “since the outcome of those things is death, what fruit were you then having because of which things you are now ashamed?” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
6:21 kjl5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion τίνα οὖν καρπὸν εἴχετε τότε, ἐφ’ οἷς νῦν ἐπαισχύνεσθε 1 Paul is using a rhetorical question here to emphasize the futility of being “slaves to sin” in the previous verse. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation in order to communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “So you were not then having any fruit because of which things you are now ashamed!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
6:21 vgam rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom καρπὸν 1 Here, **fruit** is an idiom that refers to a benefit or advantage. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “advantage” or “profit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
6:21 pnbm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐφ’ οἷς & ἐκείνων 1 Here, **which things** and **those things** refer to sins. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “because of which sins … of those sins” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
6:21 j2ie rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὸ γὰρ τέλος ἐκείνων θάνατος 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **outcome** and **death**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “For those things finally result in you dying” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
6:21 tj21 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit θάνατος 1 Here, **death** refers to spiritual **death**, which is eternal punishment in hell that occurs after physical death. See how you translated the same use of **death** in [verse 16](../06/16.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
6:22 x8vw rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast νυνὶ δέ 1 **But now** introduces a contrast with the previous two verses, a contrast that focuses on time. The word translated **now** refers to the time after the Roman believers became Christians. If it would be helpful in your language, you could clarify what **now** refers to. Alternate translation: “But now that you believe in Jesus,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
6:22 cqlf rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ἐλευθερωθέντες ἀπὸ τῆς ἁμαρτίας, δουλωθέντες δὲ τῷ Θεῷ 1 This clause indicates the reason why Paul’s readers have **fruit leading to sanctification**. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “because you have been freed from sin and have been enslaved to God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
6:22 fmtc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification ἐλευθερωθέντες ἀπὸ τῆς ἁμαρτίας, δουλωθέντες δὲ τῷ Θεῷ 1 Here Paul speaks of **sin** and **God** as if they were slave-masters. Paul means that Christians are no longer controlled by their desire to sin, but are supposed to obey **God** instead. See a similar phrase in [verse 18](../06/18.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “having been freed from having to live sinfully and having begun to serve God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
6:22 z3ap rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐλευθερωθέντες ἀπὸ τῆς ἁμαρτίας, δουλωθέντες δὲ τῷ Θεῷ 1 If your language does not use passive forms in this way, you could express these ideas in active forms or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that “God” did it. Alternate translation: “God having freed you from sin and having enslaved you to himself” or “God having released you from being controlled by your sin and having caused you to serve him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
6:22 npf3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ἔχετε τὸν καρπὸν ὑμῶν 1 See how you translated **fruit** in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
6:22 a478 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns εἰς ἁγιασμόν, τὸ & τέλος ζωὴν αἰώνιον 1 See how you translated **sanctification** in [verse 19](../06/19.md), **outcome** in [verse 21](../06/21.md), and **eternal life** in [5:21](../05/21.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
6:22 lvhh rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result εἰς ἁγιασμόν 1 See how you translated this phrase in [verse 19](../06/19.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
6:23 gacy rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** here indicates that this verse gives the reason for what Paul said in the previous two verses. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “This is true because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
6:23 ze3f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification τὰ & ὀψώνια τῆς ἁμαρτίας θάνατος 1 Here, Paul speaks of **sin** as if it were a person who could pay **wages**. Paul means that the result of living sinfully is eternal **death**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “when a person lives sinfully, it results in eternal death” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
6:23 juc4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τὰ & ὀψώνια τῆς ἁμαρτίας θάνατος 1 Paul speaks of **death** as if it were **wages** paid to those who **sin**. He means that the result of living sinfully is eternal **death**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternative translation: “whoever lives sinfully receives eternal death as the result” or “whoever lives sinfully earns eternal death as if it were wages for work” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
6:23 iyv3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὰ & ὀψώνια τῆς ἁμαρτίας 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **the wages** that come from **sin**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “sin’s wages” or “the wages that come from sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
6:23 pizh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit θάνατος 1 Here, **death** refers to spiritual **death**, which is eternal punishment in hell that occurs after physical death. See how you translated the same use of **death** in [verses 16](../06/16.md) and [21](../06/21.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
6:23 slyb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns θάνατος; τὸ & χάρισμα & ζωὴ αἰώνιος 1 See how you translated **death** in [verse 21](../06/21.md), **gracious gift** in [5:15–16](../05/15.md), and **eternal life** in [verse 22](../06/22.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
6:23 cwkw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὸ & χάρισμα τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **the gracious gift** that comes from **God**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “God’s gracious gift” or “the gracious gift from God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
6:23 jn66 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ 1 Paul speaks of **eternal life** as if it were occupying space inside of **Christ Jesus**. Paul means that **eternal life** comes by being united to **Christ Jesus**, as stated in [verse 11](../06/11.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “for those who are united to Christ Jesus” or “comes through being united to Christ Jesus” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
7:intro fl1y 0 # Romans 7 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n5. Becoming like Christ in this life (6:1–8:39)\n * Baptism represents union with Christ’s death (6:1–14)\n * Christians are now slaves of righteousness (6:15–23)\n * Christians have been freed from the law (7:1–6)\n * The law is not sinful (7:7–12)\n * Christians still struggle with indwelling sin (7:13–25)\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### “The Law”\n\nThroughout most of this chapter Paul uses the singular noun “the law” to refer to the group of laws that God gave Israel through Moses. However, in [verses 21–25](../07/21.md) Paul uses the word “law” in several different ways. Each of these different uses will be addressed in the notes. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in this Chapter\n\n### Marriage\n\nScripture commonly uses marriage as a metaphor. Here Paul uses it to describe how the church relates to the law of Moses and now to Christ. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n## Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### Inclusive language\n\nIn this chapter the pronouns “we”, “us”, and “our” refer inclusively to all Jewish believers in Christ. Paul calls these people “brothers” in [verses 1](../07/01.md) and [4](../07/04.md). Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
7:1 mk7w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion ἢ ἀγνοεῖτε, ἀδελφοί (γινώσκουσιν γὰρ νόμον λαλῶ), ὅτι ὁ νόμος κυριεύει τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ἐφ’ ὅσον χρόνον ζῇ? 1 Paul is using a rhetorical question here to emphasize that the Jew is required to obey the law of Moses his whole life. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “You surely know, brothers (for I am speaking to those who know the law), that the law is lord of the man for as long as he lives!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
7:1 guk4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ἀδελφοί 1 Although the term **brothers** is masculine, Paul is using the word here to refer to both male and female Jewish believers in Christ. Alternate translation: “my fellow Jewish Christians” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
7:1 s4su (γινώσκουσιν γὰρ νόμον λαλῶ) 1 Here Paul interrupts himself in order to clarify that he is specifically directing this part of the letter to the Jewish believers in the church at Rome. If this would be confusing in your language, you could add parentheses, as done in the ULT, or use a natural way in your language to indicate this.
7:1 j67x rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 Here, **for** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. Here, it explains the reason why Paul expects these **brothers** to understand what he is saying. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “I know you should understand this because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
7:1 ajk4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns λαλῶ 1 The pronoun **I** here and throughout this chapter refers to Paul (see [6:19](../06/19.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I, Paul, am speaking” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
7:1 k3h5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns νόμον & ὁ νόμος 1 For every occurrence of **the law** in [verses 1–20](../07/01.md), translate the phrase in the same way you translated it in [2:12](../02/12.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
7:1 okz5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification ὁ νόμος κυριεύει τοῦ ἀνθρώπου 1 Here Paul speaks of **the law** as if it were a king. Paul means that, like a king, **the law** must be obeyed by those who are obligated to do so. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or with a simile. Alternate translation: “like a king, the law must be obeyed by every Jewish person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
7:1 r9fl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations τοῦ ἀνθρώπου & ζῇ 1 Although **the man** and **he** are masculine, Paul is using the word here in a generic sense that includes both men and women. Alternate translation: “of a person … that person lives” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
7:2 as1h rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. Here, it introduces an explanation of an example from God’s law that illustrates how “the law rules over the man for as long as he lives,” as Paul said in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “For example,” or “As an illustration,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
7:2 j4sn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun ἡ & ὕπανδρος γυνὴ τῷ ζῶντι ἀνδρὶ δέδεται νόμῳ; ἐὰν δὲ ἀποθάνῃ ὁ ἀνήρ, κατήργηται & τοῦ ἀνδρός 1 Paul is speaking of Jewish **married** women and husbands in general, not of one particular **woman** or **husband**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “married women remain bound by law to their living husbands, but if their husbands die, they have been released … of their husbands” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
7:2 hpn4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἡ & ὕπανδρος γυνὴ & δέδεται νόμῳ & κατήργηται 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the law continually binds the married woman … God releases her” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
7:2 l6d9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification ἡ & ὕπανδρος γυνὴ τῷ ζῶντι ἀνδρὶ δέδεται νόμῳ & κατήργηται ἀπὸ τοῦ νόμου τοῦ ἀνδρός 1 Here Paul speaks of the **law** as if it were a person who could tie a **woman** to her **husband**. Paul means that the **law** of Moses requires a **married woman** to stay married to her **husband** only while he is alive. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “God requires in his law that the married woman remain married to her living husband … she is no longer required to remain married to the husband” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
7:2 ag23 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τοῦ νόμου τοῦ ἀνδρός 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **the law** that is related to **the husband**. This phrase refers to the **law** already described in the previous clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the law that requires her to remain bound to the husband” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
7:3 w3yw rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases ἄρα οὖν 1 See how you translated this phrase in [5:18](../05/18.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
7:3 ss60 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure ζῶντος τοῦ ἀνδρὸς, μοιχαλὶς χρηματίσει, ἐὰν γένηται ἀνδρὶ ἑτέρῳ 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “if she becomes married to another husband, the first husband being alive” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
7:3 jbvc rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous ζῶντος τοῦ ἀνδρὸς 1 In this clause Paul is describing something that was occurring during the same time period as what he describes in the next clause. You can make this clear in your translation with an appropriate connecting word or phrase. Alternate translation: “at the same time that the husband is alive” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous]])
7:3 ci5r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun τοῦ ἀνδρὸς & ὁ ἀνήρ 1 See how you translated this phrase in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
7:3 r2m4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive μοιχαλὶς χρηματίσει 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the law will title her an adulteress” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
7:3 wg4k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐλευθέρα ἐστὶν ἀπὸ τοῦ νόμου 1 Here Paul speaks of **the law** as if it were an object or person someone could be freed from. Paul means that **the law** that prohibited a woman from marrying **another husband** did not apply if her first husband died. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar phrase “she has been released from the law” in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “she is no longer required to remain married to the first husband” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
7:4 kvqw rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ὥστε 1 **So then** here introduces the result of what Paul said in [verses 1–3](../07/01.md). Use a natural way in your language for introducing a result clause. Alternate translation: “Since this is true” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
7:4 ne64 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ἀδελφοί 1 See how you translated this word in [verse 1](../07/01.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
7:4 z8zj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive καὶ ὑμεῖς ἐθανατώθητε τῷ νόμῳ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you also died to the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
7:4 svrq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns καὶ ὑμεῖς ἐθανατώθητε 1 Paul uses the word **yourselves** to emphasize that even Jewish Christians are not required to obey the law of Moses. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this emphasis. Alternate translation: “you very Jews yourselves were also made dead” or “even you Jews yourselves were also made dead” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
7:4 vpwf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor καὶ ὑμεῖς ἐθανατώθητε τῷ νόμῳ 1 Here Paul uses **made dead** to refer to Jewish Christians not being required to obey the law of Moses. Just as dead people don’t have to obey the law, so too, Jewish Christians no longer have to obey it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “your yourselves no longer have to obey the law” or “you yourselves are like dead people in that you do not have to obey the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
7:4 v2tu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit διὰ τοῦ σώματος τοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 Here, **through** indicates that **the body of Christ** is the means by which believers **were made dead to the law**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “by means of the body of Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
7:4 glzf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor διὰ τοῦ σώματος τοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 Here, **the body of Christ** refers to the death of Jesus’ body. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “through the death of Christ’s body” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
7:4 xw6f rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal εἰς τὸ γενέσθαι ὑμᾶς ἑτέρῳ 1 Here, **so that** introduces a purpose clause. Paul is stating the purpose for which God **made** believers **dead to the law**. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “in order for us to become married to another” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
7:4 g59t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor εἰς τὸ γενέσθαι ὑμᾶς ἑτέρῳ 1 Here Paul uses **married to another** to refer to Christians being united with **Christ** as if they became **married** to him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “so that you might become united to Jesus” or “so that you might be united with Christ like a woman becomes married to another husband”(See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
7:4 rj6u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive τῷ ἐκ νεκρῶν ἐγερθέντι 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “to the one whom God raised from dead ones” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
7:4 t9nt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom τῷ ἐκ νεκρῶν ἐγερθέντι 1 See how you translated a similar phrase in [4:24](../04/24.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
7:4 gxjj rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα καρποφορήσωμεν τῷ Θεῷ 1 Here, **in order that** introduces a purpose clause. Paul is stating the purpose for which God **raised** Jesus **from dead ones**. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation (without a comma preceding): “in order for us to produce fruit for God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
7:4 c4rl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor καρποφορήσωμεν τῷ Θεῷ 1 Paul uses **fruit** here to refer to actions that please God as if they were **fruit** that a person could grow. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “we might be able to do things pleasing to God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
7:4 ka0o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive καρποφορήσωμεν 1 Here, **we** includes all those whom Paul called **brothers** earlier in this verse and in [verse 1](../07/01.md), so **we** is inclusive of all Jewish Christians. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
7:5 i1zl rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. **For** here indicates that what follows in the next two verses explains what Paul said in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In fact,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
7:5 gmb9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἦμεν ἐν τῇ σαρκί 1 Here Paul speaks of **the flesh** as if it were a location that someone could be **in**. He means his readers used to live according to the desires of their sinful natures. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “we were living according to our sinful natures” or “we were doing whatever we wanted to do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
7:5 bl7i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὰ παθήματα τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν τὰ διὰ τοῦ νόμου ἐνηργεῖτο 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **passions**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “the desire to sin that was through the law was working” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
7:5 g2rg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis τὰ διὰ τοῦ νόμου ἐνηργεῖτο 1 Paul is leaving out a word that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply the word from the context. Paul said something similar about **the law** causing sin to increase in [5:20](../05/20.md). Alternate translation: “that were increased through the law were working” or “that were stimulated by the law were working” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
7:5 vlev rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit διὰ τοῦ νόμου 1 Here, **through** indicates the means by which **the sinful passions** increased. Paul means that **the law** stimulated people’s desire to sin even more. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “by means of the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
7:5 tvku rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification ἐνηργεῖτο ἐν τοῖς μέλεσιν ἡμῶν 1 Here Paul speaks of **the sinful passions** are if they were people who could work within someone’s body parts. He means that people’s sinful desires caused them to sin with their bodies. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “were causing us to use our members to sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
7:5 denv τοῖς μέλεσιν 1 See how you translated **members** in [6:13](../06/13.md).
7:5 pnw6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result εἰς τὸ καρποφορῆσαι 1 Here, **to** introduces a result clause. Use a natural way in your language to indicate result. Alternate translation: “which resulted in producing fruit” or “so that they would produce fruit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
7:5 xed9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor εἰς τὸ καρποφορῆσαι 1 Here Paul uses **fruit** to refer to the result or outcome of someone’s actions. Paul is using **fruit** differently than how he used it in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “so that the outcome was” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
7:5 m071 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῷ θανάτῳ 1 See how you translated **death** in [6:16](../06/16.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
7:5 ub7z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τῷ θανάτῳ 1 Here, **death** refers to spiritual **death**, which is eternal punishment in hell that occurs after physical death. See how you translated the same use of **death** in [6:16](../06/16.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
7:6 mze7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast νυνὶ δὲ 1 See how you translated this phrase in [6:22](../06/22.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
7:6 l8w4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive κατηργήθημεν ἀπὸ τοῦ νόμου & ἐν ᾧ κατειχόμεθα 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God has released us from the law … to that which was holding us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
7:6 j6i3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification κατηργήθημεν ἀπὸ τοῦ νόμου & ἐν ᾧ κατειχόμεθα 1 Here Paul speaks of **the law** as if it were a slave-master from which someone must be **released** and who can hold people captive. Paul means that Christians do not have to obey the laws God gave the Jews. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “we no longer have to obey the law … to that which we used to be required to obey” or “we are like slaves who have been released from the law … to that which we used to have to obey like slaves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
7:6 l2l3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν ᾧ κατειχόμεθα 1 The phrase **that by which we were being held** refers to **the law**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “to the law by which we were being held” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
7:6 vcok rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἀποθανόντες ἐν ᾧ κατειχόμεθα 1 Paul speaks of **the law** as if it were a location where Christians could die. Here, **died to** the law refers to the idea that Christians no longer have to obey the requirements of the laws God gave the Jews. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “no longer being required to obey that by which we were being held” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
7:6 zafg rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ὥστε δουλεύειν ἡμᾶς 1 Here, **so that** indicates that what follows is the result of Christians **having died to** the law. Use the natural way in your language to indicate result. Alternate translation: “the result being that we might serve” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
7:6 f9n4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis δουλεύειν ἡμᾶς 1 Paul is leaving out a word that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply this word from the context. Alternate translation: “we might serve God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
7:6 c1j8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐν καινότητι & οὐ παλαιότητι 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **newness** and **oldness**, you could express the same ideas in another way. These words indicate different ways in which people**serve** God. Alternate translation: “in the new way … not in the old way” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
7:6 vhqd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἐν καινότητι Πνεύματος 1 Paul uses the possessive form to describe the **newness** that is produced by **the Spirit**. Paul means that the Holy Spirit enables Christians to live in a new way that pleases God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in a new way that comes from the Holy Spirit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
7:6 rm8r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession παλαιότητι γράμματος 1 Paul uses the possessive form to describe the **oldness** that is determined by **the letter**. Paul means that Christians do not live in the old way that the law of Moses requires. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in the old way that the letter requires” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
7:6 iozz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy γράμματος 1 Paul uses **the letter** to refer to **the law** which is written down with letters. See how you translated this word in [2:27](../02/27.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
7:7 k1jj rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result τί οὖν ἐροῦμεν? 1 **Then** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. Here, **then** indicates that what follows is a response to what Paul said in the previous verses, especially what he said in [verse 5](../07/05.md). See how you translated this phrase in [6:1](../06/01.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
7:7 bnyx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion τί οὖν ἐροῦμεν? ὁ νόμος ἁμαρτία? 1 In these two sentences Paul is not asking for information, but is using questions to address an objection that some people may have to what he said in [verse 5](../07/05.md) because they misunderstood him. If you would not use rhetorical questions for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as statements or exclamations or communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Then we will say that the law is sin!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
7:7 f3hc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks τί οὖν ἐροῦμεν? ὁ νόμος ἁμαρτία? 1 In these two sentences Paul is speaking as if he were a Jewish Christian who misunderstood what Paul had taught in the previous verses. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
7:7 zl8m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἁμαρτία & τὴν ἁμαρτίαν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **sin**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “something sinful … what things are sinful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
7:7 erx6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit μὴ γένοιτο 1 In this sentence Paul begins to respond to the rhetorical questions he wrote earlier in the verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I would respond by saying, ‘May it never be!’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
7:7 u8gm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations μὴ γένοιτο 1 See how you translated this phrase in [3:4](../03/04.md) and [6:2](../06/02.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
7:7 y92j rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast ἀλλὰ 1 **But** here indicates that what follows is in contrast to what came before it. Here, **But** introduce the contrast to the idea that **the law** is sinful. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “Nevertheless,” or “By contrast,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
7:7 zzsf rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. Here, it introduces an example from God’s law that illustrates the importance of **the law**. See how you translated the same use of **For** in [verse 2](../07/02.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
7:7 g0np rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τήν & ἐπιθυμίαν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **covetousness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “what it means to be covetous” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
7:7 refv rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations ὁ νόμος ἔλεγεν 1 Here Paul uses **said** to indicate a quotation from **the law** that is written in the Old Testament ([Exodus 20:17](../exo/20/17.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “it had been written in the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
7:7 qb5v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification ὁ νόμος ἔλεγεν 1 Here Paul speaks of **the law** as if it were a person who could say something. He means that God **said** what was written down in **the law**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “God said in the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
7:8 mz77 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification ἀφορμὴν & λαβοῦσα ἡ ἁμαρτία διὰ τῆς ἐντολῆς, κατειργάσατο ἐν ἐμοὶ πᾶσαν ἐπιθυμίαν 1 Here Paul speaks of **sin** as if it were a person who could take an **opportunity** and produce **covetousness** within a person. Paul means that his desire to **sin** by coveting increased when he learned the commandment that prohibits coveting. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “my desire to sin, increasing as a result of the commandment, led me to covet” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
7:8 fh6x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τῆς ἐντολῆς 1 Here, **the commandment** refers specifically to the command, “You will not covet,” in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the command that we should not covet” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
7:8 w6ah rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῆς ἐντολῆς 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **commandment**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “what God commanded” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
7:8 zeb5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐπιθυμίαν 1 See how you translated **covetousness** in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
7:8 r5i2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification χωρὶς & νόμου, ἁμαρτία νεκρά 1 Here Paul speaks of **sin** as if it were something which could be **dead**. Paul means that his desire to **sin** would not have increased if God had not given his laws. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “if there were no law, my desire to sin would not have been stimulated” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
7:9 cag9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor χωρὶς νόμου 1 Here Paul speaks about the **law** as if it did not exist before he knew about it. Paul means that he was not aware of God’s law **at one time**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “while unaware of the law” or “without knowledge of the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
7:9 sz5q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification ἐλθούσης & τῆς ἐντολῆς 1 Paul speaks of **the commandment** as if it were a person who could **come** to Paul. He means that he became aware of **the commandment**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “when I became aware of the commandment” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
7:9 i90y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῆς ἐντολῆς, ἡ ἁμαρτία 1 See how you translated **commandment** and **sin** in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
7:9 d4wm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τῆς ἐντολῆς 1 Here, **the commandment** could refer to: (1) all the commandments that make up God’s law. Alternate translation: “God’s commandments” (2) **the commandment** against coveting, as mentioned in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “the commandment against coveting” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
7:9 q9le rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification ἡ ἁμαρτία ἀνέζησεν 1 Here Paul speaks of **sin** as if it were a person who could come **to life**. This could mean: (1) Paul’s desire to sin was stimulated, as mentioned in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “my desire to sin was stimulated” (2) Paul realized that he was sinning, as mentioned in [verse 7](../07/07.md). Alternate translation: “I became aware of my sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
7:10 ouxm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐγὼ & ἀπέθανον 1 Paul uses **died** here to refer to being spiritually dead, which is the spiritual condition of all non-Christians. Spiritual death results in eternal punishment in hell after a person’s body dies. Paul means here that he realized that he was spiritually dead when he understood God’s law. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I died spiritually” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
7:10 mzx2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἡ ἐντολὴ 1 See how you translated **commandment** in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
7:10 jmso rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ζωὴν 1 Here, **life** refers to “eternal life.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “of eternal life” or “for living forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
7:10 yu1u rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ἡ ἐντολὴ, ἡ εἰς ζωὴν 1 Here, **for** indicates the purpose for **the commandment**. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “the commandment that was intended to cause life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
7:10 a0rz rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result εὑρέθη μοι & αὕτη εἰς θάνατον 1 Here, **for** indicates that what follows is the result of **the commandment**. Paul means that God’s laws resulted in eternal **death** for people. Use a natural way in your language for indicating result. Alternate translation: “it was found to result in death for me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
7:10 hkce rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive εὑρέθη & αὕτη 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I found it to be” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
7:10 jrrw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor εὑρέθη & αὕτη 1 Here Paul speaks of **the commandment** as if it were an object that could be **found**. Paul means that he realized that God’s law results in spiritual death for people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I realized it was to be” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
7:10 y97i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit θάνατον 1 Here, **death** refers to spiritual **death**, which is eternal punishment in hell that occurs after physical death. See how you translated the same use of **death** in [6:16](../06/16.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
7:11 r582 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification ἡ & ἁμαρτία ἀφορμὴν λαβοῦσα διὰ τῆς ἐντολῆς 1 See how you translated this clause in [verse 8](../07/08.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
7:11 qi99 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification ἐξηπάτησέν με 1 Here Paul speaks of **sin** as if it were a person who could deceive people. Paul means that his desire to sin tricked him into thinking that he could become righteous by obeying **the commandment**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “caused me to deceive myself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
7:11 qljg rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns δι’ αὐτῆς 1 The pronoun **it** refers to **the commandment**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “through the commandment” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
7:11 f6sx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification ἀπέκτεινεν 1 Here Paul speaks of **sin** as if it were a person who could kill people. Paul means that his desire to sin caused him to disobey God’s law, which resulted in Paul being spiritually dead. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “caused me to die spiritually” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
7:12 h0li rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ὥστε 1 **So then** indicates that what follows this phrase explains what came before it. **So then** here introduces the result of what Paul said in [verses 7–11](../07/07.md). Use a natural way in your language for indicating result. Alternate translation: “Since this is true” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
7:12 i3ka rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἡ ἐντολὴ 1 See how you translated **commandment** in [verse 9](../07/09.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
7:13 us69 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result οὖν 1 The word **Therefore** indicates that what follows is a logical conclusion. **Therefore** here indicates that what follows is the result of what Paul said in [verses 7–12](../07/07.md). Use a natural way in your language for indicating result. Alternate translation: “As a result” or “This is why” or “Because of this” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
7:13 e1bx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion τὸ & ἀγαθὸν ἐμοὶ ἐγένετο θάνατος? 1 Paul is using a rhetorical question here to emphasize that the law did not directly cause him to become spiritually dead. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “surely what is good did not become death to me!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
7:13 g451 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὸ & ἀγαθὸν & διὰ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ 1 Here, **what is good** refers to the law. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “God’s good laws … through those good laws” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
7:13 qwe9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐμοὶ ἐγένετο θάνατος 1 Here Paul speaks of the law as if it could **become death**. Paul is referring to the idea that God’s laws directly caused him to become spiritually dead. He rejects this idea in the next sentence. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “did … cause me to die spiritually” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
7:13 ee64 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit θάνατος & θάνατον 1 In this verse **death** refers to spiritual death, which is eternal punishment in hell that occurs after physical death. See how you translated the same use of **death** in [6:16](../06/16.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
7:13 r84l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns θάνατος & ἡ ἁμαρτία & ἁμαρτία & θάνατον & ἡ ἁμαρτία διὰ τῆς ἐντολῆς 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **sin** and **commandment** in [verse 11](../07/11.md) and **death** in [verse 10](../07/10.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
7:13 hgm6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations μὴ γένοιτο! 1 See how you translated this phrase in [3:4](../03/04.md) and [6:2](../06/02.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
7:13 f9md rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure ἀλλὰ ἡ ἁμαρτία, ἵνα φανῇ ἁμαρτία διὰ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ μοι κατεργαζομένη θάνατον 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “But sin produced death in me in order that it might be shown to be sin through what is good” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
7:13 qoe9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ἁμαρτία, ἵνα φανῇ ἁμαρτία διὰ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ μοι κατεργαζομένη θάνατον 1 Here, **in order that** indicates a purpose clause. Paul is stating a purpose for **sin** **producing death**. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “sin produced death in me for the purpose of showing itself to be sin through what is good” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
7:13 kvhi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor φανῇ ἁμαρτία 1 Here Paul uses **shown** as if **sin** were an object that people could see. Paul means that God’s laws enable people to recognize what **sin** is. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “it might be recognized to be sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
7:13 e7r4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit διὰ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ 1 Here, **through** indicates that **what is good** is the means by which sin is clearly understood to be sin. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “by means of what is good” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
7:13 m4l5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification ἡ ἁμαρτία & μοι κατεργαζομένη θάνατον; 1 Here Paul speaks of **sin** as if it were a person who could kill someone. Paul means that his desire to sin caused him to disobey God’s law, which resulted in Paul being spiritually dead. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “sin … caused me to die spiritually” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
7:13 pnq6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor μοι κατεργαζομένη θάνατον 1 Here Paul speaks of **death** as if it were an object that could be inside a person. He means that he was spiritually dead. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: Alternate translation: “killed me spiritually” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
7:13 cuct rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα γένηται καθ’ ὑπερβολὴν ἁμαρτωλὸς ἡ ἁμαρτία διὰ τῆς ἐντολῆς 1 Here, **so that** indicates a purpose clause. Paul is stating another purpose for **sin** **producing death**. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “in order for sin to become sinful beyond measure through the commandment” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
7:13 a6zb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit διὰ τῆς ἐντολῆς 1 Here, **through** indicates that **the commandment** is the means by which sin becomes **sinful beyond measure**. Paul means that God’s laws provide a standard by which people can understand how extremely sinful sin is. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “by means of the commandment” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
7:13 clht rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification γένηται καθ’ ὑπερβολὴν ἁμαρτωλὸς ἡ ἁμαρτία 1 Here Paul speaks of **sin** as if it were a person who could become more **sinful**. He means that God’s laws provide a standard by which people can understand how extremely sinful sin is. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “sin might be recognized as sinful beyond measure” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
7:13 oy2w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom καθ’ ὑπερβολὴν 1 Here, **beyond measure** is an idiom that means “to a great degree” or “exceedingly.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a similar idiom from your language or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to an extreme degree” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
7:14 k5mg rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. **For** here indicates that this verse is the reason why the previous statement is true. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “These things I have just said are true because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
7:14 quen rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὁ νόμος πνευματικός ἐστιν 1 Here, **spiritual** means that the source of **the law** is God’s Spirit. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the law comes from God’s Spirit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
7:14 vxn0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns ἐγὼ & σάρκινός εἰμι 1 Paul uses the word **myself** to emphasize the contrast between himself and **the law**. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this emphasis. Alternate translation: “I indeed am fleshly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
7:14 big5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit σάρκινός 1 Here, **fleshly** refers to the weakness of sinful human nature, which is the inability to stop sinning without God’s help. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “spiritually frail” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
7:14 lx8f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive πεπραμένος 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “having sold myself into slavery” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
7:14 sr9e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor πεπραμένος ὑπὸ τὴν ἁμαρτίαν 1 Here Paul speaks of himself as if he were a slave. Here, **sold into slavery** could refer to: (1) being influenced by one’s sinful human nature. In this case Paul would be speaking about his situation even after becoming a Christian. Alternate translation: “being under the influence of my sinful nature” (2) being controlled by one’s desire to sin. In this case Paul would be speaking about his situation before he became a Christian. Alternate translation: “being controlled by my desire to sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
7:14 p9pi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ὑπὸ τὴν ἁμαρτίαν 1 See how you translated the similar use of this phrase in [3:9](../03/09.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
7:15 udc8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 ***For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. **For** here indicates that this verse is the reason why the previous statement is true. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “What I have just said is true because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
7:15 u3av ὃ & κατεργάζομαι, οὐ γινώσκω 1 Alternate translation: “I am not sure why I do some of the things that I do”
7:15 gneb rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 2 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. Here, it introduces an explanation of “what I produce,” in the previous sentence. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In fact,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
7:15 e8ki rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis οὐ & ὃ θέλω & ὃ μισῶ 2 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “what I do not want to do … what I hate to do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
7:15 az2z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole οὐ & ὃ θέλω, τοῦτο πράσσω & ὃ μισῶ, τοῦτο ποιῶ. 2 The phrases **I practice** and **I do** are exaggerations that Paul uses to emphasize that he often does what he does not want to do. It does not mean that Paul always does these things. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “what I do not want, this I often practice … what I hate, this I often do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
7:16 xho0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact εἰ & ὃ οὐ θέλω 1 Paul is speaking as if this were a hypothetical possibility, but he means that it is actually true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might misunderstand and think that what Paul is saying is not certain, then you can translate his words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “since what I do not want” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
7:16 y26s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole ὃ οὐ θέλω, τοῦτο ποιῶ 1 See how you translated the similar phrase in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
7:16 q3b5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis σύνφημι τῷ νόμῳ, ὅτι καλός 1 Here Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “I agree with the law and thus confess that it is good” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
7:17 x667 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases νυνὶ δὲ 1 **But now** indicates that this verse is the logical conclusion based on what Paul said in the previous two verses. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a conclusion. Alternate translation: “So it is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
7:17 k7ag rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns οὐκέτι ἐγὼ κατεργάζομαι 1 Paul uses the word **myself** to emphasize the contrast between himself and **the sin** that causes him to do what he does not want to do. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this emphasis. Alternate translation: “it is no longer I who produces” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
7:17 id6v rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns αὐτὸ 1 The pronoun **it** here refers to doing the sinful acts that he does not want to do, as mentioned in the previous two verses. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “those sinful deeds that I do not want to do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
7:17 f6n8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification ἡ ἐνοικοῦσα ἐν ἐμοὶ ἁμαρτία 1 Here Paul speaks of **sin** as if it were a person who could live inside of a person. Paul means that his desire to **sin** causes him to do what he does not want to do. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “my desire to sin deeply influences me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
7:18 nqhc rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. Here, it introduces an explanation of what Paul said in the previous sentence. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In fact,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
7:18 kf8z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure οἶδα & ὅτι οὐκ οἰκεῖ ἐν ἐμοί, τοῦτ’ ἔστιν ἐν τῇ σαρκί μου, ἀγαθόν 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “I know that good does not live in me, (that is, in my flesh)” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
7:18 p0ma rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification οὐκ οἰκεῖ ἐν ἐμοί & ἐν τῇ σαρκί μου, ἀγαθόν 1 Here Paul speaks of **good** as if it were a person who could **live** inside someone. He means that his sinful nature is not **good** at all. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “there is nothing good about me … about my flesh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
7:18 p1c1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τῇ σαρκί μου 1 Here Paul uses **flesh** to refer to his sinful nature. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “my sinful nature” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
7:18 kyx9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἀγαθόν & τὸ καλὸν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **good**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “any good thing … what is good” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
7:18 ye8x rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 2 **For** indicates that what follows this word relates to what came before it. **For** here indicates that the following sentence is the reason why the previous statement is true. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “What I have just said is true because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
7:18 gvev rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis τὸ & θέλειν παράκειταί μοι 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “the wanting to do good is present in me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
7:18 h934 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τὸ & θέλειν παράκειταί μοι 1 Here Paul speaks of **wanting** as if it were a thing that could exist inside a person. Paul means that he truly wants to do something good. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I truly want” or “I deeply desire” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
7:18 uxwb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis τὸ & κατεργάζεσθαι τὸ καλὸν οὔ 2 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “the ability to produce the good is not in me” or “I am not able to produce the good” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
7:19 xftc rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. Here, it introduces an explanation of what Paul said in the last sentence of the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In fact,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
7:19 ri3b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἀγαθόν & κακὸν 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **good** and **evil**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “good deeds … evil deeds” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
7:19 j69g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ὃ θέλω & ἀγαθόν & ὃ οὐ θέλω κακὸν 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that these clauses would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “the good I want to do … the evil I do not want to do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
7:20 kfvj rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact εἰ & ὃ οὐ θέλω, τοῦτο ποιῶ 1 See how you translated this clause in [verse 16](../07/16.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
7:20 sk9q οὐκέτι ἐγὼ κατεργάζομαι αὐτὸ, ἀλλὰ ἡ οἰκοῦσα ἐν ἐμοὶ ἁμαρτία 1 See how you translated these clauses in [verse 17](../07/17.md).
7:21 rqfu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor εὑρίσκω 1 Here Paul speaks of a **law** as if it were an object that he could **find**. Paul means that he became aware of the **law** that is described in the rest of the verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I became aware that there was” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
7:21 qae3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ἄρα 1 Here, **then** introduces a result clause. [Verses 21–25](../07/21.md) describe the logical conclusion to what Paul has stated in [verses 14–20](../07/14.md). Use a natural way in your language for indicating result. Alternate translation: “as a result” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
7:21 y5vo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὸν νόμον 1 Here, **law** refers to a rule or principle. It does not refer to the laws God gave the Jews. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “this rule” or “a different kind of law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
7:21 xxq9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure τῷ θέλοντι ἐμοὶ ποιεῖν τὸ καλὸν, ὅτι ἐμοὶ τὸ κακὸν παράκειται 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “that evil is present in me, in me, the one wanting to do good” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
7:21 mo4r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐμοὶ & ἐμοὶ τὸ κακὸν παράκειται 1 Here Paul speaks of **evil** as if it were an object that could be inside a person. Paul means that he does evil deeds. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I … I do evil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
7:21 qn1r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish τῷ θέλοντι & ποιεῖν τὸ καλὸν 1 Here, **the one wanting to do good** is giving further information about **me**, which refers to Paul. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the relationship between these phrases clearer. Alternate translation: “who is the one wanting to do good” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
7:21 hqp9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὸ καλὸν & τὸ κακὸν 1 See how you translated **good** and **evil** in [verse 19](../07/19.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
7:22 mvod rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. **For** here indicates that what follows in this verse is the reason why the previous verse is true. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “What I have just said is true because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
7:22 x28l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor συνήδομαι & τῷ νόμῳ τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Here Paul speaks of **the law of God** as if it were a location in which a person could **delight**. He means that God’s laws cause him to **delight**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I delight because of the law of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
7:22 nt65 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns τῷ νόμῳ τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Here, **the law of God** refers to the laws that **God** gave the Jews, which is usually what Paul means when he says **the law**. See how you translated the similar expression in [2:12](../02/12.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
7:22 m13q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τὸν ἔσω ἄνθρωπον 1 Here, **the inner man** refers to a person’s mind. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the inner being” or “the mind” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
7:23 zp7t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor βλέπω 1 Here Paul uses **see** to refer to noticing or perceiving something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I perceive” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
7:23 fct8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἕτερον νόμον 1 Here, **a different law** refers to a rule or principle. It does not refer to the laws God gave the Jews. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “this rule” or “a different kind of law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
7:23 ijp9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification ἐν τοῖς μέλεσίν μου, ἀντιστρατευόμενον 1 Here Paul speaks of **a different law** as if it were a person who could fight within someone’s body parts. He means that his sinful desires caused him to use his body to do sinful things that he did not want to do. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “were causing me to use my members to sin in opposition to” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
7:23 v8d8 τοῖς μέλεσίν -1 See how you translated **members** in [6:13](../06/13.md).
