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Some common [metonymies](../figs-metonymy/01.md) and [metaphors](../figs-metaphor/01.md) from the Bible involving animals are listed below in alphabetical order. The word in all capital letters identifies an Image that represents an Idea. The specific word of the Image may not appear in every verse that uses the Image, but the text will communicate somehow the concept of the Image.
Some images from the Bible involving animals are listed below in alphabetical order. The word in all capital letters represents an idea. The word does not necessarily appear in every verse that has the Image, but the Idea that the word represents does.
#### An ANIMAL HORN represents strength #### An ANIMAL HORN represents strength

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Some common [metonymies](../figs-metonymy/01.md) and [metaphors](../figs-metaphor/01.md) from the Bible relating to farming are listed below in alphabetical order. The word in all capital letters identifies an Image that represents an Idea. The specific word of the Image may not appear in every verse that uses the Image, but the text will communicate somehow the concept of the Image.
Some images from the Bible related to farming are listed below. The word in all capital letters represents an idea. The word does not necessarily appear in every verse that has the Image, but the Idea that the word represents does appear.
#### A FARMER represents God, and the VINEYARD represents his chosen people #### A FARMER represents God, and the VINEYARD represents his chosen people

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Some common [metonymies](../figs-metonymy/01.md) and [metaphors](../figs-metaphor/01.md) from the Bible involving body parts and human qualities are listed below in alphabetical order. The word in all capital letters identifies an Image that represents an Idea. The specific word of the Image may not appear in every verse that uses the Image, but the text will communicate somehow the concept of the Image.
### Description
Some images from the Bible involving body parts and human qualities are listed below in alphabetical order. The word in all capital letters represents an idea. The word does not necessarily appear in every verse that has the image, but the idea that the word represents does.
#### The BODY represents a group of people #### The BODY represents a group of people
> Now you are the body of Christ and individually members of it. (1 Corinthians 12:27 ULT) > Now you are the ***body*** of Christ and individually members of it. (1 Corinthians 12:27 ULT)
> Rather we will speak the truth in love and grow up in all ways into him who is the head, Christ. Christ joins the whole body of believers together—it is held together by every supporting ligament so that the whole body grows and builds itself up in love. (Ephesians 4:15-16 ULT) > Rather we will speak the truth in love and grow up in all ways into him who is the head, Christ. Christ joins the whole ***body*** of believers together—it is held together by every supporting ligament so that the whole body grows and builds itself up in love. (Ephesians 4:15-16 ULT)
In these verses, the body of Christ represents the group of people who follow Christ. In these verses, the body of Christ represents the group of people who follow Christ.
#### A BROTHER represents a person's relatives, associates, or peers
#### The FACE represents someone’s presence > For Mordecai the Jew was second to the King Ahasuerus, and great among the Jews, and favored by the multitude of his ***brothers***… (Esther 10:3a ULT)
> Pharaoh said to Moses, “Go from me! Be careful about one thing, that you do not see me again, for on the day ***you see my face***, you will die.” Moses said, “You yourself have spoken. ***I will not see your face again***.” (Exodus 10:28-29 ULT)
> > Do you not fear me—this is Yahweh’s declaration—or tremble ***before my face***? (Jeremiah 5:22 ULT)
To be before someone’s face is to be in their presence, that is, to be with them. #### A DAUGHTER represents a village located near a town or city
#### A MOTHER represents a town or city with villages surrounding it
#### The FACE represents someone’s attention > And for the settlements among their fields, those of the sons of Judah lived in Kiriath Arba and its ***daughters***, and in Dibon and its ***daughters***, and in Jekabzeel and her settlements…. (Nehemiah 11:25 ULT)
> Every man of the house of Israel who takes his idols into his heart, or who puts the stumbling block of his iniquity ***before his face***, and who then comes to a prophet—I, Yahweh, will answer him according to the number of his idols. (Ezekiel 14:4 ULT) #### The FACE represents someone’s presence, sight, knowledge, perception, attention, or judgment
To put something before one’s face is to look at it intently or pay attention to it. > Then Esther repeated her action, and she spoke before the ***face*** of the king. (Esther 8:3a ULT)
> Many ***seek the face*** of the ruler, (Proverbs 29:26 ULT) > Why do you hide your ***face*** and forget our affliction and our oppression? (Psalm 44:24 ULT)
To hide one’s face from someone means to ignore him.
> Many seek the ***face*** of the ruler, (Proverbs 29:26 ULT)
If someone seeks another person’s face, he hopes that the person will pay attention to him. If someone seeks another person’s face, he hopes that the person will pay attention to him.
> Why do you ***hide your face*** and forget our affliction and our oppression? (Psalm 44:24 ULT) > Do you not fear me—this is Yahweh’s declaration—or tremble before my ***face***? (Jeremiah 5:22 ULT)
To hide one’s face from someone is to ignore him. > Every man of the house of Israel who takes his idols into his heart, or who puts the stumbling block of his iniquity before his ***face***, and who then comes to a prophet—I, Yahweh, will answer him according to the number of his idols. (Ezekiel 14:4 ULT)
To put something before one’s face is to look at it intently or pay attention to it.
#### The FACE represents the front of something
> So Hathak went out to Mordecai, to the open place of the city that was before the ***face*** of the gate of the king. (Esther 4:6 ULT)
> She fell before the ***face*** of his feet and wept and implored favor from him to take away the evil of Haman the Agagite and his plot that he had plotted against the Jews. (Esther 8:3b ULT)
#### The FACE represents the surface of something #### The FACE represents the surface of something
@ -40,8 +48,14 @@ To hide one’s face from someone is to ignore him.
