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Co-authored-by: justplainjane47 <justplainjane47@noreply.door43.org>
Reviewed-on: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/pulls/400
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Richard Mahn 2020-10-14 19:22:56 +00:00
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4
translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md
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@ -13,10 +13,10 @@ But some languages do not use abstract nouns very much. In these languages, spea
The Bible that you translate from may use abstract nouns to express certain ideas. Your language might not use abstract nouns for some of those ideas. Instead, it might use phrases to express those ideas. Those phrases will use other kinds of words such as adjectives, verbs, or adverbs to express the meaning of the abstract noun. For example, “What is its **weight**?” could be expressed as “How much does it **weigh**?” or “How **heavy** is it?”
### Examples from the Bible
### Examples From the Bible
> From **childhood** you have known the sacred writings … (2 Timothy 3:15a ULT)
The abstract noun “childhood” refers to when someone was a child.
> But **godliness** with **contentment** is great **gain**. (1 Timothy 6:6 ULT)

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@ -42,24 +42,29 @@ If the hendiadys would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, c
(1) Substitute the describing noun with an adjective that means the same thing.
> for I will give you **words and wisdom** (Luke 21:15 ULT)
>> for I will give you **wise words**
> Walk in a manner that is worthy of God, who calls you into **his own kingdom and glory**. (1 Thessalonians 2:12b ULT)
>> You should walk in a manner that is worthy of God, who calls you to **his own glorious kingdom**.
> For I will give you **a mouth** **and wisdom** … (Luke 21:15a ULT)
>
> > For I will give you **wise words** …
>
> Walk in a manner that is worthy of God, who calls you into **his own kingdom and glory**. (1 Thessalonians 2:12b ULT)
>
> > You should walk in a manner that is worthy of God, who calls you to **his own glorious kingdom**.
(2) Substitute the describing noun with a phrase that means the same thing.
> for I will give you **words and wisdom**. (Luke 21:15 ULT)
>> for I will give you **words of wisdom**.
> You should walk in a manner that is worthy of God, who calls you into **his own kingdom and glory**. (1 Thessalonians 2:12b ULT)
>> You should walk in a manner that is worthy of God, who calls you to **his own kingdom of glory**.
> For I will give you **a mouth** **and wisdom** … (Luke 21:15a ULT)
>
> > for I will give you **words of wisdom**.
>
> You should walk in a manner that is worthy of God, who calls you into **his own kingdom and glory**. (1 Thessalonians 2:12b ULT)
>
> > You should walk in a manner that is worthy of God, who calls you to **his own kingdom of glory**.
(3) Substitute the describing adjective with an adverb that means the same thing.
> If you are willing and obedient … (Isaiah 1:19a ULT)
>> If you are **willingly obedient**
>
> > If you are **willingly obedient** …
(4) Substitute other parts of speech that mean the same thing and show that one word or phrase describes the other.
@ -67,7 +72,7 @@ If the hendiadys would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, c
The adjective “obedient” can be substituted with the verb “obey.”
>> if you **obey willingly**
> > if you **obey willingly** …
(4) and (5) If it is unclear that only one thing is meant, change the phrase so that this is clear.

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translate/figs-informremind/01.md
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@ -52,7 +52,10 @@ If people would understand the purpose of a phrase with a noun, then consider ke
(1) Put the information in another part of the sentence and add words that show its purpose.
> I hate those who serve **worthless** idols. (Psalm 31:6a ULT)   
> I hate those who serve **worthless** idols. (Psalm 31:6a ULT)  
>
>
>
> By saying “worthless idols,” David was commenting about all idols and giving his reason for hating those who serve them. He was not distinguishing worthless idols from valuable idols.“
>
> > **Because** idols are worthless, I hate those who serve them.”
@ -67,7 +70,7 @@ If people would understand the purpose of a phrase with a noun, then consider ke
>
> > Can Sarah bear a son **even when** she is 90 years old?”
>
> I will call on Yahweh, **who is worthy to be praised.** (2 Samuel 22:4a ULT)   
> I will call on Yahweh, **who is worthy to be praised.** (2 Samuel 22:4a ULT)
There is only one Yahweh. The phrase “who is worthy to be praised” gives a reason for calling on Yahweh.

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translate/figs-metaphor/01.md
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@ -108,14 +108,19 @@ If people would understand the metaphor in the same way that the original reader
If people do not or would not understand it, here are some other strategies.
(1) If the metaphor is a common expression in the source language or expresses a patterned pair of concepts in a biblical language (that is, it is a passive metaphor), then express the **Idea** in the simplest way preferred by your language.
(2) If the metaphor seems to be an active metaphor, you can translate it literally **if you think that the target language also uses this metaphor in the same way to mean the same thing as in the Bible**. If you do this, be sure to test it to make sure that the language community understands it correctly.
(3) If the target audience does not realize that it is a metaphor, then change the metaphor to a simile. Some languages do this by adding words such as “like” or “as.” See [Simile](../figs-simile/01.md).
(4) If the target audience would not know the **Image**, see [Translate Unknowns](../translate-unknown/01.md) for ideas on how to translate that image.
(5) If the target audience would not use that **Image** for that meaning, use an image from your own culture instead. Be sure that it is an image that could have been possible in Bible times.
(6) If the target audience would not know what the **Topic** is, then state the topic clearly. (However, do not do this if the original audience did not know what the Topic was.)
(7) If the target audience would not know the intended similarity (the **Idea**) between the topic and the image, then state it clearly.
(8) If none of these strategies is satisfactory, then simply state the **Idea** plainly without using a metaphor.
(1) If the metaphor is a common expression in the source language or expresses a patterned pair of concepts in a biblical language (that is, it is a passive metaphor), then express the **Idea** in the simplest way preferred by your language. 
(2) If the metaphor seems to be an active metaphor, you can translate it literally **if you think that the target language also uses this metaphor in the same way to mean the same thing as in the Bible**. If you do this, be sure to test it to make sure that the language community understands it correctly. 
(3) If the target audience does not realize that it is a metaphor, then change the metaphor to a simile. Some languages do this by adding words such as “like” or “as.” See [Simile](../figs-simile/01.md). (
4) If the target audience would not know the **Image**, see [Translate Unknowns](../translate-unknown/01.md) for ideas on how to translate that image.
(5) If the target audience would not use that **Image** for that meaning, use an image from your own culture instead. Be sure that it is an image that could have been possible in Bible times. 
(6) If the target audience would not know what the **Topic** is, then state the topic clearly. (However, do not do this if the original audience did not know what the Topic was.) 
(7) If the target audience would not know the intended similarity (the **Idea**) between the topic and the image, then state it clearly. (8) If none of these strategies is satisfactory, then simply state the **Idea** plainly without using a metaphor.
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied

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@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
### Description
**Metonymy** is a figure of speech in which an item (either physical or abstract) is called not by its own name, but by the name of something closely associated with it. A **metonym** is a word or phrase used as a substitute for something that it is associated with.
> and **the blood** of Jesus his Son cleanses us from all sin. (1 John 1:7 ULT)
Metonymy is a figure of speech in which an item (either physical or abstract) is called not by its own name, but by the name of something closely associated with it. A metonym is a word or phrase used as a substitute for something that it is associated with.
> … and **the blood** of Jesus his Son cleanses us from every sin. (1 John 1:7b ULT)
The blood represents Christ’s death.
> He took **the cup** in the same way after supper, saying, “**This cup** is the new covenant in my blood, which is poured out for you. (Luke 22:20 ULT)
> And he took **the cup** in the same way after supper, saying, “**This cup** is the new covenant in my blood, which is poured out for you." (Luke 22:20 ULT)
The cup represents the wine that is in the cup.
@ -15,47 +15,51 @@ The cup represents the wine that is in the cup.
* as a shorter way of referring to something
* to make an abstract idea more meaningful by referring to it with the name of a physical object associated with it
### Reason this is a translation issue
### Reason This Is a Translation Issue
The Bible uses metonymy very often. Speakers of some languages are not used to metonymy and they may not recognize it when they read it in the Bible. If they do not recognize the metonymy, they will not understand the passage or, worse yet, they will get a wrong understanding of the passage. Whenever a metonym is used, people need to be able to understand what it represents.
The Bible uses metonymy very often. Speakers of some languages are not familiar with metonymy and they may not recognize it when they read it in the Bible. If they do not recognize the metonymy, they will not understand the passage or, worse yet, they will get a wrong understanding of the passage. Whenever a metonym is used, people need to be able to understand what it represents.
### Examples from the Bible
### Examples From the Bible
> The Lord God will give him **the throne** of his father, David. (Luke 1:32 ULT)
> The Lord God will give to him **the throne** of his father David. (Luke 1:32b ULT)
A throne represents the authority of a king. “Throne” is a metonym for “kingly authority,” “kingship,” or “reign.” This means that God would make him become a king who would follow King David.
A throne represents the authority of a king. “Throne” is a metonym for “kingly authority,” “kingship,” or “reign.” This means that God would make him become a king who would follow King David.
> Immediately his **mouth** was opened (Luke 1:64 ULT)
> Then immediately his **mouth** was opened (Luke 1:64a ULT)
The mouth here represents the power to speak. This means that he was able to talk again.
> …who warned you to flee from **the wrath** that is coming? (Luke 3:7 ULT)
The word “wrath” or “anger” is a metonym for “punishment.” God was extremely angry with the people, and as a result, he would punish them.
> Who warned you to flee from **the wrath** that is coming? (Luke 3:7b ULT)
The word “wrath” or “anger” is a metonym for “punishment.” God was extremely angry with the people and, as a result, he would punish them.
### Translation Strategies
If people would easily understand the metonym, consider using it. Otherwise, here are some options.
1. Use the metonym along with the name of the thing it represents.
1. Use only the name of the thing the metonym represents.
(1) Use the metonym along with the name of the thing it represents.
(2) Use only the name of the thing the metonym represents.
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
(1) Use the metonym along with the name of the thing it represents.
> He took the cup in the same way after supper, saying, “**This cup** is the new covenant in my blood, which is poured out for you. (Luke 22:20 ULT)
>> “He took the cup in the same way after supper, saying, “**The wine in this cup** is the new covenant in my blood, which is poured out for you.”
> And he took the cup in the same way after the supper, saying, “**This cup** is the new covenant in my blood, which is poured out for you. (Luke 22:20 ULT)
>
> > “He took the cup in the same way after supper, saying, “**The wine in this cup** is the new covenant in my blood, which is poured out for you.”
This verse also contains a second metonym: The cup, (representing the wine it contains) also represents the new covenant made with the blood Christ shed for us.
(2) Use the name of the thing the metonym represents.
> The Lord God will give him **the throne** of his father, David. (Luke 1:32 ULT)
>> “The Lord God will give him **the kingly authority** of his father, David.”
>> or:
>> “The Lord God will **make him king** like his ancestor, King David.”
> who warned you to flee from **the wrath** to come? (Luke 3:7 ULT)
>> “who warned you to flee from God’s coming **punishment**?”
To learn about some common metonymies, see [Biblical Imagery - Common Metonymies](../bita-part2/01.md).
> The Lord God will give him **the throne** of his father David. (Luke 1:32b ULT)
>
> > “The Lord God will give him **the kingly authority** of his father, David.”
> > or:
> > “The Lord God will **make him king** like his ancestor, King David.”
>
> Who warned you to flee from **the wrath** that is coming? (Luke 3:7b ULT)
>
> > “Who warned you to flee from God’s coming **punishment**?”
To learn about some common metonymies, see [Biblical Imagery - Common Metonymies](../bita-part2/01.md).