7:23 t7yh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τῷ νόμῳ τοῦ νοός μου 1 Here, **the law of my mind** could refer to: (1) a principle that Paul thinks, which is the delight for God’s laws that he said in the previous verse is in his “inner man.” Alternate translation: “the principle I have thought” or “the principle in my mind” (2) the laws God gave the Jews, which Paul says that he serves with his mind in [verse 25](../07/25.md). Alternate translation: “God’s law that is in my mind” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
7:23 i8w4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification αἰχμαλωτίζοντά με 1 Here Paul speaks of **a different law** as if it were a person who could take someone **captive**. He means that his sinful desires controlled him against his will. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “controlling me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
7:23 u4ny rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τῷ νόμῳ τῆς ἁμαρτίας 1 Here **the law of the sin** could refer to: (1) the principle that people have a sinful nature. Alternate translation: “the law that is my sinful nature” (2) the laws God gave the Jews, which Paul previously said in [verse 5](../07/05.md) stimulate people to sin more. Alternate translation: “God’s laws that stimulate sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
7:23 po29 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τῷ ὄντι ἐν τοῖς μέλεσίν μου 1 Here Paul speaks of **the law of the sin** as if it were something that could be inside someone. He means he has a sinful nature that influences what he does with his body parts. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “that influences what I do with my members” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
7:24 nu6u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations ταλαίπωρος ἐγὼ ἄνθρωπος! 1 This sentence is an exclamation that communicates deep despair. Use an exclamation that is natural in your language for communicating this. Alternate translation: “O, how miserable I am!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
7:24 hmhj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion τίς με ῥύσεται ἐκ τοῦ σώματος τοῦ θανάτου τούτου? 1 Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form here to emphasize his despair. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Surely no one will rescue me from the body of this death!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
7:24 md8e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τοῦ σώματος τοῦ θανάτου τούτου 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe how **the body** relates to **this death**. This phrase could refer to: (1) **the body** that results in **this death**. Alternate translation: “the body that causes this death” (2) **the body** that is characterized by **this death**. Alternate translation: “this mortal body” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
7:25 w9ui rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations χάρις τῷ Θεῷ διὰ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν 1 This sentence is an exclamation that communicates joy. It is the answer to the rhetorical question that Paul asked in the previous verse. Use an exclamation that is natural in your language for communicating joy. Alternate translation: “O, how thankful I am to God through Jesus Christ our Lord!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
7:25 omjd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis χάρις τῷ Θεῷ διὰ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “Thanks be to God who did this through Jesus Christ our Lord” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
7:25 evnn rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases ἄρα οὖν 1 **So then** indicates that what follows this phrase explains what came before it. **So then** indicates that what follows in this verse summarizes previous ideas. Here Paul used it regarding the ideas of [verses 14–24](../07/14.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a clearer expression. See how you translated this phrase in [5:18](../05/18.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
7:25 adx1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns αὐτὸς ἐγὼ 1 Paul uses the phrase **I myself** to emphasize the contrast between himself and the sin that causes him to do what he does not want to do. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this emphasis. Alternate translation: “it is indeed I who” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
7:25 sxn3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification τῷ μὲν νοῒ δουλεύω νόμῳ Θεοῦ; τῇ δὲ σαρκὶ, νόμῳ ἁμαρτίας 1 Here Paul speaks of **the law of God** and **the law of sin** as if they were people whom he could **serve**. He means that he wants to obey **the law of God**, but often obeys his desire to sin. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “obey the law of God with the mind, but with the flesh, I obey the law of sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
7:25 e163 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit νοῒ 1 See how you translated **mind** in [1:28](../01/28.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
7:25 dzjl rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns νόμῳ Θεοῦ 1 See how you translated this phrase in [verse 22](../07/22.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
7:25 cdkb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis τῇ δὲ σαρκὶ, νόμῳ ἁμαρτίας 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the previous clause. Alternate translation: “but with the flesh, I serve the law of sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
7:25 fm51 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τῇ & σαρκὶ 1 Here Paul uses **flesh** to refer to his sinful nature. See how you translated the similar phrase in [verse 18](../07/18.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
7:25 he4l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor νόμῳ ἁμαρτίας 1 See how you translated the similar phrase in [verse 23](../07/23.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
8:intro ev4r 0 # Romans 8 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n5. Becoming like Christ in this life (6:1–8:39)\n * Baptism represents union with Christ’s death (6:1–14)\n * Christians are now slaves of righteousness (6:15–23)\n * Christians have been freed from the law (7:1–6)\n * The law is not sinful (7:7–12)\n * Christians still struggle with indwelling sin (7:13–25)\n * The Holy Spirit dwells in Christians (8:1–27)\n * Christians have confidence in God’s love (8:28–8:39)\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with [verse 36](../08/36.md). Paul quotes these words from the Old Testament.\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Indwelling of the Spirit\n\nIn [verses 9–17](../08/09.md) and [26–27](../08/26.md) Paul says that the Holy Spirit dwells inside Christians to help them stop sinning and to intercede for them. The presence of the Holy Spirit within a person indicates that that person is a genuine Christian. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])\n\n### Predestination\n\nMany scholars believe this chapter teaches on a subject known as “predestination.” See the use of the word “predestined” in [verses 28–30](../08/28.md) and “elect” in [verse 33](../08/33.md). Some scholars take this to indicate that God has, from before the foundation of the world, chosen some people to save. Christians have different views on what the Bible teaches on this subject, so translators need to take extra care when translating these verses. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/predestine]])\n\n## Important Figure of Speech in this Chapter\n\n### Rhetorical questions\n\nIn [verses 24](../08/24.md) and [31–35](../08/31.md) Paul uses rhetorical questions in order to emphasize that what he is saying is true. If you would not use rhetorical questions for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])\n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### Flesh\n\nPaul uses the word “flesh” in a variety of ways throughout this letter. In this chapter he frequently uses it to refer to sinful human nature. However, he uses the word “flesh” to refer to Christ’s physical body in [verse 3](../08/03.md). Every use of the word “flesh” will be discussed in the notes. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]])\n\n### Inclusive language\n\nIn this chapter the pronouns “we”, “us”, and “our” refer inclusively to all believers in Christ. Paul calls these people “brothers” in [verses 12](../08/12.md). Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
8:1 xq2y rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result οὐδὲν ἄρα νῦν κατάκριμα 1 Here, **therefore now** marks the beginning of a new section in the letter. It also introduces a result clause that concludes what Paul discussed in chapters 5–7. Use a natural way in your language to indicate result. Alternate translation: “Since all these things are true, there is no condemnation at all” or “As a result of everything that I have just told you being true, there is no condemnation at all” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
8:1 xw65 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns κατάκριμα 1 See how you translated **condemnation** in [5:16](../05/16.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
8:1 ti0g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ 1 See how you translated this phrase in [3:24](../03/24.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
8:2 whhz rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word relates to what came before it. **For** here indicates that this verse gives the reason why what Paul said in the previous verse is true. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “This is due to the fact that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
8:2 h1ka rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ὁ & νόμος τοῦ Πνεύματος τῆς ζωῆς 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **the law** that is characterized by **the Spirit of life**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the law that is characterized by the Spirit of life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
8:2 vt9k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὁ & νόμος 1 Here, **the law** refers to a rule or principle. It does not refer to the laws God gave the Jews. See how you translated the similar use of **law** in [7:21](../07/21.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8:2 hq2t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τοῦ Πνεύματος τῆς ζωῆς 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **the Spirit** that produces **life**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “of the Spirit that produces life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
8:2 x8uu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τοῦ Πνεύματος 1 Here, **the Spirit** refers to the Holy **Spirit**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “of the Holy Spirit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8:2 ep3n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῆς ζωῆς & τῆς ἁμαρτίας & τοῦ θανάτου 1 See how you translated **life** in [2:7](../02/07.md), **sin** in [5:20](../05/20.md), and **death** in [5:17](../05/17.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
8:2 ionb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τῆς ζωῆς 1 Here, **life** refers to eternal **life**. See how you translated this use of **life** in [5:18](../05/18.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8:2 irh6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τῆς ζωῆς ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ, ἠλευθέρωσέν σε 1 The phrase **in Christ Jesus** could refer to: (1) the means by which **the Spirit** set a person **free**. Alternate translation: “of life set you free in Christ Jesus” (2) a characteristic of **the life**. Alternate translation: “of the life that is in Christ Jesus set you free” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8:2 cgbe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ 1 See how you translated this phrase in the previous verse and in [3:24](../03/24.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
8:2 th4n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἠλευθέρωσέν σε ἀπὸ τοῦ νόμου τῆς ἁμαρτίας καὶ τοῦ θανάτου 1 Here Paul speaks of **the law of sin and death** as if it were an object or person someone could be **set free from**. Paul means that the law that resulted in sin and death does not apply to those who are united with **Christ Jesus**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “has caused the law of sin and death to no longer control you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
8:2 u82e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τοῦ νόμου τῆς ἁμαρτίας καὶ τοῦ θανάτου 1 This could refer to: (1) the principle that people have a sinful nature that results in death, as mentioned in [7:23–25](../07/23.md). Alternate translation: “the principle that is my sinful nature that leads to death” (2) the laws God gave the Jews, which Paul previously said in [7:5](../07/05.md) stimulate people to sin more. Alternate translation: “God’s laws that stimulate sin and death” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
8:2 jlq1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τοῦ θανάτου 1 Here, **death** refers to spiritual **death**, which is eternal punishment in hell that occurs after physical death. See how you translated the same use of **death** in [6:16](../06/16.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8:3 mbh3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. Here, it introduces what follows in this verse and the next verse as an explanation of what Paul said in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In fact,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
8:3 n9mr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure τὸ & ἀδύνατον τοῦ νόμου, ἐν ᾧ ἠσθένει διὰ τῆς σαρκός, ὁ Θεὸς 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “God did what the law was unable to do, in that it was weak through the flesh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
8:3 z2ej rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns τοῦ νόμου 1 Here, **the law** refers to the laws that God gave the Jews, which is usually what Paul means when he says **the law**. See how you translated this expression in [2:12](../02/12.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
8:3 t8lj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὸ & ἀδύνατον τοῦ νόμου & ὁ Θεὸς 1 Paul implies that **what the law was unable to do** was to make people righteous, which is the main theme of this book. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the law was unable to make people righteous … but God did so” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8:3 j98t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification τὸ & ἀδύνατον τοῦ νόμου, ἐν ᾧ ἠσθένει διὰ τῆς σαρκός 1 Here Paul speaks of **the law** as if it were a person who **was unable to do** something and was **weak**. Paul means that the laws God gave the Jews could not make people righteous, because people are naturally sinful and unable to obey those laws. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the law could not stop people from sinning, because sinful human nature prevented people from obeying it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
8:3 g6g4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ἐν ᾧ ἠσθένει 1 This phrase is the reason why **the law was unable to do** what it was supposed to do. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a reason. Alternate translation: “since it was weak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
8:3 uzkh rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result διὰ τῆς σαρκός 1 This phrase states the reason why **the law was weak**. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a reason. Alternate translation: “on account of the flesh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
8:3 etf2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom διὰ τῆς σαρκός 1 Here Paul uses **flesh** figuratively to refer to sinful human nature. See how you translated the similar use of **flesh** in [7:18](../07/18.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
8:3 p4qq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὸν ἑαυτοῦ Υἱὸν πέμψας, ἐν ὁμοιώματι σαρκὸς ἁμαρτίας, καὶ περὶ ἁμαρτίας 1 This clause indicates how God **condemned sin**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8:3 tc37 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis τὸν ἑαυτοῦ Υἱὸν πέμψας 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “having sent his own Son to the earth” or “having sent his own Son to mankind” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
8:3 csl8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Υἱὸν 1 **Son** is an important title for Jesus, the **Son** of God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
8:3 uf94 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἐν ὁμοιώματι σαρκὸς ἁμαρτίας 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **the likeness** that is characterized by **sinful flesh**. He means that Jesus had the same human **flesh** that sinful people have, although Jesus never sinned. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “in the same flesh as that of sinful human beings” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
8:3 xi5c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐν ὁμοιώματι σαρκὸς ἁμαρτίας 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **likeness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “in flesh like sinful flesh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
8:3 v0h2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche σαρκὸς ἁμαρτίας & τῇ σαρκί 1 Here Paul uses **flesh** figuratively to mean “the whole body,” which is made of flesh. See how you translated this use of **flesh** in [2:28](../02/28.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
8:3 hfr2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit περὶ ἁμαρτίας 1 This could mean: (1) Jesus was sent for the sake of doing away with sin. Alternate translation: “in order to do away with sin” (2) Jesus was an offering to pay for sin. Alternate translation: “as an offering for sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8:3 gid8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification κατέκρινε τὴν ἁμαρτίαν 1 Here Paul speaks of **sin** as if it were a guilty person whom a judge could condemn. Paul means that God removed the power that sin had to control people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he canceled the power of sin” or “he destroyed how sin controls people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
8:3 es29 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν τῇ σαρκί 1 Here, **the flesh** refers specifically to Jesus’ body, which died on the cross. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in his Son’s body on the cross” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8:4 zcsi rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα 1 Here, **so that** indicates that what follows is the purpose for which God “condemned sin in the flesh” of Jesus. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “in order that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
8:4 j9ff rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive τὸ δικαίωμα τοῦ νόμου πληρωθῇ ἐν ἡμῖν 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The one doing the action could be: (1) us. Alternate translation: “we might fulfill the righteous deeds of the law” (2) God. Alternate translation: “God might fulfill in us the righteous deeds of the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
8:4 puta rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τὸ δικαίωμα τοῦ νόμου πληρωθῇ ἐν ἡμῖν 1 Here Paul speaks of **the righteous deeds of the law** as if they were something that could be located inside a person. Paul means that God enables Christians to do those **righteous deeds** that his law required. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the righteous deeds of the law might be done by us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
8:4 w2aa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὸ δικαίωμα τοῦ νόμου 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe a **the righteous deeds** that God commanded in **the law**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the righteous deeds that the law requires” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
8:4 rttr rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns τοῦ νόμου 1 Here, **the law** refers to the laws that God gave the Jews, which is usually what Paul means when he says **the law**. See how you translated this expression in [2:12](../02/12.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
8:4 bsp0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish ἡμῖν, τοῖς μὴ κατὰ σάρκα περιπατοῦσιν, ἀλλὰ κατὰ Πνεῦμα 1 This clause gives further information about **us**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the relationship between these phrases clearer. Alternate translation: “us, that is, those walking not according to the flesh, but according to the Spirit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
8:4 acc4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τοῖς μὴ κατὰ σάρκα περιπατοῦσιν 1 Here Paul uses **walking** to refer to how people behave or lives their lives. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “those not behaving according to the flesh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
8:4 grhf κατὰ σάρκα & κατὰ Πνεῦμα 1 Alternate translation: “determined by the flesh … determined by the Spirit” or “in conformity with the flesh … in conformity with the Spirit”
8:4 bgg7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom κατὰ σάρκα 1 Here Paul uses **flesh** figuratively to refer to sinful human nature. See how you translated the similar use of **flesh** in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
8:5 xzmt rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. **For** here indicates that this verse gives the reason why what Paul said in the previous verse is true. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “This is due to the fact that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
8:5 s5sb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom σάρκα & τῆς σαρκὸς 1 See how you translated **the flesh** in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
8:5 b9in rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom τὰ τῆς σαρκὸς φρονοῦσιν 1 The phrase **set their minds on** is an idiom that refers to thinking carefully about something or being intent on doing something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “are intent on doing the things of the flesh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
8:5 evgr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὰ τῆς σαρκὸς 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **things** that are related to **the flesh**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “things pertaining to the flesh” or “fleshly things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
8:5 cqwa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis οἱ δὲ κατὰ Πνεῦμα 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the previous clause. Alternate translation: “but those existing according to the Spirit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
8:5 x3o6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis τὰ τοῦ Πνεύματος 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a phrase would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the previous clause. Alternate translation (omitting the comma): “set their minds on the things of the Spirit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
8:5 a2n5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὰ τοῦ Πνεύματος 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **things** that are related to **the Spirit**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “things pertaining to the Spirit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
8:6 uc6w rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. **For** here indicates that what follows in this verse and the next verse explains what Paul said in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In fact,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
8:6 vyw4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὸ & φρόνημα & τὸ & φρόνημα 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **mindset**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “the way of thinking … the way of thinking” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
8:6 my98 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὸ & φρόνημα τῆς σαρκὸς 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe a **mindset** that is focused on **the flesh**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the mindset that is focused on the flesh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
8:6 b0wo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom τῆς σαρκὸς 1 See how you translated **the flesh** in the previous two verses. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
8:6 czmn rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result θάνατος 1 Here, **is** indicates that what follows is the result of **the mindset of the flesh**. Use a natural way in your language for indicating result. Alternate translation: “results in death” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
8:6 mbte rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit θάνατος 1 Here, **death** refers to spiritual death, which is eternal punishment in hell that occurs after physical death. See how you translated the same use of **death** in [6:16](../06/16.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8:6 oviz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὸ & φρόνημα τοῦ Πνεύματος 2 Paul is using the possessive form to describe a **mindset** that is focused on **the Spirit**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the mindset that is focused on the Spirit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
8:6 q470 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ζωὴ καὶ εἰρήνη 1 Here, **is** indicates that what follows is the result of **the mindset of the flesh**. Use a natural way in your language for indicating result. Alternate translation: “results in life and peace” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
8:6 rqnl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ζωὴ καὶ εἰρήνη 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **life** and **peace**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “is living and being peaceful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
8:6 fjk8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ζωὴ 1 Here, **life** refers to eternal **life**. See how you translated this use of **life** in [5:18](../05/18.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8:7 lsdo rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result διότι 1 Here, **because** indicates that this verse and the next verse give the reasons why what Paul said in [verses 5–6](../08/05.md) is true. Use a natural way in your language for indicating reasons. Alternate translation: “due to the fact that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
8:7 gvcr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὸ φρόνημα τῆς σαρκὸς 1 See how you translated this phrase in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
8:7 fpt4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἔχθρα 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **hostility**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “is hostile” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
8:7 pm7t rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. Here, **for** indicates that what follows is the reason why what Paul said in the previous clause is true. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “due to the fact that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
8:7 thq8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns οὐχ ὑποτάσσεται, οὐδὲ & δύναται 1 Here, **it** refers to **the mindset of the flesh** mentioned earlier in the verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “this mindset does not subject itself to … this mindset is not able to do so” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
8:7 z2ih rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification οὐχ ὑποτάσσεται, οὐδὲ γὰρ δύναται 1 Here Paul speaks of **the mindset of the flesh** as if it were a person who could **subject** himself to something. Paul means that the person who thinks with this **mindset** is unable to submit to God’s laws. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the one who thinks this way does not subject himself to … for he is not able to do so” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
8:7 srp9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification τῷ & νόμῳ τοῦ Θεοῦ οὐχ ὑποτάσσεται 1 Here Paul speaks of **the law of God** as if it were a king or master to whom someone could **subject** himself. Paul is referring to someone obeying God’s laws. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “it does not obey the law of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
8:7 brde rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns τῷ & νόμῳ τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 See how you translated this phrase in [7:22](../07/22.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
8:7 bhje rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 2 The word **for** indicates how what follows this word relates to what came before it. Here, **for** indicates that what follows is the reason why what Paul said in the previous clause is true. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “due to the fact that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
8:8 me7u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor οἱ & ἐν σαρκὶ ὄντες 1 See how you translated this phrase in [7:5](../07/05.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
8:9 vdhw rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast δὲ 1 **However** here indicates a strong contrast between people who have “the mindset of the flesh” referred to in the previous verse and the believers to whom Paul is writing this letter. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “On the contrary” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
8:9 iybo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns ὑμεῖς δὲ οὐκ ἐστὲ 1 Paul uses the word **yourselves** to emphasize the contrast between his Christian readers and people who live **in the flesh**. Use a way that is natural in your language to express this emphasis. Alternate translation: “However, you are truly not” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
8:9 czm9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐν σαρκὶ 1 See how you translated this phrase in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
8:9 e54u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐν Πνεύματι 1 Here Paul speaks of the Holy **Spirit** as if he were a location that someone could be **in**. He could mean: (1) believers are controlled by the Holy **Spirit**, which is how **in** is used earlier in the verse. Alternate translation: “controlled by the Spirit” (2) believers are united with the Holy **Spirit**, which is how Paul used **in** in [verse 1](../08/01.md). Alternate translation: “united with the Spirit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
8:9 p55f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Πνεύματι & Πνεῦμα Θεοῦ & Πνεῦμα Χριστοῦ 1 These phrases all refer to the Holy **Spirit**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the Holy Spirit … the Holy Spirit of God … the Holy Spirit of Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8:9 y3vg rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns οὗτος 1 Here, **this one** refers to the person who **does not have the Spirit of Christ**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “this person without the Spirit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
8:9 akl1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession οὗτος οὐκ ἔστιν αὐτοῦ 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe a person who does not belong to Christ. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “this one does not belong to him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
8:10 ntqo rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact εἰ 1 Paul is speaking as if this were a hypothetical possibility, but he means that it is actually true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might misunderstand and think that what Paul is saying is not certain, then you can translate his words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
8:10 q8be rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Χριστὸς ἐν ὑμῖν 1 Here Paul speaks of **you** as if **you** were a location that **Christ** could be **in**. See how you translated **in you** in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
8:10 q2q4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure τὸ μὲν σῶμα νεκρὸν διὰ ἁμαρτίαν, τὸ δὲ Πνεῦμα ζωὴ διὰ δικαιοσύνην 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “the Spirit is life because of righteousness even though the body is dead because of sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
8:10 lae8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun τὸ & σῶμα νεκρὸν 1 Paul is speaking of the bodies of believers in general, not of one particular **body**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “the bodies are dead” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
8:10 e6g9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τὸ μὲν σῶμα νεκρὸν διὰ ἁμαρτίαν 1 Here Paul speaks of **the body** as if it were already **dead**. Paul means that the physical **body** of a Christian will still die **because of sin**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the body will certainly die because of sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
8:10 yb1b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὸ δὲ Πνεῦμα ζωὴ 1 Here, **the Spirit is life** could mean: (1) the Holy Spirit gives a person eternal **life**. In this case **Spirit** refers to the Holy **Spirit** and **life** refers to eternal **life**. Alternate translation: “but the Holy Spirit grants eternal life” (2) a believer’s **spirit** is alive. In this case **Spirit** refers to the spirits of individual believers. Alternate translation: “but the spirit is alive” or “but your spirits are alive” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8:10 ya21 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns διὰ δικαιοσύνην 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **righteousness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “because of your righteous status” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
8:11 jlc9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact εἰ 1 Paul is speaking as if this were a hypothetical possibility, but he means that it is actually true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might misunderstand and think that what Paul is saying is not certain, then you can translate his words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “Because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
8:11 i618 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὸ Πνεῦμα & αὐτοῦ Πνεῦμα 1 These phrases refer to the Holy **Spirit**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the Holy Spirit … his Holy Spirit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8:11 b9pu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τοῦ ἐγείραντος τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἐκ νεκρῶν & ὁ ἐγείρας ἐκ νεκρῶν Χριστὸν Ἰησοῦν 1 These phrases refer to God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “of God, who raised Jesus from dead ones … God, who raised Christ Jesus from dead ones” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8:11 jr6p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ἐγείραντος τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἐκ νεκρῶν & ἐγείρας ἐκ νεκρῶν Χριστὸν Ἰησοῦν 1 See how you translated a similar phrase in [4:24](../04/24.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
8:11 t27d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ζῳοποιήσει καὶ τὰ θνητὰ σώματα ὑμῶν 1 Paul uses **make alive** to imply that he is referring to the resurrection of Christians after they have died. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “will also resurrect your mortal bodies after you have died” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8:11 xi76 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit διὰ & αὐτοῦ Πνεῦμα 1 Here, **through** indicates the means by which God will **make** Christians **alive**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “by means of his Spirit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8:11 e6t8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish τοῦ ἐνοικοῦντος αὐτοῦ Πνεῦμα ἐν ὑμῖν 1 Here, **who lives in you** gives further information about the Holy **Spirit**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the relationship between these phrases clearer. Alternate translation: “his Spirit, that is, the Spirit who lives in you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
8:12 mv1r rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases ἄρα οὖν 1 **So then** indicates that what follows this phrase explains what came before it. **So then** here indicates that what follows in [verses 12–17](../08/12.md) summarizes the ideas of [verses 5–11](../08/05.md). See how you translated this phrase in [5:18](../05/18.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
8:12 qw5b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ἀδελφοί 1 See how you translated this word in [1:13](../01/13.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
8:12 e3j8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὀφειλέται ἐσμέν 1 Here Paul speaks of Christians as if they are **debtors**. He means that Christians are obligated to live according to the Spirit and not according to the flesh. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “we have an obligation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
8:12 fb3m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis οὐ τῇ σαρκὶ 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the previous clause. Alternate translation: “we are not debtors to the flesh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
8:12 ecoo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τῇ σαρκὶ & τοῦ & σάρκα 1 Here Paul uses **the flesh** to refer to sinful human nature. See how you translated the same use of this phrase in [7:18](../07/18.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
8:12 dh1m rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases τοῦ κατὰ σάρκα ζῆν 1 Here, **to live** introduces an explanation of **the flesh**. Use a word or phrase that introduces a further explanation or elaboration in your language. Alternate translation: “that is, to live according to the flesh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
8:12 gplu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom τοῦ κατὰ σάρκα ζῆν 1 See how you translated the similar phrase in [verse 4](../08/04.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
8:13 dczr rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. Here, it introduces an explanation of what Paul said in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In fact,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
8:13 ri75 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom κατὰ σάρκα ζῆτε 1 See how you translated the similar phrase in [verse 4](../08/04.md) and in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
8:13 b9n5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit μέλλετε ἀποθνῄσκειν 1 Here, **die** refers to dying spiritually, which means enduring eternal punishment in hell after experiencing physical death. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “you are going to die spiritually” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8:13 ld2h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τὰς πράξεις τοῦ σώματος θανατοῦτε 1 Here, **put to death** means “completely stop doing something.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you stop doing the practices of the body” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
8:13 ze08 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὰς πράξεις τοῦ σώματος 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **the practices** that are done with **the body**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “what is done with the body” or “what you do with the body” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
8:13 o1ly rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὰς πράξεις τοῦ σώματος 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **practices**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “what is practiced with the body” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
8:13 nwul rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὰς πράξεις 1 Here, **the practices** refers specifically to sinful **practices** that a person does with his **body**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the sinful practices of the body” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8:13 xihu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun τοῦ σώματος 1 Paul is speaking of bodies in general, not of one particular **body**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “of your bodies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
8:13 dr0e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ζήσεσθε 1 Here, **live** refers to living forever with God in heaven after experiencing physical death. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “you will live forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8:14 utms rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. **For** here indicates that this verse gives the reason why what Paul said in the previous verse is true. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “This is due to the fact that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
8:14 ojie rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ὅσοι & οὗτοι 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “as many people as … these people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
8:14 u8pv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ὅσοι & Πνεύματι Θεοῦ ἄγονται 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “as many as the Spirit of God leads” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
8:14 yz28 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Πνεύματι Θεοῦ 1 See how you translated **the Spirit of God** in [verse 9](../08/09.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8:14 gd1i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations υἱοί Θεοῦ 1 Here Paul is using the term **sons** in a generic sense that includes both men and women. Alternate translation: “the children of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
8:14 wrk1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor υἱοί Θεοῦ 1 Paul speaks of these people as if **God** were their physical father. He means that these people have a father-son relationship with God because they trust in Jesus. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the spiritual children of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
8:15 wpp9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. Here, it introduces an explanation of what Paul said in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In fact,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
8:15 zi1c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit πάλιν 1 Here, **again** indicates that Paul’s readers had **a spirit of slavery** before they became Christians. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “for a second time” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8:15 r57o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit πνεῦμα 1 Here, **spirit** could refer to: (1) a person’s attitude or emotional state. Alternate translation: “a mental state” (2) a demonic spirit. Alternate translation: “a demonic spirit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8:15 av67 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession πνεῦμα δουλείας & Πνεῦμα υἱοθεσίας 1 In both of these phrases Paul is using the possessive form to describe something that causes something else to happen. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use different expressions. Alternate translation: “a spirit that causes slavery … the Spirit that causes adoption” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
8:15 iwyy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns δουλείας & φόβον & υἱοθεσίας 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **slavery**, **fear**, and **adoption**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “of being a slave … you being afraid … of those who have been adopted” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
8:15 c43f rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result εἰς φόβον 1 Here, **leading to** indicates that **fear** is the result of receiving **a spirit of slavery**. Use a natural way in your language for indicating result. Alternate translation: “resulting in fear” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
8:15 ew0a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Πνεῦμα 1 Here, **the Spirit** could refer to: (1) the Holy **Spirit**, as indicated by the use of **Spirit** in the ULT. Alternate translation: “the Holy Spirit” (2) a person’s attitude or emotional state, as with the previous use of **spirit** in this verse. Alternate translation: “a mental state” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8:15 ecq3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations Ἀββά, ὁ Πατήρ 1 Here, **cry out** indicates that what follows is an emotional exclamation. Use an exclamation that is natural in your language for communicating this. Alternate translation: “O Abba! Father!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
8:15 vxs9 Ἀββά, ὁ Πατήρ 1 Here Paul writes out the sounds of this Jewish Aramaic word **Abba** with Greek letters, which means **Father**. Since John translates the meaning next in the verse, you should write out this word using the most similar sounds in your language.
8:15 ahnr rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples ὁ Πατήρ 1 **Father** is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
8:16 mwbw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τῷ Πνεύματι ἡμῶν 1 Here, **spirit** refers to a person’s attitude or emotional state. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “a mental state” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8:16 aimw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τέκνα Θεοῦ 1 Here Paul uses **children of God** to refer to people who have a father-child relationship with God because they trust in Jesus. Here, **children** does not refer to young people, but only to the relationship that people have with their fathers. If you translate **children** using a literal term, choose a word that can refer to people of any age in relation to their fathers. Alternate translation: “God’s spiritual offspring” or “spiritual children of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
8:17 agxk rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact εἰ 1 Paul is speaking as if this were a hypothetical possibility, but he means that it is actually true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might misunderstand and think that what Paul is saying is not certain, then you can translate his words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
8:17 izpd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis εἰ & τέκνα, καὶ κληρονόμοι; κληρονόμοι μὲν Θεοῦ 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the end of the previous verse. Alternate translation: “if we are children, then we are also heirs: we are both heirs of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
8:17 hfwo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τέκνα 1 See how you translated this word in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
8:17 fj7w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor κληρονόμοι; κληρονόμοι μὲν Θεοῦ 1 Paul uses **heirs** to refer to Christians as if they will inherit property and wealth from a family member. He means that they will receive everything that God has promised to give Christians. If it might be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “those who will receive what God has promised us: both those who receive those things from God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
8:17 q751 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor συνκληρονόμοι & Χριστοῦ 1 Paul uses **joint heirs** to refer to Christians as if they, along with **Christ**, will inherit property and wealth from a family member. He means that God will give to Christians what he gives to Christ. If it might be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “we will also receive what God has promised us and Christ together” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
8:17 q6ka rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns συνπάσχομεν, ἵνα καὶ συνδοξασθῶμεν 1 The pronoun **him** here refers to Christ. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “we suffering together with Christ so that we may also be glorified together with Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
8:17 ggl6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα 1 Paul uses **so that** here to state the goal for which Christians **suffer together with** Christ. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “in order that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
8:17 j6ia rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive καὶ συνδοξασθῶμεν 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God may also glorify us together with him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
8:18 i5nu rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. Here, it indicates that what follows in [verses 18–25](../08/18.md) gives further information about what Paul said in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In fact,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
8:18 f3sv rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns λογίζομαι 1 The pronoun **I** here refers to Paul (see [7:1](../07/01.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I, Paul, consider” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
8:18 b3b1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive λογίζομαι & ὅτι οὐκ ἄξια τὰ παθήματα τοῦ νῦν καιροῦ, πρὸς 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I cannot compare the sufferings of this present time with” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
8:18 oj49 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὰ παθήματα τοῦ νῦν καιροῦ & τὴν & δόξαν 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **sufferings** and **glory**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “the things that make us suffer in this present time … the glorious situation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
8:18 jjb8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive μέλλουσαν & ἀποκαλυφθῆναι 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that God will make known” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
8:19 qoj5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 **For** indicates how what follows this word relates to what came before it. Here, it indicates that this verse gives additional support for what Paul said in [verse 17](../08/17.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In fact,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
8:19 dn11 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ἡ & ἀποκαραδοκία τῆς κτίσεως & ἀπεκδέχεται 1 Here, **the eager expectation** is an idiom Paul uses to emphasize how **eagerly the creation** is waiting. He does not mean that **the eager expectation** itself is waiting. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the creation is very eagerly expecting” or “the creation is eagerly expecting with much eagerness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
8:19 d911 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification ἡ & ἀποκαραδοκία τῆς κτίσεως & ἀπεκδέχεται 1 Here Paul speaks of **the creation** as if it were a person who eagerly expects something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a simile. Alternate translation: “it is as if the creation is eagerly expecting with eager expectation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
8:19 ulvv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῆς κτίσεως & τὴν ἀποκάλυψιν τῶν υἱῶν τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **creation** and **revelation**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “of the created things … the sons of God to be revealed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
8:19 dm6s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive τὴν ἀποκάλυψιν τῶν υἱῶν τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “for the time when God will reveal his sons” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
8:19 sr2p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τῶν υἱῶν τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 See how you translated this phrase in [verse 14](../08/14.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
8:20 nh58 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. **For** here indicates that what follows in [verses 20–22](../08/20.md) is the reason why what Paul said in the previous verse is true. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “This is due to the fact that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
8:20 zjl2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῇ & ματαιότητι 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **futility**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “to being futile” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
8:20 gdfe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἡ κτίσις 1 See how you translated this in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
8:20 l9ab rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἡ κτίσις ὑπετάγη 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God subjugated the creation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
8:20 yvl3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification ἡ κτίσις ὑπετάγη, οὐχ ἑκοῦσα 1 Here Paul speaks of **the creation** as if it were a person who could be **subjected** to someone and could have a will. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a simile. Alternate translation: “it is as if the creation were subjected against its will” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
8:20 taz4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὸν ὑποτάξαντα 1 This phrase refers to God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “God, who subjected it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8:20 l7bf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐφ’ ἑλπίδι 1 Here, **hope** refers to the creation’s **hope**, which is why the creation is “eagerly expecting the revelation of the sons of God” in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “on the basis of giving hope” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8:20 tof4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἑλπίδι 1 See how you translated **hope** in [5:4](../05/04.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
8:21 m3fi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification αὐτὴ ἡ κτίσις ἐλευθερωθήσεται ἀπὸ τῆς δουλείας τῆς φθορᾶς, εἰς τὴν ἐλευθερίαν τῆς δόξης 1 Here Paul speaks of **the creation** as if it were a person who was enslaved to someone and needed to be **freed**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the creation itself will no longer decay, but will experience the glory” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
8:21 l6qc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive αὐτὴ ἡ κτίσις ἐλευθερωθήσεται 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God will free the creation itself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
8:21 ovn5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἡ κτίσις 1 See how you translated **the creation** in the previous two verses. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
8:21 l3vw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῆς δουλείας τῆς φθορᾶς & τὴν ἐλευθερίαν τῆς δόξης 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **slavery**, **decay**, **freedom**, and **glory**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “being enslaved to decay … being free to experience what is glorious” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
8:21 r2n9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τῆς δουλείας τῆς φθορᾶς 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **slavery** to **decay**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “being enslaved to decay” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
8:21 ba5h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τῆς δουλείας τῆς φθορᾶς 1 Here Paul speaks of **decay** as if it could enslave someone. He means that **the creation** was certain to **decay**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “being destined to decay” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
8:21 tx57 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor εἰς τὴν ἐλευθερίαν 1 Here Paul speaks of **freedom** as if it were a location someone could enter **into**. Paul means that **the creation** will experience this **freedom**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to experience the freedom” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
8:21 bv03 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὴν ἐλευθερίαν τῆς δόξης 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **the freedom** that relates to **the glory**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the freedom that comes from the glory” or “the freedom pertaining to the glory” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
8:21 zsks rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τῆς δόξης 1 Here Paul uses the possessive form **the glory of the children of God** to refer to **the glory** that God shares with believers. This was the same **glory** that God shared with humans when he created them, but which they lost when the first humans sinned, as mentioned in [3:23](../03/23.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “of the glory that God gives the children of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
8:21 a5ix rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τῶν τέκνων τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 See how you translated this phrase in the [verse 16](../08/16.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
8:22 pcay rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. Here, it indicates that what follows in this verse gives further support for what Paul said about the miserable condition of **the creation** in the previous two verses. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In fact,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
8:22 l69k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification πᾶσα ἡ κτίσις συνστενάζει καὶ συνωδίνει 1 Here Paul speaks of **the creation** as if it were a woman who **groans and labors in pain** while giving birth to a baby. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a simile or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “all the creation is like a woman groaning and laboring in pain while giving birth” or “all the creation is suffering greatly together” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
8:23 b5sz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὴν ἀπαρχὴν τοῦ Πνεύματος ἔχοντες 1 This clause could refer to: (1) Paul and his Christian readers. Alternate translation: “those who have the firstfruits of the Spirit” (2) the reason why Christians **groan**. Alternate translation: “because we have the firstfruits of the Spirit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8:23 qyic rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὴν ἀπαρχὴν τοῦ Πνεύματος 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **the firstfruits** that is **the Spirit**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the firstfruits, that is, the Spirit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
8:23 wutm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τὴν ἀπαρχὴν 1 Here Paul uses **firstfruits** to refer to the Holy **Spirit** as if they were the first crop that was harvested during the harvest season. Paul means that the Holy **Spirit** is the first part of the blessings that God gives Christians. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the first gift” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
8:23 xun5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns αὐτοὶ 2 Paul uses the word **ourselves** here to emphasize that Christians also share in the suffering of the creation. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this emphasis. Alternate translation: “our very selves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
8:23 ch9t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐν ἑαυτοῖς στενάζομεν 1 Here Paul uses **groan** to refer to the emotional anguish that Christians experience while they wait to be with God in heaven. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “experience emotional anguish” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
8:23 tiij rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns υἱοθεσίαν & τὴν ἀπολύτρωσιν 1 See how you translated **adoption** in [verse 15](../08/15.md) and **redemption** in [3:24](../03/24.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
8:23 k1wy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit υἱοθεσίαν ἀπεκδεχόμενοι 1 Here, **our adoption** refers to when we will become full members of God’s family, as adopted sons. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “waiting for when we are fully members of God’s family” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8:23 qsb9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun τοῦ σώματος ἡμῶν 1 Paul is speaking of the bodies of believers in general, not of one particular body. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “of our bodies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
8:24 oocv rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. **For** here indicates that what follows in this verse and the next verse is the reason why Christians “groan” and are “eagerly expecting” to be fully adopted and redeemed. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “We do this because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
8:24 sv0h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῇ & ἐλπίδι & ἐλπὶς & ἐλπίς 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **hope** in [5:4](../05/04.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
8:24 xwvy τῇ & ἐλπίδι 1 Here, **in** could indicate: (1) that **hope** is associated with being **saved**. Alternate translation: “in association with this hope” (2) the means by which people are saved. In this case, **hope** would refer to faith. Alternate translation: “by this hope”
8:24 x4gi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐσώθημεν 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that “God” did it. Alternate translation: “God saved us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
8:24 edze rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor βλεπομένη & βλέπει 1 Paul uses **seen** and **sees** here to refer to experiencing something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “being experienced … he experiences” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
8:24 pgmc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive βλεπομένη 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that people can see” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
8:24 rxxy rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 2 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. **For** here indicates that what follows is the reason why the previous statement is true. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “This is true since” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
8:24 tks9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion ὃ γὰρ βλέπει τις, ἐλπίζει? 1 Paul is using a rhetorical question here to emphasize the thrust of what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “For surely no one hopes for what he sees!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
8:25 ktqd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὃ οὐ βλέπομεν 1 See how you translated the similar use of “seen” and “sees” in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
8:25 g2pm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὃ οὐ βλέπομεν & ἀπεκδεχόμεθα 1 Here, **what we do not see** and **it** refer to the “adoption” and “redemption” mentioned in [verse 23](../08/23.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the adoption and redemption that we do not see … we are eagerly expecting these things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8:25 l91v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns δι’ ὑπομονῆς 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **endurance**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “while enduring” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
8:26 bkwx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis συναντιλαμβάνεται & ὑπερεντυγχάνει 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “helps us … intercedes for us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
8:26 h8jy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῇ ἀσθενείᾳ ἡμῶν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **weakness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “in our weak condition” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
8:26 a6e1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. **For** here indicates that what follows is the reason why the previous statement is true. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “This is true since” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
8:26 k5pn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure τὸ & τί προσευξώμεθα καθὸ δεῖ, οὐκ οἴδαμεν 2 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “For we do not know the thing for which we should pray as we ought” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
8:26 fbjc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns αὐτὸ τὸ Πνεῦμα 1 Paul uses the word **himself** here to emphasize that Holy **Spirit** helps Christians. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this emphasis. Alternate translation: “the very Spirit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
8:26 jmp8 στεναγμοῖς ἀλαλήτοις 1 Alternate translation: “with groanings that we cannot express in words”
8:27 tq4n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὁ & ἐραυνῶν τὰς καρδίας 1 Here, **the one who searches the hearts** refers to God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “God, who searches the hearts,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8:27 v184 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὁ & ἐραυνῶν τὰς καρδίας 1 The phrase **searches the hearts** means “examines thoughts and emotions.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the one who knows all our thoughts and feelings” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