> He encloses ***the face*** of the moon and spreads his clouds on it. (Job 26:9 ULT) > He encloses ***the face*** of the moon and spreads his clouds on it. (Job 26:9 ULT)
#### A FATHER represents someone's ancestor(s)
#### A SON represents someone's descendant(s)
#### The HAND represents a person’s agency or power > And they and our ***fathers*** were arrogant, and they stiffened their necks, and did not listen to your commandments. (Nehemiah 9:16 ULT)
> We have not listened to your servants the prophets who spoke in your name to our kings, our leaders, our ***fathers***, and to all the people of the land. (Daniel 9:6 ULT)
#### The HAND represents someone’s power, control, agency, or action
> Yahweh has burst through my enemies ***by my hand*** like a bursting flood of water. (1 Chronicles 14:11 ULT) > Yahweh has burst through my enemies ***by my hand*** like a bursting flood of water. (1 Chronicles 14:11 ULT)
@ -55,21 +69,27 @@ To hide one’s face from someone is to ignore him.
“His hand is not short” means that he is not weak. “His hand is not short” means that he is not weak.
#### The NOSE represents anger #### The HEAD represents the tip, top, or uppermost part of something
> Then…the foundations of the world were exposed at your battle cry, Yahweh—at the blast of the breath of ***your nostrils***. (Psalms 18:15 ULT) > And the king held out to Esther the scepter of gold which was in his hand, so Esther approached and touched the ***head*** of the scepter. (Esther 5:2b ULT)
> By the blast of ***your nostrils*** the waters were piled up…. (Exodus 15:8 ULT)
> Smoke went up from out of ***his nostrils***, and blazing fire came out of his mouth…. (2 Samuel 22:9 ULT)
> …This is the Lord Yahweh’s declaration: ‘My fury will arise in ***my nostrils***!’ (Ezekiel 38:18 ULT)
> Yahweh, Yahweh, God is merciful and gracious, ***slow to anger***... (Exo 34:6 ULT)
In Hebrew, a hot nose represents anger, including such images as a blast of air or smoke coming from someone's nostrils. The opposite of a "hot nose" is a "long nose". The phrase "slow to anger" in Hebrew literally means "long of nose". A long nose represents patience, meaning that it takes a long time for that person's nose to get hot. #### The HEART represents the action of thinking or feeling
#### RAISED EYES represents arrogance > And Boaz ate and drank, and his **heart** was good, and he went to lie down at the end of the pile of grain. (Ruth 3:7a ULT)
> On the seventh day, when the ***heart*** of the king was pleased by the wine… (Esther 1:10a ULT)
#### The HEART represents someone's attitude
> Then the king Ahasuerus spoke and said to Esther the queen, "Who is he, this man? Where is this man, he whose ***heart*** is full to do thus?" (Esther 7:5 ULT)
In this context, having a full heart means to be proud or arrogant.
#### The EYES represent sight, knowledge, perception, attention, or judgment
> For the matter of the queen will go out to all the women, in order to make their husbands despised in their ***eyes***… (Esther 1:17a ULT)
#### The EYES represent someone's attitude
> but you bring down those with ***proud, uplifted eyes***! (Psalm 18:27 ULT) > but you bring down those with ***proud, uplifted eyes***! (Psalm 18:27 ULT)
@ -85,25 +105,42 @@ Lowered eyes show that a person is humble.
> God has subjected all things under Christ’s feet and has ***made him the head*** over all things in the church, which is his body, the fullness of him who fills all things in all ways. (Ephesians 1:22 ULT) > God has subjected all things under Christ’s feet and has ***made him the head*** over all things in the church, which is his body, the fullness of him who fills all things in all ways. (Ephesians 1:22 ULT)
#### A MASTER represents anything that motivates someone to act
> No one can serve ***two masters***, for either he will hate the one and love the other, or else he will be devoted to one and despise the other. You cannot serve God and wealth. (Matthew 6:24 ULT)
To serve God is to be motivated by God. To serve money is to be motivated by money.
#### The MOUTH means speech or words
> A fool’s ***mouth*** is his ruin. (Proverbs 18:7 ULT)
> Oh, how I would encourage you with my ***mouth***! (Job 16:5 ULT)
> I heard you when you boasted against me with your ***mouth***; you said many things against me. I heard them. (Ezekiel 35:13 ULT)
In these examples the mouth refers to what a person says.
#### A NAME represents the person who has that name #### A NAME represents the person who has that name
> May your God make ***the name of Solomon*** better than your name, and make his throne greater than your throne.” 1 Kings 1:47 (ULT) > May your God make ***the name of Solomon*** better than your name, and make his throne greater than your throne.” (1 Kings 1:47 ULT)
> See, I have sworn ***by my great name***—says Yahweh. ***My name*** will no longer be called upon by the mouths of any of the men of Judah in all the land of Egypt….” (Jeremiah 44:26 ULT) > See, I have sworn ***by my great name***—says Yahweh. ***My name*** will no longer be called upon by the mouths of any of the men of Judah in all the land of Egypt….” (Jeremiah 44:26 ULT)
If someone’s name is great, it means that he is great. If someone’s name is great, it means that he is great.
