Merge branch 'master' of https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ej

02 Living/EJ-2.01-Ruth-1.1-4.22.md

@@ -5,8 +5,6 @@ tags: #theology #ethics
 scripture: Ruth 1.1–4.22
 ---
 
-# Ruth 1.1–4.22
-
 ### Passage Preview
 The narrative of Ruth and Naomi in Ruth 1.1–4.22 teaches us about godly living. This passage records the suffering and loss of Ruth and Naomi (1:1–22), Ruth gleaning in the field of Boaz (2:1–23), Boaz and Ruth meeting at the threshing floor (3:1–18), and Boaz redeeming Ruth as his wife (4:1–22). In this biblical passage, Christians are taught about the reality of painful suffering, the importance of faithful obedience, the manner God blesses and provides for his people, and the foundation of redemption. After Christians are redeemed by God's grace, God calls them to live obedient and godly lives. Ruth models a life of obedience and godly living.
 
@@ -50,381 +48,418 @@ Written in the time of the Judges, Ruth is a story about redemption and faithful
 
 **Redemption**: One of the most important themes of this narrative is redemption (3:12; 4:1–17). Boaz is in a position to rescue Naomi and Ruth from difficult circumstances. This story shows that unearned kindness (2:13, 20) and favor (2:2, 10) move Boaz to redeem Ruth. Ultimately, Boaz reminds people of God's redemption in Jesus. Boaz fathers a son who is in the lineage of Jesus (4:17–22). Boaz's acts of redemption foreshadow the ultimate work of redemption that Jesus performed for sinful humans (3:12).
 
+<!-- page break -->
+
 ### Passage Translation
 
-1:1 It happened in the days when the judges ruled[^ ] that there was a famine in the land,[^ ] and a certain man of Bethlehem of Judah went to the country of Moab with his wife and his two sons. 2 The name of the man was Elimelek, and the name of his wife was Naomi. The names of his two sons were Mahlon and Kilion, who were Ephrathites of Bethlehem of Judah.[^ ] They arrived at the country of Moab and lived there.[^ ] 3 Then Elimelek, Naomi's husband, died, and she was left with her two sons.[^ ] 4 These sons took wives from the women of Moab;[^ ] the name of one was Orpah, and the name of the other was Ruth. They lived there for about ten years. 5 Then both Mahlon and Kilion died, leaving Naomi without her husband and without her two children.[^ ]
+1:1 It happened in the days when the judges ruled that there was a famine in the land, and a certain man of Bethlehem of Judah went to the country of Moab with his wife and his two sons. 2 The name of the man was Elimelek, and the name of his wife was Naomi. The names of his two sons were Mahlon and Kilion, who were Ephrathites of Bethlehem of Judah. They arrived at the country of Moab and lived there. 3 Then Elimelek, Naomi's husband, died, and she was left with her two sons. 4 These sons took wives from the women of Moab; the name of one was Orpah, and the name of the other was Ruth. They lived there for about ten years. 5 Then both Mahlon and Kilion died, leaving Naomi without her husband and without her two children.
 
-[^ ]: **1:1** **in the days when the judges ruled** (**L**: *in the days of the ruling of the judges* | **S**: *During the time that judges ruled Israel*) The events of this story took place when judges ruled in Israel. Generally, the term **judges** refers to leaders who decide whether or not something is good, wise, or right. At this time, these judges were military leaders who fought against Israel's enemies. The time of the judges was a time of violence, immorality, and idolatry. Faithful disciples should expect difficulty and hardship in the world. Translate **in the days when the judges ruled** to the events of this true story that took place when judges led and governed Israel.
+6 Then Naomi decided to leave Moab with her daughters-in-law and return to Judah because she had heard in the region of Moab that Yahweh had helped his people in need and had given them food. 7 So she left the place where she had been with her two daughters-in-law, and they walked down the road to return to the land of Judah. 8 Naomi said to her two daughters-in-law, "Go, return, each of you, to your mother's house. May Yahweh show kindness toward you, as you have shown kindness toward the dead and toward me. 9 May the Lord grant you that you find rest, each of you in the house of another husband." Then she kissed them, and they raised their voices and cried. 10 They said to her, "No! We will return with you to your people." 11 But Naomi said, "Turn back, my daughters! Why will you go with me? Do I still have sons in my womb for you, so that they may become your husbands? 12 Turn back, my daughters, go your own way, for I am too old to have a husband. If I said, 'I hope I get a husband tonight,' and then give birth to sons, 13 would you therefore wait until they were grown? Would you choose not to marry a husband? No, my daughters! It is exceedingly bitter to me for your sake that the hand of Yahweh has gone out against me." 14 Then her daughters-in-law lifted up their voices and cried again. Orpah kissed her mother-in-law farewell, but Ruth held on to her.
 
-[^ ]: **1:1** **there was a famine in the land** (** L**: *there was a famine in the land* | **S**: *there was a famine in that country*) At this time, there was not much food because of a famine. The term **famine** refers to an extreme lack of food throughout a country or region, usually due to not enough rain. The term **land** refers to the land of Israel. Many disciples suffer hunger and lack of food. Translate **there was a famine in the land** to mean the events of this story took place during a time when there was a food shortage in the land of Israel.
+15 Naomi said, "Listen, your sister-in-law has gone back to her people and to her gods. Go back with your sister-in-law." 16 But Ruth said, "Do not make me leave you or stop following you, for where you go, I will go; where you stay, I will stay; your people will be my people, and your God will be my God. 17 Where you die, I will die, and there I will be buried. May Yahweh punish me, and even more, if anything but death ever separates us." 18 When Naomi saw that Ruth was determined to go with her, she stopped arguing with her.
 
-[^ ]: **1:2** **who were Ephrathites of Bethlehem of Judah** (**L**: *All of them were Ephrathites from Bethlehem of Judah* | **S**: *They were part of the clan of Ephrathah, from Bethlehem, in Judah*) Elimelek, Naomi, and their sons (Mahlon and Kilion) were Ephrathites who lived in the town of Bethlehem. The name **Ephrathites** refers to the people from the Ephrathah clan, who lived around Bethlehem. Translate **who were Ephrathites of Bethlehem of Judah** to mean Elimelek and his family were from the clan of Ephrathah and lived in an Israelite town in Judah called Bethlehem.
+19 So the two traveled until they came to the town of Bethlehem. It happened that when they arrived in Bethlehem, the entire town was very excited about them. The women said, "Is this Naomi?" 20 But she said to them, "Do not call me Naomi. Call me Bitter, for the Almighty has dealt very bitterly with me. 21 I went out full, but Yahweh has brought me home again empty. So why do you call me Naomi, seeing Yahweh has condemned me, that the Almighty has afflicted me?" 22 So Naomi and Ruth the Moabite woman, her daughter-in-law, returned from the country of Moab. They came to Bethlehem at the beginning of the barley harvest.
 
-[^ ]: **1:2** **They arrived at the country of Moab and lived there** (**L**: *they traveled to the fields of Moab and lived there* | **S**: *They came to the land of Moab and stayed there*) Elimelek and his family left Bethlehem and traveled to Moab. The **country of Moab** is an area outside of Israel. It is east of the Jordan River. Elimelek and his family became foreigners living in a foreign land. Many disciples are displaced from their homeland and live in foreign countries as strangers. Translate **They arrived at the country of Moab and lived there** to mean Elimelek and his family moved from Bethlehem and lived in an area outside of Israel called Moab.
+2:1 Now Naomi had a relative of her husband, a worthy man of the clan of Elimelek, whose name was Boaz. 2 Ruth, the Moabite woman, said to Naomi, "Now let me go and glean what remains among the ears of grain in the fields. I will follow anyone in whose eyes I will find favor." So Naomi said to her, "Go, my daughter." 3 Ruth went and gleaned what remained in the fields after they had harvested it. She happened to come to the portion of the fields belonging to Boaz, who was of the clan of Elimelek. 4 Behold, Boaz came from Bethlehem and said to the reapers, "May Yahweh be with you." They answered him, "May Yahweh bless you." 5 Then Boaz said to his servant who was supervising the reapers, "What man does this young woman belong to?" 6 The servant supervising the reapers answered and said, "It is the young Moabite woman who came back with Naomi from the land of Moab. 7 She said to me, 'Please let me glean what remains in the field after the workers harvest the crop.' So she came here and has continued from the morning until now, except that she rested a little in the house."
 
-[^ ]: **1:3** **she was left with her two sons** (**L**: *she was left, her and her two sons* | **S**: *Naomi had only her two sons with her*). During the time Elimelek and his family lived in Moab, Elimelek died. The word **left** means to remain in a place while someone else leaves that place. This word is used to describe the loneliness of Naomi when her husband died. When Elimelek died, the only other family members living with Naomi in Moab were her sons, Mahlon and Kilion. Many disciples grieve the loneliness and loss when a spouse dies. Translate **she was left with her two sons** to mean Naomi's two sons were the only family who remained with her in Moab after her husband Elimelek died.
+8 Then Boaz said to Ruth, "Are you listening to me, my daughter? Do not go and glean in another field; do not leave my field. Instead, stay close and work with my young female workers. 9 Keep your eyes only on the field where the men are reaping and follow behind the other women. Have I not instructed the men not to touch you? Whenever you are thirsty, you may go to the waterpots and drink the water that the men have drawn." 10 Then she bowed down before Boaz, touching her face to the ground. She said to him, "Why have I found such favor in your eyes that you should be concerned about me, a foreigner?" 11 Boaz answered and said to her, "It has been reported to me, all that you have done since the death of your husband. You have left your father, mother, and the land of your birth to follow your mother-in-law and to come to a people you do not know before. 12 May Yahweh reward you for your deed. May you receive full payment from Yahweh, the God of Israel, under whose wings you have found refuge." 13 Then she said, "Let me find favor in your eyes, my master, for you have comforted me, and you have spoken kindly to me, though I am not one of your female servants."
 
-[^ ]: **1:4** **These sons took wives from the women of Moab** (**L**: *they took wives for themselves from the women of Moab* | **S**: *The sons married women from Moab*). Naomi's sons married wives who lived in the country of Moab. The Moabites worshiped other gods. The text is unclear whether Naomi was happy that her sons married Moabite women. Translate **These sons took wives from the women of Moab** to mean Mahlon and Kilion married women who were from the tribe of Moab.
+14 At mealtime Boaz said to Ruth, "Come here, and eat some of the bread, and dip your morsel in the wine vinegar." She sat beside the reapers, and he offered her some roasted grain. She ate until she was satisfied and left the rest of it. 15 As she got up to gather up grain, Boaz commanded his young men, saying, "Let her gather up the grain even among the bundles, and do not humiliate her. 16 Also pull out for her some ears of grain from the bundles, and leave them for her to gather up, and do not rebuke her."
 
-[^ ]: **1:5** **leaving Naomi without her husband and without her two children** (**L**: *the woman was left without her two children or her husband* | **S**: *Naomi was alone without her sons or husband*) After ten years living in Moab, Mahlon, and Kilion died. For **leaving**, see note on 1:3. Naomi experienced more loss and grief when Mahlon and Kilion. Naomi was widowed, and both her sons died. She experienced much grief. Many disciples grieve pain and loss when children die. Translate **leaving Naomi without her husband and without her two children** to mean Naomi Ruth and Orpah were the only family members who remained with Naomi after the death of Naomi's two sons, Mahlon and Kilion.
+17 So she gleaned in the field until evening. Then she beat out the ears of grain that she had gathered, and the grain was about an ephah of barley. 18 She lifted it up and went into the city. Then her mother-in-law saw what she had gathered. Ruth also brought out the roasted grain left from her meal and gave it to her. 19 Her mother-in-law said to her, "Where have you gleaned today? Where did you go to work? May the man who helped you be blessed." Then Ruth told her mother-in-law about the man who owned the field where she had worked. She said, "The name of the man who owns the field where I worked today is Boaz." 20 Naomi said to her daughter-in-law, "May he be blessed by Yahweh, who has not left off his loyalty to the living and to the dead." Naomi said to her, "That man is near of kin to us, one of our kinsman-redeemers." 21 Ruth the Moabite woman said, "Indeed, he said to me, 'You should keep close to my young men until they have finished all my harvest.'" 22 Naomi said to Ruth her daughter-in-law, "It is good, my daughter, that you go out with his young female workers, so that you do not come to harm in any other field." 23 So she stayed close to Boaz's female workers in order to glean to the end of the barley harvest and the wheat harvest. She lived with her mother-in-law.
 