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@ -1,35 +1,34 @@
### Description
In some languages an adjective can be used to refer to a class of things that the adjective describes. When it does, it acts like a noun. For example, the word “rich” is an adjective. Here are two sentences that show that “rich” is an adjective.
> …**The rich man** had huge numbers of flocks and herds…(2 Samuel 12:2 ULT)
> **The rich man** had huge numbers of flocks and herds. (2 Samuel 12:2 ULT)
The adjective “rich” comes before the word “man” and describes “man.”
> **He will not be rich**; his wealth will not last… (Job 15:29 ULT)
> **He will not be rich**; his wealth will not last. (Job 15:29a ULT)
The adjective “rich” comes after the verb “be” and describes “He.”
Here is a sentence that shows that “rich” can also function as a noun.
> …**the rich** must not give more than the half shekel, and **the poor** must not give less. (Exodus 30:15 ULT)
> **T****he rich** must not give more than the half shekel, and **the poor** must not give less. (Exodus 30:15b ULT)
In Exodus 30:15, the word “rich” acts as a noun in the phrase “the rich,” and it refers to rich people. The word “poor” also acts as a noun and refers to poor people.
### Reason this is a translation issue
### Reason This Is a Translation Issue
* Many times in the Bible adjectives are used as nouns to describe a group of people.
* Some languages do not use adjectives in this way.
* Readers of these languages may think that the text is talking about one particular person when it is really talking about the group of people whom the adjective describes.
* Many times in the Bible adjectives are used as nouns to describe a group of people.
* Some languages do not use adjectives in this way.
* Readers of these languages may think that the text is talking about one particular person when it is really talking about the group of people whom the adjective describes.
### Examples from the Bible
### Examples From the Bible
> The scepter of wickedness must not rule in the land of **the righteous**. (Psalms 125:3 ULT)
> The scepter of wickedness must not rule in the land of **the righteous**. (Psalms 125:3a ULT)
“The righteous” here are people who are righteous, not one particular righteous person.
> Blessed are **the meek** (Matthew 5:5 ULT)
> Blessed are **the meek,** (Matthew 5:5a ULT)
“The meek” here are all people who are meek, not one particular meek person.
@ -37,15 +36,14 @@ In Exodus 30:15, the word “rich” acts as a noun in the phrase “the rich,
If your language uses adjectives as nouns to refer to a class of people, consider using the adjectives in this way. If it would sound strange, or if the meaning would be unclear or wrong, here is another option:
1. Use the adjective with a plural form of the noun that the adjective describes.
(1) Use the adjective with a plural form of the noun that the adjective describes.
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
(1) Use the adjective with a plural form of the noun that the adjective describes.
> The scepter of wickedness must not rule in the land of **the righteous**. (Psalms 125:3 ULT)
> The scepter of wickedness must not rule in the land of **the righteous**. (Psalms 125:3a ULT)
>> The scepter of wickedness must not rule in the land of **righteous people**.
> Blessed are **the meek**… (Matthew 5:5 ULT)
>> Blessed are **people who are meek**…
> Blessed are **the meek**. (Matthew 5:5a ULT)
>> Blessed are **people who are meek**.

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@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ The verb shows an action or a state of being.
#### Preferred Word Order
All languages have a preferred word order. However, word order is more important in some languages than for others. The examples below show the order of the subject, object, and verb in “Peter hit the ball” for some languages.
All languages have a preferred word order. However, word order is more important in some languages than in others. The examples below show the order of the subject, object, and verb in “Peter hit the ball” for some languages.
In some languages the order is Subject-Verb-Object. This is normal word order for English.
@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ In some languages the order is Verb-Subject-Object. This is normal word order fo
* Hit Peter the ball.
In some languages the order is not important for the meaning of the sentence, because the language uses other ways to indicate whether a word is the subject, the verb, or the object. Both [Biblical Aramaic](../figs-orderHeb/01.md) and [Koiné Greek](,,/figs-orderGrk/01.md) are languages like this.
In some languages the order is not important for the meaning of the sentence because the language uses other ways to indicate whether a word is the subject, the verb, or the object. Both [Biblical Aramaic](../figs-orderHeb/01.md) and [Koiné Greek](,,/figs-orderGrk/01.md) are languages like this.
#### Changes in Word Order

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@ -8,4 +8,4 @@ In other words, a writer/speaker does not emphasize words in Greek by moving the
#### A word moved to the first position of a sentence is emphasized as the most important.
In other words, a writer/speaker shows that one particular word is the most important information in the sentence by putting it first in the sentence.
In other words, a writer/speaker shows that one particular word is the most important information in the sentence by positioning it first in the sentence.

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@ -4,15 +4,15 @@ However, there are many different reasons why a writer/speaker of Biblical Hebre
#### **Particle**–Verb–Subject–Object
Sometimes a particle takes the place of the conjunction. Often (but not always) in these cases, the particle is functioning as a [connecting word](../grammar-connect-words-phrases/01.md) that expresses a specific kind of logical relationship between the chunk before the particle and the chunk after the particle. NOTE: this rule does not apply to negative particles or temporal particles.
A particle is a word that has a grammatical function but does not fit into the main parts of speech (i.e. noun, verb, adverb). Particles do not change. Sometimes a particle takes the place of the conjunction. Often (but not always) in these cases, the particle is functioning as a [connecting word](../grammar-connect-words-phrases/01.md) that expresses a specific kind of logical relationship between the chunk before the particle and the chunk after the particle. NOTE: this rule does not apply to negative particles or temporal particles.
#### Conjunction–**Subject**–Verb–Object
Often the subject of a sentence appears before the verb instead of after it. Many of these instances have very little impact on the meaning of a sentence or paragraph. However, sometimes a writer/speaker puts the subject first in order to [begin a new story or event](../writing-newevent/01.md), to [give background information](../writing-background/01.md), to [introduce a new participant (or re-introduce an old participant)](../writing-participants/01.md), or to [end a story](../writing-endofstory/01.md).
Often the subject of a sentence appears before the verb instead of after it. Many of these instances have very little impact on the meaning of a sentence or paragraph. However, sometimes a writer/speaker puts the subject first in order to [begin a new story or event](../writing-newevent/01.md), to [give background information](../writing-background/01.md), to [introduce a new participant (or re-introduce an old participant)](../writing-participants/01.md), or to [end a story](../writing-endofstory/01.md).
#### [Conjunction]–**Temporal phrase**–Verb–Subject–Object
#### \[Conjunction\]–**Temporal phrase**–Verb–Subject–Object
When a temporal phrase appears before the verb, often (but not always) the temporal phrase [introduces a new story or event](../writing-newevent/01.md) within the narrative. Sometimes a conjunction appears before the temporal phrase, and sometimes not.
A temporal phrase is made of words that tell when something happens, how long it happens or how often it happens. When a temporal phrase appears before the verb, often (but not always) the temporal phrase [introduces a new story or event](../writing-newevent/01.md) within the narrative. Sometimes a conjunction appears before the temporal phrase, and sometimes not.
#### Conjunction–**any other part of speech**–Verb–Subject–Object
@ -21,5 +21,4 @@ When another part of speech (other than a temporal phrase or negative particle)
### Word Order in Biblical Aramaic
Most scholars agree that word order is so free in Biblical Aramaic that no distinct patterns of standard word order can be observed. Therefore, it is best to assume that word order has no affect on the meaning of a sentence in Aramaic.
Most scholars agree that word order is so free in Biblical Aramaic that no distinct patterns of standard word order can be observed. Therefore, it is best to assume that word order has no affect on the meaning of a sentence in Aramaic.