> Listen now to the prayer of your servant and to the prayer of your servants who delight to ***honor your name***…. Nehemiah 1:11 (ULT) > Listen now to the prayer of your servant and to the prayer of your servants who delight to ***honor your name***…. (Nehemiah 1:11 ULT)
To honor someone’s name is to honor him. To honor someone’s name is to honor him.
#### A NAME represents the fame or reputation of a person #### A NAME represents someone's fame or reputation
> You must no longer profane ***my holy name*** with your gifts and your idols. Ezekiel 20:39 (ULT) > You must no longer profane ***my holy name*** with your gifts and your idols. (Ezekiel 20:39 ULT)
To profane God’s name is to profane his reputation, that is, to profane how people think about him. To profane God’s name is to profane his reputation, that is, to profane how people think about him.
> For I will make ***my great name*** holy, which you have profaned among the nations…. Ezekiel 36:23 (ULT) > For I will make ***my great name*** holy, which you have profaned among the nations…. (Ezekiel 36:23 ULT)
To make God’s name holy is to cause people to to see that God is holy. To make God’s name holy is to cause people to to see that God is holy.
@ -111,7 +148,29 @@ To make God’s name holy is to cause people to to see that God is holy.
The fact that the men said they heard a report about Yahweh shows that “because of the name of Yahweh” means because of Yahweh’s reputation. The fact that the men said they heard a report about Yahweh shows that “because of the name of Yahweh” means because of Yahweh’s reputation.
#### The SON OF SOMETHING shares its qualities #### A NAME represents someone's power, authority, position, or status
> In the ***name*** of the king Ahasuerus it was written, and it was sealed with the signet ring of the king. (Esther 3:12b ULT)
#### The NOSE represents anger
> Then…the foundations of the world were exposed at your battle cry, Yahweh—at the blast of the breath of ***your nostrils***. (Psalms 18:15 ULT)
> By the blast of ***your nostrils*** the waters were piled up…. (Exodus 15:8 ULT)
> Smoke went up from out of ***his nostrils***, and blazing fire came out of his mouth…. (2 Samuel 22:9 ULT)
> …This is the Lord Yahweh’s declaration: ‘My fury will arise in ***my nostrils***!’ (Ezekiel 38:18 ULT)
> Yahweh, Yahweh, God is merciful and gracious, ***slow to anger***... (Exodus 34:6 ULT)
In Hebrew, a hot nose represents anger, including such images as a blast of air or smoke coming from someone's nostrils. The opposite of a "hot nose" is a "long nose". The phrase "slow to anger" in Hebrew literally means "long of nose". A long nose represents patience, meaning that it takes a long time for that person's nose to get hot.
#### A SON represents the offspring of an animal(s)
> And he sent letters by the hand of runners on horses, riders of the royal pack horses, ***sons*** of the mares… (Esther 8:10a ULT)
#### The SON OF SOMETHING represents something shares the qualities of another thing
> no ***son of wickedness*** will oppress him. (Psalm 89:22b ULT) > no ***son of wickedness*** will oppress him. (Psalm 89:22b ULT)
@ -126,11 +185,9 @@ Children of death here are people that others plan to kill.
Children of wrath here are people with whom God is very angry. Children of wrath here are people with whom God is very angry.
#### A MASTER represents anything that motivates someone to act #### The TONGUE represents the language spoken by a person or a group of people
> No one can serve ***two masters***, for either he will hate the one and love the other, or else he will be devoted to one and despise the other. You cannot serve God and wealth. (Matthew 6:24 ULT) > …every man should be ruling in his house and speaking according to the ***tongue*** of his people. (Esther 1:22 ULT)
To serve God is to be motivated by God. To serve money is to be motivated by money.
### Translation Strategies ### Translation Strategies

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Some common [metonymies](../figs-metonymy/01.md) and [metaphors](../figs-metaphor/01.md) from the Bible involving human qualities are listed below in alphabetical order. The word in all capital letters identifies an Image that represents an Idea. The specific word of the Image may not appear in every verse that uses the Image, but the text will communicate somehow the concept of the Image.
#### Being BENT OVER means being discouraged or oppressed
Some images from the Bible involving human behavior are listed below. The word in all capital letters represents an image. The word does not necessarily appear in every verse that has the Image, but the Idea that the word represents does.
#### BEING BENT OVER represents being discouraged or oppressed
> Yahweh supports all who are falling and raises up all those who are ***bent over***. (Psalm 145:14 ULT) > Yahweh supports all who are falling and raises up all those who are ***bent over***. (Psalm 145:14 ULT)
#### BIRTH PAINS represent the suffering that is necessary to achieve a new condition #### Having BIRTH PAINS mean suffering that is necessary to achieve a new condition
> ***Be in pain and labor to give birth***, daughter of Zion, like a ***woman in labor***. > ***Be in pain and labor to give birth***, daughter of Zion, like a ***woman in labor***.
> For now you will go out of the city, live in the field, and go to Babylon. > For now you will go out of the city, live in the field, and go to Babylon.
@ -19,71 +17,43 @@ Some images from the Bible involving human behavior are listed below. The word i
> My little children, I am suffering ***labor pains*** for you again, until Christ will have been formed in you! (Galatians 4:19 ULT) > My little children, I am suffering ***labor pains*** for you again, until Christ will have been formed in you! (Galatians 4:19 ULT)
#### BEING CALLED SOMETHING represents being that thing #### Being CALLED SOMETHING means being that thing
> The Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer; he is called the God of the whole earth. (Isaiah 54:5b ULT) > The Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer; he ***is called*** the God of the whole earth. (Isaiah 54:5b ULT)
This is because he actually is the God of the whole earth. This is because he actually is the God of the whole earth.