-6 Then Naomi decided to leave Moab with her daughters-in-law[^ ] and return to Judah because she had heard in the region of Moab[^ ] that Yahweh had helped his people in need and had given them food.[^ ] 7 So she left the place where she had been with her two daughters-in-law, and they walked down the road to return to the land of Judah. 8 Naomi said to her two daughters-in-law, "Go, return, each of you, to your mother's house.[^ ] May Yahweh show kindness toward you, as you have shown kindness toward the dead and toward me.[^ ] 9 May the Lord grant you that you find rest,[^ ] each of you in the house of another husband."[^ ] Then she kissed them,[^ ] and they raised their voices and cried.[^ ] 10 They said to her, "No! We will return with you to your people."[^ ] 11 But Naomi said, "Turn back, my daughters![^ ] Why will you go with me?[^ ] Do I still have sons in my womb for you, so that they may become your husbands?[^ ] 12 Turn back, my daughters, go your own way,[^ ] for I am too old to have a husband.[^ ] If I said, 'I hope I get a husband tonight,' and then give birth to sons,[^ ] 13 would you therefore wait until they were grown?[^ ] Would you choose not to marry a husband?[^ ] No, my daughters! It is exceedingly bitter to me for your sake[^ ] that the hand of Yahweh has gone out against me."[^ ] 14 Then her daughters-in-law lifted up their voices and cried again.[^ ] Orpah kissed her mother-in-law farewell, but Ruth held on to her.[^ ]
+3:1 Naomi, her mother-in-law, said to her, "My daughter, should I not seek a place for you to rest, so that things may go well for you? 2 Now Boaz, the man whose young female workers you have been with, is he not our kinsman? Look, he will be winnowing barley tonight at the threshing floor. 3 Therefore, wash yourself, anoint yourself, put on your best clothes, and go down to the threshing floor. But do not make yourself known to the man until he finishes eating and drinking. 4 But when he lies down, take notice of the place where he lies down so that later you can go to him, uncover his feet, and lie down there. Then he will tell you what to do." 5 Ruth said to Naomi, "I will do everything you say."
 
-[^ ]: **1:6** **Naomi decided to leave Moab with her daughters-in-law** (**L**: *she and her daughters-in-law arose to return from the fields of Moab* | **S**: *Naomi got ready to leave Moab and return to Bethlehem with her two daughters-in-law*) Sometime after Mahlon and Kilion died, Naomi left Moab and returned to the land of Israel. She started her journey with her daughters-in-law, Ruth and Orpah. The term **daughter-in-law** refers to a woman who becomes like a daughter to the mother of a family by marrying the mother's son. After many years of living in Moab, Naomi is once again moving. She is returning to Israel without her husband and sons. Translate **Naomi decided to leave Moab with her daughters-in-law** to mean Naomi left Moab and returned to Israel with Ruth and Orpah.
+6 So she went down to the threshing floor, and she followed the instructions her mother-in-law had given her. 7 When Boaz had eaten and drunk and his heart was merry, he went to lie down at the end of the pile of grain. Then she came softly, uncovered his feet, and lay down. 8 It came about at midnight that the man was startled. He turned over, and right there a woman was lying at his feet! 9 He said, "Who are you?" She answered, "I am Ruth, your female servant. Spread your cloak over your female servant, for you are a kinsman-redeemer." 10 Boaz said, "My daughter, may you be blessed by Yahweh. You have showed more kindness in the latter end than at the beginning, because you have not gone after any of the young men, whether poor or rich. 11 Now, my daughter, do not be afraid! I will do for you all that you say, because all the city of my people knows that you are a worthy woman. 12 It is true that I am a kinsman-redeemer, but there is a kinsman-redeemer nearer than I. 13 Stay here tonight, and in the morning, if he will redeem you as a kinsman-redeemer, good, let him do it. But if he will not do the duty of a kinsman for you, then I will do it, by the life of Yahweh. Lie down until the morning."
 
-[^ ]: **1:6** **because she had heard in the region of Moab** (**L**: *for she had heard in a field of Moab* | **S**: *while Naomi was in Moab, she heard someone say*). Naomi returned to Israel because she had heard good news that there was food in Israel. Naomi heard this while she was living in the region of Moab. God wants to tell people good news to people experiencing hardship and tragedy. Translate **because she had heard in the region of Moab** to mean the reason Naomi returned to Israel was the good news she heard while she was still in the country of Moab.
+14 So she lay at his feet until the morning. But she rose up before anyone could recognize another person. For Boaz had said, "Let it not be known that the woman came to the threshing floor." 15 Then Boaz said, "Bring your shawl and hold it out." When she did so, he measured six large measures of barley into it and put the load on her. Then he went into the city. 16 When Ruth came to her mother-in-law, she said, "How did you do, my daughter?" Then Ruth told her all that the man had done for her. 17 She said, "These six measures of barley are what he gave me, for he said, 'Do not go empty to your mother-in-law.'" 18 Then Naomi said, "Stay here, my daughter, until you know how the matter will turn out, for the man will not rest until he has finished this thing today."
 
-[^ ]: **1:6** **Yahweh had helped his people in need and had given them food** (**L**: *Yahweh had visited his people, giving them bread* | **S**: *Yahweh had helped his people and that now there was plenty of food in Israel*) God gave abundant harvests to the people living in Israel so that they had plenty of food. The word translated **food** literally means bread. Bread is used here to refer to food in general. Even though people suffer difficult and painful experiences, there is good news that God wants to help and rescue people from their hardships. Translate **Yahweh had helped his people in need and had given them food** to mean God saw the needs of the Israelites and provided good harvests for them.
+4:1 Now Boaz went up to the gate and sat down there. Soon, the kinsman-redeemer of whom Boaz had spoken came by. Boaz said to him, "My friend, come over and sit down here." The man came over and sat down. 2 Then Boaz took ten men of the elders of the city and said, "Sit down here." So they sat down. 3 Boaz said to the kinsman-redeemer, "Naomi, who has returned from the country of Moab, is selling the parcel of land that was our brother Elimelek's. 4 I thought to inform you and say to you, 'Buy it in the presence of those who are sitting here, and in the presence of the elders of my people.' If you wish to redeem it, redeem it. But if you do not wish to redeem it, then tell me, so that I may know, for there is no one to redeem it besides you, and I am after you." Then the other man said, "I will redeem it." 5 Then Boaz said, "On the day that you buy the field from the hand of Naomi, you must also take Ruth the Moabite woman, the widow of a dead man, in order to raise up the name of the dead on his inheritance." 6 Then the kinsman-redeemer said, "I cannot redeem it for myself without damaging my own inheritance. You take my right of redemption for yourself, for I cannot redeem it."
 
-[^ ]: **1:8** **Go, return, each of you, to your mother's house** (**L**: *Go, return, each woman to the house of her mother* | **S**: *Each of you should turn around and go back to your mother’s home*) Naomi commanded Ruth and Orpah to go back to Moab and live with their families. The term **mother's house** refers to the home of each of your mothers. If Ruth and Orpah returned to Moab, Naomi would return to Israel alone. Translate **Go, return, each of you, to your mother's house** as a command for Ruth and Orpah to travel back to Moab and live with their families in their mother's home.
+7 Now this was the custom in former times in Israel concerning the redemption and exchange of goods. To confirm all things, a man took off his shoe and gave it to his neighbor; this was the manner of making legal agreements in Israel. 8 So the kinsman-redeemer said to Boaz, "Buy it for yourself," and he took off his sandal. 9 Then Boaz said to the elders and to all the people, "You are witnesses today that I have bought all that was Elimelek's and all that was Kilion's and Mahlon's from the hand of Naomi. 10 Also Ruth the Moabite woman, the wife of Mahlon, I have acquired to be my wife, in order that I might raise up the name of the dead man on his inheritance, so that his name will not be cut off from among his brothers and from the gate of his place. Today you are witnesses!" 11 All the people who were in the gate and the elders said, "We are witnesses. May Yahweh make the woman who has come into your house like Rachel and Leah, the two who built up the house of Israel; and may you prosper in Ephrathah and be renowned in Bethlehem. 12 May your house be like the house of Perez, whom Tamar bore to Judah, through the offspring that Yahweh will give you with this young woman."
 
-[^ ]: **1:8** **May Yahweh show kindness toward you, as you have shown kindness toward the dead and toward me** (**L**: *May Yahweh act with you in covenant faithfulness as you have acted with the dead and with me* | **S**: *I am asking Yahweh to be as faithful to you as you have been to our dead husbands and to me*) Ruth and Orpah showed kindness and faithfulness to Naomi, Mahlon, and Kilion. Similarly, Naomi wanted God to show kindness and faithfulness to Ruth and Orpah. Kindness refers to faithfulness, loyalty, kindness, and love that was both expected and demonstrated between people closely related to one another, either by marriage or blood. This same term is often used in the Bible to describe how God relates to his people, especially his commitment to fulfilling the promises he made to them. The **dead** refers to Mahlon and Kilion. God establishes his relationship with his people by showing them loyal and committed love. God wants his people to live with a loyal and committed love toward God and others. Translate **May Yahweh show kindness toward you, as you have shown kindness toward the dead and toward me**, as a request that God shows his loyal and committed love to Ruth and Orpah like Ruth and Orpah showed loyal and committed love to Naomi, Mahlon, and Kilion.
+13 So Boaz took Ruth, and she became his wife. He slept with her, and Yahweh allowed her to become pregnant, and she bore a son. 14 The women said to Naomi, "May Yahweh be blessed, who has not left you today without a kinsman-redeemer. May his name be renowned in Israel. 15 May he be for you a restorer of life and a nourisher of your old age, for your daughter-in-law, who loves you, who is better to you than seven sons, has borne him." 16 Naomi took the child, laid him in her bosom, and took care of him. 17 The women of the neighborhood gave him a name, saying, "A son has been born to Naomi." They named him Obed. He became the father of Jesse, who became the father of David.
 
-[^ ]: **1:9** **May the Lord grant you that you find rest** (**L**: *May Yahweh grant to you that you shall find rest* | **S**: *I am asking Yahweh to allow each of you to have a secure home*) Naomi asked God to provide rest for Ruth and Orpah. The word **rest** does not refer to sitting down to rest. In this context, **rest** refers to an end to the hardship and difficulty that Ruth and Orpah experienced. This means that Naomi wanted Ruth and Orpah to have a place to belong, a home that would include the security that comes through marriage. Only God can give people comfort and peace from their hardship. Translate **May the Lord grant you that you find rest** as a request for God to give Ruth and Orpah relief from their difficult experiences.
+18 Now these were the descendants of Perez: Perez became the father of Hezron, 19 Hezron became the father of Ram, Ram became the father of Amminadab, 20 Amminadab became the father of Nahshon, Nahshon became the father of Salmon, 21 Salmon became the father of Boaz, Boaz became the father of Obed, 22 Obed became the father of Jesse, and Jesse became the father of David.
 
-[^ ]: **1:9** **each of you in the house of another husband** (**L**: *each woman in the house of her husband* | **S**: *by marrying another husband*) Naomi wanted Ruth and Orpah to return to Moab so that they could find new husbands to marry. This does not mean with their previous husbands who died or with someone else’s husband. **House** refers to a physical house that belongs to the husband and the protection from shame and poverty that a husband provides. Translate **each of you in the house of another husband** to mean Naomi asked God to help Ruth and Orpah find relief from their hardship by marrying new husbands.
+<!-- page break -->
 
-[^ ]: **1:9** **she kissed them** (**L**: *she kissed them* | **S**: *she kissed each of them*) Naomi kissed Ruth and Orpah. A **kiss** is an action in which one person puts his lips to another person’s lips or face. Some cultures kiss each other on the cheek as a greeting or to say goodbye. Translate **she kissed them** to mean Naomi kissed Ruth and Orpah to tell them goodbye. 
+### Passage Translation (with notes)
+1:1 It happened in the days when the judges ruled[^1] that there was a famine in the land,[^2] and a certain man of Bethlehem of Judah went to the country of Moab with his wife and his two sons. 2 The name of the man was Elimelek, and the name of his wife was Naomi. The names of his two sons were Mahlon and Kilion, who were Ephrathites of Bethlehem of Judah.[^3] They arrived at the country of Moab and lived there.[^4] 3 Then Elimelek, Naomi's husband, died, and she was left with her two sons.[^5] 4 These sons took wives from the women of Moab;[^6] the name of one was Orpah, and the name of the other was Ruth. They lived there for about ten years. 5 Then both Mahlon and Kilion died, leaving Naomi without her husband and without her two children.[^7]
 
-[^ ]: **1:9** **they raised their voices and cried** (**L**: *they lifted up their voices and cried* | **S**: *they cried aloud*). The women cried very loudly together. To phrase **raised their voices** means to make a loud sound. The term **cried** means to weep with great emotion. The daughters (and likely Naomi) cried out loud or wept bitterly. These terms mean similar things and emphasize the extreme grief Ruth, Orpah, and Naomi felt. Many disciples face hard experiences that cause painful grief and weeping. Translate **they raised their voices and cried** to mean the women cried very loudly and wept with sorrow.
+[^1]: **1:1** **in the days when the judges ruled** (**L**: *in the days of the ruling of the judges* | **S**: *During the time that judges ruled Israel*) The events of this story took place during the time when judges ruled in Israel. In general, the term **judges** refers to leaders who decide whether or not something is good, wise, or right. At this time, these judges were military leaders who fought against Israel's enemies. The time of the judges was a time of violence, immorality, and idolatry. Faithful disciples should expect difficulty and hardship in the world. Translate **in the days when the judges ruled** to the events of this true story took place during the time when judges led and governed Israel.
 