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A parable is a short story that teaches something(s) that is true, and teaches in such a way that is easy to understand and hard to forget.
A parable is a short story that teaches something(s) that is true, and delivers the lesson in a way that is easy to understand and hard to forget.
### Description
A parable is a short story that is told to teach something(s) that is true. Though the events in a parable could happen, they did not actually happen. They are told only to teach the lesson(s) that the listener is meant to learn. Parables rarely contain the names of specific people. (This may help you identify what is a parable and what is an account of a real event.) Parables often have figures of speech such as [simile](../figs-simile/01.md) and [metaphor](../figs-simile/01.md).
> Then he also told them a parable. “Can a blind person guide another blind person? If he did, they would both fall into a pit, would they not?” (Luke 6:39 ULT)
A parable is a short story that is told to teach something(s) that is true. Though the events in a parable could happen, they did not actually happen. They are told only to teach the lesson(s) that the listener is meant to learn. Parables rarely contain the names of specific people. (This may help you identify what is a parable and what is an account of a real event.) Parables often use figures of speech such as [simile](../figs-simile/01.md) and [metaphor](../figs-simile/01.md).
> Then he also told them a parable. “A blind man is not able to guide a blind man, is he? Would not both fall into a pit? ” (Luke 6:39 ULT)
This parable teaches that if a person does not have spiritual understanding, he cannot help someone else to understand spiritual things.
### Examples from the Bible
> Neither do people light a lamp and put it under a basket, but rather, on the lampstand, and it shines for everyone in the house. Let your light shine before people in such a way that they see your good deeds and praise your Father who is in heaven. (Matthew 5:15-16 ULT)
### Examples From the Bible
> Neither do people light a lamp and put it under a basket but, rather, on the lampstand, and it shines for everyone in the house. Let your light shine before people in such a way that they see your good deeds and praise your Father who is in heaven. (Matthew 5:15-16 ULT) 
This parable teaches us not to hide the way we live for God from other people.
> Then Jesus presented another parable to them. He said, “The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and sowed in his field. This seed is indeed the smallest of all other seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants and becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches.” (Matthew 13:31-32 ULT)
>
> Then Jesus presented another parable to them. He said, “The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and sowed in his field. This seed is indeed the smallest of all other seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants and becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches.” (Matthew 13:31-32 ULT) 
This parable teaches that the kingdom of God may seem small at first, but it will grow and spread throughout the world.
### Translation Strategies
1. If a parable is hard to understand because it has unknown objects in it, you can replace the unknown objects with objects that people in your culture know. However, be careful to keep the teaching the same. (See [Translate Unknowns](../translate-unknown/01.md).)
1. If the teaching of the parable is unclear, consider telling a little about what it teaches in the introduction, such as “Jesus told this story about being generous.”
(1) If a parable is hard to understand because it has unknown objects in it, you can replace the unknown objects with objects that people in your culture know. However, be careful to keep the lesson of the parable is unclear, consider telling a little about what it teaches in the introduction, such as “Jesus told this story about being generous.”
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
(1) If a parable is hard to understand because it has unknown objects in it, you can replace the unknown objects with objects that people in your culture know. However, be careful to keep the teaching the same.
(1) If a parable is hard to understand because it has unknown objects in it, you can replace the unknown objects with objects that people in your culture know. However, be careful to keep the lesson the same.
> Jesus said to them, “Do you bring a lamp inside the house to put it under a basket, or under the bed? You bring it in and you put it on a **lampstand**.” (Mark 4:21 ULT) - If people do not know what a lampstand is, you could substitute something else that people put a light on so it can give light to the house.
>> Jesus said to them, “Do you bring a lamp inside the house to put it under a basket, or under the bed? You bring it in and you put it on **a high shelf**.
> Then Jesus presented another parable to them. He said, “The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and **sowed** in his field. This seed is indeed the smallest of all other seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants and becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches.” (Matthew 13:31-32 ULT) - To sow seeds means to toss them so that they scatter on the ground. If people are not familiar with sowing, you can substitute planting.
>> Then Jesus presented another parable to them. He said, “The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and **planted** in his field. This seed is indeed the smallest of all other seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants and becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches.”
> Jesus also said to them, “The lamp is not brought in order to put it under a basket, or under the bed, is it? Is it not so that it might be put on the **lampstand**? (Mark 4:21 ULT)
If people do not know what a lampstand is, you could substitute something else that people put a light on so it can give light to the house.
> > Jesus also said to them, “The lamp is not brought in order to put it under a basket, or under the bed, is it? Is it not so that it might be put on **a high shelf?**
>
> Then Jesus presented another parable to them. He said, “The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and **sowed** in his field. It is indeed the smallest of all the seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants. It becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches.” (Matthew 13:31-32 ULT) 
To sow seeds means to toss them so that they scatter on the ground. If people are not familiar with sowing, you can substitute planting.
> > Then Jesus presented another parable to them. He said, “The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and **planted** in his field. This seed is indeed the smallest of all the seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants. It becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches.”
(2) If the teaching of the parable is unclear, consider telling a little about what it teaches in the introduction, such as “Jesus told this story about being generous.”
> **Jesus said to them**, “Do you bring a lamp inside the house to put it under a basket, or under the bed? You bring it in and you put it on a lampstand.” (Mark 4:21 ULT)
>> **Jesus told them a parable about why they should witness openly.** “Do you bring a lamp inside the house to put it under a basket, or under the bed? You bring it in and you put it on a lampstand.” (Mark 4:21 ULT)
> **Then Jesus presented another parable to them.** He said, “The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and sowed in his field. This seed is indeed the smallest of all other seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants and becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches.” (Matthew 13:31-32 ULT)
>> **Then Jesus presented another parable to them about how the Kingdom of God grows**. He said, “The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and sowed in his field. This seed is indeed the smallest of all other seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants and becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches.”
> **Jesus also said to them**, “The lamp is not brought in order to put it under a basket, or under the bed, is it? Is it not so that it might be put on the lampstand? (Mark 4:21 ULT)
>
> > **Jesus told them a parable about why they should witness openly.** “Jesus also said to them, “The lamp is not brought in order to put it under a basket, or under the bed, is it? Is it not so that it might be put on the lampstand? (Mark 4:21 ULT)
>
> **Then Jesus presented another parable to them.** He said, “The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and sowed in his field. It is indeed the smallest of all the seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants. It becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches.” (Matthew 13:31-32 ULT)
>
> > **Then Jesus presented another parable to them about how the Kingdom of God grows**. He said, “The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and sowed in his field. This seed is indeed the smallest of all the seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants. It becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches.”

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### Description
In **parallelism** two phrases or clauses that are similar in structure or idea are used together. There are different kinds of parallelism. Some of them are the following:
In parallelism, two phrases or clauses that are similar in structure or idea are used together. The following are some of the different kinds of parallelism.
1. The second clause or phrase means the same as the first. This is also called synonymous parallelism.
1. The second clarifies or strengthens the meaning of the first.
1. The second completes what is said in the first.
1. The second says something that contrasts with the first, but adds to the same idea.
* The second clause or phrase means the same as the first. This is called synonymous parallelism.
* The second clarifies or strengthens the meaning of the first.
* The second completes what is said in the first.
* The second says something that contrasts with the first, but adds to the same idea.
Parallelism is most commonly found in Old Testament poetry, such as in the books of Psalms and Proverbs. It also occurs in Greek in the New Testament, both in the four gospels and in the apostles’ letters.
Synonymous parallelism (the kind in which the two phrases mean the same thing) in the poetry of the original languages has several effects:
* It shows that something is very important by saying it more than once and in more than one way.
* It helps the hearer to think more deeply about the idea by saying it in different ways.
* It makes the language more beautiful and above the ordinary way of speaking.
* It shows that something is very important by saying it more than once and in more than one way.
* It helps the hearer to think more deeply about the idea by saying it in different ways.
* It makes the language more beautiful and raises it above the ordinary way of speaking.
#### Reason this is a translation issue
#### Reason This Is a Translation Issue
Some languages would not use synonymous parallelism. They would either think it odd that someone said the same thing twice, or they would think that the two phrases must have some difference in meaning. For them it is confusing, rather than beautiful.
Some languages would not use synonymous parallelism. They would either think it odd that someone said the same thing twice, or they would think that the two phrases must have some difference in meaning. For them it would be confusing, rather than beautiful.
Note: We use the term “synonymous parallelism” for long phrases or clauses that have the same meaning. We use the term [Doublet](../figs-doublet/01.md) for words or very short phrases that mean basically the same thing and are used together.
Note: We use the term “synonymous parallelism” for long phrases or clauses that have the same meaning. We use the term [Doublet](../figs-doublet/01.md) for words or very short phrases that mean basically the same thing and are used together.
### Examples from the Bible
### Examples From the Bible
**(1) The second clause or phrase means the same as the first.**
@ -66,33 +66,33 @@ This contrasts what happens when someone gives a gentle answer with what happens
For most kinds of parallelism, it is good to translate both of the clauses or phrases. For synonymous parallelism, it is good to translate both clauses if people in your language understand that the purpose of saying something twice is to strengthen a single idea. But if your language does not use parallelism in this way, then consider using one of the following translation strategies.
1. Combine the ideas of both clauses into one.
1. If it appears that the clauses are used together to show that what they say is really true, you could include words that emphasize the truth such as “truly” or “certainly.”
1. If it appears that the clauses are used together to intensify an idea in them, you could use words like “very,” “completely” or “all.”
(1) Combine the ideas of both clauses into one.
(2) If it appears that the clauses are used together to show that what they say is really true, you could include words that emphasize the truth such as “truly” or “certainly.”
(3) If it appears that the clauses are used together to intensify an idea in them, you could use words like “very,” “completely,” or “all.”
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
(1) Combine the ideas of both clauses into one.
> Until now you have deceived me and told me lies. (Judges 16:13, ULT) - Delilah expressed this idea twice to emphasize that she was very upset.
>> “Until now you have deceived me with your lies.”
> Yahweh sees everything a person does and watches all the paths he takes. (Proverbs 5:21 ULT) - The phrase “all the paths he takes” is a metaphor for “all he does.”
>> “Yahweh pays attention to everything a person does.”
> For Yahweh has a lawsuit with his people, and he will fight in court against Israel. (Micah 6:2 ULT) - This parallelism describes one serious disagreement that Yahweh had with one group of people. If this is unclear, the phrases can be combined:
>> “For Yahweh has a lawsuit with his people, Israel.”
> Until now you have dealt deceitfully with me and you have spoken lies to me. (Judges 16:13, ULT) - Delilah expressed this idea twice to emphasize that she was very upset.
> > “Until now you have deceived me with your lies.
>
> Yahweh sees everything a person does and watches all the paths he takes. (Proverbs 5:21 ULT) - The phrase “all the paths he takes” is a metaphor for “all he does.”
>
> > “Yahweh pays attention to everything a person does.”
>
> For Yahweh has a lawsuit with his people, and he will fight in court against Israel. (Micah 6:2 ULT) - This parallelism describes one serious disagreement that Yahweh had with one group of people. If this is unclear, the phrases can be combined:
> > “For Yahweh has a lawsuit with his people, Israel.”
(2) If it appears that the clauses are used together to show that what they say is really true, you could include words that emphasize the truth such as “truly” or “certainly.”
> Yahweh sees everything a person does and watches all the paths he takes. (Proverbs 5:21 ULT)
>> “Yahweh truly sees everything a person does.”
> Yahweh sees everything a person does and watches all the paths he takes. (Proverbs 5:21 ULT)
> > “Yahweh truly sees everything a person does.”
(3) If it appears that the clauses are used together to intensify an idea in them, you could use words like “very,” “completely” or “all.”
> you have deceived me and told me lies. (Judges 16:13 ULT)
>> “All you have done is lie to me.”
> Yahweh sees everything a person does and watches all the paths he takes. (Proverbs 5:21 ULT)
>> “Yahweh sees absolutely everything that a person does.”
> Until now you have dealt deceitfully with me and you have spoken lies to me. (Judges 16:13, ULT)
> > “All you have done is lie to me.”
> Yahweh sees everything a person does and watches all the paths he takes. (Proverbs 5:21 ULT)
> > “Yahweh sees absolutely everything that a person does.”

