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Prepare for v15 (#402) 

Prepare for v!5

Co-authored-by: Robert Hunt <Freely.Given.org@gmail.com>
Reviewed-on: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/pulls/402
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Robert Hunt 2020-10-28 22:09:19 +00:00
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12
README.md
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@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ If you want to make your suggested changes then you may use the online editor to
## Structure
UTA is written in a simple Markdown format and organized according to the [Resource Container Manual](https://resource-container.readthedocs.io/en/latest/container_types.html#manual-man) type. See that link for more information but here is a quick summary.
UTA is written in a simple Markdown format and organized according to the [Resource Container Manual](https://resource-container.readthedocs.io/en/latest/container_types.html#manual-man) type. See that link for more information but here is a quick summary.
Each manual has its own directory in this repository (for example, the Checking Manual is in the [checking](https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/checking) directory). Each module has its own directory inside of these manual directories. Inside each of these are three files:
@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ Each manual has its own directory in this repository (for example, the Checking
* `sub-title.md` - This file contians the question that the module is intended to answer.
* `title.md` - This contains the title of the module
There are also YAML formatted files in each manual’s directory. The `toc.yaml` file is for encoding the Table of Contents and the `config.yaml` file is for encoding dependencies between the modules.
There are also YAML formatted files in each manual’s directory. The `toc.yaml` file is for encoding the Table of Contents and the `config.yaml` file is for encoding dependencies between the modules.
## GL Translators
@ -32,20 +32,20 @@ There are also YAML formatted files in each manual’s directory. The `toc.yaml
To learn the philosophy of how to translate the UTA please see the [Translate unfoldingWord® Translation Academy](http://gl-manual.readthedocs.io/en/latest/gl_translation.html#translating-translationacademy) article in the [Gateway Language Manual](http://gl-manual.readthedocs.io/).
NOTE: The Bible was originally written in Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek. In these languages, masculine pronouns and terms can apply to both men and women. The same is true in English, and in this manual we often use masculine terms to refer to both men and women. For example, in this manual we often use masculine pronouns to refer to people like you (and other translators) who will use this manual. But we do not intend to say that only men can use this manual or to say that only men can translate the Bible. We are simply using masculine terms to refer to both men and women.
NOTE: The Bible was originally written in Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek. In these languages, masculine pronouns and terms can apply to both men and women. The same is true in English, and in this manual we often use masculine terms to refer to both men and women. For example, in this manual we often use masculine pronouns to refer to people like you (and other translators) who will use this manual. But we do not intend to say that only men can use this manual or to say that only men can translate the Bible. We are simply using masculine terms to refer to both men and women.
If you are translating online, please fork the [Door43-Catalog/en_ta](https://git.door43.org/Door43-Catalog/en_ta) repository, following this workflow: [Translate Content Online](https://forum.ccbt.bible/t/translate-content-online/75).
### Technical Information for Translating UTA
* *Do not* rename any files or directories. Only translate what is inside the files.
* *Do not* rename any files or directories. Only translate what is inside the files.
* The `config.yaml` and `toc.yaml` files do not need to be changed unless you add a new module. When you are finished translating, you may want to update the `title` fields in the `toc.yaml` file, but you shouldn’t make any other changes in those files.
* Images that are included in UTA should be no more than 600px wide. NOTE: If you use the images already in UTA, you do not need to translate the names of the image files. They will work in their current format.
* Images that are included in UTA should be no more than 600px wide. NOTE: If you use the images already in UTA, you do not need to translate the names of the image files. They will work in their current format.
* Hyperlinks (links to other articles or to other pages on the internet) follow this pattern: `[text to display](http://www.example.com)`. You can translate the “text to display” inside the square brackets but not the web address that follows inside the parentheses.
You are free to add additional modules. In order for the new modules to be included, all of the following conditions need to be satisfied:
* You must create a directory in one of the manual directories (like the translate directory) that has the short name of the module you want to write. For example, to create a new module on “testing” in the Translation Manual, you will want to put the file in “translate/testing/01.md.”
* You must create a directory in one of the manual directories (like the translate directory) that has the short name of the module you want to write. For example, to create a new module on “testing” in the Translation Manual, you will want to put the file in “translate/testing/01.md.”
* The file must be included in the table of contents, `toc.yaml` for the appropriate manual.
* The value of the slug in the `toc.yaml` file and the directory (without the extension) must be the same as the directory name (`testing` in this example).
* The slug must be unique, and not used in any of the other manuals. This is a requirement so that it is possible to create unambiguous links to each module.

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checking/accuracy-check/01.md
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It is very important to make sure that the new translation is accurate. A translation is accurate when it communicates the same meaning as the original. In other words, an accurate translation communicates the same message that the original writer intended to communicate. A translation can be accurate even though it uses more or fewer words or puts the ideas in a different order. Often this is necessary in order to make the original message clear in the target language.
Although members of the translation team have checked the translation for accuracy with each other during the [Oral Partner Check](../peer-check/01.md), the translation will continue to improve as it is checked by many people, especially by pastors and church leaders. Each passage or book can be checked by one church leader, or, if many leaders are available, there can be several church leaders checking each passage or book. Having more than one person checking a story or passage can be helpful, because often different checkers will notice different things.
Although members of the translation team have checked the translation for accuracy with each other during the [Oral Partner Check](../peer-check/01.md), the translation will continue to improve as it is checked by many people, especially by pastors and church leaders. Each passage or book can be checked by one church leader, or, if many leaders are available, there can be several church leaders checking each passage or book. Having more than one person checking a story or passage can be helpful, because often different checkers will notice different things.
The church leaders who do accuracy checking should be speakers of the language of the translation, be respected in the community, and know the Bible well in the source language. They should not be the same people who translated the passage or book that they are checking. The accuracy checkers will be helping the translation team make sure that the translation says everything that the source says, and that it does not add things that are not part of the source message. Keep in mind, however, that accurate translations also might include [Implicit Information](../../translate/figs-explicit/01.md).
@ -11,14 +11,14 @@ It is true that the language community members who do the [Language Community Ch
The Church Leaders doing accuracy checking should follow these steps:
1. If possible, find out ahead of time which set of stories or which Bible passage you will be checking. Read the passage in several versions in any languages you understand. Read the passage in the ULT and UST, along with unfoldingWord® Translation Notes and unfoldingWord® Translation Words. You can read these in translationStudio or in Bible Viewer.
1. If possible, find out ahead of time which set of stories or which Bible passage you will be checking. Read the passage in several versions in any languages you understand. Read the passage in the ULT and UST, along with unfoldingWord® Translation Notes and unfoldingWord® Translation Words. You can read these in translationStudio or in Bible Viewer.
1. Then each of the accuracy checkers should read the translation (or listen to the recording) by himself, comparing it to the original Bible passage or story in the source language. The checker can do this using translationStudio. It can be helpful for someone, such as the translator, to read the translation out loud to the checker while the checker follows along looking at the source Bible or Bibles. As the checker reads (or listens to) the translation and compares it to the source, he should keep in mind these general questions:
* Does the translation add anything to the original meaning? (The original meaning also includes [Implicit Information](../../translate/figs-explicit/01.md).)
* Is there any part of the meaning that is left out of the translation?
* Has the translation changed the meaning in any way?
* Has the translation changed the meaning in any way?
1. It can be helpful to read or listen to the translation of the Bible passage several times. You might not notice everything the first time through a passage or verse. This is especially true if the translation puts ideas or parts of a sentence in a different order than in the source. You may need to check for one part of the sentence, then read or listen again to check for another part of the sentence. When you have read or listened to the passage as many times as it takes to find all of its parts, then you can move to the next passage. For more ways to check if the translation is complete, see [Complete](../complete/01.md).
1. The checker should make notes where he thinks there might be a problem or something to be improved. Each checker will discuss these notes with the translation team. The notes could be in the margins of a printed translation draft, or in a spreadsheet, or using the comment feature of translationCore.
@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ The Church Leaders doing accuracy checking should follow these steps:
1. After the translation team revises the translation, they should read it out loud to each other or to other members of the language community to make sure that it still sounds natural in their language.
1. If there are any Bible passages or verses that are still difficult to understand, the translation team should make a note of the difficulty. The translation team can assign these problems to members to do more research in Bible translation helps or commentaries to find the answer, or they can ask for additional help from other Bible checkers or consultants. When the members have discovered the meaning, the translation team can meet again to decide how to express that meaning naturally and clearly in their language.
1. If there are any Bible passages or verses that are still difficult to understand, the translation team should make a note of the difficulty. The translation team can assign these problems to members to do more research in Bible translation helps or commentaries to find the answer, or they can ask for additional help from other Bible checkers or consultants. When the members have discovered the meaning, the translation team can meet again to decide how to express that meaning naturally and clearly in their language.
##### Additional Questions
@ -42,5 +42,5 @@ These questions can also be helpful for finding anything that might be inaccurat
* Are the phrases used in the new translation helpful in understanding the more difficult phrases of the source translation? (Are the phrases of the new translation put together in a way that brings better understanding yet still fits with the meaning of the source language translation?)
* Another way to determine if the text is accurate is to ask comprehension questions about the translation, such as, “who did what, when, where, how, and why?” There are questions that have already been prepared to help with this. (To view the unfoldingWord® Translation Questions go to http://ufw.io/tq/.) The answers to those questions should be the same as the answers to those questions about the source language translation. If they are not, there is a problem in the translation.
For more general types of things that need to be checked, go to [Types of Things to Check](../vol2-things-to-check/01.md).
For more general types of things that need to be checked, go to [Types of Things to Check](../vol2-things-to-check/01.md).

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### Alignment Checking
Alignment Checking will be done by the Church Network Delegates. These are people who are chosen by the church leaders in the language community. These people are first-language speakers of the target language, are knowledgeable about the Bible, and are persons whose opinions are respected by the church leaders. If possible, they should be people who are trained in biblical languages, biblical content, and translation principles. When these people affirm the translation, the church leaders will approve of the distribution and use of the translation among the people who know and respect them.
Alignment Checking will be done by the Church Network Delegates. These are people who are chosen by the church leaders in the language community. These people are first-language speakers of the target language, are knowledgeable about the Bible, and are persons whose opinions are respected by the church leaders. If possible, they should be people who are trained in biblical languages, biblical content, and translation principles. When these people affirm the translation, the church leaders will approve of the distribution and use of the translation among the people who know and respect them.
If these people do not exist in the language community, then the translation team may want to collaborate with Quality Checkers from outside the language community in order to do Alignment Checking. In this case, it may be necessary to prepare a [backtranslation](../vol2-backtranslation/01.md).
If these people do not exist in the language community, then the translation team may want to collaborate with Quality Checkers from outside the language community in order to do Alignment Checking. In this case, it may be necessary to prepare a [backtranslation](../vol2-backtranslation/01.md).
Those who do Alignment Checking should be other than the people who did the previous [Accuracy Checking](../accuracy-check/01.md). Since Alignment Checking is also a form of accuracy checking, the translation will receive the maximum benefit if different people do each of these checks.
Those who do Alignment Checking should be other than the people who did the previous [Accuracy Checking](../accuracy-check/01.md). Since Alignment Checking is also a form of accuracy checking, the translation will receive the maximum benefit if different people do each of these checks.
The purpose of Alignment Checking is to ensure that the translation accurately communicates the message of the original language texts and reflects the sound doctrine of the global Church throughout history and throughout the world. After Alignment Checking, the leaders of the churches that speak the target language can affirm that the translation is trustworthy for their people.
The purpose of Alignment Checking is to ensure that the translation accurately communicates the message of the original language texts and reflects the sound doctrine of the global Church throughout history and throughout the world. After Alignment Checking, the leaders of the churches that speak the target language can affirm that the translation is trustworthy for their people.
It is best if the leaders from every Church network in the language community can appoint or approve some of the people who will do the Alignment Checking. In that way, all of the church leaders will be able to affirm that the translation is trustworthy and useful for all of the churches of the community.
@ -14,25 +14,25 @@ The tool that we recommend for Alignment Checking is the Alignment Tool in trans
If you are a Quality Checker (QC) and are using Alignment Checking as part of your checking process, go to [Steps for Quality Checkers](../vol2-steps/01.md) to see the rest of the QC checking process.
#### In order to use the Alignment Tool to do Alignment Checking:
#### In order to use the Alignment Tool to do Alignment Checking:
1. Load the translation of the Bible book that you want to check into translationCore®.
1. Choose the Word Alignment tool.
1. Choose the Word Alignment tool.
1. Navigate through the verses using the menu of chapters and verses on the left side.
* When you click on a verse in the menu list to open it, the words of that verse appear in a vertical list, ordered from top to bottom, just to the right of the list of chapters and verses. Each word is in a separate box.
* The words of the original language (Greek, Hebrew, or Aramaic) text for that verse are also in separate boxes in a field to the right of the target language word list. There is a space under each of the original language word boxes outlined with a dotted line.
1. In each verse, drag the target language words in the word bank onto the space below the original language words that express that same meaning.
* When you click on a verse in the menu list to open it, the words of that verse appear in a vertical list, ordered from top to bottom, just to the right of the list of chapters and verses. Each word is in a separate box.
* The words of the original language (Greek, Hebrew, or Aramaic) text for that verse are also in separate boxes in a field to the right of the target language word list. There is a space under each of the original language word boxes outlined with a dotted line.
1. In each verse, drag the target language words in the word bank onto the space below the original language words that express that same meaning.
* To drag a word, click and hold down the button as you move each word box of the target language into the space under the word box of the source (original) text that the word corresponds to. Drop the target language word by releasing the mouse button.
* When the target language word is over a word box of the original, the dotted outline will turn blue to let you know that the word will drop there. If you make a mistake or decide that the target word belongs somewhere else, simply drag it again to where it belongs. Target language words can also be dragged back to the list.
* If there are repeated words in a verse, make sure to drag only the words that correspond to that part of the meaning of the original language verse. Then drag the repeated words to the place in the original verse where that meaning is repeated.
* If there are repeated words in a verse, make sure to drag only the words that correspond to that part of the meaning of the original language verse. Then drag the repeated words to the place in the original verse where that meaning is repeated.
* When the same target language word occurs more than once in a verse, each instance of the word will have a small superscript number after it. This number will help you to align each repeated target word to the correct original word in the correct order.
* You may need to combine original language words and/or target language words in order to make groups of words that have equivalent meanings. The goal of aligning is to match the smallest group of target language words to the smallest group of original language words that have the same meaning.
When you have finished this process for a verse, it should be easy to see if there are words left over in either the target word bank or the original language pane.
* If there are target language words left over, this may mean that there is something that has been added that does not belong in the translation. If the left-over words are expressing implied information, then they are not necessarily extra, but could be aligned to the word or words that they are explaining.
* If there are original language words left over, this may mean that the translation needs to include a translation of these words.
* If you determine that the translation has words that it should not have or is missing a translation of some words of the original text, then someone will need to edit the translation. You can either make a comment to tell someone else what to change in the translation, or you can edit the translation directly in the Alignment Tool, depending on your role in the Translation Team.
* If there are target language words left over, this may mean that there is something that has been added that does not belong in the translation. If the left-over words are expressing implied information, then they are not necessarily extra, but could be aligned to the word or words that they are explaining.
* If there are original language words left over, this may mean that the translation needs to include a translation of these words.
* If you determine that the translation has words that it should not have or is missing a translation of some words of the original text, then someone will need to edit the translation. You can either make a comment to tell someone else what to change in the translation, or you can edit the translation directly in the Alignment Tool, depending on your role in the Translation Team.
#### Alignment Philosophy
@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ The Alignment Tool supports one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one, and many-to-ma
Because each target language will have different requirements for sentence structure and the amount of explicit information that must be provided, there will often be some target language words that do not have an exact match to any original language words. If these words are there to give information that the sentence needs in order to make sense, or to provide some implicit information that is necessary for understanding the sentence, then the target words that are provided should be aligned with the original language word that implies them, or that they help to explain.
#### Merge and Unmerge Instructions
#### Merge and Unmerge Instructions
* To align multiple target language words to a single original language word, simply drag and drop the target language words onto the box below the desired original language word.
* When it is desired to align target language word(s) to a combination of original language words, first drag one of the combination original language words into the same box as the other original language word. Multiple original language words can be merged together in this fashion.
@ -50,6 +50,6 @@ Because each target language will have different requirements for sentence struc
#### After Aligning
If you are a Quality Checker, after you have finished aligning a Bible book and making questions and comments about the translation, it is time to either send the questions to the translation team or plan to meet together with the translation team and discuss them. For the steps to complete this process, return to where you left off on the [Steps for Quality Checkers](../vol2-steps/01.md) page.
If you are a Quality Checker, after you have finished aligning a Bible book and making questions and comments about the translation, it is time to either send the questions to the translation team or plan to meet together with the translation team and discuss them. For the steps to complete this process, return to where you left off on the [Steps for Quality Checkers](../vol2-steps/01.md) page.
To learn more about the kinds of things that need to be checked, go to [Types of Things to Check](../vol2-things-to-check/01.md).

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#### Accountability
The Bible belongs to the global Church, meaning all Christians throughout history and throughout the world. Every part of the Church is accountable to every other part of the Church for how we interpret, proclaim, and live what the Bible says. In regard to Bible translation, each language of the world will have its own way of expressing the meaning that the Bible contains. Even so, the part of the Church that speaks each language is accountable to the other parts of the Church for how they express that meaning. For that reason, those who translate the Bible must study how others have translated it. They must be guided by and open to correction from others who are experts in biblical languages and how the Church has understood and interpreted the Bible through history.
The Bible belongs to the global Church, meaning all Christians throughout history and throughout the world. Every part of the Church is accountable to every other part of the Church for how we interpret, proclaim, and live what the Bible says. In regard to Bible translation, each language of the world will have its own way of expressing the meaning that the Bible contains. Even so, the part of the Church that speaks each language is accountable to the other parts of the Church for how they express that meaning. For that reason, those who translate the Bible must study how others have translated it. They must be guided by and open to correction from others who are experts in biblical languages and how the Church has understood and interpreted the Bible through history.
#### Authority and Capacity

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### Accuracy Checking by Church Leaders
After the translation has been checked by community members for clarity and naturalness, it will be checked by church leaders for accuracy. These are the guidelines for these church leaders who do the accuracy checking. They should be mother-tongue speakers of the target language and also understand well one of the languages in which the source text is available. They should not be the same people who did the translation. They should be church leaders who know the Bible well. Usually these reviewers will be pastors. These church leaders should represent as many of the different church networks in the language community as possible.
After the translation has been checked by community members for clarity and naturalness, it will be checked by church leaders for accuracy. These are the guidelines for these church leaders who do the accuracy checking. They should be mother-tongue speakers of the target language and also understand well one of the languages in which the source text is available. They should not be the same people who did the translation. They should be church leaders who know the Bible well. Usually these reviewers will be pastors. These church leaders should represent as many of the different church networks in the language community as possible.
These reviewers should follow these steps:

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checking/community-evaluation/01.md
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@ -12,20 +12,20 @@ Please also answer the following questions. The answers to these questions will
* List a few passages where the community feedback was helpful. How did you change these passages to make them clearer?
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
* Write an explanation for some of the Important Terms, explaining how they are equal to terms used in the source language. This will help the checkers understand why you chose these terms.
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
* Does the community verify that there is a good flow to the language when the passages are read out loud? (Does the language sound like the writer was a person from your own community?)
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
The community leaders might want to add their own information to this or make a summary statement about how acceptable this translation is to the local community. The wider church leadership will have access to this information, and it will help them to understand and to have confidence in the checking process that has been done so far. This will help them to validate the translation as approved by the local Christian community both when they do the Accuracy Check and when they do the final Validation Check.

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checking/config.yaml
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@ -17,9 +17,9 @@ accuracy-check:
- guidelines-accurate
- important-term-check
alignment-tool:
recommended:
recommended:
- vol2-things-to-check
dependencies:
dependencies:
- vol2-steps
- guidelines-accurate
alphabet:
@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ alphabet:
- translate-alphabet
- formatting
authority-process:
recommended:
recommended:
- peer-check
dependencies:
- goal-checking
@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ church-leader-check:
recommended:
- accuracy-check
- good
dependencies:
dependencies:
- trans-note-check
clear:
recommended:
@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ complete:
- self-assessment
- good
- verses
dependencies:
dependencies:
- punctuation
formatting:
recommended:

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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
There are checks that you can do before, during, and after translation of a book of the Bible that will make the translation process go much easier so that the translation will look good and be as easy to read as possible. The modules on these topics are gathered here under Formatting and Publishing, but they are things that the translation team should be thinking about and deciding throughout the translation process.
There are checks that you can do before, during, and after translation of a book of the Bible that will make the translation process go much easier so that the translation will look good and be as easy to read as possible. The modules on these topics are gathered here under Formatting and Publishing, but they are things that the translation team should be thinking about and deciding throughout the translation process.
### Before Translating

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@ -9,11 +9,11 @@ The checkers who are pastors, church leaders, and leaders of church networks wil
#### Clear
The checkers who are members of the language community will help the translation team produce a translation that is clear. They will do this by listening to the translation and pointing out to them the places where the translation is confusing or does not make sense to them. Then the translation team can fix those places so that they are clear. (For more information about clear translations, see [Create Clear Translations](../../translate/guidelines-clear/01.md).)
The checkers who are members of the language community will help the translation team produce a translation that is clear. They will do this by listening to the translation and pointing out to them the places where the translation is confusing or does not make sense to them. Then the translation team can fix those places so that they are clear. (For more information about clear translations, see [Create Clear Translations](../../translate/guidelines-clear/01.md).)
#### Natural
The checkers who are members of the language community will also help the translation team produce a translation that is natural. They will do this by listening to the translation and pointing out to them the places where the translation sounds strange and does not sound like the way that someone who speaks their language would say it. Then the translation team can fix those places so that they are natural. (For more information about natural translations, see [Create Natural Translations](../../translate/guidelines-natural/01.md).)
The checkers who are members of the language community will also help the translation team produce a translation that is natural. They will do this by listening to the translation and pointing out to them the places where the translation sounds strange and does not sound like the way that someone who speaks their language would say it. Then the translation team can fix those places so that they are natural. (For more information about natural translations, see [Create Natural Translations](../../translate/guidelines-natural/01.md).)
#### Church-approved

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checking/headings/01.md
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@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ One of the decisions that the translation team will have to make is whether or n
Using section headings requires more work, because you will need either to write or to translate each one in addition to the text of the Bible. It will also make your translation of the Bible longer. But section headings can be very helpful to your readers. Section headings make it much easier to find where the Bible talks about different topics. If a person is looking for something in particular, he can just read the section headings until he finds one that introduces the topic that he wants to read about. Then he can read that section.
If you have decided to use section headings, then you will need to decide which kind to use. Again, you should find out which kind of section heading the language community prefers. You may also choose to follow the style of the national language. Be sure to use a kind of section heading that the people will understand is not part of the text that it introduces. The section heading is not a part of the Bible; it is just a guide to the different parts of the Bible. You might be able to make this clear by putting a space before and after the section heading and by using a different font (style of letters) or a different size of letters. See how the Bible in the national language does this, and test different methods with the language community.
If you have decided to use section headings, then you will need to decide which kind to use. Again, you should find out which kind of section heading the language community prefers. You may also choose to follow the style of the national language. Be sure to use a kind of section heading that the people will understand is not part of the text that it introduces. The section heading is not a part of the Bible; it is just a guide to the different parts of the Bible. You might be able to make this clear by putting a space before and after the section heading and by using a different font (style of letters) or a different size of letters. See how the Bible in the national language does this, and test different methods with the language community.
### Kinds of Section Headings

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@ -6,26 +6,26 @@
1. Select the category or categories of words that you want to check
1. Select your Gateway Language
1. Click “Launch”
1. Work through the list of words on the left by following the instructions that appear to the right of the Bible verse.
1. Work through the list of words on the left by following the instructions that appear to the right of the Bible verse.
1. To understand the source word better, you can read the short definition in the blue bar, or the longer one in the panel on the right side.
1. After selecting (highlighting) the translation for the word or phrase in the list, click “Save.”
1. Consider whether or not the term that was chosen makes sense in this context.
1. If you think that the translation for the term is a good translation, then click “Save and Continue.”
1. If you think that there is a problem with the verse or that the translation for the word or phrase is not good, then either edit the verse to make it better, or make a comment telling someone who will review your work what you think might be wrong with the translation here.
1. If you have made an edit, you may need to make your selection again.
1. When you are finished making your edit or comment, click “Save and Continue.” If you prefer to only make a comment about a term and not make a selection for it, then click on the next verse in the list on the left to go on to the next word.
1. When you are finished making your edit or comment, click “Save and Continue.” If you prefer to only make a comment about a term and not make a selection for it, then click on the next verse in the list on the left to go on to the next word.
After a selection has been made for all of the verses where a translationWord occurs, the list for that word can be reviewed. The instructions that follow are for the reviewer or for the translation team.
1. You will now be able to see a list of the translations that were made for each term under each translationWord on the left. If you see that the word was translated in different ways in different verses, you will want to review the places that have differences to see if the target term used was the correct one for each context.
1. You will also want to review any comments that were made by others. To do that, click the funnel symbol to the right of “Menu” at the upper left. A list will open, including the word “Comments.”
1. You will now be able to see a list of the translations that were made for each term under each translationWord on the left. If you see that the word was translated in different ways in different verses, you will want to review the places that have differences to see if the target term used was the correct one for each context.
1. You will also want to review any comments that were made by others. To do that, click the funnel symbol to the right of “Menu” at the upper left. A list will open, including the word “Comments.”
1. Click the box next to “Comments.” This will make all verses that do not have comments in them disappear.
1. To read the comments, click on the first verse in the list.
1. Click on “Comment.”
1. Read the comment, and decide what you will do about it.
1. Read the comment, and decide what you will do about it.
1. If you decide to make an edit to the verse, then click “Cancel” and then “Edit Verse.” This will open a small screen where you can edit the verse.
1. When you are finished making the edit, select the reason for the change, and then click “Save.”
1. When you are finished making the edit, select the reason for the change, and then click “Save.”
Continue this process until you have acted on all of the comments that were left for you.
Continue this process until you have acted on all of the comments that were left for you.
If you are unsure if a translation for a certain term is correct in a certain context, it might be helpful to consult the key terms spreadsheet that the translation team made as they were creating the translation. You may also want to discuss a difficult term with others on the translation team and try to find a solution together. You may need to use a different term in some contexts, or find another way to communicate the concept, such as using a longer phrase.

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### Translation Checking Manual
This manual describes how to check Bible translations in Other Languages (OLs) for accuracy, clarity, and naturalness. (For the process to check Gateway Languages (GLs), see the [Gateway Language Manual](https://gl-manual.readthedocs.io/en/latest/)). This Translation Checking Manual also discusses the importance of obtaining approval for the translation and the translation process from the church leaders of the language area.
This manual describes how to check Bible translations in Other Languages (OLs) for accuracy, clarity, and naturalness. (For the process to check Gateway Languages (GLs), see the [Gateway Language Manual](https://gl-manual.readthedocs.io/en/latest/)). This Translation Checking Manual also discusses the importance of obtaining approval for the translation and the translation process from the church leaders of the language area.
The manual begins with instructions for checking the translation that the translation team will use to check each other’s work. These checks include the [Oral Partner Check](../peer-check/01.md) and the [Team Oral Chunk Check](../team-oral-chunk-check/01.md). Then there are instructions for the translation team to use for checking the translation with the translationCore software. These include the [Translation Words Check](../important-term-check/01.md) and the [Translation Notes check](../trans-note-check/01.md).
The manual begins with instructions for checking the translation that the translation team will use to check each other’s work. These checks include the [Oral Partner Check](../peer-check/01.md) and the [Team Oral Chunk Check](../team-oral-chunk-check/01.md). Then there are instructions for the translation team to use for checking the translation with the translationCore software. These include the [Translation Words Check](../important-term-check/01.md) and the [Translation Notes check](../trans-note-check/01.md).
After this, the translation team will need to check the translation with the [Language Community](../language-community-check/01.md) for clarity and naturalness. This is necessary because other speakers of the language can often suggest better ways of saying things that the translation team may not have thought of. Sometimes the translation team makes the translation sound strange because they are following the words of the source language too closely. Other speakers of the language can help them fix that.
Another check that the translation team can do at this point is [Church Leader Check](../accuracy-check/01.md) (or OL pastor check). Since the OL pastors are familiar with the Bible in the Gateway Language (GL), they can check the translation for accuracy to the GL Bible. They can also catch mistakes that the translation team did not see because the translation team is so close to and involved in their work. Also, the translation team may lack some of the expertise or knowledge of the Bible that other OL pastors might have who are not part of the translation team. In this way, the whole language community can work together to make sure that the Bible translation is accurate, clear, and natural in the target language.
After this, the translation team will need to check the translation with the [Language Community](../language-community-check/01.md) for clarity and naturalness. This is necessary because other speakers of the language can often suggest better ways of saying things that the translation team may not have thought of. Sometimes the translation team makes the translation sound strange because they are following the words of the source language too closely. Other speakers of the language can help them fix that.
Another check that the translation team can do at this point is [Church Leader Check](../accuracy-check/01.md) (or OL pastor check). Since the OL pastors are familiar with the Bible in the Gateway Language (GL), they can check the translation for accuracy to the GL Bible. They can also catch mistakes that the translation team did not see because the translation team is so close to and involved in their work. Also, the translation team may lack some of the expertise or knowledge of the Bible that other OL pastors might have who are not part of the translation team. In this way, the whole language community can work together to make sure that the Bible translation is accurate, clear, and natural in the target language.
A further check for the accuracy of the Bible translation is to align it to the original languages of the Bible using the [Word Alignment](../alignment-tool/01.md) tool in Translation Core. After all of these checks have been performed and the translation has been aligned, the leaders of the OL church networks will want to [Review](../vol2-steps/01.md) the translation and give their [Endorsement](../level3-approval/01.md). Because many leaders of church networks do not speak the language of the translation, there are also instructions for creating a [Back Translation](../vol2-backtranslation/01.md), which allows people to check a translation in a language that they do not speak.

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@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ First, he may not have understood the source text correctly, and so someone who
Or it could be that he did not understand something about what the Bible meant to communicate at a certain place. In this case, someone who knows the Bible well, such as a Bible teacher or a Bible translation checker, can correct the translation.
Secondly, although the translator may know very well what the text should say, the way he translated it might mean something else to a different person. That is, another person might think that the translation is talking about something other than what the translator intended. Or the person hearing or reading the translation might not understand what the translator was trying to say.
Secondly, although the translator may know very well what the text should say, the way he translated it might mean something else to a different person. That is, another person might think that the translation is talking about something other than what the translator intended. Or the person hearing or reading the translation might not understand what the translator was trying to say.
It often happens when one person writes a sentence and then another person reads it (or sometimes even if the first person reads it again later), that they understand it to say something different from what the writer meant. Take the following sentence as an example.
@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ It often happens when one person writes a sentence and then another person reads
In his mind when he wrote it, the writer meant that Peter went home, but the reader thought that the writer probably meant that it was John who went home. The sentence needs to be changed so that it is more clear.
Finally, a translation team is very close to and involved in their work, and so they sometimes do not see mistakes that others can see more easily. For these reasons, it is always necessary to check what someone else understands from the translation so that you (the translator) can make it more accurate and more clear.
Finally, a translation team is very close to and involved in their work, and so they sometimes do not see mistakes that others can see more easily. For these reasons, it is always necessary to check what someone else understands from the translation so that you (the translator) can make it more accurate and more clear.
This Checking Manual is a guide to the process of checking. It will guide you through several kinds of checks that will allow you to fix these problems. We believe that having many people doing a variety of different checks will result in a faster checking process, allow broad church participation and ownership, and produce better translations.

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### Language Community Check
After the translation team has completed the steps of drafting and checking as a team and performed the checks in translationCore, the translation is ready to be checked by the target language community. The community will help the translation team to make the translation communicate its message clearly and naturally in the target language. To do this, the translation committee will choose people to be trained in the process of community checking. These could be the same people who have been doing the translating.
After the translation team has completed the steps of drafting and checking as a team and performed the checks in translationCore, the translation is ready to be checked by the target language community. The community will help the translation team to make the translation communicate its message clearly and naturally in the target language. To do this, the translation committee will choose people to be trained in the process of community checking. These could be the same people who have been doing the translating.
These people will go throughout the language community and check the translation with members of the language community. It is best if they do this checking with a variety of people, including young and old, male and female, and speakers from various parts of the language area. This will help the translation to be understandable to everyone.

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### Questions for Quality Checkers or Church Network Delegates
If the Church Network leadership or Translation Committee has given you the task of checking the accuracy of the translation in the role of a Quality Checker (QC), you can use these questions to guide your evaluation of the translation.
If the Church Network leadership or Translation Committee has given you the task of checking the accuracy of the translation in the role of a Quality Checker (QC), you can use these questions to guide your evaluation of the translation.
You can answer these questions after you read portions of the translation or as you come across problems in the text. If you answer “no” to any of these questions in the first group, please explain in more detail. Include the specific passage that you feel is not right, and give your recommendation for how the translation team should correct it.
@ -14,13 +14,13 @@ Also keep in mind that the translators may have included information that the or
1. Does the translation conform to the Statement of Faith and Translation Guidelines?
1. Did the translation team show a good understanding of the source language as well as the target language and culture?
1. Does the language community affirm that the translation speaks in a clear and natural way in their language?
1. Is the translation [complete](../complete/01.md)? (Does it have all of the verses, events, and information as the source)?
1. Is the translation [complete](../complete/01.md)? (Does it have all of the verses, events, and information as the source)?
1. Which of the following translation styles did the translators appear to follow?
1. word-by-word translation, staying very close to the form of the source translation
1. phrase-by-phrase translation, using natural language phrase structures
1. meaning-focused translation, aiming for a freedom of local language expression
1. meaning-focused translation, aiming for a freedom of local language expression
1. Do the community leaders feel that the style that the translators followed (as identified in question 4) is appropriate for the community?
1. Do the community leaders feel that the dialect that the translators used is the best one to communicate to the wider language community? For example, did the translators use expressions, phrase connectors, and spellings that will be recognized by most people in the language community? For more ways to explore this question, see [Acceptable Style](../acceptable/01.md).
1. As you read the translation, think about cultural issues in the local community that might make some passages in the book difficult to translate. Did the translation team translate these passages in a way that makes the message of the source text clear, and avoids any misunderstanding that people might have because of the cultural issue?