-[^ ]: **1:10** **We will return with you to your people** (**L**: *we will return with you to your people* | **S**: *We will return with you to your relatives*) Ruth and Orpah told Naomi that they planned to move with Naomi and live in Israel. The phrase **your people** could refer to Israelites or Naomi's family still living in Israel. This is a sign of great commitment and sacrifice. Translate **We will return with you to your people** to mean Ruth and Orpah intended to return to Israel with Naomi.
+[^2]: **1:1** **there was a famine in the land** (** L**: *there was a famine in the land* | **S**: *there was a famine in that country*) At this time, there was not much food because of a famine. The term **famine** refers to an extreme lack of food throughout a country or region, usually due to not enough rain. The term **land** refers to the land of Israel. Many disciples suffer hunger and lack of food. Translate **there was a famine in the land** to mean the events of this story took place during a time when there was a shortage of food in the land of Israel.
 
-[^ ]: **1:11** **Turn back, my daughters!** (**L**: *Turn back, my daughters!* | **S**: *My daughters, return home!*) Naomi told Ruth and Orpah to go back to Moab. The term **daughter** refers to a female child. This is a different term than **daughters-in-law** in 1:6. Naomi expressed her care for Ruth and Orpah as if they were her own daughters. Translate **Turn back, my daughters!** as a strong command that Ruth and Orpah return to Moab and no longer follow Naomi to Israel.
+[^3]: **1:2** **who were Ephrathites of Bethlehem of Judah** (**L**: *All of them were Ephrathites from Bethlehem of Judah* | **S**: *They were part of the clan of Ephrathah, from Bethlehem, in Judah*) Elimelek, Naomi, and their sons (Mahlon and Kilion) were Ephrathites who lived in the town of Bethlehem. The name **Ephrathites** refers to the people from the clan of Ephrathah, who lived in the area around Bethlehem. Translate **who were Ephrathites of Bethlehem of Judah** to mean Elimelek and his family were from the clan of Ephrathah and lived in an Israelite town in Judah called Bethlehem.
 
-[^ ]: **1:11** **Why will you go with me?** (**L**: *Why would you go with me?* | **S**: *It will not do any good for you to come with me!*) Naomi did not think Ruth and Orpah should go with her to Israel. Naomi asks this question to express her opinion that it did not make sense for Ruth and Orpah to go with her. Naomi did not think going to Israel would help her two widowed daughters-in-law. When people feel deep pain, they sometimes want others not to experience it. Translate **Why will you go with me?** as a question that means Ruth and Orpah should not go with Naomi back to Israel.
+[^4]: **1:2** **They arrived at the country of Moab and lived there** (**L**: *they traveled to the fields of Moab and lived there* | **S**: *They came to the land of Moab and stayed there*) Elimelek and his family left Bethlehem and traveled to Moab. The **country of Moab** is an area outside of Israel. It is east of the Jordan River. Elimelek and his family became foreigners living in a foreign land. Many disciples are displaced from their homeland and live in foreign countries as strangers. Translate **They arrived at the country of Moab and lived there** to mean Elimelek and his family moved from Bethlehem and lived in an area outside of Israel called Moab.
 
-[^ ]: **1:11** **Do I still have sons in my womb for you, so that they may become your husbands?** (**L**: *Do I still have sons in my womb, that they may become husbands for you?* | **S**: *It is not possible for me to have more sons who could become your husbands*) Naomi told Ruth and Orpah that she was old and could not have any more children. Naomi used this question to say that she could not have other sons for them to marry. When people experience pain, they often feel helpless to help others. Translate **Do I still have sons in my womb for you, so that they may become your husbands?** as a question that means it is obviously not possible for Naomi to have any more sons who could become your husbands.
+[^5]: **1:3** **she was left with her two sons** (**L**: *she was left, her and her two sons* | **S**: *Naomi had only her two sons with her*) During the time Elimelek and his family lived in Moab, Elimelek died. The word **left** means to remain in a place while someone else leaves that place. This word is used to describe the loneliness of Naomi when her husband died. When Elimelek died, the only other family members living with Naomi in Moab were her sons, Mahlon and Kilion. Many disciples grieve the loneliness and loss when a spouse dies. Translate **she was left with her two sons** to mean Naomi's two sons were the only family who remained with her in Moab after her husband Elimelek died.
 
-[^ ]: **1:12** **Turn back, my daughters, go your own way** See note on 1:11.
+[^6]: **1:4** **These sons took wives from the women of Moab** (**L**: *they took wives for themselves from the women of Moab* | **S**: *The sons married women from Moab*) Naomi's sons married wives who lived in the country of Moab. The Moabites worshiped other gods. The text is unclear whether Naomi was happy that her sons married Moabite women. Translate **These sons took wives from the women of Moab** to mean Mahlon and Kilion married women who were from the tribe of Moab.
 
-[^ ]: **1:12** **for I am too old to have a husband** (**L**: *for I am too old to belong to a husband* | **S**: *It is too late for me to have another husband*) Naomi told Ruth and Orpah that she was too old to marry another husband. Naomi was saying that she could not help Ruth and Orpah. Not only did Naomi say she was too old to have children, but she said she was too old to marry another husband.  Like Naomi, many people feel despair and deep sorrow when thinking about their bad circumstances. Translate **for I am too old to have a husband** to mean the reason Naomi wanted Ruth and Orpah to return to Moab was Naomi was too old to marry again and bear more children for Ruth and Orpah marry.
+[^7]: **1:5** **leaving Naomi without her husband and without her two children** (**L**: *the woman was left without her two children or her husband* | **S**: *Naomi was alone without her sons or husband*) After ten years living in Moab, Mahlon and Kilion died. For **leaving** see note on 1:3. Naomi experienced more loss and grief when Mahlon and Kilion. Naomi was widowed and both her sons died. She experienced much grief. Many disciples grieve pain and loss when children die. Translate **leaving Naomi without her husband and without her two children** to mean Naomi Ruth and Orpah were the only family who remained with Naomi after the death of Naomi's two sons, Mahlon and Kilion.
 
-[^ ]: **1:12** **If I said, 'I hope I get a husband tonight,' and then give birth to sons** (**L**: *If I said I have hope, and if I belonged to a husband even tonight, and even if I would give birth to sons* | **S**: *Even if I thought that I could have another husband, and was married even tonight and had more sons*) Naomi emphasized how much she could not help Ruth and Orpah by asking this question. Even if Naomi married that very day and gave birth to sons, it would not help Ruth and Orpah because her sons would be only babies. Translate **If I said, 'I hope I get a husband tonight,' and then give birth to sons** to mean even if it were possible that Naomi could expect to marry right away and also give birth to sons right away.
+6 Then Naomi decided to leave Moab with her daughters-in-law[^8] and return to Judah because she had heard in the region of Moab[^9] that Yahweh had helped his people in need and had given them food.[^10] 7 So she left the place where she had been with her two daughters-in-law, and they walked down the road to return to the land of Judah. 8 Naomi said to her two daughters-in-law, "Go, return, each of you, to your mother's house.[^11] May Yahweh show kindness toward you, as you have shown kindness toward the dead and toward me.[^12] 9 May the Lord grant you that you find rest,[^13] each of you in the house of another husband."[^14] Then she kissed them,[^15] and they raised their voices and cried.[^16] 10 They said to her, "No! We will return with you to your people."[^17] 11 But Naomi said, "Turn back, my daughters![^18] Why will you go with me?[^19] Do I still have sons in my womb for you, so that they may become your husbands?[^20] 12 Turn back, my daughters, go your own way,[^21] for I am too old to have a husband.[^22] If I said, 'I hope I get a husband tonight,' and then give birth to sons,[^23] 13 would you therefore wait until they were grown?[^24] Would you choose not to marry a husband?[^25] No, my daughters! It is exceedingly bitter to me for your sake[^26] that the hand of Yahweh has gone out against me."[^27] 14 Then her daughters-in-law lifted up their voices and cried again.[^28] Orpah kissed her mother-in-law farewell, but Ruth held on to her.[^29]
 
-[^ ]: **1:13** **would you therefore wait until they were grown** (**L**: *would you therefore wait until the time when they are grown?* | **S**: *you would not wait until they grew up!*) If Naomi gave birth to baby boys, Ruth and Orpah would have to wait a long time for the boys to grow up. This refers to the practice of levirate marriage, in which it is expected that if a married man dies, one of his brothers will marry the man’s widow. Ruth and Orpah would need to marry a husband before then. Like Naomi, many people feel unimportant or powerless when they experience hardship or tragedy. Translate **would you therefore wait until they were grown** to mean Ruth and Orpah would not wait until baby boys were grown up so that you could marry them.
+[^8]: **1:6** **Naomi decided to leave Moab with her daughters-in-law** (**L**: *she and her daughters-in-law arose to return from the fields of Moab* | **S**: *Naomi got ready to leave Moab and return to Bethlehem with her two daughters-in-law*) Sometime after Mahlon and Kilion died, Naomi left Moab and returned to the land of Israel. She started her journey with her daughters-in-law, Ruth and Orpah. The term **daughter-in-law** refers to a woman who becomes like a daughter to the mother of a family by marrying the mother's son. After many years of living in Moab, Naomi is once again moving. She is returning to Israel without her husband and sons. Translate **Naomi decided to leave Moab with her daughters-in-law** to mean Naomi left Moab and returned to Israel with Ruth and Orpah.
 
-[^ ]: **1:13** **Would you choose not to marry a husband?** (**L**: *Would you for this reason keep yourselves from belonging to a husband?* | **S**: *You could not remain unmarried until then!*) Naomi did not want Ruth and Orpah to burden themselves by remaining with Naomi. Naomi used this question to express that Ruth and Orpah would choose to remain unmarried for a long time if they traveled with Naomi. The word **choose** means to allow oneself to be hindered or prevented from doing something. Like Naomi, many people who undergo very painful experiences fear they will be a burden and hardship to others. Translate **Would you choose not to marry a husband?** as a question that expresses Naomi's concern that Ruth and Orpah would remain without husbands for a very long time if they moved with her to Israel.
+[^9]: **1:6** **because she had heard in the region of Moab** (**L**: *for she had heard in a field of Moab* | **S**: *while Naomi was in Moab, she heard someone say*). Naomi returned to Israel because she had heard good news that there was food in Israel. Naomi heard this while she was living in the region of Moab. God wants to tell people good news to people experiencing hardship and tragedy. Translate **because she had heard in the region of Moab** to mean the reason Naomi returned to Israel was the good news she heard while she was still in the country of Moab.
 
-[^ ]: **1:13** **It is exceedingly bitter to me for your sake** (**L**: *it is exceedingly bitter for me, more than for you* | **S**: *My life is very bitter, but your lives do not need to be as bitter as mine*) Naomi felt extreme grief and sadness. In this context, the word **bitter** refers to intense emotions of sadness and pain. Naomi did not want Ruth and Orpah to feel her pain. Like Naomi, many people experience great suffering that causes them to feel despair and hopelessness. Translate **It is exceedingly bitter to me for your sake** to mean Naomi experienced very great grief, and she did not want Ruth and Orpah to share in her grief.
+[^10]: **1:6** **Yahweh had helped his people in need and had given them food** (**L**: *Yahweh had visited his people, giving them bread* | **S**: *Yahweh had helped his people and that now there was plenty of food in Israel*) God gave abundant harvests to the people living in Israel so that they had plenty of food. The word translated **food** literally means bread. Bread is used here to refer to food in general. Even though people suffer difficult and painful experiences, there is good news that God wants to help and rescue people from their hardships. Translate **Yahweh had helped his people in need and had given them food** to mean God saw the needs of the Israelites and provided good harvests for them.
 