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### Description
The predictive past is a figure of speech that uses the past tense to refer to things that will happen in the future. This is sometimes done in prophecy to show that the event will certainly happen. It is also called the prophetic perfect.
> Therefore my people have gone into captivity for lack of understanding;
> their leaders go hungry, and their masses have nothing to drink. (Isaiah 5:13 ULT)
> their honored leaders go hungry, and their common people have nothing to drink. (Isaiah 5:13 ULT)
In the example above, the people of Israel had not yet gone into captivity, but God spoke of their going into captivity as if it had already happened because he had decided that they certainly would go into captivity.
#### Reason this is a translation issue:
#### Reason This Is a Translation Issue:
Readers who are not aware of the past tense being used in prophecy to refer to future events may find it confusing.
### Examples from the Bible
> Now all the entrances to Jericho were closed because of the army of Israel. No one went out and no one came in. Yahweh said to Joshua, “See, I have handed over to you Jericho, its king, and its trained soldiers.” (Joshua 6:1-2 ULT)
### Examples From the Bible
> Now Jericho was tightly closed because of the sons of Israel. No one went out and no one came in. Yahweh said to Joshua, “See, I have delivered Jericho, and its king, and its powerful soldiers into your hand." (Joshua 6:1-2 ULT)
> For to us a child has been born, to us a son has been given;
> and the rule will be on his shoulder; (Isaiah 9:6 ULT)
> and the rule will be on his shoulder. (Isaiah 9:6a ULT)
In the examples above, God spoke of things that would happen in the future as if they had already happened.
> And about these people also Enoch, the seventh in line from Adam, foretold, saying, “Look, the Lord came with tens of thousands of his holy ones, (Jude 1:14 ULT)
> But even Enoch, the seventh from Adam, prophesied about them, saying, “Look! The Lord came with thousands and thousands of his holy ones. (Jude 1:14 ULT)
Enoch was speaking of something that would happen in the future, but he used the past tense when he said “the Lord came.”
@ -34,24 +31,25 @@ Enoch was speaking of something that would happen in the future, but he used the
If the past tense would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consider using it. If not, here are some other options.
1. Use the future tense to refer to future events.
1. If it refers to something in the immediate future, use a form that would show that.
1. Some languages may use the present tense to show that something will happen very soon.
(1) Use the future tense to refer to future events.
(2) If it refers to something in the immediate future, use a form that would show that.
(3) Some languages may use the present tense to show that something will happen very soon.
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
(1) Use the future tense to refer to future events.
> For to us a child **has been born**, to us a son **has been given**; (Isaiah 9:6a ULT)
>> “For to us a child **will be born**, to us a son **will be given**;
> For to us a child **has been born**, to us a son **has been given**. (Isaiah 9:6a ULT)
>> “For to us a child **will be born**, to us a son **will be given**.
(2) If it refers to something that would happen very soon, use a form that shows that.
> Yahweh said to Joshua, “See, I **have handed** over to you Jericho, its king, and its trained soldiers.” (Joshua 6:2 ULT)
>> Yahweh said to Joshua, “See, I **am about to hand** over to you Jericho, its king, and its trained soldiers.”
> Yahweh said to Joshua, “See, I have delivered Jericho, and its king, and its powerful soldiers into your hand. (Joshua 6:2 ULT)
>
> > Yahweh said to Joshua, “See, I **am about to deliver** over to you Jericho, its king, and its powerful soldiers.”
(3) Some languages may use the present tense to show that something will happen very soon.
> Yahweh said to Joshua, “See, I **have handed** over to you Jericho, its king, and its trained soldiers.” (Joshua 6:2 ULT)
>> Yahweh said to Joshua, “See, I **am handing** over to you Jericho, its king, and its trained soldiers.”
> Yahweh said to Joshua, “See, I have delivered Jericho, and its king, and its powerful soldiers into your hand.” (Joshua 6:2 ULT)
>
> > Yahweh said to Joshua, “See, I **am delivering** over to you Jericho, its king, and its powerful soldiers.”

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### Description
Personification is a figure of speech in which someone speaks of something as if it could do things that animals or people can do. People often do this because it makes it easier to talk about things that we cannot see:
because personification makes it easier to talk about things we cannot see, such as wisdom or sin. For example:
Such as wisdom:
> Does not Wisdom call out? (Proverbs 8:1 ULT)
> Does not Wisdom call out? (Proverbs 8:1a ULT)
Or sin:
> sin crouches at the door (Genesis 4:7 ULT)
> Sin crouches at the door. (Genesis 4:7b ULT)
People also do this because it is sometimes easier to talk about people’s relationships with non-human things, such as wealth, as if they were relationships between people.
People also use personification because it is sometimes easier to talk about people’s relationships with non-human things such as wealth as if they were relationships between people.
> You cannot serve God and wealth. (Matthew 6:24 ULT)
> You cannot serve God and wealth. (Matthew 6:24b ULT)
In each case, the purpose of the personification is to highlight a certain characteristic of the non-human thing. As in metaphor, the reader needs to think of the way that the thing is like a certain kind of person.
### Reasons this is a translation issue
#### Reasons This Is a Translation Issue
* Some languages do not use personification.
* Some languages use personification only in certain situations.
### Examples from the Bible
### Examples From the Bible
> You cannot serve God and wealth. (Matthew 6:24 ULT)
> You cannot **serve** God and wealth. (Matthew 6:24b ULT)
Jesus speaks of wealth as if it were a master whom people might serve. Loving money and basing one’s decisions on it is like serving it as a slave would serve his master.
> Does not Wisdom call out? Does not Understanding raise her voice? (Proverbs 8:1 ULT)
> Does not Wisdom **call** out? Does not Understanding **raise her voice**? (Proverbs 8:1 ULT)
The author speaks of wisdom and understanding as if they are a woman who calls out to teach people. This means that they are not something hidden, but something obvious that people should pay attention to.
The author speaks of wisdom and understanding as if they were woman who calls out to teach people. This means that they are not something hidden, but something obvious that people should pay attention to.
### Translation Strategies
If the personification would be understood clearly, consider using it. If it would not be understood, here are some other ways for translating it.
1. Add words or phrases to make the human (or animal) characteristic clear.
1. In addition to Strategy (1), use words such as “like” or “as” to show that the sentence is not to be understood literally.
1. Find a way to translate it without the personification.
(1) Add words or phrases to make the human (or animal) characteristic clear.
(2) In addition to Strategy (1), use words such as “like” or “as” to show that the sentence is not to be understood literally.
(3) Find a way to translate it without the personification.
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
(1) Add words or phrases to make the human (or animal) characteristic clear.
> …**sin crouches** at the door (Genesis 4:7 ULT) - God speaks of sin as if it were a wild animal that is waiting for the chance to attack. This shows how dangerous sin is. An additional phrase can be added to make this danger clear.
> **Sin crouches** at the door. (Genesis 4:7b ULT) - God speaks of sin as if it were a wild animal that is waiting for the chance to attack. This shows how dangerous sin is. An additional phrase can be added to make this danger clear.
>> …**sin** is at your door, **waiting to attack you**
>> **Sin** is at your door, **waiting to attack you.**
(2) In addition to Strategy (1), use words such as “like” or “as” to show that the sentence is not to be understood literally.
> …sin crouches at the door (Genesis 4:7 ULT) - This can be translated with the word “as.”
>Sin crouches at the door. (Genesis 4:7b ULT) - This can be translated with the word “as.”
>> …sin is crouching at the door, **just as a wild animal does waiting to attack a person** .
>> Sin is crouching at the door, **just as a wild animal does as it waits to attack a person.** .
(3) Find a way to translate it without the personification.
> …even the **winds and the sea obey him** (Matthew 8:27 ULT) - The men speak of the “wind and the sea” as if they are able to hear and obey Jesus, just as people can. This could also be translated without the idea of obedience by speaking of Jesus controlling them.
> Even the **winds and the sea obey him**. (Matthew 8:27b ULT) - The men speak of the “wind and the sea” as if they are able to hear and obey Jesus, just as people can. This could also be translated without the idea of obedience by speaking of Jesus controlling them.
>> He even **controls the winds and the sea**.