8:27 tz5h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ὁ & ἐραυνῶν τὰς καρδίας 1 See how you translated “heart” in [1:21](../01/21.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
8:27 bioe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὸ φρόνημα τοῦ Πνεύματος 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **the mindset** that belongs to the **Spirit**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the Spirit’s mindset” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
8:27 rgcb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὸ φρόνημα 1 See how you translated **mindset** in [8:6](../08/06.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
8:27 fgdd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit κατὰ Θεὸν 1 Here, **God** implies God’s will. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “according to God’s will” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8:28 u0ev rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἀγαθόν & πρόθεσιν 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **good** and **purpose**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “what is good … what he purposes” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
8:28 q3ce rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive τοῖς & κλητοῖς οὖσιν 2 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “for those whom God called” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
8:29 m3vv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit οὓς προέγνω 1 Here, **foreknew** could mean: (1) God had determined to know them ahead of time, which is how this word is used in [1 Peter 1:20](../1pe/01/20.md). Alternate translation: “whom he chose beforehand” (2) God knew what they would do ahead of time. Alternate translation: “whom he knew beforehand,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8:29 xhn2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor συμμόρφους τῆς εἰκόνος τοῦ Υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ 1 Here, **image** refers to how Christians will one day resemble Jesus. If it might be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated **image** in [1:23](../01/23.md). Alternate translation: “to be a similar form that is like his Son” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
8:29 yuw2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples τοῦ Υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ 1 **Son** is an important title for Jesus, the **Son** of God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
8:29 ojxg rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal εἰς τὸ εἶναι αὐτὸν 1 Here, **so that** introduces a purpose clause. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “for the purpose that he might be” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
8:29 r3vf rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns αὐτὸν 1 The pronoun **he** refers to God’s **Son**, Jesus. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the Son” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
8:29 lf49 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τὸ & πρωτότοκον 1 Here, **firstborn** could mean: (1) the most important person among God’s children. Alternate translation: “the person ranked first” (2) the first person to be resurrected. Alternate translation: “the first person to be resurrected” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
8:29 s552 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ἀδελφοῖς 1 Although the term **brothers** is masculine, Paul is using the word here in a generic sense that includes both men and women. Alternate translation: “brothers and sisters” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
8:29 lxym rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἀδελφοῖς 1 Here, **brothers** refers to Christians, whom Paul calls “joint heirs with Christ” in [verse 17](../08/17.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “children of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
8:30 hg3f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐκάλεσεν & ἐκάλεσεν 1 Here, **called** refers to God choosing people to be his people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “chose to be his people … he chose” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8:30 g29g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture ἐδόξασεν 1 Paul uses the past tense in order to refer to something that will certainly happen in the future. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the future tense. Alternate translation: “will glorify” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
8:31 uqou rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result τί οὖν ἐροῦμεν 1 Here, **then** indicates that what follows is a response to what Paul said in the previous verses. See how you translated this phrase in [6:1](../06/01.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
8:31 xpu3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion τί οὖν ἐροῦμεν πρὸς ταῦτα? εἰ ὁ Θεὸς ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν, τίς καθ’ ἡμῶν? 1 Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form in these two sentences to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Then we will say to these things: If God is for us, surely no one can be against us!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
8:31 ovfz rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact εἰ 1 Paul is making a conditional statement that sounds hypothetical, but he is already convinced that the condition is true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might misunderstand and think that what Paul is saying is not certain, then you can translate his words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “Because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
8:32 fqim rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion ὅς γε τοῦ ἰδίου Υἱοῦ οὐκ ἐφείσατο, ἀλλὰ ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν πάντων παρέδωκεν αὐτόν, πῶς οὐχὶ καὶ σὺν αὐτῷ, τὰ πάντα ἡμῖν χαρίσεται? 1 Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form here to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “He who indeed did not spare his own Son, but gave him up on behalf of us all will surely also with him freely give us all things!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
8:32 mifc rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ὅς 1 **He who** here refers to God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “God who” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
8:32 s9l9 οὐκ ἐφείσατο 1 Alternate translation: “did not refrain from giving” or “did not refuse to give up”
8:32 l73i rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples τοῦ ἰδίου Υἱοῦ 1 **Son** is an important title for Jesus, the **Son** of God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
8:32 b3au rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit παρέδωκεν αὐτόν 1 Here, **gave him up** means that God allowed people to kill Jesus. If it might be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “gave him up to be killed” or “allowed him to be killed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8:33 vr1b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion τίς ἐγκαλέσει κατὰ ἐκλεκτῶν Θεοῦ? 1 Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form here to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Surely no one can bring an accusation against God’s elect!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
8:33 tidd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τίς ἐγκαλέσει 1 Here, **accusation** implies an **accusation** that is based on facts. If it might be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “a true accusation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8:33 ekqn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐκλεκτῶν Θεοῦ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **elect**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “those who have been chosen by God” or “those whom God has elected” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
8:33 qmca rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result Θεὸς ὁ δικαιῶν 1 This sentences states the reason why the idea in the previous sentence is true. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “No on can accuse them, because God is the one who justifies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
8:34 vt5r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion τίς ὁ κατακρινῶν? 1 Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form here to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Surely no one can condemn!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
8:34 j1dj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ὁ κατακρινῶν 1 Paul is leaving out a word that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply the word from the context. Alternate translation: “the one who condemns us believers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
8:34 u627 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result Χριστὸς Ἰησοῦς ὁ ἀποθανών, μᾶλλον δὲ ἐγερθείς ὅς, καί ἐστιν ἐν δεξιᾷ τοῦ Θεοῦ, ὃς καὶ ἐντυγχάνει ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν 1 This sentences states the reason why the idea in the previous sentence is true. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “No one can condemn because Christ Jesus is the one who died—but more than that, he was raised who also is at the right hand of God—who also intercedes on our behalf” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
8:34 tw3l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐγερθείς 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that “God” did it. Alternate translation: “God raised him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
8:34 dea5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ἐγερθείς 1 See how you translated **raised** in [4:25](../04/25.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
8:34 uc9o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj ἐν δεξιᾷ τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Paul is using the adjective **right** as a noun in order to indicate the **right** side. If your language does not use adjectives in the same way, you could translate this with a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “at the right side of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
8:34 vd8g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὅς, καί ἐστιν ἐν δεξιᾷ τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 In this culture, the place at the **right** side of a ruler was a position of honor. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “at the place of honor next to God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8:35 h9ba rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion τίς ἡμᾶς χωρίσει ἀπὸ τῆς ἀγάπης τοῦ Χριστοῦ? 1 Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form here to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Surely no one will separate us from the love of Christ!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
8:35 btoo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἡμᾶς χωρίσει ἀπὸ τῆς ἀγάπης τοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 Here Paul speaks figuratively of **love** as if it were an object that someone could be separated from. He means that **Christ** cannot stop loving those who believe in him. If it might be helpful in your language, you could express this plainly. Alternate translation: “will cause Christ to stop loving us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
8:35 ldx1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion θλῖψις, ἢ στενοχωρία, ἢ διωγμὸς, ἢ λιμὸς, ἢ γυμνότης, ἢ κίνδυνος, ἢ μάχαιρα? 1 Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form here to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Surely neither tribulation, nor distress, nor persecution, nor hunger, nor nakedness, nor danger, nor sword!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
8:35 m2hl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis θλῖψις, ἢ στενοχωρία, ἢ διωγμὸς, ἢ λιμὸς, ἢ γυμνότης, ἢ κίνδυνος, ἢ μάχαιρα? 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the previous sentence. Alternate translation: “Will tribulation, or distress, or persecution, or hunger, or nakedness, or danger, or sword separate us from the love of Christ?”(See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
8:35 qe2z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns θλῖψις, ἢ στενοχωρία, ἢ διωγμὸς, ἢ λιμὸς 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **Tribulation**, **distress**, **persecution**, **hunger**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “If people trouble us, or hurt us, or distress us, or persecute us, or cause us to be hungry” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
8:35 q2dc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet θλῖψις, ἢ στενοχωρία 1 **Tribulation** and **distress** mean basically the same thing. Paul uses them to emphasize what he is saying. If your language does not use repetition to do this, you could use one phrase and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Extreme tribulation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
8:35 kcjr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἢ μάχαιρα 1 Here, **sword** refers to being killed violently. If it might be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “or being killed violently” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
8:36 clec rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations καθὼς γέγραπται 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:17](../01/17.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
8:36 f2de rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive καθὼς γέγραπται 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, the quotation was written by the sons of Korah. Alternate translation: “Just as the sons of Korah wrote” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
8:36 wegb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks ὅτι ἕνεκεν σοῦ, θανατούμεθα ὅλην τὴν ἡμέραν; ἐλογίσθημεν ὡς πρόβατα σφαγῆς 1 In these clauses Paul quotes [Psalm 44:22](../psa/044/022.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
8:36 t67y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular ὅτι ἕνεκεν σοῦ 1 Here, **your** is singular and refers to God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “For your sake, God,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
8:36 s7wj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive θανατούμεθα & ἐλογίσθημεν 1 Here, **we** refers to the people who wrote this verse, so it would be exclusive. It does not refer to God, who is the one being spoken to. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
8:36 phxq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive θανατούμεθα & ἐλογίσθημεν 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “our enemies put us to death … They consider us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
8:36 h6v7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole θανατούμεθα ὅλην τὴν ἡμέραν 1 The phrase **all day long** is an exaggeration that emphasizes how frequently these people were being killed. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “we are killed regularly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
8:36 g3pi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile ἐλογίσθημεν ὡς πρόβατα σφαγῆς 1 Here Paul compares to **sheep** those whom people kill because they are loyal to God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “We are considered by those who kill us to only be as valuable as the sheep they kill” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
8:36 gmi0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns σφαγῆς 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **slaughter**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “to be slaughtered” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
8:37 wytd rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast ἀλλ’ 1 **But** here indicates that what follows [verses 37–39](../08/37.md) is the negative answer to the rhetorical questions in [verse 35](../08/35.md). If you translated the rhetorical question in [verse 35](../08/35.md) as a question, then here you could use a natural way in your language for introducing a negative answer to that question. If you changed the rhetorical question in [verse 35](../08/35.md) to a statement, then here you could use a word that indicates strong contrast. Alternate translation: “No,” or “On the contrary,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
8:37 aii8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τούτοις 1 Here, **these things** refers to the list of various types of suffering mentioned in [verse 35](../08/35.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “these kinds of suffering” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8:37 iui3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὑπερνικῶμεν 1 Here, **more than conquerors** refers to those who have complete victory over their enemies. If it might be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “we have complete victory” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
8:37 wcm6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τοῦ ἀγαπήσαντος ἡμᾶς 1 Here, **the one who loved us** could refer to: (1) Christ, as in [verse 35](../08/35.md). Alternate translation: “through Christ, who loved us” (2) God, as in [verse 39](../08/39.md). Alternate translation: “through God, who loved us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8:38 fch1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. Here, it indicates that what follows in this verse and the next verse is an explanation of what Paul said in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In fact,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
8:38 dgky rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive πέπεισμαι 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God convinced me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
8:38 ok7f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns θάνατος & ζωὴ & ἀρχαὶ & δυνάμεις 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **death**, **life**, **governments**, or **powers**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “being dead … being alive … those who govern … powerful things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
8:38 js9q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἀρχαὶ 1 Here, **governments** could refer to: (1) demons, which is usually how Paul uses this word ([1 Corinthians 15:24](../1co/15/24.md), [Ephesians 6:12](../eph/06/12.md)). Alternate translation: “ruling demons” (2) human kings and rulers. Alternate translation: “human rulers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8:38 q7ti rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit δυνάμεις 1 This could refer to: (1) demons with power, which is how Paul uses this word in [1 Corinthians 15:24](../1co/15/24.md) and [Ephesians 1:21](../eph/01/21.md). Alternate translation: “demonic powers” (2) human beings with power. Alternate translation: “powerful people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8:39 ppaz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ὕψωμα & βάθος 1 Here, **height** refers to everything that exists above a person, and **depth** refers to everything that exists below a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “everything that is above us … everything that is below us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
8:39 ajct rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive τις κτίσις ἑτέρα 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “any other thing that God has created” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
8:39 sd7j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor δυνήσεται ἡμᾶς χωρίσαι ἀπὸ τῆς ἀγάπης τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 See how you translated the similar phrase in [verse 35](../08/35.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
8:39 fr5b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish τῆς ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ 1 Here, **which** marks that Paul is giving further information about **the love of God**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the relationship between these phrases more clear. Alternate translation: “that is, the love of God in Christ Jesus” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
8:39 tot5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ 1 See how you translated this phrase in [6:23](../06/23.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
9:intro w6f4 0 # Romans 9 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n6. God’s plan for Israel (9:1–11:36)\n * Paul’s sorrow for Israel’s unbelief (9:1–5)\n * God chooses whom he wants to choose (9:6–13)\n * God shows mercy on whom he wants to show mercy (9:14–18)\n * No one can question God’s choice (9:19–33)\n\nChapter 9 begins a new topic in this letter. In chapters 9-11, Paul focuses on the nation of Israel.\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with [verses 25-29](../09/25.md) and [33](../09/33.md) of this chapter. Paul quotes all of these words from the Old Testament.\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Predestination\n\nMany scholars believe that in this chapter Paul teaches extensively on a subject known as “predestination.” Some take this to indicate that God has chosen to save some people from before the world existed. Christians have different views on what the Bible teaches on this subject, so translators need to take extra care when translating this chapter. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/predestine]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])\n\n### Important Figures of Speech in this Chapter\n\n### Stone of stumbling\n\nIn [verses 30–33](../09/30.md) Paul explains that God made some Gentiles righteous because they believed in Jesus, but most Jews rejected Jesus because they were trying to obey the law of Moses to become righteous. Paul quotes [Isaiah 8:14](../../isa/08/14.md) and [28:16](../../isa/28/16.md) to describe Jesus as if he were a stone that the Jews trip over when walking. See the translations and notes for how Peter uses these same verses from Isaiah in [1 Peter 2:6](../1pe/02/06.md), [8](../1pe/02/08.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
9:1 yg93 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet ἀλήθειαν λέγω ἐν Χριστῷ, οὐ ψεύδομαι 1 These two expressions mean basically the same thing. Paul uses them to emphasize that he is telling the truth. If your language does not use repetition to do this, you could use one phrase and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “I am telling you the absolute truth in Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
9:1 igs8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐν Χριστῷ 1 See how you translated the similar phrase in [3:24](../03/24.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
9:1 h9mp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification συνμαρτυρούσης μοι τῆς συνειδήσεώς 1 Here Paul uses **conscience** as if it were a person bearing witness in a courtroom. If it might be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated a similar phrase in [2:15](../02/15.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
9:1 dsaj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν Πνεύματι Ἁγίῳ 1 Here, **in the Holy Spirit** indicates that **the Holy Spirit** is the one who guided Paul’s **conscience**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “by the guidance of the Holy Spirit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
9:2 jx3a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom λύπη μοί ἐστιν μεγάλη, καὶ ἀδιάλειπτος ὀδύνη τῇ καρδίᾳ μου 1 Here, **unceasing pain in my heart** is an idiom that Paul uses to share his emotional distress. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I am experiencing great and unceasing sorrow” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
9:2 jky1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet λύπη & μεγάλη, καὶ ἀδιάλειπτος ὀδύνη 1 These two expressions mean basically the same thing. Paul uses them to emphasize how intense his emotions are. If your language does not use repetition to do this, you could use one phrase and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “exceedingly great sorrow” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
9:3 sju1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. **For** here indicates that what follows is the reason why the previous statement is true. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “This is true since” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
9:3 b1g6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἀνάθεμα εἶναι αὐτὸς 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **accursed**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “myself to be cursed” or “myself to be an accursed person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
9:3 rh5h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἀπὸ τοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God separating me from Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
9:3 oma4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ἀπὸ τοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 Here, **separated from Christ** refers to the idea of Paul losing his salvation, which is impossible. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “eternally kept apart from Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
9:3 og9y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὑπὲρ τῶν ἀδελφῶν μου 1 Here, **for the sake of** implies that Paul is talking about the salvation of his **brothers**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “for the sake of the salvation of my brothers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
9:3 gaim rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations τῶν ἀδελφῶν μου 1 Although the term **brothers** is masculine, Paul is using the word here in a generic sense that includes both men and women. Alternate translation: “my brothers and sisters” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
9:3 eg9b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy τῶν ἀδελφῶν μου 1 Here, **brothers** refers to Jews, who are Paul’s kinsmen. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “my Jewish kinsmen” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
9:3 gn5p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish τῶν συγγενῶν μου, κατὰ σάρκα 1 This clause gives further information about **my brothers**. If it might be helpful in your language, you could make the relationship between these phrases clearer. Alternate translation: “who are those of my own race according to the flesh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
9:3 qckq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom κατὰ σάρκα 1 See how you translated **according to the flesh** in [1:3](../01/03.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
9:4 p1ys rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish οἵτινές εἰσιν Ἰσραηλεῖται 1 This phrase gives further information about “my brothers," mentioned in the previous verse. If it might be helpful in your language, you could make the relationship between these phrases clearer. Alternate translation: “those brothers of mine are Israelites” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
9:4 jfzg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἡ υἱοθεσία & ἡ δόξα & ἡ νομοθεσία & ἡ λατρεία & αἱ ἐπαγγελίαι 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **adoption**, **glory**, **law-giving**, **service**, and **promises**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “being adopted … glorious things … being given the law … serving … what has been promised” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
9:4 l6vs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἡ υἱοθεσία 1 Here, **adoption** refers to the idea that the **Israelites** were like God’s children. If it might be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the status as God’s children” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
9:4 n2vu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἡ νομοθεσία 1 Here, **the law-giving** refers to God giving his laws to the Jews. If it might be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the giving of God’s laws to them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
9:4 vu6j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἡ λατρεία 1 Here, **the service** refers to Jewish worship in the temple, which was a way of serving God. If it might be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “serving God in his temple” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
9:5 tic7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor οἱ πατέρες 1 Here, **the fathers** refers to the first ancestors of the Israelites, who are Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “are Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
9:5 q5w4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom κατὰ σάρκα 1 See how you translated **according to the flesh** in [1:3](../01/03.md) and [verse 3](../08/03.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
9:5 offl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὁ ὢν ἐπὶ πάντων 1 This clause refers to **the Christ**, mentioned earlier in the verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this connection clearer. Alternate translation: “Christ is the one who is over all” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
9:5 l07v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὁ ὢν ἐπὶ πάντων 1 The phrase **is over all** implies ruling as king **over all** things. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the one who reigns over all” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
9:5 blop rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Θεὸς, εὐλογητὸς 1 Here, **blessed God** refers to Jesus. It does not refer to Father God. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “he is the blessed God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
9:6 equ8 οὐχ οἷον & ὅτι ἐκπέπτωκεν ὁ λόγος τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Alternate translation: “it is not as if the word of God has failed” or “the word of God has not failed”
9:6 vedq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification ἐκπέπτωκεν ὁ λόγος τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Here Paul speaks about **the word of God** as if it were a person who had not **failed**. He means that what God has said will certainly happen as he said. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the word of God will remain unfulfilled” or “the word of God has proved false” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
9:6 bmq6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὁ λόγος τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Here, **the word of God** refers to what God promised to do for Israel. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “God’s word of promise” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
9:6 r8se rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. **For** here indicates that this sentence gives the reason why what Paul said in the previous sentence is true. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “This is due to the fact that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
9:6 wy8z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit οὐ & πάντες οἱ ἐξ Ἰσραήλ οὗτοι, Ἰσραήλ 1 Here Paul uses the word **Israel** in two different ways. The phrase **all the ones from Israel** refers to all the physical descendants of Jacob, whom God also called **Israel**. However, the second occurrence of **Israel** refers to physical descendants of Jacob who trust in Jesus. If it might be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “not all the ones from physical Israel are part of spiritual Israel” or “not every physical Israelite is a true Israelite” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
9:7 s3rj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis οὐδ’ ὅτι εἰσὶν σπέρμα Ἀβραάμ πάντες τέκνα 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the previous verse. Alternate translation: “Neither is it such a thing that all the children are seed of Abraham” or “Neither is it true that all the children are seed of Abraham” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
9:7 m5av rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit πάντες τέκνα 1 Here, **children** refers specifically to “the children of Israel,” which is a name for the Jewish people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “all the children of Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
9:7 kpls rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor πάντες τέκνα 1 Here, **children** refers to someone’s descendants. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “all the descendants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
9:7 y86t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor σπέρμα Ἀβραάμ & σοι σπέρμα 1 Here, **seed** refers to refers to physical descendants of **Abraham** who trust in Jesus, as did the second occurrence of “Israel” in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “true descendants of Abraham … your true seed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
9:7 kbnn rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations ἀλλ’ 1 **But** here indicates that what follows is a quotation from an Old Testament book ([Genesis 21:12](../gen/21/12.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “But God says in the Scriptures,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
9:7 z2f3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks ἐν Ἰσαὰκ κληθήσεταί σοι σπέρμα 1 This sentence is a quotation from [Genesis 21:12](../gen/21/12.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
9:7 wam8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular ἐν Ἰσαὰκ κληθήσεταί σοι σπέρμα 1 Here, **your** refers to **Abraham**, and so, it is singular. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Abraham, in Isaac your seed will be called” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
9:7 obgo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐν Ἰσαὰκ 1 Here, **in Isaac** means “through the descendants of Isaac.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “through Isaac’s descendants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
9:7 i640 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive κληθήσεταί σοι σπέρμα 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The context indicates that God is the one who will do the action, and he is speaking in first person. Alternate translation: “I will call your seed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
9:8 yhq8 τοῦτ’ ἔστιν 1 Alternate translation: “Another way to say this is”
9:8 s5xa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy τὰ τέκνα τῆς σαρκὸς, 1 Here, **children of the flesh** refers to the physical descendants of Abraham. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Abraham’s physical descendants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
9:8 y17u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τέκνα τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 See how you translated this phrase in the [8:16](../08/16.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
9:8 ta8t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὰ τέκνα τῆς ἐπαγγελίας 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **children** who are the result of **the promise**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the children who result from the promise” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
9:8 z5no rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῆς ἐπαγγελίας 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **promise**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “who had been promised” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
9:8 h751 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τῆς ἐπαγγελίας 1 Here, **the promise** refers to God’s promise to give Abraham descendants. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “of the promise God made to Abraham” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
9:8 p768 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor σπέρμα 1 See how you translated **seed** in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
9:9 f4ap rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. Here, it introduces an explanation of what Paul said in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In fact,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
9:9 ptfv rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations ἐπαγγελίας & ὁ λόγος οὗτος 1 This phrase indicates that what follows is a quotation from an Old Testament book ([Genesis 18:10](../gen/18/10.md), [14](../gen/18/14.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “this is the word of promise that God spoke in the Scriptures” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
9:9 up57 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἐπαγγελίας & ὁ λόγος 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe a **word** that is a **promise**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the word that was promised” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
9:9 vplh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἐπαγγελίας & ὁ λόγος 1 Here, Paul used the term **word** to describe what God had said by using words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “God’s spoken promise” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
9:9 sufo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks κατὰ τὸν καιρὸν τοῦτον, ἐλεύσομαι, καὶ ἔσται τῇ Σάρρᾳ υἱός 1 This sentence is a quotation from [Genesis 18:10](../gen/18/10.md), [14](../gen/18/14.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
9:9 r9dw rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ἐλεύσομαι 1 The pronoun **I** here refers to God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I, God, will come” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
9:9 hxl1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result καὶ 1 **And** indicates that what follows this word is related to what came before it. Here, **and** indicates that what follows is the result of what happened in the previous clause. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a result. Alternate translation: “and the result will be that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
9:9 h4kf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ἔσται τῇ Σάρρᾳ υἱός 1 This clause is leaving out a word that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply this word from the context. Alternate translation: “a son will be born to Sarah” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
9:9 wqb2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἔσται τῇ Σάρρᾳ υἱός 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Sarah will have a son” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
9:10 icc1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns οὐ μόνον δέ 1 Here, **this** refers to what Paul said in the previous verse, which was an example of God’s promises. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Now, this is not the only example” or “Now, what God promised Abraham is not the only example” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
9:10 nqkc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἀλλὰ καὶ Ῥεβέκκα 1 Paul implies that God made a promise to **Rebekah** and he states that promise in [verse 12](../09/12.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but Rebekah also received a promise from God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
9:10 mb5q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τοῦ πατρὸς ἡμῶν 1 Here, **father** refers to **Isaac** as the ancestor of the Jewish people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “our forefather” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
9:11 h16y rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 The words **for** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. Here, **for** indicates that what follows gives further information about what Paul says in the previous verse and the next verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “in fact,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
9:11 ekxa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit γὰρ 1 Here Paul is referring to God choosing to bless Jacob instead of Esau, the twin sons of Rebekah and Isaac. However, he does not state this explicitly until [verse 13](../09/13.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “for God chose to bless only one of Rebekah’s two sons,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
9:11 luly rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis μήπω & γεννηθέντων, μηδὲ πραξάντων τι ἀγαθὸν ἢ φαῦλον 1 Paul is leaving out some words that these clauses would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “her sons not yet having been born, nor indeed having done anything good or bad” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
9:11 h32d rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα 1 Here, **so that** indicates that what follows is the purpose for which God chose only one of Rebekah’s sons. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
9:11 a1gz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἡ & πρόθεσις τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **purpose**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “what God had purposed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
9:11 ts50 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns κατ’ ἐκλογὴν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **election**, you could express the same idea in another way. The context indicates that Paul is referring to **God** electing people. Alternate translation: “according to electing people” or “in relation to choosing people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
9:12 ze3m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit οὐκ ἐξ ἔργων, ἀλλ’ ἐκ τοῦ καλοῦντος 1 Here Paul is referring to the election of one of Rebekah’s sons, Jacob, as stated in the next verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “God did not elect Jacob by works, but by the one who calls” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
9:12 h6uj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἔργων 1 Here, **works** refers to human actions in general. It does not refer to “the works of the law” because God had not yet given the law of Moses when Jacob and Esau lived. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “what people do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
9:12 d6mr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τοῦ καλοῦντος 1 Here, **the one who calls** refers to God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “God who calls” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
9:12 sie3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis τοῦ καλοῦντος 1 Paul is leaving out a word that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply the word from the context. Alternate translation: “the one who calls people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
9:12 wv7n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐρρέθη αὐτῇ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God said to her” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
9:12 fcho rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations ἐρρέθη αὐτῇ 1 This phrase indicates that what follows is a quotation from an Old Testament book ([Genesis 25:23](../gen/25/23.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “it was said to her, as recorded in the Scriptures” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
9:12 y9cc rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns αὐτῇ 1 Here, the pronoun **her** refers to Rebekah. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
9:12 hwwn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks ὁ μείζων δουλεύσει τῷ ἐλάσσονι 1 This sentence is a quotation from [Genesis 25:23](../gen/25/23.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
9:12 b8px rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὁ μείζων δουλεύσει τῷ ἐλάσσονι 1 The phrases **the older** and **the younger** refer to Rebekah’s **older** and **younger** twin sons. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
9:13 heon rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations καθὼς γέγραπται 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:17](../01/17.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
9:13 mxfw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive καθὼς γέγραπται 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, the quotation was written by the prophet Malachi, and God is the person speaking. Alternate translation: “It is just as God had Malachi write” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
9:13 xt7t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks τὸν Ἰακὼβ ἠγάπησα, τὸν δὲ Ἠσαῦ ἐμίσησα 1 This sentence is a quotation from [Malachi 1:2–3](../mal/01/02.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
9:13 jcfs rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ἠγάπησα & ἐμίσησα 1 The pronoun **I** here refers to God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I, God, loved … I hated” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
9:13 y3zu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole ἐμίσησα 1 Paul quotes God using the word **hated** as an exaggeration to say that he did not love Esau and had completely rejected him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I completely rejected” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
9:14 lf2k rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result τί οὖν ἐροῦμεν? 1 Here, **then** indicates that what follows is a response to what Paul said in [verses 6–13](../09/06.md). See how you translated this phrase in [6:1](../06/01.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
9:14 m8xk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion τί οὖν ἐροῦμεν? μὴ ἀδικία παρὰ τῷ Θεῷ? 1 In these two sentences Paul is not asking for information, but is using questions to address an objection that some people may have to what he said in the previous verses because they misunderstood him. If you would not use rhetorical questions for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as statements or exclamations or communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Then we will say that God is truly unrighteous!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
9:14 xvei rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks τί οὖν ἐροῦμεν? μὴ ἀδικία παρὰ τῷ Θεῷ? 1 In these two sentences Paul is speaking as if he were a person who misunderstood what Paul had taught in the previous verses. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
9:14 ya6m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns μὴ ἀδικία παρὰ τῷ Θεῷ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **unrighteousness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “There is no unrighteous character with God, is there” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
9:14 euci rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor μὴ ἀδικία παρὰ τῷ Θεῷ 1 Here Paul speaks of **unrighteousness** as if it were an object that could not be **with God**. He is referring to the idea of God being unrighteous. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “God is not unrighteous, is he” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
9:14 s1hm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit μὴ γένοιτο! 1 In this sentence Paul begins to respond to the rhetorical questions he wrote in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I would respond by saying, ‘May it never be!’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
9:14 jrp5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations μὴ γένοιτο! 1 See how you translated this phrase in [3:4](../03/04.md) and [6:2](../06/02.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
9:15 x9ri rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. **For** here indicates that what follows is the reason why what Paul said in the previous verse is true. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “This is due to the fact that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
9:15 k9i0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations τῷ Μωϋσεῖ γὰρ λέγει 1 Here Paul uses this clause to introduce a quotation from an Old Testament book ([Exodus 33:19](../exo/33/19.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “For he says to Moses that which is written in the Scriptures” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
9:15 v2x6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns λέγει & ἐλεήσω & ἐλεῶ & οἰκτειρήσω & οἰκτείρω 1 The pronouns **he** and **I** here refer to God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “God says … ‘I, God, will have mercy … I will have mercy … I, God, will have compassion … I will have compassion’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
9:15 kq2c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture λέγει 1 Here Paul uses the present tense verb **says** to refer to something that happened in the past. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the past tense in your translation. Alternate translation: “he said” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
9:15 c2t0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks ἐλεήσω ὃν ἂν ἐλεῶ, καὶ οἰκτειρήσω ὃν ἂν οἰκτείρω 1 This sentence is a quotation from [Exodus 33:19](../exo/33/19.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
9:15 f61q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐλεήσω ὃν ἂν ἐλεῶ, καὶ οἰκτειρήσω ὃν ἂν οἰκτείρω 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **mercy** and **compassion**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “I will act mercifully to whomever I will act mercifully, and I will act compassionately to whomever I will act compassionately” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
9:15 f1hi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism ἐλεήσω ὃν ἂν ἐλεῶ, καὶ οἰκτειρήσω ὃν ἂν οἰκτείρω 1 These statements use parallelism internally and between each other. They emphasize that God does whatever he wants. If it would be helpful in your language, consider using another form that emphasizes that God is graciously kind to exactly those and only those to whom he chooses to show kindness, and he does so without outside influence. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
9:16 y06j rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases ἄρα οὖν 1 **So then** indicates that what follows in this verse summarizes the ideas of [verses 11–15](../09/11.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a clearer expression. See how you translated this phrase in [5:18](../05/18.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
9:16 hn5j rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns οὐ 1 Here, **it** refers to God acting mercifully. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “God’s mercy is not” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
9:16 d4f5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τοῦ θέλοντος, οὐδὲ τοῦ τρέχοντος, ἀλλὰ & Θεοῦ 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe what God’s mercy does or does not depend on. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “depending on the one who wills, nor depending on the one who runs, but depending on God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
9:16 ues3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τοῦ τρέχοντος 1 Here Paul uses **the one who runs** to refer to a person who does good things to try to gain God’s favor as if that person were running a race. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the one who tries to gain favor” or “the one who works very hard” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
9:16 plbr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish τοῦ ἐλεῶντος 1 This phrase gives further information about **God**. If it might be helpful in your language, you could make the relationship between these phrases clearer. Alternate translation: “he is the one who has mercy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
9:16 p1fn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τοῦ ἐλεῶντος 1 See how you translated **mercy** in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
9:17 st77 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. **For** here indicates that what follows is the another reason why what Paul said in [verse 14](../09/14.md) is true. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “What I said previously is also true, due to the fact that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
9:17 x1cj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification λέγει & ἡ Γραφὴ τῷ Φαραὼ 1 Here Paul uses **the scripture** as if it were a person who could speak. He means that the scripture he is about to quote contains information that God said to **Pharaoh**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “God says to Pharaoh in the scripture” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
9:17 e0r9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations λέγει & ἡ Γραφὴ τῷ Φαραὼ 1 This phrase indicates that what follows is a quotation from an Old Testament book ([Exodus 9:16](../exo/09/16.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “God said to Pharaoh in the Scriptures” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
9:17 w1ki rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture λέγει 1 Here Paul uses the present tense verb **says** to refer to something that happened in the past. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the past tense in your translation. Alternate translation: “said” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
9:17 ipl3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks ὅτι εἰς αὐτὸ τοῦτο ἐξήγειρά σε, ὅπως ἐνδείξωμαι ἐν σοὶ τὴν δύναμίν μου, καὶ ὅπως διαγγελῇ τὸ ὄνομά μου ἐν πάσῃ τῇ γῇ 1 This sentence is a quotation from [Exodus 9:16](../exo/09/16.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
9:17 wfwo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns αὐτὸ τοῦτο 1 See how you translated **purpose** in [verse 11](../09/11.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
9:17 xu7s rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ἐξήγειρά σε & ἐνδείξωμαι & μου 1 Here the pronouns **I** and **my** refer to God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I, God, raised you up … I might demonstrate my” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
9:17 pz5x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ἐξήγειρά σε 1 Paul quotes God using the phrase **raised you up** to refer to causing someone to become king. If it would be helpful in your language, you can use a comparable idiom or express the idea plainly. Alternate translation: “I caused you to become king” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
9:17 nfv5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular σε & σοὶ 1 Both occurrences of **you** in this verse are singular and refer to Pharaoh. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
9:17 ho3g rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ὅπως & ὅπως 1 Both occurrences of **so that** in this verse introduce purpose clauses. Use a natural way in your language for introducing purpose clauses. Alternate translation: “for the purpose that … for the purpose that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
9:17 dp4p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὴν δύναμίν μου 1 See how you translated **power** in [1:16](../01/16.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
9:17 wspw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐν σοὶ 1 Paul quotes God speaking of his **power** as if it were an object that could be **in** Pharaoh. He means that Pharaoh is the means by which God would show his power. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “by means of you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
9:17 gps5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ὅπως διαγγελῇ τὸ ὄνομά μου 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “so that people might proclaim my name” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
9:17 jp6i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy τὸ ὄνομά μου 1 Here, **my name** represents God himself. If it might be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “who I am” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
9:18 qlty rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases ἄρα οὖν 1 **So then** indicates that what follows in this verse summarizes the ideas of [verses 14–17](../09/14.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a clearer expression. See how you translated this phrase in [5:18](../05/18.md) and in [verse 16](../09/16.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
9:18 jrj5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns θέλει, ἐλεεῖ & θέλει, σκληρύνει 1 In this verse **he** refers to God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “God has mercy … he wills … God wills … he hardens” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
9:18 bf3a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐλεεῖ 1 See how you translated **mercy** in [verse 15](../09/15.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
9:18 qzvz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor σκληρύνει 1 Here, **he hardens** refers to causing someone to become stubborn. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he causes to become stubborn” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
9:19 z4j2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular ἐρεῖς 1 **You** here is singular and refers to a hypothetical person who opposes Paul. If it would be helpful in your language, you could indicate this explicitly. Alternate translation: “You people who oppose me will say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
9:19 r6r7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ἐρεῖς μοι οὖν 1 Here, **then** indicates that what follows is a response to what Paul said in [verses 14–18](../09/14.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Then you will respond to what I just said by saying to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
9:19 zt94 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns μοι 1 The pronoun **me** here refers to Paul. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “to me, Paul” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
9:19 bbe4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion τί οὖν ἔτι μέμφεται? τῷ γὰρ βουλήματι αὐτοῦ, τίς ἀνθέστηκεν? 1 Paul is not asking for information, but is using these two questions here to express the objections that someone who opposes him might have to what he said in [verses 14–18](../09/14.md). If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Then he should not find fault with us! No one has ever been able to withstand his will!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
9:19 eqph rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result τί οὖν 1 Here, **then** indicates that what follows is a response to what Paul said in [verses 14–18](../09/14.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “If these things are true, then why” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
9:19 hqr7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns μέμφεται & αὐτοῦ 1 In this verse the pronouns **he** and **his** refer to God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “does God … find fault … God’s” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
9:19 zioz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἔτι μέμφεται 1 Here, **find fault** refers to blaming someone for doing something bad. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “does he blame us for our sins” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
9:20 n1ti rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὦ ἄνθρωπε 1 In this verse Paul begins to respond to the rhetorical questions from his hypothetical opponent in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I would respond by saying, ‘O man’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
9:20 g7mn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks ὦ ἄνθρωπε, μενοῦνγε σὺ τίς εἶ, ὁ ἀνταποκρινόμενος τῷ Θεῷ? μὴ ἐρεῖ τὸ πλάσμα, τῷ πλάσαντι, τί με ἐποίησας οὕτως? 1 In this verse Paul is responding to the rhetorical questions from his hypothetical opponent in the previous verse. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
9:20 hci6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations ὦ ἄνθρωπε, 1 **O man** here is an exclamation word that here communicates indignance. Use an exclamation that is natural in your language for communicating this. Alternate translation: “How dare you, man!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
9:20 uu1t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ἄνθρωπε 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Paul is using the word here to emphasize human weakness. Alternate translation: “human being” or “mere mortal” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
9:20 r5uu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish μενοῦνγε σὺ τίς εἶ, ὁ ἀνταποκρινόμενος τῷ Θεῷ? 1 Here, **the one answering against God** gives further information about who **you** is. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the relationship between these words clearer. Alternate translation: “who indeed are you who answer against God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
9:20 qvsd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion μενοῦνγε σὺ τίς εἶ, ὁ ἀνταποκρινόμενος τῷ Θεῷ? 1 Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form here to emphasize his outrage at what was said in the previous verse. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “you who are answering against God indeed are nothing!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
9:20 i3fa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular σὺ 1 Here, **you** is singular and refers to a hypothetical person who opposes Paul. See how you translated this word in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
9:20 knb3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion μὴ ἐρεῖ τὸ πλάσμα, τῷ πλάσαντι, τί με ἐποίησας οὕτως? 1 Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form here to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “The one molded surely must not say to the one having molded it, ‘Why did you make me this way?’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
9:20 y6jz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification μὴ ἐρεῖ τὸ πλάσμα, τῷ πλάσαντι, τί με ἐποίησας οὕτως? 1 Here Paul speaks of a person whom God created as if that person were an object that was **molded** by God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The created person surely must not say to the one having created him, ‘Why did you make me this way?’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
9:20 styp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive τὸ πλάσμα 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The one whom God molded” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
9:20 s9hg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τῷ πλάσαντι 1 Here, **the one having molded it** refers to God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “to God, who molded it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
9:20 dzn4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes μὴ ἐρεῖ τὸ πλάσμα, τῷ πλάσαντι, τί με ἐποίησας οὕτως 1 If you translated this verse as a direct quotation, then this sentence would be a direct quotation inside a direct quotation. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate the second direct quotation as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “The one molded will not ask the one having molded it why he made it this way. Will it?” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])
9:20 wcj3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion τί με ἐποίησας οὕτως 1 Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form here to emphasize what his hypothetical opponent is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “You should not have made me this way!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
9:21 e94a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion ἢ οὐκ ἔχει ἐξουσίαν ὁ κεραμεὺς τοῦ πηλοῦ, ἐκ τοῦ αὐτοῦ φυράματος ποιῆσαι ὃ μὲν εἰς τιμὴν σκεῦος, ὃ δὲ εἰς ἀτιμίαν? 1 Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form here to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “The potter surely has authority over the clay to make from the same lump not only what is a vessel for honor, but also what is for dishonor!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
9:21 nsdy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor ἢ οὐκ ἔχει ἐξουσίαν ὁ κεραμεὺς τοῦ πηλοῦ, ἐκ τοῦ αὐτοῦ φυράματος ποιῆσαι ὃ μὲν εἰς τιμὴν σκεῦος, ὃ δὲ εἰς ἀτιμίαν? 1 Paul speaks about God’s authority over people by using the metaphor of a **potter** and his **clay**. Paul means that God has the right to do whatever he wants with people, because he made them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this metaphor as a simile. Alternate translation: “Or does God not have authority over us like a potter has authority over the clay to make from the same lump not only what is a vessel for honor, but also what is for dishonor?” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor]])
9:21 falq rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown ἢ οὐκ ἔχει ἐξουσίαν ὁ κεραμεὺς τοῦ πηλοῦ, ἐκ τοῦ αὐτοῦ φυράματος ποιῆσαι ὃ μὲν εἰς τιμὴν σκεῦος, ὃ δὲ εἰς ἀτιμίαν? 1 A **potter** is a person who makes containers out of a type of soil called **clay** that becomes hard after it is heated. The **potter** takes a **lump** of **clay** and forms it into different kinds of containers that are used for various purposes. If your readers would not be familiar with **clay** containers, you could use the name of a different type of material that is used in your area to make containers, or you could use a general expression. Alternate translation: “Or does the person who makes something not have authority over his materials to make from those materials not only what is a vessel for honor, but also what is for dishonor?” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
9:21 lm6k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns εἰς τιμὴν σκεῦος & εἰς ἀτιμίαν 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **honor** and **dishonor**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “a vessel for what is honorable … for what is dishonorable” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
9:21 pe9t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit εἰς τιμὴν σκεῦος & εἰς ἀτιμίαν 1 Here, **honor** and **dishonor** refer to how these vessels will be used. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “a vessel for honorable use … for dishonorable use” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
9:22 gk5u General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\n[Verses 22–24](../09/22.md) are one long sentence. If you divide these verses into multiple sentences, as the UST does, then you may need to repeat some phrases in order to make the meaning clear.