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checking/natural/01.md
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### A Natural Translation
To translate the Bible so that it is natural means that the translation should sound like it was written by a member of the target language community. The translation should not sound like it was written by a foreigner. The translation should say things in the way that speakers of the target language say them. When a translation is natural, it is much easier to understand.
To translate the Bible so that it is natural means that the translation should sound like it was written by a member of the target language community. The translation should not sound like it was written by a foreigner. The translation should say things in the way that speakers of the target language say them. When a translation is natural, it is much easier to understand.
To check a translation for naturalness, it is not helpful to compare it to the source language. During this check for naturalness, no one should look at the source language Bible. People will look at the source language Bible again for other checks––such as the check for accuracy––but not during this check.
To check a translation for naturalness, you or another member of the language community must read it out loud or play a recording of it. It is difficult to evaluate a translation for naturalness when you are only looking at it on paper. But when your people hear the language, they will know immediately if it sounds right or not.
To check a translation for naturalness, you or another member of the language community must read it out loud or play a recording of it. It is difficult to evaluate a translation for naturalness when you are only looking at it on paper. But when your people hear the language, they will know immediately if it sounds right or not.
You can read it out loud to one other person who speaks the target language or to a group of people. Before you start reading, tell the people listening that you want them to stop you when they hear something that does not sound like the way someone from your language community would say it. When someone stops you, then you can discuss together how someone would say that same thing in a more natural way.

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As well as asking questions, there are other checking methods that you may also use to ensure that the translation is [clear](../clear/01.md), easy to read, and sounds [natural](../natural/01.md) to the listeners. Here are some other methods that you may like to try:
* **Retell Method**: You (the translator or checker) can read a passage or story and ask someone else to retell what was said. If the person can easily retell the passage, then the passage was clear. Make a note of any place that the person left out or told incorrectly, along with the chapter and verse. The translation team may need to revise those places in the translation to make them more clear. Also make note of any different ways that the person said things that mean the same thing as in the translation. It may be that these ways of saying things are more natural than the ways in the translation. The translation team can use these ways of saying the same thing to make the translation more natural.
* **Retell Method**: You (the translator or checker) can read a passage or story and ask someone else to retell what was said. If the person can easily retell the passage, then the passage was clear. Make a note of any place that the person left out or told incorrectly, along with the chapter and verse. The translation team may need to revise those places in the translation to make them more clear. Also make note of any different ways that the person said things that mean the same thing as in the translation. It may be that these ways of saying things are more natural than the ways in the translation. The translation team can use these ways of saying the same thing to make the translation more natural.
* **Reading Method**: Someone other than you (the translator or checker) can read aloud a passage of the translation while you listen and take notes of where the person pauses or makes mistakes. This will show how easy or how difficult it is to read and understand the translation. Look at the places in the translation where the reader paused or made mistakes and consider what made that part of the translation difficult. The translation team may need to revise the translation at those points so that it is easier to read and understand.

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At this point, you (the translator) should have already gone through the steps of drafting at least one chapter of your translation, following the guidelines in the module called [First Draft](../../translate/first-draft/01.md). Now you are ready for others to help you to check it, to find any errors or problems, and to make it better. You (or your translation team) should check your translation before you translate very many stories or chapters of the Bible, so that you can correct mistakes as early as possible in the translation process. Many of the steps in this process will need to be done several times before the translation is finished. To do an Oral Partner Check, follow these steps.
* Read your translation to a partner (a member of the translation team) who did not work on this passage.
* The partner can listen first for naturalness (without looking at the source text) and tell you which parts do not sound natural in your language. Together, you can think of how someone would say that meaning in your language.
* Use those ideas to change the unnatural parts of your translation to be more natural. For more information, see [Natural](../natural/01.md).
* Then read the passage to your partner again. This time, the partner can check for accuracy by listening to the translation while following along in the source text. The purpose of this step is to make sure that the translation accurately communicates the meaning of the original story or Bible passage.
* Your partner can tell you if there is any part where something was added, was missing, or was changed when compared to the source text.
* Correct those parts of the translation.
* Read your translation to a partner (a member of the translation team) who did not work on this passage.
* The partner can listen first for naturalness (without looking at the source text) and tell you which parts do not sound natural in your language. Together, you can think of how someone would say that meaning in your language.
* Use those ideas to change the unnatural parts of your translation to be more natural. For more information, see [Natural](../natural/01.md).
* Then read the passage to your partner again. This time, the partner can check for accuracy by listening to the translation while following along in the source text. The purpose of this step is to make sure that the translation accurately communicates the meaning of the original story or Bible passage.
* Your partner can tell you if there is any part where something was added, was missing, or was changed when compared to the source text.
* Correct those parts of the translation.
* It can also be useful to do accuracy checking with members of the community who are not part of the translation team. They should be speakers of the language of the translation, be respected in the community, and, if possible, know the Bible well in the source language. These checkers can help the translation team to think about the best way to translate the meaning of the story or Bible passage in their own language. Having more than one person checking a Bible passage in this way can be helpful, because often different checkers will notice different things.
* For more help with checking for accuracy, see [Accuracy-Check](../accuracy-check/01.md).
* For more help with checking for accuracy, see [Accuracy-Check](../accuracy-check/01.md).
* If you are unsure about something, ask other members of the translation team.

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@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
### Publishing on Door43
* Throughout the translation and checking process, the translation draft will be uploaded to and maintained in a repository under the username that you have chosen on the Door43 website. This is where translationStudio and translationCore send the drafts when you tell them to upload.
* When checking has been completed and all appropriate edits have been made to the translation on door43, the checkers or church leaders will inform unfoldingWord of their desire to publish. They will provide unfoldingWord with the documents affirming that the [Pastors](../good/01.md), the [Community](../community-evaluation/01.md), and the [Church Network Leaders](../level3-approval/01.md) affirm that the translation is trustworthy. The documents also contain an affirmation of the unfoldingWord [Translation Guidelines](../../intro/translation-guidelines/01.md) and the unfoldingWord [Statement of Faith](../../intro/statement-of-faith/01.md). All translated content is expected to be in accordance with the theology of the Statement of Faith. We also expect that the translators have followed the procedures and methodologies of the Translation Guidelines. unfoldingWord has no way to verify the accuracy of the translations or the affirmations, and so we rely on the integrity of the leadership of the church networks.
* Throughout the translation and checking process, the translation draft will be uploaded to and maintained in a repository under the username that you have chosen on the Door43 website. This is where translationStudio and translationCore send the drafts when you tell them to upload.
* When checking has been completed and all appropriate edits have been made to the translation on door43, the checkers or church leaders will inform unfoldingWord of their desire to publish. They will provide unfoldingWord with the documents affirming that the [Pastors](../good/01.md), the [Community](../community-evaluation/01.md), and the [Church Network Leaders](../level3-approval/01.md) affirm that the translation is trustworthy. The documents also contain an affirmation of the unfoldingWord [Translation Guidelines](../../intro/translation-guidelines/01.md) and the unfoldingWord [Statement of Faith](../../intro/statement-of-faith/01.md). All translated content is expected to be in accordance with the theology of the Statement of Faith. We also expect that the translators have followed the procedures and methodologies of the Translation Guidelines. unfoldingWord has no way to verify the accuracy of the translations or the affirmations, and so we rely on the integrity of the leadership of the church networks.
* After obtaining these affirmations, unfoldingWord will then make a copy of the translation that is on Door43, digitally publish a static copy of it on the unfoldingWord website (see http://www.unfoldingword.org), and make it available on the unfoldingWord mobile app. A print-ready PDF will also be produced and made available for download. It will continue to be possible to change the checked version on Door43, allowing for future checking and editing.
* unfoldingWord will also need to know the version number of the source that was used for the translation. This number will be incorporated into the version number for the translation so that it will be easy to keep track of the state of the source and the translation as they both improve and change over time. For information about version numbers, see [Source Texts and Version Numbers](../../translate/translate-source-version/01.md).

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@ -109,8 +109,8 @@ Circle either “0” or “1” or “2” for each statement below.
**no | yes** Church leaders who have checked this translation are first-language speakers of the target language, and include someone who understands well one of the languages in which the source text is available.
**no | yes** People from the language community––both men and women, old and young––have reviewed the translation of this chapter and agree that it is natural and clear.
**no | yes** People from the language community––both men and women, old and young––have reviewed the translation of this chapter and agree that it is natural and clear.
**no | yes** Church leaders from at least two different church networks have reviewed the translation of this chapter and agree that it is accurate.
**no | yes** Church leaders from at least two different church networks have reviewed the translation of this chapter and agree that it is accurate.
**no | yes** The leadership (or their delegates) of at least two different church networks have reviewed the translation of this chapter and endorse it as a faithful translation of this chapter of the Bible in this language.
**no | yes** The leadership (or their delegates) of at least two different church networks have reviewed the translation of this chapter and endorse it as a faithful translation of this chapter of the Bible in this language.

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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
In order for the reader to be able to read and understand the translation easily, it is important that you (the translator) spell words consistently. This can be difficult if there is not a tradition of writing or spelling in the target language. When there are several people working on different parts of a translation, they may spell the same words differently from each other. For that reason, it is important for the translation team to meet together before they start translating to talk about how they plan to spell words.
In order for the reader to be able to read and understand the translation easily, it is important that you (the translator) spell words consistently. This can be difficult if there is not a tradition of writing or spelling in the target language. When there are several people working on different parts of a translation, they may spell the same words differently from each other. For that reason, it is important for the translation team to meet together before they start translating to talk about how they plan to spell words.
As a team, discuss the words that are difficult to spell. If the words have sounds in them that are difficult to represent, then you may need to make a change in the writing system that you are using (see [Alphabet/Orthography](../../translate/translate-alphabet/01.md)). If the sounds in the words can be represented in different ways, then the team will need to agree on how to spell them. Make a list of the agreed-upon spellings of these words in alphabetical order. Make sure that each member of the team has a copy of this list so that they can consult it when translating. Add other difficult words to the list as you come across them, and make sure that these are added to everyone’s list with the same spelling. It may be helpful to use a spreadsheet to maintain your spelling list. This can be easily updated and shared electronically, or printed out periodically.

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@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ The duties of the team members are divided - it is important that each team memb
1. One or more team members listen for naturalness. If something is unnatural, at the end of reading the chunk, they recommend a more natural way to say it.
1. One or more team members follow along in the source text, noting anything that is added, is missing, or is changed. At the end of reading the chunk, they alert the team that something was added, was missing, or was changed.
1. Another team member follows along in the report mode of translationCore, noting all of the highlighted key terms in the source text. The team then discusses any key terms in the translation that seem inconsistent or inappropriate, along with any other problems that surface in the reading. If this mode is not available, this team member can look up the key terms on the team’s key term spreadsheet.
1. Another team member follows along in the report mode of translationCore, noting all of the highlighted key terms in the source text. The team then discusses any key terms in the translation that seem inconsistent or inappropriate, along with any other problems that surface in the reading. If this mode is not available, this team member can look up the key terms on the team’s key term spreadsheet.
These steps can be repeated as necessary until the team is satisfied with their translation.

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@ -20,10 +20,10 @@ sections:
link: important-term-check
- title: "translationNotes Check in tC"
link: trans-note-check
- title: "Language Community Check"
- title: "Language Community Check"
sections:
- title: "Checking the Translation for Clarity and Naturalness"
link: language-community-check
link: language-community-check
- title: "Other Methods"
link: other-methods
- title: "Clear Translation"
@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ sections:
- title: "Quality Checkers"
sections:
- title: "Steps for Quality Checkers"
link: vol2-steps
link: vol2-steps
- title: "Types of Things to Check"
link: vol2-things-to-check
- title: "Questions for Quality Checkers"
@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ sections:
- title: "Complete Versification"
link: verses
- title: "Section Headings"
link: headings
link: headings
- title: "Publishing"
link: publishing
- title: "Self-Assessment Rubric"

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@ -4,21 +4,21 @@
1. Select the project (book of the Bible) that you want to check
1. Select the category or categories of Notes that you want to check
1. Select your Gateway Language
1. Click “Launch.” The verses to be checked will be listed on the left side, divided into different categories of Notes.
1. Select a verse to check, and read the Note for that verse in the blue bar. It is best to check all of the verses in the same category before moving to a new category.
1. Click “Launch.” The verses to be checked will be listed on the left side, divided into different categories of Notes.
1. Select a verse to check, and read the Note for that verse in the blue bar. It is best to check all of the verses in the same category before moving to a new category.
Some Notes refer to a more general issue that applies to the specific verse being examined. To understand this more general issue and how it applies to the current verse, read the information in the panel on the right side.
Some Notes refer to a more general issue that applies to the specific verse being examined. To understand this more general issue and how it applies to the current verse, read the information in the panel on the right side.
1. After selecting (highlighting) the translation for the word or phrase in the Note, click “Save.”
1. Consider whether or not the translation that was chosen for that word or phrase makes sense in this context.
1. Consider whether or not the translation that was chosen for that word or phrase makes sense in this context.
1. Decide whether or not the translation is correct, considering the issue that the Note talks about.
1. After considering these things, if you think that the translation is a good translation, then click “Save and Continue.”
1. After considering these things, if you think that the translation is a good translation, then click “Save and Continue.”
1. If you think that there is a problem with the verse or that the translation for the word or phrase is not good, then either edit the verse to make it better, or make a comment telling someone who will review your work what you think might be wrong with the translation here. If you have made an edit, you may need to make your selection again.
1. When you are finished making your edit or comment, click “Save and Continue.” If you prefer to only make a comment for the word or phrase and not make a selection for it, then click on the next verse in the list on the left to go on to the next verse.
1. When you are finished making your edit or comment, click “Save and Continue.” If you prefer to only make a comment for the word or phrase and not make a selection for it, then click on the next verse in the list on the left to go on to the next verse.
After a selection has been made for all of the verses in a Note category, the list of translations in that category can be reviewed. The instructions that follow are for the reviewer or for the translation team.
1. You will now be able to see a list of the translations that were made for each word or phrase under each translationNote category on the left. Choose the category that you want to review. It may be that different members of the translation team will have better knowledge in different areas. For example, one team member may be very good at reviewing metaphors, while another may be very good at understanding and correcting difficult grammar, such as passive voice constructions.
1. You will now be able to see a list of the translations that were made for each word or phrase under each translationNote category on the left. Choose the category that you want to review. It may be that different members of the translation team will have better knowledge in different areas. For example, one team member may be very good at reviewing metaphors, while another may be very good at understanding and correcting difficult grammar, such as passive voice constructions.
1. You will want to review any comments that were made by others. To do that, click the funnel symbol to the right of “Menu” at the upper left. A list will open, including the word “Comments.”
1. Click the box next to “Comments.” This will make all verses that do not have comments in them disappear.
1. To read the comments, click on the first verse in the list.
@ -26,6 +26,6 @@ After a selection has been made for all of the verses in a Note category, the li
1. Read the comment, and decide what you will do about it.
1. If you decide to make an edit to the verse, click “Cancel” and then “Edit Verse.” This will open a small screen where you can edit the verse.
1. When you are finished making the edit, select the reason for the change, then click “Save.”
1. Continue this process until you have acted on all of the comments that were left for you.
1. Continue this process until you have acted on all of the comments that were left for you.
After you have finished reviewing a Note category or a Bible book, you may still have questions about some verses or Note checks. You may want to discuss a difficult verse with others on the translation team and try to find a solution together, study more Bible translation resources, or refer the question to a Bible translation expert.
After you have finished reviewing a Note category or a Bible book, you may still have questions about some verses or Note checks. You may want to discuss a difficult verse with others on the translation team and try to find a solution together, study more Bible translation resources, or refer the question to a Bible translation expert.

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### 1. Show the Target Language Usage for Words and Clauses
For the purposes of this module, “target language” refers to the language into which the Bible draft was made, and “language of wider communication” refers to the language into which the back translation is being made.
For the purposes of this module, “target language” refers to the language into which the Bible draft was made, and “language of wider communication” refers to the language into which the back translation is being made.
#### Use the meaning of the word in context
@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ The back translator should use the same punctuation in the back translation as i
#### Express the full meaning of complex words
Sometimes words in the target language will be more complex than words in the language of wider communication. In this case, the back translator will need to represent the target language word with a longer phrase in the language of wider communication. This is necessary so that the translation checker can see as much of the meaning as possible. For example, to translate one word in the target language it might be necessary to use a phrase in the language of wider communication such as “go up” or “be lying down.” Also, many languages have words that contain more information than the equivalent words in the language of wider communication. In this case, it is most helpful if the back translator includes that additional information in parentheses, such as “we (inclusive)” or “you (feminine, plural).”
Sometimes words in the target language will be more complex than words in the language of wider communication. In this case, the back translator will need to represent the target language word with a longer phrase in the language of wider communication. This is necessary so that the translation checker can see as much of the meaning as possible. For example, to translate one word in the target language it might be necessary to use a phrase in the language of wider communication such as “go up” or “be lying down.” Also, many languages have words that contain more information than the equivalent words in the language of wider communication. In this case, it is most helpful if the back translator includes that additional information in parentheses, such as “we (inclusive)” or “you (feminine, plural).”
### 2. Use the Language of Wider Communication Style for Sentence and Logical Structure

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@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
### Why is a back translation necessary?
The purpose of a back translation is to allow a consultant or checker of biblical material who does not understand the target language to be able to see what is in the target language translation, even though he or she does not understand the target language. In this way, the checker can “look through” the back translation and check the target language translation without knowing the target language. Therefore, the language of the back translation needs to be a language that both the back translator (that is, the person doing the back translation) and the checker understand well. Often this means that the back translator will need to translate the target language text back into the same language of wider communication that was used for the source text.
The purpose of a back translation is to allow a consultant or checker of biblical material who does not understand the target language to be able to see what is in the target language translation, even though he or she does not understand the target language. In this way, the checker can “look through” the back translation and check the target language translation without knowing the target language. Therefore, the language of the back translation needs to be a language that both the back translator (that is, the person doing the back translation) and the checker understand well. Often this means that the back translator will need to translate the target language text back into the same language of wider communication that was used for the source text.
Some people might consider this to be unnecessary, since the biblical text already exists in the source language. But remember that the purpose of the back translation is to allow the checker to see what is in the target language translation. The checker cannot see what is in the target language translation by reading the original source language text. In order to see what is in the target language translation, the back translator must make a new translation back into the language of wider communication that is based only on the target language translation. For this reason, the back translator *must not* look at the source language text when doing his back translation, but *must look only* at the target language text. In this way, the checker can identify any problems that might exist in the target language translation and work with the translator to fix those problems.

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@ -14,9 +14,9 @@ These are steps for the Quality Checkers or Church Network Delegates to follow w
#### While Checking
1. **Align the passage**. If this has not been done, then use the Aligning Tool in translationCore to align the passage with the original language. If you do not speak the target language, then work together with someone who does speak the target language. In this way, you can align the translation by combining your knowledge of the original language with the other person’s knowledge of the target language. As a result of the aligning process, you will have questions about parts of the translation. Make note of these with the comment feature in translationCore so that you can ask the translation team about them when you meet, or so that the translation team can see and discuss them before you meet. For instructions about the alignment tool, go to [Alignment Tool](../alignment-tool/01.md).
1. **Ask Questions**. When you are with the translation team and you want to address something that you think might be a problem in the translation, do not make a statement to the translator that there is a problem in the translation. If you do not speak the target language, then you do not know if there is a problem or not. You only think that there might be a problem. Even if you do speak the target language, it is more polite to ask a question than to make a statement that something is wrong. You could ask something like, “What would you think about saying it this way?” and then suggest an alternative way to translate it. Then together you can discuss the different translation ideas, and you can give reasons why you think one translation alternative might be better than another. Then, after considering the alternatives, the translator or translation team must decide which way is best. For topics to ask questions about while checking a Bible translation, see [Types of Things to Check](../vol2-things-to-check/01.md).
1. **Explore the target language and culture**. The questions that you ask will be to discover what the phrase means in the target language. The best questions are the ones that help the translator to think about what the phrase means and how it is used. Useful questions are, “In what situations is this phrase used in your language?” or “Who usually says things like this, and why do they say it?” It is also useful to help the translator to think about what a person from his village would say if in the same situation as the person in the Bible.
1. **Align the passage**. If this has not been done, then use the Aligning Tool in translationCore to align the passage with the original language. If you do not speak the target language, then work together with someone who does speak the target language. In this way, you can align the translation by combining your knowledge of the original language with the other person’s knowledge of the target language. As a result of the aligning process, you will have questions about parts of the translation. Make note of these with the comment feature in translationCore so that you can ask the translation team about them when you meet, or so that the translation team can see and discuss them before you meet. For instructions about the alignment tool, go to [Alignment Tool](../alignment-tool/01.md).
1. **Ask Questions**. When you are with the translation team and you want to address something that you think might be a problem in the translation, do not make a statement to the translator that there is a problem in the translation. If you do not speak the target language, then you do not know if there is a problem or not. You only think that there might be a problem. Even if you do speak the target language, it is more polite to ask a question than to make a statement that something is wrong. You could ask something like, “What would you think about saying it this way?” and then suggest an alternative way to translate it. Then together you can discuss the different translation ideas, and you can give reasons why you think one translation alternative might be better than another. Then, after considering the alternatives, the translator or translation team must decide which way is best. For topics to ask questions about while checking a Bible translation, see [Types of Things to Check](../vol2-things-to-check/01.md).
1. **Explore the target language and culture**. The questions that you ask will be to discover what the phrase means in the target language. The best questions are the ones that help the translator to think about what the phrase means and how it is used. Useful questions are, “In what situations is this phrase used in your language?” or “Who usually says things like this, and why do they say it?” It is also useful to help the translator to think about what a person from his village would say if in the same situation as the person in the Bible.
1. **Teach the translator**. After you explore the meaning of a phrase in the target language and culture, you can tell the translator what the phrase means in the source language and culture. Then together you can decide if the phrase in the translation or the phrase he has just thought of has that same meaning or not.
#### Checking the Translation Directly

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What are the steps that I, as a Quality Checker, should follow to check a translation?
What are the steps that I, as a Quality Checker, should follow to check a translation?

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@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
### Types of Things to Check
These are things to check as you look at a passage of Scripture to check it for accuracy. Pastors who speak the target language can use these guidelines, as well as Quality Checkers who do not speak the target language.
These are things to check as you look at a passage of Scripture to check it for accuracy. Pastors who speak the target language can use these guidelines, as well as Quality Checkers who do not speak the target language.
1. Ask about anything that does not seem right to you, so that the translation team can explain it. If it also does not seem right to them, they can adjust the translation. In general:

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@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ There are several resources available for finding answers to questions:
* **unfoldingWord® Translation Academy** - This training manual is available at http://ufw.io/ta and has much information including:
* [Introduction](../ta-intro/01.md) - introduces this resource, the Gateway Languages strategy, and translation
* [Process Manual](../../process/process-manual/01.md) - answers the question “what next?”
* [Process Manual](../../process/process-manual/01.md) - answers the question “what next?”
* [Translation Manual](../../translate/translate-manual/01.md) - explains the basics of translation theory and provides practical translation helps
* [Checking Manual](../../checking/intro-check/01.md) - explains the basics of checking theory and best practices
* **Door43 Slack** - Join the Door43 community, post your questions to the “#helpdesk” channel, and get real-time answers to your questions (sign up at http://ufw.io/door43)

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@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ This principle applies to trademarks from other organizations as well. The CC BY
On the derivative work, you must indicate what changes you have made and attribute the work as follows: “The original work by unfoldingWord is available from unfoldingword.org/uta.” You must also make your derivative work available under the same license (CC BY-SA).
Suggested attribution statement for Door43 works: “Original work created by the Door43 World Missions Community, available at http://door43.org/, and released under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). This work has been changed from the original, and the original authors have not endorsed this work.”
Suggested attribution statement for Door43 works: “Original work created by the Door43 World Missions Community, available at http://door43.org/, and released under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). This work has been changed from the original, and the original authors have not endorsed this work.”
Other works on Door43 may have different suggestions for attribution, please check the LICENSE files that are distributed with the content.

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@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
### Welcome to unfoldingWord® Translation Academy
unfoldingWord® Translation Academy is a collection of information and instruction on the topic of Bible translation. The primary users that we have in mind are church-based mother-tongue translators. It is written in simple language wherever possible and is intended to enable anyone, anywhere to equip themselves so that they will be able to make high-quality translations of biblical content into their own language.
unfoldingWord® Translation Academy is a collection of information and instruction on the topic of Bible translation. The primary users that we have in mind are church-based mother-tongue translators. It is written in simple language wherever possible and is intended to enable anyone, anywhere to equip themselves so that they will be able to make high-quality translations of biblical content into their own language.
unfoldingWord® Translation Academy is designed to be highly flexible. It is modular in structure, making possible many pathways through the material, depending on the needs and interests of the user. Although it does recommend certain steps and procedures, it seeks to be paradigm-neutral, so that it can be used in a variety of settings and processes. It can be used in systematic, in-advance approaches, or it can be used for just-in-time learning (or both, as needed).
unfoldingWord® Translation Academy is designed to be highly flexible. It is modular in structure, making possible many pathways through the material, depending on the needs and interests of the user. Although it does recommend certain steps and procedures, it seeks to be paradigm-neutral, so that it can be used in a variety of settings and processes. It can be used in systematic, in-advance approaches, or it can be used for just-in-time learning (or both, as needed).
unfoldingWord® Translation Academy is organized into the following sections:
* [Introduction](../ta-intro/01.md) - introduces this resource, the Gateway Languages strategy, and translation
* [Process Manual](../../process/process-manual/01.md) - answers the question “what next?”
* [Process Manual](../../process/process-manual/01.md) - answers the question “what next?”
* [Translation Manual](../../translate/translate-manual/01.md) - explains the basics of translation theory and offers practical Bible translation helps
* [Checking Manual](../../checking/intro-check/01.md) - explains the basics of checking theory and best practices for checking translations

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@ -7,4 +7,4 @@ Today, people in your country do not understand Hebrew, Aramaic and Greek. But t
Someone’s “mother tongue” or “heart language” means the language they first spoke as a child and the one which they use at home. This is the language in which they are most comfortable and which they use to express their deepest thoughts. We want everyone to be able to read God’s Word in their heart language, even if you speak a language that has not been written down yet!
Every language is important and valuable. Small languages are just as important as the national languages spoken in your country, and they can express meaning just as well. No one should be ashamed to speak their dialect. Sometimes, those in minority groups feel ashamed of their language and try not to use it around the people who are in the majority in their nation. But there is nothing inherently more important, more prestigious, or more educated about a national language than there is about local languages. Each language has nuances and shades of meaning that are unique. We should use the language we are most comfortable with and with which we best communicate with others.
Every language is important and valuable. Small languages are just as important as the national languages spoken in your country, and they can express meaning just as well. No one should be ashamed to speak their dialect. Sometimes, those in minority groups feel ashamed of their language and try not to use it around the people who are in the majority in their nation. But there is nothing inherently more important, more prestigious, or more educated about a national language than there is about local languages. Each language has nuances and shades of meaning that are unique. We should use the language we are most comfortable with and with which we best communicate with others.

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@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
The following statement on the principles and procedures used in translation is subscribed to by unfoldingWord and its contributors. All translation activities are carried out according to these common guidelines.
1. **Accurate** — Translate accurately, without detracting from, changing, or adding to the meaning of the original text. Translated content should faithfully communicate as precisely as possible the meaning of the original text as it would have been understood by the original audience. (see [Create Accurate Translations](../../translate/guidelines-accurate/01.md))
1. **Accurate** — Translate accurately, without detracting from, changing, or adding to the meaning of the original text. Translated content should faithfully communicate as precisely as possible the meaning of the original text as it would have been understood by the original audience. (see [Create Accurate Translations](../../translate/guidelines-accurate/01.md))
1. **Clear** — Use whatever language structures are necessary to achieve the highest level of comprehension. This includes rearranging the form of a text and using as many or as few terms as necessary to communicate the original meaning as clearly as possible. (see [Create Clear Translations](../../translate/guidelines-clear/01.md))
1. **Natural** — Use language forms that are effective and that reflect the way your language is used in corresponding contexts. (see [Create Natural Translations](../../translate/guidelines-natural/01.md))
1. **Faithful** — Avoid any political, denominational, ideological, social, cultural, or theological bias in your translation. Use key terms that are faithful to the vocabulary of the original biblical languages. Use equivalent common language terms for the biblical words that describe the relationship between God the Father and God the Son. These may be clarified, as needed, in footnotes or other supplemental resources. (see [Create Faithful Translations](../../translate/guidelines-faithful/01.md))

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@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ The vision of unfoldingWord is **the church in every people group and the Bible
Jesus commanded his disciples to make disciples of EVERY people group:
> Jesus came to them and spoke to them, saying, “All authority has been given to me in heaven and on the earth.  Go, therefore, and make disciples of all the nations. Baptize them into the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit. Teach them to obey all the things that I have commanded you. See, I am with you always, even to the end of the age.” (Matthew 28:18-20 ULT)
> Jesus came to them and spoke to them, saying, “All authority has been given to me in heaven and on the earth. Go, therefore, and make disciples of all the nations. Baptize them into the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit. Teach them to obey all the things that I have commanded you. See, I am with you always, even to the end of the age.” (Matthew 28:18-20 ULT)
We have the promise that people from EVERY language will be in heaven:
@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ How do we accomplish the goal of **the church in every people group and the Bibl
#### Content
We create and make available for translation free and unrestricted biblical content. See https://www.unfoldingword.org/content for a complete list of resources and translations. Here are a few samples:
We create and make available for translation free and unrestricted biblical content. See https://www.unfoldingword.org/content for a complete list of resources and translations. Here are a few samples:
* **unfoldingWord® Open Bible Stories** - unrestricted visual Bible stories comprising 50 key stories of the Bible, from Creation to Revelation, for evangelism and discipleship, in print, audio, and video (see https://www.openbiblestories.org/).
* **unfoldingWord® Literal Text** - a ‘form-centric’ translation of the Bible *for translators*. It increases the translator’s understanding of the lexical and grammatical composition of the underlying text by adhering closely to the word order and structure of the originals (see https://www.unfoldingword.org/ult).