-[^ ]: **1:13** **that the hand of Yahweh has gone out against me** (**L**: *the hand of Yahweh has gone out against me* | **S**: *Yahweh has struck me*). Naomi thought God was attacking her. The word **hand** refers to Yahweh’s power or influence. Like Naomi, many people accuse God of attacking them like they are his enemies. God does not do evil things. Translate **that the hand of Yahweh has gone out against me** to mean Naomi thought Yahweh had caused terrible things to happen to her.
+[^11]: **1:8** **Go, return, each of you, to your mother's house** (**L**: *Go, return, each woman to the house of her mother* | **S**: *Each of you should turn around and go back to your mother’s home*) Naomi commanded Ruth and Orpah to go back to Moab and live with their families. The term **mother's house** refers to the home of each of your mothers. If Ruth and Orpah returned to Moab, Naomi would return to Israel alone. Translate **Go, return, each of you, to your mother's house** as a command for Ruth and Orpah to travel back to Moab and live with their families in their mother's home.
 
-[^ ]: **1:14** **Then her daughters-in-law lifted up their voices and cried again** See note on 1:9.
+[^12]: **1:8** **May Yahweh show kindness toward you, as you have shown kindness toward the dead and toward me** (**L**: *May Yahweh act with you in covenant faithfulness as you have acted with the dead and with me* | **S**: *I am asking Yahweh to be as faithful to you as you have been to our dead husbands and to me*) Ruth and Orpah showed kindness and faithfulness to Naomi, Mahlon, and Kilion. Similarly, Naomi wanted God to show kindness and faithfulness to Ruth and Orpah. Kindness refers to faithfulness, loyalty, kindness, and love that was both expected and demonstrated between people closely related to one another, either by marriage or blood. This same term is often used in the Bible to describe how God relates to his people, especially his commitment to fulfilling the promises he made to them. The **dead** refers to Mahlon and Kilion. God establishes his relationship with his people by showing them loyal and committed love. God wants his people to live with a loyal and committed love toward God and others. Translate **May Yahweh show kindness toward you, as you have shown kindness toward the dead and toward me**, as a request that God shows his loyal and committed love to Ruth and Orpah like Ruth and Orpah showed loyal and committed love to Naomi, Mahlon, and Kilion.
 
-[^ ]: **1:14** **Orpah kissed her mother-in-law farewell, but Ruth held on to her** (**L**: *Then Orpah kissed her mother-in-law, but Ruth clung to her* | **S**: *Orpah kissed her mother-in-law goodbye and left, but Ruth stayed with Naomi*) Orpah chose to leave Naomi and return to Moab. Orpah said goodbye to Naomi with a kiss. For **kissed** see note on 1:9. Ruth determined to continue traveling with Naomi to Israel. The word **clung** means to grab or hold on to something or someone. Ruth showed her commitment and faithfulness to Naomi. Translate **Orpah kissed her mother-in-law farewell, but Ruth held on to her** to mean Orpah said goodbye to Naomi by kissing her, and Ruth showed her commitment to remain with Naomi by holding on to her.
+[^13]: **1:9** **May the Lord grant you that you find rest** (**L**: *May Yahweh grant to you that you shall find rest* | **S**: *I am asking Yahweh to allow each of you to have a secure home*) Naomi asked God to provide rest for Ruth and Orpah. The word **rest** does not refer to sitting down to rest. In this context, **rest** refers to an end to the hardship and difficulty that Ruth and Orpah experienced. This means that Naomi wanted Ruth and Orpah to have a place to belong, a home that would include the security that comes through marriage. Only God can give people comfort and peace from their hardship. Translate **May the Lord grant you that you find rest** as a request for God to give Ruth and Orpah relief from their difficult experiences.
 
-15 Naomi said, "Listen, your sister-in-law has gone back to her people and to her gods.[^ ] Go back with your sister-in-law."[^ ] 16 But Ruth said, "Do not make me leave you or stop following you,[^ ] for where you go, I will go;[^ ] where you stay, I will stay;[^ ] your people will be my people,[^ ] and your God will be my God.[^ ] 17 Where you die, I will die, and there I will be buried.[^ ] May Yahweh punish me, and even more, if anything but death ever separates us."[^ ] 18 When Naomi saw that Ruth was determined to go with her, she stopped arguing with her.[^ ]
+[^14]: **1:9** **each of you in the house of another husband** (**L**: *each woman in the house of her husband* | **S**: *by marrying another husband*) Naomi wanted Ruth and Orpah to return to Moab so that they could find new husbands to marry. This does not mean with their previous husbands who died or with someone else’s husband. **House** refers to a physical house that belongs to the husband and the protection from shame and poverty that a husband provides. Translate **each of you in the house of another husband** to mean Naomi asked God to help Ruth and Orpah find relief from their hardship by marrying new husbands.
 
-[^ ]: **1:15** **your sister-in-law has gone back to her people and to her gods** (**L**: *your sister-in-law has turned back to her people and to her gods.* | **S**: *Your sister-in-law is going back to her relatives and to her gods!*) Before Orpah and Ruth married Naomi’s sons, they worshiped the gods of Moab. During their marriage, they began to worship Yahweh. Now, Orpah was going to worship the gods of Moab again. Translate **your sister-in-law has gone back to her people and to her gods** to mean Orpah, Ruth's sister-in-law, returned to Moab to live with her people and to worship the gods the Moabites worshiped.
+[^15]: **1:9** **she kissed them** (**L**: *she kissed them* | **S**: *she kissed each of them*) Naomi kissed Ruth and Orpah. A **kiss** is an action in which one person puts his lips to another person’s lips or face. Some cultures kiss each other on the cheek as a greeting or to say goodbye. Translate **she kissed them** to mean Naomi kissed Ruth and Orpah to tell them goodbye. 
 
-[^ ]: **1:15** **Go back with your sister-in-law** (**L**: *Go back after your sister-in-law* | **S**: *Go back with her!*) Naomi instructed Ruth to return to Moab with Orpah. The word **sister-in-law** refers to the wife of a husband's brother. In this context, since Ruth and Orpah married brothers they are sisters-in-law. Translate **Go back with your sister-in-law** as a command for Ruth to return to Moab with her sister-in-law Ruth.
+[^16]: **1:9** **they raised their voices and cried** (**L**: *they lifted up their voices and cried* | **S**: *they cried aloud*). The women cried very loudly together. To phrase **raised their voices** means to make a loud sound. The term **cried** means to weep with great emotion. The daughters (and likely Naomi) cried out loud or wept bitterly. These terms mean similar things and emphasize the extreme grief Ruth, Orpah, and Naomi felt. Many disciples face hard experiences that cause painful grief and weeping. Translate **they raised their voices and cried** to mean the women cried very loudly and wept with sorrow.
 
-[^ ]: **1:16** **Do not make me leave you or stop following you** (**L**: *Do not press me to forsake you or to turn back from following you* | **S**: *Please do not insist that I let you go or that I turn around and stop following you!*) Ruth did not want to leave Naomi. In this context, the word **make** means to urge or pressure someone to do something. Ruth respected Naomi. Ruth also wanted to remain loyal and faithful to Naomi. People show true commitment with respect and loyalty. Translate **Do not make me leave you or stop following you** as a strong request that Naomi does not force Ruth to leave her or stop traveling with her by sending her back to Moab.
+[^17]: **1:10** **We will return with you to your people** (**L**: *we will return with you to your people* | **S**: *We will return with you to your relatives*) Ruth and Orpah told Naomi that they planned to move with Naomi and live in Israel. The phrase **your people** could refer to Israelites or Naomi's family still living in Israel. This is a sign of great commitment and sacrifice. Translate **We will return with you to your people** to mean Ruth and Orpah intended to return to Israel with Naomi.
 
-[^ ]: **1:16** **where you go, I will go** (**L**: *I will go to the place where you go* | **S**: *Wherever you go, I will go*) Ruth told Naomi that she would travel to the places that Naomi traveled to. This shows Ruth's commitment to Naomi. Translate **where you go, I will go** to mean Ruth committed to go where Naomi went.
+[^18]: **1:11** **Turn back, my daughters!** (**L**: *Turn back, my daughters!* | **S**: *My daughters, return home!*) Naomi told Ruth and Orpah to go back to Moab. The term **daughter** refers to a female child. This is a different term than **daughters-in-law** in 1:6. Naomi expressed her care for Ruth and Orpah as if they were her own daughters. Translate **Turn back, my daughters!** as a strong command that Ruth and Orpah return to Moab and no longer follow Naomi to Israel.
 
-[^ ]: **1:16** **where you stay, I will stay** (**L**: *I will stay in the place where you stay* | **S**: *Wherever you stay, I will stay*) Ruth told Naomi that she would live where Naomi lived. Ruth showed her commitment to Naomi by making her home where Naomi made her home. Translate **where you stay, I will stay** to mean Ruth committed to living where Naomi lived.
+[^19]: **1:11** **Why will you go with me?** (**L**: *Why would you go with me?* | **S**: *It will not do any good for you to come with me!*) Naomi did not think Ruth and Orpah should go with her to Israel. Naomi asks this question to express her opinion that it did not make sense for Ruth and Orpah to go with her. Naomi did not think going to Israel would help her two widowed daughters-in-law. When people feel deep pain, they sometimes want others not to experience it. Translate **Why will you go with me?** as a question that means Ruth and Orpah should not go with Naomi back to Israel.
 
-[^ ]: **1:16** **your people will be my people** (**L**: *Your people are my people* | **S**: *Your relatives will be my relatives*) Ruth told Naomi that she would consider Naomi's people to be her own people. In this context, the word **people** refers to the Israelites. Ruth showed her commitment to Naomi by identifying herself with the Israelite people. Translate **your people will be my people** to mean Ruth considered the people of Naomi's country to be her own people.
+[^20]: **1:11** **Do I still have sons in my womb for you, so that they may become your husbands?** (**L**: *Do I still have sons in my womb, that they may become husbands for you?* | **S**: *It is not possible for me to have more sons who could become your husbands*) Naomi told Ruth and Orpah that she was old and could not have any more children. Naomi used this question to say that she could not have other sons for them to marry. When people experience pain, they often feel helpless to help others. Translate **Do I still have sons in my womb for you, so that they may become your husbands?** as a question that means it is obviously not possible for Naomi to have any more sons who could become your husbands.
 
-[^ ]: **1:16** **your God will be my God** (**L**: *your God is my God* | **S**: *I will worship the God you worship*) Ruth told Naomi that she would worship Naomi's God. Ruth showed her commitment by worshiping the true God and no longer worshiping the Moabite gods. Translate **your God will be my God** to mean Ruth committed to worshiping Naomi's God as her own. 
+[^21]: **1:12** **Turn back, my daughters, go your own way** See note on 1:11.
 
-[^ ]: **1:17** **Where you die, I will die, and there I will be buried** (**L**: *In the place where you die, I will die, and there I will be buried* | **S**: *Wherever you die, there I will die and they will bury me there*) Ruth told Naomi that she would die and be buried in the same place where Naomi dies and is buried. This refers to Ruth’s desire to spend the rest of her life living in the same place and town as Naomi. Ruth committed to live with Naomi for her whole life. Translate **Where you die, I will die, and there I will be buried** to mean Ruth committed to live her whole life with Naomi so that Ruth would be buried in the same place that Naomi was buried.
+[^22]: **1:12** **for I am too old to have a husband** (**L**: *for I am too old to belong to a husband* | **S**: *It is too late for me to have another husband*) Naomi told Ruth and Orpah that she was too old to marry another husband. Naomi was saying that she could not help Ruth and Orpah. Not only did Naomi say she was too old to have children, but she said she was too old to marry another husband.  Like Naomi, many people feel despair and deep sorrow when thinking about their bad circumstances. Translate **for I am too old to have a husband** to mean the reason Naomi wanted Ruth and Orpah to return to Moab was Naomi was too old to marry again and bear more children for Ruth and Orpah marry.
 
-[^ ]: **1:17** **May Yahweh punish me, and even more, if anything but death ever separates us** (**L**: *May Yahweh do thus to me, and thus may he add, if death separates between me and between you* | **S**: *May Yahweh punish me severely if I leave you before I die*) Ruth was committed to Naomi until death. Ruth uses this expression to show that she is very committed to doing what she says. She is making a curse on herself, asking God to punish her if she does not do what she has said. Translate **May Yahweh punish me, and even more, if anything but death ever separates us** as a strong request that God would punish Ruth if Ruth ever left Naomi for any other reason than one of them dies.
+[^23]: **1:12** **If I said, 'I hope I get a husband tonight,' and then give birth to sons** (**L**: *If I said I have hope, and if I belonged to a husband even tonight, and even if I would give birth to sons* | **S**: *Even if I thought that I could have another husband, and was married even tonight and had more sons*) Naomi emphasized how much she could not help Ruth and Orpah by asking this question. Even if Naomi married that very day and gave birth to sons, it would not help Ruth and Orpah because her sons would be only babies. Translate **If I said, 'I hope I get a husband tonight,' and then give birth to sons** to mean even if it were possible that Naomi could expect to marry right away and also give birth to sons right away.
 