9:22 a9tl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis εἰ 1 Here Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context, especially the idea in [verse 20](../09/20.md) that no one can speak against God. Alternate translation: “what can you say against God if” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
9:22 afmb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion εἰ 1 Here, **what if** indicates the beginning of one long rhetorical question that extends from [verse 22](../09/22.md) to [verse 24](../09/24.md). If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “you cannot possibly say anything against God if” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
9:22 dzpq rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact εἰ 1 Here, **if** indicates the beginning of a conditional sentence that extends from [verse 22](../09/22.md) to [verse 24](../09/24.md). Paul is speaking as if this were a hypothetical possibility, but he means that it is actually true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might misunderstand and think that what Paul is saying is not certain, then you can translate his words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “you cannot possibly say anything against God since” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
9:22 cqto rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure θέλων & ἐνδείξασθαι τὴν ὀργὴν, καὶ γνωρίσαι τὸ δυνατὸν αὐτοῦ, ἤνεγκεν ἐν πολλῇ μακροθυμίᾳ, σκεύη ὀργῆς κατηρτισμένα εἰς ἀπώλειαν 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “endured with much patience vessels of wrath prepared for destruction, willing to demonstrate his wrath and to make his power known” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
9:22 bqkv rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result θέλων & ἐνδείξασθαι τὴν ὀργὴν 1 This clause could indicate: (1) the reason why God **endured vessels of wrath**. Alternate translation: “as a result of being willing to demonstrate his wrath” (2) a contrast between God being **willing to demonstrate his wrath** and **enduring vessels of wrath**. Alternate translation: “even though he was willing to demonstrate his wrath” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
9:22 yyyp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὴν ὀργὴν & τὸ δυνατὸν αὐτοῦ & πολλῇ μακροθυμίᾳ & ὀργῆς & εἰς ἀπώλειαν 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **wrath**, **power**, **patience**, and **destruction**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “how wrathful he is … how powerful he is … being very patient … for being wrathful against … for being destroyed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
9:22 cj94 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive γνωρίσαι τὸ δυνατὸν αὐτοῦ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “to make people know his power” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
9:22 we86 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor σκεύη ὀργῆς 1 Paul refers to people as if they were **vessels**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “people of wrath” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
9:22 ba9v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession σκεύη ὀργῆς 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **vessels** that deserve **wrath**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “vessels that deserve wrath” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
9:22 at71 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish κατηρτισμένα εἰς ἀπώλειαν 1 This phrase gives further information about the **vessels of wrath**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the relationship between these phrases clearer. Alternate translation: “who are the ones prepared for destruction” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
9:22 o4ub rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive κατηρτισμένα εἰς ἀπώλειαν 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The one who does the action could be: (1) God, who is the main subject of this verse. Alternate translation: “God prepared for destruction” (2) the people themselves. Alternate translation: “who prepared themselves for destruction” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
9:22 bney rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal κατηρτισμένα εἰς ἀπώλειαν 1 The word **for** indicates that what follows this word connects to what came before it. Here, **for** indicates the purpose for which the **vessels of wrath** were **prepared**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “prepared for purpose of being destroyed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
9:22 webu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit εἰς ἀπώλειαν 1 Here, **destruction** refers to experiencing punishment forever in hell. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “for experiencing eternal destruction” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
9:23 rtom rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases καὶ 1 Here, **and** indicates that this verse continues the sentence that Paul began in the previous verse. If you divide the sentence into shorter sentences, you will need to repeat some of the information from the previous verse here. Alternate translation: “What if God also endured vessels of wrath so that” or “God also endured vessels of wrath so that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
9:23 u6tn rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα & εἰς 1 Here, **so that** and **for** indicate purpose clauses. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “for the purpose that … for the purpose of” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
9:23 ufj7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns γνωρίσῃ & αὐτοῦ & προητοίμασεν 1 In this verse the pronouns **he** and **his** refer to God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “God might make known … God’s … God prepared beforehand” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
9:23 o1fl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive γνωρίσῃ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he might make people know” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
9:23 hgau rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὸν πλοῦτον 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **riches**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “the rich character” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
9:23 iq94 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῆς δόξης αὐτοῦ & ἐλέους & εἰς δόξαν 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **glory** and **mercy**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “of how glorious he is … toward which he acts mercifully … for being glorious” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
9:23 ojeo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὸν πλοῦτον τῆς δόξης αὐτοῦ 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe a **glory** that is characterized by **wealth**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “his rich glory” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
9:23 she3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession σκεύη ἐλέους 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **vessels** that will receive God’s **mercy**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “vessels that will receive mercy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
9:23 v33r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor σκεύη ἐλέους 1 See how you translated **vessels** in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
9:23 kuim rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish ἃ προητοίμασεν εἰς δόξαν 1 This clause gives further information about the **vessels of mercy**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the relationship between these phrases clearer. Alternate translation: “who are the ones he prepared beforehand for glory” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
9:23 jcjx rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal εἰς δόξαν 1 Here, **for** indicates the purpose for which the **vessels of mercy** were **prepared**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “prepared for the purpose of being glorified” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
9:23 t41s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit εἰς δόξαν 1 Here, **glory** refers to experiencing **glory** forever with God in heaven. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “for experiencing eternal glory” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
9:24 yowi rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases καὶ & ἡμᾶς 1 Here, **even** indicates that this verse continues the sentence that Paul began in [verse 22](../09/22.md). If you divide the sentence into shorter sentences, you will need to repeat some of the information from the previous verses here. Alternate translation: “What if even we are vessels of mercy” or “Even we are vessels of mercy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
9:24 y6vp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἡμᾶς 1 Here, **us** refers to Paul and his Christian readers, so **us** would be inclusive. Your language may require you to mark this form. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
9:24 t8rn rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ἐκάλεσεν 1 Here, **he** refers to God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “God called” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
9:24 zp1t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish οὐ μόνον ἐξ Ἰουδαίων, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐξ ἐθνῶν 1 This phrase gives further information about the people **whom** God **called**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the relationship between these phrases clearer. Alternate translation: “who are those people not only from the Jews, but also from the Gentiles” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
9:25 eqc2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations ὡς καὶ ἐν τῷ Ὡσηὲ λέγει 1 This phrase indicates that what follows in this verse and the next verse are quotations from an Old Testament book ([Hosea 2:23](../hos/02/23.md); [1:10](../hos/01/10.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “As he says also in the scripture written by Hosea” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
9:25 ewb4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns λέγει & καλέσω & μου & μου 1 Here, **he**, **I**, and **my** refer to God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “God says … I, God, will call … my … my” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
9:25 is9f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture λέγει 1 Here Paul uses the present tense verb **says** to refer to something that happened in the past. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the past tense in your translation. Alternate translation: “he said” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
9:25 f0rx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks καλέσω τὸν οὐ λαόν μου, λαόν μου, καὶ τὴν οὐκ ἠγαπημένην, ἠγαπημένην 1 This sentence is a quotation from [Hosea 2:23](../hos/02/23.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
9:25 yy15 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive τὴν οὐκ ἠγαπημένην, ἠγαπημένην 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the one whom I did not love, ‘One I love’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
9:26 t46e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks καὶ ἔσται ἐν τῷ τόπῳ οὗ ἐρρέθη αὐτοῖς, οὐ λαός μου ὑμεῖς, ἐκεῖ κληθήσονται υἱοὶ Θεοῦ ζῶντος 1 This verse is a quotation from [Hosea 1:10](../hos/01/10.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
9:26 ciif rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐρρέθη 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The context indicates that God said this in first person. Alternate translation: “I said” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
9:26 yh4w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive κληθήσονται 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The one doing the action could be: (1) God. Alternate translation: “I will call them” (2) people in general. Alternate translation: “people will call them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
9:26 wpuw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor υἱοὶ Θεοῦ ζῶντος 1 See how you translated **sons** in [8:14](../08/14.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
9:26 brl6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Θεοῦ ζῶντος 1 Here, **the living God** could refer to: (1) God being the one who lives. Alternate translation: “the God who is alive” (2) God being the one who makes living things become alive. Alternate translation: “the God who gives life” or “the God who makes alive” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
9:27 oej1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations Ἠσαΐας δὲ κράζει ὑπὲρ τοῦ Ἰσραήλ 1 This phrase indicates that what follows in this verse and the next verse is a quotation from an Old Testament book ([Isaiah 10:22–23](../isa/10/22.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “But, as recorded in the Scriptures, Isaiah cries out concerning Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
9:27 zqi1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture κράζει 1 Here Paul uses the present tense verb **cries out** to refer to something that happened in the past. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the past tense in your translation. Alternate translation: “cried out” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
9:27 xjca rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Ἰσραήλ 1 Here, **Israel** refers to the Israelites. They are the descendants of Jacob, whom God also called **Israel**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Israelites” or “the descendants of Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
9:27 kgza rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks ἐὰν ᾖ ὁ ἀριθμὸς τῶν υἱῶν Ἰσραὴλ, ὡς ἡ ἄμμος τῆς θαλάσσης, τὸ ὑπόλειμμα σωθήσεται. 1 This sentence is the beginning of a quotation from [Isaiah 10:22–23](../isa/10/22.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
9:27 b0is rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τῶν υἱῶν Ἰσραὴλ 1 Here, the word **sons** means refers to descendants. Paul quotes Isaiah identifying the Israelites as descendants of their ancestor Jacob, who was also known as **Israel**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
9:27 qr8l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ὡς ἡ ἄμμος τῆς θαλάσσης, 1 Paul quotes Isaiah leaving out some of the words that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from earlier in the sentence. Alternate translation: “as the number of the grains of sand of the sea” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
9:27 k9j8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile ὡς ἡ ἄμμος τῆς θαλάσσης 1 Here Paul quotes Isaiah comparing the number of Israelites to the number of grains of **sand** beside the **sea** in order to emphasize how numerous they are. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “too many to count” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
9:27 nstd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἡ ἄμμος τῆς θαλάσσης 1 Paul quotes Isaiah using the possessive form to describe **the sand** that is next to **the sea**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the sand by the sea” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
9:27 wek9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὸ ὑπόλειμμα 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **remnant**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “those who remain” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
9:27 wig1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive σωθήσεται 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God will save” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
9:28 rupx rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 Here, **for** indicates that what follows is the reason why the statement in the previous verse is true. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “This is true since” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
9:28 cm32 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy λόγον 1 Here, **word** refers to God’s promise to both punish the Israelites and save a remnant from among them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “his promise to punish and save” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
9:28 pqri rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit συντελῶν 1 Here, **finishing** refers to successfully completing something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “successfully completing it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
9:28 md3o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor συντέμνων 1 Here, **cutting it short** refers to finish doing something quickly. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “ending it quickly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
9:28 x832 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks the Lord will carry out his sentence on the earth 0 The end of this verse is the end of a quotation from [Isaiah 10:22–23](../isa/10/22.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with a closing quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the end of a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
9:29 gq8u rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations καὶ καθὼς προείρηκεν Ἠσαΐας 1 This phrase indicates that what follows in this verse and the next verse is a quotation from an Old Testament book ([Isaiah 1:9](../isa/01/09.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “And just as Isaiah has said beforehand in the Scriptures” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
9:29 xem9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks εἰ μὴ Κύριος Σαβαὼθ ἐνκατέλιπεν ἡμῖν σπέρμα, ὡς Σόδομα ἂν ἐγενήθημεν, καὶ ὡς Γόμορρα ἂν ὡμοιώθημεν 1 This sentence is a quotation from [Isaiah 1:9](../isa/01/09.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
9:29 dl9x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἡμῖν & ἂν ἐγενήθημεν & ὡμοιώθημεν 1 In this verse **us** and **we** refer to Isaiah and those to whom he spoke, so **us** and **we** would be exclusive. Your language may require you to mark this form. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
9:29 iqy3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor σπέρμα 1 Here, **seed** is singular but refers to a group of people. See how you translated **seed** in [4:13](../04/13.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
9:29 yicp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὡς Σόδομα ἂν ἐγενήθημεν, καὶ ὡς Γόμορρα ἂν ὡμοιώθημεν 1 Paul’s readers would have known that **Sodom** and **Gomorrah** were cities that God completely destroyed because the people who lived in them were very wicked ([Genesis 19](../gen/19/01.md)). If your readers might not be familiar with this story, you could state this explicitly or indicate this in a note. Alternate translation: “we would have been destroyed like the people of Sodom, and we would have been destroyed like the people of Sodom” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
9:29 mkmt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism ὡς Σόδομα ἂν ἐγενήθημεν, καὶ ὡς Γόμορρα ἂν ὡμοιώθημεν 1 These two phrases mean the same thing. Isaiah says the same thing twice, in slightly different ways, to emphasize that Israel could have been completely destroyed by God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “we would have become just like Sodom and Gomorrah” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
9:29 obdz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ὡς Γόμορρα ἂν ὡμοιώθημεν 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God would have made us like Gomorrah” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
9:30 xv7y rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result οὖν 1 The word **then** indicates that what follows is a response. Here, **then** is a response to what Paul said in [verses 20–29](../09/20.md). See how you translated this phrase in [6:1](../06/01.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
9:30 m5l2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion τί οὖν ἐροῦμεν? 1 Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form in this sentence to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Then we will say this:” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
9:30 ki4k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ὅτι ἔθνη 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “We will say that the Gentiles” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
9:30 bnl6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish τὰ μὴ διώκοντα δικαιοσύνην 1 This clause gives further information about **the Gentiles**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the relationship between these phrases clearer. Alternate translation: “who are those people not pursuing righteousness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
9:30 x51u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns δικαιοσύνην & δικαιοσύνην & δικαιοσύνην 1 See how you translated this word in [6:13](../06/13.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
9:30 gl4m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐκ πίστεως 1 See how you translated this phrase in [4:16](../04/16.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
9:31 z133 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Ἰσραὴλ 1 See how you translated this name in [verse 27](../09/27.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
9:31 f18n rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns νόμον & νόμον 1 In this verse **law** refers to the laws that God gave the Jews by dictating them to Moses. See how you translated this use of **law** in [2:12](../02/12.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
9:31 x1o0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession νόμον δικαιοσύνης 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe a **law** that was for the purpose of **righteousness**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “a law for righteousness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
9:31 gjmu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns δικαιοσύνης 1 See how you translated this word in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
9:32 y4pf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis διὰ τί? 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the previous verse. Alternate translation: “Why could they not attain righteousness?” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
9:32 e7p7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion διὰ τί? 1 Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form here to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “This is why:” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
9:32 fty2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ὅτι οὐκ ἐκ πίστεως 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the previous verse. Alternate translation: “They did not attain righteousness because it was not by faith” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
9:32 scnv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐκ πίστεως 1 See how you translated this phrase in [verse 30](../09/30.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
9:32 j5jp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐξ ἔργων 1 Paul assumes that his readers would understand that **works** means “works of the law.” See how you translated the same use of **works** in [4:2](../04/02.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
9:32 s0r6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result προσέκοψαν 1 **They stumbled over** introduces a sentence that states the result of what Paul described in the previous sentence. Use a natural way in your language for indicating result. Alternate translation: “As a result, they stumbled over” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
9:32 hzww rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor προσέκοψαν τῷ λίθῳ τοῦ προσκόμματος 1 Here Paul speaks of Christ as if he were a **stone** that the Jews **stumbled over**. He means that the Jews were offended by Christ because they tried to become righteous by works. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a simile or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “They were offended by Jesus, like people who stumbled over a stone of stumbling” or “They were offended by Jesus” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
9:32 r14f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τῷ λίθῳ τοῦ προσκόμματος 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe a **stone** that causes **stumbling**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the stone that causes stumbling” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
9:33 kx9c rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations καθὼς γέγραπται 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:17]. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
9:33 ivt3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive καθὼς γέγραπται 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, the quotation was written by the prophet Isaiah and God is the person speaking. Alternate translation: “just as Isaiah wrote” or “just as God said through Isaiah” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
9:33 uo7d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks ἰδοὺ, τίθημι ἐν Σιὼν λίθον προσκόμματος, καὶ πέτραν σκανδάλου; καὶ ὁ πιστεύων ἐπ’ αὐτῷ, οὐ καταισχυνθήσεται. 1 This sentence is Paul’s paraphrase of parts of [Isaiah 8:14](../isa/08/14.md) and [28:16](../isa/28/16.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
9:33 m6ll rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἰδοὺ 1 Paul quotes Isaiah using the term **Behold** to focus his listeners’ attention on what he is about to say. Your language may have a comparable expression that you can use in your translation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
9:33 hmmn rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns τίθημι 1 In this quotation from the Old Testament, **I** refers to God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I, God, place” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
9:33 dy6x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἐν Σιὼν 1 Here, **Zion** refers to the city of Jerusalem. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
9:33 mf6h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor λίθον προσκόμματος, καὶ πέτραν σκανδάλου & αὐτῷ 1 Here, **stone of stumbling**, **rock of offense**, and **it** refer to Christ. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a simile or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a person who will be like a stone of stumbling and a rock of offense” or “a person who will cause people to stumble and will offend them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
9:33 u3dj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet λίθον προσκόμματος, καὶ πέτραν σκανδάλου 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The repetition is used to emphasize how offensive the Messiah would be to the Jews. If your language does not use repetition to do this, you could use one phrase and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “a stone that causes great offense” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
9:33 h3tw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession λίθον προσκόμματος 1 See how you translated this phrase in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
9:33 c8t8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession πέτραν σκανδάλου 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe a **rock** that causes **offense**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the rock that causes offense” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
9:33 knfh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns σκανδάλου 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **offense**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “that offends” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
9:33 tu4i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ὁ πιστεύων ἐπ’ αὐτῷ, οὐ καταισχυνθήσεται 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God will not shame the one who believes on it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
10:intro c2li 0 # Romans 10 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n6. God’s plan for Israel (9:1–11:36)\n * Paul’s sorrow for Israel’s unbelief (9:1–5)\n * God chooses whom he wants to choose (9:6–13)\n * God shows mercy to whom he wants to show mercy (9:14–18)\n * No one can question God’s choice (9:19–33)\n * Israel’s false righteousness (10:1–4)\n * Salvation is available to everyone (10:5–21)\n\nSome translations set prose quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULT does this with the quoted words in [verse 8](../10/08.md).\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with [verses 18-20](../10/18.md) of this chapter, which are words from the Old Testament.\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in this Chapter\n\n### Rhetorical questions\n\nPaul uses many rhetorical questions in this chapter. He does this to convince his readers that God does not save only the Jewish people, so Christians must be ready to go and share the gospel with the whole world. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])\n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### Different uses of “they,” “them,” and “their”\n\nIn [verses 1–4](../10/01.md), the pronouns “they,” “them,” and “their” always refer to the people of Israel. However, those pronouns refer to various things and people in [verses 5–21](../10/05.md), which will be addressed in the notes. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
10:1 hj4b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ἀδελφοί 1 See how you translated this word in [1:13](../01/13.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
10:1 v3jp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἡ & εὐδοκία & ἡ δέησις & σωτηρίαν 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **good pleasure**, **prayer**, and **salvation**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “the very pleasing thing … what I pray … them to be saved” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
10:1 tq7k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy τῆς ἐμῆς καρδίας 1 Here, **heart** refers to a person’s inner being or mind. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “of my inner being” or “of my mind” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
10:1 tmf2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns αὐτῶν 1 The pronoun **them** in [verses 1–4](../10/01.md) refers to Jewish people who do not believe in Jesus. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the Jewish people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
10:2 y7qg rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. Here, **For** indicates that what follows is the reason for what Paul said in the previous verse. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “I feel this way because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
10:2 adka rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ζῆλον & ἔχουσιν & οὐ κατ’ ἐπίγνωσιν 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **zeal** and **full knowledge**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “they are zealous … not by fully knowing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
10:2 rjqd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ζῆλον Θεοῦ ἔχουσιν 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe a **zeal** that is directed toward **God**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “they have a zeal for God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
10:2 pxyj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis οὐ κατ’ ἐπίγνωσιν 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the previous clause. Alternate translation: “they have zeal of God that is not according to full knowledge” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
10:3 e7p2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. Here, **For** indicates that what follows is the reason for what Paul said in the previous verse. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “This is due to the fact that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
10:3 bw97 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὴν τοῦ Θεοῦ δικαιοσύνην & τῇ δικαιοσύνῃ τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 See how you translated **the righteousness of God** in [1:17](../01/17.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
10:3 dgjn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὴν ἰδίαν δικαιοσύνην 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **righteousness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “being righteous on their own” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
10:3 a6r4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification τῇ δικαιοσύνῃ τοῦ Θεοῦ οὐχ ὑπετάγησαν 1 Here Paul speaks of **the righteousness of God** as if it were a person to whom someone could **submit**. He means that they refused to attain righteousness in the way God requires, which is by faith. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “they refuse to receive the righteousness of God attained according to his way” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
10:4 x1w8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. Here, **For** indicates that what follows is the reason why the Jews were wrong to try to make themselves righteous, as stated in the previous verse. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “They were wrong to seek to establish their own righteousness because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
10:4 y30a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τέλος & νόμου 1 Here, **the completion of the law** could mean: (1) the end of the law of Moses. Alternate translation: “is the end of the law” (2) the goal of the law of Moses. Alternate translation: “is the goal of the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
10:4 a9up rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τέλος 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **completion**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “is what completes” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
10:4 y3sx rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns νόμου 1 See how you translated **the law** in [2:12](../02/12.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
10:4 nprh rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal εἰς δικαιοσύνην 1 Here, **for** could indicate that: (1) **righteousness** was the purpose for **the completion of the law**. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of becoming righteous” (2) **righteousness** was the result of **the completion of the law**. Alternate translation: “resulting in righteousness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
10:4 f6pu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns δικαιοσύνην 1 See how you translated **righteousness** in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
10:4 z3z9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis παντὶ τῷ πιστεύοντι 1 See how you translated **everyone who believes** in [1:16](../01/16.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
10:5 vsyn rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. Here, it indicates that this verse explains what Paul said in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In fact,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
10:5 ozvf rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations Μωϋσῆς & γράφει τὴν δικαιοσύνην τὴν ἐκ νόμου 1 Here Paul uses this clause to introduce a quotation from an Old Testament book ([Leviticus 18:5](../lev/18/05.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “Moses writes in the Scriptures about the righteousness that is from the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
10:5 m8my rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture γράφει 1 Here Paul uses the present tense verb **writes** to refer to something that happened in the past. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the past tense in your translation. Alternate translation: “wrote” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
10:5 qby2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὴν δικαιοσύνην τὴν ἐκ νόμου 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **righteousness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “about being righteous based on the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
10:5 dufv rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns νόμου 1 See how you translated **the law** in [2:12](../02/12.md) and in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
10:5 jyjx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks ὁ ποιήσας αὐτὰ ἄνθρωπος, ζήσεται ἐν αὐτῇ 1 In this sentence Paul quotes [Leviticus 18:5](../lev/18/05.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
10:5 bh04 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ἄνθρωπος 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Paul quotes Moses using the word here in a generic sense that includes both men and women. Alternate translation: “man or woman” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
10:5 kt66 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit αὐτὰ 1 Here, **these things** refers to everything that God commanded the Jews in the law of Moses. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “these things written in the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
10:5 e3po rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit αὐτὰ 1 Paul quotes Moses implying that the person must do all of **these things** perfectly. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “all these things perfectly” or “every single one of these things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
10:5 qkz4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ζήσεται 1 Here, **will live** could refer to: (1) eternal life. Alternate translation: “will live forever” (2) a mortal life that God blesses. Alternate translation: “will stay alive” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
10:5 gsls rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns αὐτῇ 1 Here, **it** refers to the law of Moses, which was called **these things** earlier in the verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
10:6 r3ey rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations ἡ & ἐκ πίστεως δικαιοσύνη οὕτως λέγει 1 Here Paul uses this clause to introduce quotations from an Old Testament book ([Deuteronomy 9:4](../deu/09/04.md); [30:12–14](../deu/30/12.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “the righteousness by faith says thus in the Scriptures” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
10:6 sr9z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification ἡ & ἐκ πίστεως δικαιοσύνη & λέγει 1 Here, **righteousness** is described as if it were a person who could speak. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the real meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “about the righteousness by faith, Moses says” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
10:6 cgv8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐκ πίστεως δικαιοσύνη 1 See how you translated **righteousness** in [6:13](../06/13.md) and **by faith** in [4:16](../04/16.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
10:6 ksbr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture λέγει 1 Here Paul uses the present tense verb **says** to refer to something that happened in the past. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the past tense in your translation. Alternate translation: “said” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
10:6 ezma rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks μὴ εἴπῃς ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ σου, τίς ἀναβήσεται εἰς τὸν οὐρανόν? 1 In this sentence Paul quotes [Deuteronomy 9:4](../deu/09/04.md) and [Deuteronomy 30:12](../deu/30/12.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
10:6 x7h4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd σου 1 Here Paul quotes Moses addressing the people of Israel as if he were speaking to only one person. The pronoun **your** is singular. If the singular form would not be natural in your language for someone who was speaking to a group of people, you could use the plural form of **your** in your translation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]])
10:6 nwlw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy τῇ καρδίᾳ 1 See how you translated **heart** in [verse 1](../10/01.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
10:6 tf9r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion τίς ἀναβήσεται εἰς τὸν οὐρανόν? 1 Paul quotes Moses using a question to teach his audience. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Surely no one can ascend into heaven!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
10:6 gi7s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τοῦτ’ ἔστιν Χριστὸν καταγαγεῖν 1 In this clause Paul explains the meaning of the previous sentence. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “meaning, to make Christ come down to earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
10:6 y5c3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal Χριστὸν καταγαγεῖν 1 Here, **to** indicates that this is a purpose clause. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of bringing Christ down” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
10:7 g827 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations ἤ 1 Paul uses **or** here to connect a quotation from [Deuteronomy 30:12](../deu/30/12.md) with a paraphrase of [Deuteronomy 30:13](../deu/30/13.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that shows this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Moses also said not to say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
10:7 j2t4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks τίς καταβήσεται εἰς τὴν Ἄβυσσον 1 In this sentence Paul paraphrases [Deuteronomy 30:13](../deu/30/13.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
10:7 w8xe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion τίς καταβήσεται εἰς τὴν Ἄβυσσον? 1 Paul quotes Moses using a question to teach his audience. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Surely no one can descend into the abyss!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
10:7 gw0r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τοῦτ’ ἔστιν Χριστὸν ἐκ νεκρῶν ἀναγαγεῖν 1 In this clause Paul explains the meaning of the previous sentence. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “That means to make Christ come up from dead ones” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
10:7 iw13 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ἐκ νεκρῶν ἀναγαγεῖν 1 See how you translated a similar phrase in [4:24](../04/24.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
10:8 ian2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations τί λέγει? 1 Here Paul uses this clause to introduce a quotation from an Old Testament book ([Deuteronomy 30:14](../deu/30/14.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “what does it say in the Scriptures” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
10:8 sen1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion τί λέγει? 1 Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form here to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “it surely says,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
10:8 gz7t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification τί λέγει? 1 The word **it** refers to “the righteousness” referred to in [verse 6](../10/06.md). Here Paul continues to describe righteousness as if it were a person who could speak. See how you translated “the righteousness by faith says” in [verse 6](../10/06.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
10:8 n63g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture λέγει 1 Here Paul uses the present tense verb **say** to refer to something that happened in the past. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the past tense in your translation. Alternate translation: “did it say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
10:8 hybn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks ἐγγύς σου τὸ ῥῆμά ἐστιν, ἐν τῷ στόματί σου, καὶ ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ σου 1 In this sentence Paul quotes [Deuteronomy 30:14](../deu/30/14.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
10:8 kzb2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐγγύς σου τὸ ῥῆμά ἐστιν, ἐν τῷ στόματί σου, καὶ ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ σου 1 Paul quotes Moses speaking of the **word** as if it were an object that could be **near** or **in** someone. He means that God’s message could be easily known and spoken by Moses’ audience. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “You can easily know and speak the word” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
10:8 sx8r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy τὸ ῥῆμά 1 Paul quotes Moses using **word** to describe what God has spoken by using words. This general reference to God’s word would include what God had said about the Messiah. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “God’s message” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
10:8 wpvg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd σου & σου & σου 1 Here Paul quotes Moses addressing the people of Israel as if he were speaking to only one person. The pronouns **you** and **your** are singular. If the singular form would not be natural in your language for someone who was speaking to a group of people, you could use the plural form of "your" in your translation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]])
10:8 y6mq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἐν τῷ στόματί σου 1 The phrase **in your mouth** refers to being able to say something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: "in what you say" (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
10:8 zvx4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ σου 1 See how you translated **heart** in [verse 1](../10/01.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
10:8 lh5d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὸ ῥῆμα τῆς πίστεως 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe a **word** that is about **faith**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the word about faith” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
10:8 v7ho rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῆς πίστεως 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faith**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “about believing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
10:8 o4oy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive κηρύσσομεν 1 Here, **we** refers to Paul and other Christians who **proclaim** the gospel, so **we** would be exclusive. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
10:9 q5un rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases ὅτι 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. Here, it indicates that what follows is an explanation of what “the word of faith” is. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “This word we proclaim is that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
10:9 pawz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd ὁμολογήσῃς & σου & σου & σωθήσῃ 1 Paul addresses his readers as if he were speaking to only one person. The pronouns **you** and **your** are singular. See how you translated **you** and **your** in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]])
10:9 tz7r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν τῷ στόματί σου 1 This phrase indicates the means by which a person confesses **Jesus is Lord**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “by using your mouth you confess, ‘Jesus is Lord’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
10:9 ie71 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ σου 1 See how you translated this phrase in [verses 6](../10/06.md) and [8](../10/08.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
10:9 zdf5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom αὐτὸν ἤγειρεν ἐκ νεκρῶν 1 See how you translated a similar phrase in [4:24](../04/24.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
10:9 c3cq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive σωθήσῃ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God will save you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
10:10 iv0v rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. **For** here introduces the reason why what Paul said in the previous verse is true. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “This is due to the fact that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
10:10 g7i1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy καρδίᾳ & πιστεύεται 1 See how you translated the similar phrase in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
10:10 g3nf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit πιστεύεται & ὁμολογεῖται 1 The subjects of these phrases are implied from the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “one believes that God raised Jesus from the dead … one confesses that Jesus is Lord” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
10:10 o3a7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result εἰς δικαιοσύνην & εἰς σωτηρίαν 1 Both occurrences of **to** in this verse indicate that what follows them are results. Use a natural way in your language for indicating result. Alternate translation: “resulting in righteousness … resulting in salvation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
10:10 h20k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns δικαιοσύνην 1 See how you translated this abstract noun in [verse 6](../10/06.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
10:10 xs8c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit στόματι & ὁμολογεῖται 1 See how you translated the similar phrase in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
10:10 uroy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns σωτηρίαν 1 See how you translated this abstract noun in [verse 1](../10/01.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
10:11 rlqi rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. **For** here indicates that this verse explains what Paul said in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In fact,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
10:11 r6tf rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations λέγει & ἡ Γραφή 1 This phrase indicates that what follows is a quotation from an Old Testament book ([Isaiah 28:16](../isa/28/16.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “God says in the Scriptures” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
10:11 gu99 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification λέγει & ἡ Γραφή 1 Here Paul uses **the scripture** as if it were a person who could speak. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “God says in the scripture” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
10:11 whdz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture λέγει 1 Here Paul uses the present tense verb **says** to refer to something that happened in the past. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the past tense in your translation. Alternate translation: “said” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
10:11 nv71 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive πᾶς ὁ πιστεύων ἐπ’ αὐτῷ οὐ καταισχυνθήσεται 1 See how you translated this sentence in [9:33](../09/33.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
10:12 ygv8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γάρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. Here, it introduces another explanation for what Paul said in [verse 10](../10/10.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In fact,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
10:12 fvlg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns οὐ & ἐστιν διαστολὴ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **distinction**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “God does not distinguish” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
10:12 z8p4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. Here, **for** indicates that what follows is the reason why what Paul said in the previous clause is true. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. You may need to start a new sentence, as in the UST. Alternate translation: “This is due to the fact that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
10:12 j7vw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession Κύριος πάντων 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe the **Lord** who rules over **all**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “Lord is ruling over all” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
10:12 r2jx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj πάντων & πάντας 1 Paul is using the adjective **all** as a noun in order to describe a group of people. If your language does not use adjectives in the same way, you could translate this with a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “is of all people … all people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
10:12 p9py rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit πλουτῶν 1 Here, **being rich** means to bless others generously. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “generously giving blessing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
10:12 oe6l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐπικαλουμένους αὐτόν 1 Here, **call on** implies calling out to be saved. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “who call upon him to be saved” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
10:13 cxph rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. Here, **For** indicates that what follows in this verse explains what Paul said in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In fact,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
10:13 t4j7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations γὰρ 1 **For** here introduces a quotation from an Old Testament book ([Joel 2:32](../jol/02/32.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “For Joel wrote in the Scriptures,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
10:13 gpyj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks πᾶς & ὃς ἂν ἐπικαλέσηται τὸ ὄνομα Κυρίου, σωθήσεται 1 In this sentence Paul quotes [Joel 2:32](../jol/02/32.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
10:13 qvbd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj πᾶς 1 See how you translated **all** in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
10:13 n4yp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐπικαλέσηται τὸ ὄνομα Κυρίου 1 See how you translated “call on” in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
10:13 pe96 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy τὸ ὄνομα Κυρίου 1 Here, **the name of the Lord** represents **the Lord** himself. If it might be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “the Lord” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
10:13 rht3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit πᾶς & ὃς ἂν ἐπικαλέσηται τὸ ὄνομα Κυρίου, σωθήσεται 1 Here Paul implies that **the Lord** refers to Jesus. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. However, since this sentence is a quotation from the Old Testament, you will need to state this outside of the quotation. Alternate translation: “all, whoever calls on the name of the Lord will be saved. This Lord is Jesus.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
10:13 js1b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive πᾶς & ὃς ἂν ἐπικαλέσηται τὸ ὄνομα Κυρίου, σωθήσεται 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God will save all, whoever calls on the name of the Lord” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
10:14 utr4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion πῶς οὖν ἐπικαλέσωνται εἰς ὃν οὐκ ἐπίστευσαν? πῶς δὲ πιστεύσωσιν οὗ οὐκ ἤκουσαν? πῶς δὲ ἀκούσωσιν χωρὶς κηρύσσοντος? 1 Paul is not asking for information, but is using three rhetorical questions here to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as statements or exclamations and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Then surely they would not call on whom they have not believed! And surely they would not believe in whom they have not heard! And surely they would not hear without someone preaching!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
10:14 syzi rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result πῶς οὖν 1 Here, **then** indicates that what follows in [verses 14–15](../10/14.md) is the logical conclusion to what Paul has stated in the previous verse. Use a natural way in your language for indicating result. Alternate translation: “As a result, how” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
10:14 zqzi rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ἐπικαλέσωνται & οὐκ ἐπίστευσαν & πιστεύσωσιν & οὐκ ἤκουσαν & ἀκούσωσιν 1 In this verse **they** refers to all people, both Jews and Gentiles, as stated in the previous two verses. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “would all people call … they have not believed … would all people believe in … they have not heard … would all people hear” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
10:14 vww6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐπικαλέσωνται εἰς ὃν οὐκ ἐπίστευσαν 1 See how you translated **call on** in [verse 12](../10/12.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
10:14 n02w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὃν οὐκ ἐπίστευσαν & οὗ οὐκ ἤκουσαν 1 These clauses refer to Jesus, whom Paul called the Lord in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Jesus, whom they have not believed … Jesus, whom they have not heard” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
10:14 mrl8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis οὗ οὐκ ἤκουσαν & ἀκούσωσιν & κηρύσσοντος 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that these sentences would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “whom they have not heard about … would they hear about him … someone preaching about him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
10:15 hcz3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion πῶς δὲ κηρύξωσιν ἐὰν μὴ ἀποσταλῶσιν 1 Paul is not asking for information, but is using a rhetorical question here to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “And surely they would not preach unless they would be sent!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
10:15 nqwf rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns κηρύξωσιν & ἀποσταλῶσιν 1 In this verse **they** refers to the people who **preach**, as mentioned at the end of the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “would those who preach be able to preach … those preachers would be sent” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
10:15 l0xu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἀποσταλῶσιν 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “someone sent them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
10:15 atg0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations καθὼς γέγραπται 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:17](../01/17.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
10:15 ylan rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive καθὼς γέγραπται 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Isaiah wrote this quotation. Alternate translation: “Just as Isaiah wrote” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
10:15 bb0k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks ὡς ὡραῖοι οἱ πόδες τῶν εὐαγγελιζομένων τὰ ἀγαθά! 1 This sentence is a quotation of [Isaiah 52:7](../isa/52/07.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
10:15 e8rt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ὡς ὡραῖοι οἱ πόδες 1 Here, **feet** refers to the action of going to other people and telling them the **good news**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “How beautiful is the going and preaching” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
10:16 gxqu rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast ἀλλ’ 1 The word **But** introduces a contrast. Here, **But** indicates that what follows is in contrast to what Paul said in the previous two verses. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “By contrast,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
10:16 hku8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns οὐ πάντες 1 Here, **them** could refer to (1) the Jews, who are the main topic of chapters 9–11. Alternate translation: “not all of the Jews” (2) all people, as in [verses 13–15](../10/13.md). Alternate translation: “not everyone” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
10:16 dqe6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification ὑπήκουσαν τῷ εὐαγγελίῳ 1 Here Paul speaks of **the gospel** as if it were a person who could be **obeyed**. Paul is referring to obeying the command to repent and believe the **gospel**, which is part of the **gospel** message. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “obeyed what God commanded in the gospel” or “believed the gospel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
10:16 eze8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. **For** here indicates that this sentence explains what Paul said in the previous sentence. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In fact,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
10:16 o91x rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations Ἠσαΐας & λέγει 1 Here Paul uses this clause to introduce quotations from an Old Testament book ([Isaiah 53:1](../isa/53/01.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “Isaiah says in the Scriptures” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
10:16 e25r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture λέγει 1 Here Paul uses the present tense verb **says** to refer to something that happened in the past. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the past tense in your translation. Alternate translation: “said” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
10:16 jvah rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks Κύριε, τίς ἐπίστευσεν τῇ ἀκοῇ ἡμῶν? 1 This verse is a quotation from [Isaiah 53:1](../isa/53/01.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
10:16 j3se rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Κύριε, τίς ἐπίστευσεν τῇ ἀκοῇ ἡμῶν? 1 Isaiah is not asking for information, but is using the question form here to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Lord, surely no one has believed our report!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
10:16 z4s9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive τῇ ἀκοῇ ἡμῶν 1 Here, **our** refers to God and Isaiah, which would be exclusive. Your language may require you to mark this form. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
10:16 yore rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῇ ἀκοῇ ἡμῶν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **report**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “what we report” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
10:17 hqcv rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases ἄρα 1 Here, **So** indicates that what follows in this verse summarizes the ideas of [verses 14–16](../10/14.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a clearer expression. Alternate translation: “Finally” or “In summary” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
10:17 qdug rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἡ πίστις 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faith**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “what someone believes” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
10:17 wu5a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἡ πίστις 1 Here, **this faith** refers to believing in Christ. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “believing in Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
10:17 xab6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ἐξ ἀκοῆς 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “is received by hearing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
10:17 x765 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ἀκοῆς & ἀκοὴ 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that these sentences would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “hearing about Jesus … hearing about him is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
10:17 nq87 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ῥήματος Χριστοῦ 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **the word** that is about **Christ**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the word about Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
10:17 aunq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ῥήματος 1 See how you translated this word in [verse 8](../10/08.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
10:18 a8bk rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast ἀλλὰ 1 The word **But** introduces a contrast. Here, **But** indicates that what follows is in contrast to what Paul said in the previous verse. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “By contrast” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
10:18 teco rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns λέγω 1 The pronoun **I** here refers to Paul. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I, Paul, say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
10:18 vkvg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks μὴ οὐκ ἤκουσαν 1 Here Paul is quoting himself. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
10:18 f6jy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion μὴ οὐκ ἤκουσαν? 1 Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form here to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “They most surely heard!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
10:18 djbd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἤκουσαν 1 See how you translated **they** in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
10:18 wxxj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives μὴ οὐκ 1 The phrase **certainly not** translates two negative words in Greek. Paul uses them together to emphasize what he is saying. If your language can use two negatives together for emphasis without them canceling each other to create a positive meaning, it would be appropriate to use that construction here. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
10:18 zux3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit μὴ οὐκ ἤκουσαν 1 See how you translated **hear** in [verse 14](../10/14.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
10:18 lz77 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations εἰς πᾶσαν τὴν γῆν, ἐξῆλθεν ὁ φθόγγος αὐτῶν; καὶ εἰς τὰ πέρατα τῆς οἰκουμένης, τὰ ῥήματα αὐτῶν 1 This sentence is a quotation from an Old Testament book ([Psalm 19:4](../psa/019/004.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “David says in the Scriptures,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
10:18 tnzy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks εἰς πᾶσαν τὴν γῆν, ἐξῆλθεν ὁ φθόγγος αὐτῶν; καὶ εἰς τὰ πέρατα τῆς οἰκουμένης, τὰ ῥήματα αὐτῶν 1 In this sentence Paul quotes [Psalm 19:4](../psa/019/004.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
10:18 s5zh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism εἰς πᾶσαν τὴν γῆν, ἐξῆλθεν ὁ φθόγγος αὐτῶν; καὶ εἰς τὰ πέρατα τῆς οἰκουμένης, τὰ ῥήματα αὐτῶν 1 These two clauses mean the same thing. Paul quotes David saying the same thing twice, in slightly different ways, to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If it would be helpful in your language, you could combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “What they said went everywhere in the whole world” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
10:18 g4vd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification εἰς πᾶσαν τὴν γῆν, ἐξῆλθεν ὁ φθόγγος αὐτῶν; καὶ εἰς τὰ πέρατα τῆς οἰκουμένης, τὰ ῥήματα αὐτῶν 1 In this sentence, both **Their** and **their** refer to the sun, moon, and stars as if they were people who could make a **sound** or speak **words**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “The sun, moon, and the stars are proof that went out into all the earth, and they are proof to the ends of the world.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
10:18 e2nx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom τὰ πέρατα τῆς οἰκουμένης 1 The phrase **the ends of the world** is an idiom that refers to every place on the earth. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “everywhere on the earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
10:19 n3q8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases ἀλλὰ 1 The word **But** introduces a contrast, Here, **But** indicates that what follows is in contrast to what Paul said [verse 17](../10/17.md) and also agrees with the statement in the previous verse. If it would be clearer in your language, you could use an expression that shows the agreement between this verse and the previous verse. Alternate translation: “Furthermore,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
10:19 uu9g rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns λέγω 1 The pronoun **I** here refers to Paul. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I, Paul, say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
10:19 imik rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks μὴ Ἰσραὴλ οὐκ ἔγνω & ἐγὼ παραζηλώσω ὑμᾶς, ἐπ’ οὐκ ἔθνει, ἐπ’ ἔθνει ἀσυνέτῳ, παροργιῶ ὑμᾶς 1 In these two sentences Paul is quoting himself and then the Old Testament. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
10:19 ib4m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion μὴ Ἰσραὴλ οὐκ ἔγνω? 1 Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form here to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Israel most surely knew!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
10:19 zyw0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Ἰσραὴλ 1 Here Paul uses the word **Israel** to refer to the physical descendants of Jacob, whom God also called Israel. If it might be helpful in your language, you could express this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the Israelites” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
10:19 dkcp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives μὴ & οὐκ 1 The phrase **certainly not** translates two negative words in Greek. Paul uses them together to emphasize what he is saying. If your language can use two negatives together for emphasis without them canceling each other to create a positive meaning, it would be appropriate to use that construction here. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
10:19 k4gk rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations Μωϋσῆς λέγει 1 Here Paul uses this phrase to introduce a quotation from an Old Testament book ([Deuteronomy 32:21](../deu/32/21.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “Moses says in the Scriptures” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
10:19 jjt3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Μωϋσῆς λέγει 1 This phrase means that Moses wrote down what God said. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Moses wrote down that God said” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
10:19 yt4r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture λέγει 1 Here Paul uses the present tense verb **says** to refer to something that happened in the past. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the past tense in your translation. Alternate translation: “said” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
10:19 qvfa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism ἐγὼ παραζηλώσω ὑμᾶς, ἐπ’ οὐκ ἔθνει, ἐπ’ ἔθνει ἀσυνέτῳ, παροργιῶ ὑμᾶς 1 These two clauses mean the same thing. Paul quotes God saying the same thing twice, in slightly different ways, to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If it would be helpful in your language, you could combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “I myself will make you jealous and angry by using a non-nation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
10:19 u7p4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ἐγὼ παραζηλώσω ὑμᾶς, & παροργιῶ ὑμᾶς 1 In this sentence the pronoun **I** here refers to God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I, God, myself will provoke you to jealousy … I will provoke you to anger” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
10:19 fklp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns ἐγὼ παραζηλώσω ὑμᾶς 1 God uses the word **myself** to emphasize who is provoking Israel to be jealous. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this emphasis. Alternate translation: “I am indeed the one who will provoke you to jealousy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
10:19 vxzz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐγὼ παραζηλώσω ὑμᾶς & παροργιῶ ὑμᾶς 1 In this verse **you** refers to the Israelites. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I myself will provoke you Israelites to jealousy … I will provoke you Israelites to anger.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
10:19 o0gr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐγὼ παραζηλώσω ὑμᾶς & παροργιῶ ὑμᾶς 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **jealousy** and **anger**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “I myself will cause you to become jealous … I will cause you to become angry” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
10:19 ve6t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐπ’ οὐκ ἔθνει 1 The phrase **a non-nation** refers to a group of people with whom God did not previously have a relationship. The meaning of **non-nation** is similar to “not my people” used in [9:25–26](../09/25.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “by those people who did not belong to me” or “by those people whom I did not consider to be a nation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
10:19 s3nz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἔθνει ἀσυνέτῳ 1 Here, **senseless** means that these people do not know God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “by a nation with people who do not know me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
10:20 mrwz rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations Ἠσαΐας δὲ ἀποτολμᾷ καὶ λέγει 1 Here Paul uses this phrase to introduce a quotation from an Old Testament book ([Isaiah 65:1](../isa/65/01.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “Isaiah is very bold, and he says in the Scriptures” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
10:20 kig6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture ἀποτολμᾷ καὶ λέγει 1 Here Paul uses the present tense verbs **is** and **says** to refer to something that happened in the past. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the past tense in your translation. Alternate translation: “was very bold, and he said” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
10:20 cv1x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Ἠσαΐας & ἀποτολμᾷ καὶ λέγει 1 This phrase means that **Isaiah** wrote down what God said. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Isaiah is very bold, and he wrote down that God said” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
10:20 pp4f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks εὑρέθην ἐν τοῖς ἐμὲ μὴ ζητοῦσιν; ἐμφανὴς ἐγενόμην τοῖς ἐμὲ μὴ ἐπερωτῶσιν 1 In these two sentences Paul is quoting [Isaiah 65:1](../isa/65/01.md) from the Old Testament. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
10:20 yoxf rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns εὑρέθην & ἐμὲ & ἐμφανὴς & ἐμὲ 1 In this verse the pronoun **I** refers to God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I, God, was found … me; I, God, appeared … for me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
10:20 wona rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism εὑρέθην ἐν τοῖς ἐμὲ μὴ ζητοῦσιν; ἐμφανὴς ἐγενόμην τοῖς ἐμὲ μὴ ἐπερωτῶσιν 1 These two clauses mean the same thing. Paul quotes God saying the same thing twice, in slightly different ways, to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If it would be helpful in your language, you could combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “I was revealed to those people who did not even want to know me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
10:20 fc4b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture εὑρέθην & ἐμφανὴς 1 Paul quotes God using the past tense in order to refer to something that will certainly happen in the future. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the future tense. Alternate translation: “I will be found … I will appear” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
10:20 u60f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive εὑρέθην ἐν τοῖς ἐμὲ μὴ ζητοῦσιν 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Those who were not seeking me found me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
10:20 t78j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τοῖς ἐμὲ μὴ ζητοῦσιν; ἐμφανὴς ἐγενόμην τοῖς ἐμὲ μὴ ἐπερωτῶσιν 1 These two clauses refer to non-Jewish people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the non-Jews, who were not seeking me; I appeared to the non-Jews, who were not asking for me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
10:21 pziq rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast δὲ 1 The word **But** introduces a contrast. Here, **But** indicates that what follows is in contrast to what Paul said in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an expression that makes this contrast clearer. Alternate translation: “By contrast,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
10:21 afo5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations πρὸς & τὸν Ἰσραὴλ λέγει 1 Here Paul uses this phrase to introduce a quotation from an Old Testament book ([Isaiah 65:2](../isa/65/02.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “to Israel God says in the Scriptures” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
10:21 ksjg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Ἰσραὴλ 1 See how you translated **Israel** in [verse 19](../10/19.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
10:21 tp8d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture λέγει 1 Here Paul uses the present tense verb **says** to refer to something that happened in the past. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the past tense in your translation. Alternate translation: “he said” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
10:21 gtwp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks ὅλην τὴν ἡμέραν, ἐξεπέτασα τὰς χεῖράς μου πρὸς λαὸν ἀπειθοῦντα καὶ ἀντιλέγοντα 1 In these two sentences Paul is quoting [Isaiah 65:2](../isa/65/02.md) from the Old Testament. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
10:21 hw4w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ὅλην τὴν ἡμέραν 1 **The whole day** here refers to doing something constantly or continually. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Continually” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
10:21 il8s rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction ἐξεπέτασα τὰς χεῖράς μου πρὸς λαὸν ἀπειθοῦντα καὶ ἀντιλέγοντα 1 The action of stretching out **hands** toward someone represents welcoming or inviting someone to be a friend. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I welcomed a disobedient and contrary people to be my friends” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
10:21 g03t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit λαὸν ἀπειθοῦντα καὶ ἀντιλέγοντα 1 This phrase refers to **Israel**, to whom God was speaking in this quotation. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “you disobedient and contradictory people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
11:intro e9qz 0 # Romans 11 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n6. God’s plan for Israel (9:1–11:36)\n * Paul’s sorrow for Israel’s unbelief (9:1–5)\n * God chooses whom he wants to choose (9:6–13)\n * God shows mercy on whom he wants to show mercy (9:14–18)\n * No one can question God’s choice (9:19–33)\n * Israel’s false righteousness (10:1–4)\n * Salvation is available to everyone (10:5–21)\n * Israel has a faithful remnant (11:1–10)\n * Israel’s unbelief resulted in non-Jews’ belief (11:11–24)\n * God will save Israel (11:15–32)\n * Praise for God’s wisdom (11:33–11:36)\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with [verses 9–10](../11/09.md), [26–27](../11/26.md), and [34–35](../11/34.md), which are words from the Old Testament.\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Grafting\n\nIn [verses 17–24](../11/17.md) Paul uses the image of “grafting” to refer to the place of the Gentiles and Jews in the plans of God. Permanently attaching a branch from one plant onto another plant is called “grafting.” Paul uses the picture of God grafting the Gentiles into his people as a wild branch is grafted into a cultivated olive tree. But God has not forgotten about the Jews, who are spoken of as a natural part of the tree. God will also save Jews who believe in Jesus and they will rejoin God’s people.