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@ -22,12 +22,12 @@ dublin_core:
description: 'A modular handbook that provides a condensed explanation of Bible translation and checking principles that the global Church has implicitly affirmed define trustworthy translations. It enables translators to learn how to create trustworthy translations of the Bible in their own language.'
format: 'text/markdown'
identifier: 'ta'
issued: '2020-07-23'
issued: '2020-10-29'
language:
identifier: 'en'
title: 'English'
direction: 'ltr'
modified: '2020-07-23'
modified: '2020-10-29'
publisher: 'unfoldingWord®'
relation:
- 'en/ust'
@ -39,11 +39,11 @@ dublin_core:
-
identifier: 'ta'
language: 'en'
version: '13'
version: '14'
subject: 'Translation Academy'
title: 'unfoldingWord® Translation Academy'
type: 'man'
version: '14'
version: '15'
checking:
checking_entity:

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@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
### Publishing Overview
Once a work has been uploaded to Door43, it is automatically available online under your user account. This is referred to as self-publishing. You will have access to a web version of your project at http://door43.org/u/user_name/project_name (where user_name is your username and project_name is your translation project). Both translationStudio and translationCore will give you the correct link when you upload. You can also browse all works on http://door43.org.
Once a work has been uploaded to Door43, it is automatically available online under your user account. This is referred to as self-publishing. You will have access to a web version of your project at http://door43.org/u/user_name/project_name (where user_name is your username and project_name is your translation project). Both translationStudio and translationCore will give you the correct link when you upload. You can also browse all works on http://door43.org.
From your Door43 project page you can:

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@ -3,8 +3,8 @@
Biblical content is worthless unless it is distributed and used. One advantage of using the Door43 translation and publishing platform is that it provides multiple, simple ways of distributing content. On Door43:
* You can safely store your translation
* People can see your translation
* You can safely store your translation
* People can see your translation
* People can leave comments and suggestions to improve your translation
* People can download your translation to read, print, and share with others

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@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
### Welcome
Welcome to Bible translation! We are pleased that you desire to translate God’s message into the language of your people, whether this is through translaton of Bible stories or books of Scripture. This Process Manual is a step-by-step guide to help translation teams know what they need to do from the start of a project to its completion. This guide will help a translation team from the initial setup to the final publishing of translated and checked content.
Welcome to Bible translation! We are pleased that you desire to translate God’s message into the language of your people, whether this is through translaton of Bible stories or books of Scripture. This Process Manual is a step-by-step guide to help translation teams know what they need to do from the start of a project to its completion. This guide will help a translation team from the initial setup to the final publishing of translated and checked content.
### Getting Started

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@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
### How to Get translationCore®
translationCore® is an open-source and open-licensed software program for checking Bible translations. It is completely free to use. The latest version of translationCore for desktop or laptop computers (Windows, Mac, or Linux) is available from https://translationcore.com/. To install the program, click on “Download” to get the latest release. Note that you may also copy the installation file to other computers to share translationCore with others without using the internet.
translationCore® is an open-source and open-licensed software program for checking Bible translations. It is completely free to use. The latest version of translationCore for desktop or laptop computers (Windows, Mac, or Linux) is available from https://translationcore.com/. To install the program, click on “Download” to get the latest release. Note that you may also copy the installation file to other computers to share translationCore with others without using the internet.
### How to Set Up translationCore®
@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ For documentation on how to use translationCore, please see https://tc-documenta
#### Log In
To start, you will need to log in with a user name. If your translation is on Door43, use your Door43 user name. If you do not want to use the internet, then you can enter any name that you want to use, either real or a pseudonym.
To start, you will need to log in with a user name. If your translation is on Door43, use your Door43 user name. If you do not want to use the internet, then you can enter any name that you want to use, either real or a pseudonym.
#### Choose a Project
@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ If you logged in with your Door43 user name, translationCore will know which tra
#### Choose a Tool
translationCore currently contains three checking tools:
translationCore currently contains three checking tools:
* [translationWords Tool](../../checking/important-term-check/01.md)
* [translationNotes Tool](../../checking/trans-note-check/01.md)

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@ -22,8 +22,8 @@ There are many decisions the translation team will need to make, many of them ri
* [Alphabet/Orthography](../../translate/translate-alphabet/01.md) - Many languages have alphabet decisions that need to be made
* [Decisions for Writing Your Language](../../translate/writing-decisions/01.md) - Writing style, punctuation, translating names, spelling, and other decisions have to be made
* [Translation Style](../../translate/choose-style/01.md) - The translation committee needs to agree on the style of the translation in the sense of how much they want it to imitate the form of the source, how much borrowing of words is allowed, and other topics. See also this section on making the translation [Acceptable](../../checking/acceptable/01.md).
* [Choosing What to Translate](../../translate/translation-difficulty/01.md) - Books should be chosen based on the needs of the church and the difficulty of translation
* [Choosing What to Translate](../../translate/translation-difficulty/01.md) - Books should be chosen based on the needs of the church and the difficulty of translation
After the translation committee makes these decisions, it is good to write them down in a document that everyone involved in the translation can read. This will help everyone to make similar translation decisions and will avoid further arguments about these things.
After the translation committee makes these decisions, it is good to write them down in a document that everyone involved in the translation can read. This will help everyone to make similar translation decisions and will avoid further arguments about these things.
After choosing the translation team, it will be time to start giving them [Translation Training](../pretranslation-training/01.md).

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### Installing tS for Mobile
The mobile (Android) edition of translationStudio is available from the [Google Play Store](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.translationstudio.androidapp ) or via direct download from http://ufw.io/ts/. If you install from the Play Store, then you will be notified by the Play Store when a new version is available. Note that you may also copy the installation file (apk) to other devices to share translationStudio with others without using the internet.
The mobile (Android) edition of translationStudio is available from the [Google Play Store](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.translationstudio.androidapp ) or via direct download from http://ufw.io/ts/. If you install from the Play Store, then you will be notified by the Play Store when a new version is available. Note that you may also copy the installation file (apk) to other devices to share translationStudio with others without using the internet.
### Installing tS for Desktop
The latest version of translationStudio for desktop or laptop computers (Windows, Mac, or Linux) is available from http://ufw.io/ts/. To install the program, navigate to the “Desktop” section and download the latest release. Note that you may also copy the installation file to other computers to share translationStudio with others without using the internet.
The latest version of translationStudio for desktop or laptop computers (Windows, Mac, or Linux) is available from http://ufw.io/ts/. To install the program, navigate to the “Desktop” section and download the latest release. Note that you may also copy the installation file to other computers to share translationStudio with others without using the internet.
### Using tS
Once installed, both editions of translationStudio are designed to work similarly. You *do not* need an internet connection to use translationStudio! When using translationStudio for the first time, the software will take you to a screen where you must sign an agreement to the [Statement of Faith](../../intro/statement-of-faith/01.md), the [Translation Guidelines](../../intro/translation-guidelines/01.md), and the [Open License](../../intro/open-license/01.md).
Once installed, both editions of translationStudio are designed to work similarly. You *do not* need an internet connection to use translationStudio! When using translationStudio for the first time, the software will take you to a screen where you must sign an agreement to the [Statement of Faith](../../intro/statement-of-faith/01.md), the [Translation Guidelines](../../intro/translation-guidelines/01.md), and the [Open License](../../intro/open-license/01.md).
After this first-use screen, the software will then take you to the Home screen where you can create a new project. You will need to give the project a name (usually a book of the Bible), identify the project type (usually Bible or Open Bible Stories), and identify the target language. Once your project is created, you can start translating. Make sure that you understand the [Principles of Good Translation](../pretranslation-training/01.md) and know how to use the [Translation Helps](../../translate/translate-help/01.md) that are built into translationStudio. These will help you to gain a better understanding of the source text and how to translate it. Note that your work is automatically saved. You may also choose to back up, share, or upload your work at various intervals (use the menu to access these functions). For guidelines on how to start translating, see [Translation Overview](../translation-overview/01.md) and [Making a First Draft](../../translate/first-draft/01.md).
After this first-use screen, the software will then take you to the Home screen where you can create a new project. You will need to give the project a name (usually a book of the Bible), identify the project type (usually Bible or Open Bible Stories), and identify the target language. Once your project is created, you can start translating. Make sure that you understand the [Principles of Good Translation](../pretranslation-training/01.md) and know how to use the [Translation Helps](../../translate/translate-help/01.md) that are built into translationStudio. These will help you to gain a better understanding of the source text and how to translate it. Note that your work is automatically saved. You may also choose to back up, share, or upload your work at various intervals (use the menu to access these functions). For guidelines on how to start translating, see [Translation Overview](../translation-overview/01.md) and [Making a First Draft](../../translate/first-draft/01.md).
For more information on how to use translationStudio, please see the documentation at https://ts-info.readthedocs.io/.
### After Using tS
1. Make sure that you have a translation team that can help you check your work (see [Training Before Checking Begins](../prechecking-training/01.md)).
1. At any point, you may upload your work to [Door43](https://git.door43.org) by clicking on the three-dot menu and choosing Upload/Export. You will need to create a user name on Door43.
1. At any point, you may upload your work to [Door43](https://git.door43.org) by clicking on the three-dot menu and choosing Upload/Export. You will need to create a user name on Door43.
1. Once uploaded, Door43 will keep your work in a repository under your user name and you can access your work there (see [Publishing](../intro-publishing/01.md)).

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### Sharing Content from tS and tC
Sharing content that is in translationStudio is easy. For offine sharing, use the Backup feature from the tS menu. For online sharing, use the Upload feature from the tS menu. In translationCore, use the three-dot menu on the Projects page. For offline sharing, use either Export to USFM or Export to CSV. For online sharing, use Upload to Door43.
Sharing content that is in translationStudio is easy. For offine sharing, use the Backup feature from the tS menu. For online sharing, use the Upload feature from the tS menu. In translationCore, use the three-dot menu on the Projects page. For offline sharing, use either Export to USFM or Export to CSV. For online sharing, use Upload to Door43.
### Sharing Content on Door43
If you upload your work from translationStudio or translationCore, then it will automatically appear online on Door43. All of your uploaded content will appear under your user account. For example, if your username is *test_user* then you may find all your work at https://git.door43.org/test_user/. You can share your work with others online by giving them the link to the projects you have uploaded.
If you upload your work from translationStudio or translationCore, then it will automatically appear online on Door43. All of your uploaded content will appear under your user account. For example, if your username is *test_user* then you may find all your work at https://git.door43.org/test_user/. You can share your work with others online by giving them the link to the projects you have uploaded.
### Sharing Content Offline
You can also generate and download documents from your project pages on Door43. Once you have downloaded these, you can transfer them to others however you would like, including printing and distributing paper copies.
You can also generate and download documents from your project pages on Door43. Once you have downloaded these, you can transfer them to others however you would like, including printing and distributing paper copies.

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@ -27,6 +27,6 @@ After finishing Open Bible Stories, you will have gained enough skill and experi
8. Check the translation with [Leaders of Church Networks](../../checking/level3/01.md).
9. [Publish](../intro-publishing/01.md) the translation on Door43, in print, and in audio, as desired.
Repeat these steps with each Bible book.
Repeat these steps with each Bible book.
Plan to have someone from the translation team continue to maintain the translation on [Door43](http://git.door43.org), editing it to correct errors and improve it according to suggestions from the church community. The translation can easily be downloaded and reprinted as often as desired.
Plan to have someone from the translation team continue to maintain the translation on [Door43](http://git.door43.org), editing it to correct errors and improve it according to suggestions from the church community. The translation can easily be downloaded and reprinted as often as desired.

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### Description
The term “biblical imagery” refers in a general way to any kind of language in which an image is paired with an idea such that the image represents the idea. This general definition is applied most directly to [metaphors](../figs-metaphor/01.md) but can also include [similes](../figs-simile/01.md), [metonymies](../figs-metonymy/01.md), and cultural models.
The term “biblical imagery” refers in a general way to any kind of language in which an image is paired with an idea such that the image represents the idea. This general definition is applied most directly to [metaphors](../figs-metaphor/01.md) but can also include [similes](../figs-simile/01.md), [metonymies](../figs-metonymy/01.md), and cultural models.
We have included several modules about biblical imagery in order to tell about the various patterns of imagery found in the Bible. The patterns of pairings found in the Bible are often unique to the Hebrew and Greek languages. It is useful to recognize these patterns because they repeatedly present translators with the same problems regarding how to translate them. Once translators think through how they will handle these translation challenges, they will be ready to meet them anywhere they see the same patterns. See [Biblical Imagery - Common Patterns](../bita-part1/01.md) for links to pages showing common patterns of pairings between ideas in similes and metaphors.
@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ A **simile** is an explicit figure of speech that compares two items using one o
A **metonymy** is an implicit figure of speech that refers to an item (either physical or abstract) not by its own name, but by the name of something closely related to it. See [Biblical Imagery - Common Metonymies](../bita-part2/01.md) for a list of some common metonymies in the Bible.
A **metaphor** is a figure of speech which uses a physical image to refer to an abstract idea, either explicitly or implicitly. In our translation helps, we distinguish between three different types of metaphors: [simple metaphors](../figs-simetaphor/01.md), [extended metaphors](../figs-exmetaphor/01.md), and [complex metaphors](../figs-cometaphor/01.md).
A **metaphor** is a figure of speech which uses a physical image to refer to an abstract idea, either explicitly or implicitly. In our translation helps, we distinguish between three different types of metaphors: [simple metaphors](../figs-simetaphor/01.md), [extended metaphors](../figs-exmetaphor/01.md), and [complex metaphors](../figs-cometaphor/01.md).
In a metaphor, the **Image** is the physical term (object, event, action, etc.) that is used to refer to an abstract term (idea, concept, action, etc.).
@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ A **simple metaphor** is an explicit metaphor in which a single physical image i
An **extended metaphor** is an explicit metaphor that uses multiple images and multiple ideas at the same time. For example, in Psalm 23 the psalmist writes “Yahweh is my shepherd” and then goes on to describe multiple physical aspects of the relationship between sheep and a shepherd as well as multiple abstract ideas concerning the relationship between himself and Yahweh.
A **complex metaphor** is an implicit metaphor that uses multiple images and multiple ideas at the same time. Complex metaphors are very similar to extended metaphors, except that they are implied by the text rather than explicitly stated. Because of this, complex metaphors can be very difficult to identify in the Bible. For example, in Ephesians 6:10-20 the apostle Paul describes how a Christian should prepare to resist temptation by comparing abstract ideas to pieces of armor worn by a soldier. The term “full armor of God” is not a combination of several simple metaphors (where the belt represents truth, the helmet represents salvation, etc.). Rather, the unstated complex metaphor PREPARATION IS GETTING DRESSED underlies the entire description as a whole. The apostle Paul was using the physical Image of a soldier putting on his armor (that is, “GETTING DRESSED”) to refer to the abstract Idea (that is, “PREPARATION”) of a Christian preparing himself to resist temptation.
A **complex metaphor** is an implicit metaphor that uses multiple images and multiple ideas at the same time. Complex metaphors are very similar to extended metaphors, except that they are implied by the text rather than explicitly stated. Because of this, complex metaphors can be very difficult to identify in the Bible. For example, in Ephesians 6:10-20 the apostle Paul describes how a Christian should prepare to resist temptation by comparing abstract ideas to pieces of armor worn by a soldier. The term “full armor of God” is not a combination of several simple metaphors (where the belt represents truth, the helmet represents salvation, etc.). Rather, the unstated complex metaphor PREPARATION IS GETTING DRESSED underlies the entire description as a whole. The apostle Paul was using the physical Image of a soldier putting on his armor (that is, “GETTING DRESSED”) to refer to the abstract Idea (that is, “PREPARATION”) of a Christian preparing himself to resist temptation.
In our translation helps, we use the term **cultural model** to refer to either an extended metaphor or a complex metaphor that is widely used within a specific culture but which may or may not be used within a different culture. See [Biblical Imagery - Cultural Models](../bita-part3/01.md) for a list of some cultural models found in the Bible.
@ -33,20 +33,20 @@ Cultural models are complex metaphors that people use to help them imagine and t
For example, both the Old Testament and New Testament describe God as if he were a shepherd and his people were sheep. This is a cultural model that is used frequently in the Bible, and it appears as an extended metaphor in Psalm 23. In the culture of ancient Israel, GOD IS MODELED AS A SHEPHERD.
> **Yahweh is my shepherd**; I will lack nothing. (Psalm 23:1 ULT)
> **Yahweh is my shepherd**; I will lack nothing. (Psalm 23:1 ULT)
> He led his own people out **like sheep** and guided them through the wilderness **like a flock**. (Psalm 78:52 ULT)
> **I am the good shepherd**. The good shepherd lays down his life for the sheep. (John 10:11 ULT)
> **I am the good shepherd**. The good shepherd lays down his life for the sheep. (John 10:11 ULT)
> Then when **the Chief Shepherd** is revealed, you will receive an unfading crown of glory. (1 Peter 5:4 ULT)
Another cultural model is found in Psalm 24, where the psalmist describes God as if he were a mighty and glorious king coming into a city. In the culture of ancient Israel, GOD IS MODELED AS A KING.
Another cultural model is found in Psalm 24, where the psalmist describes God as if he were a mighty and glorious king coming into a city. In the culture of ancient Israel, GOD IS MODELED AS A KING.
> Lift up your heads, you gates; be lifted up, everlasting doors, so that the **King of glory** may come in! Who is this **King of glory**? Yahweh, strong and mighty; Yahweh, mighty in battle. (Psalm 24:7-8 ULT)
>
>
> Someone who breaks open their way for them will go ahead of them. They break through the gate and go out; **their king** will pass on before them. **Yahweh** will be at their head. (Micah 2:8 ULT)
>
>
> Out of his mouth goes a sharp sword, so that with it he might strike the nations, and he will shepherd them with an iron rod. He tramples in the winepress of the fury of the wrath of **God Almighty**. He has a name written on his robe and on his thigh: “**King of kings and Lord of lords**.” (Revelation 19:15-16 ULT)
This cultural model was very common in ancient Near Eastern cultures, and the ancient Israelites who read the Bible would have understood it easily because their nation was ruled by a king. However, many modern nations are not ruled by kings, so this specific cultural model is not as easily understood in many modern cultures.

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Some common [metonymies](../figs-metonymy/01.md) and [metaphors](../figs-metaphor/01.md) from the Bible involving animals are listed below in alphabetical order. The word in all capital letters identifies an Image that represents an Idea. The specific word of the Image may not appear in every verse that uses the Image, but the text will somehow communicate  the concept of the Image.
Some common [metonymies](../figs-metonymy/01.md) and [metaphors](../figs-metaphor/01.md) from the Bible involving animals are listed below in alphabetical order. The word in all capital letters identifies an Image that represents an Idea. The specific word of the Image may not appear in every verse that uses the Image, but the text will somehow communicate the concept of the Image.
#### An ANIMAL HORN represents strength
> God is my rock. I take refuge in him.
> He is my shield, the **horn** of my salvation, my stronghold, and my refuge,
> God is my rock. I take refuge in him.
> He is my shield, the **horn** of my salvation, my stronghold, and my refuge,
> the one who saves me from violence. (2 Samuel 22:3 ULT)
The “horn of my salvation” is the strong one who saves me.
@ -17,23 +17,23 @@ The horn is King David’s military strength.
This is because some birds are easily trapped.
> I have been hunted like a **bird** by those who were my enemies; they hunted me without a reason. (Lamentations 3:52 ULT)
> Save yourself like a gazelle from the hand of the hunter,
> Save yourself like a gazelle from the hand of the hunter,
> like a **bird** from the hand of the fowler. (Proverbs 6:5 ULT)
A fowler is a person who catches birds, and a snare is a small trap.
> We have escaped like a **bird** out of the snare of the fowlers;
> We have escaped like a **bird** out of the snare of the fowlers;
> the snare has been broken, and we have escaped. (Psalm 124:7 ULT)
#### BIRDS THAT EAT MEAT represent enemies who attack swiftly
In Habakkuk and Hosea, Israel’s enemies who would come and attack them were compared to an eagle.
>  Their horsemen come from a great distance—they fly like an **eagle** hurrying to eat! (Habakkuk 1:8 ULT)
> Their horsemen come from a great distance—they fly like an **eagle** hurrying to eat! (Habakkuk 1:8 ULT)
> An **eagle** is coming over the house of Yahweh.
> … Israel has rejected what is good,
> An **eagle** is coming over the house of Yahweh.
> … Israel has rejected what is good,
> and the enemy will pursue him. (Hosea 8:1, 3 ULT)
In Isaiah, God called a certain foreign king a bird of prey because he would come quickly and attack Israel’s enemies.
@ -44,22 +44,22 @@ In Isaiah, God called a certain foreign king a bird of prey because he would com
This is because birds spread their wings over their chicks to protect them from danger.
> Protect me like the apple of your eye; hide me under the shadow of **your wings**
> Protect me like the apple of your eye; hide me under the shadow of **your wings**
> from the presence of the wicked ones who assault me, my enemies who surround me. (Psalms 17:8-9 ULT)
Here is another example of how the wings represent protection.
> Be merciful to me, God, be merciful to me,
> for I take refuge in you until these troubles are over.
> Be merciful to me, God, be merciful to me,
> for I take refuge in you until these troubles are over.
> I stay under **your wings** for protection until this destruction is over. (Psalm 57:1 ULT)
#### DANGEROUS ANIMALS represent dangerous people
In Psalms, David referred to his enemies as lions.
> My life is among **lions**;
> I am among those who are ready to devour me.
> I am among people whose teeth are spears and arrows,
> My life is among **lions**;
> I am among those who are ready to devour me.
> I am among people whose teeth are spears and arrows,
> and whose tongues are sharp swords. (Psalm 57:4 ULT)
Peter called the devil a roaring lion.
@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ In Matthew, John the Baptist called the religious leaders poisonous snakes becau
#### EAGLES represent strength
> He satisfies your life with good things
> He satisfies your life with good things
> so that your youth is renewed like the **eagle**. (Psalm 103:5 ULT)
> For Yahweh says this, “See, the enemy will come flying like an **eagle**, spreading out his wings over Moab.” (Jeremiah 48:40 ULT)
@ -85,10 +85,10 @@ In Matthew, John the Baptist called the religious leaders poisonous snakes becau
#### SHEEP or a FLOCK OF SHEEP represents people who need to be led or are in danger
> My people have been a lost **flock**. Their shepherds have led them astray in the mountains. (Jeremiah 50:6 ULT)
> He led his own people out like **sheep** and guided them through the wilderness like a **flock**. (Psalm 78:52 ULT)
> Israel is a **sheep** scattered and driven away by lions. First the king of Assyria devoured him;
> Israel is a **sheep** scattered and driven away by lions. First the king of Assyria devoured him;
> then after this, Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon broke his bones. (Jeremiah 50:17 ULT)
> See, I send you out as **sheep** in the midst of wolves, so be as wise as serpents and harmless as doves. (Matthew 10:16 ULT)

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@ -2,36 +2,36 @@ Some common [metonymies](../figs-metonymy/01.md) and [metaphors](../figs-metapho
#### A FARMER represents God, and the VINEYARD represents his chosen people
> My well beloved had a **vineyard** on a very fertile hill.
> He spaded it, removed the stones, and planted it with an excellent kind of vine.
> He built a tower in the middle of it, and also built a winepress.
> My well beloved had a **vineyard** on a very fertile hill.
> He spaded it, removed the stones, and planted it with an excellent kind of vine.
> He built a tower in the middle of it, and also built a winepress.
> He waited for it to produce grapes, but it only produced wild grapes. (Isaiah 5:1-2)
>
>
> For the kingdom of heaven is like a landowner who went out early in the morning to hire workers for his **vineyard**. (Matthew 20:1 ULT)
>
>
> There was a man, a landowner. He planted a **vineyard**, set a hedge about it, dug a winepress in it, built a watchtower, and rented it out to vine growers. Then he went into another country. (Matthew 21:33 ULT)
#### The GROUND represents people’s hearts (inner being)
> For Yahweh says this to each person in Judah and Jerusalem: ‘Plow your own **ground**, and do not sow among thorns. (Jeremiah 4:3 ULT)
>
> For Yahweh says this to each person in Judah and Jerusalem: ‘Plow your own **ground**, and do not sow among thorns. (Jeremiah 4:3 ULT)
>
> When anyone hears the word of the kingdom but does not understand it … This is the seed that was sown **beside the road**. That which was sown on **rocky ground** is the person who hears the word and immediately receives it with joy … That which was sown **among the thorn plants**, this is the person who hears the word, but the cares of the world and the deceitfulness of riches choke the word…That which was sown on the **good soil**, this is the person who hears the word and understands it. (Matthew 13:19-23 ULT)
>
> Break up your **unplowed ground**,
>
> Break up your **unplowed ground**,
> for it is time to seek Yahweh. Hosea 10:12 ULT)
#### SOWING represents actions or attitudes, and REAPING represents judgment or reward
> According to what I have seen, those who plow iniquity and **sow** trouble **reap** it. (Job 4:8 ULT)
>
> Do not be deceived. God is not mocked, for whatever a man **plants**, that he will also **gather** in. For he who **plants** seed to his own sinful nature, from the sinful nature **will gathe**r in destruction. But the one who **plants** seed to the Spirit, from the Spirit **will gather** in eternal life. (Galatians 6:7-8 ULT)
> According to what I have seen, those who plow iniquity and **sow** trouble **reap** it. (Job 4:8 ULT)
>
> Do not be deceived. God is not mocked, for whatever a man **plants**, that he will also **gather** in. For he who **plants** seed to his own sinful nature, from the sinful nature **will gathe**r in destruction. But the one who **plants** seed to the Spirit, from the Spirit **will gather** in eternal life. (Galatians 6:7-8 ULT)
#### THRESHING and WINNOWING represent the separation of evil people from good people
After farmers harvest wheat and other types of grain, they bring them to a **threshing floor**, a flat place with hard ground, and have oxen pull heavy wheeled carts or sleds without wheels over the grain to **thresh** it, to separate the usable grains from the useless chaff. Then they take large forks and **winnow** the threshed grain by throwing it up in the air so the wind can carry off the chaff (waste) while the grains fall back to the threshing floor, where they can be gathered and used for food. (See "thresh" and "winnow" pages in [unfoldingWord® Translation Words](http://ufw.io/tw/) for help translating thresh and winnow.)
After farmers harvest wheat and other types of grain, they bring them to a **threshing floor**, a flat place with hard ground, and have oxen pull heavy wheeled carts or sleds without wheels over the grain to **thresh** it, to separate the usable grains from the useless chaff. Then they take large forks and **winnow** the threshed grain by throwing it up in the air so the wind can carry off the chaff (waste) while the grains fall back to the threshing floor, where they can be gathered and used for food. (See "thresh" and "winnow" pages in [unfoldingWord® Translation Words](http://ufw.io/tw/) for help translating thresh and winnow.)
> So I will **winnow** them with a pitchfork at the gates of the land. I will bereave them. I will destroy my people since they will not turn from their ways. (Jeremiah 15:7 ULT)
>
>
> His **winnowing fork** is in his hand to thoroughly clear off his **threshing floor** and to gather the wheat into his storehouse. But he will burn up the chaff with unquenchable fire. (Luke 3:17 ULT)
#### GRAFTING represents God’s allowing the Gentiles to become his people
@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ After farmers harvest wheat and other types of grain, they bring them to a **thr
#### RAIN represents God’s gifts to his people
> … he comes and **rains** righteousness on you. (Hosea 10:12b ULT)
>
> For the land that drinks in the **rain** that often comes on it, and that produces plants useful to those for whom the land was also cultivated, receives a blessing from God. But land that bears thorns and thistles is worthless and is about to be cursed. Its end is to be burned. (Hebrews 6:7-8 ULT)
>
>
> For the land that drinks in the **rain** that often comes on it, and that produces plants useful to those for whom the land was also cultivated, receives a blessing from God. But land that bears thorns and thistles is worthless and is about to be cursed. Its end is to be burned. (Hebrews 6:7-8 ULT)
>
> So be patient, brothers, until the Lord’s coming. See, the farmer awaits the valuable harvest from the ground. He is patiently waiting for it, until it receives the early and late **rains**. (James 5:7 ULT)

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What are some examples of images taken from farming that are used as images in the Bible?
What are some examples of images taken from farming that are used as images in the Bible?

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@ -3,14 +3,14 @@ Some common [metonymies](../figs-metonymy/01.md) and [metaphors](../figs-metapho
#### The BODY represents a group of people
> Now you are the **body** of Christ and individually members of it. (1 Corinthians 12:27 ULT)
>
>
> Instead, speaking the truth in love, let us grow up in all things into him who is the head, even Christ, from whom the whole **body,** being joined and held together by every supporting ligament, according to the working in measure of each individual part, causes the growth of the **body** for building up itself in love.
In these verses, the body of Christ represents the group of people who follow Christ.
#### A BROTHER represents a person’s relatives, associates, or peers
> For Mordecai the Jew was second to the King Ahasuerus, and great among the Jews, and favored by the multitude of his **brothers **… (Esther 10:3a ULT)
> For Mordecai the Jew was second to the King Ahasuerus, and great among the Jews, and favored by the multitude of his **brothers **… (Esther 10:3a ULT)
#### A DAUGHTER represents a village located near a town or city
@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ In these verses, the body of Christ represents the group of people who follow Ch
#### The FACE represents someone’s presence, sight, knowledge, perception, attention, or judgment
> Then Esther repeated her action, and she spoke before the **face** of the king. (Esther 8:3a ULT)
>
>
> Why do you hide your **face** and forget our affliction and our oppression? (Psalm 44:24 ULT)
To hide one’s face from someone means to ignore him.
@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ To hide one’s face from someone means to ignore him.
If someone seeks another person’s face, he hopes that the person will pay attention to him.
> Do you not fear me—this is Yahweh’s declaration—or tremble before my **face**? (Jeremiah 5:22 ULT)
>
>
> Every man of the house of Israel who takes his idols into his heart, or who puts the stumbling block of his iniquity before his **face**, and who then comes to a prophet—I, Yahweh, will answer him according to the number of his idols. (Ezekiel 14:4 ULT)
To put something before one’s face is to look at it intently or pay attention to it.
@ -39,21 +39,21 @@ To put something before one’s face is to look at it intently or pay attention
#### The FACE represents the front of something
> So Hathak went out to Mordecai, to the open place of the city that was before the **face** of the gate of the king. (Esther 4:6 ULT)
>
>
> She fell before the **face** of his feet and wept and implored favor from him to take away the evil of Haman the Agagite and his plot that he had plotted against the Jews. (Esther 8:3b ULT)
#### The FACE represents the surface of something
> The famine was over all **the face** of the whole land. (Genesis 41:56a ULT)
>
> He covers **the face** of the moon and spreads his clouds on it. (Job 26:9 ULT)
>
> He covers **the face** of the moon and spreads his clouds on it. (Job 26:9 ULT)
#### A FATHER represents someone’s ancestor(s)
#### A SON represents someone’s descendant(s)
>  But they acted presumptuously, they and our **fathers**. And they stiffened their neck and did not listen to your commandments. (Nehemiah 9:16 ULT)
>
> But they acted presumptuously, they and our **fathers**. And they stiffened their neck and did not listen to your commandments. (Nehemiah 9:16 ULT)
>
> We have not listened to your servants the prophets who spoke in your name to our kings, our leaders, our **fathers**, and to all the people of the land. To you, Lord, belongs righteousness …" (Daniel 9:6-7a ULT)
#### The HAND represents someone’s power, control, agency, or action
@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ To put something before one’s face is to look at it intently or pay attention
#### The HEART represents the action of thinking or feeling
> And Boaz ate and drank, and his **heart** was good, and he went to lie down at the end of the pile of grain. (Ruth 3:7a ULT)
>
>
> On the seventh day, when the **heart** of the king was pleased by the wine… (Esther 1:10a ULT)
#### The HEART represents someone’s attitude
@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ In this context, having a full heart means to be proud or arrogant.
#### The EYES represent sight, knowledge, perception, attention, or judgment
> For the matter of the queen will go out to all the women, in order to make their husbands despised in their **eyes** … (Esther 1:17a ULT)
> For the matter of the queen will go out to all the women, in order to make their husbands despised in their **eyes** … (Esther 1:17a ULT)
#### The EYES represent someone’s attitude
@ -103,8 +103,8 @@ Lowered eyes show that a person is humble.
#### The HEAD represents a ruler, a leader, or a person with authority over others
> A man from each tribe, **a clan head**, must serve with you as his tribe’s leader. (Num 1:4 ULT)
>
> He put all things under his feet and **gave him as head** over all things to the church, which is his body, the fullness of the one who fills all in all. (Ephesians 1:22-23 ULT)
>
> He put all things under his feet and **gave him as head** over all things to the church, which is his body, the fullness of the one who fills all in all. (Ephesians 1:22-23 ULT)
#### A MASTER represents anything that motivates someone to act
@ -115,20 +115,20 @@ To serve God is to be motivated by God. To serve money is to be motivated by mon
#### The MOUTH means speech or words
> A fool’s **mouth** is his ruin. (Proverbs 18:7 ULT)
>
> I would strengthen you with my mouth. (Job 16:5 ULT)
>
> I would strengthen you with my mouth. (Job 16:5 ULT)
In these examples the mouth refers to what a person says.
#### A NAME represents the person who has that name
> May your God make **the name of Solomon** better than your name, and make his throne greater than your throne.” (1 Kings 1:47 ULT)
>
>
> See, I have sworn **by my great name**—says Yahweh. **My name** will no longer be called upon by the mouths of any of the men of Judah in all the land of Egypt.” (Jeremiah 44:26 ULT)
If someone’s name is great, it means that he is great.
> Please let your ear be attentive to the prayer of your servant and to the prayer of your servants, the ones who delight to **fear your name**. (Nehemiah 1:11 ULT)
> Please let your ear be attentive to the prayer of your servant and to the prayer of your servants, the ones who delight to **fear your name**. (Nehemiah 1:11 ULT)
To fear someone’s name is to honor him.
@ -138,11 +138,11 @@ To fear someone’s name is to honor him.
To profane God’s name is to profane his reputation, that is, to profane how people think about him.
> For I will make **my great name** holy, which you have profaned among the nations … (Ezekiel 36:23 ULT)
> For I will make **my great name** holy, which you have profaned among the nations … (Ezekiel 36:23 ULT)
To make God’s name holy is to cause people to see that God is holy.
> Your servants have come from a very distant country, because of **the name** of Yahweh your God, for we have heard a report about him and about everything that he did in Egypt. (Joshua 9:9 ULT)
> Your servants have come from a very distant country, because of **the name** of Yahweh your God, for we have heard a report about him and about everything that he did in Egypt. (Joshua 9:9 ULT)
The fact that the men said they heard a report about Yahweh shows that “because of the name of Yahweh” means because of Yahweh’s reputation.
@ -153,12 +153,12 @@ The fact that the men said they heard a report about Yahweh shows that “becaus
#### The NOSE represents anger
> Then … the foundations of the world were laid bare at your rebuke, Yahweh, at the blast of the breath of **your nostrils**. (Psalms 18:15 ULT)
>
>
> By the blast of **your nostrils** the waters were piled up. (Exodus 15:8a ULT)
>
>
> Smoke went up from out of **his nostrils**, and blazing fire came out of his mouth. (2 Samuel 22:9a ULT)
>
> Yahweh, Yahweh, God is merciful and gracious, **slow to anger **… (Exodus 34:6a ULT)
>
> Yahweh, Yahweh, God is merciful and gracious, **slow to anger **… (Exodus 34:6a ULT)
In Hebrew, a hot nose represents anger, including such images as a blast of air or smoke coming from someone’s nostrils. The opposite of a “hot nose” is a “long nose.” The phrase “slow to anger” in Hebrew literally means “long of nose.” A long nose represents patience, meaning that it takes a long time for that person’s nose to get hot.
@ -168,16 +168,16 @@ In Hebrew, a hot nose represents anger, including such images as a blast of air
#### The SON OF SOMETHING represents something shares the qualities of another thing
> No **son of wickedness** will oppress him. (Psalm 89:22b ULT)
> No **son of wickedness** will oppress him. (Psalm 89:22b ULT)
A son of wickedness is a wicked person.
> May the groans of the prisoners come before you;
> May the groans of the prisoners come before you;
> with the greatness of your power keep the **children of death** alive. (Psalm 79:11 ULT)
Children of death here are people that others plan to kill.
> We all also once lived among these, in the evil desires of our flesh, fulfilling the desires of the body and of the mind. We were by nature **children of wrath**, as also the rest. (Ephesians 2:3 ULT)
> We all also once lived among these, in the evil desires of our flesh, fulfilling the desires of the body and of the mind. We were by nature **children of wrath**, as also the rest. (Ephesians 2:3 ULT)
Children of wrath here are people with whom God is very angry.