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### Description
In common English, “possession” refers to having something, or to something that a person has. In English that grammatical relationship is shown by using the word **”of”**, by using an apostrophe and the letter **s**, or by using a possessive pronoun.
In common English, possession refers to having something, or to something that a person has. In English, that grammatical relationship is shown by using the word **”**of**,”** by using an apostrophe and the letter "s", or by using a possessive pronoun.
* the house **of** my grandfather
* my grandfather**‘s** house
@ -20,37 +20,36 @@ Possession is used in Hebrew, Greek, and English for a variety of situations. He
* my head - the head that is part of my body
* the roof of a house - the roof that is part of a house
#### Reasons this is a translation issue
#### Reasons This Is a Translation Issue
* You (the translator) need to understand the relationship between two ideas represented by the two nouns when one possesses the other.
* Some languages do not use possession for all of the situations that your source text Bible might use it for.
### Examples from the Bible
### Examples From the Bible
**Ownership** - In the example below, the son owned the money.
> …the younger son…wasted **his money** with wildly extravagant living. (Luke 15:13)
> The younger son … wasted his wealth by living recklessly. (Luke 15:13b)
**Social Relationship** - In the example below, the disciples were people who learned from John.
> Then **the disciples of John** came to him…, (Matthew 9:14 ULT)
> Then **the disciples of John** came to him. (Matthew 9:14a ULT)
**Material** - In the example below, the material used for making the crowns was gold.
> On their heads were something like **crowns of gold** (Revelation 9:7)
> On their heads were something like **crowns of gold.** (Revelation 9:7b)
**Contents** - In the example below, the cup has water in it.
> Whoever gives you **a cup of water** to drink…will not lose his reward. (Mark 9:41 ULT)
> For whoever gives you **a cup of water** to drink … will not lose his reward. (Mark 9:41 ULT)
**Part of a whole** - In the example below, the door was a part of the palace.
> But Uriah slept at **the door of the king’s palace** (2 Samuel 11:9 ULT)
> But Uriah slept at **the door of the king’s palace.** (2 Samuel 11:9a ULT)
**Part of a group** - In the example below, “us” refers to the whole group and “each one” refers to the individual members.
> To **each one of us** has been given a gift (Ephesians 4:7 ULT)
> Now to **each one of us** grace has been given according to the measure of the gift of Christ. (Ephesians 4:7 ULT)
#### Events and Possession
@ -62,59 +61,65 @@ Sometimes one or both of the nouns is an abstract noun that refers to an event o
In the example below, **Christ loves us**.
> Who will separate us from **the **love** of Christ**? (Romans 3:35)
> Who will separate us from the **love of Christ**? (Romans 8:35)
**Object** - Sometimes the word after “of” tells who or what something would happen to. In the example below, **people love money**.
> For **the **love** of money** is a root of all kinds of evil. (1 Timothy 6:10 ULT)
> For the **love of money** is a root of all kinds of evil. (1 Timothy 6:10a ULT)
**Instrument** - Sometimes the word after “of” tells how something would happen. In the example below, God would **punish people by sending enemies to attack them with swords**.
> then be afraid of the sword, because wrath brings **the **punishment** of the sword** (Job 19:29 ULT)
> Then be afraid of the sword, because wrath brings **the punishment of the sword**. (Job 19:29a ULT)
**Representation** - In the example below, John was baptizing people who were repenting of their sins. They were being baptized to show that they were repenting. Their **baptism represented their repentance**.
> As John came, he was baptizing in the wilderness and was preaching **a **baptism** of repentance** for the forgiveness of sins. (Mark 1:4 ULT)
> John came, baptizing in the wilderness and preaching **a baptism of repentance** for the forgiveness of sins. (Mark 1:4 ULT)
### Strategies for learning what the relationship is between the two nouns
1. Read the surrounding verses to see if they help you to understand the relationship between the two nouns.
1. Read the verse in the UST. Sometimes it shows the relationship clearly.
1. See what the notes say about it.
(1) Read the surrounding verses to see if they help you to understand the relationship between the two nouns.
(2) Read the verse in the UST. Sometimes it shows the relationship clearly.
(3) See what the notes say about it.
### Translation Strategies
If possession would be a natural way to show a particular relationship between two nouns, consider using it. If it would be strange or hard to understand, consider these.
1. Use an adjective to show that one describes the other.
1. Use a verb to show how the two are related.
1. If one of the nouns refers to an event, translate it as a verb.
(1) Use an adjective to show that one noun describes the other.
(2) Use a verb to show how the two are related.
(3) If one of the nouns refers to an event, translate it as a verb.
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
(1) Use an adjective to show that one describes the other. The adjective below is in **bold** print.
(1) Use an adjective to show that one noun describes the other. The adjective below is in bold print.
> On their heads were something like **crowns of gold** (Revelation 9:7)
>> “On their heads were **gold crowns** “
> On their heads were something like **crowns of gold.** (Revelation 9:7b)
>
> > “On their heads were **gold crowns**“
(2) Use a verb to show how the two are related. In the example below, the added verb is in bold.
> …Whoever gives you **a cup of water** to drink…will not lose his reward. (Mark 9:41 ULT)
>> …Whoever gives you **a cup that **has** water in it** to drink…will not lose his reward.
> Wealth is worthless on **the day of wrath** (Proverbs 11:4 ULT)
>> Wealth is worthless on **the day when God **shows** his wrath.**
>> Wealth is worthless on the **day when God **punishes** people because of his wrath**.
> Whoever gives you **a cup of water** to drink … will not lose his reward. (Mark 9:41 ULT)
>
> > Whoever gives you a **cup that has water in it** to drink … will not lose his reward.
>
> Wealth is worthless on **the day of wrath** (Proverbs 11:4a ULT)
>
> > Wealth is worthless on **the day when God shows his wrath**. 
> >
> > Wealth is worthless on the **day when God punishes people because of his wrath**.
(3) If one of the nouns refers to an event, translate it as a verb. In the example below, that verb is in bold.
> Notice that I am not speaking to your children, who have not known or seen **the punishment of Yahweh your God**, (Deuteronomy 11:2 ULT)
>> Notice that I am not speaking to your children who have not known or seen **how Yahweh your God **punished** the people of Egypt.**
> You will only observe and see the **punishment of the wicked**. (Psalms 91:8 ULT)
>> You will only observe and see **how Yahweh **punishes** the wicked**.
> …you will receive the gift **of the Holy Spirit**. (Acts 2:38 ULT)
>> …you will receive **the Holy Spirit, whom God will **give** to you**.
> Notice that I am not speaking to your children, who have not known or seen **the punishment of Yahweh your God.** (Deuteronomy 11:2a ULT)
>
> > Notice that I am not speaking to your children who have not known or seen **how Yahweh your God punished the people of Egypt**.
>
> You will only observe and see the **punishment of the wicked**. (Psalms 91:8 ULT)
>
> > You will only observe and see **how Yahweh punishes the wicked**.
>
> You will receive the gift **of the Holy Spirit**. (Acts 2:38b ULT)
>
> > You will receive the **Holy Spirit, whom God will give to you**.

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### Description
Pronouns are words that people might use to refer to someone or something instead of using a noun. Some examples are “I,” “you,” “he,” “it,” “this,” “that,” “himself,” “someone,” and others. Personal pronouns are the most common type of pronoun.
Pronouns are words that people might use instead of using a noun when referring to someone or something. Some examples are “I,” “you,” “he,” “it,” “this,” “that,” “himself,” “someone,” and others. The personal pronouns is the most common type of pronoun.
### Personal Pronouns
Personal pronouns refer to people or things and show if the speaker is referring to himself, the person he is speaking to, or someone or something else. The following are kinds of information that personal pronouns may give. Other types of pronouns may give some of this information, as well.
Personal pronouns refer to people or things and show whether the speaker is referring to himself, the person he is speaking to, or someone or something else. The following are kinds of information that personal pronouns may provide. Other types of pronouns may give some of this information, as well.
#### Person
@ -18,10 +16,10 @@ Personal pronouns refer to people or things and show if the speaker is referring
#### Number
* Singular - one (I, you, he, she, it)
* Plural - more than one (we, you, they)
* [Singular Pronouns that Refer to Groups](../figs-youcrowd/01.md)
* Dual - two (Some languages have pronouns for specifically two people or two things.)
* Singular - one (I, you, he, she, it)
* Plural - more than one (we, you, they)
* [Singular Pronouns that Refer to Groups](../figs-youcrowd/01.md)
* Dual - two (Some languages have pronouns specifically for two people or two things.)
#### Gender
@ -40,26 +38,26 @@ Personal pronouns refer to people or things and show if the speaker is referring
**[Reflexive Pronouns](../figs-rpronouns/01.md)** refer to another noun or pronoun in the same sentence: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves.
* **John saw **himself** in the mirror.** - The word “himself” refers to John.
* John saw **himself** in the mirror. - The word "himself" refers to John.
**Interrogative Pronouns** are used to make a question that needs more than just a yes or no for an answer: who, whom, whose, what, where, when, why, how
**Interrogative Pronouns** are used to make a question that needs more than just a yes or no for an answer: what, which, who, whom, whose.
* **Who** built the house?
**Relative Pronouns** mark a relative clause. They give more information about a noun in the main part of the sentence: that, which, who, whom, where, when
**Relative Pronouns** mark a relative clause. The relative pronouns, who, whom, whose, which and that give more information about a noun in the main part of the sentence. Sometimes, the relative adverbs when and where can also be used as relative pronouns.
* **I saw the house **that** John built.** The clause “that John built” tells which house I saw.
* **I saw the man **who** built the house.** The clause “who built the house” tells which man I saw.
* I saw the house **that John built**. The clause “that John built” tells which house I saw.
* I saw the man **who built the house**. The clause “who built the house” tells which man I saw.
**Demonstrative Pronouns** are used to draw attention to someone or something and to show distance from the speaker or something else: this, these, that, those.
**Demonstrative Pronouns** are used to draw attention to someone or something and to show distance from the speaker or something else. The demonstrative pronouns are: this, these, that, and those.
* **Have you seen **this** here?**
* **Who is **that** over there?**
* Have you seen **this** here?
* Who is **that** over there?
**Indefinite pronouns** are used when no particular noun is being referred to: any, anyone, someone, anything, something, some. Sometimes a personal pronoun is used in a generic way to do this: you, they, he or it.
**Indefinite pronouns** are used when no particular noun is being referred to. The indefinite pronouns are: any, anyone, someone, anything, something, and some. Sometimes a personal pronoun is used in a generic way to do this: you, they, he or it.
* **He does not want to talk to **anyone**.**
* **Someone** fixed it, but I do not know who.
* **They** say that **you** should not wake a sleeping dog.
* He does not want to talk to **anyone**.
* **Someone** fixed it, but I do not know who.
* **They** say that **you** should not wake a sleeping dog.
In the last example, “they” and “you” just refer to people in general.