-[^ ]: **1:18** **When Naomi saw that Ruth was determined to go with her, she stopped arguing with her** (**L**: *Then she saw that she was determined to go with her, and she refrained from speaking to her* | **S**: *When Naomi realized that Ruth was set on going with her, she stopped urging her to return home*) Naomi stopped trying to persuade Ruth to return to Moab when she saw how committed she was to stay with Naomi. In this context, the word **determined** means a strong and firm commitment to do something. A strong and loyal commitment can be a powerful and persuasive witness to others. Translate **When Naomi saw that Ruth was determined to go with her, she stopped arguing with her** to mean Naomi stopped urging Ruth to return to Moab after Naomi saw that Ruth was strongly committed to traveling with Naomi to Israel.
+[^24]: **1:13** **would you therefore wait until they were grown** (**L**: *would you therefore wait until the time when they are grown?* | **S**: *you would not wait until they grew up!*) If Naomi gave birth to baby boys, Ruth and Orpah would have to wait a long time for the boys to grow up. This refers to the practice of levirate marriage, in which it is expected that if a married man dies, one of his brothers will marry the man’s widow. Ruth and Orpah would need to marry a husband before then. Like Naomi, many people feel unimportant or powerless when they experience hardship or tragedy. Translate **would you therefore wait until they were grown** to mean Ruth and Orpah would not wait until baby boys were grown up so that you could marry them.
 
-19 So the two traveled until they came to the town of Bethlehem.[^ ] It happened that when they arrived in Bethlehem, the entire town was very excited about them.[^ ] The women said, "Is this Naomi?"[^ ] 20 But she said to them, "Do not call me Naomi.[^ ] Call me Bitter, for the Almighty has dealt very bitterly with me.[^ ] 21 I went out full, but Yahweh has brought me home again empty.[^ ] So why do you call me Naomi, seeing Yahweh has condemned me,[^ ] that the Almighty has afflicted me?"[^ ] 22 So Naomi and Ruth the Moabite woman, her daughter-in-law, returned from the country of Moab. They came to Bethlehem at the beginning of the barley harvest.[^ ]
+[^25]: **1:13** **Would you choose not to marry a husband?** (**L**: *Would you for this reason keep yourselves from belonging to a husband?* | **S**: *You could not remain unmarried until then!*) Naomi did not want Ruth and Orpah to burden themselves by remaining with Naomi. Naomi used this question to express that Ruth and Orpah would choose to remain unmarried for a long time if they traveled with Naomi. The word **choose** means to allow oneself to be hindered or prevented from doing something. Like Naomi, many people who undergo very painful experiences fear they will be a burden and hardship to others. Translate **Would you choose not to marry a husband?** as a question that expresses Naomi's concern that Ruth and Orpah would remain without husbands for a very long time if they moved with her to Israel.
 
-[^ ]: **1:19** **So the two traveled until they came to the town of Bethlehem** (**L**: *So the two of them traveled until they came to Bethlehem* | **S**: *So the two women continued walking until they came to the town of Bethlehem*) Naomi and Ruth arrived in Bethlehem. Translate **So the two traveled until they came to the town of Bethlehem** to mean Naomi and Ruth kept walking until they arrived in the town of Bethlehem.
+[^26]: **1:13** **It is exceedingly bitter to me for your sake** (**L**: *it is exceedingly bitter for me, more than for you* | **S**: *My life is very bitter, but your lives do not need to be as bitter as mine*) Naomi felt extreme grief and sadness. In this context, the word **bitter** refers to intense emotions of sadness and pain. Naomi did not want Ruth and Orpah to feel her pain. Like Naomi, many people experience great suffering that causes them to feel despair and hopelessness. Translate **It is exceedingly bitter to me for your sake** to mean Naomi experienced very great grief, and she did not want Ruth and Orpah to share in her grief.
 
-[^ ]: **1:19** **the entire town was very excited about them** (**L**: *the entire town was very excited on account of them* | **S**: *many people in the town began shouting loudly about them*) The people living in Bethlehem The word **town** refers to the people who live there. The word **entire** does not necessarily refer to every person living in Bethlehem. Many of the residents of the town were excited, but some of the residents may not have been excited by this news. The word **excited** means to behave and talk in an energetic and active way that is greater than one normally behaves. Some people experience so much suffering that it causes others to be amazed. Translate **the entire town was very excited about them** to mean many people who lived in the town of Bethlehem were talking loudly about Ruth and Naomi.
+[^27]: **1:13** **that the hand of Yahweh has gone out against me** (**L**: *the hand of Yahweh has gone out against me* | **S**: *Yahweh has struck me*). Naomi thought God was attacking her. The word **hand** refers to Yahweh’s power or influence. Like Naomi, many people accuse God of attacking them like they are his enemies. God does not do evil things. Translate **that the hand of Yahweh has gone out against me** to mean Naomi thought Yahweh had caused terrible things to happen to her.
 
-[^ ]: **1:19** **Is this Naomi?** (**L**: *Is this Naomi?* | **S**: *It is hard to believe that this is Naomi!*) Naomi returned to Bethlehem in a very different condition than when she left Bethlehem. The people who lived in Bethlehem wondered if Naomi was the same Naomi they knew years earlier. Since it had been many years since Naomi lived in Bethlehem, and now she no longer has her husband and two sons, the women were likely expressing doubt that this woman was actually Naomi. Some people experience so much suffering that they seem like they are different people. Translate **Is this Naomi?** as a question that asks if Naomi was really the same Naomi they knew many years ago.
+[^28]: **1:14** **Then her daughters-in-law lifted up their voices and cried again** See note on 1:9.
 
-[^ ]: **1:20** **Do not call me Naomi** (**L**: *Do not call me Naomi* | **S**: *You should not call me Naomi any more, because it means pleasant*) Naomi told the people to no longer call her by her name Naomi. The name **Naomi** means my delight. Since Naomi lost her husband and sons, she no longer feels that her life matches her name. Some people experience so much suffering that they lose joy and delight. Translate **Do not call me Naomi** as a command to no longer call her by her name Naomi, which means delight.
+[^29]: **1:14** **Orpah kissed her mother-in-law farewell, but Ruth held on to her** (**L**: *Then Orpah kissed her mother-in-law, but Ruth clung to her* | **S**: *Orpah kissed her mother-in-law goodbye and left, but Ruth stayed with Naomi*) Orpah chose to leave Naomi and return to Moab. Orpah said goodbye to Naomi with a kiss. For **kissed** see note on 1:9. Ruth determined to continue traveling with Naomi to Israel. The word **clung** means to grab or hold on to something or someone. Ruth showed her commitment and faithfulness to Naomi. Translate **Orpah kissed her mother-in-law farewell, but Ruth held on to her** to mean Orpah said goodbye to Naomi by kissing her, and Ruth showed her commitment to remain with Naomi by holding on to her.
 
-[^ ]: **1:20** **Call me Bitter, for the Almighty has dealt very bitterly with me** (**L**: *Call me Mara, for the Almighty has acted exceedingly bitterly to me* | **S**: *Call me Mara, because it means ‘bitter.’ God Almighty has made my life very bitter.*) Naomi told the people to call her by the name Bitter. Naomi told them to do this because she thought God caused her to experience very painful and bitter experiences. The word **Almighty** describes God as All-Powerful. Some people experience so much suffering they feel like their whole life is bitter and painful. Some people experience so much suffering they blame God for their painful experiences. Translate **Call me Bitter, for the Almighty has dealt very bitterly with me** as a command for the people to call Naomi by the name Mara (which means Bitter) because she felt that the All-Powerful God had caused her to experience very bitter things.
+15 Naomi said, "Listen, your sister-in-law has gone back to her people and to her gods.[^30] Go back with your sister-in-law."[^31] 16 But Ruth said, "Do not make me leave you or stop following you,[^32] for where you go, I will go;[^33] where you stay, I will stay;[^34] your people will be my people,[^35] and your God will be my God.[^36] 17 Where you die, I will die, and there I will be buried.[^37] May Yahweh punish me, and even more, if anything but death ever separates us."[^38] 18 When Naomi saw that Ruth was determined to go with her, she stopped arguing with her.[^39]
 
-[^ ]: **1:21** **I went out full, but Yahweh has brought me home again empty** (**L**: *I went out full, but Yahweh has brought me back empty* | **S**: *When I left, I had everything I could want, but Yahweh has brought me back without anything*) Naomi told the people that she left Bethlehem with many things but returned to Bethlehem without these things. When Naomi left Bethlehem, she had her husband and two sons, and she was happy. Naomi blames Yahweh for the death of her husband and sons, saying that he has caused her to return to Bethlehem without them, and now she is bitter and unhappy. Some people experience so much suffering they feel loss and emptiness. Translate **I went out full, but Yahweh has brought me home again empty** to mean Naomi left Bethlehem many years ago with many good things God gave her but was returning to Bethlehem after God took those good things away.
+[^30]: **1:15** **your sister-in-law has gone back to her people and to her gods** (**L**: *your sister-in-law has turned back to her people and to her gods.* | **S**: *Your sister-in-law is going back to her relatives and to her gods!*) Before Orpah and Ruth married Naomi’s sons, they worshiped the gods of Moab. During their marriage, they began to worship Yahweh. Now, Orpah was going to worship the gods of Moab again. Translate **your sister-in-law has gone back to her people and to her gods** to mean Orpah, Ruth's sister-in-law, returned to Moab to live with her people and to worship the gods the Moabites worshiped.
 
-[^ ]: **1:21** **Yahweh has condemned me** (**L**: *as for Yahweh, he has testified against me* | **S**: *Yahweh has opposed me*). Naomi thought God was treating Naomi like she was guilty of a crime. The word **condemned** means to sentence a person to punishment because that person is guilty of a crime. Some people suffer and think that God is punishing them for the wrong they committed. Sometimes people suffer for doing sinful things. Sometimes people suffer even though they are innocent of wrongdoing. Translate **Yahweh has condemned me** to mean Naomi thought God judged her guilty and deserving of punishment.
+[^31]: **1:15** **Go back with your sister-in-law** (**L**: *Go back after your sister-in-law* | **S**: *Go back with her!*) Naomi instructed Ruth to return to Moab with Orpah. The word **sister-in-law** refers to the wife of a husband's brother. In this context, since Ruth and Orpah married brothers they are sisters-in-law. Translate **Go back with your sister-in-law** as a command for Ruth to return to Moab with her sister-in-law Ruth.
 
-[^ ]: **1:21** **the Almighty has afflicted me** (**L**: *the Almighty has done evil to me* | **S**: *Almighty God has treated me badly*). Naomi thought God attacked her. The word **afflicted** means to cause painful and troublesome things to happen to someone. For **Almighty**, see note on 1:20. Sometimes people experience so much suffering they feel like God is attacking them like an enemy. God is not guilty of any wrong. Translate **the Almighty has afflicted me** to mean Naomi thought the All-Powerful God was causing her to experience trouble.
+[^32]: **1:16** **Do not make me leave you or stop following you** (**L**: *Do not press me to forsake you or to turn back from following you* | **S**: *Please do not insist that I let you go or that I turn around and stop following you!*) Ruth did not want to leave Naomi. In this context, the word **make** means to urge or pressure someone to do something. Ruth respected Naomi. Ruth also wanted to remain loyal and faithful to Naomi. People show true commitment with respect and loyalty. Translate **Do not make me leave you or stop following you** as a strong request that Naomi does not force Ruth to leave her or stop traveling with her by sending her back to Moab.
 
-[^ ]: **1:22** **They came to Bethlehem at the beginning of the barley harvest** (**L**: *they came to Bethlehem at the beginning of the harvest of barley* | **S**: *When they arrived in Bethlehem, the barley harvest was just starting*) Naomi and Ruth returned to Bethlehem when the farmers were just beginning to harvest barley. When the harvest is plentiful, this was a time of joy. God was about to change the painful circumstances of Naomi and Ruth. No matter how much suffering someone experiences, people can be hopeful in God's provision. Translate **They came to Bethlehem at the beginning of the barley harvest** to mean Naomi and Ruth arrived in Bethlehem around the time when the Israelites started harvesting their barley.
+[^33]: **1:16** **where you go, I will go** (**L**: *I will go to the place where you go* | **S**: *Wherever you go, I will go*) Ruth told Naomi that she would travel to the places that Naomi traveled to. This shows Ruth's commitment to Naomi. Translate **where you go, I will go** to mean Ruth committed to go where Naomi went.
 