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@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ Some common [metonymies](../figs-metonymy/01.md) and [metaphors](../figs-metapho
#### Having BIRTH PAINS mean suffering that is necessary to achieve a new condition
> **Be in pain and labor to give birth**, daughter of Zion, like a **woman in labor**.
> For now you will go out of the city, live in the field, and go to Babylon.
> There you will be rescued. There Yahweh will rescue you from the hand of your enemies. (Micah 4:10 ULT)
>
> **Be in pain and labor to give birth**, daughter of Zion, like a **woman in labor**.
> For now you will go out of the city, live in the field, and go to Babylon.
> There you will be rescued. There Yahweh will rescue you from the hand of your enemies. (Micah 4:10 ULT)
>
> For nation will rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom. There will be famines and earthquakes in various places. But all these things are only the beginning of **birth pains**. (Matthew 24:7-8 ULT)
>
>
> My little children, again I am in the **pains of childbirth** for you until Christ is formed in you.(Galatians 4:19 ULT)
#### Being CALLED SOMETHING means being that thing
@ -24,34 +24,34 @@ This is because he actually is the God of the whole earth.
This is because he actually is discerning.
> He will … **be called** the Son of the Most High. (Luke 1:32a ULT)
> He will … **be called** the Son of the Most High. (Luke 1:32a ULT)
This is because he actually is the Son of the Most High.
> Therefore, the holy one who will be borne will **be called** the Son of God. (Luke 1:35b ULT)
> Therefore, the holy one who will be borne will **be called** the Son of God. (Luke 1:35b ULT)
This is because he actually is the Son of God.
> Every male who opens the womb will **be called** dedicated to the Lord. (Luke 2:23b ULT)
> Every male who opens the womb will **be called** dedicated to the Lord. (Luke 2:23b ULT)
This is because he actually will be dedicated to the Lord.
#### Being CLEAN means being acceptable for God’s purposes
> Noah built an altar to Yahweh. He took some of the **clean** animals and some of the **clean** birds, and offered burnt offerings on the altar. Yahweh smelled the pleasing aroma. (Genesis 8:20 ULT)
>
>
> The priest will examine him again on the seventh day to see if the disease is better and has not spread farther in the skin. If it has not, then the priest will pronounce him **clean**. It is a rash. He must wash his clothes, and then he is **clean**. (Leviticus 13:6 ULT)
#### CLEANSING or PURIFYING means making something acceptable for God’s purposes
> He must go out to the altar that is before Yahweh and make atonement for it, and he must take some of the bull’s blood and some of the goat’s blood and put it on the horns of the altar all around. He must sprinkle some of the blood on it with his finger seven times to **cleanse** it and dedicate it to Yahweh, away from the **unclean** actions of the people of Israel. (Leviticus 16:18-19 ULT)
>
>
> This is because on this day atonement will be made for you, to **cleanse** you from all your sins so you will be **clean** before Yahweh. (Leviticus 16:30 ULT)
#### COMING or STANDING BEFORE SOMEONE means serving him
> How blessed are your wives, and how blessed are your servants who constantly **stand before you**, because they hear your wisdom.  (1 Kings 10:8 ULT)
>
> How blessed are your wives, and how blessed are your servants who constantly **stand before you**, because they hear your wisdom. (1 Kings 10:8 ULT)
>
> Covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness **come before you**. (Psalm 89:14b ULT)
Covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness are also personified here. (See [Personification](../figs-personification/01.md).)
@ -59,9 +59,9 @@ Covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness are also personified here. (See [Perso
#### Being CUT OFF means being killed
> So you must keep the Sabbath, for it must be treated by you as holy, reserved for him. Everyone who defiles it must surely **be put to death**. Whoever works on the Sabbath, that person must surely **be cut off from his people**. (Exodus 31:14 ULT)
>
>
> Whoever does not humble himself on that day must be **cut off from his people**. Whoever does any work on that day, **I, Yahweh, will destroy him** from among his people. (Leviticus 23:29-30 ULT)
>
>
> But he was **cut off** from the land of the living … (Isaiah 53:8b ULT)
#### Being CUT OFF from something means being sepa rated from it
@ -72,55 +72,55 @@ Covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness are also personified here. (See [Perso
Too much wine makes a person weak so that he staggers. So too, when God judges people, they become weak and stagger. So the idea of wine is used to represent God’s judgment.
> You have made your people see difficult things; you have made us **drink the wine of staggering**. (Psalm 60:3 ULT)
>
> But God is the judge;
> he brings down and he lifts up.
> For Yahweh holds in his hand a cup of **foaming wine**,
> which is mixed with spices, and pours it out.
> You have made your people see difficult things; you have made us **drink the wine of staggering**. (Psalm 60:3 ULT)
>
> But God is the judge;
> he brings down and he lifts up.
> For Yahweh holds in his hand a cup of **foaming wine**,
> which is mixed with spices, and pours it out.
> Surely all the wicked of the earth will **drink it** to the last drop. (Psalm 75:7-8 ULT)
>
>
> He also will drink from the **wine** of the wrath of God, the **wine** that has been poured undiluted into the cup of his anger. (Revelation 14:10a ULT)
#### EATING UP means defeating, destroying, or harming
> God brings him out of Egypt.
> with strength like a wild ox.
> **He will eat up the nations who fight against him**.
> He will break their bones to pieces.
> God brings him out of Egypt.
> with strength like a wild ox.
> **He will eat up the nations who fight against him**.
> He will break their bones to pieces.
> He will shoot them with his arrows. (Numbers 24:8 ULT)
Another word for “eat up” is devour.
> Therefore as **the tongue of fire devours stubble**, and as the dry grass goes down in flame, so their root will rot, and their blossom will blow away like dust. (Isaiah 5:24 ULT)
>
> Therefore Yahweh will raise up against him Rezin, his adversary, and will stir up his enemies, the Arameans on the east, and the Philistines on the west.
> Therefore as **the tongue of fire devours stubble**, and as the dry grass goes down in flame, so their root will rot, and their blossom will blow away like dust. (Isaiah 5:24 ULT)
>
> Therefore Yahweh will raise up against him Rezin, his adversary, and will stir up his enemies, the Arameans on the east, and the Philistines on the west.
> **They will devour Israel with open mouth**. (Isaiah 9:11-12 ULT)
>
> I will make my arrows drunk with blood, and **my sword will devour flesh** with the blood of the killed and the captives, and from the heads of the leaders of the enemy. (Deuteronomy 32:42 ULT)
>
> I will make my arrows drunk with blood, and **my sword will devour flesh** with the blood of the killed and the captives, and from the heads of the leaders of the enemy. (Deuteronomy 32:42 ULT)
#### FALLING UPON or BEING UPON means affecting
> Yahweh God caused a deep sleep to **fall upon** the man, so the man slept. (Genesis 2:21a ULT)
>
> Will not his majesty terrify you, and the dread of him fall upon you? (Job 13:11 ULT)
>
>
> Will not his majesty terrify you, and the dread of him fall upon you? (Job 13:11 ULT)
>
> Then the Spirit of Yahweh **fell on me** and he said for me to say … (Exekiel 11:5a ULT)
>
>
> Now look, the hand of the Lord **is upon you**, and you will become blind. (Acts 13:11a ULT)
#### FOLLOWING SOMEONE means being loyal to him
> Thus they forsook Yahweh, the God of their fathers, the one who brought them out of the land of Egypt. **They went after** other gods from the gods of the people groups who were around them, and they bowed down to them. They provoked Yahweh to anger. They forsook Yahweh and they served the Baal and the Ashtoreths. (Judges 2:12-13 ULT)
>
>
> For Solomon **followed** Ashtoreth, the goddess of the Sidonians, and **he followed** Milcom, the disgusting idol of the Ammonites. (1 Kings 11:5 ULT)
>
>
> Not one of them who despised me will see it, except for my servant Caleb, because he had another spirit. **He has followed me fully**; I will bring him into the land which he went to examine. His descendants will possess it. (Numbers 14:23-24 ULT)
#### GOING BEFORE, ACCOMPANYING, or FOLLOWING A KING WITH HIS OTHER ATTENDANTS means serving him
> See, his reward is **with him**, and his recompense is **going before him**. (Isaiah 62:11b ULT)
>
>
> Righteousness will **go before him** and make a way for his footsteps. (Psalm 85:13 ULT)
#### INHERITING means permanently possessing something
@ -146,8 +146,8 @@ The mountain where God will be worshiped is viewed as his permanent possession.
Moses asks God to still accept the people of Israel as his special possession, that is, as the people permanently belonging to him.
> …the richness of the glory of his **inheritance** in the saints … (Ephesians 1:18b ULT) The wonderful things that God will give all who are set apart for him are viewed as their permanent possessions.
>
> For the promise to Abraham and to his descendants that he would be **heir** of the world did not come through the law but through the righteousness of faith. (Romans 4:13 ULT)
>
> For the promise to Abraham and to his descendants that he would be **heir** of the world did not come through the law but through the righteousness of faith. (Romans 4:13 ULT)
The promise was that Abraham and his descendants would permanently possess the entire world.
@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ The promise was that Abraham and his descendants would permanently possess the e
God’s Son will receive all things as a permanent possession.
> By faith Noah … condemned the world and became an heir of the righteousness that is according to faith. (Hebrews 11:7 ULT)
> By faith Noah … condemned the world and became an heir of the righteousness that is according to faith. (Hebrews 11:7 ULT)
Noah received righteousness as a permanent possession.
@ -166,39 +166,39 @@ Noah received righteousness as a permanent possession.
#### LYING DOWN or SLEEPING means dying or being dead
> When your days are fulfilled and you **lie down with your fathers**, I will raise up a descendant after you, (2 Samuel 7:12a ULT)
>
>
> ‘Are you really more beautiful than anyone else? Go down and **lie down** with the uncircumcised.’ They will fall among those who were killed by the sword. The sword has been drawn! She has been given to the sword; they will seize her and her multitudes. (Ezekiel 32:19-20 ULT)
#### REIGNING or RULING means controlling
> This happened so that, as sin **ruled** in death, even so grace might **rule** through righteousness for everlasting life through Jesus Christ our Lord. (Romans 5:21 ULT)
>
>
> Therefore do not let sin **rule** in your mortal body in order that you obey its lusts. (Romans 6:12 ULT)
#### RESTING or a RESTING PLACE means a safe and beneficial situation
> Then Naomi, her mother-in-law, said to her, “My daughter, should I not seek a **resting place** for you, that will be good for you? (Ruth 3:1 ULT)
>
> Then Naomi, her mother-in-law, said to her, “My daughter, should I not seek a **resting place** for you, that will be good for you? (Ruth 3:1 ULT)
>
> Therefore I vowed in my anger that they would never enter into my **resting place**. (Psalm 95:11 ULT)
>
>
> This is my **resting place** forever. I will live here, for I desire her \[Zion\]. (Psalm 132:14 ULT)
>
>
> The nations will seek him out, and his **resting place** will be glorious. (Isaiah 11:10b ULT)
#### RISING or STANDING UP means doing or taking action
> **Rise up** for our help and redeem us for the sake of your covenant faithfulness. (Psalm 44:26 ULT)
>
>
> **Get up**, go to Nineveh, the great city, and call out against it, because their wickedness has risen up before my face. (Jonah 1:2 ULT)
#### SEEING means knowledge, perception, notice, attention, or judgment
> Why have I found favor **in your eyes** that you should take notice of me…(Ruth 2:10b ULT)
>
>
> And the young woman was pleasing **in his eyes**, and she lifted kindness before his face. (Esther 2:9a ULT)
>
>
> The **eyes** of Yahweh are everywhere, **keeping watch** over the evil and the good. (Proverbs 15:3 ULT)
>
>
> But Haman remained in order to seek for his life from Esther the queen, for he **saw** that evil was determined against him by the king. (Esther 7:7b ULT)
#### SEEKING means pleading or begging
@ -218,13 +218,13 @@ Noah received righteousness as a permanent possession.
#### SITTING means reigning, ruling, or judging
> A throne will be established in covenant faithfulness, and one from David’s tent will faithfully **sit** there. (Isaiah 16:5a ULT)
>
>
> … in those days, as the king Ahasuerus **sat** on his royal throne, which was in Susa the citadel: (Esther 1:2 ULT)
#### STANDING means defending or successfully resisting
> So the wicked will not **stand** in the judgment, nor sinners in the assembly of the righteous. (Psalm 1:5 ULT)
>
>
> that the king gave to the Jews who were in every city by city: to gather and to **stand** for their life, to annihilate, and to slaughter, and to destroy any strength of a people or province that would attack them, children and women, and plunder their spoil; (Esther 8:11 ULT)
#### TURNING or TURNING OVER means changing
@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ Noah received righteousness as a permanent possession.
#### Being UNCLEAN means not being acceptable for God’s purposes
> You may eat any animal that has a split hoof and that also chews the cud. However, some animals either chew the cud or have a split hoof, and **you must not eat them**, animals such as the camel, because it chews the cud but does not have a split hoof. So the camel is **unclean** for you. (Leviticus 11:3-4 ULT)
>
>
> And if any of them dies and falls on anything, that thing will be **unclean**, whether it is made of wood, cloth, leather, or sackcloth. Whatever it is and whatever it is used for, it must be put into water; it will be **unclean** until evening. Then it will be **clean**. (Leviticus 11:32 ULT)
#### WALKING means behaving
@ -242,9 +242,9 @@ Noah received righteousness as a permanent possession.
#### a PATH or a WAY means a person’s behavior
> Blessed is the man who does not **walk** in the advice of the wicked. (Psalm 1:1a ULT)
>
>
> For Yahweh approves of the **way** of the righteous. (Psalm 1:6a ULT)
>
>
> Turn from me the **path** of deceit. (Psalm 119:29a ULT)
>
>
> I will run in the **path** of your commandments. (Psalm 119:32a ULT)

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@ -11,19 +11,19 @@ Some common [metonymies](../figs-metonymy/01.md) and [metaphors](../figs-metapho
#### CLOTHING represents moral or emotional qualities (attitudes, spirit, life)
> It is God who puts strength on me like a **belt**. (Psalm 18:32a ULT)
>
>
> Righteousness will be the **belt of his waist**, and faithfulness the **belt around his hips**. (Isaiah 11:5 ULT)
>
>
> May my adversaries be **clothed with shame**; may they **wear their shame like a robe**. (Psalm 109:29 ULT)
>
>
> I will **clothe his enemies with shame**. (Psalm 132:18a ULT)
#### A HOUSE represents a family or household (that is, the people who live and work at a family house or property)
> Now Yahweh said to Abram, “Go from your country, and from your relatives, and from your father’s **household**, to the land that I will show you. (Genesis 12:1 ULT)
>
>
> On that day, the king Ahasuerus gave to Esther the queen the **house** of Haman, the adversary of the Jews. (Esther 8:1a ULT)
>
>
> They said, “Believe in the Lord Jesus, and you will be saved, you and your **household**.” They spoke the word of the Lord to him, together with everyone in his house. Then he took them at that same hour of the night, and washed them from the blows, and he was baptized immediately—he and all those who were his. (Acts 16:31-33 ULT)
In the original languages (Hebrew and Greek), the words translated here as “household” literally mean “house.” The word “house” is a metonym for the people who live in the house. This is a very common metonym in the Bible.
@ -47,15 +47,15 @@ Here “house” represents a people group, the people of Israel.
#### A SNARE (that is, a SMALL TRAP for birds worked by cords) represents death
> For he will rescue you from the **snare** of the hunter. (Psalm 91:3a ULT)
>
>
> The **cords of death** surrounded me, and the **snares** of sheol confronted me. (Psalm 116:3a ULT)
>
>
> The **cords of the wicked** have **ensnared** me. (Psalm 119:61a ULT)
>
>
> The wicked have **set a snare** for me. (Psalm 119:110a ULT)
>
>
> The wicked is **ensnared** by his own actions. (Psalm 9:16b ULT)
>
>
> They mingled with the nations and learned their ways and worshiped their idols, which became **a snare** to them. (Psalm 106:35-36 ULT)
In this case the snare was a persuasion to do evil, which leads to death.
@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ In this case the snare was a persuasion to do evil, which leads to death.
#### A TENT represents a house, home, people in one’s home, descendants
> God will likewise destroy you forever; he will take you up and pluck you out of your **tent**. (Psalm 52:5a ULT)
>
>
> The house of the wicked will be destroyed, but the **tent** of the upright will flourish. (Proverbs 14:11 ULT)
>
>
> A throne will be established in covenant faithfulness, and one from David’s **tent** will faithfully sit there. (Isaiah 16:5a ULT)

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@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ These patterns present three challenges to anyone who wants to identify them:
In 1 Kings 7:50, a lamp trimmer is a tool for trimming the wick on an ordinary lamp. In 2 Samuel 21:17 the lamp of Israel represents King David’s life. When his men were concerned that he might “put out the lamp of Israel” they were concerned that he might be killed.
> Solomon also had made the cups, lamp trimmers, basins, spoons, and incense burners, all of which were made of pure gold. (1 Kings 7:50a ULT)
> Solomon also had made the cups, lamp trimmers, basins, spoons, and incense burners, all of which were made of pure gold. (1 Kings 7:50a ULT)
> Ishbibenob…intended to kill David. But Abishai the son of Zeruiah rescued David, attacked the Philistine, and killed him. Then the men of David swore to him, saying, “You must not go to battle anymore with us, so that you do not put out the **lamp** of Israel.” (2 Samuel 21:16-17 ULT)

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@ -13,35 +13,35 @@ People do not drink cups. They drink what is in the cup.
#### A LOCATION (city, nation, etc.) represents the people who live in or near that place
> Then Mordecai went out from before the face of the king in a garment of royalty of blue and white, with a great crown of gold and a robe of fine linen and purple, and **the city of Susa** cheered and rejoiced. (Esther 8:15 ULT)
>
> So as for me, should I not feel troubled about **Nineveh, the great city **… (Jonah 4:11a ULT)
>
> So as for me, should I not feel troubled about **Nineveh, the great city **… (Jonah 4:11a ULT)
#### The MEMORY OF A PERSON means \[his descendants\]
The memory of a person represents his descendants, because they are the ones who should remember and honor him. When the Bible says that someone’s memory dies, it means that either he will not have any descendants, or his descendants will all die.
> You have rebuked the nations;
> you have destroyed the wicked;
> you have blotted out **their memory** forever.
> The enemy crumbled like ruins
> when you overthrew their cities.
> You have rebuked the nations;
> you have destroyed the wicked;
> you have blotted out **their memory** forever.
> The enemy crumbled like ruins
> when you overthrew their cities.
> All **remembrance of them** has perished. (Psalm 9:5-6 ULT)
>
>
> **His memory** will perish from the earth. (Job 18:17a ULT)
>
> The face of Yahweh is against those who do evil, to cut off **the memory of them** from the earth. (Psalm 34:16 ULT)
>
> The face of Yahweh is against those who do evil, to cut off **the memory of them** from the earth. (Psalm 34:16 ULT)
#### ONE PERSON means \[a group of people\]
> For **the wicked person** boasts of his deepest desires;
> For **the wicked person** boasts of his deepest desires;
> he blesses the greedy and insults Yahweh. (Psalm 10:3 ULT)
This does not refer to a particular wicked person, but to wicked people in general.
#### A PERSON’S NAME means \[his descendants\]
> **Gad**—raiders will attack him, but he will attack them at their heels.
> **Asher’s** food will be rich, and he will provide royal delicacies.
> **Gad**—raiders will attack him, but he will attack them at their heels.
> **Asher’s** food will be rich, and he will provide royal delicacies.
> **Naphtali** is a doe let loose; he will have beautiful fawns. (Genesis 49:19-21 ULT)
The names Gad, Asher, and Naphtali refer not only to those men, but to their descendants.

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@ -7,45 +7,45 @@ Some common cultural models found in the Bible are listed below. First there are
#### God is modeled as a KING
> For God is the **King** over all the earth. (Psalm 47:7a ULT)
>
> For the **kingdom** is Yahweh’s;
>
> For the **kingdom** is Yahweh’s;
> he is the **ruler** over the nations. (Psalm 22:28 ULT)
>
> Your **throne**, God, is forever and ever;
>
> Your **throne**, God, is forever and ever;
> a **scepter** of justice is the scepter of your **kingdom**. (Psalm 45:6 ULT)
>
> This is what Yahweh says,
>
> This is what Yahweh says,
> “Heaven is my **throne**, and the earth is my **footstool**. (Isaiah 66:1a ULT)
>
> God **reigns** over the nations;
> God sits on his holy **throne**.
> The **princes** of the peoples have gathered together
> to the people of the God of Abraham;
> for the **shields** of the earth belong to God;
>
> God **reigns** over the nations;
> God sits on his holy **throne**.
> The **princes** of the peoples have gathered together
> to the people of the God of Abraham;
> for the **shields** of the earth belong to God;
> he is greatly \*\*exalted\*\*. (Psalm 47:8-9 ULT)
#### God is modeled as a WARRIOR
> Yahweh is a **warrior**. (Exodus 15:3a ULT)
>
> Yahweh will go out as a **warrior**;  as a \*\*man of war\*\* he will stir up his zeal..
>
> Yahweh will go out as a **warrior**; as a \*\*man of war\*\* he will stir up his zeal..
> He will shout, yes, he will roar his **battle cries**; he will **show his enemies his power**. (Isaiah 42:13 ULT)
>
> Your right hand, Yahweh, is **glorious in power**;
>
> Your right hand, Yahweh, is **glorious in power**;
> your right hand, Yahweh, **has shattered the enemy**. (Exodus 15:6 ULT)
>
> But **God will shoot them**;
>
> But **God will shoot them**;
> suddenly they will be **wounded with his arrows**. (Psalm 64:7 ULT)
>
>
> For you will turn them back; **you will draw your bow** before them. (Psalm 21:12 ULT)
#### A leader is modeled as a SHEPHERD and those he leads are modeled as SHEEP
> Then all the tribes of Israel came to David at Hebron and said, “Look…when Saul was king over us, it was you who led the Israelite army. Yahweh said to you, ‘You will **shepherd** my people Israel, and you will become ruler over Israel.’“ (2 Samuel 5:1-2 ULT)
>
>
> “Woe to the **shepherds** who destroy and scatter the **sheep** of my **pasture**—this is Yahweh’s declaration.” (Jeremiah 23:1 ULT)
>
> Guard yourselves and all the **flock** of which the Holy Spirit has made you overseers. Be careful to **shepherd** the church of God, which he purchased with his own blood. I know that after my departure, vicious wolves will come in among you, not sparing the **flock**. Even among you yourselves, men will come speaking perverse things which draw away the disciples after them. (Acts 20:28-30 ULT)
>
> Guard yourselves and all the **flock** of which the Holy Spirit has made you overseers. Be careful to **shepherd** the church of God, which he purchased with his own blood. I know that after my departure, vicious wolves will come in among you, not sparing the **flock**. Even among you yourselves, men will come speaking perverse things which draw away the disciples after them. (Acts 20:28-30 ULT)
#### Life is modeled as BLOOD
@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ In this model, the blood of a person or an animal represents its life.
If blood is spilled or shed, someone has been killed.
> Whoever **sheds man’s blood**, by man will his **blood be shed**. (Genesis 9:6a ULT)
>
>
> In this way, this person would not die by the hand of the one who wanted to avenge **the blood that was shed**, until the accused person would first stand before the assembly. (Joshua 20:9b ULT)
If blood cries out, nature itself is crying out for vengeance on a person who killed someone. (This also includes personification, because the blood is pictured as someone that can cry out. See: [Personification](../figs-personification/01.md))
@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ If blood cries out, nature itself is crying out for vengeance on a person who ki
Psalm 110 pictures the sun as being in the womb before it comes out in the morning.
> From **the womb** of the dawn your youth will be to you like the dew. (Psalm 110:3b ULT)
> From **the womb** of the dawn your youth will be to you like the dew. (Psalm 110:3b ULT)
#### Things that can move fast are modeled as having WINGS
@ -86,15 +86,15 @@ This is especially true of things that move in the air or the sky.
The sun is modeled as a disc with wings which allow it to “fly” through the air from east to west during the daytime. In Psalm 139, “the wings of the morning” refers to the sun. In Malachi 4 God called himself the “sun of righteousness” and he spoke of the sun as having wings.
> If I fly away on **the wings of the morning** and go to live in the uttermost parts across the sea … (Psalm 139:9 ULT)
> But for you who fear my name, the sun of righteousness will rise with healing **in its wings**. (Malachi 4:2 ULT)
The wind moves quickly and is modeled as having wings.
> He was seen on the **wings of the wind**. (2 Sam. 22:11b ULT)
> He rode on a cherub and flew; he glided on the **wings of the wind**. (Psalm 18:10 ULT)
> you walk on the **wings of the wind** (Psalm 104:3 ULT)
#### Futility is modeled as something that the WIND can blow away
@ -103,23 +103,23 @@ In this model, the wind blows away things that are worthless, and they are gone.
Psalm 1 and Job 27 show that wicked people are worthless and will not live long.
> The wicked are not so,
> The wicked are not so,
> but are instead **like the chaff that the wind drives away**. (Psalm 1:4 ULT)
> **The east wind carries him away**, and he leaves;
> **The east wind carries him away**, and he leaves;
> **it sweeps him out of his place**. (Job 27:21 ULT)
The writer of Ecclesiastes says that everything is worthless.
> "**Like a vapor of mist**,
> **like a breeze in the wind**,
> everything vanishes, leaving many questions.
> "**Like a vapor of mist**,
> **like a breeze in the wind**,
> everything vanishes, leaving many questions.
> What profit does mankind gain from all the work that they labor at under the sun?" (Ecclesiastes 1:2-3 ULT)
In Job 30:15, Job complains that his honor and prosperity are gone.
> Terrors are turned upon me;
> my honor is **driven away as if by the wind**;
> Terrors are turned upon me;
> my honor is **driven away as if by the wind**;
> my prosperity **passes away as a cloud**. (Job 30:15 ULT)
#### Human warfare is modeled as DIVINE WARFARE
@ -127,9 +127,9 @@ In Job 30:15, Job complains that his honor and prosperity are gone.
When there was a war between nations, people believed that the gods of those nations were also at war.
> This happened while the Egyptians were burying all their firstborn, those whom Yahweh had killed among them, for **he also inflicted punishment on their gods**. (Numbers 33:4 ULT)
> And what nation is like your people Israel, the one nation on earth whom you, God, went and rescued for yourself? … You drove out nations **and their gods** from before your people, whom you rescued from Egypt. (2 Samuel 7:23 ULT)
> The servants of the king of Aram said to him, “**Their god is a god of the hills. That is why they were stronger than we were**. But now let us fight against them in the plain, and surely there we will be stronger than they are.” (1 Kings 20:23 ULT)
#### Constraints in life are modeled as PHYSICAL BOUNDARIES
@ -137,28 +137,28 @@ When there was a war between nations, people believed that the gods of those nat
The verses below are not about real physical boundaries but about difficulties or the lack of difficulties in life.
> He has built **a wall** around me, and I cannot escape. He has made my shackles heavy. (Lamentations 3:7 ULT)
> He blocked my path with **a wall of hewn stone**; he made my paths crooked. (Lamentations 3:9 ULT)
> **Measuring lines** have been laid for me in pleasant places. (Psalm 16:6a ULT)
#### Dangerous places are modeled as NARROW PLACES
In Psalm 4 David asks God to rescue him.
> Answer me when I call, God of my righteousness;
> give me room **when I am hemmed in**.
> Answer me when I call, God of my righteousness;
> give me room **when I am hemmed in**.
> Have mercy on me and listen to my prayer. (Psalm 4:1 ULT)
#### A distressing situation is modeled as a WILDERNESS
When Job was distressed because of all the sad things that happened to him, he spoke as if he were in a wilderness. Jackals and ostriches are animals that live in the wilderness.
> My heart is troubled and does not rest;
> days of affliction have come on me.
> I have gone about like one who was living in the dark, but not because of the sun;
> I stand up in the assembly and cry for help.
> I am **a brother to jackals**,
> My heart is troubled and does not rest;
> days of affliction have come on me.
> I have gone about like one who was living in the dark, but not because of the sun;
> I stand up in the assembly and cry for help.
> I am **a brother to jackals**,
> **a companion of ostriches**. (Job 30:27-29 ULT)
#### Wellbeing is modeled as PHYSICAL CLEANLINESS, and evil is modeled as PHYSICAL DIRTINESS

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@ -3,37 +3,37 @@ Some common [metonymies](../figs-metonymy/01.md) and [metaphors](../figs-metapho
#### LIGHT represents moral righteousness, DARKNESS represents moral wickedness
> Woe to those **who call evil good, and good evil**; **who represent darkness as light, and light as darkness**; who represent bitter as sweet, and sweet as bitter! (Isaiah 5:20 ULT)
>
>
> But if your eye is **bad**, your whole body is **full of darkness**. Therefore, if the light that is in you is actually **darkness**, how great is that **darkness**! (Matthew 6:23 ULT)
#### LIGHT or SWEETNESS represents pleasant feelings, DARKNESS or BITTERNESS represents unpleasant feelings
> Truly the **light is sweet**, and it is a **pleasant thing** for the eyes to see the sun. (Ecclesiastes 11:7 ULT)
>
>
> I am a man who has seen **misery** under the rod of Yahweh’s fury. He drove me away and caused me to walk in **darkness** rather than light. (Lamentations 3:1-2 ULT)
#### LIGHT represents wisdom, DARKNESS represents foolishness
> Then I began to understand that **wisdom has advantages over folly**, just as **light is better than darkness**. (Ecclesiastes 2:13 ULT)
>
>
> They are **darkened in their understanding**, being alienated from the life of God because of the **ignorance** that is in them, because of the **hardness of their hearts**. (Ephesians 4:18 ULT)
>
>
> For with you is the fountain of life; **in your light we will see light**. (Psalm 36:9 ULT)
#### LIGHT or FIRE represents life
> They say, ‘Give into our hand the man who struck his brother, so that we may put him to death, to pay for the life of his brother whom he killed.’ And so they would also destroy the heir. Thus they will put out the **burning coal** that I have left, and they will leave for my husband neither name nor descendant on the surface of the earth. (2 Samuel 14:7b ULT)
>
>
> "You must not go to battle anymore with us, so that you do not put out the **lamp of Israel**." (2 Samuel 21:17b ULT)
>
>
> I will give one tribe to Solomon’s son, so that David my servant may always have **a lamp** before me in Jerusalem. (1 Kings 11:36a ULT)
>
>
> Nevertheless for David’s sake, Yahweh his God gave him **a lamp** in Jerusalem by raising up his son after him in order to strengthen Jerusalem. (1 Kings 15:4 ULT)
>
>
> Indeed, **the light** of the wicked person will be put out; **the spark of his fire** will not shine. **The light** will be dark in his tent; **his lamp** above him will be put out. (Job 18:5-6 ULT)
>
>
> For you give **light to my lamp**; Yahweh my God **lights up my darkness**. (Psalm 18:28 ULT)
>
>
> A **dimly burning wick** he will not quench. (Isaiah 42:3b ULT)
#### DARKNESS or SHADOW represents death
@ -43,87 +43,87 @@ Some common [metonymies](../figs-metonymy/01.md) and [metaphors](../figs-metapho
#### LIGHT OF THE FACE represents smiling (that is, an attitude of grace or favor)
> Yahweh, lift up the **light of your face** on us. (Psalm 4:6b ULT)
>
> For they did not obtain the land for their possession by their own sword,
> neither did their own arm save them;
> but your right hand, your arm, and the **light of your face**,
>
> For they did not obtain the land for their possession by their own sword,
> neither did their own arm save them;
> but your right hand, your arm, and the **light of your face**,
> because you were favorable to them. (Psalm 44:3 ULT)
>
>
> they did not reject the **light of my face**. (Job 29:24b ULT)
>
>
> Yahweh, they walk in the **light of your face**. (Psalm 89:15b ULT)
#### FIRE represents extreme feelings, particularly love or anger
> Because lawlessness will increase, the love of many will **grow cold**. (Matthew 24:12 ULT)
>
>
> Surging waters cannot **quench** love. (Song of Songs 8:7a ULT)
>
>
> For **a fire is kindled by my anger** and **is burning** to the lowest Sheol. (Deuteronomy 32:22a ULT)
>
> Therefore **the anger of Yahweh blazed** against Israel. (Judges 3:8a ULT)
>
>
> Therefore **the anger of Yahweh blazed** against Israel. (Judges 3:8a ULT)
>
> When Yahweh heard this, **he was angry**; so **his fire burned** against Jacob, and **his anger** attacked Israel. (Psalm 78:21 ULT)
#### A WIDE SPACE represents safety, security, and ease
> They came against me on the day of my distress but Yahweh was my support.
> They came against me on the day of my distress but Yahweh was my support.
> He set me free in **a wide open place**; he saved me because he was pleased with me. (Psalms 18:18-19 ULT)
>
> You have made **a wide place** for my feet beneath me,
>
> You have made **a wide place** for my feet beneath me,
> so my feet have not slipped. (2 Samuel 22:37 ULT)
>
> You made people ride over our heads;
> we went through fire and water,
>
> You made people ride over our heads;
> we went through fire and water,
> but you brought us out into **a spacious place**. (Psalms 66:12 ULT)
#### A NARROW SPACE represents danger or difficulties
> Answer me when I call, God of my righteousness;
> give me room when **I am hemmed in**.
> Answer me when I call, God of my righteousness;
> give me room when **I am hemmed in**.
> Have mercy on me and listen to my prayer. (Psalm 4:1 ULT)
>
> For a prostitute is a deep pit,
>
> For a prostitute is a deep pit,
> and an immoral woman is **a narrow well**. (Proverbs 23:27 ULT)
#### WATER or LIQUID represents a moral or emotional quality (attitude, spirit, life)
> Yahweh has burst through my enemies before me like a bursting **flood of water**. (2 Samuel 5:20 ULT)
>
>
> He will make a complete end to his enemies with an overwhelming **flood**. (Nahum 1:8a ULT)
>
>
> I am being **poured out like water**. (Psalm 22:14a ULT)
>
>
> It will come about afterward that I will **pour out** my Spirit on all flesh. (Joel 2:28a ULT)
>
>
> For it is great, the anger of Yahweh that has been **poured out** on us. (2 Chronicles 34:21b ULT)
#### FLOODING WATER represents disaster
> I have come into **deep waters**, where the **floods flow** over me. (Psalm 69:2b ULT)
>
>
> Do not let the **floods of water** overwhelm me. (Psalm 69:15a ULT)
>
>
> Reach out your hand from above; rescue me out of **many waters** from the hand of foreigners. (Psalm 144:7 ULT)
#### A FOUNTAIN or SPRING OF WATER represents the origin or source of something
> The fear of Yahweh is a **fountain of life**. (Proverbs 14:27a ULT)
>
>
> For with you is the **fountain of life**; in your light we will see light. (Psalm 36:9 ULT)
#### LIQUID represents what someone says
> A quarreling wife is a constant **dripping of water**. (Proverbs 19:13b ULT)
>
>
> His lips are lilies, **dripping liquid myrrh**. (Song of Songs 5:13b ULT)
>
>
> My groaning is **poured out like water**. (Job 3:24b ULT)
>
>
> The words of a man’s mouth are **deep waters**; the **fountain of wisdom** is a flowing stream. (Proverbs 18:4 ULT)
#### A ROCK represents salvation or protection
> Who is a **rock** except our God? (Psalm 18:31b ULT)
>
>
> Yahweh, **my rock**, and my redeemer. (Psalm 19:14b ULT)