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### Description
There are two kinds of quotations: direct quotation and indirect quotation.
There are two kinds of quotations: direct quotations and indirect quotations.
A **direct quotation** occurs when someone reports what another person said from the viewpoint of that original speaker. People usually expect that this kind of quotation will represent the original speaker’s exact words. In the example below, John would have said “I” when referring to himself, so the narrator, who is reporting John’s words, uses the word “I” in the quotation to refer to John. To show that these are John’s exact words, many languages put the words between quotation marks:“.”
A direct quotation occurs when someone reports what another person said from the viewpoint of that original speaker. People usually expect that this kind of quotation will represent the original speaker’s exact words. In the example below, John would have said “I” when referring to himself, so the narrator, who is reporting John’s words, uses the word “I” in the quotation to refer to John. To show that these are John’s exact words, many languages put the words between quotation marks:“.”
* John said, “**I** do not know at what time **I** will arrive.”
An **indirect quotation** occurs when a speaker reports what someone else said, but in this case, the speaker is reporting it from his own point of view instead of from the original person’s point of view. This kind of quotation usually features changes in pronouns, and it often features changes in time, in word choices, and in length. In the example below, the narrator refers to John as “he” in the quotation and uses the word “would,” to replace the future tense indicated by “will.”
An indirect quotation occurs when a speaker reports what someone else said, but in this case, the speaker is reporting it from his own point of view instead and not from the original person's point of view. This kind of quotation usually contains changes in pronouns, and it often includes changes in time, in word choices, and in length. In the example below, the narrator refers to John as “he” in the quotation and uses the word “would” to replace the future tense, indicated by “will.”
* John said that **he** did not know at what time **he** would arrive.
### Why this is a translation issue
### Reason This Is a Translation Issue
In some languages, reported speech can be expressed by either direct or indirect quotations. In other languages, it is more natural to use one rather than the other, or there is a certain meaning implied by using one rather than the other. So for each quotation, translators need to decide whether it is best to translate it as a direct quotation or an indirect quotation.
In some languages, reported speech can be expressed by either direct or indirect quotations. In other languages, it is more natural to use one than the other. There may be a certain meaning implied by using one rather than the other. So for each quotation, translators need to decide whether it is best to translate it as a direct quotation or as an indirect quotation.
### Examples from the Bible
### Examples From the Bible
The verses in the examples below contain both direct and indirect quotations. In the explanation below the verse, we have underlined the quotations.
> He instructed him to tell no one, but told him, “Go on your way, and show yourself to the priest and offer a sacrifice for your cleansing, according to what Moses commanded, for a testimony to them.” (Luke 5:14 ULT)
The verses in the examples below contain both direct and indirect quotations. In the explanation below the verse, we have marked in bold the words that are quoted.
* Indirect quote: He instructed him **to tell no one**,
* Direct quote: but told him, “**Go on your way, and show yourself to the priest…** “
> And he commanded him to tell no one, but, “Go, show yourself to the priest and offer a sacrifice for your cleansing, according to what Moses commanded, for a testimony to them.” (Luke 5:14 ULT)
> Being asked by the Pharisees when the kingdom of God would come, Jesus answered them and said, “The kingdom of God is not something that can be observed. Neither will they say, ‘Look here!’ or, ‘Look there!’ because the kingdom of God is among you.” (Luke 17:20-21 ULT)
* Indirect quote: He commanded him **to tell no one**,
* Direct quote: but told him, “**Go, show yourself to the priest …** “
* Indirect quote: Being asked by the Pharisees **when the kingdom of God would come,**
* Direct quote: Jesus answered them and said, “**The kingdom of God is not something that can be observed. Neither will they say, ‘Look here!’ or, ‘Look there!’ because the kingdom of God is among you.** “
* Direct quotes: Neither will they say, ‘**Look here!** ‘ or, ‘**Look there!** ‘
> And being asked by the Pharisees when the kingdom of God was coming, he answered them and said, “The kingdom of God is not coming with careful observation. **21** Neither will they say, ‘Look, here it is!’ or ‘There it is!’ For indeed, the kingdom of God is among you.”
>
> And being asked by the Pharisees when the kingdom of God was coming, he answered them and said, “The kingdom of God is not coming with careful observation. Neither will they say, ‘Look, here it is!’ or ‘There it is!’ For indeed, the kingdom of God is among you.” (Luke 17:20-21 ULT)
* Indirect quote: Being asked by the Pharisees **when the kingdom of God was coming,**
* Direct quote: he answered them and said, “**The kingdom of God is not coming with careful observation. Neither will they say, ‘Look. here it is!’ or ‘There it is!’ For indeed, the kingdom of God is among you.** “
* Direct quotes: Neither will they say, ‘**Look, here it is!** ‘ or, **T****here it is!** ‘
### Translation Strategies
If the kind of quote used in the source text would work well in your language, consider using it. If the kind of quote used in that context is not natural for your language, follow these strategies.
1. If a direct quote would not work well in your language, change it to an indirect quote.
1. If an indirect quote would not work well in your language, change it to a direct quote.
(1) If a direct quote would not work well in your language, change it to an indirect quote.
(2) If an indirect quote would not work well in your language, change it to a direct quote.
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
(1) If a direct quote would not work well in your language, change it to an indirect quote.
> He instructed him to tell no one, but told him, “**Go on your way, and show yourself to the priest and offer a sacrifice for your cleansing, according to what Moses commanded, for a testimony to them.**“ (Luke 5:14 ULT)
>> He instructed him to tell no one, but **to go on his way, and to show himself to the priest and to offer a sacrifice for his cleansing, according to what Moses commanded, for a testimony to them**.”
> And he commanded him to tell no one, but, “**Go, show yourself to the priest and offer a sacrifice for your cleansing, according to what Moses commanded, for a testimony to them.**” (Luke 5:14 ULT)
>
> > He commanded him to tell no one, but **to go and show himself to the priest and offer a sacrifice for his cleansing according to what Moses commanded, for a testimony to them**.”
(2) If an indirect quote would not work well in your language, change it to a direct quote.
(2) If an indirect quote would not work well in your language, change it to a direct quote.
> He instructed him, **to tell no one**, but told him, “Go on your way, and show yourself to the priest and offer a sacrifice for your cleansing, according to what Moses commanded, for a testimony to them.” (Luke 5:14 ULT)
>> He instructed him, “**Tell no one**. Just go on your way, and show yourself to the priest and offer a sacrifice for your cleansing, according to what Moses commanded, for a testimony to them.”
> And he commanded him **to tell no one,** but, “Go, show yourself to the priest and offer a sacrifice for your cleansing, according to what Moses commanded, for a testimony to them.” (Luke 5:14 ULT)
>
> > He commanded him, “**Tell no one**. Just go and show yourself to the priest and offer a sacrifice for your cleansing according to what Moses commanded, for a testimony to them.”
You may also want to watch the video at http://ufw.io/figs_quotations.
You may also want to watch the video at http://ufw.io/figs\_quotations.

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### Description
Some languages use quotation marks to mark off direct quotes from the rest of the text. English uses the mark “ before and after a quote.
Some languages use quotation marks to mark off direct quotes from the rest of the text. English uses the mark “ immediately before and after a quote.
* John said, “I do not know when I will arrive.”
@ -10,63 +8,66 @@ Quotation marks are not used with indirect quotes.
* John said that he did not know when he would arrive.
When there are many layers of quotes inside of quotes, it might be hard for readers to understand who is saying what. Alternating two kinds of quote marks can help careful readers to keep track of them. In English the outermost quote has double quote marks, and the next quote inside has single marks. The next quote inside of that has double quote marks.
When there are several layers of quotations inside of other quotations, it might be hard for readers to understand who is saying what. Alternating two kinds of quotation marks can help careful readers to keep track of them. In English, the outermost quotation has double quote marks, and the next quotation within it has single marks. If there is a third embedded quote, that quotation again has double quotation marks.
* Mary said, “John said, ‘I do not know when I will arrive.’ “
* Bob said, “Mary said, ‘John said, “I do not know when I will arrive.” ‘ “
* Mary said, “John said, ‘I do not know when I will arrive.’ “
* Bob said, “Mary told me, ‘John said, “I do not know when I will arrive.” ‘ “
Some languages use other kinds of quotation marks: Here are some examples: ‚ ‘ „ “ ‹ › « » ⁊ — .
### Examples from the Bible
### Examples From the Bible
The examples below show the kind of quote marking used in the ULT.
The examples below show the kind of quotation markings used in the ULT.
#### A quotation with only one layer
A first layer direct quote has double quote marks around it.
> So the king replied, “That is Elijah the Tishbite.” (2 Kings 1:8 ULT)
A first layer direct quote has double quotation marks around it.
> So the king replied, “That is Elijah the Tishbite.” (2 Kings 1:8b ULT)
#### Quotations with two layers
A second layer direct quote has single quote marks around it. We have underlined it and the phrase for you to see it clearly.
> They asked him, “Who is the man that said to you, **‘Pick up your bed and walk’**?” (John 5:12 ULT)
> …he sent two of the disciples, saying, “Go into the next village. As you enter, you will find a colt that has never been ridden. Untie it and bring it to me. If any one asks you, **‘Why are you untying it?’** say, **‘The Lord has need of it.’**“ (Luke 19:29-31 ULT)
A second layer direct quote has single quotation marks around it. We have printed it and the phrase in bold type for you to see them clearly.
> They asked him, “Who is the man who said to you, **‘Pick it up and walk’**?” (John 5:12 ULT)
>
> He sent two of the disciples, saying, “Go into the village ahead of you. As you enter, you will find a colt that has never been ridden. Untie it and bring it to me. If any one asks you, **‘Why are you untying it?’** you will say thus, **‘The Lord has need of it.’**“ (Luke 19:29b-31 ULT)
#### A quotation with three layers
A third layer direct quote has double quote marks around it. We have underlined it for you to see it clearly.
> Abraham said, “Because I thought, ‘Surely there is no fear of God in this place, and they will kill me because of my wife.’ Besides, she is indeed my sister, the daughter of my father, but not the daughter of my mother; and she became my wife. When God caused me to leave my father’s house and travel from place to place, I said to her, ‘You must show me this faithfulness as my wife: At every place where we go, say about me, **“He is my brother.”** ‘ “ (Genesis 20:10-13 ULT)
A third layer direct quote has double quotation marks around it. We have printed it in bold type for you to see them clearly.
> Abraham said, “Because I thought, ‘Surely there is no fear of God in this place, and they will kill me because of my wife.’ Besides, she is indeed my sister, the daughter of my father, but not the daughter of my mother; and she became my wife. When God caused me to leave my father’s house and travel from place to place, I said to her, ‘You must show me this faithfulness as my wife: At every place where we go, say about me, “**He is my brother**.”’” (Genesis 20:11-13 ULT)
#### A quotation with four layers
A fourth layer direct quote has single quote marks around it. We have underlined it for you to see it clearly.
> They said to him, “A man came to meet us who said to us, ‘Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, “Yahweh says this: **‘Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.’** “ ‘ “ (2 Kings 1:5-6 ULT)
A fourth layer direct quote has single quotation marks around it. We have printed it in bold for you to see it clearly.
> They said to him, “A man came to meet us who said to us, ‘Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, “Yahweh says this: **‘Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.’** “ ‘ “ (2 Kings 1:6 ULT)
### Quote Marking Strategies
Here are some ways you may be able to help readers see where each quote starts and ends so they can more easily know who said what.
1. Alternate two kinds of quote marks to show layers of direct quotation. English alternates double quote marks and single quote marks.
1. Translate one or some of the quotes as indirect quotes in order to use fewer quote marks, since indirect quotes do not need them. (See [Direct and Indirect Quotations](../figs-quotations/01.md).)
1. If a quotation is very long and has many layers of quotation in it, indent the main overall quote, and use quote marks only for the direct quotes inside of it.
(1) Alternate two kinds of quote marks to show layers of direct quotation. English alternates double quote marks and single quote marks.
(2) Translate one or some of the quotes as indirect quotes in order to use fewer quote marks, since indirect quotes do not need them. (See [Direct and Indirect Quotations](../figs-quotations/01.md).)
(3) If a quotation is very long and has many layers of quotation in it, indent the main overall quote, and use quote marks only for the direct quotes inside of it.
### Examples of Quote Marking Strategies Applied
(1) Alternate two kinds of quote marks to show layers of direct quotation as shown in the ULT text below.
(1) Alternate two kinds of quotation marks to show layers of direct quotation as shown in the ULT text below.
> They said to him, “A man came to meet us who said to us, ‘Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, “Yahweh says this: ‘Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.’“‘“ (2 Kings 1:6 ULT)
(2) Translate one or some of the quotes as indirect quotes in order to use fewer quote marks, since indirect quotes do not need them. In English the word “that” can introduce an indirect quote. In the example below, everything after the word “that” is an indirect quote of what the messengers said to the king. Within that indirect quote, there are some direct quotes marked with “ and ‘.
(2) Translate one or more of the quotes as indirect quotes in order to use fewer quotation marks, since indirect quotes do not need them. In English, the word “that” can introduce an indirect quote. In the example below, everything after the word “that” is an indirect quote of what the messengers said to the king. Within that indirect quote, there are some direct quotes marked with double and single quotation marks.
> They said to him, “A man came to meet us who said to us, ‘Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, “Yahweh says this: ‘Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.’“ ‘“ (2 Kings 1:6 ULT)
> They said to him, “A man came to meet us who said to us, ‘Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, “Yahweh says this: ‘Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.’“‘“ (2 Kings 1:6 ULT)
>> They told him **that** a man came to meet them who said to them, “Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, ‘Yahweh says this: “Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.”‘“
>> They told him **that** a man came to meet them who said to them, “Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, ‘Yahweh says this: “Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.”‘“
(3) If a quotation is very long and has many layers of quotation in it, indent the main overall quote, and use quote marks only for the direct quotes inside of it.
> They said to him, “A man came to meet us who said to us, ‘Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, “Yahweh says this: ‘Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.’“‘“ (2 Kings 1:6 ULT)
>> They said to him,
>>> A man came to meet us who said to us, “Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, ‘Yahweh says this: “Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.”‘“
>>> A man came to meet us who said to us, “Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, ‘Yahweh says this: “Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.”‘“