11:1 wp35 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns λέγω 1 The pronoun **I** here refers to Paul. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I, Paul, say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
11:1 yiki rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result λέγω οὖν 1 Here, **then** indicates that what follows in this verse is the logical conclusion to what Paul has stated in [9:30](../09/30.md)–[10:21](../10/21.md). Use a natural way in your language for indicating result. Alternate translation: “As a result, I say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
11:1 p4zd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion μὴ ἀπώσατο ὁ Θεὸς τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ? 1 Paul is not asking for information, but is using a rhetorical question here to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as statements or exclamations and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Surely God did not reject his people!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
11:1 b8tg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ 1 Here, **his people** refers to the Jewish people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “his people, the Jews” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
11:1 wqu2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations μὴ γένοιτο 1 See how you translated this phrase in [3:4](../03/04.md) and [6:2](../06/02.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
11:1 mls4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. Here, **For** introduces the reason why what Paul said earlier in the verse is true. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “This is due to the fact that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
11:1 ra9c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns καὶ & ἐγὼ & εἰμί 1 Paul uses the word **myself** to emphasize that he is proof that God has not rejected the Israelites. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this emphasis. Alternate translation: “I, indeed, also am” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
11:1 ewxc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor σπέρματος 1 Here, **seed** is singular but refers to a group of people. See how you translated seed in [4:13](../04/13.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
11:2 wzs6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὸν λαὸν αὐτο 1 See how you translated this phrase in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
11:2 h4qe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish ὃν προέγνω 1 This phrase gives further information about God’s **people**. If it might be helpful in your language, you could make the relationship between these phrases clearer. Alternate translation: “the people whom he foreknew” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
11:2 k2al rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit προέγνω 1 See how you translated this phrase in [8:29](../08/29.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
11:2 cjp6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion ἢ οὐκ οἴδατε ἐν Ἠλείᾳ τί λέγει ἡ Γραφή, ὡς ἐντυγχάνει τῷ Θεῷ κατὰ τοῦ Ἰσραήλ? 1 Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form here to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “And surely you know what the scripture says about Elijah, how he pleads with God against Israel!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
11:2 q3lx rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations ἢ οὐκ οἴδατε ἐν Ἠλείᾳ τί λέγει ἡ Γραφή, ὡς ἐντυγχάνει τῷ Θεῷ κατὰ τοῦ Ἰσραήλ? 1 This sentence indicates that what follows in the next verse is a quotation from an Old Testament book ([1 Kings 19:10](../1ki/19/10.md), [14](../1ki/19/14.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “Or do you not know what the scripture says about Elijah, how he pleads with God against Israel? He says in the scriptures,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
11:2 dd1e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification τί λέγει ἡ Γραφή 1 See how you translated **the scripture says** in [10:11](../10/11.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
11:2 z5lk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture λέγει & ἐντυγχάνει 1 Here Paul uses the present tense verbs **says** and **pleads** to refer to something that happened in the past. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the past tense in your translation. Alternate translation: “said … he pleaded” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
11:2 ki3n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Ἰσραήλ 1 See how you translated **Israel** in [10:19](../10/19.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
11:3 rnut rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks they have killed 0 This sentence is a quotation from [1 Kings 19:10](../1ki/19/10.md), [14](../1ki/19/14.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
11:3 fh9i rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ἀπέκτειναν & κατέσκαψαν & ζητοῦσιν 1 In this verse **they** refers to the people of Israel. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel killed … they tore down … those people of Israel seek” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
11:3 fd5k rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns κἀγὼ ὑπελείφθην μόνος & μου 1 In this verse **I** and **my** refer to Elijah. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and only I, Elijah, was left behind … my life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
11:3 ut1s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive κἀγὼ ὑπελείφθην μόνος 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and I alone am remaining” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
11:3 dhg7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit κἀγὼ ὑπελείφθην μόνος 1 Here, **left behind** means that Elijah thought he remained alive and all the other **prophets** had been killed. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and I alone remained alive” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
11:3 dv5u ζητοῦσιν τὴν ψυχήν μου 1 The phrase **seek my life** refers to people trying to kill Elijah. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “they want to kill me”
11:4 rj4e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion ἀλλὰ τί λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ χρηματισμός? 1 Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form here to get his audience to pay attention to what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “But pay attention to what the divine response says to him!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
11:4 ougb rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations τί λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ χρηματισμός 1 Here Paul uses this question to introduce a quotation from an Old Testament book ([Isaiah 65:1](../isa/65/01.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “what does the divine response say to him in the Scriptures” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
11:4 w8cl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy τί λέγει & ὁ χρηματισμός? 1 Paul speaks of **the divine response** as if it were a person who would **say** something. Paul is referring to God responding. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “what does God say in response” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
11:4 rvmy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture λέγει 1 Here Paul uses the present tense verbs **says** to refer to something that happened in the past. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the past tense in your translation. Alternate translation: “did … say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
11:4 x6e9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns αὐτῷ 1 Here, **him** refers to Elijah. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
11:4 w03b rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction οὐκ ἔκαμψαν γόνυ τῇ Βάαλ 1 This action was an expression of worship in this culture. If there is a gesture with similar meaning in your culture, you could consider using it here in your translation, or you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “have not worshiped Baal” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
11:5 ce2r rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result οὕτως οὖν 1 The word **then** indicates that what follows is a result. Here, **then** introduces the logical conclusion to what Paul has stated about Elijah in the previous two verses. Use a natural way in your language for indicating result. Alternate translation: “As a result, in the same way” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
11:5 l6yu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns λῖμμα & ἐκλογὴν χάριτος 1 See how you translated **remnant** in [9:27](../09/27.md), **election** in [9:11](../09/11.md), and **grace** in [4:16](../04/16.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
11:5 whv0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἐκλογὴν χάριτος 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **election** that is characterized by **grace**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the gracious election” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
11:6 qkgx rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact εἰ 1 Paul is speaking as if this were a hypothetical possibility, but he means that it is actually true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might misunderstand and think that what John is saying is not certain, then you can translate his words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “since” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
11:6 q6es rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis χάριτι 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the previous verse. Alternate translation: “election is by grace” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
11:6 b4tx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns χάριτι & ἔργων & χάρις & χάρις 1 See how you translated **grace** in [4:16](../04/16.md) and **works** in [9:12](../09/12.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
11:6 rm7g rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns οὐκέτι 1 Here, **it** refers to “the election of grace” mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the election of grace is no longer” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
11:6 a9l4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit οὐκέτι 1 Here, **no longer** indicates the logical conclusion of the preceding clause. It does not imply that election used to be **by works**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “it is logically not” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
11:7 cksi rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result τί οὖν 1 Here, **then** indicates that what follows is a response to what Paul said in [9:30](../09/30.md)–[11:6](../11/06.md). If it might help your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “If these things are true, then what” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
11:7 c69z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis τί οὖν 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “What should we conclude” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
11:7 k94b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion τί οὖν? 1 Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form here to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “This is what we should conclude:” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
11:7 crpn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὃ & τοῦτο 1 **The thing** and **this** here refer to righteousness, as indicated in [9:30–31](../09/30.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “The righteousness … this righteousness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
11:7 ctkj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Ἰσραήλ 1 See how you translated this name in [10:19](../10/19.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
11:7 xbkh rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ἐπέτυχεν & οἱ & λοιποὶ 1 Here, **it** and **them** refer to the people of **Israel**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel … the rest of the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
11:7 rzet rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἡ & ἐκλογὴ & οἱ & λοιποὶ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **elect** and **rest**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “the ones who have been elected … the ones of them who remain” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
11:7 jib7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐπωρώθησαν 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The next verse indicates that God is the one who did the action. Alternate translation: “God hardened” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
11:7 bp19 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐπωρώθησαν 1 Here, **hardened** refers to being made stubborn. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “were made stubborn” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
11:8 cv7s rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations καθὼς γέγραπται 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:17](../01/17.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
11:8 u829 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive καθὼς γέγραπται 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, the quotation is a paraphrase of [Isaiah 29:10](../isa/29/10.md) and [Deuteronomy 29:4](../deu/29/04.md). Alternate translation: “just as God stated” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
11:8 o53g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks ἔδωκεν αὐτοῖς ὁ Θεὸς πνεῦμα κατανύξεως, ὀφθαλμοὺς τοῦ μὴ βλέπειν, καὶ ὦτα τοῦ μὴ ἀκούειν, ἕως τῆς σήμερον ἡμέρας 1 In these clauses Paul paraphrases [Isaiah 29:10](../isa/29/10.md) and [Deuteronomy 29:4](../deu/29/04.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
11:8 kaqc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession πνεῦμα κατανύξεως 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe a **spirit** that is characterized by **dullness**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “a dull spirit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
11:8 z47a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor πνεῦμα κατανύξεως 1 Here, **spirit** refers to a person’s attitude or manner of thinking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “an attitude of dullness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
11:8 zyk1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὀφθαλμοὺς τοῦ μὴ βλέπειν, καὶ ὦτα τοῦ μὴ ἀκούειν 1 Paul quotes Moses using **eyes not to see** and **ears not to hear** to refer to being unable to understand something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “being unable to perceive and unable to comprehend” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
11:8 ny8w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet ὀφθαλμοὺς τοῦ μὴ βλέπειν, καὶ ὦτα τοῦ μὴ ἀκούειν 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The repetition is used to emphasize that the people of Israel were completely unable to understand how to become righteous. If your language does not use repetition to do this, you could use one phrase and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “being completely unable to comprehend” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
11:9 kr0g rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations Δαυεὶδ λέγει 1 Here Paul uses this clause to introduce a quotation from an Old Testament book ([Psalm 69:22–23](../psa/069/022.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “David says in the Scriptures” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
11:9 zobm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture Δαυεὶδ λέγει 1 Here Paul uses the present tense verb **says** to refer to something that happened in the past. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the past tense in your translation. Alternate translation: “said” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
11:9 b507 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks γενηθήτω ἡ τράπεζα αὐτῶν 1 This phrase begins a quotation of [Psalm 69:22–23](../psa/069/022.md) that continues into the next verse. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
11:9 x0wl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive γενηθήτω ἡ τράπεζα αὐτῶν εἰς παγίδα, καὶ εἰς θήραν 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God, cause their table to become a net and a trap” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
11:9 kpg8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom γενηθήτω ἡ τράπεζα αὐτῶν εἰς παγίδα, καὶ εἰς θήραν 1 This clause is an idiom. The word **table** represents feasting, which is a situation in which a person feels safe, and **net** and **trap** represent punishment. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Let them be punished while they are feeling safe” or “Punish them while they are comfortable”(See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
11:9 l6re rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet εἰς παγίδα, καὶ εἰς θήραν 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The repetition is used to emphasize David’s plea for judgment. If your language does not use repetition to do this, you could use one phrase and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “for thorough punishment” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
11:9 lbs2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor εἰς σκάνδαλον 1 Here, **stumbling block** refers to something that tempts people to sin. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “for tempting them to sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
11:9 xex5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἀνταπόδομα αὐτοῖς 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **retribution**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “paying them back” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
11:10 c1nj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor σκοτισθήτωσαν οἱ ὀφθαλμοὶ αὐτῶν, τοῦ μὴ βλέπειν 1 This clause refers to being unable to understand something. See how you translated “eyes not to see” in [verse 8](../11/08.md). Alternate translation: “Let them be unable to understand” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
11:10 j9ag rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive σκοτισθήτωσαν οἱ ὀφθαλμοὶ αὐτῶν 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Blind their eyes” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
11:10 biqg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τὸν νῶτον αὐτῶν διὰ παντὸς σύνκαμψον 1 This clause refers to making people suffer like how slaves suffer by carrying heavy burdens on **their backs**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “make them suffer continually” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
11:10 p4s5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks παντὸς 1 The end of this verse is the end of a quotation from [Psalm 69:22–23](../psa/069/022.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with a closing quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the end of a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
11:11 z8tw rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result λέγω οὖν 1 See how you translated this phrase in [verse 1](../11/01.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
11:11 dysl rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns μὴ ἔπταισαν & πέσωσιν & αὐτῶν & αὐτούς 1 In this verse the pronouns **they**, **their**, and **them** refer to the Jewish people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “The Jewish people did not stumble … they might fall, did they … the Jewish people’s … the Jews” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
11:11 r9hg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion μὴ ἔπταισαν ἵνα πέσωσιν? 1 Paul is not asking for information, but is using a rhetorical question here to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as statements or exclamations and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Surely they did not stumble so that they might fall!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
11:11 y9x7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor μὴ ἔπταισαν 1 See how you translated “stumbled” in [9:32](../09/32.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
11:11 ai6y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor πέσωσιν 1 Here, **fall** refers to being completely rejected by God forever. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “they might be eternally rejected” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
11:11 qbx4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations μὴ γένοιτο! 1 See how you translated this expression in [3:4](../03/04.md) and [6:2](../06/02.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
11:11 a4kf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῷ αὐτῶν παραπτώματι, ἡ σωτηρία & τὸ παραζηλῶσαι αὐτούς 1 See how you translated **transgression** in [4:15](../04/15.md), **salvation** in [1:16](../01/16.md), and **jealousy** in [10:19](../10/19.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
11:11 f1jw παραζηλῶσαι αὐτούς 1 See how you translated the similar phrase in [10:19](../10/19.md).
11:12 ew4i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet εἰ & τὸ παράπτωμα αὐτῶν, πλοῦτος κόσμου, καὶ τὸ ἥττημα αὐτῶν, πλοῦτος ἐθνῶν 1 Both of these clauses mean basically the same thing. Paul uses them to emphasize what he is saying. If your language does not use repetition to do this, you could use one phrase and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “if their transgression certainly resulted in wealth for the nations” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
11:12 v024 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact εἰ 1 Paul is speaking as if this were a hypothetical possibility, but he means that it is actually true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might misunderstand and think that what John is saying is not certain, then you can translate his words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “since” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
11:12 zibw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὸ παράπτωμα αὐτῶν 1 See how you translated **transgression** in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
11:12 rnsk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession πλοῦτος κόσμου 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **wealth** that is for **the world**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use the adjective “true” instead of the noun “truth.” Alternate translation: “is wealth for the world” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
11:12 it9k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy κόσμου 1 Here, **world** refers to the people living in the world, especially the Gentiles. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “of the people living in the world” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
11:12 hqch rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὸ ἥττημα αὐτῶν & τὸ πλήρωμα αὐτῶν 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **loss** and **fullness**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “what they lost … how full they are” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
11:12 fxoo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τὸ ἥττημα αὐτῶν & τὸ πλήρωμα αὐτῶν 1 Here, **loss** refers to Israel’s failure to make themselves righteous, and **fullness** refers to the complete number of Israelites who will become righteous by trusting in Jesus. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “their failure … their full number of believers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
11:12 dh1g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession πλοῦτος ἐθνῶν 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **wealth** that is for **the Gentiles**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “is wealth for the Gentiles” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
11:12 hsbv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion πόσῳ μᾶλλον τὸ πλήρωμα αὐτῶν? 1 Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form here to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “so much more will be their fullness!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
11:12 b9fi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit πόσῳ μᾶλλον τὸ πλήρωμα αὐτῶν? 1 Paul implies that there will be much more **wealth** when the full amount of Israelites believe in Jesus. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in how much more wealth will their fullness result” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
11:13 r0jt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular ὑμῖν 1 Here, **you** is plural and refers to Paul’s non-Jewish Christian readers. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
11:13 z6p4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns εἰμι ἐγὼ 1 Paul uses the word **myself** to emphasize that he was **apostle to the Gentiles**. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this emphasis. Alternate translation: “I indeed am the one who is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
11:13 ngfl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὴν διακονίαν μου 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **ministry**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “how I minister” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
11:14 ua2k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns παραζηλώσω 1 See how you translated this phrase in [10:19](../10/19.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
11:14 h1qe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit μου τὴν σάρκα & αὐτῶν 1 These phrases refer to Paul’s Jewish kinsmen who do not believe in Jesus. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “those unbelieving Jews, who are of my own flesh … my fellow Jews” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
11:14 oxqg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom μου τὴν σάρκα 1 See how you translated **flesh** in [1:3](../01/03.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
11:15 q99e rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. Here, **For** indicates that what follows explains what Paul said in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In fact,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
11:15 es22 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact εἰ 1 See how you translated **if** in [verse 12](../11/12.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
11:15 ui3i rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns αὐτῶν & ἡ πρόσλημψις 1 In this verse **their** refers to Jews who do not believe in Jesus. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the unbelieving Jews’ … the Jewish people’s acceptance” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
11:15 sy8u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἡ ἀποβολὴ αὐτῶν & ἡ πρόσλημψις & ζωὴ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **rejection**, **acceptance**, and **life**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “them rejecting … them being accepted … to become alive” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
11:15 teab rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result καταλλαγὴ κόσμου 1 Here, **is** indicates that the phrase that follows is the result of **their rejection**. Use a natural way in your language for indicating result. Alternate translation: “led to reconciliation of the world” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
11:15 sdhl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns καταλλαγὴ 1 See how you translated **reconciliation** in [5:11](../05/11.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
11:15 m3fs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy κόσμου 1 See how you translated **world** in [verse 12](../11/12.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
11:15 em8m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion τίς ἡ πρόσλημψις εἰ μὴ ζωὴ ἐκ νεκρῶν? 1 Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form here to emphasize how wonderful it will be when God accepts the Jews. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “their acceptance is certainly life from dead ones!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
11:15 ic9z rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result τίς ἡ πρόσλημψις 1 Here, **is** indicates that the phrase that follows is the result of **their acceptance**. Use a natural way in your language for indicating result. Alternate translation: “what would their acceptance lead to if not life from the dead” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
11:15 po4h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ζωὴ ἐκ νεκρῶν 1 This phrase could refer to: (1) the final resurrection of all Christians that will take place after the whole Jewish remnant has believed in Jesus. Elsewhere in this letter, Paul uses a similar phrase to refer to Jesus’ resurrection. Alternate translation: “bringing the dead back to life” (2) the Jewish remnant changing from being spiritually dead to being spiritually alive. Alternate translation: “eternally alive from being eternally dead” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
11:15 jn4l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ἐκ νεκρῶν 1 See how you translated a similar phrase in [4:24](../04/24.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
11:16 ao3u rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact εἰ & εἰ 1 See how you translated **if** in [verse 12](../11/12.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
11:16 bi5b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit καὶ τὸ φύραμα & καὶ οἱ κλάδοι 1 In these clauses Paul implies that **the lump of dough** and **the branches** are **also** holy. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the lump of dough is also holy … the branches are also holy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
11:16 b2s5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor εἰ & ἡ ἀπαρχὴ ἁγία, καὶ τὸ φύραμα; 1 Paul is speaking of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, the Israelites’ ancestors, as if they were the **firstfruits** to be harvested. He is also speaking of the Israelites who descended from those men as if they were a **lump of dough** that was made from the grain as the **firstfruits**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this idea with a simile. Alternate translation: “if Abraham is like the first of what has been offered to God, all of his descendants should also be considered an offering” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
11:16 dci1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor εἰ ἡ ῥίζα ἁγία, καὶ οἱ κλάδοι 1 Paul is speaking of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, the Israelites’ ancestors, as if they were the **root** of a tree. He is also speaking of the Israelites who descended from those men as if they were **the branches** of that same tree. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this idea with a simile. Alternate translation: “if Abraham is like the root of a tree, all of his descendants should also be considered branches of that tree” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
11:17 qkc0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure εἰ 1 Here, **if** indicates that this verse and the next verse are one conditional sentence. You may need to adjust the words to divide these verses into separate sentences. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
11:17 imrh rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact εἰ 1 Paul is speaking as if this were a hypothetical possibility, but he means that it is actually true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might misunderstand and think that what Paul is saying is not certain, then you can translate his words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “since” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
11:17 slf6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor εἰ & τινες τῶν κλάδων ἐξεκλάσθησαν, σὺ δὲ ἀγριέλαιος ὢν ἐνεκεντρίσθης ἐν αὐτοῖς, καὶ συνκοινωνὸς τῆς ῥίζης τῆς πιότητος τῆς ἐλαίας ἐγένου 1 Paul continues using the metaphor of a **tree** to speak about how God rejected unbelieving Jews and accepted non-Jews to be part of his people instead. The **olive tree** represents God’s people. The **branches** that **were broken off** represent Jews who don’t believe in Jesus. The **wild olive branch** represents non-Jewish people who believe in Jesus. The **richness** represents the blessings God gives his people. The **root** represents either the ancestors of the Israelites (as in the previous verse) or the Jewish people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this metaphor as a simile. See also the discussion of this metaphor in the General Notes for this chapter. Alternate translation: “if some of the Jews were rejected, like branches are broken off of a tree, and you, being foreigners were joined to God’s people as wild olive branches are grafted onto a tree, and you received the blessings of the first Israelites as part of God’s people, as branches receive the nutrients of the root of the olive tree” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor]])
11:17 b8ic rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive τινες τῶν κλάδων ἐξεκλάσθησαν & ἐνεκεντρίσθης & συνκοινωνὸς & ἐγένου 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The context of chapters 9–11 indicates that God did the action. Alternate translation: “God broke off some of the branches … God grafted … God made to be partakers with them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
11:17 qv65 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd σὺ 1 Even though Paul is writing to a group of people, non-Jewish Christians, **you** is singular throughout this verse. If the singular form would not be natural in your language for someone who was speaking to a group of people, you could use the plural forms of **you** in your translation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]])
11:17 z6hr rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns αὐτοῖς & συνκοινωνὸς 1 In this verse **them** refers to the Jewish people who believe in Jesus. It does not refer to the **branches** that **were broken off**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the believing Jewish people … partakers with those Jews who believe” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
11:18 d81u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure μὴ κατακαυχῶ τῶν κλάδων 1 This is the end of a factual conditional sentence that began in the previous verse. You may need to adjust the words if you make this clause into a separate sentence. Alternate translation: “Since this is true, do not boast over the branches” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
11:18 gqd6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor μὴ κατακαυχῶ τῶν κλάδων. εἰ δὲ κατακαυχᾶσαι, οὐ σὺ τὴν ῥίζαν βαστάζεις, ἀλλὰ ἡ ῥίζα σέ 1 Paul continues using the metaphor of a tree from the previous two verses. Here, **branches** represents those Jews whom God rejected because they did not believe in Jesus. The **root** represents either the ancestors of the Israelites (like in [verse 16](../11/16.md)) or the Jewish people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this metaphor as a simile. See also the discussion of this metaphor in the General Notes for this chapter. Alternate translation: “do not boast over the unbelieving Jews whom God rejected, like branches were broken off of a tree. But if you boast, you yourself do not sustain Gods people, like branches cannot sustain the root, but the first Israelites sustain you, like the root sustains the branches” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor]])
11:18 kd87 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd κατακαυχᾶσαι & σὺ & βαστάζεις & σέ 1 See how you translated **you** in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]])
11:18 llz1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit οὐ σὺ τὴν ῥίζαν βαστάζεις, ἀλλὰ ἡ ῥίζα σέ 1 Paul implies that Gentile believers who **boast** should remember that they are supported by the **root** of the faith of Abraham and the first Israelites. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “remember that you yourself do not support the root, but the root supports you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
11:19 w28y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd ἐρεῖς 1 See how you translated **you** in the previous two verses. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]])
11:19 uqji rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result οὖν 1 Here, **then** indicates that what follows is a response to what Paul said in the previous verse. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “as a result” or “in response to this” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
11:19 d21e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks ἐξεκλάσθησαν κλάδοι, ἵνα ἐγὼ ἐνκεντρισθῶ 1 In this sentence Paul is speaking as if he were a non-Jewish Christian arguing against Paul. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
11:19 mm6w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor ἐξεκλάσθησαν κλάδοι & ἐγὼ ἐνκεντρισθῶ 1 See how you translated **branches**, **broken off**, and **grafted in** in [verse 17](../11/17.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor]])
11:19 qk8c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐξεκλάσθησαν κλάδοι & ἐγὼ ἐνκεντρισθῶ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. See how you translated similar phrases in [verse 17](../11/17.md). Alternate translation: “God broke branches off … God might graft me in” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
11:19 p9ti rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα 1 Here, **so that** introduces a purpose clause. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “for the purpose that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
11:20 r80y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit καλῶς 1 This sentence introduces Paul’s response to the statement in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I would respond by saying that what you said is true” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
11:20 puj9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns τῇ ἀπιστίᾳ ἐξεκλάσθησαν 1 **They** and **their** in this verse refer to the Jewish people who do not believe in Jesus. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “The unbelieving Jews were broken off in unbelief” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
11:20 lce6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor ἐξεκλάσθησαν 1 See how you translated **were broken off** in [verse 17](../11/17.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor]])
11:20 cvr0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result τῇ ἀπιστίᾳ 1 This phrase indicates the reason why the unbelieving Jews **were broken off**. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “due to unbelief” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
11:20 pw92 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd σὺ & ἕστηκας & 1 See how you translated **you** in the previous three verses. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]])
11:20 v2ua rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor σὺ & ἕστηκας 1 Paul speaks of Gentile believers remaining part of God’s people as if they were standing **firm**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you yourself remain among God’s people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
11:20 xtnu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τῇ πίστει 1 The phrase **in faith** could indicate: (1) the means by which Gentile believers should **stand firm**. Alternate translation: “by means of faith” (2) the reason why Gentile believers should **stand firm**. Alternate translation: “because of faith” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
11:20 qlmq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῇ πίστει 1 See how you translated **faith** in [1:5](../01/05.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
11:20 rx22 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὑψηλὰ 1 Here, **arrogant things** refers to the **arrogant** thoughts that a Gentile Christian might have against the Jews. Specifically, they might think that they are better than Jews who are not Christian, as indicated by the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “arrogantly against unbelieving Jews” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
11:20 k4l5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis φοβοῦ 1 Paul is leaving out a word that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply this word from the next verse, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
11:21 nsq3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. Here, **For** introduces the reason why Paul wants his Gentile Christian readers to “fear,” as stated in the previous verse. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “You must fear because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
11:21 xy3h rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact εἰ 1 See how you translated **if** in [verse 12](../11/12.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
11:21 f6i7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τῶν κατὰ φύσιν κλάδων 1 Here,**natural branches** refers to the Jewish people who rejected Jesus. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “of the unbelieving Jews” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
11:21 ywgs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit οὐδὲ σοῦ φείσεται 1 Paul implies that God will not spare anyone who stops trusting in Jesus. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “neither will he spare you if you do not keep trusting in Jesus” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
11:21 m59a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd σοῦ 1 See how you translated **you** in [verses 17–20](../11/17.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]])
11:22 bfsu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἴδε 1 Paul uses the term **See** to focus his audiences’ attention on what he is about to say. Your language may have a comparable expression that you can use in your translation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
11:22 i0r3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result οὖν 1 Here, **then** indicates that what follows in this verse is the logical conclusion to what Paul has stated in the [verses 17–21](../11/17.md). Use a natural way in your language for expressing result. Alternate translation: “as a result” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
11:22 xdm3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns χρηστότητα & ἀποτομίαν Θεοῦ & ἀποτομία & χρηστότης Θεοῦ & τῇ χρηστότητι 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **kindness** and **severity**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “the kind character … the severe character of God … his severe character … the kind character of God … his kind character” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
11:22 i3ok rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐπὶ μὲν τοὺς πεσόντας, ἀποτομία 1 Here Paul speaks of God’s **severity** as if it were an object that could be **on** someone. He means that God punishes them severely. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he severely punishes those who fell” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
11:22 scf8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τοὺς πεσόντας 1 Paul refers to the Jews who failed to trust God as if they were people who **fell**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “those Jews who failed to trust in God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
11:22 fy84 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐπὶ δὲ σὲ, χρηστότης Θεοῦ 1 Here Paul speaks of God’s **kindness** as if it were an object that could be **on** someone. He means that God acts kindly toward those who trust in Jesus. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he is kind to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
11:22 i4ue rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd σὲ & ἐπιμένῃς & σὺ ἐκκοπήσῃ 1 See how you translated **you** in [verses 17–21](../11/17.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]])
11:22 rw2i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐπιμένῃς τῇ χρηστότητι 1 Here Paul speaks of God’s **kindness** as if it were a place in which someone could **continue** staying. He means that his readers should continue trusting in God’s kindness. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you continue trusting in his kindness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
11:22 t4mk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor καὶ σὺ ἐκκοπήσῃ 1 Here Paul refers to his Gentile Christian audience as if they were branches that God could **cut off**. He means that God would reject them if they do not remain faithful. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “you yourself also will be rejected” or “you yourself also will be rejected like a branch that is cut off” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
11:22 l17i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive καὶ σὺ ἐκκοπήσῃ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God will cut off you yourself also” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
11:23 osvn rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns κἀκεῖνοι & μὴ ἐπιμένωσι τῇ ἀπιστίᾳ & αὐτούς 1 In this verse **those**, **they**, **their**, and **them** refer to the Jewish people who do not believe in Jesus at first but become believers. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “those unbelieving Jewish people … those Jews do not continue in their unbelief … those Jews” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
11:23 k0i0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor μὴ ἐπιμένωσι τῇ ἀπιστίᾳ 1 See how you translated **continue in** in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
11:23 lvk7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives ἐὰν μὴ ἐπιμένωσι τῇ ἀπιστίᾳ 1 If your readers would misunderstand this double negative, you could translate it as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “if they start believing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
11:23 e68i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῇ ἀπιστίᾳ 1 See how you translated **unbelief** in [4:20](../04/20.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
11:23 zu7k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐνκεντρισθήσονται & ἐνκεντρίσαι αὐτούς 1 Paul speaks of the Jews becoming part of God’s people as if they were branches that could be **grafted in** to a tree. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “will be joined to God’s people … to join them to his people” or “will be joined to God’s people, like a branch is grafted into a tree … to join them to his people, like a farmer grafts a branch into a tree” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
11:23 lx11 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐνκεντρισθήσονται 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God will graft in” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
11:23 yxtp rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γάρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. Here, **For** indicates that what follows is the reason why what Paul said in the previous sentence is true. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “This is due to the fact that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
11:24 onko rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 **For** here indicates that what follows in this verse and the next verse is an explanation of what Paul said in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In fact,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
11:24 q1vp rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact εἰ 1 See how you translated **if** in [verse 12](../11/12.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
11:24 s1a4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor σὺ ἐκ τῆς κατὰ φύσιν ἐξεκόπης ἀγριελαίου, καὶ παρὰ φύσιν ἐνεκεντρίσθης εἰς καλλιέλαιον, πόσῳ μᾶλλον οὗτοι, οἱ κατὰ φύσιν ἐνκεντρισθήσονται τῇ ἰδίᾳ ἐλαίᾳ 1 Paul continues speaking of the Gentile believers and Jews as if they were branches of a **tree**, as he did in [verses 17–22](../11/17.md). Here, **a wild olive tree** represents all non-Jewish people who do not believe in Jesus, **cut off** represents being separated from unbelieving non-Jewish people, and **good olive tree** and **their own olive tree** represents God’s people. See how you translated **grafted into** in [verse 17](../11/17.md). Alternate translation: “you were separated from the nations, as a branch is cut off from what is by nature a wild olive tree, and contrary to nature were joined to God’s people, as a branch is grafted into a good olive tree, how much more will these, who are according to nature like olive branches, be joined to their own people, like a branch is grafted back into its own olive tree” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor]])
11:24 hl07 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd σὺ 1 See how **you** translated you in [verses 17–22](../11/17.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]])
11:24 dem3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive σὺ ἐκ τῆς κατὰ φύσιν ἐξεκόπης ἀγριελαίου & ἐνεκεντρίσθης & οὗτοι, οἱ κατὰ φύσιν ἐνκεντρισθήσονται 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God cut you off from what is by nature a wild olive tree … God grafted … will God graft these, who are according to nature, back into” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
11:24 ko5o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion πόσῳ μᾶλλον οὗτοι, οἱ κατὰ φύσιν ἐνκεντρισθήσονται τῇ ἰδίᾳ ἐλαίᾳ? 1 Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form here to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “so much more will these, who are according to nature, be grafted back into their own olive tree!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
11:24 ncwk rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns οὗτοι & τῇ ἰδίᾳ 1 Here, **they** and **their** refer to Jewish people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “these Jews … the Jews’ own” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
11:24 yn21 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish οἱ κατὰ φύσιν 1 This phrase gives further information about the Jewish people whom God will rejoin to his people. If it might be helpful in your language, you could make the relationship between these phrases clearer. Alternate translation: “they who are the people who are according to nature” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
11:25 jb0b rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. Here, **For** indicates that what Paul says in [verses 25–32](../11/25.md) is the reason why he said what he did in the previous verse. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “I am telling you these things because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
11:25 ye5w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives οὐ & θέλω ὑμᾶς ἀγνοεῖν 1 If your readers would misunderstand this double negative, you could translate it as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “I very much want you to be aware” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
11:25 q3i2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns οὐ & θέλω 1 The pronoun **I** here refers to Paul. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I, Paul, do not want” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
11:25 ykop rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular ὑμᾶς & μὴ ἦτε παρ’ ἑαυτοῖς φρόνιμοι 1 Here, **you** and **yourselves** are plural and could refer to: (1) non-Jewish Christians, as in verses [verses 17–24](../11/17.md). Alternate translation: “you non-Jewish believers in Christ … you non-Jews might be wise not in yourselves” (2) all the unbelievers to whom Paul was writing this letter. Alternate translation: “you believers in Jesus … you believers might not be wise in yourselves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
11:25 evc9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure οὐ & θέλω ὑμᾶς ἀγνοεῖν, ἀδελφοί, τὸ μυστήριον τοῦτο, ἵνα μὴ ἦτε παρ’ ἑαυτοῖς φρόνιμοι, ὅτι πώρωσις ἀπὸ μέρους τῷ Ἰσραὴλ γέγονεν 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “in order that you, brothers, might not be wise in yourselves, I do not want you to be ignorant of this mystery, that a partial hardening has occurred in Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