-2:1 Now Naomi had a relative of her husband, a worthy man of the clan of Elimelek,[^ ] whose name was Boaz. 2 Ruth, the Moabite woman, said to Naomi, "Now let me go and glean what remains among the ears of grain in the fields.[^ ] I will follow anyone in whose eyes I will find favor."[^ ] So Naomi said to her, "Go, my daughter."[^ ] 3 Ruth went and gleaned what remained in the fields after they had harvested it.[^ ] She happened to come to the portion of the fields belonging to Boaz,[^ ] who was of the clan of Elimelek. 4 Behold, Boaz came from Bethlehem and said to the reapers, "May Yahweh be with you."[^ ] They answered him, "May Yahweh bless you."[^ ] 5 Then Boaz said to his servant who was supervising the reapers, "What man does this young woman belong to?"[^ ] 6 The servant supervising the reapers answered and said, "It is the young Moabite woman who came back with Naomi from the land of Moab.[^ ] 7 She said to me, 'Please let me glean what remains in the field after the workers harvest the crop.'[^ ] So she came here and has continued from the morning until now,[^ ] except that she rested a little in the house."[^ ]
+[^34]: **1:16** **where you stay, I will stay** (**L**: *I will stay in the place where you stay* | **S**: *Wherever you stay, I will stay*) Ruth told Naomi that she would live where Naomi lived. Ruth showed her commitment to Naomi by making her home where Naomi made her home. Translate **where you stay, I will stay** to mean Ruth committed to living where Naomi lived.
 
-[^ ]: **2:1** **a worthy man of the clan of Elimelek** (**L**: *a man of great worth from the clan of Elimelek* | **S**: *He was rich and important, and a member of Elimelek’s clan*) Boaz was a relative of Elimeleklech. He was a worthy man. The word **worthy** describes an honorable person who is very important and influential in society. This means that Boaz was prosperous and well-known in his community, with a good reputation. The use of the term **clan** here means that Boaz was related to Elimelek but did not have the same parents as Elimelek. The text is not saying that the clan was named after Elimelek or that Elimelek was the patriarch or leader of the clan. Translate **a worthy man of the clan of Elimelek** to mean Boaz was a respected, prominent, and wealthy relative of Elimeleklech.
+[^35]: **1:16** **your people will be my people** (**L**: *Your people are my people* | **S**: *Your relatives will be my relatives*) Ruth told Naomi that she would consider Naomi's people to be her own people. In this context, the word **people** refers to the Israelites. Ruth showed her commitment to Naomi by identifying herself with the Israelite people. Translate **your people will be my people** to mean Ruth considered the people of Naomi's country to be her own people.
 
-[^ ]: **2:2** **Now let me go and glean what remains among the ears of grain in the fields** (**L**: *Please, I want to go to the field and glean heads of grain* | **S**: *Let me go to the fields and pick up the grain that the harvesters leave behind*) Ruth asked Naomi for permission to pick up heads of grain left behind by the harvesters. The word **glean** means going through a field or orchard and picking up whatever grain or fruit the harvesters have left behind. This was part of the law God gave to Moses, that the workers should not go back over the field for this produce so that it would be left in the field for the poor or foreign travelers to pick up. See verses such as Leviticus 19:10 and Deuteronomy 24:21. Ruth understood this part of God's law and took action to care for Naomi and herself. Godly disciples understand God's word and have an active faith to do what God says. Translate **Now let me go and glean what remains among the ears of grain in the fields** as a polite request that Naomi allow Ruth to go to the field to gather heads of grain left behind by the harvesters.
+[^36]: **1:16** **your God will be my God** (**L**: *your God is my God* | **S**: *I will worship the God you worship*) Ruth told Naomi that she would worship Naomi's God. Ruth showed her commitment by worshiping the true God and no longer worshiping the Moabite gods. Translate **your God will be my God** to mean Ruth committed to worshiping Naomi's God as her own. 
 
-[^ ]: **2:2** **I will follow anyone in whose eyes I will find favor** (**L**: *after the one in whose eyes I find favor* | **S**: *I will go behind any harvester who gives me permission*). Ruth was willing to glean in any field where she had permission to glean. In this phrase, the eyes represent seeing, compared to knowing, noticing, or paying attention to someone. The phrase **in whose eyes I will find favor** means to show kindness and approval to someone. Ruth speaks of gaining someone’s favor as gaining permission or approval. Ruth was humble and willing to receive the kindness of others. Godly disciples are humble. Translate **I will follow anyone in whose eyes I will find favor** to mean Ruth was willing to gather left-over grain after any harvesters who gave her permission to glean. 
+[^37]: **1:17** **Where you die, I will die, and there I will be buried** (**L**: *In the place where you die, I will die, and there I will be buried* | **S**: *Wherever you die, there I will die and they will bury me there*) Ruth told Naomi that she would die and be buried in the same place where Naomi dies and is buried. This refers to Ruth’s desire to spend the rest of her life living in the same place and town as Naomi. Ruth committed to live with Naomi for her whole life. Translate **Where you die, I will die, and there I will be buried** to mean Ruth committed to live her whole life with Naomi so that Ruth would be buried in the same place that Naomi was buried.
 
-[^ ]: **2:2** **Go, my daughter** (**L**: *Go, my daughter* | **S**: *Go ahead, my daughter*) Ruth was caring for Naomi as if she were her own mother, and Naomi addressed Ruth affectionately as her daughter. See note on 1:11.
+[^38]: **1:17** **May Yahweh punish me, and even more, if anything but death ever separates us** (**L**: *May Yahweh do thus to me, and thus may he add, if death separates between me and between you* | **S**: *May Yahweh punish me severely if I leave you before I die*) Ruth was committed to Naomi until death. Ruth uses this expression to show that she is very committed to doing what she says. She is making a curse on herself, asking God to punish her if she does not do what she has said. Translate **May Yahweh punish me, and even more, if anything but death ever separates us** as a strong request that God would punish Ruth if Ruth ever left Naomi for any other reason than one of them dies.
 
-[^ ]: **2:3** **Ruth went and gleaned what remained in the fields after they had harvested it** (**L**: *So she left and went to glean in the field after the reapers* | **S**: *So Ruth went. When she got to the fields, she followed the harvesters and picked up grain.*) Ruth gathered the leftover grain that the harvesters left in the field. For **glean**, see note on 2:1. Ruth did what she told Naomi she would do. Godly disciples follow through on their commitments. Translate **Ruth went and gleaned what remained in the fields after they had harvested it** to mean Ruth went to the grain fields and gathered left-over grain that remained after the harvesters first gathered the grain.
+[^39]: **1:18** **When Naomi saw that Ruth was determined to go with her, she stopped arguing with her** (**L**: *Then she saw that she was determined to go with her, and she refrained from speaking to her* | **S**: *When Naomi realized that Ruth was set on going with her, she stopped urging her to return home*) Naomi stopped trying to persuade Ruth to return to Moab when she saw how committed she was to stay with Naomi. In this context, the word **determined** means a strong and firm commitment to do something. A strong and loyal commitment can be a powerful and persuasive witness to others. Translate **When Naomi saw that Ruth was determined to go with her, she stopped arguing with her** to mean Naomi stopped urging Ruth to return to Moab after Naomi saw that Ruth was strongly committed to traveling with Naomi to Israel.
 
-[^ ]: **2:3** **She happened to come to the portion of the fields belonging to Boaz** (**L**: "*by chance, she came to the portion of the field belonging to Boaz* | **S**: *That part of the field just happened to belong to Boaz*) Ruth gleaned in the field of Boaz. Boaz was a relative of Elimelek. Ruth did not know that Boaz, Naomi's relative, owned this specific portion of the field. The phrase **happened to come** describes an event that took place without intention or planning. Ruth was unaware that the field she picked to glean in belonged to Naomi’s relative, Boaz. Godly disciples trust God to order the details and circumstances of their lives. Translate **She happened to come to the portion of the fields belonging to Boaz**, to mean Ruth came to a section of the grain field that Boaz owned, but Ruth did not intentionally plan to arrive there. 
+19 So the two traveled until they came to the town of Bethlehem.[^40] It happened that when they arrived in Bethlehem, the entire town was very excited about them.[^41] The women said, "Is this Naomi?"[^42] 20 But she said to them, "Do not call me Naomi.[^43] Call me Bitter, for the Almighty has dealt very bitterly with me.[^44] 21 I went out full, but Yahweh has brought me home again empty.[^45] So why do you call me Naomi, seeing Yahweh has condemned me,[^46] that the Almighty has afflicted me?"[^47] 22 So Naomi and Ruth the Moabite woman, her daughter-in-law, returned from the country of Moab. They came to Bethlehem at the beginning of the barley harvest.[^48]
 
-[^ ]: **2:4** **May Yahweh be with you** (**L**: *Yahweh be with you* | **S**: *May Yahweh be with you*). Boaz greeted the harvesters with a blessing. This greeting was like a prayer asking God to be near those greeted. Boaz was a man of faith who trusted in God and wanted God to do good things for others. Godly disciples depend upon God for all good things. Translate **May Yahweh be with you** as a request for God to be near and to bless the harvesters.  
+[^40]: **1:19** **So the two traveled until they came to the town of Bethlehem** (**L**: *So the two of them traveled until they came to Bethlehem* | **S**: *So the two women continued walking until they came to the town of Bethlehem*) Naomi and Ruth arrived in Bethlehem. Translate **So the two traveled until they came to the town of Bethlehem** to mean Naomi and Ruth kept walking until they arrived in the town of Bethlehem.
 
-[^ ]: **2:4** **May Yahweh bless you** (**L**: *May Yahweh bless you* | **S**: *May Yahweh bless you*). The harvesters responded to Boaz's greeting with a blessing. This greeting was like a prayer that asked God to prosper Boaz. Godly disciples hope for God's blessing in the lives of others. Translate **May Yahweh bless you** as a request for God to cause good things to happen to Boaz.
+[^41]: **1:19** **the entire town was very excited about them** (**L**: *the entire town was very excited on account of them* | **S**: *many people in the town began shouting loudly about them*) The people living in Bethlehem The word **town** refers to the people who live there. The word **entire** does not necessarily refer to every person living in Bethlehem. Many of the residents of the town were excited, but some of the residents may not have been excited by this news. The word **excited** means to behave and talk in an energetic and active way that is greater than one normally behaves. Some people experience so much suffering that it causes others to be amazed. Translate **the entire town was very excited about them** to mean many people who lived in the town of Bethlehem were talking loudly about Ruth and Naomi.
 
-[^ ]: **2:5** **What man does this young woman belong to?** (**L**: *Who does this young woman belong to?* | **S**: *Who is that young woman related to?*) Boaz wanted to know what family Ruth was a part of. In that culture, women were under the authority of their male relatives. Boaz was asking who Ruth’s husband or father might be. He did not think that Ruth was a slave. Boaz had noticed and paid attention to Ruth. When godly disciples live in a way that pleases God, it causes others to notice. Translate **What man does this young woman belong to?** as a question that asks who has authority and responsibility over Ruth.
+[^42]: **1:19** **Is this Naomi?** (**L**: *Is this Naomi?* | **S**: *It is hard to believe that this is Naomi!*) Naomi returned to Bethlehem in a very different condition than when she left Bethlehem. The people who lived in Bethlehem wondered if Naomi was the same Naomi they knew years earlier. Since it had been many years since Naomi lived in Bethlehem, and now she no longer has her husband and two sons, the women were likely expressing doubt that this woman was actually Naomi. Some people experience so much suffering that they seem like they are different people. Translate **Is this Naomi?** as a question that asks if Naomi was really the same Naomi they knew many years ago.
 