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### Description
A quotation may have a quote within it, and quotes that are inside of other quotes can also have quotes within them. When a quote has quotes within it, we say there are “layers” of quotation, and each of the quotes is a layer. When there are many layers of quotes inside of quotes, it can be hard for listeners and readers to know who is saying what. Some languages use a combination of direct quotes and indirect quotes to make it easier.
@ -27,13 +25,13 @@ The outermost layer is what Jesus said to Pilate. The second layer is what Pilat
#### A quotation with three layers
> Abraham said, “…I said to her, ‘You must show me this faithfulness as my wife: At every place where we go, say about me, **“He is my brother.”** ‘ “ (Genesis 20:10-13 ULT)
> Abraham said, “…I said to her, ‘You must show me this faithfulness as my wife: At every place where we go, say about me, **“He is my brother.”**‘“ (Genesis 20:10-13 ULT)
The outermost layer is what Abraham said to Abimelech. The second layer is what Abraham had told his wife. The third layer is what he wanted his wife to say. (We have underlined the third layer.)
#### A quotation with four layers
> They said to him, “A man came to meet us who said to us, ‘Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, “Yahweh says this: **‘Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.’** “ ‘ “ (2 Kings 1:6 ULT)
> They said to him, “A man came to meet us who said to us, ‘Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, “Yahweh says this: **‘Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.’**“‘“ (2 Kings 1:6 ULT)
The outermost layer is what the messengers said to the king. The second layer is what the man who had met the messengers told them. The third is what that man wanted the messengers to say to the king. The fourth is what Yahweh said. (We have underlined the fourth layer.)
@ -53,9 +51,10 @@ Some languages use only direct quotes. Other languages use a combination of dire
(2) Translate one or some of the quotes as indirect quotes. In English the word “that” can come before indirect quotes. It is underlined in the examples below. The pronouns that changed because of the indirect quote are also underlined.
> Then Yahweh spoke to Moses and said, “I have heard the grumbling of the Israelites. Tell them, ‘At twilight you will eat meat, and in the morning you will be filled with bread. Then you will know that I am Yahweh your God.’ “ (Exodus 16:11-12 ULT)
>> Then Yahweh spoke to Moses and said, “I have heard the grumbling of the Israelites. Tell them **that** at twilight **they** will eat meat, and in the morning **they** will be filled with bread. Then **they** will know that I am Yahweh **their** God.”
> They said to him, “A man came to meet us who said to us, ‘Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, “Yahweh says this: ‘Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.’“‘“ (2 Kings 1:6 ULT)
>> They told him **that** a man had come to meet **them** who said to **them**, “Go back to the king who sent you, and tell him **that** Yahweh says this: ‘Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.’“
> Then Yahweh spoke to Moses and said, “I have heard the grumbling of the Israelites. Tell them, ‘At twilight you will eat meat, and in the morning you will be filled with bread. Then you will know that I am Yahweh your God.’ “ (Exodus 16:11-12 ULT)
>
> > Then Yahweh spoke to Moses and said, “I have heard the grumbling of the Israelites. Tell them **that** at twilight **they** will eat meat, and in the morning **they** will be filled with bread. Then **they** will know that I am Yahweh **their** God.”
>
> They said to him, “A man came to meet us who said to us, ‘Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, “Yahweh says this: ‘Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.’“‘“ (2 Kings 1:6 ULT)
>
> > They told him **that** a man had come to meet **them** who said to **them**, “Go back to the king who sent you, and tell him **that** Yahweh says this: ‘Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.’“

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@ -1,10 +1,8 @@
### Description
All languages have ways of showing that the same person fills two different roles in a sentence. English does this by using **reflexive pronouns**. These are pronouns that refer to someone or something that has already been mentioned in a sentence. In English the reflexive pronouns are: “myself,” “yourself,” “himself,” “herself,” “itself,” “ourselves,” “yourselves,” and “themselves.” Other languages may have other ways to show this.
All languages have ways of showing that the same person fills two different roles in a sentence. English does this by using reflexive pronouns. These are pronouns that refer to someone or something that has already been mentioned in a sentence. In English the reflexive pronouns are: “myself,” “yourself,” “himself,” “herself,” “itself,” “ourselves,” “yourselves,” and “themselves.” Other languages may have other ways to show this.
### Reason this is a translation issue
#### Reason This Is a Translation Issue
* Languages have different ways of showing that the same person fills two different roles in a sentence. For those languages, translators will need to know how to translate the English reflexive pronouns.
* The reflexive pronouns in English also have other functions.
@ -16,46 +14,47 @@ All languages have ways of showing that the same person fills two different role
* To show that someone did something alone
* To show that someone or something was alone
### Examples from the Bible
### Examples From the Bible
Reflexive pronouns are used to show the same person or thing fills two different roles in a sentence.
> If **I** should testify about **myself** alone, my testimony would not be true. (John 5:31 ULT)
> If **I** should testify about **myself**, my testimony would not be true. (John 5:31 ULT)
> Now the Passover of the Jews was near, and **many** went up to Jerusalem out of the country before the Passover in order to purify **themselves**. (John 11:55 ULT)
> Now the Passover of the Jews was near, and **many** went up to Jerusalem from the country before the Passover in order to purify **themselves**. (John 11:55 ULT)
Reflexive pronouns are used to emphasize a person or thing in the sentence.
> **Jesus himself** was not baptizing, but his disciples were (John 4:2 ULT)
> **Jesus himself** was not baptizing, but his disciples were. (John 4:2 ULT)
> So they left the crowd, taking Jesus with them, since he was already in the boat. Other boats were also with him. And a violent windstorm arose and the waves were breaking into the boat so that the boat was already full. But **Jesus himself** was in the stern, asleep on a cushion. (Mark 4:36-38 ULT)
> So they left the crowd, taking Jesus with them, just as he was, in the boat. There also were other boats with him. Then a violent windstorm arose and the waves were breaking into the boat so that the boat was already full of water. But **Jesus himself** was in the stern, asleep on the cushion. (Mark 4:36-38a ULT)
Reflexive pronouns are used to show that someone did something alone.
> When Jesus realized that they were about to come and seize him by force to make him king, he withdrew again up the mountain **by himself**. (John 6:15 ULT)
Reflexive pronouns are used to show that someone or something was alone.
> He saw the linen cloths lying there and the cloth that had been on his head. **It** was not lying with the linen cloths but was rolled up in its place **by itself**. (John 20:6-7 ULT)
> He saw the linen cloths lying there and the cloth that had been on his head. **It** was not lying with the linen cloths but was folded up in a place **by itself**. (John 20:6b-7 ULT)
### Translation Strategies
If a reflexive pronoun would have the same function in your language, consider using it. If not, here are some other strategies.
1. In some languages people put something on the verb to show that the object of the verb is the same as the subject.
1. In some languages people emphasize a certain person or thing by referring to it in a special place in the sentence.
1. In some languages people emphasize a certain person or thing by adding something to that word or putting another word with it.
1. In some languages people show that someone did something alone by using a word like “alone.”
1. In some languages people show that something was alone by using a phrase that tells about where it was.
(1) In some languages people put something on the verb to show that the object of the verb is the same as the subject.
(2) In some languages people emphasize a certain person or thing by referring to it in a special place in the sentence.
(3) In some languages people emphasize a certain person or thing by adding something to that word or putting another word with it.
(4) In some languages people show that someone did something alone by using a word like “alone.”
(5) In some languages people show that something was alone by using a phrase that tells about where it was.
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
(1) In some languages people put something on the verb to show that the object of the verb is the same as the subject.
(1) In some languages people modify the verb to show that the object of the verb is the same as the subject.
> If I should testify about **myself** alone, my testimony would not be true. (John 5:31)
>> “If I should **self-testify** alone, my testimony would not be true.”
> Now the Passover of the Jews was near, and many went up to Jerusalem out of the country before the Passover in order to **purify themselves**. (John 11:55)
>> “Now the Passover of the Jews was near, and many went up to Jerusalem out of the country before the Passover in order to **self-purify**.”
> Now the Passover of the Jews was near, and many went up to Jerusalem from the country before the Passover in order to **purify themselves**. (John 11:55)
>> “Now the Passover of the Jews was near, and many went up to Jerusalem out from country before the Passover in order to **self-purify**.”
(2) In some languages people emphasize a certain person or thing by referring to it in a special place in the sentence.
@ -67,7 +66,7 @@ If a reflexive pronoun would have the same function in your language, consider u
(3) In some languages people emphasize a certain person or thing by adding something to that word or putting another word with it. English adds the reflexive pronoun.
> Now Jesus said this to test Philip, for he **himself** knew what he was going to do. (John 6:6)
> But Jesus said this to test Philip, for he **himself** knew what he was going to do. (John 6:6)
(4) In some languages people show that someone did something alone by using a word like “alone.”
@ -76,6 +75,5 @@ If a reflexive pronoun would have the same function in your language, consider u
(5) In some languages people show that something was alone by using a phrase that tells about where it was.
> He saw the linen cloths lying there and the cloth that had been on his head. It was not lying with the linen cloths but was rolled up in its place **by itself**. (John 20:6-7 ULT)
>> “He saw the linen cloths lying there and the cloth that had been on his head. It was not lying with the linen cloths but was rolled up and lying **in it’s own place**.”
> He saw the linen cloths lying there and the cloth that had been on his head. It was not lying with the linen cloths but was folded up in a place **by itself**. (John 20:6b-7 ULT)
>> “He saw the linen cloths lying there and the cloth that had been on his head. It was not lying with the linen cloths but was folded up and lying **in it’s own place**.”