11:25 aj7j rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown τὸ μυστήριον τοῦτο 1 Here Paul uses the word **mystery** to refer to God saving a remnant of Jews after he saves a certain amount of Gentiles. This does not mean that the idea is hard to understand, but rather, God had not yet revealed it to people. If your language would not use **mystery** to refer to something that was concealed but has now been revealed, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “of this concealed message” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
11:25 w7lx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ἀδελφοί 1 Although the term **brothers** is masculine, Paul is using the word here in a generic sense that includes both men and women. Paul could be referring to: (1) non-Jewish Christians, as in verses [verses 17–24](../11/17.md). Alternate translation: “my fellow non-Jewish believers in Christ” (2) all the believers to whom Paul was writing this letter. Alternate translation: “my fellow believers in Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
11:25 me1g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom μὴ ἦτε παρ’ ἑαυτοῖς φρόνιμοι 1 Here, **wise in yourselves** refers to someone arrogantly thinking that he is wiser than he really is. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you might not arrogantly think that you are wiser than you really are” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
11:25 ec4j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor πώρωσις ἀπὸ μέρους 1 Here, **hardening** refers to being stubborn and unwilling to believe in Jesus. This **hardening** is only **partial** because some Jews believe in Jesus. See how you translated similar words in [verse 7](../11/07.md) and [9:18](../09/18.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
11:25 dry1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy τῷ Ἰσραὴλ 1 See how you translated **Israel** in [10:19](../10/19.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
11:25 db1x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τὸ πλήρωμα τῶν ἐθνῶν 1 Here, **fullness** refers to the full amount of non-Jewish people whom God will save. See how you translated **fullness** in [verse 12](../11/12.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
11:25 px38 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor εἰσέλθῃ 1 Here Paul uses **come in** to speak about people joining God’s people as if they were entering a place. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “has become his people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
11:26 jo0j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit καὶ οὕτως 1 Here, **thus** indicates that **all Israel will be saved** in the same manner as “the fullness of the Gentiles,” as mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and in the same manner” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
11:26 vu7t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive πᾶς Ἰσραὴλ σωθήσεται 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God will save all Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
11:26 xjq4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Ἰσραὴλ 1 See how you translated **Israel** in [10:19](../10/19.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
11:26 wuyz rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations καθὼς γέγραπται 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:17](../01/17.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
11:26 n7yf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive καθὼς γέγραπται 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Since Paul is referring to something Isaiah wrote ([Isaiah 59:20–21](../isa/59/20.md) and [27:9](../isa/27/09.md)), you could indicate Isaiah as the subject. Alternate translation: “just as Isaiah wrote” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
11:26 eb3j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks ἥξει ἐκ Σιὼν ὁ ῥυόμενος, ἀποστρέψει ἀσεβείας ἀπὸ Ἰακώβ 1 This sentence is a quotation of [Isaiah 59:20–21](../isa/59/20.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
11:26 dm4e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Σιὼν 1 See how you translated **Zion** in [9:33](../09/33.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
11:26 at55 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἀποστρέψει ἀσεβείας 1 Paul quotes Isaiah speaking of **ungodly things** as if they were an object that someone could **turn away**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “He will cause ungodly activity to stop” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
11:26 bkr2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Ἰακώβ 1 Here, **Jacob** refers to the descendants of Jacob, who are also called Israelites. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the Israelites” or “the descendants of Jacob” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
11:27 cie8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks from Jacob 0 This verse is a quotation of [Isaiah 59:20–21](../isa/59/20.md) and [27:9](../isa/27/09.md) in which God is speaking. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
11:27 q7e3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns αὐτοῖς & παρ’ ἐμοῦ & ἀφέλωμαι & αὐτῶν 1 The pronouns **I** and **me** here refer to God, and **them** and **their** refer to the people of Israel. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “for the people of Israel … with me, God, … I take away Israel’s” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
11:27 ll39 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἀφέλωμαι τὰς ἁμαρτίας αὐτῶν 1 Paul quotes God speaking of **sins** as if they were objects that someone could **take away**. He means that people are forgiven for the **sins** they have done. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I will remove the guilt of their sins” or “I will forgive them for their sins” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
11:28 ctn9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit κατὰ & τὸ εὐαγγέλιον 1 Here Paul implies the Jewish people rejecting the **gospel**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “according to the Jews rejecting the gospel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
11:28 girf rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ἐχθροὶ & ὑμᾶς & ἀγαπητοὶ & τοὺς πατέρας 1 The pronouns **they** and **their** refer to the people of Israel, and **your** refers to Gentile Christians. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel are enemies … you non-Jews' … the people of Israel are beloved … their forefathers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
11:28 x6aa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐχθροὶ 1 Paul implies that the Jewish people are **enemies** of God because they rejected the gospel. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “they are God’s enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
11:28 dr2q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns κατὰ & τὴν ἐκλογὴν 2 See how you translated this phrase in [9:11](../09/11.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
11:28 d82k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἀγαπητοὶ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God loves them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
11:28 jas2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit διὰ τοὺς πατέρας 1 Here, **for the sake of their forefathers** refers to the promises that God made to **their forefathers**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “because of what he promised to do for their ancestors” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
11:29 nr47 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. Here, **For** indicates that what follows is the reason why what Paul said in the previous verse is true. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “You can be sure this is true because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
11:29 p2sf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὰ χαρίσματα & ἡ κλῆσις τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **gifts** and **calling**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “what is graciously given … what has been called by God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
11:29 mnqs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἡ κλῆσις τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Here, **the calling of God** refers to the fact that God called the Jews to be his people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the fact that God called them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
11:30 gmrm rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. Here, **For** indicates that what follows in this verse and the next verse explains what Paul said about the Jews in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In fact,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
11:30 bj8g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular ὑμεῖς ποτε ἠπειθήσατε 1 Here, **you** and **yourselves** are plural and refer to non-Jewish Christians, as in verses [verses 17–24](../11/17.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “you non-Jewish believers in Christ yourselves were formerly disobedient” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
11:30 df91 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἠλεήθητε 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God has shown mercy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
11:30 zk91 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἠλεήθητε τῇ τούτων ἀπειθείᾳ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **mercy** and **disobedience**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “were shown how merciful God is in how disobedient these were” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
11:30 iufr rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result τῇ τούτων ἀπειθείᾳ 1 Here, **in** indicates that what follows is one reason why God showed **mercy** to non-Jewish people. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “due to the disobedience of these” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
11:30 g3cn rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns τούτων 1 Here, **these** refers to Jewish people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “of these Jews” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
11:31 wmub rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns οὗτοι & αὐτοὶ 1 Here, **these** and **they** refer to Jewish people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “these Jews … the Jews” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
11:31 enhi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure ἠπείθησαν τῷ ὑμετέρῳ ἐλέει, ἵνα καὶ αὐτοὶ νῦν ἐλεηθῶσιν 1 The phrase **in your mercy** could be connected to: (1) the verb translated as **were disobedient**, as in the ULT. (2) the verb translated as **be shown mercy**. Alternate translation: “were disobedient so that, in your mercy, they might also now be shown mercy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
11:31 mwhx rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result τῷ ὑμετέρῳ ἐλέει 1 Here, **in** could indicate that what follows: (1) is one reason for the Jews being **disobedient**. Alternate translation: “because of your mercy” (2) is one purpose for the Jews being **disobedient**. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of your mercy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
11:31 qh7s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τῷ ὑμετέρῳ ἐλέει 1 Here, **your mercy** refers to the **mercy** that God has shown to non-Jewish people whom he saves. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in the mercy that God has shown you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
11:31 kzgo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular τῷ ὑμετέρῳ ἐλέει 1 Here, **your** is plural and refers to non-Jewish believers in Jesus. See how you translated **you** in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
11:31 dtmn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῷ ὑμετέρῳ ἐλέει & καὶ αὐτοὶ νῦν ἐλεηθῶσιν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **mercy**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “in God acting mercifully to you … God might also now act mercifully to them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
11:31 cfgv rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα 1 The phrase **so that** indicates that what follows is a purpose. Here, **so that** indicates that what follows is one purpose for the disobedience of the Jews. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “for the purpose that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
11:31 onqo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive καὶ αὐτοὶ νῦν ἐλεηθῶσιν 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God might also now show them mercy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
11:32 wxjl rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. Here, **For** indicates that what follows in this verse is the conclusion to what Paul said in the previous two verses. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In conclusion,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
11:32 t6cb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor συνέκλεισεν & ὁ Θεὸς τοὺς πάντας εἰς ἀπείθειαν 1 Here Paul refers to people whom God allows to disobey him as if they were prisoners **shut up** in a prison. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “God has allowed all people to be disobedient” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
11:32 obi0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἀπείθειαν & ἐλεήσῃ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **disobedience** and **mercy**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “how disobedient they are … he might show how merciful he is toward” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
11:33 veuz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations ὦ βάθος πλούτου, καὶ σοφίας καὶ γνώσεως Θεοῦ 1 **Oh** is an exclamation word that communicates awe. Use an exclamation that is natural in your language for communicating this. Alternate translation: “How amazing is the depth of the wealth and the wisdom and the knowledge of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
11:33 ldc5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns βάθος πλούτου, καὶ σοφίας καὶ γνώσεως Θεοῦ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **depth**, **wealth**, **wisdom**, and **knowledge**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “how deeply wealthy and wise and knowledgeable is God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
11:33 x3kb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor βάθος πλούτου, καὶ σοφίας καὶ γνώσεως Θεοῦ 1 Here Paul refers to God’s **wealth**, **wisdom**, and **knowledge** as if they were like a deep place. He means that God’s **wealth**, **wisdom**, and **knowledge** are truly great. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the greatness of the wealth and the wisdom and the knowledge of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
11:33 jbyn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet ὡς ἀνεξεραύνητα τὰ κρίματα αὐτοῦ, καὶ ἀνεξιχνίαστοι αἱ ὁδοὶ αὐτοῦ 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Paul uses them to emphasize what he is saying. If your language does not use repetition to do this, you could use one phrase and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “How completely incomprehensible are the things he does” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
11:33 u322 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations ὡς ἀνεξεραύνητα τὰ κρίματα αὐτοῦ, καὶ ἀνεξιχνίαστοι αἱ ὁδοὶ αὐτοῦ 1 **How** here is used as an exclamation word that communicates awe. Use an exclamation that is natural in your language for communicating this. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
11:33 qb5r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἀνεξεραύνητα τὰ κρίματα αὐτοῦ 1 Here Paul speaks of God’s **judgments** as if they were objects that people cannot search for. He means that people cannot fully understand God’s **judgments**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “incomprehensible are his judgments” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
11:33 urwo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὰ κρίματα αὐτοῦ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **judgments**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “is how he judges” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
11:33 m755 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἀνεξιχνίαστοι αἱ ὁδοὶ αὐτοῦ 1 Here Paul speaks of God’s **ways** as if they were objects that people cannot discover. He means that people cannot fully understand God’s **ways**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “his ways are incomprehensible” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
11:34 w1ck rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. Here, **For** introduces a quotation from an Old Testament book ([Isaiah 40:13](../isa/40/13.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “For it is written in the Scriptures” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
11:34 uh2x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks τίς & ἔγνω νοῦν Κυρίου, ἢ τίς σύμβουλος αὐτοῦ ἐγένετο? 1 This sentence is a quotation from [Isaiah 40:13](../isa/40/13.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
11:34 r2wj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion τίς & ἔγνω νοῦν Κυρίου, ἢ τίς σύμβουλος αὐτοῦ ἐγένετο? 1 Paul quotes Isaiah using this question to emphasize that no one is as wise as the Lord. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “No one has known the mind of the Lord or become his advisor!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
11:34 yy52 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy νοῦν Κυρίου 1 Here, **mind** refers to what a person knows and thinks. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “all that the Lord knows” or “what the Lord thinks about” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
11:35 wonz rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations ἢ 1 The word **Or** introduces another item. Here, **Or** indicates that what follows is Paul’s paraphrase of a verse in an Old Testament book ([Job 41:11](../job/41/11.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “Or, as is written in the Scriptures” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
11:35 dc62 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks τίς προέδωκεν αὐτῷ, καὶ ἀνταποδοθήσεται αὐτῷ 1 This sentence is a paraphrase of part of [Job 41:11](../job/41/11.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
11:35 j5cn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion τίς προέδωκεν αὐτῷ, καὶ ἀνταποδοθήσεται αὐτῷ? 1 Paul quotes Job using this question to emphasize what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “No one has ever given anything to God, that he should be repaid by him!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
11:35 wm4s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis τίς προέδωκεν αὐτῷ 1 Paul quotes Job leaving out some of the words that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “Who gave something to him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
11:35 jbjk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἀνταποδοθήσεται αὐτῷ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God should repay him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
11:36 tuup rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ὅτι 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. Here, **For** indicates that what Paul says in this verse is the reason why what he said in [verses 34–35](../11/34.md) is true. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “These things are true because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
11:36 abc1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ἐξ αὐτοῦ, καὶ δι’ αὐτοῦ, καὶ εἰς αὐτὸν, τὰ πάντα. αὐτῷ 1 In this verse **him** refers to God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “from God and through God and to God are all things. To God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
11:36 p0l8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐξ αὐτοῦ 1 Here, **from** indicates that **all things** came from God because he made them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “originating from him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
11:36 a9gg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit δι’ αὐτοῦ 1 Here, **through** indicates that God is the means by which **all things** continue to exist. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “continuing to exist through him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
11:36 s63u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit εἰς αὐτὸν 1 Here, **to** indicates that God is the reason **all things** exist. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “for him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
11:36 rpx6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns αὐτῷ ἡ δόξα 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the idea of **glory**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “May people glorify him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
11:36 ut8l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας 1 Here, **to the ages** is an idiom that means “forever.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “to eternity” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
12:intro aky9 0 # Romans 12 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n7. Instructions for living as Christians (12:1–15:13)\n * How to act toward God (12:1–2)\n * How to serve the church (12:3–8)\n * How to act toward other Christians (12:9–13)\n * How to act toward unbelievers (12:14–21)\n * How to act toward government (13:1–7)\n * How to act toward other people (13:8–10)\n * Act as if the end is near (13:11–14)\n * Do not judge other Christians (14:1–12)\n * Do not tempt other Christians to sin (14:13–23)\n * Be united with other Christians (15:1–13)\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the words of [verse 20](../12/20.md), which are from the Old Testament.\n\nMany scholars believe Paul uses the word **therefore** in [Romans 12:1](../rom/12/01.md) to refer back to all of Chapters 1–11. After having carefully explained the Christian gospel in chapters 1–11, Paul explains in chapters 12–16 how Christians should live in response to these great truths. In these chapters, Paul gives many different commands that are practical instructions for how Christians should behave. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in this Chapter\n\n### Body of Christ\n\nThe body of Christ is an important metaphor used in the New Testament to refer to the church. Every Christian plays a unique and important function within the people of God. Christians need each other. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/body]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
12:1 wklb rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns παρακαλῶ 1 The pronoun **I** here and throughout this chapter refers to Paul. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I, Paul, urge” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
12:1 fwds rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular ὑμᾶς & ὑμῶν & ὑμῶν 1 The pronouns **you** and **your** here and throughout most of this chapter are plural and refer to the believers in Rome to whom Paul wrote this letter. If it would be helpful in your language, you could say this explicitly. Alternate translation: “you believers … your … your” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
12:1 xgcr rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result παρακαλῶ οὖν ὑμᾶς 1 The word **Therefore** indicates that what follows is a logical conclusion. Here, **therefore** indicates that what follows in the rest of this letter is what Paul wants his readers to do in response to what he has written in chapters 1–11. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a fuller expression. Alternate translation: “Since everything I have said is true, I urge you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
12:1 kr1a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ἀδελφοί 1 See how you translated this word in [1:13](../01/13.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
12:1 d50i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῶν οἰκτιρμῶν & θυσίαν ζῶσαν & τὴν λογικὴν λατρείαν ὑμῶν 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **compassions**, **sacrifice**, and **service**, you could express the same ideas in another way. These words indicate different ways in which people serve God. Alternate translation: “what is compassionate … a living one that is sacrificed … which is how you reasonably serve” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
12:1 wuyl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor παραστῆσαι τὰ σώματα ὑμῶν θυσίαν ζῶσαν 1 Here Paul refers to a believer in Christ who obeys God as if that person were one of the animals that the Jews killed and then offered to God as a **sacrifice**, except that this **sacrifice** is still **living**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “to offer yourselves completely to God while you are alive, as if you were a living sacrifice on the temple altar” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
12:1 w1mz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche τὰ σώματα ὑμῶν 1 Here, **bodies** refers to whole people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your whole selves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
12:2 pyb6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive μὴ συνσχηματίζεσθε & μεταμορφοῦσθε 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “do not conform yourselves … let God transform you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
12:2 clc6 μὴ συνσχηματίζεσθε 1 Alternate translation: “do not become alike”
12:2 d2qq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy τῷ αἰῶνι τούτῳ 1 Here, **this age** refers to the attitudes and actions of the unbelievers who live during this period of time. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “to the way people think and act in this age” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
12:2 na8p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῇ ἀνακαινώσει τοῦ νοός & τὸ θέλημα τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **renewal** and **will**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “by renewing the mind … thing that God wills” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
12:2 c6ch rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τῇ ἀνακαινώσει τοῦ νοός 1 Here Paul speaks of changing the way a person thinks as if that person’s mind is being renewed. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “by the changing of how one thinks” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
12:2 w34l rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal εἰς τὸ δοκιμάζειν ὑμᾶς 1 Here, **so that** indicates that what follows is the purpose for which someone should **be transformed**. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “for the purpose that you can approve” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
12:3 cp9g rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. Here, **For** indicates that what follows explains what Paul said in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In fact,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
12:3 l6c6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive διὰ τῆς χάριτος τῆς δοθείσης μοι 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “through the grace God has given to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
12:3 nyc2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit διὰ τῆς χάριτος τῆς δοθείσης μοι 1 Here, **grace** refers to God graciously choosing Paul to be an apostle. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “through the grace that caused me to become an apostle” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
12:3 s6yg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom μὴ ὑπερφρονεῖν παρ’ ὃ δεῖ φρονεῖν 1 Here, **think more highly of himself** refers to someone arrogantly thinking that he is better than he really is. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to not think he is a better person than he really is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
12:3 j20s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations μὴ ὑπερφρονεῖν παρ’ ὃ δεῖ φρονεῖν 1 Although **himself** and **he** are masculine, Paul is using the words here in a generic sense that includes both men and women. Alternate translation: “to not think more highly of oneself than what one ought to think” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
12:3 me4t φρονεῖν εἰς τὸ σωφρονεῖν 1 Alternate translation: “you should be wise with regard to how you think about yourselves”
12:3 m8z7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἑκάστῳ ὡς ὁ Θεὸς ἐμέρισεν μέτρον πίστεως 1 Here, **faith** could refer to: (1) different degrees of **faith** in God that God gives believers. Alternate translation: “as God has given each of you an degree of ability to trust in him” (2) the spiritual gifts that result from faith and are given to believers in different degrees. Alternate translation: “as God has given each of you a degree of faith demonstrated in spiritual gifts” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
12:4 zm8p rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. Here, **For** indicates that what follows is the reason why Paul’s readers should “think with a sound mind,” as stated in the previous verse. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “You must do this because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
12:4 v2pi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile καθάπερ 1 Here, **just as** indicates that what follows in this verse is a simile. Paul uses this simile to compare all believers in Christ to the parts of a human body. Since Paul explains the comparison in the next verse, you do not need to express the meaning plainly here. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
12:4 v5iy μέλη & μέλη 1 See how you translated members in [6:13](../06/13.md).
12:4 v8bo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὴν αὐτὴν ἔχει πρᾶξιν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **function**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “function for the same purposes” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
12:5 sd03 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἐσμεν 1 Here, **we** refers to all Christians, so it is inclusive. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
12:5 v93h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐν Χριστῷ 1 See how you translated the similar phrase in [6:23](../06/23.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
12:5 dhx8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τὸ δὲ καθ’ εἷς ἀλλήλων μέλη 1 Paul speaks of the believers as if God had physically joined them together like the parts of the human **body** are joined. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “and the individual believers are united to one another” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
12:5 cutl μέλη 1 See how you translated **members** in the previous verse.
12:6 j3x5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἔχοντες & ἡμῖν 1 Here, **we** and **us** refer to all Christians, so they are inclusive. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
12:6 hrr1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἔχοντες & χαρίσματα & διάφορα 1 Paul speaks of the different abilities to serve other believers that God gives believers as being **gracious gifts** from God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “we have different spiritual abilities” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
12:6 y267 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive κατὰ τὴν χάριν τὴν δοθεῖσαν ἡμῖν 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “according to the grace that God has given to us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
12:6 tlk4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὴν χάριν & προφητείαν, κατὰ τὴν ἀναλογίαν 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **grace** and **prophecy**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “what is graciously … being able to prophecy, according to what has been proportioned” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
12:6 zs97 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis εἴτε προφητείαν, κατὰ τὴν ἀναλογίαν τῆς πίστεως 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “if God has given someone the gift of prophecy, then that person must use that gift according to the proportion of his faith” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
12:6 bnk9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit κατὰ τὴν ἀναλογίαν τῆς πίστεως 1 Here Paul uses **faith** in the same way he did in [verse 3](../12/03.md). See how you translated the clause “as God has distributed to each one a measure of faith” in that verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
12:7 todc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis εἴτε διακονίαν, ἐν τῇ διακονίᾳ; εἴτε ὁ διδάσκων, ἐν τῇ διδασκαλίᾳ 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “if God has given someone the gift of service, then that person must use that gift for serving; if God has given someone the gift to be the one teaching, then that person must use that gift for teaching” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
12:7 wmuw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns διακονίαν & τῇ διακονίᾳ & τῇ διδασκαλίᾳ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **service** and **teaching**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “serving others … serving others … teaching others” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
12:8 m2as rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis εἴτε ὁ παρακαλῶν, ἐν τῇ παρακλήσει; ὁ μεταδιδοὺς, ἐν ἁπλότητι; ὁ προϊστάμενος, ἐν σπουδῇ; ὁ ἐλεῶν, ἐν ἱλαρότητι 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that clauses would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the previous verse. Alternate translation: “if God has given someone the gift of encouraging, then that person must use that gift for encouraging; if God has given someone the gift of giving, then that person must use that gift for generosity; if God has given someone the gift of leading, then that person must use that gift with diligence; if God has given someone the gift of showing mercy, then that person must use that gift with cheerfulness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
12:8 teso rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐν τῇ παρακλήσει & ἐν ἁπλότητι & ἐν σπουδῇ & ἐν ἱλαρότητι 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **encouragement**, **generosity**, **diligence**, and **cheerfulness**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “by encouraging others … generously … diligently … cheerfully” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
12:9 dmsa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative ἡ ἀγάπη ἀνυπόκριτος; ἀποστυγοῦντες τὸ πονηρόν, κολλώμενοι τῷ ἀγαθῷ 1 Paul is using statements to give commands. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural form for commands. Alternate translation: “Love without hypocrisy, abhor the wicked, hold on to the good” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative]])
12:9 o8z9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives ἀνυπόκριτος 1 If your readers would misunderstand this double negative, you could translate it as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “sincere” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
12:9 iv5h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὸ πονηρόν & τῷ ἀγαθῷ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **wicked** and **good**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “wicked things … good things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
12:10 mr8i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative τῇ φιλαδελφίᾳ εἰς ἀλλήλους φιλόστοργοι; τῇ τιμῇ ἀλλήλους προηγούμενοι 1 Paul is using statements to give commands. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural form for commands. Alternate translation: “in brotherly love, be affectionate to one another; in honor, outdo one another” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative]])
12:10 ng86 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῇ φιλαδελφίᾳ & τῇ τιμῇ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **brotherly love** and **honor**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “in loving others as brothers … in honoring others” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
12:10 ux2y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations τῇ φιλαδελφίᾳ 1 Although the word **brotherly** is masculine, Paul is using the word here in a generic sense that includes both men and women. Alternate translation: “in your love for fellow believers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
12:11 iu2i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative τῇ σπουδῇ μὴ ὀκνηροί, τῷ πνεύματι ζέοντες, τῷ Κυρίῳ δουλεύοντες 1 Paul is using statements to give commands. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural form for commands. Alternate translation: “in diligence, do not be lazy; in the spirit, be eager; serve the Lord” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative]])
12:11 jhe7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῇ σπουδῇ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **diligence**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “in being diligent” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
12:11 ddvz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τῷ πνεύματι 1 Here, **the spirit** could refer to: (1) a person’s spirit, as in [1:9](../01/09.md). Alternate translation: “in your spirit” or “wholeheartedly” (2) the Holy Spirit. Alternate translation: “in the Holy Spirit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
12:12 l3es rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative τῇ ἐλπίδι χαίροντες, τῇ θλίψει ὑπομένοντες, τῇ προσευχῇ προσκαρτεροῦντες 1 Paul is using statements to give commands. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural form for commands. Alternate translation: “in hope, rejoice; in suffering, be patient; in prayer, persist” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative]])
12:12 wept rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result τῇ ἐλπίδι 1 Here, **in** indicates that **hope** is the reason for **rejoicing**. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “because of hope, rejoicing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
12:12 uv64 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous τῇ θλίψει ὑπομένοντες 1 Here, **in** indicates the situation in which someone should be **patient**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “at the time of suffering, being patient” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous]])
12:13 vk5h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative ταῖς χρείαις τῶν ἁγίων κοινωνοῦντες, τὴν φιλοξενίαν διώκοντες 1 Paul is using statements to give commands. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural form for commands. Alternate translation: “in the needs of the saints, share; pursue hospitality” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative]])
12:12 xoy0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τῇ προσευχῇ προσκαρτεροῦντες 1 Here, **in** indicates that **prayer** is what one needs to do persistently. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in regard to prayer, persisting” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
12:13 m53s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ταῖς χρείαις τῶν ἁγίων & τὴν φιλοξενίαν 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **needs** and **hospitality**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “in the things the saints need … hospitable actions” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
12:13 i3nm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ταῖς χρείαις τῶν ἁγίων κοινωνοῦντες 1 Here Paul implies sharing the things that a person has with those **saints** who have **needs**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “sharing what you have to meet the needs of the saints” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
12:14 exd8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet εὐλογεῖτε καὶ μὴ καταρᾶσθε 1 These two commands mean the same thing. Paul uses them to emphasize what he is saying. If your language does not use repetition to do this, you could use one phrase and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “you must absolutely bless” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
12:15 szpn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative χαίρειν μετὰ χαιρόντων, κλαίειν μετὰ κλαιόντων 1 Paul is using statements to give commands. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural form for commands. Alternate translation: “rejoice with those who rejoice; weep with those who weep” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative]])
12:16 agio rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative τὸ αὐτὸ εἰς ἀλλήλους φρονοῦντες, μὴ τὰ ὑψηλὰ φρονοῦντες, ἀλλὰ τοῖς ταπεινοῖς συναπαγόμενοι 1 Paul is using statements to give commands. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural form for commands. Alternate translation: “think the same thing toward one another; do not think the high things, but accept the lowly ones” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative]])
12:16 hwd1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom τὸ αὐτὸ εἰς ἀλλήλους φρονοῦντες 1 This clause is an idiom that refers to having the same concern for the wellbeing of other people as a person has for himself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “caring about others the same way you care about yourselves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
12:16 ar7y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom μὴ τὰ ὑψηλὰ φρονοῦντες 1 Here, **thinking the high things** refers to someone arrogantly thinking that he is better than other people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “not thinking that you are better than others” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
12:16 cc23 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τοῖς ταπεινοῖς συναπαγόμενοι 1 Here, **the lowly ones** could refer to: (1) people who are poor or are not respected by society. Alternate translation: “accepting people who do not seem important” (2) doings things that people think are humiliating or unimportant. Alternate translation: “accepting the lowly tasks” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
12:16 h469 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom μὴ γίνεσθε φρόνιμοι παρ’ ἑαυτοῖς 1 See how you translated this expression in [11:25](../11/25.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
12:17 h2tz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative μηδενὶ κακὸν ἀντὶ κακοῦ ἀποδιδόντες, προνοούμενοι καλὰ ἐνώπιον πάντων ἀνθρώπων 1 Paul is using statements to give commands. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural form for commands. Alternate translation: “repay no one evil for evil; give careful thought to good things in the sight of all men” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative]])
12:17 ae3j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns κακὸν ἀντὶ κακοῦ & προνοούμενοι & ἐνώπιον 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **evil**, **thought**, and **sight**, you could express the ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “evil things for evil things; thinking carefully about … as seen by” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
12:17 hnte rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor μηδενὶ κακὸν ἀντὶ κακοῦ ἀποδιδόντες 1 Here Paul uses **paying back** to refer to doing something **evil** to someone in response to the **evil** that person has done. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “doing something evil to no one for the evil that person has done to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
12:17 fzh8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor καλὰ ἐνώπιον πάντων ἀνθρώπων 1 Here Paul uses **sight** to refer to what people mentally perceive. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “do things that all men perceive to be good” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
12:17 c8lw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations πάντων ἀνθρώπων 1 Although the term **men** is masculine, Paul is using the word here in a generic sense that includes both men and women. Alternate translation: “all people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
12:18 pgt7 τὸ ἐξ ὑμῶν 1 Alternate translation: “so far as it depends on you” or “as much as it is up to you”
12:18 nzwf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative μετὰ πάντων ἀνθρώπων εἰρηνεύοντες 1 Paul is using a statement to give a command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural form for commands. Alternate translation: “live at peace with all men” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative]])
12:18 fbzh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations πάντων ἀνθρώπων 1 Although the term **men** is masculine, Paul is using the word here in a generic sense that includes both men and women. Alternate translation: “all people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
12:19 e0hc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative μὴ ἑαυτοὺς ἐκδικοῦντες 1 Paul is using a statement to give a command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural form for commands. Alternate translation: “do not avenge yourselves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative]])
12:19 ew6x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy δότε τόπον τῇ ὀργῇ 1 Here, **wrath** refers to God’s punishment. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “give way to God’s punishment” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
12:19 zre0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῇ ὀργῇ & ἐμοὶ ἐκδίκησις 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **wrath** and **vengeance**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “to God being wrathful … I will avenge” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
12:19 tcwn rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γάρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. Here, **for** indicates that what follows is the reason why what Paul said in the previous clause is true. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. You may need to start a new sentence, as in the UST. Alternate translation: “This is due to the fact that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
12:19 omjp rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations γέγραπται 1 See how you translated the similar phrase in [1:17](../01/17.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
12:19 ns3b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive γέγραπται 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Moses wrote this quotation. Alternate translation: “Moses wrote” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
12:19 kf44 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks ἐμοὶ ἐκδίκησις; ἐγὼ ἀνταποδώσω, λέγει Κύριος 1 This sentence is a quotation of [Deuteronomy 32:35](../deu/32/35.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
12:19 lkpl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes ἐμοὶ ἐκδίκησις; ἐγὼ ἀνταποδώσω, λέγει Κύριος 1 If the direct quotation inside a direct quotation would be confusing in your language, you could translate the second direct quotation as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “The Lord says that vengeance is for him; he will repay.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])
12:19 l2i8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism ἐμοὶ ἐκδίκησις; ἐγὼ ἀνταποδώσω 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that God will avenge his people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “I will certainly avenge you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
12:19 xo5r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἀνταποδώσω 1 Here Moses quotes God using **repay** to refer to appropriately punishing someone as if the punishment were reciprocal payment for that person’s deeds. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will appropriately punish” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
12:19 mco6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ἀνταποδώσω 1 Moses quotes God leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “will repay them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
12:20 n96q rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations ἀλλὰ 1 **But** here indicates that what follows is a quotation from an Old Testament book ([Proverbs 25:21–22](../pro/25/21.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “But, God says in the Scriptures,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
12:20 q7dq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks ἐὰν πεινᾷ ὁ ἐχθρός σου, ψώμιζε αὐτόν; ἐὰν διψᾷ, πότιζε αὐτόν; τοῦτο γὰρ ποιῶν, ἄνθρακας πυρὸς σωρεύσεις ἐπὶ τὴν κεφαλὴν αὐτοῦ. 1 This sentence is a quotation of [Proverbs 25:21–22](../pro/25/21.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
12:20 c4ig rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular ὁ ἐχθρός σου & σωρεύσεις 1 Here the pronouns **your** and **you** are singular and addressed as though to one person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use plural forms here. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
12:20 uwbq rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. Here, **For** indicates that what follows is the reason why what was said in the previous sentence is true. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “This is due to the fact that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
12:20 wce6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ἄνθρακας πυρὸς σωρεύσεις ἐπὶ τὴν κεφαλὴν αὐτοῦ 1 This clause is an idiom. It could refer to: (1) a person feeling shame as a result of being helped by someone whom that person had harmed. Alternate translation: “you will make the person who harmed you feel badly about how he has mistreated you” (2) God very severely punishing the person who is being helped. Alternate translation: “you will give God a reason to judge him more harshly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
12:21 q761 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification μὴ νικῶ ὑπὸ τοῦ κακοῦ, ἀλλὰ νίκα ἐν τῷ ἀγαθῷ τὸ κακόν 1 Paul describes **evil** as if it were a person who could conquer someone or be conquered by someone. He is referring to someone doing evil in response to someone doing evil to that person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Do not let evil cause you to do evil, but use good to prevent evil from influencing you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
12:21 p7fd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τοῦ κακοῦ & τῷ ἀγαθῷ & τὸ κακόν 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **evil** and **good**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “evil things … evil things … good things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
12:21 k8et rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive μὴ νικῶ ὑπὸ τοῦ κακοῦ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Do not let evil overcome you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
13:intro l4q7 0 # Romans 13 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n7. Instructions for living as Christians (12:1–15:13)\n * How to act toward God (12:1–2)\n * How to serve the church (12:3–8)\n * How to act toward other Christians (12:9–13)\n * How to act toward unbelievers (12:14–21)\n * How to act toward government (13:1–7)\n * How to act toward other people (13:8–10)\n * Act as if the end is near (13:11–14)\n\n## Special Concepts in this chapter\n\n### Submission to rulers\n\nIn [13:1–7](../13/01.md) Paul commands his readers to obey rulers and pay taxes. Some readers will find this difficult to accept, especially if they live in places where wicked rulers persecute the church. It is important to recognize that the Holy Spirit led Paul to write these words while the Roman government was persecuting Christians. Christians must obey their rulers as well as obey God. The only time a Christian should disobey governing authorities is when those rulers do not allow Christians to do something God explicitly commands them to do (for an example of such a situation, see [Acts 5:28–29](../act/05/28.md)).\n\n### “The night advanced, and the day has come near”\n\nIn [13:11–14](../13/11.md) Paul tells his readers that they should behave like Jesus because Jesus is coming back soon. He calls the current time in which people do what is evil the “night,” and he calls the time when Jesus returns the “day.”