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@ -5,19 +5,19 @@ Some common [metonymies](../figs-metonymy/01.md) and [metaphors](../figs-metapho
In the examples below, Isaiah wrote about one of Jesse’s descendants and Jeremiah wrote about one of David’s descendants.
> **A shoot** will sprout from the root of Jesse, and **a branch** out of his root will bear fruit. (Isaiah 11:1 ULT)
>
>
> See, the days are coming—this is Yahweh’s declaration—when I will raise up for David a righteous **branch**. He will reign as king; he will act wisely and cause justice and righteousness in the land. (Jeremiah 23:5 ULT)
In Job when it says “his branch will be cut off,” it means that he will not have any descendants.
> His roots will be dried up beneath;
> above will **his branch be cut off**.
> His memory will perish from the earth;
> His roots will be dried up beneath;
> above will **his branch be cut off**.
> His memory will perish from the earth;
> he will have no name in the street. (Job 18:16-17 ULT)
#### A PLANT represents a person
> God will likewise destroy you forever; he will … **root you out** of the land of the living. (Psalm 52:5 ULT)
> God will likewise destroy you forever; he will … **root you out** of the land of the living. (Psalm 52:5 ULT)
#### A PLANT represents actions or behaviors
@ -26,11 +26,11 @@ Just as planting one kind of seeds results in that kind of plant growing, behavi
The action or behavior in the verses is marked in bold below.
> **Sow righteousness** for yourselves, and **reap the fruit** of covenant faithfulness. (Hosea 10:12a ULT)
>
> According to what I have seen, those who **plow iniquity** and **sow trouble reap it**. (Job 4:8 ULT)
>
>
> According to what I have seen, those who **plow iniquity** and **sow trouble reap it**. (Job 4:8 ULT)
>
> For the people **sow the wind and reap the whirlwind**. (Hosea 8:7a ULT)
>
>
> … what **fruit then did you have** at that time of the things of which you are now ashamed? (Romans 6:21a ULT)
#### A SEED represents the descendant(s) of a person or group of people
@ -40,9 +40,9 @@ The action or behavior in the verses is marked in bold below.
#### A TREE represents a person
> He will be like **a tree planted** by the streams of water that **produces its fruit in its season**, whose **leaves do not wither**; whatever he does will prosper. (Psalm 1:3 ULT)
>
>
> I have seen the wicked and terrifying person spread out **like a green tree in its native soil**. (Psalm 37:35 ULT)
>
>
> … I am **like a green olive tree** in God’s house. (Psalm 52:8a ULT)
#### A TREE represents something made of wood (such as a pole or platform)

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@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
Before beginning a translation of the Bible, the translation committee needs to discuss and agree on the style that they want the translation to have. The following topics should be included in the discussion.
1. **Form** – Should the translation follow the form of the source language so that people who are used to hearing and reading the Bible in the source language will feel more comfortable with it, or should the translation follow the form of the target language, and be easier to understand? In most cases we recommend that it is better if the translation follows the form of the target language so that people can understand it better. This means that it will be harder to compare with the source language Bible because it will put things in a different order and use different kinds of expressions that are clear and natural in the target language. But when a Bible is clear and natural, many people will want to read it and hear it, not just the people who have been part of the church for many years.
1. **Form** – Should the translation follow the form of the source language so that people who are used to hearing and reading the Bible in the source language will feel more comfortable with it, or should the translation follow the form of the target language, and be easier to understand? In most cases we recommend that it is better if the translation follows the form of the target language so that people can understand it better. This means that it will be harder to compare with the source language Bible because it will put things in a different order and use different kinds of expressions that are clear and natural in the target language. But when a Bible is clear and natural, many people will want to read it and hear it, not just the people who have been part of the church for many years.
2. **Format** - Is this a written translation to be read from a book, or a translation to be recorded and listened to? If it is a written translation to be used in church, the people may prefer a more formal style. If it is for a recording, the people may prefer a style that is more like people talking informally.
2. **Format** - Is this a written translation to be read from a book, or a translation to be recorded and listened to? If it is a written translation to be used in church, the people may prefer a more formal style. If it is for a recording, the people may prefer a style that is more like people talking informally.
3. **Borrowing** – Should the translation borrow many words from the source language, or should the translators find ways to express these things using target language words? People who have been part of the church for many years may be used to hearing many biblical concepts expressed with source language words. If these words are widely understood outside of the church, then it may be fine to use them in the translation. But if people outside of the church do not understand these words, it would be better to find ways to express these things using target language words.
@ -14,10 +14,10 @@ Before beginning a translation of the Bible, the translation committee needs to
6. **Audience** - The translation committee should discuss who is the audience for this translation. Is it primarily educated people, so they should use a style that uses long sentences and many borrowed words? Is it primarily for young people, or old people, for men or women? Or is it for everyone? In that case, it should use simple language so that everyone can understand it. For more on this topic, see also [Aim](../translate-aim/01.md).
7. **Footnotes** – Should the translation put explanations of difficult things in footnotes? If so, should it use many footnotes, or only for certain topics or especially difficult things? Will people understand what footnotes are and how they work, or will they be confused by them? Instead of footnotes, would it be better to put short explanations in the text of the Bible translation? Or should the translation not include any extra explanations at all? To help in making this decision, consider how well your people understand biblical culture and such things as shepherds, fishing with nets, sailing boats, kings, ancient warfare with chariots, etc., and how much of this might need to be explained.
7. **Footnotes** – Should the translation put explanations of difficult things in footnotes? If so, should it use many footnotes, or only for certain topics or especially difficult things? Will people understand what footnotes are and how they work, or will they be confused by them? Instead of footnotes, would it be better to put short explanations in the text of the Bible translation? Or should the translation not include any extra explanations at all? To help in making this decision, consider how well your people understand biblical culture and such things as shepherds, fishing with nets, sailing boats, kings, ancient warfare with chariots, etc., and how much of this might need to be explained.
8. **Pictures** - Will pictures be used in the Bible translation? If so, how many? Pictures can be very useful for showing things that are unknown in the target culture, such as certain animals or tools or clothing. Using pictures for these things can reduce the need to explain them in footnotes.
8. **Pictures** - Will pictures be used in the Bible translation? If so, how many? Pictures can be very useful for showing things that are unknown in the target culture, such as certain animals or tools or clothing. Using pictures for these things can reduce the need to explain them in footnotes.
9. **Headings** – Should the translation use section headings that summarize what each section is talking about? If so, what style of headings should be used? These can be very helpful for finding different topics. See [Headings](../../checking/headings/01.md) for examples.
9. **Headings** – Should the translation use section headings that summarize what each section is talking about? If so, what style of headings should be used? These can be very helpful for finding different topics. See [Headings](../../checking/headings/01.md) for examples.

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@ -1 +1 @@
What are the topics that we need to discuss in order to choose a translation style?
What are the topics that we need to discuss in order to choose a translation style?

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@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ The people who are selected to [check the translation for accuracy](../../checki
Those who do [Validation Checking](../../checking/level3/01.md) should be leaders of groups of churches or people who are very widely respected in the language area. It is important that these people approve of the translation so that it will be accepted and used in the churches. Since many of these people are very busy, they may choose to appoint others whom they trust to check the translation for them. Also, it may work best to send different books or chapters to different people, and not burden one or two people with checking the whole translation.
#### Tech Support
#### Tech Support
These people must have experience (or aptitude) with technology and computers for all things pertaining to file management, as well as training and use of software and hardware.

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@ -2,9 +2,9 @@ Normally a speaker refers to himself as “I” and the person he is speaking to
### Description
* First person - This is how a speaker normally refers to himself. English uses the pronouns “I” and “we.” (Also: me, my, mine; us, our, ours)
* Second person - This is how a speaker normally refers to the person or people he is speaking to. English uses the pronoun “you.” (Also: your, yours)
* Third person - This is how a speaker refers to someone else. English uses the pronouns “he,” “she,” “it,” and “they.” (Also: him, his, her, hers, its; them, their, theirs) Noun phrases like “the man” or “the woman” are also third person.
* First person - This is how a speaker normally refers to himself. English uses the pronouns “I” and “we.” (Also: me, my, mine; us, our, ours)
* Second person - This is how a speaker normally refers to the person or people he is speaking to. English uses the pronoun “you.” (Also: your, yours)
* Third person - This is how a speaker refers to someone else. English uses the pronouns “he,” “she,” “it,” and “they.” (Also: him, his, her, hers, its; them, their, theirs) Noun phrases like “the man” or “the woman” are also third person.
### Reason This Is a Translation Issue
@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ Sometimes people used the third person instead of “I” or “me” to refer t
David referred to himself in the third person as “your servant” and used “his.” He was calling himself Saul’s servant in order to show his humility before Saul.
> Then Yahweh answered Job out of a fierce storm and said,
> Then Yahweh answered Job out of a fierce storm and said,
> “… Do you have an arm like **God’s**? Can you thunder with a voice like **his**? (Job 40:6, 9 ULT)
God referred to himself in the third person with the words “God’s” and “his.” He did this to emphasize that he is God, and he is powerful.
@ -44,15 +44,15 @@ If using the third person to mean “I” or “you” would be natural and give
(1) Use the third person phrase along with the pronoun “I” or “you.”
> But David said to Saul, “**Your servant** used to keep **his** father’s sheep.” (1 Samuel 17:34)
>
>
> > But David said to Saul, “**I, your servant**, used to keep **my** father’s sheep.”
(2) Simply use the first person (“I”) or second person (“you”) instead of the third person.
> Then Yahweh answered Job out of a fierce storm and said, “… Do you have an arm like **God’s**? Can you thunder with a voice like **his**? (Job 40:6, 9 ULT)
>
>
> > Then Yahweh answered Job out of a fierce storm and said, “…Do you have an arm like **mine**? Can you thunder with a voice like **mine**?”
>
>
> So also my heavenly Father will do to you if **each of you** does not forgive **his** brother from your heart. (Matthew 18:35 ULT)
>
>
> > So also my heavenly Father will do to you if **each of you** does not forgive **your** brother from your heart.

30
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@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
Abstract nouns are nouns that refer to attitudes, qualities, events, or situations. These are things that cannot be seen or touched in a physical sense, such as happiness, weight, unity, friendship, health, and reason. This is a translation issue because some languages may express a certain idea with an abstract noun, while others would need a different way to express it.
Abstract nouns are nouns that refer to attitudes, qualities, events, or situations. These are things that cannot be seen or touched in a physical sense, such as happiness, weight, unity, friendship, health, and reason. This is a translation issue because some languages may express a certain idea with an abstract noun, while others would need a different way to express it.
### Description
Remember that nouns are words that refer to a person, place, thing, or idea. Abstract nouns are the nouns that refer to ideas. These can be attitudes, qualities, events, situations, or even relationships between those ideas. These are things that cannot be seen or touched in a physical sense, such as joy, peace, creation, goodness, contentment, justice, truth, freedom, vengeance, slowness, length, weight, and many, many more.
Some languages, such as Biblical Greek and English, use abstract nouns a lot.They provide a way of giving names to actions or qualities. With names, people who speak these languages can talk about the concepts as though they were things. For example, in languages that use abstract nouns, people can say, “I believe in the forgiveness of sin.”
Some languages, such as Biblical Greek and English, use abstract nouns a lot.They provide a way of giving names to actions or qualities. With names, people who speak these languages can talk about the concepts as though they were things. For example, in languages that use abstract nouns, people can say, “I believe in the forgiveness of sin.”
But some languages do not use abstract nouns very much. In these languages, speakers may not have the two abstract nouns “forgiveness” and “sin,” but they would express the same meaning in other ways. For example, they would express, “I believe that God is willing to forgive people after they have sinned,” by using verb phrases instead of nouns for those ideas.
### Reason This Is a Translation Issue
@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ The Bible that you translate from may use abstract nouns to express certain idea
### Examples From the Bible
> From **childhood** you have known the sacred writings … (2 Timothy 3:15a ULT)
The abstract noun “childhood” refers to when someone was a child.
> But **godliness** with **contentment** is great **gain**. (1 Timothy 6:6 ULT)
@ -46,24 +46,24 @@ If an abstract noun would be natural and give the right meaning in your language
(1) Reword the sentence with a phrase that expresses the meaning of the abstract noun. Instead of a noun, the new phrase will use a verb, an adverb, or an adjective to express the idea of the abstract noun. Alternative translations are indented below the Scripture example.
> … from **childhood** you have known the sacred writings … (2 Timothy 3:15a ULT)
>
>
> > Ever since **you were a child** you have known the sacred writings.
>
>
> But **godliness** with **contentment** is great **gain**. (1 Timothy 6:6 ULT)
>
> > But **being godly** and **content** is very **beneficial**.
> > But we **benefit** greatly when we **are godly** and **content**.
>
> > But **being godly** and **content** is very **beneficial**.
> > But we **benefit** greatly when we **are godly** and **content**.
> > But we **benefit** greatly when we **honor and obey God** and when we are **happy with what we have**.
>
>
> Today **salvation** has come to this house, because he too is a son of Abraham. (Luke 19:9 ULT)
>
> > Today the people in this house **have been saved**…
>
> > Today the people in this house **have been saved**…
> > Today God **has saved** the people in this house…
>
>
> The Lord does not move slowly concerning his promises, as some consider **slowness** to be. (2 Peter 3:9a ULT)
>
>
> > The Lord does not move slowly concerning his promises, as some consider **moving slowly** to be.
>
>
> He will bring to light the hidden things of darkness and reveal the **purposes** of the heart. (1 Corinthians 4:5b ULT)
>
>
> > He will bring to light the hidden things of darkness and reveal **the things that people want to do and the reasons that they want to do them**.

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@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
Some languages use both active and passive sentences. In active sentences, the subject does the action. In passive sentences, the subject is the one that receives the action. Here are some examples with their subjects bolded:
* Active: **My father** built the house in 2010.
* Passive: **The house** was built in 2010.
* Active: **My father** built the house in 2010.
* Passive: **The house** was built in 2010.
Translators whose languages do not use passive sentences will need to know how they can translate passive sentences that they find in the Bible. Other translators will need to decide when to use a passive sentence and when to use the active form.
@ -9,14 +9,14 @@ Translators whose languages do not use passive sentences will need to know how t
Some languages have both active and passive forms of sentences.
* In the active form, the subject does the action and is always mentioned.
* In the passive form, the action is done to the subject, and the one who does the action is not always mentioned.
* In the active form, the subject does the action and is always mentioned.
* In the passive form, the action is done to the subject, and the one who does the action is not always mentioned.
In the examples of active and passive sentences below, we have bolded the subject.
* active: **My father** built the house in 2010.
* passive: **The house** was built by my father in 2010.
* passive: **The house** was built in 2010. (This does not tell who did the action.)
* active: **My father** built the house in 2010.
* passive: **The house** was built by my father in 2010.
* passive: **The house** was built in 2010. (This does not tell who did the action.)
#### Reasons This Is a Translation Issue
@ -24,14 +24,14 @@ All languages use active forms. Some languages use passive forms, and some do no
#### Purposes for the Passive
* The speaker is talking about the person or thing the action was done to, not about the person who did the action.
* The speaker does not want to tell who did the action. 
* The speaker does not know who did the action.
* The speaker is talking about the person or thing the action was done to, not about the person who did the action.
* The speaker does not want to tell who did the action. 
* The speaker does not know who did the action.
#### Translation Principles Regarding the Passive
* Translators whose language does not use passive forms will need to find another way to express the idea. 
* Translators whose language has passive forms will need to understand why the passive is used in a particular sentence in the Bible and decide whether or not to use a passive form for that purpose in his translation of the sentence.
* Translators whose language does not use passive forms will need to find another way to express the idea. 
* Translators whose language has passive forms will need to understand why the passive is used in a particular sentence in the Bible and decide whether or not to use a passive form for that purpose in his translation of the sentence.
### Examples from the Bible
@ -58,18 +58,18 @@ If your language would use a passive form for the same purpose as in the passage
(1) Use the same verb in an active sentence and tell who did the action. If you do this, try to keep the focus on the person receiving the action.
> A loaf of bread **was given** him every day from the street of the bakers. (Jeremiah 37:21b ULT)
>
>
> > **The king’s servants gave** Jeremiah a loaf of bread every day from the street of the bakers.
(2) Use the same verb in an active sentence, and do not tell  who did the action. Instead, use a generic expression like “they” or  ”people” or  ”someone.” 
> It would be better for him if a millstone **were put** around his neck and he **were thrown** into the sea. (Luke 17:2a ULT)
>
> > It would be better for him if **they were to put** a millstone around his neck and **throw** him into the sea.
>
> > It would be better for him if **they were to put** a millstone around his neck and **throw** him into the sea.
> > It would be better for him if **someone were to put** a heavy stone around his neck and **throw** him into the sea.
(3) Use a different verb in an active sentence. 
> A loaf of bread **was given** him every day from the street of the bakers. (Jeremiah 37:21 ULT)
>
>
> > He **received** a loaf of bread every day from the street of the bakers.

8
translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md
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@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
### Description
An apostrophe is a figure of speech in which a speaker turns his attention away from his listeners and speaks to someone or something that he knows cannot hear him. He does this to tell his listeners his message or feelings about that person or thing in a very strong way.
An apostrophe is a figure of speech in which a speaker turns his attention away from his listeners and speaks to someone or something that he knows cannot hear him. He does this to tell his listeners his message or feelings about that person or thing in a very strong way.
#### Reason This Is a Translation Issue
@ -27,9 +27,9 @@ If apostrophe would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, cons
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
> He cried against the altar by the word of Yahweh: "**Altar**, **altar**! This is what Yahweh says, ‘See, … on you they will burn human bones.’“ (1 Kings 13:2 ULT)
>
>
> > He said this about the altar: “This is what Yahweh says **about this altar.** ‘See, … they will burn people’s bones on **it**.’“
>
>
> **Mountains of Gilboa**, let there not be dew or rain on **you.** (2 Samuel 1:21a ULT)
>
>
> > **As for these mountains of Gilboa**, let there not be dew or rain on **them**.

6
translate/figs-aside/01.md
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@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
### Description
An aside is a figure of speech in which someone who is speaking to a person or group pauses to speak confidentially to himself or someone else about those to whom he had been speaking. The speaker does this to indicate in a strong way his thoughts or feelings about that person or group.
An aside is a figure of speech in which someone who is speaking to a person or group pauses to speak confidentially to himself or someone else about those to whom he had been speaking. The speaker does this to indicate in a strong way his thoughts or feelings about that person or group.
#### Reason This Is a Translation Issue
@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ Many languages do not use asides, and readers could be confused by them. They ma
In the first three lines, Yahweh is telling the people of Edom what will happen to them because they did not help the people of Judah. In the fourth line, Yahweh says something about Edom to himself.
> And I purified them from everything foreign. And I caused the service watches to stand: for the priests and for the Levites, a man in his work; and for the offering of pieces of wood at the appointed times; and for the firstfruits. **Remember me, my God, for good.** (Nehemiah 13:30-31 ULT)
> And I purified them from everything foreign. And I caused the service watches to stand: for the priests and for the Levites, a man in his work; and for the offering of pieces of wood at the appointed times; and for the firstfruits. **Remember me, my God, for good.** (Nehemiah 13:30-31 ULT)
Nehemiah is speaking to the readers of his account and describing some of the many things he did to restore true worship in Judah after the people returned from exile. But he suddenly turns aside and addresses God, asking God to bless him for what he, Nehemiah, has done for those people.
@ -28,6 +28,6 @@ Nehemiah is speaking to the readers of his account and describing some of the ma
(1) All the men of your covenant are sending you away as far as the border. The men of your peace are deceiving you and are prevailing against you. They of your bread will set a trap under you. **You do not understand any of this.**
> And I purified them from everything foreign. And I caused the service watches to stand: for the priests and for the Levites, a man in his work; 31 and for the offering of pieces of wood at the appointed times; and for the firstfruits. **Remember me, my God, for good.** (Nehemiah 13:30-31 ULT)
> And I purified them from everything foreign. And I caused the service watches to stand: for the priests and for the Levites, a man in his work; 31 and for the offering of pieces of wood at the appointed times; and for the firstfruits. **Remember me, my God, for good.** (Nehemiah 13:30-31 ULT)
(2) And I cleansed them from everything foreign, and I made assignments for the priests and for the Levites, a man to his own work. And the wood offering at the stated time, and the firstfruits. **“Remember me, my God, for good."**

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translate/figs-cometaphor/01.md
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@ -2,13 +2,13 @@ A complex metaphor is an implicit [metaphor](../figs-metaphor/01.md) that uses m
### Explanation of a Complex Metaphor
When using a metaphor, a writer/speaker uses a physical **Image** in order to express an abstract **Idea** about some immediate **Topic**, with at least one point of comparison between the Topic and the Image.   
When using a metaphor, a writer/speaker uses a physical **Image** in order to express an abstract **Idea** about some immediate **Topic**, with at least one point of comparison between the Topic and the Image.
In simple metaphors, usually the Topic and the Image are expressed, and the Idea is implied from the context. In extended metaphors, the writer or speaker explicitly states the topic, and then describes multiple images and communicates multiple ideas.   
In simple metaphors, usually the Topic and the Image are expressed, and the Idea is implied from the context. In extended metaphors, the writer or speaker explicitly states the topic, and then describes multiple images and communicates multiple ideas.
A complex metaphor is different from both of these. In a complex metaphor, a writer/speaker uses multiple **Images** to express multiple **Ideas** about a **Topic**, but he does not explicitly say how the images and ideas are metaphorically related to one another. The reader/listener must think very carefully about what the writer/speaker is saying in order to figure out the underlying relationship between the images and the ideas.  
A complex metaphor is different from both of these. In a complex metaphor, a writer/speaker uses multiple **Images** to express multiple **Ideas** about a **Topic**, but he does not explicitly say how the images and ideas are metaphorically related to one another. The reader/listener must think very carefully about what the writer/speaker is saying in order to figure out the underlying relationship between the images and the ideas.
 One can say more precisely that a complex metaphor operates *in the mind of the writer/speaker* rather than **in the text itself**.
One can say more precisely that a complex metaphor operates *in the mind of the writer/speaker* rather than **in the text itself**.
For example, the metaphor FORGIVENESS IS CLEANSING is a very common complex metaphor in both the Old Testament and the New Testament. Consider the following verses from Psalm 51.
@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ Here the psalmist is praying to God in earnest repentance for his sin (the **Top
The apostle Paul uses an even more difficult complex metaphor in Ephesians 6:10-20:
> Finally, be strong in the Lord and in the force of his strength. **Put on the whole armor of God, to enable you to stand against the scheming of the devil.** For our struggle is not against blood and flesh, but against the rulers, against the authorities, against the world-controllers of this darkness, against the spiritual forces of evil in the heavenly places. Therefore, put on the whole armor of God, so that you may be able to withstand in the evil day, and, having done everything, to stand. 14 Stand, therefore, **having fastened up your robe around your waist with the truth** and **having put on the breastplate of righteousness**, and **having shod your feet with the readiness of the gospel of peace**. 16 In everything **take up the shield of the faith**, by which you will be able to extinguish all the flaming arrows of the evil one. **Take the helmet of salvation and the sword of the Spirit, which is the word of God**. With every prayer and request, pray at all times in the Spirit. To this end, be watchful with all perseverance and requests for all the saints, 19 and for me, so that a message might be given to me when I open my mouth, to make known with boldness the mystery of the gospel 20 (for which I am an ambassador in chains), so that in it I may speak boldly, as it is necessary for me to speak. (Eph 6:10-20 ULT)
> Finally, be strong in the Lord and in the force of his strength. **Put on the whole armor of God, to enable you to stand against the scheming of the devil.** For our struggle is not against blood and flesh, but against the rulers, against the authorities, against the world-controllers of this darkness, against the spiritual forces of evil in the heavenly places. Therefore, put on the whole armor of God, so that you may be able to withstand in the evil day, and, having done everything, to stand. 14 Stand, therefore, **having fastened up your robe around your waist with the truth** and **having put on the breastplate of righteousness**, and **having shod your feet with the readiness of the gospel of peace**. 16 In everything **take up the shield of the faith**, by which you will be able to extinguish all the flaming arrows of the evil one. **Take the helmet of salvation and the sword of the Spirit, which is the word of God**. With every prayer and request, pray at all times in the Spirit. To this end, be watchful with all perseverance and requests for all the saints, 19 and for me, so that a message might be given to me when I open my mouth, to make known with boldness the mystery of the gospel 20 (for which I am an ambassador in chains), so that in it I may speak boldly, as it is necessary for me to speak. (Eph 6:10-20 ULT)
In this paragraph, the apostle Paul describes how a Christian should prepare to resist temptation (the **Topic**) by comparing a series of abstract ideas to pieces of armor worn by a soldier. The term “full armor of God” is not a combination of several simple metaphors. The soldier’s belt does not represent truth, the helmet does not represent salvation, the shield does not represent faith, and so on. Rather, the apostle Paul was using the central **Image** of a soldier putting on his armor (that is, “GETTING DRESSED” for battle) to refer to the central abstract **Idea** of a Christian preparing himself (that is, “PREPARATION”) to resist temptation. The unstated complex metaphor PREPARATION IS GETTING DRESSED underlies the entire description as a whole.
@ -27,15 +27,15 @@ In this paragraph, the apostle Paul describes how a Christian should prepare to
The Bible often speaks of God as doing things that people do, such as speaking, seeing, walking, etc. But God is not a human being, although Jesus is both God and a human being, of course. So when the Old Testament says that God speaks, we should not think that he has vocal chords that vibrate. And when the Bible says something about God doing something with his hand, we should not think that God has a physical hand made of flesh and bones. Rather, the writer is thinking about God as a person, using the physical **Image** of a human being to represent the abstract **Idea** “God.” The writer is using the complex metaphor GOD IS A HUMAN, even though he does not explicitly say so in the text.
> If we hear **the voice of Yahweh our God** any longer, we will die. (Deuteronomy 5:25b ULT)
>
> I was strengthened as **the hand of Yahweh** my God was upon me. (Ezra 7:28b ULT)
>
>
> I was strengthened as **the hand of Yahweh** my God was upon me. (Ezra 7:28b ULT)
>
> You drove out the nations with **your hand**, but you planted our people; you afflicted the peoples, but you spread our people out in the land. For they did not obtain the land for their possession by their own sword, neither did their own arm save them; but **your right hand**, **your arm**, and the light of **your face**, because you were favorable to them. (Psa 44:2-3 ULT)
### Translation Strategies
* Complex metaphors in the Bible should be translated like passive metaphors.
* For strategies regarding translating metaphors, see [Metaphor](../figs-metaphor/01.md).
* To learn more about biblical imagery, complex metaphors, and cultural models in the Bible, see [Biblical Imagery](../biblicalimageryta/01.md) and/or [Biblical Imagery - Common Patterns](../bita-part1/01.md) and/or [Biblical Imagery - Cultural Models](../bita-part3/01.md).
* Complex metaphors in the Bible should be translated like passive metaphors.
* For strategies regarding translating metaphors, see [Metaphor](../figs-metaphor/01.md).
* To learn more about biblical imagery, complex metaphors, and cultural models in the Bible, see [Biblical Imagery](../biblicalimageryta/01.md) and/or [Biblical Imagery - Common Patterns](../bita-part1/01.md) and/or [Biblical Imagery - Cultural Models](../bita-part3/01.md).

10
translate/figs-declarative/01.md
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@ -56,17 +56,17 @@ The phrase “you will call his name Jesus” is an instruction. It can be trans
The function of “I know you can” is to make a request. In addition to the statement, a request can be added.
> > Lord, **I know you can heal me**,. If you are willing, please do so**.**
> >
> >
> > Lord, if you are willing, please heal me**.** **I know you can do so****.**
(3) If the function of a statement would not be understood correctly in your language, use a verb form that would express that function.
> She will give birth to a son, and **you will call his name Jesus**, for he will save his people from their sins. (Matthew 1:21 ULT)
>
>
> > She will give birth to a son, and **you must call his name Jesus**, for he will save his people from their sins.
>
>
> Son, your sins are forgiven. (Mark 2:5 ULT)
>
>
> > Son, I forgive your sins.
> >
> >
> > Son, God has forgiven your sins.

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translate/figs-distinguish/01.md
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@ -4,18 +4,18 @@ In some languages, phrases that modify a noun can be used with the noun for two
Some languages use a comma to mark the difference between (1) making a distinction between similar items and (2) giving more information about an item. Without the comma, the sentence below communicates that it is making a distinction:
* Mary gave some of the food to **her sister who was very thankful**.
* If her sister was usually thankful, the phrase “who was thankful” could distinguish this sister of Mary’s from another sister who was not usually thankful.
* Mary gave some of the food to **her sister who was very thankful**.
* If her sister was usually thankful, the phrase “who was thankful” could distinguish this sister of Mary’s from another sister who was not usually thankful.
With the comma, the sentence is giving more information:
* Mary gave some of the food to **her sister, who was very thankful**.
* This same phrase can be used give us more information about Mary’s sister. It tells us about how Mary’s sister responded when Mary gave her the food. In this case it does not distinguish one sister from another sister.
* Mary gave some of the food to **her sister, who was very thankful**.
* This same phrase can be used give us more information about Mary’s sister. It tells us about how Mary’s sister responded when Mary gave her the food. In this case it does not distinguish one sister from another sister.
#### Reasons This Is a Translation Issue
* Many source languages of the Bible use phrases that modify a noun both for distinguishing the noun from another similar item and also for giving more information about the noun. You (the translator) must be careful to understand which meaning the author intended in each case.
* Some languages use phrases that modify a noun only for distinguishing the noun from another similar item. When translating a phrase that is used for giving more information, translators who speak these languages will need to separate the phrase from the noun. Otherwise, people who read it or hear it will think that the phrase is meant to distinguish the noun from other similar items.
* Many source languages of the Bible use phrases that modify a noun both for distinguishing the noun from another similar item and also for giving more information about the noun. You (the translator) must be careful to understand which meaning the author intended in each case.
* Some languages use phrases that modify a noun only for distinguishing the noun from another similar item. When translating a phrase that is used for giving more information, translators who speak these languages will need to separate the phrase from the noun. Otherwise, people who read it or hear it will think that the phrase is meant to distinguish the noun from other similar items.
### Examples from the Bible
@ -55,30 +55,30 @@ If readers would understand the purpose of a phrase with a noun, then consider k
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
(1) Put the information in another part of the sentence and add words that show its purpose.   
(1) Put the information in another part of the sentence and add words that show its purpose.
> I hate those who serve **worthless** idols (Psalm 31:6 ULT)
> By saying “worthless idols,” David was commenting about all idols and giving his reason for hating those who serve them. He was not distinguishing worthless idols from valuable idols. 
>
> > **Because** **idols are worthless**, I hate those who serve them. 
>
> I hate those who serve **worthless** idols (Psalm 31:6 ULT)
> By saying “worthless idols,” David was commenting about all idols and giving his reason for hating those who serve them. He was not distinguishing worthless idols from valuable idols.
>
> > **Because** **idols are worthless**, I hate those who serve them.
>
> … for your **righteous** judgments are good. (Psalm 119:39b ULT)
>
> > … for your judgments are good **because they are righteous**.  
>
> Can Sarah, **who is 90 years old**, bear a son? (Genesis 17:17b ULT)
>
> > … for your judgments are good **because they are righteous**.
>
> Can Sarah, **who is 90 years old**, bear a son? (Genesis 17:17b ULT)
> The phrase “who is 90 years old” is a reminder of Sarah’s age. It tells why Abraham was asking the question. He did not expect that a woman who was that old could bear a child.
>
> > Can Sarah bear a son **even when** **she is 90 years old**?  
>
> I will call on Yahweh, **who is worthy to be praised** (2 Samuel 22:4a ULT)
>
> > Can Sarah bear a son **even when** **she is 90 years old**?
>
> I will call on Yahweh, **who is worthy to be praised** (2 Samuel 22:4a ULT)
> There is only one Yahweh. The phrase “who is worthy to be praised” gives a reason for calling on Yahweh.
>
>
> > I will call on Yahweh, because **he is worthy to be praised**
(2) Use one of your language’s ways for expressing that this is just added information.
> You are my Son, **whom I love**. I am pleased with you. (Luke 3:22 ULT)
>
> > You are my Son. **I love you** and I am pleased with you.
>
> > You are my Son. **I love you** and I am pleased with you.
> > **Receiving my love**, you are my Son. I am pleased with you.