> The one who is wise in heart is called discerning, (Proverbs 16:21a ULT) > The one who is wise in heart ***is called*** discerning, (Proverbs 16:21a ULT)
This is because he actually is discerning. This is because he actually is discerning.
> He will…be called the Son of the Most High. (Luke 1:32 ULT) > He will…***be called*** the Son of the Most High. (Luke 1:32 ULT)
This is because he actually is the Son of the Most High. This is because he actually is the Son of the Most High.
> So the holy one to be born will be called the Son of God. (Luke 1:35 ULT) > So the holy one to be born will ***be called*** the Son of God. (Luke 1:35 ULT)
This is because he actually is the Son of God. This is because he actually is the Son of God.
> Every male that opens the womb will be called dedicated to the Lord. (Luke 2:23 ULT) > Every male that opens the womb will ***be called*** dedicated to the Lord. (Luke 2:23 ULT)
This is because he actually will be dedicated to the Lord. This is because he actually will be dedicated to the Lord.
#### CLEANLINESS represents being acceptable for God’s purposes #### Being CLEAN means being acceptable for God’s purposes
> Noah built an altar to Yahweh. He took some of the ***clean*** animals and some of the ***clean*** birds, and offered burnt offerings on the altar. Yahweh smelled the pleasing aroma… (Genesis 8:20 ULT) > Noah built an altar to Yahweh. He took some of the ***clean*** animals and some of the ***clean*** birds, and offered burnt offerings on the altar. Yahweh smelled the pleasing aroma… (Genesis 8:20 ULT)
> The priest will examine him again on the seventh day to see if the disease is better and has not spread farther in the skin. If it has not, then the priest will pronounce him ***clean***. It is a rash. He must wash his clothes, and then he is ***clean***. (Leviticus 13:6 ULT) > The priest will examine him again on the seventh day to see if the disease is better and has not spread farther in the skin. If it has not, then the priest will pronounce him ***clean***. It is a rash. He must wash his clothes, and then he is ***clean***. (Leviticus 13:6 ULT)
#### CLEANSING or PURIFYING represents making something acceptable for God’s Purposes #### CLEANSING or PURIFYING means making something acceptable for God’s purposes
> He must go out to the altar that is before Yahweh and make atonement for it, and he must take some of the bull’s blood and some of the goat’s blood and put it on the horns of the altar all around. He must sprinkle some of the blood on it with his finger seven times to ***cleanse*** it and dedicate it to Yahweh, away from the ***unclean*** actions of the people of Israel. (Leviticus 16:18-19 ULT) > He must go out to the altar that is before Yahweh and make atonement for it, and he must take some of the bull’s blood and some of the goat’s blood and put it on the horns of the altar all around. He must sprinkle some of the blood on it with his finger seven times to ***cleanse*** it and dedicate it to Yahweh, away from the ***unclean*** actions of the people of Israel. (Leviticus 16:18-19 ULT)
> This is because on this day atonement will be made for you, to ***cleanse*** you from all your sins so you will be ***clean*** before Yahweh. (Leviticus 16:30 ULT) > This is because on this day atonement will be made for you, to ***cleanse*** you from all your sins so you will be ***clean*** before Yahweh. (Leviticus 16:30 ULT)
#### COMING or STANDING BEFORE SOMEONE means serving him
#### UNCLEANLINESS represents not being acceptable for God’s purposes
> You may eat any animal that has a split hoof and that also chews the cud. However, some animals either chew the cud or have a split hoof, and ***you must not eat them***, animals such as the camel, because it chews the cud but does not have a split hoof. So the camel is ***unclean*** for you. (Leviticus 11:3-4 ULT)
> And if any of them dies and falls on anything, that thing will be ***unclean***, whether it is made of wood, cloth, leather, or sackcloth. Whatever it is and whatever it is used for, it must be put into water; it will be ***unclean*** until evening. Then it will be ***clean***. (Leviticus 11:32 ULT)
#### MAKING SOMETHING UNCLEAN represents making it unacceptable for God’s purposes.
> Or if anyone touches anything God has designated as ***unclean***, whether it be the carcass of an ***unclean*** wild animal or the carcass of any livestock that has died, or creeping animal, even if the person did not intend to touch it, he is ***unclean*** and ***guilty***. (Leviticus 5:2 ULT)
#### BEING CUT OFF FROM SOMETHING represents being separated from it
> Uzziah, the king, was a leper to the day of his death, and lived in a separate house, since he was a leper; for he was ***cut off from the house of Yahweh.*** (2 Chronicles 26:21 ULT)
#### BEING CUT OFF represents being killed
> So you must keep the Sabbath, for it must be treated by you as holy, reserved for him. Everyone who defiles it must surely ***be put to death***. Whoever works on the Sabbath, that person must surely ***be cut off from his people***. (Exodus 31:14-15 ULT)
> Whoever does not humble himself on that day must be ***cut off from his people***. Whoever does any work on that day, ***I, Yahweh, will destroy him*** from among his people. (Leviticus 23:29-30 ULT)
> But he was ***cut off*** from the land of the living. (Isaiah 53:8 ULT)
#### COMING AND STANDING BEFORE SOMEONE represents serving him
> How blessed are your people, and how blessed are your servants who constantly ***stand before you***, because they hear your wisdom. (1 Kings 10:8 ULT) > How blessed are your people, and how blessed are your servants who constantly ***stand before you***, because they hear your wisdom. (1 Kings 10:8 ULT)
@ -91,15 +61,26 @@ This is because he actually will be dedicated to the Lord.
Covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness are also personified here. (See [Personification](../figs-personification/01.md).) Covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness are also personified here. (See [Personification](../figs-personification/01.md).)
#### Being CUT OFF means being killed
#### DRINKING WINE represents judgment > So you must keep the Sabbath, for it must be treated by you as holy, reserved for him. Everyone who defiles it must surely ***be put to death***. Whoever works on the Sabbath, that person must surely ***be cut off from his people***. (Exodus 31:14-15 ULT)
> Whoever does not humble himself on that day must be ***cut off from his people***. Whoever does any work on that day, ***I, Yahweh, will destroy him*** from among his people. (Leviticus 23:29-30 ULT)
> But he was ***cut off*** from the land of the living. (Isaiah 53:8 ULT)
#### Being CUT OFF from something means being separated from it
> Uzziah, the king, was a leper to the day of his death, and lived in a separate house, since he was a leper; for he was ***cut off from the house of Yahweh.*** (2 Chronicles 26:21 ULT)
#### DRINKING WINE means being judged
Too much wine makes a person weak and he staggers. So too, when God judges people, they become weak and stagger. So the idea of wine is used to represent God’s judgment. Too much wine makes a person weak and he staggers. So too, when God judges people, they become weak and stagger. So the idea of wine is used to represent God’s judgment.
> You have shown your people severe things; > You have shown your people severe things;
> you have made us ***drink the wine of staggering***. (Psalm 60:3 ULT) > you have made us ***drink the wine of staggering***. (Psalm 60:3 ULT)
Another example from Psalm.
> But God is the judge; > But God is the judge;
> he brings one down and raises up another. > he brings one down and raises up another.
@ -107,12 +88,11 @@ Another example from Psalm.
> which is mixed with spices, and pours it out. > which is mixed with spices, and pours it out.
> Surely all the wicked of the earth will ***drink it*** to the last drop. (Psalm 75:8 ULT) > Surely all the wicked of the earth will ***drink it*** to the last drop. (Psalm 75:8 ULT)
An example from Revelation.
> he also will drink the ***wine*** of God’s wrath, the ***wine*** that has been prepared and poured unmixed into the cup of his anger. (Revelation 14:10 ULT) > he also will drink the ***wine*** of God’s wrath, the ***wine*** that has been prepared and poured unmixed into the cup of his anger. (Revelation 14:10 ULT)
#### EATING UP represents destroying #### EATING UP means defeating, destroying, or harming
> God brings [Israel] out of Egypt. > God brings [Israel] out of Egypt.
> He has strength like a wild ox. > He has strength like a wild ox.
@ -136,7 +116,7 @@ Another word for “eat up” is devour.
> and from the heads of the leaders of the enemy. (Deuteronomy 32:42 ULT) > and from the heads of the leaders of the enemy. (Deuteronomy 32:42 ULT)
#### FALLING UPON or BEING UPON represents affecting #### FALLING UPON or BEING UPON means affecting
> Yahweh God caused a deep sleep to ***fall upon*** the man, so the man slept. (Genesis 2:21 ULT) > Yahweh God caused a deep sleep to ***fall upon*** the man, so the man slept. (Genesis 2:21 ULT)
@ -148,7 +128,7 @@ Another word for “eat up” is devour.
> Now look, the hand of the Lord ***is upon you***, and you will become blind. (Acts 13:11 ULT) > Now look, the hand of the Lord ***is upon you***, and you will become blind. (Acts 13:11 ULT)
#### FOLLOWING SOMEONE represents being loyal to him #### FOLLOWING SOMEONE means being loyal to him
> They broke away from Yahweh, the God of their fathers, who had brought them out of the land of Egypt. ***They went after other gods***, the very gods of the peoples who were around them, and they bowed down to them. They provoked Yahweh to anger because they broke away from Yahweh and worshiped Baal and the Ashtoreths. > They broke away from Yahweh, the God of their fathers, who had brought them out of the land of Egypt. ***They went after other gods***, the very gods of the peoples who were around them, and they bowed down to them. They provoked Yahweh to anger because they broke away from Yahweh and worshiped Baal and the Ashtoreths.
@ -157,14 +137,16 @@ Another word for “eat up” is devour.