13:1 i1kf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive πᾶσα ψυχὴ ἐξουσίαις ὑπερεχούσαις ὑποτασσέσθω 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Let every soul subject itself to governing authorities” or “Let everyone subject themselves to governing authorities” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
13:1 b8nf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche πᾶσα ψυχὴ 1 Paul uses **soul** here to refer to the whole life of a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “every human being” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
13:1 gkmd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐξουσίαις & ἐξουσία & οὖσαι 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **authorities** and **authority**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “to those who are authorized to govern … authorized person … existing ones who are authorized” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
13:1 wii2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives οὐ & ἔστιν ἐξουσία, εἰ μὴ ὑπὸ Θεοῦ 1 If your readers would misunderstand this double negative, you could translate it as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “all authority comes from God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
13:1 j3lr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive αἱ δὲ οὖσαι ὑπὸ Θεοῦ τεταγμέναι εἰσίν 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and God appointed the existing authorities” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
13:2 ezg5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ὥστε 1 **So then** indicates that what follows in this verse summarizes ideas that were previously expressed. **So then** here introduces the result of what Paul said in the previous verse. Use a natural way in your language for indicating result. Alternate translation: “Since this is true” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
13:2 ui8y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῇ ἐξουσίᾳ, τῇ τοῦ Θεοῦ διαταγῇ & ἑαυτοῖς κρίμα λήμψονται 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **authority**, **command**, and **judgment**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “those who are authorized … what God has commanded … will cause themselves to be judged” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
13:2 vc3u rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns οἱ δὲ ἀνθεστηκότες 1 Here, **it** refers to **that authority** stated earlier in the verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and the ones who have opposed that authority” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
13:2 dsa3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἑαυτοῖς κρίμα λήμψονται 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “will cause God to bring judgment on them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
13:2 y21s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἑαυτοῖς κρίμα λήμψονται 1 Here Paul speaks of **judgment** as if it were an object that one could **bring** and put **on** someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will cause God to judge them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
13:3 m3yf rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. **For** here indicates that what follows in this verse explains what Paul said in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In fact,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
13:3 c2xa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns φόβος & τὴν ἐξουσίαν & τὸ ἀγαθὸν & ἕξεις ἔπαινον 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **terror**, **authority**, **good**, and **praise**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “terrifying … whom God has authorized … good things … you will be praised” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
13:3 jt2z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τῷ ἀγαθῷ ἔργῳ, & τῷ κακῷ 1 Here, **the good deed** and **the evil deed** refer to the people who do those deeds. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “to those who do the good deed … to those who do the evil deed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
13:3 z4sq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion θέλεις δὲ μὴ φοβεῖσθαι τὴν ἐξουσίαν? 1 Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form here to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Now this is how you can not fear the authority:” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
13:3 nohi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἕξεις ἔπαινον 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the authorities will praise you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
13:3 ahl9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ἐξ αὐτῆς 1 Here, **from** indicates the reason why **you will have praise**. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “because of it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
13:4 w4s0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 The word **for** indicates that what follows explains what came before this word. Here, **for** indicates that what follows is the reason why what Paul said in the previous clause is true. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “since” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
13:4 j4kb rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ἐστιν & οὐ & φορεῖ & ἐστιν 1 In this verse the pronoun **he** refers to a person who rules. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the ruler is … the ruler does not carry … the ruler is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
13:4 zgz2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns Θεοῦ & διάκονός & τὸ ἀγαθόν & τὸ κακὸν & Θεοῦ & διάκονός & ὀργὴν & τὸ κακὸν 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **servant**, **good**, **evil**, and **wrath**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “one who serves God … doing good … evil things … one who serves God … what is wrathful … evil things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
13:4 quy4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 2 The word **for** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. Here, **for** introduces the reason why what Paul said in the previous clause is true. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “since” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
13:4 ink8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes οὐ & εἰκῇ τὴν μάχαιραν φορεῖ 1 Here Paul uses a figure of speech that expresses a strong positive meaning by using a negative word together with a word that means the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you can express the meaning positively. Alternate translation: “he carries the sword for a very good reason” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
13:4 s3vz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy οὐ & τὴν μάχαιραν φορεῖ 1 Here, **the sword** refers to a ruler’s authority to punish wicked people, which could include killing them with a sword. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he does not have the authority to punish” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
13:4 vx6b rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 3 The word **for** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. Here, **for** indicates that what follows in this verse explains what Paul said in the previous clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “in fact,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
13:4 d61t rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal εἰς ὀργὴν 1 Here, **for** indicates that what follows is the purpose of **an avenger**. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a purpose. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of wrath” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
13:4 au7j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ὀργὴν 1 See how you translated **wrath** in [1:18](../01/18.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
13:4 cq0x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὀργὴν τῷ τὸ κακὸν πράσσοντι 1 Paul speaks of **wrath** as if it were an object that could be put **on** a person. He means that every evil person will experience wrathful punishment. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “wrath that will be experienced by the one who practices the evil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
13:5 jqz7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result διὸ 1 See how you translated this word in [1:24](../01/24.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
13:5 sxq1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ὑποτάσσεσθαι 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “to subject yourselves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
13:5 aq7p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὑποτάσσεσθαι 1 Paul implies that his readers should **be subjected** to the rulers described in [verses 1–4](../13/01.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “to be subjected to rulers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
13:5 q81v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis διὰ τὴν ὀργὴν, ἀλλὰ καὶ διὰ τὴν συνείδησιν 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “because of the wrathful deeds they can do to you, but also because your conscience knows that you should do submit to them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
13:5 ykg9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὴν ὀργὴν & τὴν συνείδησιν 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **wrath** and **conscience**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “what is wrathful … what you know is right” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
13:5 bs1u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy τὴν ὀργὴν 1 See how you translated this word in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
13:6 x5i2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. **For** here indicates that what follows in this verse explains what Paul said in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In fact,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
13:6 r1jy rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns διὰ τοῦτο 1 Here, **this** could refer to: (1) “the wrath” and “the conscience” mentioned in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “because of the wrath and your conscience” (2) “the wrath” and “the conscience” mentioned in the previous verse, and the fact that rulers **are servants of God**. Alternate translation: “because of the wrath and your conscience, and because rulers are servants of God”(See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
13:6 hy4f rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 2 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. Here, **for** indicates that what follows is another reason why Christians should **pay taxes**. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “since” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
13:6 ib5x rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns εἰσιν 1 Here, **they** refers to the rulers described in [verses 1–4](../13/01.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the rulers are” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
13:6 gh12 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns λειτουργοὶ & Θεοῦ 1 See how you translated the similar phrase in [verse 4](../13/04.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
13:6 e8ey rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish εἰς αὐτὸ τοῦτο προσκαρτεροῦντες 1 This clause gives additional information about the rulers, who are called **servants of God** in the previous clause. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could make the connection between these clauses more explicit. Alternate translation: “and these rulers are the ones persisting in this very thing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
13:6 xmsa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit αὐτὸ τοῦτο 1 Here, **this very thing** refers to serving God by ruling over people, as is indicated by Paul calling them **servants of God** in the previous clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “this service” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
13:7 z9cn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὰς ὀφειλάς 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **obligations**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “what you are obligated to pay” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
13:7 wg2l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis τῷ τὸν φόρον, τὸν φόρον; τῷ τὸ τέλος, τὸ τέλος; τῷ τὸν φόβον, τὸν φόβον; τῷ τὴν τιμὴν, τὴν τιμήν 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “pay tax to whom tax is due, pay toll to whom toll is due, show fear to whom fear is due, show honor to him to whom honor is due” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
13:7 jg3u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun τῷ τὸν φόρον, τὸν φόρον; τῷ τὸ τέλος, τὸ τέλος 1 Paul is speaking of taxes and tolls in general, not of one particular **tax** and **toll**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “taxes to whom taxes, tolls to whom tolls” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
13:7 s2nf rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown τῷ τὸ τέλος, τὸ τέλος 1 The word **toll** refers to a specific kind of tax that must be paid in addition to regular taxes. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of tax, you could use a general expression for additional taxes. Alternate translation: “government fees to whom government fees” or “revenues to whom revenues” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
13:7 ao8q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῷ τὸν φόβον, τὸν φόβον; τῷ τὴν τιμὴν, τὴν τιμήν 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **fear** and **honor**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “fear to whomever should be feared, honor to whomever should be honored” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
13:7 nwi2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τῷ τὸν φόβον, τὸν φόβον; τῷ τὴν τιμὴν, τὴν τιμήν 1 Here Paul refers to fearing and honoring those who deserve to be feared and honored as if someone is paying them **fear** and **honor**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “fear those who should be feared, honor those who should be honored” or “respect those whom you ought to respect, honor those whom you ought to honor” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
13:8 a69g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives μηδενὶ μηδὲν ὀφείλετε 1 If your readers would misunderstand this double negative, you could translate it as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “Do not owe anyone anything” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
13:8 ay3n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor μηδενὶ μηδὲν ὀφείλετε, εἰ μὴ τὸ ἀλλήλους ἀγαπᾶν 1 Here Paul speaks of loving other believers as if it were a debt owed to them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “Owe nothing to anyone, but love one another as if it were a debt that you owed them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
13:8 dptn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὸ ἀλλήλους 1 Here, **one another** refers to other Christians. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “other believers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
13:8 auu3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns νόμον 1 See how you translated **the law** in [2:12](../02/12.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
13:9 qcri rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γάρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. **For** here indicates that what follows is the reason why loving others fulfills the law, as stated in the previous verse. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “This is true since” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
13:9 r7kd rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations τὸ 1 Here Paul uses **this** to indicate a quotation from the law that is written in the Old Testament ([Exodus 20:13–15](../exo/20/13.md), [17](../exo/20/17.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “God had said in the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
13:9 t0os rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks οὐ μοιχεύσεις, οὐ φονεύσεις, οὐ κλέψεις, οὐκ ἐπιθυμήσεις 1 These clauses are a quotation from [Exodus 20:13–15](../exo/20/13.md), [17](../exo/20/17.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
13:9 ng84 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact εἴ τις ἑτέρα ἐντολή 1 Paul is speaking as if this were a hypothetical possibility, but he means that it is actually true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might misunderstand and think that what Paul is saying is not certain, then you can translate his words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “if there is any other commandment, and there is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
13:9 mgc9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τις ἑτέρα ἐντολή 1 Here, **any other commandment** refers to **any** of the commandments that God gave the Israelites other than those that Paul has just mentioned. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “there is any other commandment” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
13:9 jva8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐντολή 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **commandment**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “thing God has commanded” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
13:9 x8i1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐν τῷ λόγῳ τούτῳ, ἀνακεφαλαιοῦται 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “this word summed it up” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
13:9 ytof rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἐν τῷ λόγῳ τούτῳ 1 Here Paul uses **word** to refer to a commandment that is made up of words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in this commandment” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
13:9 ylb1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations ἐν τῷ λόγῳ τούτῳ 1 Here Paul uses **this word** to indicate a quotation from the law that is written in the Old Testament ([Leviticus 19:18](../lev/19/18.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “in this commandment in the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
13:9 so4u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks ἀγαπήσεις τὸν πλησίον σου ὡς σεαυτόν 1 This sentence is a quotation from [Leviticus 19:18](../lev/19/18.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
13:10 vy62 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification ἡ ἀγάπη τῷ πλησίον κακὸν οὐκ ἐργάζεται 1 Here Paul speaks of love as if it were a person who could do some kind of **work**. He means that people who love other people do not do **evil** things to them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “People who love do not work evil to a neighbor” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
13:10 xa4n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἡ ἀγάπη τῷ πλησίον & κακὸν & πλήρωμα & νόμου & ἡ ἀγάπη 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **love**, **evil**, and **fulfillment**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “Loving a neighbor … what is evil … loving others fulfills the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
13:10 l92e rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns νόμου 1 See how you translated **the law** in [2:12](../02/12.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
13:11 okty rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis καὶ τοῦτο 1 Paul is leaving out a word that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply this word from the context. Alternate translation: “And do this” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
13:11 dxm0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns τοῦτο 1 Here, **this** refers back to all the commands Paul stated in [12:1](../12/01.md)–[13:10](../13/10.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “these commands that I have given you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
13:11 cdwh rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result εἰδότες τὸν καιρόν 1 This clause indicates one reason for Paul’s readers to obey the commands he gave in [12:1](../12/01.md)–[13:10](../13/10.md). Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “since you know the time” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
13:11 vd49 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish τὸν καιρόν, ὅτι ὥρα ἤδη 1 Here, **that** indicates that what follows in this clause is a description of **the time** stated in the previous clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the connection between these clauses more explicit. Alternate translation: “that it is already the time” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
13:11 gvlw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ὥρα 1 Here, **hour** refers to a point in time when something happens. It has the same meaning as **time** in the previous clause. It does not refer to a 60-minute length of time. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the point in time” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
13:11 b6l3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὑμᾶς ἐξ ὕπνου ἐγερθῆναι 1 Paul speaks of the need for the Roman believers to be spiritually vigilant as if they needed to wake up from being asleep. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “for you to be spiritually vigilant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
13:11 acg2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. **For** here indicates a reason why Paul’s readers should **awake from sleep**. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “Do this since” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
13:11 s3p9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἡμῶν ἡ σωτηρία 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **salvation**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “our being saved” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
13:11 jgib rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἡμῶν ἡ σωτηρία 1 Here Paul uses **salvation** to refer to the future event when Christ returns and Christians receive the full blessings of their **salvation**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the completion of our salvation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
13:11 sj56 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐγγύτερον 1 Here Paul speaks of **our salvation** as if it were an object that could become **nearer** to a person. He means that **our salvation** will occur soon. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is going to happen sooner” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
13:11 ra5t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὅτε ἐπιστεύσαμεν 1 This phrase indicates the time at which Paul’s Christian readers first started believing in Jesus. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “when we first believed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
13:11 rhdr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ἐπιστεύσαμεν 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “we believed in Jesus” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
13:12 ahn4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἡ νὺξ 1 **The night** here refers the time period when people do evil deeds. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “This time when people act sinfully” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
13:12 dioj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor προέκοψεν 1 Here, **advanced** refers to the **night** being almost over. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will soon be over” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
13:12 p7xp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἡ & ἡμέρα 2 Paul speaks of the time when Jesus will return to earth as **the day**. This event is referred to as “the day of the Lord” elsewhere in the Bible and is related to Paul’s reference to a future “salvation” in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the time when Jesus returns” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
13:12 v3m1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἤγγικεν 1 Here Paul speaks of **the day** as if it were an object that could **come near** a person. He means that the time when Jesus returns will be soon. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is going to happen soon” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
13:12 b4ed rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἀποθώμεθα & ἐνδυσώμεθα 1 In this verse **us** refers to Paul and his Christian readers, so **us** would be inclusive. Your language may require you to mark this form. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
13:12 bb8t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἀποθώμεθα οὖν τὰ ἔργα τοῦ σκότους 1 Here, **put off** means to stop doing something, and **the works of the darkness** refers to evil deeds. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Let us therefore stop doing evil things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
13:12 o888 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὰ ἔργα τοῦ σκότους 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **works** that are characteristic of **the darkness**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the works that are characteristic of the darkness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
13:12 y5n4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐνδυσώμεθα 1 Here, **put on** means to start doing something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “let us therefore start doing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
13:12 rjz0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὰ ὅπλα τοῦ φωτός 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **weapons** that are characteristic of **the light**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the weapons that are characteristic of the light” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
13:12 dw5m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τὰ ὅπλα τοῦ φωτός 1 Here, **weapons** refers to what Christians do to oppose evil, and **the light** refers to good deeds, which is in contrast to **the darkness** in the previous clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “the good deeds used for opposing evil” or “the good deeds that are like weapons for fighting evil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
13:13 gv4q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive περιπατήσωμεν 1 Here, **us** refers to Paul and his Christian readers, so **us** would be inclusive. Your language may require you to mark this form. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
13:13 ketz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor εὐσχημόνως περιπατήσωμεν 1 Here Paul uses **walk** to refer to how people behave or lives their lives. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Let us behave decently” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
13:13 e6ij rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὡς ἐν ἡμέρᾳ 1 Here Paul refers to the unashamed way that Christians are supposed to behave as if they were walking during **the day**, when people can see what they do. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “as if everyone can see what we are doing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
13:13 svuf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis μὴ κώμοις καὶ μέθαις, μὴ κοίταις καὶ ἀσελγείαις, μὴ ἔριδι καὶ ζήλῳ 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that clauses would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “not walking in drunken celebrations or drunkenness; not walking in sexual immorality and uncontrolled lust, not walking in strife and jealousy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
13:13 wd5c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns κώμοις & μέθαις & κοίταις & ἀσελγείαις & ἔριδι & ζήλῳ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **celebrations**, **drunkenness**, **immorality**, **lust**, **strife**, and **jealousy**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “in being drunk while celebrating … being drunk … in acting sexually immorally … lusting uncontrollably … in quarreling with others … being jealous” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
13:13 qes3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet κοίταις καὶ ἀσελγείαις 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The repetition is used to emphasize all kinds of sexual sins. If your language does not use repetition to do this, you could use one phrase and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “in every kind of sexually immoral act” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
13:14 emp4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast ἀλλὰ 1 **But** here indicates that what follows is in strong contrast to what was said in the previous verse. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a strong contrast. Alternate translation: “Instead of doing those things,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
13:14 sir6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐνδύσασθε τὸν Κύριον Ἰησοῦν Χριστόν 1 Paul speaks of **Christ** as if he were clothing that someone could **put on**. He means that people should behave like **Jesus** behaves. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “act like the Lord Jesus Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
13:14 j795 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῆς σαρκὸς πρόνοιαν μὴ ποιεῖσθε, εἰς ἐπιθυμίας 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **forethought** or **desires**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “do not think ahead with regard to what the flesh desires” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
13:14 xre7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τῆς σαρκὸς 1 Here Paul uses **flesh** figuratively to refer to sinful human nature. See how you translated a similar use of **flesh** in [7:18](../07/18.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
14:intro kt8c 0 # Romans 14 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n7. Instructions for living as Christians (12:1–15:13)\n * How to act toward God (12:1–2)\n * How to serve the church (12:3–8)\n * How to act toward other Christians (12:9–13)\n * How to act toward unbelievers (12:14–21)\n * How to act toward government (13:1–7)\n * How to act toward other people (13:8–10)\n * Act as if the end is near (13:11–14)\n * Do not judge other Christians (14:1–12)\n * Do not tempt other Christians to sin (14:13–23)\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with [verse 11](../14/11.md) of this chapter, which Paul quotes from the Old Testament.\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Weak in faith\n\nPaul teaches that Christians can have real faith, and yet at the same time be “weak in faith” regarding some situations. This describes Christians whose faith is immature and who feel guilty about doing certain things that God did not forbid. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])\n\n### Dietary restrictions\n\nIn the law of Moses, God forbade the Jews from eating the meat of some animals which God said were unclean. However, since Christians have been “made dead to the law” ([7:4](../07/04.md)), they are free to eat what they want. The Roman church to which Paul wrote this letter was made up of both Jews and Gentiles. Some of the Jewish believers were offended by the non-Jewish believers eating foods that God had previously forbidden in the law of Moses. The non-Jewish believers were also judging the Jewish believers for not eating those foods. Paul uses this situation to teach that Christians must use their freedom in a way that honors the Lord and shows love to other believers. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])\n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### Inclusive language\n\nIn this chapter the pronouns “we” and “us” refer inclusively to all believers in Christ. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
14:1 jf8v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἀσθενοῦντα τῇ πίστει 1 Here, **weak in the faith** refers to someone who does not have a mature **faith**, but feels guilty about doing certain things that God did not forbid. The word **weak** here does not refer to physical weakness. See the discussion of this in the General Notes for this chapter. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “whose faith is not mature” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
14:1 bdy7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῇ πίστει & διακρίσεις 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **faith** and **judgments**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “in what he believes … judging” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
14:1 p697 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis μὴ εἰς διακρίσεις διαλογισμῶν 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the previous clause. Alternate translation: “not accepting that one for passing judgments on opinions” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
14:1 i45s rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal μὴ εἰς διακρίσεις διαλογισμῶν 1 Here, **for** indicates that this clause is a purpose clause. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “not for the purpose of passing judgments on opinions” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
14:2 tuf5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun ὃς 1 **One person** here does not refer to one particular person. It refers to any person who believes he can eat any food without sinning against God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “One type of person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
14:2 ii8g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ὃς μὲν πιστεύει φαγεῖν πάντα 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “One person believes that God has permitted people to eat any type of food” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
14:2 n2n6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὁ & ἀσθενῶν 1 See how you translated this phrase in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
14:2 yhhy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit λάχανα ἐσθίει 1 Here Paul implies that this person **eats** only **vegetables**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
14:3 n0xd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὁ ἐσθίων, τὸν μὴ ἐσθίοντα μὴ ἐξουθενείτω; ὁ δὲ μὴ ἐσθίων, τὸν ἐσθίοντα μὴ κρινέτω 1 Here, **the one eating** refers to the person mentioned in the previous verse who believes that he can eat any kind of food, and **the one not eating** refers to the person called “the one being weak” in the previous two verses. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Let the one who eats any type of food not despise the one who does not eat every type of food, and let the one who does not eat every type of food not judge the one who eats every type of food” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
14:3 pqrp rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ὁ Θεὸς & αὐτὸν προσελάβετο 1 Although the pronoun **him** is singular, here it refers to both **the one eating** and **the one not eating**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “God has accepted them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
14:4 q9bx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion σὺ τίς εἶ, ὁ κρίνων ἀλλότριον οἰκέτην? 1 Paul is using a question to emphasize that Christians should not judge each other. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “You have no right to judge a household slave belonging to another!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
14:4 xq7r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd σὺ 1 Even though Paul is writing to a group of people, **you** here is singular. If the singular form would not be natural in your language for someone who was speaking to a group of people, you could use the plural form of **you** in your translation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]])
14:4 vaym rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἀλλότριον οἰκέτην 1 Paul speaks of any Christian as if he were a **household slave** who belongs **to another**. He means that all Christians belong to God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “someone who belongs to God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
14:4 ba38 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τῷ ἰδίῳ κυρίῳ 1 Paul speaks of God as if he were a **master** who owns slaves. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “To God, who is his master,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
14:4 cp9y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τῷ ἰδίῳ κυρίῳ στήκει ἢ πίπτει. σταθήσεται δέ, δυνατεῖ γὰρ ὁ Κύριος στῆσαι αὐτόν 1 This could mean: (1) **stands** and **stand** refer to pleasing God, and **falls** refers to not pleasing God. Alternate translation: “He pleases or does not please his own master. But he will be made to please God, for the Lord is able to make him be pleasing” (2) **stands** and **stand** refer to being accepted by God at the final judgment, and **falls** refers to being condemned by God at the final judgment. Alternate translation: “He will either be approved or condemned by his own master. But he will be approved by God, for the Lord is able to approve him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
14:4 togo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive σταθήσεται 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God will make him stand” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
14:4 ucto rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive σταθήσεται δέ, δυνατεῖ γὰρ ὁ Κύριος στῆσαι αὐτόν 1 You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: “But the Lord will accept him because he is able to make the servant acceptable” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
14:5 x7j2 κρίνει ἡμέραν παρ’ ἡμέραν 1 Alternate translation: “considers one day to be different from another day” or “considers one day to be more important than another day”
14:5 vm8j κρίνει πᾶσαν ἡμέραν 1 Alternate translation: “considers all days to be the same” or “considers no day to be more important than another day”
14:5 m511 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἕκαστος ἐν τῷ ἰδίῳ νοῒ, πληροφορείσθω 1 Paul implies that each person should be **convinced** about what he thinks honors the Lord. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Let each one be fully convinced in his own mind that what he does honors the Lord” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
14:5 y5ea rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἕκαστος & πληροφορείσθω 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Let each one be completely certain” or “Let each one fully convince himself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
14:6 pfn6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὁ φρονῶν τὴν ἡμέραν 1 **The one regarding** refers to the person in the previous verse who “judges day from day”. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “The one who regards one day as more important than another day” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
14:6 esu5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ὁ ἐσθίων 1 Here, **the one who eats** refers to the person in [verse 3](../14/03.md) who eats all kinds of food. Paul is leaving out a word that this phrase would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply this word from [verse 3](../14/03.md). Alternate translation: “the one eating every kind of food” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
14:6 f9tm rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal Κυρίῳ & Κυρίῳ & Κυρίῳ 1 In this verse the phrase **for the Lord** indicates the purpose for which these people act in these ways. They do so in order to benefit or honor the Lord. Use the most natural way in your language to express a purpose. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of honoring the Lord … for the purpose of honoring the Lord … for the purpose of honoring the Lord” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
14:6 ad27 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor εὐχαριστεῖ & τῷ Θεῷ & καὶ εὐχαριστεῖ τῷ Θεῷ 1 Here Paul speaks of expressing **thanks** as if words of gratitude were something that could be given to a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he thanks God … he also thanks God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
14:6 jh8j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis καὶ ὁ μὴ ἐσθίων 1 Here, **the one who not eating** refers to the person in [verse 3](../14/03.md) who only eats vegetables. Paul is leaving out a word that this phrase would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply this word from [verse 3](../14/03.md). Alternate translation: “the one who eats does not eat every kind of food” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
14:7 t6q7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. **For** here indicates that what follows is the reason why what Paul said in the previous clause is true. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “This is due to the fact that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
14:7 u9ar rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἡμῶν 1 Here, **us** refers to Paul and his Christian readers, so **us** would be inclusive. Your language may require you to mark this form. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
14:7 txm3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἑαυτῷ & ἑαυτῷ 1 Here, **for himself** means to do something only to benefit oneself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “for the benefit of himself … for the benefit of himself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
14:7 c9ls rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis οὐδεὶς 2 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the previous clause. Alternate translation: “none of us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
14:8 gbxd rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. **For** here indicates that what follows in this verse explains what Paul said in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In fact,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
14:8 s3lb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ζῶμεν & ζῶμεν & ἀποθνῄσκωμεν & ἀποθνῄσκομεν & ζῶμεν & ἀποθνῄσκωμεν & ἐσμέν 1 In this verse **we** refers to Paul and his Christian readers, so **we** would be inclusive. Your language may require you to mark this form. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
14:8 xf7x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τῷ Κυρίῳ -1 Here, **for the Lord** means to do something only to benefit **the Lord**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “for the benefit of the Lord … for the benefit of the Lord” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
14:8 r1hh rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result οὖν 1 The word **Therefore** indicates that what follows is a logical conclusion. **Therefore** here indicates that what follows is the logical conclusion to what Paul has stated in [verses 14–20](../14/14.md). Use a natural way in your language for indicating result. Alternate translation: “As a result” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
14:9 pbyn rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. **For** here indicates that what follows in this verse explains what Paul said in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In fact,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
14:10 xciu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd σὺ & κρίνεις & σου & σὺ & ἐξουθενεῖς & σου 1 Even though Paul is writing to a group of people, **you** and **your** here are singular. If the singular form would not be natural in your language for someone who was speaking to a group of people, you could use the plural form of you in your translation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]])
14:10 db9a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion τί κρίνεις τὸν ἀδελφόν σου? ἢ καὶ σὺ τί ἐξουθενεῖς τὸν ἀδελφόν σου? 1 Paul is using two questions here to emphasize that Christians should not judge each other. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “you have no right to judge your brother! And you also have no right to despise your brother!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
14:10 al55 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations τὸν ἀδελφόν -1 Here, **brother** refers to a fellow Christian. See how you translated “brothers” in [1:13](../01/13.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
14:10 b497 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. **For** here indicates that what follows is the reason why Christians should not judge each other. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “Do not judge others due to the fact that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
14:10 jq85 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor πάντες & παραστησόμεθα τῷ βήματι τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Here, **present ourselves before** refers to standing in front of a judge in order to be judged, and **the judgment seat of God** refers to the place where God judges. Paul means that all believers will be judged by God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “we will all be judged by God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
14:11 pldr rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γάρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. **For** here indicates that what follows in this verse explains what Paul said in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In fact,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
14:11 mr7r rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations γέγραπται 1 See how you translated the similar phrase in [1:17](../01/17.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
14:11 fel6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive γέγραπται 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Since Paul is referring to something Isaiah wrote ([Isaiah 49:18](../isa/49/18.md) and [45:23](../isa/45/23.md)), you could indicate Isaiah as the subject. Alternate translation: “Isaiah wrote” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
14:11 lvwr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks ζῶ ἐγώ, λέγει Κύριος, ὅτι ἐμοὶ κάμψει πᾶν γόνυ, καὶ πᾶσα γλῶσσα ἐξομολογήσεται τῷ Θεῷ 1 This sentence contains quotations from [Isaiah 49:18](../isa/49/18.md) and [45:23](../isa/45/23.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
14:11 yeb5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ζῶ ἐγώ & ἐμοὶ 1 In this sentence **I** and **me** refer to God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “As I, God, live … to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
14:11 dxdt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure ζῶ ἐγώ, λέγει Κύριος 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “The Lord says, ‘As I live,’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
14:11 tf76 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ζῶ ἐγώ 1 This phrase is used to start an oath or solemn promise. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate an oath. Alternate translation: “You can be certain that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
14:11 sb6q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche κάμψει πᾶν γόνυ, καὶ πᾶσα γλῶσσα ἐξομολογήσεται τῷ Θεῷ 1 Paul uses the words **knee** and **tongue** to refer to the entire person who is doing these acts. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “every person will bow down and every person will confess to God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
14:11 fokd rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction κάμψει πᾶν γόνυ 1 This action was an expression of worship in this culture. See how you translated a similar expression in [11:4](../11/04.md). Alternate translation: “every person will worship” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
14:11 glhx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ἐξομολογήσεται 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “will confess that I am Lord” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
14:11 vngp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person τῷ Θεῷ 1 The Lord uses the word **God** to refer to himself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use the first person, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
14:12 q0fv rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases ἄρα οὖν 1 See how you translated this phrase in [5:18](../05/18.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
14:12 zb6k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations περὶ ἑαυτοῦ 1 Although the term **himself** is masculine, Paul is using the word here in a generic sense that includes both men and women. Alternate translation: “concerning oneself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
14:13 epi0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result οὖν 1 The word **Therefore** indicates that what follows is a logical conclusion. **Therefore** here indicates that what follows in this verse is the result of what Paul said in [verses 10–12](../14/10.md). Use a natural way in your language for indicating result. Alternate translation: “Because of these things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
14:13 ia62 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet τὸ μὴ τιθέναι πρόσκομμα τῷ ἀδελφῷ ἢ σκάνδαλον 1 Here, **stumbling block** and **trap** mean basically the same thing. They both refer to tempting someone to sin. Paul uses them to emphasize what he is saying. If your language does not use repetition to do this, you could use one phrase and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “not to do or say anything at all that might cause a brother to sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
14:13 fgg7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τὸ μὴ τιθέναι πρόσκομμα 1 See how you translated **stumbling block** in [11:9](../11/09.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
14:13 cx4s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations τῷ ἀδελφῷ 1 Here, **brother** refers to a fellow Christian. See how you translated this word in [verse 10](../14/10.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
14:14 t7gc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet οἶδα καὶ πέπεισμαι ἐν Κυρίῳ Ἰησοῦ 1 Here, **know** and **am persuaded** mean very similar things. Paul uses them to emphasize what he is saying. If your language does not use repetition to do this, you could use one phrase and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “I am completely certain” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
14:14 qm09 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν Κυρίῳ Ἰησοῦ 1 Here, **in** could indicate: (1) the means by which Paul was persuaded. Alternate translation: “by means of the Lord Jesus” (2) Paul being united with **Christ**. Alternate translation: “in union with the Lord Jesus” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
14:14 erfx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit οὐδὲν κοινὸν & κοινὸν & κοινόν 1 The next verse indicates that here Paul is specifically referring to **unclean** foods, which were foods that Jews were forbidden to eat according to the law of Moses. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “no food is forbidden to be eaten … forbidden … it is forbidden food” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
14:14 fuk1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives οὐδὲν κοινὸν δι’ ἑαυτοῦ 1 If your readers would misunderstand this double negative, you could translate it as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “everything by itself is clean” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
14:14 mjc5 δι’ ἑαυτοῦ 1 Alternate translation: “by its nature” or “because of what it is”
14:15 vd20 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. **For** here indicates that what follows is the reason why what Paul’s readers should obey the command he gave in [verse 13](../14/13.md). Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: ““Do not place a stumbling block before your brother because, if on account of food,”” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
14:15 iw7w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit διὰ βρῶμα 1 This phrase refers to a Christian eating food that another Christians thinks is unclean, as mentioned in the previous verse and [verses 2–6](../14/02.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “over the matter of food” or “because of what you eat” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
14:15 tfix rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd σου & περιπατεῖς & σου 1 Even though Paul is writing to a group of people, **your** and **you** here are singular. If the singular form would not be natural in your language for someone who was speaking to a group of people, you could use the plural form of "you" in your translation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]])
14:15 ln42 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ὁ ἀδελφός 1 Here, **brother** refers to a fellow Christian. See how you translated this word in [verse 10](../14/10.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
14:15 a4kj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor λυπεῖται 1 Here, **hurt** refers to experiencing emotional or spiritual offense or suffering. It does not refer to being physically injured. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is offended” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
14:15 bj8v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor οὐκέτι κατὰ ἀγάπην περιπατεῖς 1 Here Paul uses **walking** to refer to how people behave or live their lives. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See similar uses of “walk” in [6:4](../06/04.md), [8:4](../08/04.md), and [13:13](../13/13.md). Alternate translation: “you are no longer behaving according to love” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
14:15 n099 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit μὴ τῷ βρώματί σου ἐκεῖνον ἀπόλλυε, ὑπὲρ οὗ Χριστὸς ἀπέθανεν 1 Paul uses **destroy** here to refer to causing someone to stop trusting in Jesus, which will result in that person experiencing punishment forever in hell. See how you translated “destruction” in [9:22](../09/22.md). Alternate translation: “Do not cause that one from whom Christ died to stop trusting in Jesus and experience eternal destruction” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
14:15 sn7w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τῷ βρώματί σου 1 This phrase refers to a Christian eating food that another Christian thinks is unclean, as mentioned in the previous verse and [verses 2–6](../14/02.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “over the matter of food” or, between commas, “because of what you eat” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
14:16 zgzz rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result οὖν 1 The word **So** indicates that what follows is a logical conclusion. **So** here indicates that what follows in this verse is the logical conclusion to what Paul has stated in the previous verses. Use a natural way in your language for indicating result. Alternate translation: “As a result,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
14:16 rvtd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ὑμῶν τὸ ἀγαθόν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **good**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “what is good for you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
14:16 h3af rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὸ ἀγαθόν 1 Here, **good** could refer to: (1) the **good** things that God gives Christians. Alternate translation: “good things” (2) the freedom that Christians have to eat any food they want to eat. Alternate translation: “your freedom to eat anything” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
14:16 gl48 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive μὴ βλασφημείσθω & ὑμῶν τὸ ἀγαθόν 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “do not allow people to blaspheme your good” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
14:17 v6jq rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γάρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. dd**For** here indicates that what follows is the reason why Paul wants his readers to obey what he commanded in the previous verse. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “This is due to the fact that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
14:17 m0ya rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit οὐ & ἐστιν 1 Here, **is not** indicates that what follows is what **the kingdom of God** does not consist of or is not concerned with. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “does not consist of” or “is not concerned with” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
14:17 tyyq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ἀλλὰ 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the previous clause. Alternate translation: “but is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
14:17 j92k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns δικαιοσύνη, καὶ εἰρήνη, καὶ χαρὰ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **righteousness**, **peace**, and **joy**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “what is righteous and what is peaceful and what is joyful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
14:17 sdlj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν Πνεύματι Ἁγίῳ 1 Here, **in the Holy Spirit** could refer to: (1) the means by which Christians experience **righteousness and peace and joy**. Alternate translation: “by the Holy Spirit” (2) Christians being united with **the Holy Spirit**. Alternate translation: “in union with the Holy Spirit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
14:18 i2za rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. **For** here indicates that what follows in this verse explains what Paul said in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In fact,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
14:18 iqg3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν τούτῳ 1 Here, **this way** refers to the “righteousness and peace and joy” mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in this righteous, peaceful, and joyful way” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
14:18 am8m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive δόκιμος τοῖς ἀνθρώποις 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “men approve it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
14:18 gy7n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations τοῖς ἀνθρώποις 1 Although the term **men** is masculine, Paul is using the word here in a generic sense that includes both men and women. Alternate translation: “by people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
14:19 q5fk rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases ἄρα οὖν 1 See how you translated this phrase in [5:18](../05/18.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
14:19 xxgm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor διώκωμεν 1 Here Paul refers to **the things of peace and the things of the building up** as if they were something that people could **pursue**. He is telling Christians to do these things. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “let us commit to doing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
14:19 sfpg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὰ τῆς εἰρήνης & καὶ τὰ τῆς οἰκοδομῆς 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **things** that result in the **peace** and **the building up** of other Christians. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the things that result in peace and the things that result in building up” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
14:19 i3rv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τὰ τῆς οἰκοδομῆς τῆς εἰς ἀλλήλους 1 Here, Paul speaks of helping other Christians become more spiritually mature as if one were **building up** a building. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the things that help one another grow spiritually mature” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
14:20 p65h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit μὴ & κατάλυε τὸ ἔργον τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Here, **tear down** refers to undoing **the work** God has done. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Do not undo the work of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
14:20 zbd1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἕνεκεν βρώματος 1 This phrase refers to a Christian eating food that another Christian thinks is unclean, as mentioned in [verses 2–6](../14/02.md), [13–17](../14/13.md). See how you translated the similar phrase in [verse 15](../14/15.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
14:20 r7u3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit πάντα μὲν καθαρά 1 Here, **things** refers to food and **clean** refers to something that God has permitted. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “All foods are indeed permitted by God to be eaten” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
14:20 l75q rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns κακὸν 1 Here, **it** refers to the act of eating a food that someone believes God has not permitted. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “eating those things is evil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
14:20 dk72 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ τῷ διὰ προσκόμματος ἐσθίοντι 1 Here, **eats with a stumbling block** refers to tempting another believer to sin by eating food that the other believer thinks is sinful to eat. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “for the man to eat what causes another believer to stumble” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
14:20 fz0m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor προσκόμματος 1 See how you translated **stumbling block** in [11:9](../11/09.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
14:21 mrr4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis μηδὲ 2 Paul is leaving out a word that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply the word from the context. Alternate translation: “nor do anything” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
14:21 e1du rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd σου 1 Even though Paul is writing to a group of people, **your** here is singular. If the singular form would not be natural in your language for someone who was speaking to a group of people, you could use the plural form of you in your translation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]])
14:21 iq9g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ὁ ἀδελφός 1 Here, **brother** refers to a fellow Christian. See how you translated this word in [verse 10](../14/10.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
14:21 m5nb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor προσκόπτει 1 Here, **stumbles** refers to another believer being tempted to sin. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is tempted to sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
14:21 k1bn rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants ἢ σκανδαλίζεται, ἢ ἀσθενεῖ 1 These words are found in some traditional versions of the Bible, but they are not found in the most accurate ancient manuscripts of the Bible. ULT and UST indicate this by putting these words in brackets. If a translation of the Bible already exists in your area, you could consider including this verse if that translation does. If there is not already a Bible translation in your area, we recommend that you indicate in some way that this verse may not be original, such as by putting it in brackets or in a footnote. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])
14:21 o6kn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive σκανδαλίζεται, ἢ ἀσθενεῖ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that offends him or makes him weak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
14:21 mnon rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἀσθενεῖ 1 Here, **weak** refers to being spiritually immature. See how you translated “weak in the faith” in [verse 1](../14/01.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
14:22 u1cf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns σὺ πίστιν ἣν ἔχεις 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faith**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “The things that you yourself believe” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
14:22 hjk9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit σὺ πίστιν ἣν ἔχεις 1 Here, **faith** refers to what Christians believe that God permits them to do, as mentioned in [verses 1–6](../14/01.md). If it might be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “The beliefs that your yourself have about what God permits you do to” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
14:22 b3hi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd σὺ & ἔχεις & σεαυτὸν 1 Even though Paul is writing to a group of people, **you** and **yourself** here are singular. If the singular form would not be natural in your language for someone who was speaking to a group of people, you could use the plural form of you in your translation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]])
14:22 tkse rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit κατὰ σεαυτὸν ἔχε ἐνώπιον τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 This clause refers to keeping one’s beliefs between oneself and God, rather than telling other people about them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “keep it between yourself and God” or “keep it between you and God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
14:22 bi7e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐνώπιον τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Here Paul speaks of people keeping what they believe **before God** as if they were standing in front of God. Paul means that people should keep private their beliefs about what God permits them to do, as if God is the only one who knows about those beliefs. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
14:22 r53r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὁ μὴ κρίνων ἑαυτὸν 1 Here, **judge** refers to feeling guilty or condemning oneself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “is the one who does not feel guilty” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
14:22 odxh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ἑαυτὸν ἐν ᾧ δοκιμάζει 1 Although the terms **himself** and **he** are masculine, Paul is using the words here in a generic sense that includes both men and women. Alternate translation: “oneself in what one approves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
14:22 r8a1 ἐν ᾧ δοκιμάζει 1 Alternate translation: “with respect to what he approves” or “in regard to what he approves”
14:23 zexs rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast δὲ 1 Here, the word But introduces a contrast. **But** here indicates that what follows is in strong contrast to what was said in the previous verse. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a strong contrast. Alternate translation: “On the contrary,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
14:23 s1ph rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ὁ & διακρινόμενος, ἐὰν φάγῃ, κατακέκριται 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The person doing the action could be: (1) God. Alternate translation: “God condemns the one who passes judgment if he eats” (2) the person who eats. Alternate translation: “the one who passes judgment condemns himself if he eats” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
14:23 wa8s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ὁ & διακρινόμενος 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **judgment**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “the one who judges” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
14:23 dkcw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὁ & διακρινόμενος 1 This phrase refers to a person who has determined that eating certain foods is prohibited by God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the one who judges that it is not right to eat certain foods” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
14:23 b6t9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐὰν φάγῃ 1 Paul implies that the person **eats** what that person believes God has forbidden to be eaten. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “if he eats what he thinks God has forbidden him to eat” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
14:23 l9ga rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns οὐκ 1 Here, **it** refers to eating food that someone believes God has forbidden to eat. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “eating what one thinks is forbidden to eat is not” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
14:23 yr44 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐκ πίστεως -1 In this verse **from** refers to what a person bases their actions on. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “based on faith … based on faith” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
14:23 z696 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns πίστεως & πίστεως 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **faith** in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
14:23 u80o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit πᾶν 1 Here, **all** refers to anything that a person does. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “all that a person does” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
14:23 u9p2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἁμαρτία 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **sin** in [6:1](../06/01.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
15:intro ae9u 0 # Romans 15 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n7. Instructions for living as Christians (12:1–15:13)\n * How to act toward God (12:1–2)\n * How to serve the church (12:3–8)\n * How to act toward other Christians (12:9–13)\n * How to act toward unbelievers (12:14–21)\n * How to act toward government (13:1–7)\n * How to act toward other people (13:8–10)\n * Act as if the end is near (13:11–14)\n * Do not judge other Christians (14:1–12)\n * Do not tempt other Christians to sin (14:13–23)\n * Be united with other Christians (15:1–13)\n8. Conclusion (15:14–16:27)\n * Paul describes his mission (15:14–21)\n * Paul’s travel plans (15:22–33)\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with [verses 9–11](../15/09.md) and [21](../15/21.md) of this chapter, which are words from the Old Testament.\n\nSome translations set prose quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the quoted words in [verse 12](../15/12.md).\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in this Chapter\n\n### Able and unable\n\nIn [verses 1–6](../15/01.md) Paul concludes his teaching from Chapter 14 about how Christians with different degrees of spiritual maturity should act toward each other. He refers to some Christians as those who are “weak in faith” ([14:1](../14/01.md)) or “unable” ([15:1](../15/01.md)). These phrases describe Christians who have immature faith and feel guilty about doing certain things that God did not forbid. By contrast, he refers to spiritually mature Christians as those who are “able” ([15:1](../15/01.md)). Paul teaches that those who are strong in faith need to help those who are weak in faith and neither should judge the other. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])\n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### Forms of ‘You’\n\nIn this chapter, with three exceptions, the words “you” and “your” are plural and refer to Paul’s Christian readers, whom he calls “brothers” in [verses 14](../15/14.md) and [30](../15/30.md). Notes will discuss the use of singular forms of “you” and “your” in [verses 3](../15/03.md) and [9](../15/09.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])\n\n### Inclusive language\n\nIn this chapter the pronouns “we,” “us,” “our,” and “ourselves” refer inclusively to Paul’s Christian readers. Paul calls these people “brothers” in [verses 14](../15/14.md) and [30](../15/30.md). Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
15:1 u19s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἡμεῖς & ἑαυτοῖς 1 Here and throughout this chapter the pronouns **we** and **ourselves** refer inclusively to all believers in Christ. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
15:1 u73x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἡμεῖς, οἱ δυνατοὶ 1 Here, **we, being able** refers to Paul and other people who have mature faith. See the discussion about this in the General Notes for this chapter. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “we, having mature faith” or “we, being spiritually strong” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
15:1 h18p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τὰ ἀσθενήματα & βαστάζειν 1 Paul speaks of **weaknesses** as if they were objects that a person could **bear**. He means that mature Christians should patiently help spiritually weak Christians. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “help overcome the weaknesses” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
15:1 kuhe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὰ ἀσθενήματα 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **weaknesses**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “the weak qualities” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
15:1 cv61 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τῶν ἀδυνάτων 1 Here, **the ones who are unable** refers to Christians who are not spiritually mature. See the discussion of this in the General Notes for this chapter. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “of the ones who have immature faith” or “of the ones who are spiritually weak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
15:2 bkon rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τῷ πλησίον 1 Here, **neighbor** refers to other Christians. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “his fellow Christians” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
15:2 kz0t rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal εἰς & πρὸς 1 Here, **for** and **toward** indicate that what follows are purposes for pleasing one’s **neighbor**. Use the most natural way in your language for indicating a purpose. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of … and for the purpose of” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
15:2 z2k8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor οἰκοδομήν 1 See how you translated **building up** in [14:19](../14/19.md) (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
15:3 jqul rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. **For** here indicates that what follows in this verse is an example of pleasing others, as Paul mentioned in the previous verse. If it might be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “For example,” or “As an illustration,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
15:3 h571 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations καθὼς γέγραπται 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:17](../01/17.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
15:3 y6fe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive καθὼς γέγραπται 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Since Paul is referring to something David wrote, you could indicate David as the subject. Alternate translation: “just as David wrote” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
15:3 bcz1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit καθὼς γέγραπται 1 In the quotation that follows, Paul quotes [Psalm 69:9](../psa/069/009.md) in which David records **Christ** (the Messiah) speaking to God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “just as it is written that the Messiah said to God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
15:3 nlu9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks οἱ ὀνειδισμοὶ τῶν ὀνειδιζόντων σε, ἐπέπεσαν ἐπ’ ἐμέ 1 This sentence is a quotation of [Psalm 69:9](../psa/069/009.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
15:3 ulis rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns οἱ ὀνειδισμοὶ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **insults**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “The insulting words” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
15:3 qni7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor οἱ ὀνειδισμοὶ τῶν ὀνειδιζόντων σε, ἐπέπεσαν ἐπ’ ἐμέ 1 Paul quotes David referring to insults against God also affecting Christ as if those insults were objects that **fell** on him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The insults of those who insult you are also insults against me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
15:4 h6qm rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. **For** here indicates that what follows emphasizes the importance of the scriptural quotation in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “In fact,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
15:4 txd4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ὅσα & προεγράφη & ἐγράφη 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “whatever the prophets wrote previously, they wrote” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