24
translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md
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@ -7,10 +7,10 @@ Negative words are words that have in them the meaning “not.” Examples in En
A double negative occurs when a clause has two words that each have a negative meaning.
> We did this **not** because we have **no** authority … (2 Thessalonians 3:9a ULT)
>
> And this was not done without an oath! (Hebrews 7:20a ULT)
>
> We did this **not** because we have **no** authority … (2 Thessalonians 3:9a ULT)
>
> And this was not done without an oath! (Hebrews 7:20a ULT)
>
> Be sure of this—the wicked person will **not** go **un**punished. (Proverbs 11:21a ULT)
#### Reason This Is a Translation Issue
@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ By using a double negative, John emphasized that the Son of God created absolute
### Translation Strategies
If double negatives are natural and are used to express the positive in your language, consider using them. Otherwise, you could consider these strategies:
If double negatives are natural and are used to express the positive in your language, consider using them. Otherwise, you could consider these strategies:
(1) If the purpose of a double negative in the Bible is simply to make a positive statement, and if it would not do that in your language, remove the two negatives so that it is positive.
(2) If the purpose of a double negative in the Bible is to make a strong positive statement, and if it would not do that in your language, remove the two negatives and put in a strengthening word or phrase such as “very” or “surely” or “absolutely.”
@ -44,18 +44,18 @@ If double negatives are natural and are used to express the positive in your lan
(1) If the purpose of a double negative in the Bible is simply to make a positive statement, and if it would not do that in your language, remove the two negatives so that it is positive.
> For we do **not** have a high priest who can**not** feel sympathy for our weaknesses. (Hebrews 4:15a ULT)
> For we do **not** have a high priest who can**not** feel sympathy for our weaknesses. (Hebrews 4:15a ULT)
>> “For we have a high priest who can feel sympathy for our weaknesses.”
> … in order **not** to be **unfruitful**. (Titus 3:14b ULT)
> … in order **not** to be **unfruitful**. (Titus 3:14b ULT)
>> “… so that they may be fruitful.”
(2) If the purpose of a double negative in the Bible is to make a strong positive statement, and if it would not do that in your language, remove the two negatives and put in a strengthening word or phrase such as “very” or “surely” or “absolutely.”
> Be sure of this—the wicked person will **not** go **un**punished. (Proverbs 11:21a ULT)
>
>
> > “Be sure of this—wicked people will **certainly** be punished.”
>
>
> All things were made through him and **without** him there was **not** one thing made that has been made. (John 1:3 ULT)
>
>
> > “All things were made through him. He made **absolutely** everything that has been made.”

6
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@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ If a doublet would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consi
(3) If the doublet is used to intensify or emphasize the meaning, use one of your language’s ways of doing that.
> … like a lamb **without blemish** and **without spot**. (1 Peter 1:19b ULT)
>
> * English can emphasize this with “any” and “at all.”
>
>
> * English can emphasize this with “any” and “at all.”
>
> > “… like a lamb **without any blemish at all**.”

22
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@ -10,8 +10,8 @@ There is ellipsis in the second part because “nor sinners in the assembly of t
#### There are two types of ellipsis.
1. A Relative Ellipsis happens when the reader has to supply the omitted word or words from the context. Usually the word is in the previous sentence, as in the example above.
2. An Absolute Ellipsis happens when the omitted word or words are not in the context, but the phrases are common enough in the language that the reader is expected to supply what is missing from this common usage or from the nature of the situation.
1. A Relative Ellipsis happens when the reader has to supply the omitted word or words from the context. Usually the word is in the previous sentence, as in the example above.
2. An Absolute Ellipsis happens when the omitted word or words are not in the context, but the phrases are common enough in the language that the reader is expected to supply what is missing from this common usage or from the nature of the situation.
#### Reason This Is a Translation Issue
@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ Readers who see incomplete sentences or phrases may not know that there is infor
The writer wants his words to be few and to make good poetry. The full sentence with the information filled in would be:
> > He makes Lebanon skip like a calf and **he makes** Sirion **skip** like a young ox.
>
>
> Watch carefully, therefore, how you walk—**not as unwise but as wise**. (Ephesians 5:15)
The information that the reader must understand in the second parts of these sentences can be filled in from the first parts:
@ -40,12 +40,12 @@ The information that the reader must understand in the second parts of these sen
It seems that the man answered in an incomplete sentence because he wanted to be polite and not directly ask Jesus for healing. He knew that Jesus would understand that the only way he could receive his sight would be for Jesus to heal him. The complete sentence would be:
> > “Lord, **I want you to heal me so** that I might receive my sight.”
> To Titus … **Grace and peace from God the Father and Christ Jesus our Savior**. (Titus 1:4 ULT)
> To Titus … **Grace and peace from God the Father and Christ Jesus our Savior**. (Titus 1:4 ULT)
The writer assumes that the reader will recognize this common form of a blessing or wish, so he does not need to include the full sentence, which would be:
> > To Titus … **May you receive** grace and peace from God the Father and Christ Jesus our Savior.
> > To Titus … **May you receive** grace and peace from God the Father and Christ Jesus our Savior.
### Translation Strategies
@ -58,13 +58,13 @@ If ellipsis would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consid
(1) Add the missing words to the incomplete phrase or sentence.
> So the wicked will not stand in the judgment, nor **sinners in the assembly** of the righteous. (Psalm 1:5)
> > So the wicked will not stand in the judgment, and **sinners will not stand in the assembly** of the righteous.
> Then when the he had come near, he asked him, “What do you want me to do for you?” He said, “Lord, **that I might receive my sight**.” (Luke 18:40b-41)
> > Then when the man was near, Jesus asked him, “What do you want me to do for you?” He said, “Lord, **I want you to heal me** that I might receive my sight.”
> He makes Lebanon skip like a calf **and Sirion like a young ox**. (Psalm 29:6)
> > He makes Lebanon skip like a calf, and **he makes** Sirion **skip** like a young ox.

12
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@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ In order **to be polite**, Mary uses a euphemism to say that she has never had s
If euphemism would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consider using it. If not, here are other options:
(1) Use a euphemism from your own culture.     
(1) Use a euphemism from your own culture.
(2) State the information plainly without a euphemism if it would not be offensive.
@ -33,16 +33,16 @@ If euphemism would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consi
(1) Use a euphemism from your own culture.
> … where there was a cave. Saul went inside to **cover his feet**. (1 Samuel 24:3b ULT) - Some languages might use euphemisms like these:
>
> > “… where there was a cave. Saul went into the cave **to dig a hole**“
>
> > “… where there was a cave. Saul went into the cave **to dig a hole**“
> > “… where there was a cave. Saul went into the cave **to have some time alone**“
>
>
> But Mary said to the angel, “How will this be, since I have not **known a man**?” (Luke 1:34 ULT)
>
>
> > But Mary said to the angel, “How will this be, since **I do not know a man**?” - (This is the euphemism used in the original Greek)
(2) State the information plainly without a euphemism if it would not be offensive.
> They found Saul and his sons **fallen** on Mount Gilboa. (1 Chronicles 10:8b ULT)
>
>
> > “They found Saul and his sons **dead** on Mount Gilboa.”

24
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@ -22,36 +22,36 @@ This sounds like a person must first open the scroll and then break its seals, b
### Translation Strategies
(1) If your language uses phrases or time words to show that an event happened before one that was already mentioned, consider using one of them.
(2) If your language uses verb tense or aspect to show that an event happened before one that was already mentioned, consider using that. (See the section on “Aspect” of [Verbs](../figs-verbs/01.md).)
(1) If your language uses phrases or time words to show that an event happened before one that was already mentioned, consider using one of them.
(2) If your language uses verb tense or aspect to show that an event happened before one that was already mentioned, consider using that. (See the section on “Aspect” of [Verbs](../figs-verbs/01.md).)
(3) If your language prefers to tell events in the order that they occurred, consider reordering the events so they they are in that order. This may require putting two or more verses together (like 5-6). (See [Verse Bridges](../translate-versebridge/01.md).)
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
(1) If your language uses phrases, time words or tenses to show that an event happened before the one just mentioned, consider using one of them.
> 20 he even added this to them all: he locked John up in prison. Now it came about, when all the people were baptized, Jesus also was baptized. (Luke 3:20-21 ULT)
>
> 20 he even added this to them all: he locked John up in prison. Now it came about, when all the people were baptized, Jesus also was baptized. (Luke 3:20-21 ULT)
>
> > 20 But then Herod … had John locked up in prison. 21 **Before John was put in prison,** while all the people were being baptized by John, Jesus also was baptized.
>
>
> Who is worthy to open the scroll and break its seals? (Revelation 5:2b ULT)
>
>
> > Who is worthy to open the scroll **after** breaking its seals?
(2) If your language uses verb tense or aspect to show that an event happened before one that was already mentioned, consider using that.
> Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carrying seven trumpets of rams’ horns before Yahweh went forward and blew the trumpets, But Joshua commanded the people, saying, “Do not shout nor let your voice be heard, nor let any word leave your mouth until the day I tell you to shout. Then you must shout.”  (Joshua 6:8,10 ULT)
>
> Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carrying seven trumpets of rams’ horns before Yahweh went forward and blew the trumpets, But Joshua commanded the people, saying, “Do not shout nor let your voice be heard, nor let any word leave your mouth until the day I tell you to shout. Then you must shout.” (Joshua 6:8,10 ULT)
>
> > 8 Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams’ horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets 10 But Joshua **had commanded** the people, saying, “Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout.
(3) If your language prefers to tell events in the order that they occur, consider reordering the events. This may require putting two or more verses together (like 5-6).
> 8 Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carrying seven trumpets of rams’ horns before Yahweh went forward and blew the trumpets, But Joshua commanded the people, saying, “Do not shout nor let your voice be heard, nor let any word leave your mouth until the day I tell you to shout. Then you must shout.” (Joshua 6:8,10 ULT)
>
> 8 Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carrying seven trumpets of rams’ horns before Yahweh went forward and blew the trumpets, But Joshua commanded the people, saying, “Do not shout nor let your voice be heard, nor let any word leave your mouth until the day I tell you to shout. Then you must shout.” (Joshua 6:8,10 ULT)
>
> > 8,10 Joshua commanded the people, saying, “Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout.” Then just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets…
>
>
> Who is worthy to open the scroll and break its seals? (Revelation 5:2b ULT)
>
>
> > Who is worthy to break the seals and open the scroll?
You may also want to watch the video at http://ufw.io/figs\_events.

26
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@ -20,10 +20,10 @@ Some exclamations have a word that shows feeling. The sentences below have “Oh
The word “Alas” below shows that Gideon was very frightened.
> When Gideon saw that he was the angel of Yahweh, Gideon lamented, “**Alas**, O my Lord Yahweh, for because of this I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!” (Judges 6:22 ULT)
>
> When Gideon saw that he was the angel of Yahweh, Gideon lamented, “**Alas**, O my Lord Yahweh, for because of this I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!” (Judges 6:22 ULT)
>
> Some exclamations start with a question word such as “how” or “why,” even though they are not questions. The sentence below shows that the speaker is amazed at how unsearchable God’s judgments are.
>
>
> **How** unsearchable are his judgments, and his ways beyond discovering! (Romans 11:33b ULT)
Some exclamations in the Bible do not have a main verb. The exclamation below shows that the speaker is disgusted with the person he is speaking to.
@ -43,38 +43,38 @@ Some exclamations in the Bible do not have a main verb. The exclamation below sh
(1) If an exclamation in your language needs a verb, add one. Often a good verb is “is” or “are.”
> You worthless person! (Matthew 5:22b ULT)
>
>
> > “You **are** such a worthless person!”
>
>
> Oh, the depth of the riches both of the wisdom and the knowledge of God! (Romans 11:33b ULT)
>
>
> > “Oh, the riches of the wisdom and the knowledge of God **are** so deep!”
(2) Use an exclamation word from your language that shows the strong feeling. In the first suggested translation below, the word “wow” shows that they were astonished. In the second suggested translation, the expression “Oh no” shows that something terrible or frightening has happened.
> They were extremely astonished, saying, “He has done everything well. He even makes the deaf hear and the mute speak.” (Mark 7:37 ULT)
>
>
> > “They were extremely astonished, saying, ‘**Wow**! He has done everything well. He even makes the deaf to hear and the mute to speak.’”
>
>
> Alas, oh my Lord Yahweh! For because of this I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face! (Judges 6:22b ULT)
>
>
> > “**Oh no**, Lord Yahweh! I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!”
(3) Translate the exclamation word with a sentence that shows the feeling.
> **Alas,** O my Lord Yahweh, for because of this I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!” (Judges 6:22 ULT)
>
> > Lord Yahweh, **what will happen to me**? For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!”
>
> > Lord Yahweh, **what will happen to me**? For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!”
> > **Help**, Lord Yahweh! For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!
(4) Use a word that emphasizes the part of the sentence that brings about the strong feeling.
> How unsearchable are his judgments, and his ways beyond discovering! (Romans 11:33b ULT)
>
>
> > “His judgments are **so** unsearchable and his ways are **far** beyond discovering!”
(5) If the strong feeling is not clear in the target language, then tell how the person felt.
> When Gideon saw that he was the angel of Yahweh, Gideon lamented, “**Alas,** O my Lord Yahweh, for because of this I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!” (Judges 6:22 ULT)
>
>
> > “Gideon understood that this was the angel of Yahweh. **He was terrified** and said, “**Alas**, Lord Yahweh! I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!”

2
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@ -26,6 +26,6 @@ John is telling people who have not seen Jesus what he and the other apostles ha
The shepherds were speaking to one another. When they said “us,” they were **including** the people they were speaking to - one another.
> Now it happened that on one of those days, he indeed got into a boat with his disciples, and he said to them, “Let **us** go over to the other side of the lake.” So they set sail. (Luke 8:22 ULT)
> Now it happened that on one of those days, he indeed got into a boat with his disciples, and he said to them, “Let **us** go over to the other side of the lake.” So they set sail. (Luke 8:22 ULT)
When Jesus said “us,” he was referring to himself and to the disciples he was speaking to, so this would be the inclusive form.

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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
An **extended metaphor** is an explicit metaphor that uses multiple images and multiple ideas at the same time. This is in contrast to a [simple metaphor](../figs-simetaphor/01.md), which uses only a single Image and a single Idea. The difference between an extended metaphor and a [complex metaphor](../figs-cometaphor/01.md) is that an extended metaphor is explicitly stated by a writer/speaker, but a complex metaphor is not.
An **extended metaphor** is an explicit metaphor that uses multiple images and multiple ideas at the same time. This is in contrast to a [simple metaphor](../figs-simetaphor/01.md), which uses only a single Image and a single Idea. The difference between an extended metaphor and a [complex metaphor](../figs-cometaphor/01.md) is that an extended metaphor is explicitly stated by a writer/speaker, but a complex metaphor is not.
### Explanation of an Extended Metaphor
@ -7,19 +7,19 @@ When using a metaphor, a writer/speaker uses a physical Image in order to expres
In Isaiah 5:1b-7, the prophet Isaiah uses a vineyard (the **Image**) to express God’s disappointment (the **Idea**) with the nation of Israel (the **Topic**) for their unfaithfulness to God and his covenant with them as his people. Farmers care for their gardens, and a farmer would feel disappointed if his vineyard produced bad fruit. If a vineyard produced only bad fruit for a long enough time, the farmer would eventually stop caring for it. We call this an extended metaphor because the prophet describes in detail multiple images relating to a vineyard as well as multiple aspects of God’s disappointment.
> 1b My well beloved had a **vineyard** on a very fertile hill. 2 He **spaded it,** **removed the stones**, and **planted it** with an excellent kind of vine. He **built a tower** in the middle of it, and also **built a winepress**. **He waited for it to produce grapes, but it produced wild grapes**. 3 So now, inhabitant of Jerusalem and man of Judah; judge between me and my vineyard. 4 What more could have been done for my vineyard, that I have not done for it? **When I looked for it to produce grapes, why did it produce wild grapes**? 5 Now I will tell you what I will do to my vineyard; I will remove the hedge; I will turn it into a pasture; I will break down its wall, and it will be trampled down. 6 I will lay it waste, and it will not be pruned nor hoed. Instead, briers and thorns will spring up. I will also command the clouds not to rain on it. 7 For **the vineyard of Yahweh of hosts is the house of Israel**, and the man of Judah his pleasant planting; **he waited for justice, but instead, there was killing**; **for righteousness, but, instead, a shout for help**. (Isa 5:1b-7 ULT)
> 1b My well beloved had a **vineyard** on a very fertile hill. 2 He **spaded it,** **removed the stones**, and **planted it** with an excellent kind of vine. He **built a tower** in the middle of it, and also **built a winepress**. **He waited for it to produce grapes, but it produced wild grapes**. 3 So now, inhabitant of Jerusalem and man of Judah; judge between me and my vineyard. 4 What more could have been done for my vineyard, that I have not done for it? **When I looked for it to produce grapes, why did it produce wild grapes**? 5 Now I will tell you what I will do to my vineyard; I will remove the hedge; I will turn it into a pasture; I will break down its wall, and it will be trampled down. 6 I will lay it waste, and it will not be pruned nor hoed. Instead, briers and thorns will spring up. I will also command the clouds not to rain on it. 7 For **the vineyard of Yahweh of hosts is the house of Israel**, and the man of Judah his pleasant planting; **he waited for justice, but instead, there was killing**; **for righteousness, but, instead, a shout for help**. (Isa 5:1b-7 ULT)
### Other Examples from the Bible
In Psalm 23, the psalmist uses the physical **Image** of a shepherd to describe the way that God (the **Topic**) shows great concern and care (the **Idea**) for his people. The psalmist describes multiple aspects of what shepherds do for sheep (leads them to pasture and to water, protects them, etc.). The psalmist also describes multiple aspects of how God takes care of him (gives him life, righteousness, comfort, etc.). Shepherds give sheep what they need, take them to safe places, rescue them, guide them, and protect them. What God does for his people is like these actions.
> 1 Yahweh is my shepherd; I will lack nothing.
> 2 He **makes me** to lie down in green pastures;
> he **leads me** beside tranquil water.
> 3 He **brings back** my life;
> he **guides me** along right paths for his name’s sake.
> 4 Even though I walk through a valley of darkest shadow,
> I will not fear harm since you are with me;
> 1 Yahweh is my shepherd; I will lack nothing.
> 2 He **makes me** to lie down in green pastures;
> he **leads me** beside tranquil water.
> 3 He **brings back** my life;
> he **guides me** along right paths for his name’s sake.
> 4 Even though I walk through a valley of darkest shadow,
> I will not fear harm since you are with me;
> your rod and your staff comfort me. (Psalm 23:1-4 ULT)
#### Reasons This Is a Translation Issue
@ -39,59 +39,59 @@ In Psalm 23, the psalmist uses the physical **Image** of a shepherd to describe
Consider using the same extended metaphor if your readers will understand it in the same way the original readers would have understood it. If not, here are some other strategies:
(1) If the target audience would think that the images should be understood literally, translate the metaphor as a simile by using words such as “like” or “as.” It may be enough to to do this in just the first sentence or two.
(2) If the target audience would not know the image, find a way of translating it so they can understand what the image is.
(1) If the target audience would think that the images should be understood literally, translate the metaphor as a simile by using words such as “like” or “as.” It may be enough to to do this in just the first sentence or two.
(2) If the target audience would not know the image, find a way of translating it so they can understand what the image is.
(3) If the target audience still would not understand, then state it clearly.
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
(1) If the target audience would think that the images should be understood literally, translate the metaphor as a simile by using words such as “like” or “as.” It may be enough to to do this in just the first sentence or two. See Psalm 23:1-2 as an example:
> Yahweh is **my shepherd**; I will lack nothing.
> He makes **me** to lie down in green pastures;
> Yahweh is **my shepherd**; I will lack nothing.
> He makes **me** to lie down in green pastures;
> **he leads me** beside tranquil water. (ULT)
Can be translated as:
> “Yahweh is **like** a shepherd to me, so I will lack nothing.
> **Like** a shepherd who makes his sheep lie down in green pastures and leads them by peaceful waters, Yahweh helps me to rest peacefully.”
> “Yahweh is **like** a shepherd to me, so I will lack nothing.
> **Like** a shepherd who makes his sheep lie down in green pastures and leads them by peaceful waters, Yahweh helps me to rest peacefully.”
(2) If the target audience would not know the image, find a way of translating it so they can understand what the image is.
> My well beloved had a **vineyard** on a very fertile hill.
> He **spaded** it, removed the stones, and planted it with **an excellent kind of vine**.
> He built **a tower** in the middle of it, and also built a **winepress**.
> My well beloved had a **vineyard** on a very fertile hill.
> He **spaded** it, removed the stones, and planted it with **an excellent kind of vine**.
> He built **a tower** in the middle of it, and also built a **winepress**.
> He waited for it to produce grapes, but it only produced **wild grapes.** (Isaiah 5:1b-2 ULT)
May be translated as:
> My well beloved had a **grapevine garden** on a very fertile hill.
> He **dug up the ground** and removed the stones, and planted it with **the best grapevines**.
> He built a **watchtower** in the middle of it, and also built **a tank where he could crush the juice out of the grapes**.
> My well beloved had a **grapevine garden** on a very fertile hill.
> He **dug up the ground** and removed the stones, and planted it with **the best grapevines**.
> He built a **watchtower** in the middle of it, and also built **a tank where he could crush the juice out of the grapes**.
> He waited for it to produce grapes, but it produced **wild grapes that were not good for making wine**.”
(3) If the target audience still would not understand, then state it clearly.
> Yahweh is **my shepherd**; I will lack nothing. (Psalm 23:1 ULT)
>
>
> > “Yahweh **cares for me** like a shepherd that cares for his sheep, so I will lack nothing.”
>
> For the vineyard of Yahweh of hosts **is** the house of Israel,
> and the men of Judah his pleasant planting;
> he waited for justice, but instead, there was killing;
>
> For the vineyard of Yahweh of hosts **is** the house of Israel,
> and the men of Judah his pleasant planting;
> he waited for justice, but instead, there was killing;
> for righteousness, but, instead, a shout for help. (Isaiah 5:7 ULT)
Can be translated as:
> > For the vineyard of Yahweh of hosts **represents** the house of Israel,
> > and the men of Judah **are like** his pleasant planting;
> > he waited for justice, but instead, there was killing;
> > For the vineyard of Yahweh of hosts **represents** the house of Israel,
> > and the men of Judah **are like** his pleasant planting;
> > he waited for justice, but instead, there was killing;
> > for righteousness, but, instead, a cry for help.
or as:
> > **So as** **a farmer stops caring** **for** **a** **grapevine** **garden that produces bad fruit**,
> > **Yahweh will stop protecting** Israel and Judah,
> > **because they do not do what is right.**
> > He waited for justice, but instead, there was killing;
> > **So as** **a farmer stops caring** **for** **a** **grapevine** **garden that produces bad fruit**,
> > **Yahweh will stop protecting** Israel and Judah,
> > **because they do not do what is right.**
> > He waited for justice, but instead, there was killing;
> > for righteousness, but, instead, a cry for help.

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@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ When the speaker does give the audience information, he can do so in two ways. T
When someone speaks or writes, he has something specific that he wants people to know or do or think about. He normally states this directly. This is explicit information.
The speaker assumes that his audience already knows certain things that they will need to think about in order to understand this information. Normally he does not tell people these things, because they already know them. This is called assumed knowledge.
The speaker assumes that his audience already knows certain things that they will need to think about in order to understand this information. Normally he does not tell people these things, because they already know them. This is called assumed knowledge.
The speaker does not always directly state everything that he expects his audience to learn from what he says. Implicit information is information that he expects people to learn from what he says even though he does not state it directly.
@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ Jesus did not directly say here “I am the Son of Man” but, if the scribe did
> Woe to you, Chorazin! Woe to you, Bethsaida! If the mighty deeds had been done in **Tyre and Sidon** which were done in you, they would have repented long ago in sackcloth and ashes. But I say to you, it will be more tolerable for Tyre and Sidon at the **day of judgment** than for you. (Matthew 11:21-22 ULT)
Jesus assumed that the people he was speaking to knew that Tyre and Sidon were very wicked, and that the day of judgment is a time when God will judge every person. Jesus also knew that the people he was talking to believed that they were good and did not need to repent. Jesus did not need to tell them these things. This is all **assumed knowledge**.
Jesus assumed that the people he was speaking to knew that Tyre and Sidon were very wicked, and that the day of judgment is a time when God will judge every person. Jesus also knew that the people he was talking to believed that they were good and did not need to repent. Jesus did not need to tell them these things. This is all **assumed knowledge**.
An important piece of **implicit information** here is that the people he was speaking to would be judged more severely than the people of Tyre and Sidon would be judged **because** they did not repent.
@ -38,28 +38,28 @@ One of the traditions of the elders was a ceremony in which people would wash th
If readers have enough assumed knowledge to be able to understand the message, along with any important implicit information that goes with the explicit information, then it is good to leave that knowledge unstated and leave the implicit information implicit. If the readers do not understand the message because one of these is missing for them, then follow these strategies:
(1) If readers cannot understand the message because they do not have certain assumed knowledge, then provide that knowledge as explicit information.
(1) If readers cannot understand the message because they do not have certain assumed knowledge, then provide that knowledge as explicit information.
(2) If readers cannot understand the message because they do not know certain implicit information, then state that information clearly, but try to do it in a way that does not imply that the information was new to the original audience.
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
(1) If readers cannot understand the message because they do not have certain assumed knowledge, then provide that knowledge as explicit information.
> Jesus said to him, “Foxes **have holes**, and the birds of the sky **have nests**, but the Son of Man has nowhere to lay his head.” (Matthew 8:20 ULT) 
> Jesus said to him, “Foxes **have holes**, and the birds of the sky **have nests**, but the Son of Man has nowhere to lay his head.” (Matthew 8:20 ULT)
The assumed knowledge was that the foxes slept in their holes and birds slept in their nests. 
The assumed knowledge was that the foxes slept in their holes and birds slept in their nests.
> > Jesus said to him, “Foxes **have holes to live in**, and the birds of the sky **have nests to live in**, but the Son of Man has nowhere to lay his head and sleep.”
> >
> >
>
> >
> >
>
> It will be more tolerable for **Tyre and Sidon** at the day of judgment than for you (Matthew 11:22 ULT)
The assumed knowledge was that the people of Tyre and Sidon were very, very wicked. This can be stated explicitly.
>
> > At the day of judgment, it will be more tolerable for **those cities of Tyre and Sidon, whose people were very wicked**, than it will be for you. or At the day of judgment, It will be more tolerable for those **wicked cities, Tyre and Sidon,**  than for you.
>
> Why do your disciples violate the traditions of the elders? For **they do not wash their hands** when they eat bread. (Matthew 15:2 ULT) 
>
> > At the day of judgment, it will be more tolerable for **those cities of Tyre and Sidon, whose people were very wicked**, than it will be for you. or At the day of judgment, It will be more tolerable for those **wicked cities, Tyre and Sidon,** than for you.
>
> Why do your disciples violate the traditions of the elders? For **they do not wash their hands** when they eat bread. (Matthew 15:2 ULT)
The assumed knowledge was that one of the traditions of the elders was a ceremony in which people would wash their hands in order to be ritually clean before eating, which they must do to be righteous. It was not to remove germs from their hands to avoid sickness, as a modern reader might think.
@ -72,13 +72,13 @@ The assumed knowledge was that one of the traditions of the elders was a ceremon
The implicit information is that Jesus himself is the Son of Man. Other implicit information is that if the scribe wanted to follow Jesus, then, like Jesus, he would have to live without a house.
> > Jesus said to him, “Foxes have holes, and the birds of the sky have nests, but **I, the Son of Man**, have **no home to rest in. If you want to follow me, you will live as I live**.”
>
> It will be more tolerable for Tyre and Sidon at the day of judgment than for you (Matthew 11:22 ULT) 
>
> It will be more tolerable for Tyre and Sidon at the day of judgment than for you (Matthew 11:22 ULT)
The implicit information is that God would not only judge the people; he would punish them. This can be made explicit.
> > At the day of judgment, God will **punish Tyre and Sidon**, cities whose people were very wicked, **less severely than he will punish you**.
> > or:
> > At the day of judgment, God will **punish Tyre and Sidon**, cities whose people were very wicked, **less severely than he will punish you**.
> > or:
> > At the day of judgment, God will **punish you more severely** than Tyre and Sidon, cities whose people were very wicked.
Modern readers may not know some of the things that the people in the Bible and the people who first read it knew. This can make it hard for them to understand what a speaker or writer says, and to learn things that the speaker left implicit. Translators may need to state some things explicitly in the translation that the original speaker or writer left unstated or implicit.

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@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ If you translate all of the explicit information from the source language into t
### Examples from the Bible
> **Then** Abimelech came toward the tower and he fought against it, and approached as far as the entrance of the tower in order **to burn it with fire**. (Judges 9:52 ESV)
> **Then** Abimelech came toward the tower and he fought against it, and approached as far as the entrance of the tower in order **to burn it with fire**. (Judges 9:52 ESV)
In Biblical Hebrew, it is normal to start most sentences with a conjunction such as “and” to show the connection between sentences. In English, it is not natural to do so, it is quite tiresome for the English reader, and it gives the impression that the author is uneducated. In English, it is best to leave the idea of connection between sentences implicit in most cases and not translate the conjunction explicitly.
@ -28,24 +28,24 @@ In the biblical languages, it was normal to introduce direct speech with two ver
(1) If the explicit information of the source language sounds natural in the target language, then translate it as explicit information.
* There would be no change to the text using this strategy, so no examples are given here.
* There would be no change to the text using this strategy, so no examples are given here.
(2) If the explicit information does not sound natural in the target language or seems unnecessary or confusing, make the explicit information implicit. Only do this if the reader can understand this information from the context. You can test this by asking the reader a question about the passage.
> Then Abimelech came toward the tower and he fought against it, and he approached as far as the entrance of the tower in order to burn it with fire. (Judges 9:52 ESV)
>
>
> > Abimelech came to the tower and fought against it, and he approached the door of the tower **to burn it**. (Or) … **to set it on fire**.
In English, it is clear that the action of this verse follows the action of the previous verse without the use of the connector “and” at the beginning, so it was omitted. Also, the words “with fire” were left out, because this information is communicated implicitly by the word “burn.” An alternative translation for “to burn it” is “to set it on fire.” It is not natural in English to use both “burn” and “fire,” so the English translator should choose only one of them. You can test if the readers understood the implicit information by asking, “How would the door burn?” If they knew it was by fire, then they have understood the implicit information. Or, if you chose the second option, you could ask, “What happens to a door that is set on fire?” If the readers answer, “It burns,” then they have understood the implicit information.
> But the centurion answered and said, “Lord, I am not worthy that you should enter under my roof" (Matthew 8:8a ULT)
>
>
> > The centurion **answered**, “Lord, I am not worthy that you should enter under my roof”
In English, the information that the centurion responded by speaking is included in the verb “answered,” so the verb “said” can be left implicit. You can test if the readers understood the implicit information by asking, “How did the centurion answer?” If they knew it was by speaking, then they have understood the implicit information.
> He opened his mouth and taught them, saying, (Matthew 5:2 ULT)
>
>
> > **He began to** teach them, saying, (Or) He taught them, saying,
In English, it would be very strange to include the information that Jesus opened his mouth when he spoke. That information is included in the verbs “taught” and “saying,” so that phrase can be omitted and that information left implicit. However, “he opened his mouth” is an idiom that indicates the beginning of a speech, so that information may be included, or it may also be left implicit.

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@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ Sometimes it is better not to state assumed knowledge or implicit information ex
### Examples from the Bible
> From the eater came forth food;
> From the eater came forth food;
> and from the strong one came forth sweetness. (Judges 14:14 ULT)
This was a riddle. Samson purposely said this in a way that it would be hard for his enemies to know what it meant. Do not make it clear that the eater and the strong thing was a lion and that the sweet thing to eat was honey.