-[^ ]: **2:6** **It is the young Moabite woman who came back with Naomi from the land of Moab** (**L**: *She is a young Moabite woman, the woman who came back with Naomi from the land of Moab* | **S**: *She is the young woman from Moab who returned from there with Naomi*) The manager of the harvesters who worked for Boaz told Boaz about Ruth. He told Boaz that Ruth was the young woman from Moab who left Moab and traveled to Bethlehem with Naomi. Ruth showed sacrifice and loyal love to leave her home and move to Bethlehem. Godly disciples do sacrificial things to serve others. Translate **It is the young Moabite woman who came back with Naomi from the land of Moab** to mean Ruth was the young woman who left her home in Moab to come to live with Naomi in Bethlehem.
+[^43]: **1:20** **Do not call me Naomi** (**L**: *Do not call me Naomi* | **S**: *You should not call me Naomi any more, because it means pleasant*) Naomi told the people to no longer call her by her name Naomi. The name **Naomi** means my delight. Since Naomi lost her husband and sons, she no longer feels that her life matches her name. Some people experience so much suffering that they lose joy and delight. Translate **Do not call me Naomi** as a command to no longer call her by her name Naomi, which means delight.
 
-[^ ]: **2:7** **Please let me glean what remains in the field after the workers harvest the crop** See note on 2:1.
+[^44]: **1:20** **Call me Bitter, for the Almighty has dealt very bitterly with me** (**L**: *Call me Mara, for the Almighty has acted exceedingly bitterly to me* | **S**: *Call me Mara, because it means ‘bitter.’ God Almighty has made my life very bitter.*) Naomi told the people to call her by the name Bitter. Naomi told them to do this because she thought God caused her to experience very painful and bitter experiences. The word **Almighty** describes God as All-Powerful. Some people experience so much suffering they feel like their whole life is bitter and painful. Some people experience so much suffering they blame God for their painful experiences. Translate **Call me Bitter, for the Almighty has dealt very bitterly with me** as a command for the people to call Naomi by the name Mara (which means Bitter) because she felt that the All-Powerful God had caused her to experience very bitter things.
 
-[^ ]: **2:7** **So she came here and has continued from the morning until now** (**L**: *And she came and has continued from then, in the morning, until now.* | **S**: *She has worked since early this morning until right now*) Ruth worked from early morning until the time of Boaz's conversation with his harvesters. Godly disciples work hard. Translate **So she came here and has continued from the morning until now** to mean Ruth gathered grain in the fields from early morning until the time Boaz talked to his harvesters.
+[^45]: **1:21** **I went out full, but Yahweh has brought me home again empty** (**L**: *I went out full, but Yahweh has brought me back empty* | **S**: *When I left, I had everything I could want, but Yahweh has brought me back without anything*) Naomi told the people that she left Bethlehem with many things but returned to Bethlehem without these things. When Naomi left Bethlehem, she had her husband and two sons, and she was happy. Naomi blames Yahweh for the death of her husband and sons, saying that he has caused her to return to Bethlehem without them, and now she is bitter and unhappy. Some people experience so much suffering they feel loss and emptiness. Translate **I went out full, but Yahweh has brought me home again empty** to mean Naomi left Bethlehem many years ago with many good things God gave her but was returning to Bethlehem after God took those good things away.
 
-[^ ]: **2:7** **except that she rested a little in the house** (**L**: *This is her resting in the house a little* | **S**: *as she rests for a short time under the shelter*) Ruth took a brief break to rest from gleaning grain. Although Ruth worked hard, she also rested. Godly disciples practice a healthy balance of work and rest. Translate **except that she rested a little in the house** to mean Ruth only stopped working for a brief time to rest in a house.
+[^46]: **1:21** **Yahweh has condemned me** (**L**: *as for Yahweh, he has testified against me* | **S**: *Yahweh has opposed me*). Naomi thought God was treating Naomi like she was guilty of a crime. The word **condemned** means to sentence a person to punishment because that person is guilty of a crime. Some people suffer and think that God is punishing them for the wrong they committed. Sometimes people suffer for doing sinful things. Sometimes people suffer even though they are innocent of wrongdoing. Translate **Yahweh has condemned me** to mean Naomi thought God judged her guilty and deserving of punishment.
 
-8 Then Boaz said to Ruth, "Are you listening to me, my daughter?[^ ] Do not go and glean in another field; do not leave my field.[^ ] Instead, stay close and work with my young female workers.[^ ] 9 Keep your eyes only on the field where the men are reaping and follow behind the other women.[^ ] Have I not instructed the men not to touch you?[^ ] Whenever you are thirsty, you may go to the waterpots and drink the water that the men have drawn."[^ ] 10 Then she bowed down before Boaz, touching her face to the ground.[^ ] She said to him, "Why have I found such favor in your eyes that you should be concerned about me, a foreigner?"[^ ] 11 Boaz answered and said to her, "It has been reported to me, all that you have done since the death of your husband.[^ ] You have left your father, mother, and the land of your birth to follow your mother-in-law and to come to a people you do not know before.[^ ] 12 May Yahweh reward you for your deed.[^ ] May you receive full payment from Yahweh,[^ ] the God of Israel, under whose wings you have found refuge."[^ ] 13 Then she said, "Let me find favor in your eyes,[^ ] my master, for you have comforted me, and you have spoken kindly to me,[^ ] though I am not one of your female servants."[^ ]
+[^47]: **1:21** **the Almighty has afflicted me** (**L**: *the Almighty has done evil to me* | **S**: *Almighty God has treated me badly*). Naomi thought God attacked her. The word **afflicted** means to cause painful and troublesome things to happen to someone. For **Almighty**, see note on 1:20. Sometimes people experience so much suffering they feel like God is attacking them like an enemy. God is not guilty of any wrong. Translate **the Almighty has afflicted me** to mean Naomi thought the All-Powerful God was causing her to experience trouble.
 
-[^ ]: **2:8** **Are you listening to me, my daughter?** (**L**: *Will you not listen to me, my daughter?* | **S**: *Young lady, please listen to me.*) Boaz told Ruth to listen to the instructions he had to give her. Boaz used this question to cause Ruth to pay attention to what he had to say. In this context, the term **daughter** was a kind way to address a younger woman. Ruth was not the actual daughter of Boaz, but he was treating her kindly and respectfully. When God gives instructions to his people, he wants them to know that he cares for them and wants them to pay attention to his instructions. Translate **Are you listening to me, my daughter?** as a question that instructed Ruth to listen to what Boaz had to say.
+[^48]: **1:22** **They came to Bethlehem at the beginning of the barley harvest** (**L**: *they came to Bethlehem at the beginning of the harvest of barley* | **S**: *When they arrived in Bethlehem, the barley harvest was just starting*) Naomi and Ruth returned to Bethlehem when the farmers were just beginning to harvest barley. When the harvest is plentiful, this was a time of joy. God was about to change the painful circumstances of Naomi and Ruth. No matter how much suffering someone experiences, people can be hopeful in God's provision. Translate **They came to Bethlehem at the beginning of the barley harvest** to mean Naomi and Ruth arrived in Bethlehem around the time when the Israelites started harvesting their barley.
 
-[^ ]: **2:8** **Do not go and glean in another field; do not leave my field** (**L**: *Do not go to glean in another field, and do not even go away from here* | **S**: *You do not need to go to any other field or anywhere else to gather grain*) Boaz instructed Ruth to remain in his field to gather grain. For **glean** see note on 2:2. The phrases **Do not go and glean** and **do not leave** mean similar things and strongly emphasize that Boaz does not want Ruth to gather grain in a field owned by someone else. When God gives instructions to his people, he tells them things they are not to do or to stop doing. Translate **Do not go and glean in another field; do not leave my field** as commands for Ruth to not gather grain in a field owned by someone else and to not leave Boaz's field.
+2:1 Now Naomi had a relative of her husband, a worthy man of the clan of Elimelek,[^49] whose name was Boaz. 2 Ruth, the Moabite woman, said to Naomi, "Now let me go and glean what remains among the ears of grain in the fields.[^50] I will follow anyone in whose eyes I will find favor."[^51] So Naomi said to her, "Go, my daughter."[^52] 3 Ruth went and gleaned what remained in the fields after they had harvested it.[^53] She happened to come to the portion of the fields belonging to Boaz,[^54] who was of the clan of Elimelek. 4 Behold, Boaz came from Bethlehem and said to the reapers, "May Yahweh be with you."[^55] They answered him, "May Yahweh bless you."[^56] 5 Then Boaz said to his servant who was supervising the reapers, "What man does this young woman belong to?"[^57] 6 The servant supervising the reapers answered and said, "It is the young Moabite woman who came back with Naomi from the land of Moab.[^58] 7 She said to me, 'Please let me glean what remains in the field after the workers harvest the crop.'[^59] So she came here and has continued from the morning until now,[^60] except that she rested a little in the house."[^61]
 
-[^ ]: **2:8** **stay close and work with my young female workers** (**L**: *But do this: stick closely to my young female workers* | **S**: *You should stay right here with my servant girls*) Boaz commanded Ruth to remain in his field to gather grain with his own young women workers. The term **stay close** means to cling or hold to. Boaz does not want Ruth to physically cling to his female servants. Instead, he wants Ruth to remain very close to them so that she will be safe.  Boaz provided a community of other young women for her to gather grain. When God gives instructions to his people, he tells them things he wants them to do. God wants his disciples to learn to follow his commands as a part of a godly community. Translate **stay here and work with my young female workers** as a command for Ruth to remain in Boaz's field and gather grain with the group of young women who worked for Boaz.
+[^49]: **2:1** **a worthy man of the clan of Elimelek** (**L**: *a man of great worth from the clan of Elimelek* | **S**: *He was rich and important, and a member of Elimelek’s clan*) Boaz was a relative of Elimeleklech. He was a worthy man. The word **worthy** describes an honorable person who is very important and influential in society. This means that Boaz was prosperous and well-known in his community, with a good reputation. The use of the term **clan** here means that Boaz was related to Elimelek but did not have the same parents as Elimelek. The text is not saying that the clan was named after Elimelek or that Elimelek was the patriarch or leader of the clan. Translate **a worthy man of the clan of Elimelek** to mean Boaz was a respected, prominent, and wealthy relative of Elimeleklech.
 
-[^ ]: **2:9** **Keep your eyes only on the field where the men are reaping and follow behind the other women** (**L**: *Keep your eyes on the field where they are reaping and follow behind them* | **S**: *Watch where the men are harvesting, and follow along behind my servant girls*) Boaz instructed Ruth to gather grain behind the harvesters who worked in Boaz's field. The **eyes** represent seeing. Boaz wants Ruth to focus on gathering grain from his field and no other field. When God gives instructions to his people, he tells them to focus and pay attention to his ways. Translate **Keep your eyes only on the field where the men are reaping and follow behind the other women** as a command to pay attention only to the harvesters working in Boaz's field and gather grain behind them with the other young servants who worked for Boaz.
+[^50]: **2:2** **Now let me go and glean what remains among the ears of grain in the fields** (**L**: *Please, I want to go to the field and glean heads of grain* | **S**: *Let me go to the fields and pick up the grain that the harvesters leave behind*) Ruth asked Naomi for permission to pick up heads of grain left behind by the harvesters. The word **glean** means going through a field or orchard and picking up whatever grain or fruit the harvesters have left behind. This was part of the law God gave to Moses, that the workers should not go back over the field for this produce so that it would be left in the field for the poor or foreign travelers to pick up. See verses such as Leviticus 19:10 and Deuteronomy 24:21. Ruth understood this part of God's law and took action to care for Naomi and herself. Godly disciples understand God's word and have an active faith to do what God says. Translate **Now let me go and glean what remains among the ears of grain in the fields** as a polite request that Naomi allow Ruth to go to the field to gather heads of grain left behind by the harvesters.
 
-[^ ]: **2:9** **Have I not instructed the men not to touch you?** (**L**: *Have I not instructed the young men not to touch you?* | **S**: *I have told the men who are harvesting not to assault you*)  Boaz provided a safe place for Ruth to gather grain. Boaz used this question to emphasize his hospitality—that he had already made provision to help Ruth. The phrase **not to touch you** was a polite way of saying that the men were not to harm Ruth physically or assault her sexually, and possibly also that the men were not to stop her from gleaning in his field. Boaz already commanded his workers not to do any harm to Ruth. When God gives instructions to his people, he provides protection for them. Translate **Have I not instructed the men not to touch you?** as a question that strongly states that Boaz had given his men strict instructions not to harm Ruth.
+[^51]: **2:2** **I will follow anyone in whose eyes I will find favor** (**L**: *after the one in whose eyes I find favor* | **S**: *I will go behind any harvester who gives me permission*). Ruth was willing to glean in any field where she had permission to glean. In this phrase, the eyes represent seeing, compared to knowing, noticing, or paying attention to someone. The phrase **in whose eyes I will find favor** means to show kindness and approval to someone. Ruth speaks of gaining someone’s favor as gaining permission or approval. Ruth was humble and willing to receive the kindness of others. Godly disciples are humble. Translate **I will follow anyone in whose eyes I will find favor** to mean Ruth was willing to gather left-over grain after any harvesters who gave her permission to glean. 
 