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@ -5,51 +5,49 @@ A rhetorical question is a question that a speaker asks when he is more interest
A rhetorical question is a question that strongly expresses the speaker’s attitude toward something. Often the speaker is not looking for information at all. Or, if he is asking for information, it is not usually the information that the question appears to ask for. The speaker is more interested in expressing his attitude than in getting information.
> Those who stood by said, “**Is this how you insult God’s high priest?** “ (Acts 23:4 ULT)
> But those who stood by said, “**Are you insulting the high priest of God?**”(Acts 23:4 ULT)
The people who asked Paul this question were not asking about his way of insulting God’s high priest. Rather they used this question to accuse Paul of insulting the high priest.
The people who asked Paul this question were not asking if he was insulting God’s high priest. Rather, they used this question to accuse Paul of insulting the high priest.
The Bible contains many rhetorical questions. These rhetorical questions might be used for the purpose of expressing attitudes or feelings, rebuking people, teaching something by reminding people of something they know and encouraging them to apply it to something new, or introducing something they want to talk about.
The Bible contains many rhetorical questions. These rhetorical questions might be used for the purposes: of expressing attitudes or feelings, rebuking people, teaching something by reminding people of something they know and encouraging them to apply it to something new, or introducing something they want to talk about.
#### Reasons this is a translation issue
#### Reasons This Is a Translation Issue
* Some languages do not use rhetorical questions; for them a question is always a request for information.
* Some languages use rhetorical questions, but for purposes that are different or more limited than in the Bible.
* Because of these differences between languages, some readers might misunderstand the purpose of a rhetorical question in the Bible.
### Examples from the Bible
### Examples From the Bible
> Do you not still rule the kingdom of Israel? (1 Kings 21:7 ULT)
> Do you not still rule the kingdom of Israel? (1 Kings 21:7b ULT)
Jezebel used the question above to remind King Ahab of something he already knew: he still ruled the kingdom of Israel. The rhetorical question made her point more strongly than if she had merely stated it, because it forced Ahab to admit the point himself. She did this in order to rebuke him for being unwilling to take over a poor man’s property. She was implying that since he was the king of Israel, he had the power to take the man’s property.
Jezebel used the question above to remind King Ahab of something he already knew: he still ruled the kingdom of Israel. The rhetorical question made her point more strongly than if she had merely stated it, because it forced Ahab to admit the point himself. She did this in order to rebuke him for being unwilling to take over a poor man’s property. She was implying that, since he was the king of Israel, he had the power to take the man’s property.
> **Will a virgin forget her jewelry, a bride her veils?** Yet my people have forgotten me for days without number! (Jeremiah 2:32 ULT)
God used the question above to remind his people of something they already knew: a young woman would never forget her jewelry or a bride forget her veils. He then rebuked his people for forgetting him who is so much greater than those things.
God used the question above to remind his people of something they already knew: a young woman would never forget her jewelry or a bride forget her veils. He then rebuked his people for forgetting him, who is so much greater than those things.
> Why did I not die when I came out from the womb? (Job 3:11 ULT)
> Why did I not die when I came out from the womb? (Job 3:11a ULT)
Job used the question above to show deep emotion. This rhetorical question expresses how sad he was that he did not die as soon as he was born. He wished that he had not lived.
> And why has it happened to me that the mother of my Lord should come to me? (Luke 1:43 ULT)
> And how has this happened to me that the mother of my Lord would come to me? (Luke 1:43 ULT)
Elizabeth used the question above to show how surprised and happy she was that the mother of her Lord came to her.
> Or what man among you is there who, if his son asks him for a loaf of bread, will give him a stone? (Matthew 7:9 ULT)
> Or what man is there among you, of whom his son will ask for a loaf of bread, but he will give him a stone? (Matthew 7:9 ULT)
Jesus used the question above to remind the people of something they already knew: a good father would never give his son something bad to eat. By introducing this point, Jesus could go on to teach them about God with his next rhetorical question:
> Therefore, if you who are evil know how to give good gifts to your children, how much more will your Father from heaven give good things to those who ask him? (Matthew 7:11 ULT)
> Therefore, if you who are evil know how to give good gifts to your children, how much more will your Father who is in heaven give good things to those who ask him? (Matthew 7:11 ULT)
Jesus used this question to teach the people in an emphatic way that God gives good things to those who ask him.
> **What is the kingdom of God like, and what can I compare it to?** It is like a mustard seed that a man took and threw into his garden…(Luke 13:18-19 ULT)
> **What is the kingdom of God like, and what can I compare it to?** It is like a mustard seed that a man took and threw into his garden…(Luke 13:18b-19a ULT)
Jesus used the question above to introduce what he was going to talk about. He was about to compare the kingdom of God to something. In this case, he compared the kingdom of God to a mustard seed.
@ -66,10 +64,10 @@ When you know the purpose of the rhetorical question, then think of the most nat
If using the rhetorical question would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consider doing so. If not, here are other options:
1. Add the answer after the question.
1. Change the rhetorical question to a statement or exclamation.
1. Change the rhetorical question to a statement, and then follow it with a short question.
1. Change the form of the question so that it communicates in your language what the orignal speaker communicated in his.
(1) Add the answer after the question.
(2) Change the rhetorical question to a statement or exclamation.
(3) Change the rhetorical question to a statement, and then follow it with a short question.
(4) Change the form of the question so that it communicates in your language what the original speaker communicated in his.
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
@ -78,33 +76,32 @@ If using the rhetorical question would be natural and give the right meaning in
> **Will a virgin forget her jewelry, a bride her veils?** Yet my people have forgotten me for days without number! (Jeremiah 2:32 ULT)
>> Will a virgin forget her jewelry, a bride her veils? **Of course not!** Yet my people have forgotten me for days without number!
> Or what man among you is there who, if his son asks him for a loaf of bread, will give him a stone? (Matthew 7:9 ULT)
>> Or what man among you is there who, if his son asks him for a loaf of bread, will give him a stone? **None of you would do that!**
> Or what man is there among you, of whom his son will ask for a loaf of bread, but he will give him a stone? (Matthew 7:9 ULT)
>> Or what man is there among you, of whom his son will ask for a loaf of bread, but he will give him a stone? **None of you would do that!**
(2) Change the rhetorical question to a statement or exclamation.
> **What is the kingdom of God like, and what can I compare it to?** It is like a mustard seed… (Luke 13:18-19 ULT)
> **What is the kingdom of God like, and what can I compare it to?** It is like a mustard seed. (Luke 13:18-19a ULT)
>> **This is what the kingdom of God is like.** It is like a mustard seed…”
> **Is this how you insult God’s high priest?** (Acts 23:4 ULT)
> **Are you insulting the high priest of God?** (Acts 23:4b ULT) (Acts 23:4 ULT)
>> **You should not insult God’s high priest!**
> **Why did I not die when I came out from the womb?** (Job 3:11 ULT)
> **Why did I not die when I came out from the womb?** (Job 3:11a ULT)
>> **I wish I had died when I came out from the womb!**
> **And why has it happened to me that the mother of my Lord should come to me?** (Luke 1:43 ULT)
> **And how has this happened to me that the mother of my Lord should come to me?** (Luke 1:43 ULT)
>> **How wonderful it is that the mother of my Lord has come to me!**
(3) Change the rhetorical question to a statement, and then follow it with a short question.
> **Do you not still rule** the kingdom of Israel? (1 Kings 21:7 ULT)
> **Do you not still rule** the kingdom of Israel? (1 Kings 21:7b ULT)
>> You still rule the kingdom of Israel, **do you not?**
(4) Change the form of the question so that it communicates in your language what the orignal speaker communicated in his.
> Or **what man among you is there who**, if his son asks him for a loaf of bread, **will give him a stone?** (Matthew 7:9 ULT)
> Or what man is there among you, of whom his son will ask for a loaf of bread, but he will give him a stone? (Matthew 7:9 ULT)
>> If your son asks you for a loaf of bread, **would you give him a stone**?
> **Will a virgin forget her jewelry, a bride her veils**? Yet my people have forgotten me for days without number! (Jeremiah 2:32 ULT)
>> **What virgin would forget her jewelry, and what bride would forget her veils**? Yet my poeple have forgotten me for days without number
>> **What virgin would forget her jewelry, and what bride would forget her veils**? Yet my people have forgotten me for days without number