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@ -2,10 +2,10 @@ In the Bible, sometimes the words “men,” “brothers,” and “sons” refe
### Description
In some languages a word that normally refers to men can also be used in a more general way to refer to both men and women. For example, the Bible sometimes says "brothers" when it refers to both brothers and sisters.
In some languages a word that normally refers to men can also be used in a more general way to refer to both men and women. For example, the Bible sometimes says "brothers" when it refers to both brothers and sisters.
Also in some languages, the masculine pronouns “he” and “him” can be used in a more general way for any person if it is not important whether the person is a man or a woman. In the example below, the pronoun is “his,” but it is not limited to males.
> A wise son makes **his** father rejoice
> A wise son makes **his** father rejoice
> but a foolish son brings grief to **his** mother. (Proverbs 10:1 ULT)
#### Reason This Is a Translation Issue
@ -44,21 +44,21 @@ If people would understand that that masculine words like “man,” “brother,
(1) Use nouns that can be used for both men and women.
> The wise **man** dies just like the fool dies. (Ecclesiastes 2:16b ULT)
>> “The wise **person** dies just like the fool dies.”
> The wise **man** dies just like the fool dies. (Ecclesiastes 2:16b ULT)
>> “The wise **person** dies just like the fool dies.”
>> “Wise **people** die just like fools die.”
(2) Use a word that refers to men and a word that refers to women.
> For we do not want you to be uninformed, **brothers**, about the troubles that happened to us in Asia. (2 Corinthians 1:8) - Paul was writing this letter to both men and women.
>> “For we do not want you to be uninformed, **brothers and sisters**, about the troubles that happened to us in Asia.”
> For we do not want you to be uninformed, **brothers**, about the troubles that happened to us in Asia. (2 Corinthians 1:8) - Paul was writing this letter to both men and women.
>> “For we do not want you to be uninformed, **brothers and sisters**, about the troubles that happened to us in Asia.”
(3) Use pronouns that can be used for both men and women.
> If anyone wants to follow me, he must deny himself, take up his cross, and follow me.” (Matthew 16:24 ULT) 
> If anyone wants to follow me, he must deny himself, take up his cross, and follow me.” (Matthew 16:24 ULT)
English speakers can change the masculine singular pronouns, “he,” “himself,” and “his” to plural pronouns that do not mark gender, “they,” “themselves,” and “their” in order to show that it applies to all people, not just men.
>
>
> > “If **people** want to follow me, **they** must deny **themselves**, take up **their** cross, and follow me.”

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@ -2,8 +2,8 @@
Generic noun phrases refer to people or things in general rather than to specific individuals or things. This happens frequently in proverbs, because proverbs tell about things that are true about people in general.
> Can **a man** walk on hot coals without scorching his feet?
> So is **the man who goes in to his neighbor’s wife**;
> Can **a man** walk on hot coals without scorching his feet?
> So is **the man who goes in to his neighbor’s wife**;
> **the one who touches her** will not go unpunished. (Proverbs 6:28-29 ULT)
The phrases in bold above do not refer to a specific man. They refer to any man who does these things.
@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ Different languages have different ways of showing that noun phrases refer to so
### Examples from the Bible
> The **righteous person** is kept away from trouble and it comes upon **the wicked** instead. (Proverbs 11:8 ULT)
> The **righteous person** is kept away from trouble and it comes upon **the wicked** instead. (Proverbs 11:8 ULT)
The bold phrases above do not refer to a specific person but to anyone who does what is right or anyone who is wicked.
@ -39,27 +39,27 @@ If your language can use the same wording as in the ULT to refer to people or th
(1) Use the word “the” in the noun phrase.
> Yahweh gives favor to **a good man**, but he condemns **a man who makes evil plans**. (Proverbs 12:2 ULT)
> Yahweh gives favor to **a good man**, but he condemns **a man who makes evil plans**. (Proverbs 12:2 ULT)
>> “Yahweh gives favor to **the good man**, but he condemns **the man who makes evil plans**.” (Proverbs 12:2)
(2) Use the word “a” in the noun phrase.
> People curse **the man** who refuses to sell grain. (Proverbs 11:26 ULT)
> People curse **the man** who refuses to sell grain. (Proverbs 11:26 ULT)
>> “People curse **a man** who refuses to sell grain”
(3) Use the word “any, as in “any person” or “anyone.”
> People curse **the man** who refuses to sell grain. (Proverbs 11:26 ULT)
> People curse **the man** who refuses to sell grain. (Proverbs 11:26 ULT)
>> “People curse **any man** who refuses to sell grain.”
(4) Use the plural form, as in “people” (or in this sentence, “men”).
> People curse **the man** who refuses to sell grain. (Proverbs 11:26 ULT)
> People curse **the man** who refuses to sell grain. (Proverbs 11:26 ULT)
>> “People curse **men** who refuse to sell grain”
(5) Use any other way that is natural in your language.
> People curse **the man** who refuses to sell grain. (Proverbs 11:26 ULT)
> People curse **the man** who refuses to sell grain. (Proverbs 11:26 ULT)
>> “People curse **whoever** refuses to sell grain.”

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@ -43,19 +43,19 @@ If the word used in the ULT would be natural and give the right meaning in your
(1) Use the word “go,” “come,” “take,” or “bring” that would be natural in your language.
> But you will be free from my oath if you **come** to my relatives and they will not give her to you. (Genesis 24:41 ULT)
> But you will be free from my oath if you **come** to my relatives and they will not give her to you. (Genesis 24:41 ULT)
>> But you will be free from my oath if you **go** to my relatives and they will not give her to you.
>“What did you go out into the desert to see? A reed shaken by the wind? (Luke 7:24b ULT)
>“What did you go out into the desert to see? A reed shaken by the wind? (Luke 7:24b ULT)
>> “What did you come out into the desert to see? A reed shaken by the wind?
(2) Use another word that expresses the right meaning.
> When you have **come** to the land that Yahweh your God gives you, and when you take possession of it and begin to live in it… (Deuteronomy 17:14 ULT)
> When you have **come** to the land that Yahweh your God gives you, and when you take possession of it and begin to live in it… (Deuteronomy 17:14 ULT)
>> “When you have **arrived** in the land that Yahweh your God gives you, and when you take possession of it and begin to live in it…”
> Yahweh said to Noah, “**Come**, you and all your household, into the ark… (Genesis 7:1 ULT)
> Yahweh said to Noah, “**Come**, you and all your household, into the ark… (Genesis 7:1 ULT)
>> “Yahweh said to Noah, “**Enter**, you and all your household, into the ark…”
> “What did you go out into the desert to see? A reed shaken by the wind? (Luke 7:24b ULT)
>> “What did you travel out into the desert to see? A reed shaken by the wind?
> “What did you go out into the desert to see? A reed shaken by the wind? (Luke 7:24b ULT)
>> “What did you travel out into the desert to see? A reed shaken by the wind?

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@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
Grammar has two main parts: words and structure. Structure involves how we put words together to form phrases, clauses, and sentences. Here is a brief overview of Grammar Topics  we will deal with in detail.
Grammar has two main parts: words and structure. Structure involves how we put words together to form phrases, clauses, and sentences. Here is a brief overview of Grammar Topics we will deal with in detail.
**Parts of Speech** - Every word in a language belongs to a category called a part of speech. (See [Parts of Speech](../figs-partsofspeech/01.md).)
**Parts of Speech** - Every word in a language belongs to a category called a part of speech. (See [Parts of Speech](../figs-partsofspeech/01.md).)
**Sentences** - When we speak, we organize our thoughts in sentences. A sentence usually has a complete thought about an event or a situation or state of being. (See [Sentence Structure](../figs-sentences/01.md).)
**Sentences** - When we speak, we organize our thoughts in sentences. A sentence usually has a complete thought about an event or a situation or state of being. (See [Sentence Structure](../figs-sentences/01.md).)
* Sentences can be statements, questions, commands, or exclamations. (See [Exclamations](../figs-sentencetypes/01.md).)
* Sentences can have more than one clause. (See [Sentence Structure](../figs-sentences/01.md).)
@ -10,9 +10,9 @@ Grammar has two main parts: words and structure. Structure involves how we put w
**Possession** - This shows that there is a relationship between two nouns. In English it is marked with “of” as in “the love of God,” or with “‘s” as in “God’s love,” or with a possessive pronoun as in “his love.” (See [Possession](../figs-possession/01.md).)
**Quotations** - A quotation is a report of what someone else has said.
**Quotations** - A quotation is a report of what someone else has said.
* Quotations normally have two parts: Information about who said something and what the person said. (See [Quotations and Quote Margins](../writing-quotations/01.md).)
* Quotations can be either direct quotes or indirect quotes. (See [Direct and Indirect Quotations](../figs-quotations/01.md).)
* Quotations can be either direct quotes or indirect quotes. (See [Direct and Indirect Quotations](../figs-quotations/01.md).)
* Quotes can have quotes within them. (See [Quotes within Quotes](../figs-quotesinquotes/01.md).)
* Quotes can be marked to make it easy for readers to understand who said what. (See [Quote Markings](../figs-quotemarks/01.md).)

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@ -42,28 +42,28 @@ If the hendiadys would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, c
(1) Substitute the describing noun with an adjective that means the same thing.
> For I will give you **a mouth** **and wisdom** … (Luke 21:15a ULT)
>
> For I will give you **a mouth** **and wisdom** … (Luke 21:15a ULT)
>
> > For I will give you **wise words** …
>
>
> Walk in a manner that is worthy of God, who calls you into **his own kingdom and glory**. (1 Thessalonians 2:12b ULT)
>
>
> > You should walk in a manner that is worthy of God, who calls you to **his own glorious kingdom**.
(2) Substitute the describing noun with a phrase that means the same thing.
> For I will give you **a mouth** **and wisdom** … (Luke 21:15a ULT)
>
> For I will give you **a mouth** **and wisdom** … (Luke 21:15a ULT)
>
> > for I will give you **words of wisdom**.
>
>
> You should walk in a manner that is worthy of God, who calls you into **his own kingdom and glory**. (1 Thessalonians 2:12b ULT)
>
>
> > You should walk in a manner that is worthy of God, who calls you to **his own kingdom of glory**.
(3) Substitute the describing adjective with an adverb that means the same thing.
> If you are willing and obedient … (Isaiah 1:19a ULT)
>
>
> > If you are **willingly obedient** …
(4) Substitute other parts of speech that mean the same thing and show that one word or phrase describes the other.
@ -78,6 +78,6 @@ The adjective “obedient” can be substituted with the verb “obey.”
> We look forward to receiving **the blessed hope and appearing of the glory** of **our great God and Savior Jesus Christ**. (Titus 2:13b ULT)
The noun “glory” can be changed to the adjective “glorious” to make it clear that Jesus’ appearing is what we hope for. Also, “Jesus Christ” can be moved to the front of the phrase and “great God and Savior” put into a relative clause that describes the one person, Jesus Christ.
The noun “glory” can be changed to the adjective “glorious” to make it clear that Jesus’ appearing is what we hope for. Also, “Jesus Christ” can be moved to the front of the phrase and “great God and Savior” put into a relative clause that describes the one person, Jesus Christ.
>> We look forward to receiving **what we are longing for, the blessed and glorious appearing** of **Jesus Christ, who is our great God and Savior**.
>> We look forward to receiving **what we are longing for, the blessed and glorious appearing** of **Jesus Christ, who is our great God and Savior**.

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@ -4,13 +4,13 @@ A speaker or writer can use exactly the same words to say something that he mean
* It rains here every night.
1. The speaker means this as literally true if he means that it really does rain here every night.
2. The speaker means this as a **generalization** if he means that it rains here most nights.
3. The speaker means this as a **hyperbole** if he wants to say that it rains more than it actually does, usually in order to express a strong attitude toward the amount or frequency of rain, such as being annoyed or being happy about it.
1. The speaker means this as literally true if he means that it really does rain here every night.
2. The speaker means this as a **generalization** if he means that it rains here most nights.
3. The speaker means this as a **hyperbole** if he wants to say that it rains more than it actually does, usually in order to express a strong attitude toward the amount or frequency of rain, such as being annoyed or being happy about it.
**Hyperbole**: In hyperbole, a figure of speech that uses exaggeration, a speaker deliberately describes something with an extreme or even unreal statement, usually to show his strong feeling or opinion about it. He expects people to understand that he is exaggerating.
> They will not leave **stone upon stone in you.** (Luke 19:44b ULT)
> They will not leave **stone upon stone in you.** (Luke 19:44b ULT)
This is an exaggeration. It means that the enemies will completely destroy Jerusalem.
@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ This hyperbole means that he had learned everything an Egyptian education could
**Generalization:** This is a statement that is true most of the time or in most situations that it could apply to.
> The one who ignores instruction **will have poverty and shame,**
> The one who ignores instruction **will have poverty and shame,**
> but **honor will come** to him who learns from correction. (Proverbs 13:18)
These generalizations tell about what normally happens to people who ignore instruction and what normally happens to people who learn from correction. There may be some exceptions to these statements, but they are generally true.
@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ These generalizations tell about what normally happens to people who ignore inst
This generalization tells about what Gentiles were known for doing. Many Gentiles did this. It does not matter if a few did not. The point was that the hearers should not join in this well-known practice.
Even though a hyperbole or a generalization may have a strong-sounding word like “all,” “always,” “none,” or “never,” it does not necessarliy mean **exactly** “all,” “always,” “none,” or “never.” It simply means “most,” “most of the time,” “hardly any,” or “rarely.”
Even though a hyperbole or a generalization may have a strong-sounding word like “all,” “always,” “none,” or “never,” it does not necessarliy mean **exactly** “all,” “always,” “none,” or “never.” It simply means “most,” “most of the time,” “hardly any,” or “rarely.”
#### Reason This Is a Translation Issue
@ -48,9 +48,9 @@ When Jesus said to cut off your hand, he meant that we should **do whatever extr
The bolded phrase is an exaggeration for the purpose of expressing the emotion that the Philistine army was overwhelming in number. It means that there were **many, many** soldiers in the Philistine army.
> But as his anointing teaches you **every****thing** and is true and is not a lie, and just as it has taught you, remain in him. (1 John 2:27b ULT)
> But as his anointing teaches you **every****thing** and is true and is not a lie, and just as it has taught you, remain in him. (1 John 2:27b ULT)
This is a hyperbole. It expresses the assurance that God’s Spirit teaches us about **all things that we need to know**. God’s Spirit does not teach us about everything that it is possible to know.
This is a hyperbole. It expresses the assurance that God’s Spirit teaches us about **all things that we need to know**. God’s Spirit does not teach us about everything that it is possible to know.
> When they found him, they also said to him, “**Everyone** is looking for you.” (Mark 1:37 ULT)
@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ This is not hyperbole. Jesus really walked on the water. It is a literal stateme
Do not assume that the word “all” is always a generalization that means “most.”
> Yahweh is righteous in **all** his ways
> Yahweh is righteous in **all** his ways
> and gracious in **all** he does. (Psalms 145:17 ULT)
Yahweh is always righteous. This is a completely true statement.
@ -99,25 +99,25 @@ If the hyperbole or generalization would be natural and people would understand
(1) Express the meaning without the exaggeration.
> The Philistines gathered together to fight against Israel: three thousand chariots, six thousand men to drive the chariots, and troops **as numerous as the sand on the seashore**. (1 Samuel 13:5a ULT)
> The Philistines gathered together to fight against Israel: three thousand chariots, six thousand men to drive the chariots, and troops **as numerous as the sand on the seashore**. (1 Samuel 13:5a ULT)
>> The Philistines gathered together to fight against Israel: three thousand chariots, six thousand men to drive the chariots, and **a great number of troops**.
(2) For a generalization, show that it is a generalization by using a phrase like “in general” or “in most cases.”
> **The one who ignores instruction will have poverty and shame.** (Proverbs 13:18a ULT)
> **The one who ignores instruction will have poverty and shame.** (Proverbs 13:18a ULT)
>> **In general,** the one who ignores instruction will have poverty and shame
> And when you pray, do not make useless repetitions as the Gentiles do, for they think that they will be heard because of their many words. (Matthew 6:7)
> And when you pray, do not make useless repetitions as the Gentiles do, for they think that they will be heard because of their many words. (Matthew 6:7)
>> “And when you pray, do not make useless repetitions as the Gentiles **generally** do, for they think that they will be heard because of their many words.”
(3) For a hyperbole or a generalization, add a word like “many” or “almost” to show that the hyperbole or generalization is not meant to be exact.
> The **whole** country of Judea and **all** the people of Jerusalem went out to him. (Mark 1:5a ULT)
>> **Almost all** the country of Judea and **almost all** the people of Jerusalem went out to him.”
>> or:
> The **whole** country of Judea and **all** the people of Jerusalem went out to him. (Mark 1:5a ULT)
>> **Almost all** the country of Judea and **almost all** the people of Jerusalem went out to him.”
>> or:
>> **Many** of the country of Judea and **many** of the people of Jerusalem went out to him.”
(4) For a hyperbole or a generalization that has a word like “all,” always,” “none,” or “never,” consider deleting that word.
> The **whole** country of Judea and **all** the people of Jerusalem went out to him. (Mark 1:5a ULT)
> The **whole** country of Judea and **all** the people of Jerusalem went out to him. (Mark 1:5a ULT)
>> The country of Judea and the people of Jerusalem went out to him.

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@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ People sometimes express regrets about things that have not happened or that are
#### Hypothetical Situations in the Past
> “Woe to you, Chorazin! Woe to you, Bethsaida! **If the mighty deeds had been done** in Tyre and Sidon which were done in you, **they would have repented** long ago in sackcloth and ashes.” (Matthew 11:21 ULT)
> “Woe to you, Chorazin! Woe to you, Bethsaida! **If the mighty deeds had been done** in Tyre and Sidon which were done in you, **they would have repented** long ago in sackcloth and ashes.” (Matthew 11:21 ULT)
Here in Matthew 11:21, Jesus said that **if** the people living in the ancient cities of Tyre and Sidon had been able to see the miracles that he performed, they would have repented long ago. The people of Tyre and Sidon did not actually see his miracles, and they did not repent. He said this to rebuke the people of Chorazin and Bethsaida who had seen his miracles and yet did not repent.
@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ Martha said this to express her wish that Jesus would have come sooner so that h
#### Hypothetical Situations in the Present
> And no man puts new wine into old wineskins. **But if he did do that, the new wine would burst the wineskins, and it would be spilled out, and the wineskins would be destroyed**. (Luke 5:37 ULT)
> And no man puts new wine into old wineskins. **But if he did do that, the new wine would burst the wineskins, and it would be spilled out, and the wineskins would be destroyed**. (Luke 5:37 ULT)
Jesus told about what would happen if a person were to put new wine into old wineskins. But no one would do that. He used this imaginary situation as an example to show that there are times when it is unwise to mix new things with old things. He did this so that people could understand why his disciples were not fasting as people traditionally did.
@ -57,9 +57,9 @@ Jesus was talking about a future time when very bad things would happen. He told
#### Expressing Emotion About a Hypothetical Situation
People sometimes talk about hypothetical situations in order to express regrets and wishes. Regrets are about the past and wishes are about the present and future.
People sometimes talk about hypothetical situations in order to express regrets and wishes. Regrets are about the past and wishes are about the present and future.
> The Israelites said to them, “**If only we had died by Yahweh’s hand in the land of Egypt when we were sitting by the pots of meat and were eating bread to the full.** For you have brought us out into this wilderness to kill our whole community with hunger.” (Exodus 16:3 ULT)
> The Israelites said to them, “**If only we had died by Yahweh’s hand in the land of Egypt when we were sitting by the pots of meat and were eating bread to the full.** For you have brought us out into this wilderness to kill our whole community with hunger.” (Exodus 16:3 ULT)
Here the Israelites were afraid that they would have to suffer and die of hunger in the wilderness, and so they wished that they had stayed in Egypt and died there with full stomachs. They were complaining, expressing regret that this had not happened.

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@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
An idiom is a figure of speech made up of a group of words that, as a whole, has a meaning that is different from what one would understand from the meanings of the individual words. Someone from outside of the culture usually cannot understand an idiom without someone inside the culture explaining its true meaning. Every language uses idioms. Some English examples are:
* You are pulling my leg. (This means, “You are teasing me by telling me something that is not true.”)
* Do not push the envelope. (This means, “Do not take a matter to its extreme.”)
* This house is under water. (This means, “The debt owed for this house is greater than its actual value.”)
* We are painting the town red. (This means, “We are going around town tonight celebrating very intensely.”)
* You are pulling my leg. (This means, “You are teasing me by telling me something that is not true.”)
* Do not push the envelope. (This means, “Do not take a matter to its extreme.”)
* This house is under water. (This means, “The debt owed for this house is greater than its actual value.”)
* We are painting the town red. (This means, “We are going around town tonight celebrating very intensely.”)
### Description
An idiom is a phrase that has a special meaning to the people of the language or culture who use it. Its meaning is different than what a person would understand from the meanings of the individual words that form the phrase.
> he **set his face** to go to Jerusalem. (Luke 9:51b ULT)
> he **set his face** to go to Jerusalem. (Luke 9:51b ULT)
The words “set his face” is an idiom that means “decided.”
@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ The phrase “come under my roof” is an idiom that means “enter my house.”
This idiom means “Listen carefully and remember what I say.”
**Purpose**: An idiom is probably created in a culture somewhat by accident when someone describes something in an unusual way. But, when that unusual way communicates the message powerfully and people understand it clearly, other people start to use it. After a while, it becomes a normal way of talking in that language.
**Purpose**: An idiom is probably created in a culture somewhat by accident when someone describes something in an unusual way. But, when that unusual way communicates the message powerfully and people understand it clearly, other people start to use it. After a while, it becomes a normal way of talking in that language.
#### Reasons This Is a Translation Issue
@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ This idiom means “Listen carefully and remember what I say.”
This means, “We and you belong to the same race, the same family.”
> The children of Israel went out **with a high hand**. (Exodus 14:8b ASV)
> The children of Israel went out **with a high hand**. (Exodus 14:8b ASV)
This means, “The Israelites went out defiantly.”
@ -57,19 +57,19 @@ If the idiom would be clearly understood in your language, consider using it. If
(1) Translate the meaning plainly without using an idiom.
> Then all Israel came to David at Hebron and said, “Look, we are your **flesh and bone**.” ( 1 Chronicles 11:1 ULT)
> Then all Israel came to David at Hebron and said, “Look, we are your **flesh and bone**.” ( 1 Chronicles 11:1 ULT)
>> Look, we all **belong to the same nation**.
> Then he **set his face** to go to Jerusalem. (Luke 9:51b ULT)
> Then he **set his face** to go to Jerusalem. (Luke 9:51b ULT)
>> He started to travel to Jerusalem, **determined to reach it**.
> I am not worthy that you would come **under my roof**. (Luke 7:6b ULT)
> I am not worthy that you would come **under my roof**. (Luke 7:6b ULT)
>> I am not worthy that you should enter **my house**.
(2) Use an idiom that people use in your own language that has the same meaning.
> Put these words **into your ears** (Luke 9:44a ULT)
> Put these words **into your ears** (Luke 9:44a ULT)
>> **Be all ears** when I say these words to you.
> ”My **eyes grow dim** from grief (Psalm 6:7a ULT)
>> I am crying my **eyes out**
> ”My **eyes grow dim** from grief (Psalm 6:7a ULT)
>> I am crying my **eyes out**

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@ -35,14 +35,14 @@ In the Bible, God blesses people by using imperatives. This indicates what his w
#### Imperatives that function as conditions
An imperative sentence can also be used to tell the **condition** under which something will happen. The proverbs mainly tell about life and things that often happen. The purpose of Proverbs 4:6 below is not primarily to give a command, but to teach what people can expect to happen **if** they love wisdom.
An imperative sentence can also be used to tell the **condition** under which something will happen. The proverbs mainly tell about life and things that often happen. The purpose of Proverbs 4:6 below is not primarily to give a command, but to teach what people can expect to happen **if** they love wisdom.
>**Do not abandon** wisdom and she will watch over you;
>**Do not abandon** wisdom and she will watch over you;
> **love** her and she will keep you safe. (Proverbs 4:6 ULT)
The purpose of Proverbs 22:6, below, is to teach what people can expect to happen if they teach their children the way they should go.
> **Teach** a child the way he should go,
> **Teach** a child the way he should go,
> and when he is old he will not turn away from that instruction. (Proverbs 22:6 ULT)
### Translation Strategies
@ -56,30 +56,30 @@ The purpose of Proverbs 22:6, below, is to teach what people can expect to happe
(1) If people would not use an imperative sentence for one of the functions in the Bible, try using a statement instead.
> **Be clean**. (Matthew 8:3b ULT)
>
> > “You are now clean.”
>
> > “You are now clean.”
> > “I now cleanse you.”
>
>
> God said, “**Let there be** light,” and there was light. (Genesis 1:3 ULT)
>
>
> > God said, “**There is now light** “ and there was light.
>
>
> God blessed them and said to them, “**Be fruitful**, and **multiply**. **Fill** the earth, and **subdue** it. **Have dominion** over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the sky, and over every living thing that moves upon the earth.” (Genesis 1:28 ULT)
>
>
> > God blessed them and said to them, “**My will for you is that you be fruitful**, and **multiply**. **Fill** the earth, and **subdue** it. **I want you to have dominion** over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the sky, and over every living thing that moves upon the earth.”
(2) If people would not understand that a sentence is used to cause something to happen, add a connecting word like “so” to show that what happened was a result of what was said.
> God said, “**Let there be** light,” and there was light. (Genesis 1:3 ULT)
>
> > God said, ‘Let there be light,’ **so** there was light.
>
> > God said, ‘Let there be light,’ **so** there was light.
> > God said, “Light must be;” **as a result**, there was light.
(3) If people would not use a command as a condition, translate it as a statement with the words “if” and “then.”
> Teach a child the way he should go, and when he is old he will not turn away from that instruction. (Proverbs 22:6 ULT)
> Teach a child the way he should go, and when he is old he will not turn away from that instruction. (Proverbs 22:6 ULT)
Translated as:
> “**If** you teach a child the way he should go,
> “**If** you teach a child the way he should go,
> **then** when he is old he will not turn away from that instruction.”

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@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
Some languages can use a word or phrase with a noun to give information about that noun or to remind people of something about it.
* Mary gave some of the food to her sister, **who was very thankful**.
* Mary gave some of the food to her sister, **who was very thankful**.
The phrase “who was very thankful” immediately follows the word “sister” and informs us about how Mary’s sister responded when Mary gave her the food. In this case it does not distinguish this sister from another sister that Mary might have. It simply gives added information about that sister.
@ -20,9 +20,9 @@ Languages have different ways of signaling the parts of communication that the l
### Translation Principles
* If your language does not use phrases with a noun for new information or a reminder, you may need to put that information or reminder in a different part of the sentence.
* Try to present it in a weak way.
* Ask yourself: In our language, how do we express information in a strong way, and how do we express it in a weaker way?
* If your language does not use phrases with a noun for new information or a reminder, you may need to put that information or reminder in a different part of the sentence.
* Try to present it in a weak way.
* Ask yourself: In our language, how do we express information in a strong way, and how do we express it in a weaker way?
### Examples From the Bible
@ -52,24 +52,24 @@ If people would understand the purpose of a phrase with a noun, then consider ke
(1) Put the information in another part of the sentence and add words that show its purpose.
> I hate those who serve **worthless** idols. (Psalm 31:6a ULT)  
>
>
>
> I hate those who serve **worthless** idols. (Psalm 31:6a ULT)
>
>
>
> By saying “worthless idols,” David was commenting about all idols and giving his reason for hating those who serve them. He was not distinguishing worthless idols from valuable idols.“
>
>
> > **Because** idols are worthless, I hate those who serve them.”
>
>
> … for your **righteous** judgments are good. (Psalm 119:39b ULT)
>
>
> > … for your judgments are good **because** they are righteous.
>
> How can Sarah, **who is 90 years old**, bear a son? (Genesis 17:17b ULT) 
>  
>
> How can Sarah, **who is 90 years old**, bear a son? (Genesis 17:17b ULT)
>
> The phrase “who is 90 years old” is a reminder of Sarah’s age. It tells why Abraham was asking the question. He did not expect that a woman who was that old could bear a child.“
>
>
> > Can Sarah bear a son **even when** she is 90 years old?”
>
>
> I will call on Yahweh, **who is worthy to be praised.** (2 Samuel 22:4a ULT)
There is only one Yahweh. The phrase “who is worthy to be praised” gives a reason for calling on Yahweh.
@ -79,5 +79,5 @@ There is only one Yahweh. The phrase “who is worthy to be praised” gives a r
(2) Use one of your language’s ways for expressing information in a weak way.
> The name of the third river is Tigris, **which flows east of Asshur**. (Genesis 2:14a ULT)
>
>
> > “The name of the third river is Tigris. **It flows east of Asshur**.

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@ -1,19 +1,19 @@
### Description
Different languages arrange the parts of the sentence in different ways. In English, a sentence normally has the subject first, then the verb, then the object, then other modifiers, like this:  Peter painted his house yesterday.
Different languages arrange the parts of the sentence in different ways. In English, a sentence normally has the subject first, then the verb, then the object, then other modifiers, like this: Peter painted his house yesterday.
Many other languages normally put these things in a different order such as: Painted yesterday Peter his house.
Although all languages have a normal order for parts of a sentence, this order can change depending on what information the speaker or writer considers to be the most important.
 Suppose that someone is answering the question, “What did Peter paint yesterday?” The person asking the question already knows all of the information in our sentence above except for the object, “his house.” Therefore, that becomes the most important part of the information, and a person answering in English might say "His house is what Peter painted (yesterday)."
Suppose that someone is answering the question, “What did Peter paint yesterday?” The person asking the question already knows all of the information in our sentence above except for the object, “his house.” Therefore, that becomes the most important part of the information, and a person answering in English might say "His house is what Peter painted (yesterday)."
This puts the most important information first, which is normal for English. Many Other Languages would normally put the most important information last. In the flow of a text, the most important information is usually what the writer considers to be new information for the reader. In some languages the new information comes first, and in others it comes last.
### Reasons This Is a Translation Issue
* Different languages arrange the parts of a sentence in different ways. If you (the translator) copy the order of the parts of a sentence from the source, it may not make sense in your language.
* Different languages put important or new information in different places in the sentence. If you keep the important or new information in the same place that it had in the source language, it may be confusing or give the wrong message in your language.
* Different languages arrange the parts of a sentence in different ways. If you (the translator) copy the order of the parts of a sentence from the source, it may not make sense in your language.
* Different languages put important or new information in different places in the sentence. If you keep the important or new information in the same place that it had in the source language, it may be confusing or give the wrong message in your language.
### Examples From the Bible
@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ In this verse, the most important part of the information is first, that “woe
(1) Study how your language arranges the parts of a sentence, and use that order in your translation.
This is the verse in the original Greek order: 
This is the verse in the original Greek order:
> And he went out from there and came to the hometown his, and they followed him the disciples his. (Mark 6:1)
@ -55,9 +55,9 @@ The ULT has put this into the normal order for English:
If your language puts the important information last, you can change the order of the verse.
> > Now the day was about to come to an end, and the twelve came to him and said, “Because we are here in an desolate place, send the crowd away that they may go into the surrounding villages and countryside to find lodging and food.”
>
>
>
>
>
>
> Woe to you, when all men speak well of you, for that is how their ancestors treated the false prophets. (Luke 6:26 ULT)
If your language puts the important information last, you can change the order of the verse.

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@ -21,13 +21,13 @@ If someone does not realize that a speaker is using irony, he will think that th
People worshiped idols as if their idols had knowledge or power, and Yahweh was angry at them for doing that. So he used irony and challenged their idols to tell what would happen in the future. He knew that the idols could not do this, but by speaking as if they could, he mocked the idols, making their inability more obvious, and rebuked the people for worshiping them.
> Can you lead light and darkness to their places of work?
> Can you find the way back to their houses for them?
> Can you lead light and darkness to their places of work?
> Can you find the way back to their houses for them?
> **Undoubtedly you know, for you were born then;** “**the number of your days is so large!** “ (Job 38:20-21 ULT)
Job thought that he was wise. Yahweh used irony to show Job that he was not so wise. The two phrases in bold above are irony. They emphasize the opposite of what they say, because they are so obviously false. They emphasize that Job could not possibly answer God’s questions about the creation of light because Job was not born until many, many years later.
> Already you are satisfied! Already you have become rich! **You began to reign** apart from us, and I wish you really did reign, so that we also might reign with you.(1 Corinthians 4:8 ULT)
> Already you are satisfied! Already you have become rich! **You began to reign** apart from us, and I wish you really did reign, so that we also might reign with you.(1 Corinthians 4:8 ULT)
The Corinthians considered themselves to be very wise, self-sufficient, and not in need of any instruction from the Apostle Paul. Paul used irony, speaking as if he agreed with them, to show how proudly they were acting and how far from being wise they really were.
@ -43,27 +43,27 @@ If the irony would be understood correctly in your language, translate it as it
(1) Translate it in a way that shows that the speaker is saying what someone else believes.
> **How well you reject the commandment of God** so that you may keep your tradition! (Mark 7:9a ULT)
>
> > **You think that you are doing well when you reject God’s commandment** so you may keep your tradition!
>
> > **You think that you are doing well when you reject God’s commandment** so you may keep your tradition!
> > **You act like it is good to reject God’s commandment** so you may keep your tradition!
>
>
> I did not come to call **the righteous**, but sinners to repentance.” (Luke 5:32 ULT)
>
>
> > I did not come to call **people who think that they are righteous** to repentance, but to call sinners to repentance.
(2) Translate the actual, intended meaning of the statement of irony.
> **How well you reject the commandment of God** so that you may keep your tradition! (Mark 7:9a ULT)
>
>
> > **You are doing a terrible thing when you reject the commandment of God** so you may keep your tradition!
>
>
> ”Present your case,” says Yahweh; “present your best arguments for your idols,” says the King of Jacob. “**Let them bring us their own arguments; have them come forward and declare to us what will happen**, so we may know these things well. **Have them tell us of earlier predictive declarations, so we can reflect on them and know how they were fulfilled**.” (Isaiah 41:21-22 ULT)
>
>
> > ‘Present your case,’ says Yahweh; ‘present your best arguments for your idols,’ says the King of Jacob. Your idols **cannot bring us their own arguments or come forward to declare to us what will happen** so we may know these things well. We cannot hear them because **they cannot speak** to tell us their earlier predictive declarations, so we cannot reflect on them and know how they were fulfilled.
>
> Can you lead light and darkness to their places of work?
> Can you find the way back to their houses for them?
> **Undoubtedly you know, for you were born then;**
>
> Can you lead light and darkness to their places of work?
> Can you find the way back to their houses for them?
> **Undoubtedly you know, for you were born then;**
> **the number of your days is so large!**“ (Job 38:20-21 ULT)
>
>
> > Can you lead light and darkness to their places of work? Can you find the way back to their houses for them? **You act like you know how light and darkness were created, as if you were there; as if you are as old as creation, but you are not**!