> Not one of them who despised me will see it, except for my servant Caleb, because he had another spirit. ***He has followed me fully***; I will bring him into the land which he went to examine. His descendants will possess it. (Numbers 14:23-24 ULT) > Not one of them who despised me will see it, except for my servant Caleb, because he had another spirit. ***He has followed me fully***; I will bring him into the land which he went to examine. His descendants will possess it. (Numbers 14:23-24 ULT)
#### GOING BEFORE, ACCOMPANYING, or FOLLOWING A KING WITH HIS OTHER ATTENDANTS represents serving him #### GOING BEFORE, ACCOMPANYING, or FOLLOWING A KING WITH HIS OTHER ATTENDANTS means serving him
> See, his reward is ***with him***, and his recompense is ***going before him***. (Isaiah 62:11 ULT) > See, his reward is ***with him***, and his recompense is ***going before him***. (Isaiah 62:11 ULT)
> Righteousness will ***go before him*** and make a way for his footsteps. (Psalm 85:13 ULT) > Righteousness will ***go before him*** and make a way for his footsteps. (Psalm 85:13 ULT)
#### INHERITING is permanently possessing something #### INHERITING means permanently possessing something
#### an INHERITANCE means something that a person permanently possesses
#### an HEIR means someone who permanent possesses something
> Then the King will say to those on his right hand, “Come, you who have been blessed by my Father, ***inherit*** the kingdom prepared for you from the foundation of the world.” (Matthew 25:34) > Then the King will say to those on his right hand, “Come, you who have been blessed by my Father, ***inherit*** the kingdom prepared for you from the foundation of the world.” (Matthew 25:34)
@ -174,8 +156,6 @@ The blessing of God’s complete rule is given as the permanent possession to th
People cannot receive the kingdom of God in its complete form as a permanent possession while they are still in their mortal bodies. People cannot receive the kingdom of God in its complete form as a permanent possession while they are still in their mortal bodies.
An **INHERITANCE** is something that someone permanently possesses
> You will bring them and plant them on the mountain of your ***inheritance***. (Exodus 15:17 ULT) > You will bring them and plant them on the mountain of your ***inheritance***. (Exodus 15:17 ULT)
The mountain where God will be worshiped is viewed as his permanent possession. The mountain where God will be worshiped is viewed as his permanent possession.
@ -188,8 +168,6 @@ Moses asks God to still accept the people of Israel as his special possession, t
The wonderful things that God will give all who are set apart for him is viewed as their permanent possession. The wonderful things that God will give all who are set apart for him is viewed as their permanent possession.
An **HEIR** is someone who permanently possesses something
> For it was not through the law that the promise was given to Abraham and to his descendants, this promise that they would be ***heirs*** of the world. (Romans 4:13 ULT) > For it was not through the law that the promise was given to Abraham and to his descendants, this promise that they would be ***heirs*** of the world. (Romans 4:13 ULT)
The promise was that Abraham and his descendants would permanently possess the entire world. The promise was that Abraham and his descendants would permanently possess the entire world.
@ -202,8 +180,11 @@ God’s Son will receive all things as a permanent possession.
Noah received righteousness as a permanent possession. Noah received righteousness as a permanent possession.
#### LIFTING means promoting or giving someone higher status or importance
#### LYING DOWN or SLEEPING represents DYING > Then Haman recounted to them the glory of his wealth, and the multitude of his sons, and all about how the king had made him great and how he had ***lifted*** him over the officials and administrators of the king. (Esther 5:11 ULT)
#### LYING DOWN or SLEEPING means dying or being dead
> When your days are fulfilled and you ***lie down with your fathers***, I will raise up a descendant after you, (2 Samuel 7:12 ULT) > When your days are fulfilled and you ***lie down with your fathers***, I will raise up a descendant after you, (2 Samuel 7:12 ULT)
@ -211,14 +192,14 @@ Noah received righteousness as a permanent possession.
> They will fall among those who were killed by the sword! Egypt is given to the sword; her enemies will seize her and her servants! (Ezekiel 32:19-20 ULT) > They will fall among those who were killed by the sword! Egypt is given to the sword; her enemies will seize her and her servants! (Ezekiel 32:19-20 ULT)
#### REIGNING or RULING represents controlling #### REIGNING or RULING means controlling
> This happened so that, as sin ***ruled*** in death, even so grace might ***rule*** through righteousness for everlasting life through Jesus Christ our Lord. (Romans 5:21 ULT) > This happened so that, as sin ***ruled*** in death, even so grace might ***rule*** through righteousness for everlasting life through Jesus Christ our Lord. (Romans 5:21 ULT)
> Therefore do not let sin ***rule*** in your mortal body in order that you obey its lusts. (Romans 6:12 ULT) > Therefore do not let sin ***rule*** in your mortal body in order that you obey its lusts. (Romans 6:12 ULT)
#### RESTING or a RESTING PLACE represents a permanent beneficial situation #### RESTING or a RESTING PLACE means a safe and beneficial situation
> Naomi her mother-in-law said to her, “My daughter, should I not seek a place for you to ***rest***, so that things may go well for you?” (Ruth 3:1 ULT) > Naomi her mother-in-law said to her, “My daughter, should I not seek a place for you to ***rest***, so that things may go well for you?” (Ruth 3:1 ULT)
@ -229,11 +210,13 @@ Noah received righteousness as a permanent possession.
> The nations will seek him out, and his ***resting place*** will be glorious. (Isaiah 11:10 ULT) > The nations will seek him out, and his ***resting place*** will be glorious. (Isaiah 11:10 ULT)
#### RISING or STANDING UP represents acting #### RISING or STANDING UP means doing or taking action
> ***Rise up*** for our help and redeem us for the sake of your covenant faithfulness. (Psalm 44:26 ULT) > ***Rise up*** for our help and redeem us for the sake of your covenant faithfulness. (Psalm 44:26 ULT)
#### SEEING represents knowing, giving attention, or rendering an opinion > ***Get up***, go to Nineveh, the great city, and call out against it, because their wickedness has risen up before my face. (Jonah 1:2 ULT)
#### SEEING means knowledge, perception, notice, attention, or judgment
> Why have I found favor ***in your eyes*** that you should take notice of me… (Ruth 2:10 ULT) > Why have I found favor ***in your eyes*** that you should take notice of me… (Ruth 2:10 ULT)
@ -241,27 +224,48 @@ Noah received righteousness as a permanent possession.