15:4 pgdw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὅσα & προεγράφη 1 Paul is referring to what **was previously written** in the Scriptures. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “what was previously written in the Scriptures” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
15:4 q3jp rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal εἰς & ἵνα 1 Here, **for** and **in order that** indicate that what follows are purposes for the Scriptures. Use the natural form in your language for indicating purpose clauses. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of … for the purpose that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
15:4 dx6h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns εἰς τὴν ἡμετέραν διδασκαλίαν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **instruction**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “for instructing us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
15:4 wk5h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure ἵνα διὰ τῆς ὑπομονῆς καὶ διὰ τῆς παρακλήσεως τῶν Γραφῶν, τὴν ἐλπίδα ἔχωμεν 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “in order that we would have the hope through the patience and through the encouragement of the Scriptures” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
15:4 i0z9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῆς ὑπομονῆς & τῆς παρακλήσεως & τὴν ἐλπίδα 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **patience**, **encouragement**, and **hope**, you could express the same ideas in another way. See how you translated **patience** in [2:4](../02/04.md), **encouragement** in [12:8](../12/08.md), and **hope** in [5:4](../05/04.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
15:4 g6r1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification διὰ τῆς ὑπομονῆς καὶ διὰ τῆς παρακλήσεως τῶν Γραφῶν 1 Here Paul speaks about **the Scriptures** as if they were a person who could have **patience** and be encouraging. He means that God uses **the Scriptures** to show his **patience** and **encouragement**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “through the patience and through the encouragement that God gives in the Scriptures” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
15:5 y97a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ὁ & Θεὸς τῆς ὑπομονῆς καὶ τῆς παρακλήσεως 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **God** as being characterized by **patience** and **encouragement**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the God who is characterized by patience and encouragement” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
15:5 u2zm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῆς ὑπομονῆς & τῆς παρακλήσεως 1 See how you translated **patience** and **encouragement** in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
15:5 ip4l τὸ αὐτὸ φρονεῖν ἐν ἀλλήλοις 1 Alternate translation: “to agree with each other”
15:5 g5xm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit κατὰ Χριστὸν Ἰησοῦν 1 This could refer to: (1) the example of **Christ**. Alternate translation: “according to the example of Christ Jesus” (2) the will of **Christ**. Alternate translation: “according to the will of Christ Jesus” (3) both the example and will of **Christ**. Alternate translation: “according to Christ Jesus’ will and example” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
15:6 lp5m rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα 1 Here, **so that** introduces a purpose clause. Paul is stating the purpose for the unity that he prayed for in the previous verse. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation (without a comma preceding): “for the purpose that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
15:6 smvb ὁμοθυμαδὸν 1 Alternate translation: “with the same purpose”
15:6 uz1z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἐν ἑνὶ στόματι, δοξάζητε 1 Here, **glorify with one mouth** refers to being united while praising God aloud. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “you might be united while praising God” or “you might praise God together in unity as if only one mouth were speaking” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
15:6 nvq8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Πατέρα 1 **Father** is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
15:7 prx1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result διὸ 1 The word **Therefore** indicates that what follows is a logical conclusion. **Therefore** here introduces the conclusion of what Paul has said in [14:1](../14/01.md)–[15:6](../15/06.md). See how you translated this word in [1:24](../01/24.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
15:7 z941 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal εἰς δόξαν τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Here, **to** introduces a purpose clause. Paul is stating the purpose for which Christians should accept each other as Christ accepted Christians. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation (without a comma preceding): “for the purpose of glorifying God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
15:8 ae6k rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 **For** here indicates that what follows explains what Paul said in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In fact,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
15:8 gbh8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns λέγω 1 The pronoun **I** refers to Paul. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I, Paul, say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
15:8 refk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns διάκονον & ἀληθείας & τὰς ἐπαγγελίας 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **servant** in [13:4](../13/04.md), **truth** in [2:8](../02/08.md), and “promises” in [4:13](../04/13.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
15:8 k4my rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy περιτομῆς 1 Here, **the circumcision** refers to the people who have been circumcised: the Jews. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “of the Jews” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
15:8 rtbo rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal εἰς τὸ βεβαιῶσαι 1 Here, **to** introduces a purpose clause. Paul is stating a purpose for which **Christ** became a **servant of the circumcision**. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation (without a comma preceding): “for the purpose of confirming” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
15:8 prp8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὰς ἐπαγγελίας τῶν πατέρων 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **the promises** that God made to **the fathers**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the promises given to the fathers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
15:8 gu7z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τῶν πατέρων 1 See how you translated this phrase in [9:5](../09/05.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
15:8 dxz1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive τὰς ἐπαγγελίας τῶν πατέρων 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the promises that God gave to the ancestors of the Jews” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
15:9 k5q7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal τὰ δὲ ἔθνη 1 Here, **and** indicates that what follows is a second reason why Christ became a “servant of the circumcision.” Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation (without a comma preceding): “and also for the purpose of the Gentiles” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
15:9 el62 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐλέους 1 See how you translated **mercy** in [9:23](../09/23.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
15:9 kebq rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations καθὼς γέγραπται 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:17](../01/17.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
15:9 xgc4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive καθὼς γέγραπται 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Since Paul is referring to something David wrote ([Psalm 18:49](../psa/018/049.md)), you could indicate David as the subject. Alternate translation: “just as David wrote” or “just as God said through David” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
15:9 tfh8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks διὰ τοῦτο ἐξομολογήσομαί σοι ἐν ἔθνεσι, καὶ τῷ ὀνόματί σου ψαλῶ 1 This sentence is a quotation of [Psalm 18:49](../psa/018/049.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
15:9 em5q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy τῷ ὀνόματί σου 1 Here, **your name** refers to God himself. If it might be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
15:10 az24 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit καὶ πάλιν 1 Here, **again** indicates that what follows is another quotation from Scripture that expresses the same idea of the quotation in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “And also” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
15:10 iprn rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations λέγει 1 This phrase indicates that what follows is a quotation of something Moses said in an Old Testament book ([Deuteronomy 32:43](../deu/32/43.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “it says in the Scriptures” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
15:10 qt5h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks εὐφράνθητε, ἔθνη, μετὰ τοῦ λαοῦ αὐτοῦ 1 This sentence is a quotation from [Deuteronomy 32:43](../deu/32/43.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
15:10 x4kg rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns μετὰ τοῦ λαοῦ αὐτοῦ 1 Here, **his** refers to God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “with the people of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
15:11 xw7t rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations καὶ πάλιν 1 This phrase indicates that what follows is another quotation from Scripture ([Psalm 117:1](../psa/117/001.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “And also in the Scriptures” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
15:11 gk0i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks αἰνεῖτε πάντα τὰ ἔθνη τὸν Κύριον; καὶ ἐπαινεσάτωσαν αὐτὸν πάντες οἱ λαοί 1 This sentence is a quotation from [Psalm 117:1](../psa/117/001.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
15:12 inaw rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations καὶ πάλιν Ἠσαΐας λέγει 1 This phrase indicates that what follows is a quotation of something **Isaiah** said in an Old Testament book ([Isaiah 11:10](../isa/11/10.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “And also in the Scriptures, Isaiah says” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
15:12 u5kr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture Ἠσαΐας λέγει 1 Here Paul uses the present tense verb **says** to refer to something that happened in the past. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the past tense in your translation. Alternate translation: “Isaiah said” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
15:12 lpf6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἡ ῥίζα τοῦ Ἰεσσαί & ὁ ἀνιστάμενος & αὐτῷ 1 These three expressions all refer to the same person, the Messiah. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “The root of Jesse … he is the one who rises … that person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
15:12 fta5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἡ ῥίζα τοῦ Ἰεσσαί 1 Paul quotes Isaiah referring to a descendant of **Jesse** as if that person were a **root** or shoot that had grown out of a plant. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The descendant of Jesse” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
15:12 lgr5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ὁ ἀνιστάμενος 1 Paul quotes Isaiah using **rising** to refer to someone becoming a king. If it would be helpful in your language, you can use a comparable idiom or express the idea plainly. Alternate translation: “the one who becomes king” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
15:13 t3dd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ὁ & Θεὸς τῆς ἐλπίδος 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **God** as the source of **hope**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the God who gives hope” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
15:13 u77u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῆς ἐλπίδος & χαρᾶς καὶ εἰρήνης & ἐλπίδι & δυνάμει 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **hope** in the previous verse, **joy** and **peace** in [14:17](../14/17.md), and **power** in [1:16](../01/16.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
15:13 w7wn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὁ & Θεὸς τῆς ἐλπίδος πληρώσαι ὑμᾶς πάσης χαρᾶς καὶ εἰρήνης 1 Paul refers to people experiencing **joy** and **peace** as if they were things that could **fill** someone. If it might be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “may the God of hope allow you to experience all joy and peace” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
15:13 zmno rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν τῷ πιστεύειν 1 Here, **in** indicates that **believing** is the means by which people will experience **all joy and peace**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “by means of believing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
15:13 aee3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis τῷ πιστεύειν 1 Paul is leaving out some words that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply this word from the context. Alternate translation: “in believing God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
15:13 a6rk rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal εἰς τὸ περισσεύειν ὑμᾶς 1 Here, **so that** indicates that what follows is a purpose clause. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “for the purpose that you might abound” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
15:13 k3y1 εἰς τὸ περισσεύειν ὑμᾶς 1 Alternative translation: “so that you will have this hope with abundance”
15:14 h98x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive πέπεισμαι & καὶ αὐτὸς ἐγὼ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God has also persuaded me myself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
15:14 g16z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns αὐτὸς ἐγὼ & αὐτοὶ & ἐστε 1 Paul uses the words **myself** and **yourselves** to emphasize how certain he is that his readers are good and knowledgeable Christians. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this emphasis. Alternate translation: “I indeed … you are indeed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
15:14 d878 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ἀδελφοί 1 See how you translated this word in [1:13](../01/13.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
15:14 jne2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor αὐτοὶ μεστοί ἐστε ἀγαθωσύνης 1 Paul refers to people experiencing **goodness** as if it were something that could make someone **full**. If it might be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “you yourselves fully experience goodness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
15:14 ext0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἀγαθωσύνης & γνώσεως 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **goodness** and **knowledge**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “of what is good … that is knowable” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
15:14 wit1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive πεπληρωμένοι πάσης γνώσεως 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God having filled you with all knowledge” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
15:14 fkec rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor πεπληρωμένοι πάσης γνώσεως 1 Here Paul refers to people having **knowledge** as if it were something that someone could be**filled with**. If it might be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “having all knowledge” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
15:14 qhv3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole πάσης γνώσεως 1 Here, **all** is an exaggeration that Paul uses to emphasize how much **knowledge** these people have. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language that shows emphasis. Alternate translation: “abundant knowledge” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
15:15 j9yk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἀπὸ μέρους 1 Here, **in part** refers to some parts of this letter. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in some parts of this letter” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
15:15 fuw3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ὡς ἐπαναμιμνῄσκων ὑμᾶς 1 This is a purpose clause. Paul is stating the purpose for which Paul wrote certain things in this letter. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of reminding you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
15:15 n2gr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive τὴν χάριν τὴν δοθεῖσάν μοι ὑπὸ τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the grace that God gave me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
15:15 nln5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὴν χάριν 1 Here, **grace** refers to God graciously choosing Paul to be an apostle. See how you translated the similar phrase in [12:3](../12/03.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
15:16 coxw rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal εἰς τὸ εἶναί με 1 Here, **in order for** indicates that what follows is the purpose for which God graciously gave Paul authority, as stated in the previous verse. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “for the purpose that I would be” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
15:16 zgo0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns λειτουργὸν 1 See how you translated **servant** in [13:4](../13/04.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
15:16 wiw1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἱερουργοῦντα τὸ εὐαγγέλιον τοῦ Θεοῦ, ἵνα & ἡ προσφορὰ τῶν ἐθνῶν 1 Paul speaks of his preaching the gospel to the Gentiles as if he is a priest who serves **the gospel** by making an **offering** to God. He speaks of **the Gentiles** who become Christians as a result of his preaching as if they were **the offering** that he makes. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “preaching the gospel so that the Gentiles who believe” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
15:16 hert rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα 1 Here, **so that** indicates that what follows is the purpose for which Paul preaches the gospel to the Gentiles. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “for the purpose that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
15:16 veeq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἡ προσφορὰ τῶν ἐθνῶν 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **the offering** that consists of **the Gentiles**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the offering, that is, the Gentiles,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
15:16 ah87 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἡ προσφορὰ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **offering**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “what is offered” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
15:16 lztb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἡγιασμένη ἐν Πνεύματι Ἁγίῳ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “whom the Holy Spirit sanctified” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
15:17 s7ns rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result οὖν 1 The word **Therefore** indicates that what follows is a logical conclusion. **Therefore** here indicates that what follows in this verse is the result of what Paul said in the previous verse. Use a natural way in your language for indicating result. Alternate translation: “Because of these things” or "As a result of these things" (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
15:17 mtjb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ 1 See how you translated this phrase in [6:23](../06/23.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
15:17 lpc0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἔχω & καύχησιν 1 Here, Paul speaks of **a boast** as if it were an object someone can **have**. He means that he is rightfully able to **boast**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I can boast” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
15:18 b3q2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. **For** here indicates that what follows in this verse explains what Paul said in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In fact,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
15:18 lu97 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives οὐ & τολμήσω τι λαλεῖν, ὧν οὐ κατειργάσατο Χριστὸς δι’ ἐμοῦ 1 If your readers would misunderstand this double negative, you could translate it as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “I will only dare to speak what Christ produced through me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
15:18 by9s εἰς ὑπακοὴν ἐθνῶν 1 Here, **for** indicates the result of **what Christ produced through** Paul. Use the natural way in your language to express a result. Alternate translation: “that resulted in the obedience of the Gentiles”
15:18 zdk4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ὑπακοὴν ἐθνῶν & ἔργῳ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **obedience** and **deed**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “how the Gentiles obey … what is done” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
15:18 yua7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὑπακοὴν ἐθνῶν 1 Here, **obedience** refers to **the Gentiles** obeying the command to repent and believe the gospel, which is part of the gospel message. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the Gentiles to obey what God commanded in the gospel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
15:18 xds3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit λόγῳ καὶ ἔργῳ 1 Here, **word and deed** could refer to: (1) what Paul had said and done that resulted in **the Gentiles** trusting in Christ. Alternate translation: “by my words and actions” (2) how **the Gentiles** displayed their **obedience**. Alternate translation: “by their words and actions” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
15:18 pqtq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy λόγῳ 1 Here Paul uses the term **word** to describe what he had said by using words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “by my words” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
15:19 oxsn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν δυνάμει σημείων καὶ τεράτων 1 This clause indicates an additional means by which Christ produced through Paul “the obedience of the Gentiles” that is referred to in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and by means of the power of signs and wonders” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
15:19 g8bk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys σημείων καὶ τεράτων 1 This phrase expresses a single idea by using two words connected with **and**. The word **wonders** describes the character of the miraculous **signs** that **the Spirit** enabled Paul to do. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this meaning with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “of wonderful miraculous signs” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])
15:19 wxml rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν δυνάμει Πνεύματος Θεοῦ 1 This clause indicates that **the Spirit of God** empowered Paul’s “word and deed” and **signs and wonders** to result in non-Jews trusting in Jesus. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “empowered by the Spirit of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
15:19 c8ff rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names τοῦ Ἰλλυρικοῦ 1 The word **Illyricum** is the name of a Roman province that was close to Italy. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
15:19 f60i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom πεπληρωκέναι τὸ εὐαγγέλιον τοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 Paul speaks of preaching the gospel throughout an entire area as if he had **fulfilled the gospel**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I have thoroughly proclaimed the gospel of Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
15:20 x9xm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis φιλοτιμούμενον εὐαγγελίζεσθαι 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “I am counting it an honor to proclaim the gospel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
15:20 n5fm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns φιλοτιμούμενον 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **honor**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “counting it honorable” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
15:20 r9t1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit εὐαγγελίζεσθαι, οὐχ ὅπου ὠνομάσθη Χριστός 1 The clause **not where Christ has been named** indicates the kind of places where Paul would not **proclaim the gospel**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this more explicit. Alternate translation: “to proclaim the gospel in places other than where Christ has been named” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
15:20 gpcl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ὠνομάσθη Χριστός 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people have named Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
15:20 i4sx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ὠνομάσθη Χριστός 1 Here, **has been named** refers to speaking someone’s name. It does not refer to giving someone a name. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Christ’s name has been spoken” or “Christ’s name has been heard” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
15:20 kt3r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor μὴ ἐπ’ ἀλλότριον θεμέλιον οἰκοδομῶ 1 Paul speaks of his work of preaching the gospel and making disciples as if he were building a house on a **foundation**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “I might not continue doing the work that another man has already begun” or “I might not be like someone who builds upon another man’s foundation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
15:21 dcs1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast ἀλλὰ 1 The word But introduces a contrast**. Here, But** indicates that what follows is the opposite of what Paul said in the last clause of the previous verse. Use the best way in your language to indicate a strong contrast. Alternate translation: “On the contrary,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
15:21 zyps rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἀλλὰ καθὼς γέγραπται 1 In this verse Paul quotes Scripture to state that he preaches the gospel to those who have never heard it, which he also stated in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Instead of doing that, I aspire to preach the gospel where it has not been preached before. Doing so is just as it is written” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
15:21 rb5r rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations καθὼς γέγραπται 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:17](../01/17.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
15:21 wy8k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive καθὼς γέγραπται 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Since Paul is referring to something Isaiah wrote, you could indicate Isaiah as the subject. Alternate translation: “just as Isaiah wrote” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
15:21 ocug rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks οἷς οὐκ ἀνηγγέλη περὶ αὐτοῦ, ὄψονται, καὶ οἳ οὐκ ἀκηκόασιν, συνήσουσιν 1 This sentence is a quotation from [Isaiah 52:15](../isa/52/15.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
15:21 zbeu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism οἷς οὐκ ἀνηγγέλη περὶ αὐτοῦ, ὄψονται, καὶ οἳ οὐκ ἀκηκόασιν, συνήσουσιν 1 These two clauses mean the same thing. Isaiah says the same thing twice, in slightly different ways, to emphasize that non-Jewish people will hear about the Messiah. If it would be helpful in your language, you could combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “Those who have not heard about him will certainly understand” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
15:21 u8d6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive οἷς οὐκ ἀνηγγέλη περὶ αὐτοῦ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Those to whom no one had reported concerning him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
15:21 m1f0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὄψονται & συνήσουσιν 1 Isaiah implies that the non-Jewish people who never heard about the Messiah will **understand** who the Messiah is and what he has done. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternative translation: “will see who the Messiah is … will understand who he is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
15:21 eihc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὄψονται 1 Paul quotes Isaiah using **see** to refer to perceiving something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “will perceive” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
15:22 f1fq rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result διὸ 1 The word **Therefore** indicates that what follows is a logical conclusion. Here, **Therefore** indicates that what follows is the result of Paul’s desire to preach the gospel in places where people have never heard it before. Use a natural way in your language for indicating result. Alternate translation (without a comma following): “For this reason” or “This is the reason why” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
15:22 ex5j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive καὶ ἐνεκοπτόμην 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “those things also prevented me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
15:22 uf9y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular ὑμᾶς 1 Here, **you** is plural and refers to the believers in Rome to whom Paul was writing this letter. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “you believers who are in Rome” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
15:23 hgiv rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result μηκέτι τόπον ἔχων ἐν τοῖς κλίμασι τούτοις, ἐπιποθείαν δὲ ἔχων τοῦ ἐλθεῖν πρὸς ὑμᾶς ἀπὸ ἱκανῶν ἐτῶν 1 These clauses are two reasons why Paul hopes to see the Roman believers, as stated in the next verse. If you keep this verse and the next verse as one sentence in your translation, then you could use the most natural way in your language to indicate reasons. However, if you translate this verse and the next verse as separate sentences, then you could show that these clauses are reasons by indicating result in the next verse, as in the UST. Alternate translation: “because I no longer have a place in these regions, and because I have a longing from a considerable number of years to come to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
15:23 b6kl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit μηκέτι τόπον ἔχων ἐν τοῖς κλίμασι τούτοις 1 Paul uses this clause to imply that there were no more places in his area where people had not heard about Christ. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “there are no more places in these regions where people have not heard about Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
15:23 slf1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular ὑμᾶς 1 See how you translated **you** in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
15:24 si59 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names τὴν Σπανίαν 1 At that time, **Spain** was a Roman province west of Rome. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
15:24 c6wq rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous διαπορευόμενος 1 This clause indicates something that would happen at the same time as the next clause. You can make this clear in your translation with an appropriate connecting word or phrase. Alternate translation: “while passing through” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous]])
15:24 ww2v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit διαπορευόμενος 1 Paul implies that he would be **passing through** Rome on his way to **Spain**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “passing through Rome” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
15:24 rzie rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ὑφ’ ὑμῶν προπεμφθῆναι ἐκεῖ, ἐὰν ὑμῶν πρῶτον ἀπὸ μέρους ἐμπλησθῶ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “for you to send me ahead to there, if you might first satisfy me for a while” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
15:24 hlc3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism ὑφ’ ὑμῶν προπεμφθῆναι ἐκεῖ 1 Here, **sent ahead** refers to receiving supplies needed for a journey. This is a polite way of asking for food or money. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different polite way of referring to this or you could state this plainly. Alternate translation: “to be given some provisions for my journey to there by you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
15:24 wg6d ἐὰν ὑμῶν πρῶτον ἀπὸ μέρους ἐμπλησθῶ 1 Alternate translation: “if I might first enjoy being with you for a while”
15:25 z3e5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal διακονῶν τοῖς ἁγίοις 1 This clause is a purpose clause. Paul is stating the purpose for him **traveling to Jerusalem**. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a purpose clause. Alternate translation (without a comma preceding): “for the purpose of ministering to the saints” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
15:26 mjvr rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. **For** indicates that what follows is the reason why Paul is going to minister to the saints in Jerusalem, as stated in the previous verse. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation (without a comma following): “I am going to Jerusalem because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
15:26 vn1r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche εὐδόκησαν & Μακεδονία καὶ Ἀχαΐα 1 Paul uses **Macedonia** and **Achaia** here to refer to the Christians who lived in those areas. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the believers in Macedonia and Achaia were well-pleased” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
15:26 n0fb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns κοινωνίαν τινὰ ποιήσασθαι 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **contribution**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “to contribute a certain amount” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
15:27 w5ap rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γάρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. **For** here indicates that what follows in this verse explains what Paul said in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In fact,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
15:27 px7a rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns εὐδόκησαν & ὀφειλέται εἰσὶν 1 The two occurrences of **they** in this verse refer to the Christians in Macedonia and Achaia, whom Paul mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the believers in Macedonia and Achaia were pleased … those people are obligated to” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
15:27 tfz1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns αὐτῶν & αὐτῶν & αὐτοῖς 1 In this verse, **them** and **their** refer to the Christians in Jerusalem. If it might be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the believers in Jerusalem … their … those believers in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
15:27 ipij rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. **For** here indicates that what follows is the reason the believers in Macedonia and Achaia **are obligated** to help the believers in Jerusalem. Use the most natural form in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “The reason for this is that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
15:27 en7l rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact εἰ 1 Paul uses **if** as if the rest of the verse were a hypothetical possibility, but he means that it is actually true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might misunderstand and think that what Paul is saying is not certain, then you can translate his words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “because it is true that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
15:28 jj6t rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns τοῦτο 1 Here, **this** refers to Paul traveling to Jerusalem. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “this trip to Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
15:28 zz8u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor σφραγισάμενος αὐτοῖς τὸν καρπὸν τοῦτον 1 Paul speaks of the money he is taking to Jerusalem as if it were**fruit**, and he speaks of his delivery of the money as if he were sealing it for the poor believers in Jerusalem. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “having safely delivered this offering to them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
15:28 gz16 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy δι’ ὑμῶν 1 Paul uses **you** here to refer to the place where those people lived, which is Rome. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “through the area where you live” or “through where you are in Rome” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
15:28 ywlm rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Σπανίαν 1 See how you translated **Spain** in [verse 24](../15/24.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
15:29 wod6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν πληρώματι εὐλογίας Χριστοῦ, ἐλεύσομαι 1 This could mean: (1) Paul and the believers in Rome will experience Christ’s blessing. Alternate translation: “I will come and we will experience the fullness of the blessing of Christ” (2) Paul will bring Christ’s blessing to the believers in Rome. Alternate translation: “I will bring the fullness of the blessing of Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
15:29 ylq8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐν πληρώματι εὐλογίας Χριστοῦ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **fullness** and **blessing**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “in the full experience of how Christ blesses” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
15:29 st5e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐν πληρώματι εὐλογίας Χριστοῦ 1 Here Paul speaks of abundantly experiencing **the blessing of Christ** as if it were something that a person could receive in a full amount. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in the abundant experience of the blessing of Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
15:30 v9iy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ἀδελφοί 1 See how you translated this word in [1:13](../01/13.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
15:30 scg1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit διὰ τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, καὶ διὰ τῆς ἀγάπης τοῦ Πνεύματος 1 The two occurrences of **by** in this verse indicate that what follows each one are the bases for Paul to **urge** his readers. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “on the basis of our Lord Jesus Christ and on the basis of the love of the Spirit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
15:30 wq9l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τῆς ἀγάπης τοῦ Πνεύματος 1 This could refer to: (1) **the love** that **the Spirit** gives to Christians. Alternate translation: “the love from the Spirit” (2) **the love** that belongs to **the Spirit**. Alternate translation: “the Spirit’s love” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
15:30 a5g4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῆς ἀγάπης τοῦ Πνεύματος & ταῖς προσευχαῖς 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **love** and **prayers**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “how you love from the Spirit … what you pray” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
15:30 fy1v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor συναγωνίσασθαί μοι 1 Paul speaks of praying fervently as if it were a struggle. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “to pray intensely together with me” or “to pray intensely with me as if striving together” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
15:31 q3v8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases ἵνα & καὶ 1 Both occurrences of **so that** in this verse could indicate: (1) the contents of what they should pray. Alternate translation: “that … and that” (2) the purposes for praying. Alternate translation: “in order that … and in order that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
15:31 u7st rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ῥυσθῶ ἀπὸ τῶν ἀπειθούντων 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God might deliver me from the disobedient ones” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
15:31 gq4x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τῶν ἀπειθούντων 1 Here, **the disobedient ones** refers to the Jews **in Judea** who disobeyed God by refusing to believe in Jesus. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the unbelieving Jews” or “those Jews who do not trust in Jesus” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
15:31 nw5h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism διακονία μου 1 Here, **my service** refers to the money that Paul was going to bring to the poor believers in Jerusalem from the believers in Macedonia and Achaia. This is a polite way of referring to bringing money. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different polite way of referring to this or you could state this plainly. Alternate translation: “the money I bring” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
15:31 li3i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy εἰς Ἰερουσαλὴμ 1 Here, **for Jerusalem** means “for the poor of the saints in Jerusalem,” as mentioned in [verse 26](../15/26.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “for the poor saints in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
15:32 fe4d rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases ἵνα 1 See how you translated **so that** in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
15:32 erby rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐν χαρᾷ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **joy**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “while being joyful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
15:32 ekou rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns θελήματος Θεοῦ 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:10](../01/10.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
15:32 sgcl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive συναναπαύσωμαι 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and might refresh myself together with” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
15:33 s947 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ὁ & Θεὸς τῆς εἰρήνης 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **God** who gives **peace**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the God who gives peace” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
15:33 ubtx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῆς εἰρήνης 1 See how you translated **peace** in [1:7](../01/07.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
16:intro qy96 0 # Romans 16 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n8. Conclusion (15:14–16:27)\n * Paul describes his mission (15:14–21)\n * Paul’s travel plans (15:22–33)\n * Paul commends Phoebe (16:1–2)\n * Paul greets Christians in Rome (16:3–16)\n * Paul warns against false teachers (16:17–20)\n * Paul greets more Christians in Rome (16:21–24)\n * Doxology (16:25–27)\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Letter writing and sending\n\nIn this culture, someone who wanted to send a letter often spoke what they wanted to say, and a scribe would write it down for them. Then, they would send the letter with a messenger, who would read the letter to the person or people to whom it was addressed. In this chapter, Tertius mentions that he is the scribe writing the letter for Paul ([16:22](../16/22.md)). Paul begins this chapter by recommending Phoebe to the believers in Rome who receive this letter. This could indicate that Phoebe was the messenger who delivered the letter to them.\n\n### Greetings\n\nIn this culture, it was common for those who sent letters to include greetings to and from others in their letters. In this way, many people could greet each other but only send one letter. In [verses 3–16](../16/03.md) and [21–23](../16/21.md) Paul includes greetings to and from people whom he and the Romans knew. Express these greetings in a natural form in your language.
16:1 sg6a rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns συνίστημι 1 The pronoun **I** here and throughout this chapter refers to Paul, except for [verse 22](../16/22.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I, Paul, commend” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
16:1 sry4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Φοίβην 1 The word **Phoebe** is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
16:1 q86q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἡμῶν 1 In this verse and throughout this chapter **our** refers to Paul and his Christian readers, so **our** would be inclusive. Your language may require you to mark this form. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
16:1 b81z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τὴν ἀδελφὴν 1 Paul speaks of **Phoebe** as if she were the physical **sister** of him and his Christian readers. He means she has a brother-sister relationship with all Christians because she trusts in Jesus. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “our spiritual sister” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
16:1 mbn3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns διάκονον 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **servant** in [13:4](../13/04.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
16:1 q669 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Κενχρεαῖς 1 The word **Cenchrea** was the name of a city in Greece. See how **Cenchrea** is translated in [Acts 18:18](../act/18/18.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
16:2 cwx1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν Κυρίῳ 1 Here, **in the Lord** refers to Phoebe being a fellow believer in **the Lord** Jesus. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “as someone who believes in the Lord Jesus” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
16:2 yic3 ἀξίως τῶν ἁγίων 1 Alternate translation: “in the way that believers should welcome other believers”
16:2 g7of rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal καὶ 1 Here, **and** indicates that what follows is a second purpose for Paul to commend Phoebe to the believers in Rome. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and in order that you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
16:2 qp4w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor παραστῆτε αὐτῇ 1 Here, **stand by** refers to helping someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “might assist her” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
16:2 i0fm rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. **For** here indicates that what follows is the reason why Paul wants the Roman believers to help Phoebe. Use the most natural form in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “The reason I want you to do this is that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
16:2 inh1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns καὶ & προστάτις πολλῶν ἐγενήθη καὶ ἐμοῦ αὐτοῦ 2 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **benefactor**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “has also benefited many, and myself as well” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
16:3 na1k General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nAs was customary in his culture, in [verses 3–16](../16/03.md) Paul begins to conclude the letter by extending greetings to the people to whom he is writing. Your language may have a particular way of sharing greetings in a letter. If so, you could use that form here. Alternate translation: “I enthusiastically ask to be remembered to” or “I send regards to”
16:3 xigr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative ἀσπάσασθε 1 **Greet** here and throughout [verses 3–16](../16/03.md) is an imperative, but it communicates a polite request rather than a command. Use a form in your language that communicates a polite request. Alternate translation: “Make it your habit to greet” or “Make it your practice to greet” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]])
16:3 c5lg rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Πρίσκαν καὶ Ἀκύλαν 1 The word **Prisca** is the name of a woman who is also called “Priscilla” in [Acts 18:2](../act/18/02.md). **Aquila** is the name of her husband. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
16:3 fsk1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τοὺς συνεργούς μου 1 Here, **fellow workers** refers to people who work together with Paul to tell other people about Jesus. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “who worked with me to preach the gospel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
16:3 uo3a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ 1 Here, **in Christ Jesus** could refer to: (1) the kind of work that **Prisca and Aquila** did with Paul. Alternate translation: “in the service of Christ Jesus” (2) being united with Christ, as this phrase is used in [3:24](../03/24.md); [6:11](../06/11.md), [23](../06/23.md); [8:1–2](../08/01.md), [39](../08/39.md); and [15:17](../15/17.md). Alternate translation: “who are united to Christ Jesus” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
16:4 ilnn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish οἵτινες ὑπὲρ τῆς ψυχῆς μου, τὸν ἑαυτῶν τράχηλον ὑπέθηκαν, οἷς οὐκ ἐγὼ μόνος εὐχαριστῶ, ἀλλὰ καὶ πᾶσαι αἱ ἐκκλησίαι τῶν ἐθνῶν 1 This verse interrupts the main part of the sentence in [verses 3–5](../16/03.md) in order to give further information about Prisca and Aquila. If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this verse as its own sentence and repeat the main verb of the previous verse in the next verse, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
16:4 fye8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom τὸν ἑαυτῶν τράχηλον ὑπέθηκαν 1 This phrase refers to doing something that would put someone in danger of being executed. Romans often executed people by chopping their heads off at the neck with an axe. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “risked having their heads chopped off by the Roman authorities” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
16:4 xmf8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐγὼ & εὐχαριστῶ 1 Here Paul speaks of expressing **thanks** as if they were something that he could **give** to someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I am thankful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
16:5 i32d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure καὶ τὴν κατ’ οἶκον αὐτῶν ἐκκλησίαν 1 This clause continues the sentence that Paul began in [verse 3](../16/03.md) and interrupted in the previous verse. If you made the previous verse into its own sentence, then here you will need to add the main verb from [verse 3](../16/03.md). Alternate translation: “and greet the church based in their house” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
16:5 d6i0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns οἶκον αὐτῶν 1 The pronoun **their** here refers to Prisca and Aquila. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the house of Prisca and Aquila” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
16:5 qqdg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative ἀσπάσασθε 1 See how you translated **Greet** in [verse 3](../16/03.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]])
16:5 bn9z rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Ἐπαίνετον 1 The word **Epaenetus** is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
16:5 d1f1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἀπαρχὴ τῆς Ἀσίας εἰς Χριστόν 1 Paul speaks of **Epaenetus** as if he were **fruit** that he had harvested. He means that **Epaenetus** was the first person in **Asia** who believed in **Christ** as a result of Paul’s preaching. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the first person in Asia to believe in Jesus” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
16:6 ew2z rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Μαρίαν 1 The word **Mary** is the name of a woman. Several women in the Bible are named **Mary** because it was a common Jewish name. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
16:7 tzk4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Ἀνδρόνικον 1 The word **Andronicus** is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
16:7 z9uk rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Ἰουνίαν 1 **Junias** could refer to: (1) a woman named Junia, in which case **Andronicus and Junias** might be a married couple like Prisca and Aquila. See the UST. (2) the shortened form of Junianus, a man’s name, which is less likely. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
16:7 ycr0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τοὺς συγγενεῖς μου 1 Here, **kinsmen** could refer to: (1) Jewish Christians. Alternate translation: “my Jewish Christian kinsmen” (2) Christian relatives of Paul. Alternate translation: “my Christian relatives” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
16:7 gce3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive οἵτινές εἰσιν ἐπίσημοι ἐν τοῖς ἀποστόλοις 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “whom the apostles know very well” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
16:7 nvw5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish οἳ 1 Here, **who** indicates that what follows is further information about **Andronicus and Junias**. It is not information about **the apostles**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation (as a new sentence): “These two people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
16:7 ylvm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐν Χριστῷ 1 Here, **in Christ** refers to being united with Christ. See how you translated the same use of this phrase in [3:24](../03/24.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
16:8 h976 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Ἀμπλιᾶτον 1 The word **Ampliatus** is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
16:8 alh2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν Κυρίῳ 1 See how you translated the same use of this phrase in [verse 2](../16/02.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
16:9 bd5l rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Οὐρβανὸν & Στάχυν 1 The words **Urbanus** and **Stachys** are names of men. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
16:9 if0q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὸν συνεργὸν ἡμῶν ἐν Χριστῷ 1 See how you translated a similar phrase in [verse 3](../16/03.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
16:10 k55t rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Ἀπελλῆν & Ἀριστοβούλου 1 The words **Apelles** and **Aristobulus** are names of men. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
16:10 q96n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive τὸν δόκιμον ἐν Χριστῷ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “whom Christ has approved” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
16:11 gt6r rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Ἡρῳδίωνα & Ναρκίσσου 1 The words **Herodion** and **Narcissus** are names of men. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
16:11 iifk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὸν συγγενῆ 1 See how you translated “kinsmen” in [verse 7](../16/07.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
16:11 ket9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐν Κυρίῳ 1 Here, **in the Lord** refers to being united to Christ and has the same meaning as “in Christ” in [verse 7](../16/07.md) and [3:24](../03/24.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “united to the Lord Jesus” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
16:12 sq9n rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Τρύφαιναν & Τρυφῶσαν & Περσίδα 1 The words **Tryphaena**, **Tryphosa**, and **Persis** are names of women. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
16:12 vkh4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν Κυρίῳ -1 See how you translated a similar use of **in the Lord** in [verse 3](../16/03.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
16:13 zmf4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Ῥοῦφον 1 The word **Rufus** is the name of a man. See how this name is translated in [Mark 15:21](../mrk/15/21.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
16:13 zy3x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive τὸν ἐκλεκτὸν ἐν Κυρίῳ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the one whom God has elected” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
16:13 hqf6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τὴν μητέρα αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐμοῦ 1 Paul speaks of the **mother** of **Rufus** as if she were his own **mother**. He means that she treated him as if he were her own child. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “his mother, whom I also think of as my mother” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
16:14 dwh9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Ἀσύγκριτον, Φλέγοντα, Ἑρμῆν, Πατροβᾶν, Ἑρμᾶν 1 These are names of five men. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
16:14 ck2w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ἀδελφούς 1 See how you translated this word in [1:13](../01/13.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
16:14 il54 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τοὺς σὺν αὐτοῖς ἀδελφούς 1 Here, **with them** implies that these people meet together as a church. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the brothers who meet with them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
16:15 ye9j rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Φιλόλογον & Νηρέα & Ὀλυμπᾶν 1 The words **Philologus**, **Nereus**, and **Olympas** are names of men. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
16:15 n2rx rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Ἰουλίαν 1 The word **Julia** is the name of a woman. She was probably the wife of **Philologus**. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
16:15 j4uu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τοὺς σὺν αὐτοῖς πάντας ἁγίους 1 See how you translated **with them** in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
16:16 nxka rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative ἀσπάσασθε 1 See how you translated **Greet** in [verse 3](../16/03.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]])
16:16 g2z1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown φιλήματι ἁγίῳ 1 Here, **a holy kiss** describes a **kiss** that believers would give to other believers (that is why it is **holy**). In Paul’s culture, this was an appropriate way to greet someone with whom one was very close, such as a family member or a good friend. You could use a greeting that is used by close friends or family members and clarify that here it is used in a **holy** or Christian way. Alternate translation: “with a Christian hug” or “in warm way that is appropriate for fellow believers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
16:16 t1q4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole ἀσπάζονται ὑμᾶς αἱ ἐκκλησίαι πᾶσαι τοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 **All** here could refer to: (1) all the **churches** that were in the area where Paul was working when he wrote this letter. Alternate translation: “All the churches of Christ in this region” (2) all the **churches** that Paul had authority over or represented. Alternate translation: “All the churches of Christ that I represent” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
16:17 wx6r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ἀδελφοί 1 See how you translated this word in [1:13](../01/13.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
16:17 ztv5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὰς διχοστασίας & τὰ σκάνδαλα & τὴν διδαχὴν 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **divisions**, **obstacles**, and **teaching**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “what divides … what obstructs … what is taught” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
16:17 n59l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὰς διχοστασίας & ποιοῦντας 1 This phrase refers to causing believers to argue with each other. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “who are causing believers to argue with one another” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
16:17 atil rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τὰ σκάνδαλα 1 See how you translated “trap” in [11:9](../11/09.md) and [14:13](../14/13.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
16:17 j9x7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit παρὰ τὴν διδαχὴν ἣν ὑμεῖς ἐμάθετε 1 This clause could refer to: (1) the **traps**. Alternate translation: “which are contrary to the teaching that you have learned” (2) the means by which these people are **causing divisions and traps**. Alternate translation: “by doing what is contrary to the teaching that you have learned” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
16:17 b318 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐκκλίνετε ἀπ’ αὐτῶν 1 Here, **turn away** refers to avoiding someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “avoid them completely” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
16:18 yij5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. **For** here indicates that what follows in this verse explains what Paul said in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In fact,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
16:18 fpvs rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns τοιοῦτοι 1 Here, **these** refers to “those who are causing division and traps,” who are mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “such as those causing such divisions and traps” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
16:18 azob rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τῷ Κυρίῳ ἡμῶν Χριστῷ οὐ δουλεύουσιν 1 Here, **enslaved to our Lord Christ** refers to living under the control of **our Lord Christ**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “are not living in submission to our Lord Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
16:18 ea6h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ἀλλὰ τῇ ἑαυτῶν κοιλίᾳ 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the previous clause. Alternate translation: “but they are enslaved to their own stomach” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
16:18 nxn4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy τῇ ἑαυτῶν κοιλίᾳ 1 Here, **stomach** could refer to: (1) physical desires, especially the desires to eat or drink. Alternate translation: “to their own physical desires” (2) pleasing oneself. Alternate translation: “to their own pleasure” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
16:18 gddw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns διὰ τῆς χρηστολογίας καὶ εὐλογίας 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **speech** and **flattery**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “through speaking smoothly and flatteringly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
16:18 c2je rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy τὰς καρδίας 1 See how you translated “heart” in [1:21](../01/21.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
16:19 vqml rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. **For** here indicates that was follows is one reason why Paul’s readers should obey the command to “watch out for” and “turn away from” false teachers. Use the most natural form in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “Watch out for and turn away from these people since” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
16:19 imc7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification ἡ & ὑμῶν ὑπακοὴ, εἰς πάντας ἀφίκετο 1 Here Paul speaks of the Roman believers’ **obedience** as if it were a person who could go to people. He means that many people had heard about their **obedience**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your obedience has been heard about by everyone” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
16:19 o1b9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἡ & ὑμῶν ὑπακοὴ & τὸ ἀγαθόν & τὸ κακόν 1 See how you translated **obedience** in [5:19](../05/19.md) and **good** and **evil** in [7:19](../07/19.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
16:19 gj2r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole πάντας 1 Here, **everyone** is an exaggeration that Paul uses to show that many believers had heard about the **obedience** of the Roman believers. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “very many people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
16:20 bnni rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ὁ & Θεὸς τῆς εἰρήνης 1 See how you translated this phrase in [15:33](../15/33.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
16:20 s3cq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor συντρίψει τὸν Σατανᾶν ὑπὸ τοὺς πόδας ὑμῶν 1 Here Paul speaks of the Roman believers having victory over **Satan** as if they would **crush** him **under** their **feet**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will cause you to have complete victory over Satan” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
16:20 qpr7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐν τάχει. ἡ χάρις τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, μεθ’ ὑμῶν 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **haste** and **grace**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “hastily. May the Lord Jesus Christ act graciously toward you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
16:20 btor ἐν τάχει 1 The phrase translated as **with haste** can also refer to something happening after a short time period. Alternate translation: “in a short time” or “soon”
16:20 oo2r rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing ἡ χάρις τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, μεθ’ ὑμῶν 1 As was customary in his culture, Paul closes his letter with a blessing for the Roman believers. Use a form that people would recognize as a blessing in your language. Alternate translation: “May you experience kindness from our Lord Jesus Christ” or “I pray that you will have grace from our Lord Jesus Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing]])
16:21 z4g3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὁ συνεργός μου 1 See how you translated the similar phrase in [verse 3](../16/03.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
16:21 ku15 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Λούκιος & Ἰάσων & Σωσίπατρος 1 The words **Lucius**, **Jason**, and **Sosipater** are names of men. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
16:21 km7u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit οἱ συγγενεῖς μου 1 See how you translated this phrase in [verse 7](../16/07.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
16:21 wvzj ἀσπάζεται ὑμᾶς 1 As was customary in this culture, Paul concludes the letter by extending greetings from people who are with him and who know the people to whom he is writing. Your language may have a particular way of sharing greetings in a letter. If so, you can use that form here. Alternate translation: “send you their greetings” or “ask to be remembered to you”
16:22 pijj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐγὼ, Τέρτιος, ὁ γράψας τὴν ἐπιστολὴν 1 This clause means that **Tertius** wrote down the words that Paul told him to write in this letter. In ancient times it was common for people to use scribes to physically write dictated letters for them. See the discussion of this in the General Notes for this chapter. Alternate translation: “I, Tertius, am the person who wrote down what Paul told me to write in this epistle” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
16:22 g8li rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person ἀσπάζομαι ὑμᾶς ἐγὼ, Τέρτιος, ὁ γράψας τὴν ἐπιστολὴν, ἐν Κυρίῳ 1 **I** here refers to **Tertius**, who writes this verse. Unlike elsewhere in this letter, it does not refer to Paul. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use the third person in this verse. Alternate translation: “Tertius, who wrote this epistle, greets you in the Lord” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
16:22 xu3q rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Τέρτιος 1 The word **Tertius** is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
16:22 nx4g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν Κυρίῳ 1 See how you translated the similar use of **in the Lord** in [verse 2](../16/02.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
16:23 sw7r rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Γάϊος & Ἔραστος & Κούαρτος 1 The words **Gaius**, **Erastus**, and **Quartus** are names of men. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
16:23 j9u7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὁ ξένος μου, καὶ ὅλης τῆς ἐκκλησίας 1 This phrase indicates that the home of **Gaius** was where Paul and his fellow believers gathered to worship. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “who hosts me and the whole church in his house” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
16:23 m5hg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὁ οἰκονόμος 1 Here, **steward** refers to the person who takes care of the money for **the city** in which Paul is staying. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the treasurer” or “the one who administrates the finances” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
16:23 fnet rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ἀδελφός 1 Here, **brother** refers to a fellow Christian. See how you translated **brother** in [14:10](../14/10.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
16:24 ct9t rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants Ἡ χάρις τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ χριστοῦ μετὰ πάντων ὑμῶν. Ἀμήν 1 This verse is not in the best earliest manuscripts. It seems to be an accidental repetition of the last part of [verse 20](../16/20.md). It has been included in the ULT, but it is marked off with square brackets (\\[ \\]) at the beginning and end. If possible, do not include this addition in your translation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])
16:25 xma1 0 [Verses 25–27](../16/25.md) are one long sentence. If you divide this sentence into shorter sentences, then you will need to repeat part of [verse 27](../16/27.md) in [verse 25](../16/25.md), as the UST does.
16:25 v71l δὲ 1 **Now** here marks the closing section of the letter. If you have a way of doing this in your language, you could use it here.
16:25 xgkv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τῷ & δυναμένῳ ὑμᾶς στηρίξαι 1 Here, **the one** refers to God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “to God, who is able to establish you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
16:25 pp5k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὑμᾶς στηρίξαι 1 Here Paul speaks of God strengthening a person’s faith as if God were establishing that person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to make your faith strong” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
16:25 kmw1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὸ εὐαγγέλιόν μου 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe the **gospel** message that he preached. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the gospel that I preach” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
16:25 yprj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὸ κήρυγμα Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe the **preaching** that is about **Jesus Christ**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the preaching about Jesus Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
16:25 wyyl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὸ κήρυγμα & ἀποκάλυψιν μυστηρίου 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **preaching**, **revelation**, and **mystery**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “what is preached … what is revealed of what is mysterious” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
16:25 vyj4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit κατὰ ἀποκάλυψιν μυστηρίου 1 Here, **according to** indicates that what follows is what Paul’s preaching is based on. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “on the basis of the revelation of the mystery” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
16:25 s5ky rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown μυστηρίου 1 Here Paul uses the word **mystery** to refer to God’s plan to save people, which was revealed in the **gospel**. This does not mean that the idea is hard to understand, but rather, that God had not yet revealed it to people. If your language would not use **mystery** to refer to something that was concealed but has now been revealed, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “of this concealed message” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
16:25 n6c1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive κατὰ ἀποκάλυψιν μυστηρίου χρόνοις αἰωνίοις σεσιγημένου 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “according to the mystery that God has now revealed, yet had kept secret for long ages” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
16:25 bgqm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish χρόνοις αἰωνίοις σεσιγημένου 1 This clause gives further information about **the mystery**, which is also the **gospel**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to make this connection clear. Alternate translation: “which is what was kept secret for long ages” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
16:26 d7r5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish φανερωθέντος δὲ νῦν 1 This clause gives further information about “the mystery,” which is also the “gospel” mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to make this connection clear. Alternate translation: “but now that mystery has been revealed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
16:26 kgs8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive φανερωθέντος δὲ νῦν 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “but now God has revealed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
16:26 vrul rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure διά τε Γραφῶν προφητικῶν, κατ’ ἐπιταγὴν τοῦ αἰωνίου Θεοῦ εἰς ὑπακοὴν πίστεως, εἰς πάντα τὰ ἔθνη γνωρισθέντος 1 The word translated as **and** here indicates that the following four phrases are connected to the fifth phrase. If it would be helpful in your language, you could change the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “and having been made known through the prophetic writings, according to the command of the eternal God, to the obedience of faith, to all the nations” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
16:26 efyy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns Γραφῶν προφητικῶν & ἐπιταγὴν τοῦ αἰωνίου Θεοῦ εἰς ὑπακοὴν πίστεως 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **writings**, **command**, **obedience**, and **faith**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “what was written by the prophets … what the eternal God commanded, to be obedient of what is faithful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
16:26 fbr6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal εἰς ὑπακοὴν πίστεως 1 Here, **to** indicates that this is a purpose clause. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of the obedience of faith” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
16:26 lc6d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ὑπακοὴν πίστεως 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:5](../01/05.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
16:26 cvi3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive γνωρισθέντος 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God having made known” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
16:27 kuyu μόνῳ σοφῷ Θεῷ 1 Alternate translation: “to God who alone is wise”
16:27 ua9d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ᾧ ἡ δόξα 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **glory**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “may people glorify him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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