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@ -29,11 +29,11 @@ In this passage Yahweh is telling the people of Edom all the things they should
(1) The verse before the litany explains its overall meaning. That verse can be placed as an introduction. In English, a colon would indicate that what follows elaborates on this meaning. The accusation in the middle of the litany can be placed on a line of its own so that readers will see that the sentence that follows is like all the others in the litany.
> > You did nothing to help the Israelites when strangers carried away their wealth. They conquered all the cities of Judah, and they even plundered Jerusalem. And you were just as bad as those foreigners, because you did nothing to help:
>
>
> You should not have looked on the day of your brother, on the day of his misfortune. You should not have rejoiced over the sons of Judah in the day of their perishing. You should not have made your mouth great in a day of distress. You should not have entered the gate of my people in the day of their calamity. Yes, you! You should not have looked on his evil in the day of his calamity. You women should not have looted his wealth in the day of his calamity. You should not have stood at the crossroads to cut down his fugitives. You should not have delivered up his survivors in a day of distress. (Obadiah 1:12-14)
(2) The sentence before the litany explains its overall meaning. That sentence can be placed as an introduction. In English, a colon would indicate that what follows elaborates on this meaning. Because the first three sentences are shorter, they can be presented on a single line, so that the way the litany develops may be recognized more clearly.
> Not one of them will get away, not one of them will escape:
>
>
> Though they dig into Sheol, there my hand will take them. Though they climb up to heaven, there I will bring them down. Though they hide on the top of Carmel, there I will search and take them. Though they are hidden from my sight in the bottom of the sea, there will I give orders to the serpent, and it will bite them. Though they go into captivity, driven by their enemies before them, there will I give orders to the sword, and it will kill them. (Amos 9:1b–4 ULT)

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@ -16,9 +16,9 @@ By using litotes, Paul emphasized that his visit with them was **very** useful.
By using litotes, Luke emphasized that there was a **lot** of excitement or anxiety among the soldiers about what happened to Peter. (Peter had been in prison, and even though there were soldiers guarding him, he escaped when an angel let him out. So they were very agitated.)
> But you, Bethlehem, in the land of Judah,
> are **not the least** among the leaders of Judah,
> for from you will come a ruler
> But you, Bethlehem, in the land of Judah,
> are **not the least** among the leaders of Judah,
> for from you will come a ruler
> who will shepherd my people Israel. (Matthew 2:6 ULT)
By using litotes, the prophet emphasized that Bethlehem would be a **very important city**.
@ -33,9 +33,9 @@ If the litotes would be understood correctly, consider using it.
(1) If the meaning with the negative would not be clear, give the **positive** meaning in a strong way.
> For you yourselves know, brothers, that our coming to you was **not useless**. (1 Thessalonians 2:1 ULT)
> For you yourselves know, brothers, that our coming to you was **not useless**. (1 Thessalonians 2:1 ULT)
>> “For you yourselves know, brothers, our visit to you **did much good**.”
> Now when it became day, there was **no small disturbance** among the soldiers over what therefore had happened to Peter. (Acts 12:18 ULT)
>> “Now when it became day, there was **great excitement** among the soldiers, regarding what had happened to Peter.”
> Now when it became day, there was **no small disturbance** among the soldiers over what therefore had happened to Peter. (Acts 12:18 ULT)
>> “Now when it became day, there was **great excitement** among the soldiers, regarding what had happened to Peter.”
>> “Now when it became day, the soldiers were **very concerned** because of what had happened to Peter.”

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@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
Merism is a figure of speech in which a person refers to something by speaking of two extreme parts of it. By referring to the extreme parts, the speaker intends to include also everything in between those parts.
> “I am **the alpha and the omega**,” says the Lord God, “the one who is, and who was, and who is to come, the Almighty.” (Revelation 1:8 ULT)
>
>
> I am **the alpha and the omega**, **the first and the last**, **the beginning and the end**. (Revelation 22:13, ULT)
**Alpha and omega** are the first and last letters of the Greek alphabet. This is a merism that includes everything from the beginning to the end. It means eternal.
@ -38,18 +38,18 @@ If the merism would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, cons
(1) Identify what the merism refers to without mentioning the parts.
> I praise you, Father, Lord of **heaven and earth**. (Matthew 11:25b ULT)
> I praise you, Father, Lord of **heaven and earth**. (Matthew 11:25b ULT)
>> I praise you, Father, Lord of **everything**.
> **From the rising of the sun to its setting**, Yahweh’s name should be praised. (Psalm 113:3 ULT)
> **From the rising of the sun to its setting**, Yahweh’s name should be praised. (Psalm 113:3 ULT)
>> **In all places**, people should praise Yahweh’s name.
(2) Identify what the merism refers to and include the parts.
> I praise you, Father, Lord of **heaven and earth**. (Matthew 11:25b ULT)
> I praise you, Father, Lord of **heaven and earth**. (Matthew 11:25b ULT)
>> I praise you, Father, Lord of **everything, including both what is in heaven and what is on earth**.
> He will bless those who honor him, both **young and old**. (Psalm 115:13 ULT)
> He will bless those who honor him, both **young and old**. (Psalm 115:13 ULT)
>> He will bless **all those** who honor him, regardless of whether they are **young or old**.

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@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ A metaphor is a figure of speech in which someone speaks of one thing as if it w
For example, someone might say, "The girl I love is a red rose."
A girl and a rose are very different things, but the speaker considers that they are alike in some way. The hearer’s task is to understand in what way they are alike.
A girl and a rose are very different things, but the speaker considers that they are alike in some way. The hearer’s task is to understand in what way they are alike.
### The Parts of a Metaphor
@ -13,12 +13,12 @@ The example above shows us that a metaphor has three parts. In this metaphor, th
Every metaphor has three parts:
* The **Topic**, the item being immediately discussed by the writer/speaker.
* The **Image**, the physical item (object, event, action, etc.) which the speaker uses to describe the topic.
* The **Idea**, the abstract concept or quality that the physical **Image** brings to the mind of the hearer when he thinks of how the **Image** and the **Topic** are similar. Often, the **Idea** of a metaphor is not explicitly stated in the Bible, but it is only implied from the context. The hearer or reader usually needs to think of the **Idea** himself.
* The **Topic**, the item being immediately discussed by the writer/speaker.
* The **Image**, the physical item (object, event, action, etc.) which the speaker uses to describe the topic.
* The **Idea**, the abstract concept or quality that the physical **Image** brings to the mind of the hearer when he thinks of how the **Image** and the **Topic** are similar. Often, the **Idea** of a metaphor is not explicitly stated in the Bible, but it is only implied from the context. The hearer or reader usually needs to think of the **Idea** himself.
Using these terms, we can say that a metaphor is a figure of speech that uses a physical **Image** to apply an abstract **Idea** to the speaker’s **Topic**.
@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ Sometimes speakers use metaphors that are very common in their language. However
### Passive Metaphors
A passive metaphor is a metaphor that has been used so much in the language that its speakers no longer regard it as one concept standing for another. Linguists often call these “dead metaphors.” Passive metaphors are extremely common. Examples in English include the terms “table **leg**,” “family **tree**,” “book **leaf**” (meaning a page in a book), or the word “crane” (meaning a large machine for lifting heavy loads). English speakers simply think of these words as having more than one meaning. Examples of passive metaphors in Biblical Hebrew include using the word “hand” to represent “power,” using the word “face” to represent “presence,” and speaking of emotions or moral qualities as if they were “clothing.”
A passive metaphor is a metaphor that has been used so much in the language that its speakers no longer regard it as one concept standing for another. Linguists often call these “dead metaphors.” Passive metaphors are extremely common. Examples in English include the terms “table **leg**,” “family **tree**,” “book **leaf**” (meaning a page in a book), or the word “crane” (meaning a large machine for lifting heavy loads). English speakers simply think of these words as having more than one meaning. Examples of passive metaphors in Biblical Hebrew include using the word “hand” to represent “power,” using the word “face” to represent “presence,” and speaking of emotions or moral qualities as if they were “clothing.”
#### Patterned Pairs of Concepts acting as Metaphors
@ -40,10 +40,10 @@ Patterned pairs of concepts are constantly used for metaphorical purposes in the
When these metaphors are used in normal ways, it is rare that the speaker and audience regard them as figurative speech. Examples of metaphors in English that go unrecognized are:
* “Turn the heat **up**.” More is spoken of as up.
* “Let us **go ahead** with our debate.” Doing what was planned is spoken of as walking or advancing.
* “You **defend** your theory well.” Argument is spoken of as war.
* “A **flow** of words” Words are spoken of as liquids.
* “Turn the heat **up**.” More is spoken of as up.
* “Let us **go ahead** with our debate.” Doing what was planned is spoken of as walking or advancing.
* “You **defend** your theory well.” Argument is spoken of as war.
* “A **flow** of words” Words are spoken of as liquids.
English speakers do not view these as metaphorical expressions or figures of speech, so it would be wrong to translate them into other languages in a way that would lead people to pay special attention to them as figurative speech. For a description of important patterns of this kind of metaphor in biblical languages, please see [Biblical Imagery - Common Patterns](../bita-part1/01.md) and the pages it will direct you to.
@ -75,11 +75,11 @@ In this metaphor, Jesus called himself the bread of life. The **Topic** is “I
### Reasons This Is a Translation Issue
* People may not recognize that something is a metaphor. In other words, they may mistake a metaphor for a literal statement, and thus, misunderstand it.
* People may not be familiar with the thing that is used as an image, and so, not be able to understand the metaphor.
* If the topic is not stated, people may not know what the topic is.
* People may not know the points of comparison that the speaker wants them to understand. If they fail to think of these points of comparison, they will not understand the metaphor.
* People may think that they understand the metaphor, but they do not. This can happen when they apply points of comparison from their own culture, rather than from the biblical culture.
* People may not recognize that something is a metaphor. In other words, they may mistake a metaphor for a literal statement, and thus, misunderstand it.
* People may not be familiar with the thing that is used as an image, and so, not be able to understand the metaphor.
* If the topic is not stated, people may not know what the topic is.
* People may not know the points of comparison that the speaker wants them to understand. If they fail to think of these points of comparison, they will not understand the metaphor.
* People may think that they understand the metaphor, but they do not. This can happen when they apply points of comparison from their own culture, rather than from the biblical culture.
#### Translation Principles
@ -108,17 +108,17 @@ If people would understand the metaphor in the same way that the original reader
If people do not or would not understand it, here are some other strategies.
(1) If the metaphor is a common expression in the source language or expresses a patterned pair of concepts in a biblical language (that is, it is a passive metaphor), then express the **Idea** in the simplest way preferred by your language. 
(1) If the metaphor is a common expression in the source language or expresses a patterned pair of concepts in a biblical language (that is, it is a passive metaphor), then express the **Idea** in the simplest way preferred by your language.
(2) If the metaphor seems to be an active metaphor, you can translate it literally **if you think that the target language also uses this metaphor in the same way to mean the same thing as in the Bible**. If you do this, be sure to test it to make sure that the language community understands it correctly. 
(2) If the metaphor seems to be an active metaphor, you can translate it literally **if you think that the target language also uses this metaphor in the same way to mean the same thing as in the Bible**. If you do this, be sure to test it to make sure that the language community understands it correctly.
(3) If the target audience does not realize that it is a metaphor, then change the metaphor to a simile. Some languages do this by adding words such as “like” or “as.” See [Simile](../figs-simile/01.md). (
4) If the target audience would not know the **Image**, see [Translate Unknowns](../translate-unknown/01.md) for ideas on how to translate that image.
(5) If the target audience would not use that **Image** for that meaning, use an image from your own culture instead. Be sure that it is an image that could have been possible in Bible times. 
(5) If the target audience would not use that **Image** for that meaning, use an image from your own culture instead. Be sure that it is an image that could have been possible in Bible times.
(6) If the target audience would not know what the **Topic** is, then state the topic clearly. (However, do not do this if the original audience did not know what the Topic was.) 
(6) If the target audience would not know what the **Topic** is, then state the topic clearly. (However, do not do this if the original audience did not know what the Topic was.)
(7) If the target audience would not know the intended similarity (the **Idea**) between the topic and the image, then state it clearly. (8) If none of these strategies is satisfactory, then simply state the **Idea** plainly without using a metaphor.
@ -127,13 +127,13 @@ If people do not or would not understand it, here are some other strategies.
(1) If the metaphor is a common expression in the source language or expresses a patterned pair of concepts in a biblical language (that is, a passive metaphor), then express the Idea in the simplest way preferred by your language.
> Then, see, one of the leaders of the synagogue, named Jairus, came, and when he saw him, **fell at his feet**. (Mark 5:22 ULT)
>
>
> > Then one of the leaders of the synagogue, named Jairus, came, and when he saw him, **immediately bowed down in front of him**.
(2) If the metaphor seems to be an active metaphor, you can translate it literally **if you think that the target language also uses this metaphor in the same way to mean the same thing as in the Bible**. If you do this, be sure to test it to make sure that the language community understands it correctly.
> But Jesus said to them, “He wrote this commandment to you because of your **hardness of heart.** (Mark 10:5 ULT)
>
> But Jesus said to them, “He wrote this commandment to you because of your **hardness of heart.** (Mark 10:5 ULT)
>
> > It was because of your **hard hearts** that he wrote you this law,
We made no change to this one, but it must be tested to make sure that the target audience correctly understands this metaphor.
@ -141,43 +141,43 @@ We made no change to this one, but it must be tested to make sure that the targe
(3) If the target audience does not realize that it is a metaphor, then change the metaphor to a simile. Some languages do this by adding words such as “like” or “as.”
> Yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we **are the clay.** You **are our potter**; and we all are the work of your hand. (Isaiah 64:8 ULT)
>
>
> > And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are **like** clay. You are **like** a potter; and we all are the work of your hand.
(4) If the target audience would not know the **Image**, see [Translate Unknowns](../translate-unknown/01.md) for ideas on how to translate that image.
> Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? It is hard for you **to kick against a goad**. (Acts 26:14b ULT)
>
>
> > Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? It is hard for you to **kick against a pointed stick**.
(5) If the target audience would not use that **Image** for that meaning, use an image from your own culture instead. Be sure that it is an image that could have been possible in Bible times.
> Yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the **clay**. You are our **potter**; and we all are the work of your hand. (Isaiah 64:8 ULT)
>
> > “And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the **wood**. You are our **carver**; and we all are the work of your hand.”
>
> > “And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the **wood**. You are our **carver**; and we all are the work of your hand.”
> > “And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the **string**. You are the **weaver**; and we all are the work of your hand.”
(6) If the target audience would not know what the **Topic** is, then state the topic clearly. (However, do not do this if the original audience did not know what the topic was.)
> Yahweh lives; may **my rock** be praised. May the God of my salvation be exalted. (Psalm 18:46 ULT)
>
>
> > Yahweh lives; **He is my rock**. May he be praised. May the God of my salvation be exalted.
(7) If the target audience would not know the intended similarity between the Topic and the Image, then state it clearly.
> Yahweh lives; may **my rock** be praised. May the God of my salvation be exalted. (Psalm 18:46 ULT)
>
>
> > Yahweh lives; may he be praised because he is the rock **under which I can hide from my enemies**. May the God of my salvation be exalted.
>
>
> Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? It is hard for you **to kick against a goad**. (Acts 26:14 ULT)
>
>
> > Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? You **fight against me and hurt yourself like an ox that kicks against its owner’s pointed stick**.
(8) If none of these strategies are satisfactory, then simply state the idea plainly without using a metaphor.
> I will make you to become **fishers of men**. (Mark 1:17b ULT)
>
> > I will make you to become **people who gather men**.
>
> > I will make you to become **people who gather men**.
> > Now you gather fish. I will make you **gather people**.
To learn more about specific metaphors, see [Biblical Imagery - Common Patterns](../bita-part1/01.md).

12
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@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ If people would easily understand the metonym, consider using it. Otherwise, her
(1) Use the metonym along with the name of the thing it represents.
> And he took the cup in the same way after the supper, saying, “**This cup** is the new covenant in my blood, which is poured out for you. (Luke 22:20 ULT)
>
>
> > “He took the cup in the same way after supper, saying, “**The wine in this cup** is the new covenant in my blood, which is poured out for you.”
This verse also contains a second metonym: The cup, (representing the wine it contains) also represents the new covenant made with the blood Christ shed for us.
@ -53,13 +53,13 @@ This verse also contains a second metonym: The cup, (representing the wine it co
(2) Use the name of the thing the metonym represents.
> The Lord God will give him **the throne** of his father David. (Luke 1:32b ULT)
>
> > “The Lord God will give him **the kingly authority** of his father, David.”
> > or:
>
> > “The Lord God will give him **the kingly authority** of his father, David.”
> > or:
> > “The Lord God will **make him king** like his ancestor, King David.”
>
>
> Who warned you to flee from **the wrath** that is coming? (Luke 3:7b ULT)
>
>
> > “Who warned you to flee from God’s coming **punishment**?”
To learn about some common metonymies, see [Biblical Imagery - Common Metonymies](../bita-part2/01.md).

12
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@ -18,9 +18,9 @@ In Exodus 30:15, the word “rich” acts as a noun in the phrase “the rich,
### Reason This Is a Translation Issue
* Many times in the Bible adjectives are used as nouns to describe a group of people.
* Some languages do not use adjectives in this way.
* Readers of these languages may think that the text is talking about one particular person when it is really talking about the group of people whom the adjective describes.
* Many times in the Bible adjectives are used as nouns to describe a group of people.
* Some languages do not use adjectives in this way.
* Readers of these languages may think that the text is talking about one particular person when it is really talking about the group of people whom the adjective describes.
### Examples From the Bible
@ -42,8 +42,8 @@ If your language uses adjectives as nouns to refer to a class of people, conside
(1) Use the adjective with a plural form of the noun that the adjective describes.
> The scepter of wickedness must not rule in the land of **the righteous**. (Psalms 125:3a ULT)
> The scepter of wickedness must not rule in the land of **the righteous**. (Psalms 125:3a ULT)
>> The scepter of wickedness must not rule in the land of **righteous people**.
> Blessed are **the meek**. (Matthew 5:5a ULT)
> Blessed are **the meek**. (Matthew 5:5a ULT)
>> Blessed are **people who are meek**.

4
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@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
The normal word order for Biblical Hebrew is: **Conjunction–Verb–Subject–Object**.
However, there are many different reasons why a writer/speaker of Biblical Hebrew might choose a different word order. Some of the variations are important for understanding and translating the Hebrew text, and some are not. This module will briefly explain some of the most important variations in Hebrew word order and how those variations affect the meaning of the text.
However, there are many different reasons why a writer/speaker of Biblical Hebrew might choose a different word order. Some of the variations are important for understanding and translating the Hebrew text, and some are not. This module will briefly explain some of the most important variations in Hebrew word order and how those variations affect the meaning of the text.
#### **Particle**–Verb–Subject–Object
A particle is a word that has a grammatical function but does not fit into the main parts of speech (i.e. noun, verb, adverb). Particles do not change. Sometimes a particle takes the place of the conjunction. Often (but not always) in these cases, the particle is functioning as a [connecting word](../grammar-connect-words-phrases/01.md) that expresses a specific kind of logical relationship between the chunk before the particle and the chunk after the particle. NOTE: this rule does not apply to negative particles or temporal particles.
A particle is a word that has a grammatical function but does not fit into the main parts of speech (i.e. noun, verb, adverb). Particles do not change. Sometimes a particle takes the place of the conjunction. Often (but not always) in these cases, the particle is functioning as a [connecting word](../grammar-connect-words-phrases/01.md) that expresses a specific kind of logical relationship between the chunk before the particle and the chunk after the particle. NOTE: this rule does not apply to negative particles or temporal particles.
#### Conjunction–**Subject**–Verb–Object

26
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@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
A parable is a short story that teaches something(s) that is true, and delivers the lesson in a way that is easy to understand and hard to forget.
A parable is a short story that teaches something(s) that is true, and delivers the lesson in a way that is easy to understand and hard to forget.
### Description
@ -10,11 +10,11 @@ This parable teaches that if a person does not have spiritual understanding, he
### Examples From the Bible
> Neither do people light a lamp and put it under a basket but, rather, on the lampstand, and it shines for everyone in the house. Let your light shine before people in such a way that they see your good deeds and praise your Father who is in heaven. (Matthew 5:15-16 ULT) 
> Neither do people light a lamp and put it under a basket but, rather, on the lampstand, and it shines for everyone in the house. Let your light shine before people in such a way that they see your good deeds and praise your Father who is in heaven. (Matthew 5:15-16 ULT)
This parable teaches us not to hide the way we live for God from other people.
>
> Then Jesus presented another parable to them. He said, “The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and sowed in his field. This seed is indeed the smallest of all other seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants and becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches.” (Matthew 13:31-32 ULT) 
>
> Then Jesus presented another parable to them. He said, “The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and sowed in his field. This seed is indeed the smallest of all other seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants and becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches.” (Matthew 13:31-32 ULT)
This parable teaches that the kingdom of God may seem small at first, but it will grow and spread throughout the world.
@ -30,9 +30,9 @@ This parable teaches that the kingdom of God may seem small at first, but it wil
If people do not know what a lampstand is, you could substitute something else that people put a light on so it can give light to the house.
> > Jesus also said to them, “The lamp is not brought in order to put it under a basket, or under the bed, is it? Is it not so that it might be put on **a high shelf?**
>
> Then Jesus presented another parable to them. He said, “The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and **sowed** in his field. It is indeed the smallest of all the seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants. It becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches.” (Matthew 13:31-32 ULT) 
> > Jesus also said to them, “The lamp is not brought in order to put it under a basket, or under the bed, is it? Is it not so that it might be put on **a high shelf?**
>
> Then Jesus presented another parable to them. He said, “The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and **sowed** in his field. It is indeed the smallest of all the seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants. It becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches.” (Matthew 13:31-32 ULT)
To sow seeds means to toss them so that they scatter on the ground. If people are not familiar with sowing, you can substitute planting.
@ -40,10 +40,10 @@ To sow seeds means to toss them so that they scatter on the ground. If people ar
(2) If the teaching of the parable is unclear, consider telling a little about what it teaches in the introduction, such as “Jesus told this story about being generous.”
> **Jesus also said to them**, “The lamp is not brought in order to put it under a basket, or under the bed, is it? Is it not so that it might be put on the lampstand? (Mark 4:21 ULT)
>
> > **Jesus told them a parable about why they should witness openly.** “Jesus also said to them, “The lamp is not brought in order to put it under a basket, or under the bed, is it? Is it not so that it might be put on the lampstand? (Mark 4:21 ULT)
>
> **Jesus also said to them**, “The lamp is not brought in order to put it under a basket, or under the bed, is it? Is it not so that it might be put on the lampstand? (Mark 4:21 ULT)
>
> > **Jesus told them a parable about why they should witness openly.** “Jesus also said to them, “The lamp is not brought in order to put it under a basket, or under the bed, is it? Is it not so that it might be put on the lampstand? (Mark 4:21 ULT)
>
> **Then Jesus presented another parable to them.** He said, “The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and sowed in his field. It is indeed the smallest of all the seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants. It becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches.” (Matthew 13:31-32 ULT)
>
>
> > **Then Jesus presented another parable to them about how the Kingdom of God grows**. He said, “The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and sowed in his field. This seed is indeed the smallest of all the seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants. It becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches.”

44
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@ -3,18 +3,18 @@
In parallelism, two phrases or clauses that are similar in structure or idea are used together. The following are some of the different kinds of parallelism.
* The second clause or phrase means the same as the first. This is called synonymous parallelism.
* The second clarifies or strengthens the meaning of the first.
* The second completes what is said in the first.
* The second says something that contrasts with the first, but adds to the same idea.
* The second clause or phrase means the same as the first. This is called synonymous parallelism.
* The second clarifies or strengthens the meaning of the first.
* The second completes what is said in the first.
* The second says something that contrasts with the first, but adds to the same idea.
Parallelism is most commonly found in Old Testament poetry, such as in the books of Psalms and Proverbs. It also occurs in Greek in the New Testament, both in the four gospels and in the apostles’ letters.
Parallelism is most commonly found in Old Testament poetry, such as in the books of Psalms and Proverbs. It also occurs in Greek in the New Testament, both in the four gospels and in the apostles’ letters.
Synonymous parallelism (the kind in which the two phrases mean the same thing) in the poetry of the original languages has several effects:
* It shows that something is very important by saying it more than once and in more than one way.
* It helps the hearer to think more deeply about the idea by saying it in different ways.
* It makes the language more beautiful and raises it above the ordinary way of speaking.
* It shows that something is very important by saying it more than once and in more than one way.
* It helps the hearer to think more deeply about the idea by saying it in different ways.
* It makes the language more beautiful and raises it above the ordinary way of speaking.
#### Reason This Is a Translation Issue
@ -26,38 +26,38 @@ Note: We use the term “synonymous parallelism” for long phrases or clauses t
**(1) The second clause or phrase means the same as the first.**
> Your word is a lamp to my feet
> Your word is a lamp to my feet
> and a light for my path. (Psalm 119:105 ULT)
Both parts of the sentence are metaphors saying that God’s word teaches people how to live.
> You make him to rule over the works of your hands;
> You make him to rule over the works of your hands;
> you have put all things under his feet (Psalm 8:6 ULT)
Both lines say that God made man the ruler of everything.
**(2) The second clarifies or strengthens the meaning of the first.**
> The eyes of Yahweh are everywhere,
> The eyes of Yahweh are everywhere,
> keeping watch over the evil and the good. (Proverbs 15:3 ULT)
The second line tells more specifically what Yahweh watches.
**(3) The second completes what is said in the first.**
> I lift up my voice to Yahweh,
> I lift up my voice to Yahweh,
> and he answers me from his holy hill. (Psalm 3:4 ULT)
The second line tells what Yahweh does in response to what the person does in the first clause.
**(4) The second says something that contrasts with the first, but adds to the same idea.**
> For Yahweh approves of the way of the righteous,
> For Yahweh approves of the way of the righteous,
> but the way of the wicked will perish. (Psalm 1:6 ULT)
This contrasts what happens to righteous people with what happens to wicked people.
> A gentle answer turns away wrath,
> A gentle answer turns away wrath,
> but a harsh word stirs up anger. (Proverbs 15:1 ULT)
This contrasts what happens when someone gives a gentle answer with what happens when someone says something harsh.
@ -76,11 +76,11 @@ For most kinds of parallelism, it is good to translate both of the clauses or ph
> Until now you have dealt deceitfully with me and you have spoken lies to me. (Judges 16:13, ULT) - Delilah expressed this idea twice to emphasize that she was very upset.
> > “Until now you have deceived me with your lies.
>
> Yahweh sees everything a person does and watches all the paths he takes. (Proverbs 5:21 ULT) - The phrase “all the paths he takes” is a metaphor for “all he does.”
>
>
> Yahweh sees everything a person does and watches all the paths he takes. (Proverbs 5:21 ULT) - The phrase “all the paths he takes” is a metaphor for “all he does.”
>
> > “Yahweh pays attention to everything a person does.”
>
>
> For Yahweh has a lawsuit with his people, and he will fight in court against Israel. (Micah 6:2 ULT) - This parallelism describes one serious disagreement that Yahweh had with one group of people. If this is unclear, the phrases can be combined:
> > “For Yahweh has a lawsuit with his people, Israel.”
@ -91,8 +91,8 @@ For most kinds of parallelism, it is good to translate both of the clauses or ph
(3) If it appears that the clauses are used together to intensify an idea in them, you could use words like “very,” “completely” or “all.”
> Until now you have dealt deceitfully with me and you have spoken lies to me. (Judges 16:13, ULT)
> > “All you have done is lie to me.”
> Yahweh sees everything a person does and watches all the paths he takes. (Proverbs 5:21 ULT)
> Until now you have dealt deceitfully with me and you have spoken lies to me. (Judges 16:13, ULT)
> > “All you have done is lie to me.”
> Yahweh sees everything a person does and watches all the paths he takes. (Proverbs 5:21 ULT)
> > “Yahweh sees absolutely everything that a person does.”

6
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@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
### Description
Parts of speech are categories of words. The different categories of words have different functions in a sentence. All languages have parts of speech, and all words in a language belong to a part of speech. Most languages have these basic parts of speech, with some variations, and some languages have more categories than this. This is not a completely universal list of parts of speech, but it covers the basic categories.
Parts of speech are categories of words. The different categories of words have different functions in a sentence. All languages have parts of speech, and all words in a language belong to a part of speech. Most languages have these basic parts of speech, with some variations, and some languages have more categories than this. This is not a completely universal list of parts of speech, but it covers the basic categories.
**VERBS** are words that express either an action (such as “come,” “go,” “eat”) or a state-of-being (such as “is,” “are,” “was”). More detailed information can be found on [Verbs](../figs-verbs/01.md).
@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ Parts of speech are categories of words. The different categories of words have
**PREPOSITIONS** are words that begin phrases which connect a noun or verb with something else in the sentence that gives more detail about that noun or verb. For example, “The girl ran **to her father**.” Here the phrase with the preposition “to” tells the direction of the girl’s running (the action) in relation to her father. Another example is, “The crowd **around Jesus** grew in numbers.” The phrase with the preposition **around** tells the location of the crowd in relation to Jesus. Some examples of prepositions are “to,” “from,” “in,” “out,” “on,” “off,” “with,” “without,” “above,” “below,” “before,” “after,” “behind,” “in front of,” “among,” “through,” “beyond,” “among.”
**ARTICLES** are words that are used with nouns to show whether or not the speaker is referring to something that his listener should be able to identify. In English these words are: “a,” “an,” and “the.” The words **a** and **an** mean the same thing. If a speaker says “**a dog,** he does not expect his listener to know which dog he is talking about; this might be the first time he says anything about a dog. If a speaker says **the** dog, he is usually referring to a specific dog, and he expects his listener to know which dog he is talking about. English speakers also use the article **the** to show that they are talking about something in general. For example, they can say “**The** elephant is a large animal” and refer to elephants in general, not a specific elephant. *NOTE: Not all languages use articles in exactly the same way.* For example, articles can mean different things in Greek than in Hebrew. More information about this can be found on [Generic Noun Phrases](../figs-genericnoun/01.md).
**ARTICLES** are words that are used with nouns to show whether or not the speaker is referring to something that his listener should be able to identify. In English these words are: “a,” “an,” and “the.” The words **a** and **an** mean the same thing. If a speaker says “**a dog,** he does not expect his listener to know which dog he is talking about; this might be the first time he says anything about a dog. If a speaker says **the** dog, he is usually referring to a specific dog, and he expects his listener to know which dog he is talking about. English speakers also use the article **the** to show that they are talking about something in general. For example, they can say “**The** elephant is a large animal” and refer to elephants in general, not a specific elephant. *NOTE: Not all languages use articles in exactly the same way.* For example, articles can mean different things in Greek than in Hebrew. More information about this can be found on [Generic Noun Phrases](../figs-genericnoun/01.md).
**ADJECTIVES** are words that describe nouns and express such things as quantity, size, color, and age. Some examples are: “many,” “big,” “blue,” “old,” “smart,” “tired,” and many, many others. Sometimes people use adjectives to give some information about something, and sometimes people use them to distinguish one item from another. For example, in the phrase **my elderly father** the adjective **elderly** simply tells something about my father. But in the phrase **my eldest sister** the word **eldest** distinguishes that sister from any other older sisters I might have. More information about this can be found on [Distinguishing versus Informing or Reminding](../figs-distinguish/01.md).
**ADJECTIVES** are words that describe nouns and express such things as quantity, size, color, and age. Some examples are: “many,” “big,” “blue,” “old,” “smart,” “tired,” and many, many others. Sometimes people use adjectives to give some information about something, and sometimes people use them to distinguish one item from another. For example, in the phrase **my elderly father** the adjective **elderly** simply tells something about my father. But in the phrase **my eldest sister** the word **eldest** distinguishes that sister from any other older sisters I might have. More information about this can be found on [Distinguishing versus Informing or Reminding](../figs-distinguish/01.md).
**ADVERBS** are words that describe verbs or adjectives and tell such things as how something happens, when it happens, where it happens, why it happens, or to what extent it happens. Many English adverbs end in **ly**. Some examples of adverbs include the words “slowly,” “later,” “far,” “intentionally,” “very,” and many others.

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