> The ***eyes*** of Yahweh are everywhere, ***keeping watch*** over the evil and the good. (Proverbs 15:3 ULT) > The ***eyes*** of Yahweh are everywhere, ***keeping watch*** over the evil and the good. (Proverbs 15:3 ULT)
#### SEEING SOMETHING represents being there > But Haman remained in order to seek for his life from Esther the queen, for he ***saw*** that evil was determined against him by the king. (Esther 7:7b ULT)
> You will not let the one who has covenant faithfulness ***see*** the pit. (Psalm 16:10 ULT) #### SEEKING means pleading or begging
> But Haman remained in order to ***seek*** for his life from Esther the queen, for he saw that evil was determined against him by the king. (Esther 7:7b ULT)
#### SELLING represents handing over to someone’s control; BUYING represents removing from someone’s control #### SEEKING means trying to do something or making an effort to do something
> For Mordecai the Jew was second to the King Ahasuerus, and great among the Jews, and favored by the multitude of his brothers, ***seeking*** good for his people and speaking peace to all its seed. (Esther 10:3 ULT)
#### SELLING means handing over to someone’s control
#### BUYING represents removing from someone’s control
> [Yahweh] ***sold*** [the Israelites] into the hand of Cushan Rishathaim king of Aram Naharaim. (Judges 3:8 ULT) > [Yahweh] ***sold*** [the Israelites] into the hand of Cushan Rishathaim king of Aram Naharaim. (Judges 3:8 ULT)
#### SITTING represents ruling or judging #### SITTING means reigning, ruling, or judging
> A throne will be established in covenant faithfulness, and one from David’s tent will faithfully ***sit*** there. ( Isaiah 16:5 ULT) > A throne will be established in covenant faithfulness, and one from David’s tent will faithfully ***sit*** there. (Isaiah 16:5 ULT)
> …in those days, as the king Ahasuerus ***sat*** on his royal throne which was in Susa the citadel… (Esther 1:2 ULT)
#### STANDING represents successfully resisting #### STANDING means defending or successfully resisting
> So the wicked will not ***stand*** in the judgment, nor sinners in the assembly of the righteous. (Psalm 1:2 ULT) > So the wicked will not ***stand*** in the judgment, nor sinners in the assembly of the righteous. (Psalm 1:2 ULT)
> …that the king gave to the Jews who were in every city by city: to gather and to ***stand*** for their life, to annihiliate, and to slaughter, and to destroy any strength of a people or province that would attack them, children and women, and plunder their spoil… (Esther 8:11 ULT)
#### WALKING represents behaving; a PATH or a WAY represents behavior #### TURNING or TURNING OVER means changing
> …as the days when the Jews rested on them from their enemies, and as the month when it had ***turned*** for them from sorrow into joy and from mourning into a good day, in order to make them days of feasting and rejoicing and sending of gifts, a man to his friend, and gifts to the needy. (Esther 9:22 ULT)
#### Being UNCLEAN means not being acceptable for God’s purposes
> You may eat any animal that has a split hoof and that also chews the cud. However, some animals either chew the cud or have a split hoof, and ***you must not eat them***, animals such as the camel, because it chews the cud but does not have a split hoof. So the camel is ***unclean*** for you. (Leviticus 11:3-4 ULT)
> And if any of them dies and falls on anything, that thing will be ***unclean***, whether it is made of wood, cloth, leather, or sackcloth. Whatever it is and whatever it is used for, it must be put into water; it will be ***unclean*** until evening. Then it will be ***clean***. (Leviticus 11:32 ULT)
#### WALKING means behaving
#### a PATH or a WAY means a person's behavior
> Blessed is the man who does not ***walk*** in the advice of the wicked. Psalm 1:1 ULT) > Blessed is the man who does not ***walk*** in the advice of the wicked. Psalm 1:1 ULT)

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Some common [metonymies](../figs-metonymy/01.md) and [metaphors](../figs-metaphor/01.md) from the Bible involving man-made objects or are listed below in alphabetical order. The word in all capital letters identifies an Image that represents an Idea. The specific word of the Image may not appear in every verse that uses the Image, but the text will communicate somehow the concept of the Image.
Some images from the Bible involving man-made objects are listed below in alphabetical order. The word in all capital letters represents an image. The word does not necessarily appear in every verse that has the Image, but the Idea that the word represents does.
#### BRONZE represents strength #### BRONZE represents strength

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Some very common [metonymies](../figs-metonymy/01.md) from the Bible are listed below in alphabetical order. The word in all capital letters identifies an Image that represents an Idea. The specific word of the Image may not appear in every verse that uses the Image, but the text will communicate somehow the concept of the Image.
Some common metonymies from the Bible are listed below in alphabetical order. In the examples below, the WORD IN ALL CAPITAL LETTERS is the ***name that is used*** in the metonymy. The [word or phrase in brackets] is the ***name that is meant*** by the metonymy. #### A CUP or BOWL represents what is inside it
#### A CUP (or bowl) means [what is inside it]
> my ***cup*** runs over. (Psalm 23:5 ULT) > my ***cup*** runs over. (Psalm 23:5 ULT)
@ -12,24 +12,22 @@ There is so much in the cup that it runs over the top of the cup.
People do not drink cups. They drink what is in the cup. People do not drink cups. They drink what is in the cup.
#### The MOUTH means [speech] or [words] #### A HOUSE represents a family or household (that is, the people who live and work at a family house or property)
> A fool’s ***mouth*** is his ruin. (Proverbs 18:7 ULT)
> Oh, how I would encourage you with my ***mouth***! (Job 16:5 ULT)
> I heard you when you boasted against me with your ***mouth***; you said many things against me. I heard them. (Ezekiel 35:13 ULT)
In these examples the mouth refers to what a person says.
#### A HOUSE means [the people who live in the house] or [a family]
> Now Yahweh said to Abram, “Go from your country, and from your relatives, and from your father’s ***household***, to the land that I will show you. (Genesis 12:1 ULT) > Now Yahweh said to Abram, “Go from your country, and from your relatives, and from your father’s ***household***, to the land that I will show you. (Genesis 12:1 ULT)
> On that day, the king Ahasuerus gave to Esther the queen the ***house*** of Haman, the adversary of the Jews.
> They said, “Believe in the Lord Jesus, and you will be saved, you and your ***household***.” 32 They spoke the word of the Lord to him, together with everyone in his house. 33 Then the jailer took them at the same hour of the night, and washed their wounds, and he and those in his entire house were baptized immediately. (Acts 16:31-33 ULT) > They said, “Believe in the Lord Jesus, and you will be saved, you and your ***household***.” 32 They spoke the word of the Lord to him, together with everyone in his house. 33 Then the jailer took them at the same hour of the night, and washed their wounds, and he and those in his entire house were baptized immediately. (Acts 16:31-33 ULT)
In the original languages (Hebrew and Greek), the words translated here as "household" literally mean "house". The word "house" is a metonym for the people who live in the house. This is a very common metonym in the Bible. In the original languages (Hebrew and Greek), the words translated here as "household" literally mean "house". The word "house" is a metonym for the people who live in the house. This is a very common metonym in the Bible.
#### A LOCATION (city, nation, etc.) represents the people who live in or near that place
> Then Mordecai went out from before the face of the king in a garment of royalty of blue and white, with a great crown of gold and a robe of fine linen and purple, and ***the city of Susa*** cheered and rejoiced. (Esther 8:15 ULT)
> So as for me, should I not feel troubled about ***Nineveh, the great city***… (Jonah 4:11a ULT)
#### The MEMORY OF A PERSON means [his descendants] #### The MEMORY OF A PERSON means [his descendants]
The memory of a person represents his descendants, because they are the ones who should remember and honor him. When the Bible says that someone’s memory dies, it means that either he will not have any descendants, or his descendants will all die. The memory of a person represents his descendants, because they are the ones who should remember and honor him. When the Bible says that someone’s memory dies, it means that either he will not have any descendants, or his descendants will all die.

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Some common [metonymies](../figs-metonymy/01.md) and [metaphors](../figs-metaphor/01.md) from the Bible involving natural phenomena are listed below in alphabetical order. The word in all capital letters identifies an Image that represents an Idea. The specific word of the Image may not appear in every verse that uses the Image, but the text will communicate somehow the concept of the Image.
Some images from the Bible involving natural phenomena are listed below. The word in all capital letters is a physical image that represents an abstract idea. The word does not necessarily appear in every verse that has the image, but the idea that the word represents does appear.
#### LIGHT represents moral righteousness, DARKNESS represents moral wickedness #### LIGHT represents moral righteousness, DARKNESS represents moral wickedness

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Some common [metonymies](../figs-metonymy/01.md) and [metaphors](../figs-metaphor/01.md) from the Bible involving plants are listed below in alphabetical order. The word in all capital letters identifies an Image which represents an Idea. The specific word of the Image may not appear in every verse that uses the Image, but the text will communicate somehow the concept of the Image.
Some images from the Bible involving plants are listed below in alphabetical order. The word in all capital letters is the Image which represents an Idea. The word does not necessarily appear in every verse that has the image, but the idea that the word represents does.
#### A BRANCH represents a person’s descendant #### A BRANCH represents a person’s descendant
@ -40,6 +38,9 @@ The emotion or attitude in the verses is underlined below.
> What fruit then did you have at that time of the things of which you are now ***ashamed***? (Romans 6:21 ULT) > What fruit then did you have at that time of the things of which you are now ***ashamed***? (Romans 6:21 ULT)
#### A SEED represents the descendant(s) of a person or group of people
> …the Jews set up and accepted for themselves, and for their ***seed***, and for all those who unite themselves to them (and it will not pass away) to be making these two days according to their writing, and according to their appointed time every year by year. (Esther 9:27 ULT)
#### A TREE represents a person #### A TREE represents a person
@ -48,3 +49,10 @@ The emotion or attitude in the verses is underlined below.
> I have seen the wicked and terrifying person spread out ***like a green tree in its native soil***. (Psalm 37:35 ULT) > I have seen the wicked and terrifying person spread out ***like a green tree in its native soil***. (Psalm 37:35 ULT)
> I am ***like a green olive tree*** in God’s house. (Psalm 52:8 ULT) > I am ***like a green olive tree*** in God’s house. (Psalm 52:8 ULT)
#### A TREE represents something made of wood (such as a pole or platform)
> Then the matter was sought out and was found out, and the two of them were hung on a ***tree***. (Esther 2:23a ULT)
This probably means that they were killed by either by being impaled on a wooden pole or by being hung from a gallows by a rope.