-[^ ]: **2:9** **Whenever you are thirsty, you may go to the waterpots and drink the water that the men have drawn** (**L**: *And when you are thirsty, go to the waterpots and drink from what the young men draw* | **S**: *Whenever you are thirsty, go and get some water to drink from the jars that the men have filled*) Boaz permitted for Ruth to drink water whenever she was thirsty. The word **drawn** describes how Boaz's men gathered water. To **draw** water means to pull up water from a well or to take it out of a storage vessel. Boaz allowed Ruth to freely drink water that his men gathered. When God gives instructions to his people, his generosity provides for their needs. God sustains and strengthens his people when they feel tired and needy. Translate **Whenever you are thirsty, you may go to the waterpots and drink the water that the men have drawn** as an instruction for Ruth to freely go to the pots Boaz's workers filled with water and drink that water whenever she is thirsty.
+[^52]: **2:2** **Go, my daughter** (**L**: *Go, my daughter* | **S**: *Go ahead, my daughter*) Ruth was caring for Naomi as if she were her own mother, and Naomi addressed Ruth affectionately as her daughter. See note on 1:11.
 
-[^ ]: **2:10** **Then she bowed down before Boaz, touching her face to the ground** (**L**: *she fell on her face and bowed down to the ground* | **S**: *she knelt before him with her face touching the ground*) Ruth responded to Boaz's generosity with honor and humility. The phrase **bowed down** means to bend over to humbly express respect and honor toward someone. A person does this by bending over or kneeling down very low, often with face and hands toward the ground. The phrase **touching her face to the ground** describes the act of bowing down. These are acts of respect and reverence. She was showing honor to Boaz out of gratefulness for what he had done for her. It was also a posture of humility. These are two descriptions of a single action. Godly disciples show honor to God and other authorities. Godly disciples are also humble. Translate **Then she bowed down before Boaz, touching her face to the ground** to mean Ruth lowered her body to the ground and touched her face to the ground to honor Boaz. 
+[^53]: **2:3** **Ruth went and gleaned what remained in the fields after they had harvested it** (**L**: *So she left and went to glean in the field after the reapers* | **S**: *So Ruth went. When she got to the fields, she followed the harvesters and picked up grain.*) Ruth gathered the leftover grain that the harvesters left in the field. For **glean**, see note on 2:1. Ruth did what she told Naomi she would do. Godly disciples follow through on their commitments. Translate **Ruth went and gleaned what remained in the fields after they had harvested it** to mean Ruth went to the grain fields and gathered left-over grain that remained after the harvesters first gathered the grain.
 
-[^ ]: **2:10** **Why have I found such favor in your eyes that you should be concerned about me, a foreigner?** (**L**: *Why have I found favor in your eyes that you should take notice of me, since I am a foreigner?* | **S**: *Why are you being so kind to me? I did not think you would pay any attention to me, since I am a foreigner!*) Ruth was not an Israelite. She wanted to know why Boaz was treating her so kindly. For **found such favor in your eyes**, see note 2:2. In this context, the word **concerned** means recognizing or noticing someone. A **foreigner** is someone from another country. Even though Ruth had privately pledged her loyalty to the God of Israel, everyone knew she was from Moab, not Israel. Often Israelites were not kind to foreigners, even though God wanted them to be kind to them. This shows that Boaz was living to please God. Boaz took notice of Ruth and acted kindly toward her, even though she was from the foreign country of Moab. God shows favor to people even though they do not deserve to be treated kindly. Godly disciples recognize their humble condition. They are very thankful for the things that God graciously provides for them. Translate **Why have I found such favor in your eyes that you should be concerned about me, a foreigner?** as a question Ruth asks Boaz to learn why he noticed her and treated her so kindly even though she was a Moabite from a foreign country. 
+[^54]: **2:3** **She happened to come to the portion of the fields belonging to Boaz** (**L**: "*by chance, she came to the portion of the field belonging to Boaz* | **S**: *That part of the field just happened to belong to Boaz*) Ruth gleaned in the field of Boaz. Boaz was a relative of Elimelek. Ruth did not know that Boaz, Naomi's relative, owned this specific portion of the field. The phrase **happened to come** describes an event that took place without intention or planning. Ruth was unaware that the field she picked to glean in belonged to Naomi’s relative, Boaz. Godly disciples trust God to order the details and circumstances of their lives. Translate **She happened to come to the portion of the fields belonging to Boaz**, to mean Ruth came to a section of the grain field that Boaz owned, but Ruth did not intentionally plan to arrive there. 
 
-[^ ]: **2:11** **It has been reported to me, all that you have done since the death of your husband** (**L**: *Everything that you have done with your mother-in-law after the death of your husband has been fully reported to me* | **S**: *People have told me about everything you have done for your mother-in-law since your husband died*) Someone told Boaz all the kind things that Ruth did for Naomi. Godly disciples follow God's ways even when they undergo difficult or painful experiences. Translate **It has been reported to me, all that you have done since the death of your husband** to mean people told Boaz the kind things Ruth did for Naomi from the time Ruth's husband died.
+[^55]: **2:4** **May Yahweh be with you** (**L**: *Yahweh be with you* | **S**: *May Yahweh be with you*). Boaz greeted the harvesters with a blessing. This greeting was like a prayer asking God to be near those greeted. Boaz was a man of faith who trusted in God and wanted God to do good things for others. Godly disciples depend upon God for all good things. Translate **May Yahweh be with you** as a request for God to be near and to bless the harvesters.  
 
-[^ ]: **2:11** **to come to a people you do not know before** (*L**: *you came to a people whom you did not know the day before yesterday* | **S**: *you came here to live among people whom you did not previously know*) Ruth chose to move to Bethlehem and live with people she did not previously know. Boaz is referring to Ruth coming to dwell with Naomi in a village and community, a country, and a religion that she did not know. Ruth left her family and country to travel with Naomi to Bethlehem. The word translated **before** literally means the day before yesterday. This phrase emphasizes that it was only recently that Ruth did not know the people in Bethlehem. When people obey God's commands, they may have to do difficult things that are unfamiliar or that make them feel uncomfortable. Translate **to come to a people you do not know** to mean Ruth moved from Moab to Bethlehem and lived in a town with people who were foreign to her.
+[^56]: **2:4** **May Yahweh bless you** (**L**: *May Yahweh bless you* | **S**: *May Yahweh bless you*). The harvesters responded to Boaz's greeting with a blessing. This greeting was like a prayer that asked God to prosper Boaz. Godly disciples hope for God's blessing in the lives of others. Translate **May Yahweh bless you** as a request for God to cause good things to happen to Boaz.
 
-[^ ]: **2:12** **May Yahweh reward you for your deed** (**L**: *May Yahweh reward your work* | **S**: *I pray that Yahweh will fully repay you for what you have done*). Boaz asked God to bless Ruth for the good things she did for Naomi. The word **reward** means to pay someone back. God blesses people who do good things that God commands. Translate **May Yahweh reward you for your deed** as a request that God pay Ruth back for the loyal and kind way she treated Naomi.
+[^57]: **2:5** **What man does this young woman belong to?** (**L**: *Who does this young woman belong to?* | **S**: *Who is that young woman related to?*) Boaz wanted to know what family Ruth was a part of. In that culture, women were under the authority of their male relatives. Boaz was asking who Ruth’s husband or father might be. He did not think that Ruth was a slave. Boaz had noticed and paid attention to Ruth. When godly disciples live in a way that pleases God, it causes others to notice. Translate **What man does this young woman belong to?** as a question that asks who has authority and responsibility over Ruth.
 
-[^ ]: **2:12** **May you receive full payment from Yahweh** (**L**: *may your full wages come from Yahweh* | **S**: *May Yahweh reward you in full*) Boaz asked God to give good things to Ruth. Full payment means a wage or payment someone receives for some work. The phrases **reward** and **full payment** are similar in meaning and emphasize Boaz's prayer for God to bless Ruth. God provides good things for his people when they obey his commands. Translate **May you receive full payment from Yahweh** as a request that Yahweh fully gives Ruth everything she deserves for doing her good deeds for Naomi.
+[^58]: **2:6** **It is the young Moabite woman who came back with Naomi from the land of Moab** (**L**: *She is a young Moabite woman, the woman who came back with Naomi from the land of Moab* | **S**: *She is the young woman from Moab who returned from there with Naomi*) The manager of the harvesters who worked for Boaz told Boaz about Ruth. He told Boaz that Ruth was the young woman from Moab who left Moab and traveled to Bethlehem with Naomi. Ruth showed sacrifice and loyal love to leave her home and move to Bethlehem. Godly disciples do sacrificial things to serve others. Translate **It is the young Moabite woman who came back with Naomi from the land of Moab** to mean Ruth was the young woman who left her home in Moab to come to live with Naomi in Bethlehem.
 
-[^ ]: **2:12** **under whose wings you have found refuge** (**L**: *the one whom you are trusting to protect you* | **S**: *under whose wings you have come for refuge*) Ruth trusted in God and placed herself in God's safe care. Boaz uses the picture of a mother bird gathering her chicks under her wings to protect them to describe God’s protection for those who trust in him. God protected Ruth like an eagle protects its young by covering them under its wings. The word **found refuge** means to be in a place of protection and safety. People cannot please God simply by trying to obey his commands. First, God wants people to trust him. When people trust God, God calls them to follow his commands. God protects his people with strength. God gives his people safety and security. Translate **under whose wings you have found refuge** to mean Ruth trusted God, and God protected her like a mother bird protects her young chicks under its wings.
+[^59]: **2:7** **Please let me glean what remains in the field after the workers harvest the crop** See note on 2:1.
 
-[^ ]: **2:13** **Let me find favor in your eyes**. See note on 2:2.
+[^60]: **2:7** **So she came here and has continued from the morning until now** (**L**: *And she came and has continued from then, in the morning, until now.* | **S**: *She has worked since early this morning until right now*) Ruth worked from early morning until the time of Boaz's conversation with his harvesters. Godly disciples work hard. Translate **So she came here and has continued from the morning until now** to mean Ruth gathered grain in the fields from early morning until the time Boaz talked to his harvesters.
 
-[^ ]: **2:13** **for you have comforted me, and you have spoken kindly to me** (**L**: *since you have comforted me, and since you have spoken to the heart* | **S**: *You have comforted me by being so kind to me*). Boaz caused Ruth's suffering not to be so severe or painful. Boaz also said kind things to Ruth. The word **comforted** means to relieve someone of pain or trouble. The phrase **spoken kindly** means to say kind things to someone in an affectionate way that comes from one's heart. When God's people receive God's comfort and kindness, they are motivated to follow his ways. Translate **for you have comforted me, and you have spoken kindly to me** to mean Boaz relieved Ruth of her trouble and said many kind things to her.
+[^61]: **2:7** **except that she rested a little in the house** (**L**: *This is her resting in the house a little* | **S**: *as she rests for a short time under the shelter*) Ruth took a brief break to rest from gleaning grain. Although Ruth worked hard, she also rested. Godly disciples practice a healthy balance of work and rest. Translate **except that she rested a little in the house** to mean Ruth only stopped working for a brief time to rest in a house.
 
-[^ ]: **2:13** **though I am not one of your female servants** (**L**: *But as for me, I am not even like one of your female servants* | **S**: *yet I am not even one of your servant girls*) Ruth recognized that Boaz did not have to treat her so kindly. The term **female servant** means a female who works for (or obeys) another person, either by choice or by force. Ruth was not one of Boaz's hired servants, yet he treated her like she was one of his own. When God saves his people, he makes them his own and treats them kindly even though they do not deserve it. Translate **though I am not one of your female servants** to mean Boaz treated Ruth kindly even though she was not one of Boaz's servant girls. 
+8 Then Boaz said to Ruth, "Are you listening to me, my daughter?[^62] Do not go and glean in another field; do not leave my field.[^63] Instead, stay close and work with my young female workers.[^64] 9 Keep your eyes only on the field where the men are reaping and follow behind the other women.[^65] Have I not instructed the men not to touch you?[^66] Whenever you are thirsty, you may go to the waterpots and drink the water that the men have drawn."[^67] 10 Then she bowed down before Boaz, touching her face to the ground.[^68] She said to him, "Why have I found such favor in your eyes that you should be concerned about me, a foreigner?"[^69] 11 Boaz answered and said to her, "It has been reported to me, all that you have done since the death of your husband.[^70] You have left your father, mother, and the land of your birth to follow your mother-in-law and to come to a people you do not know before.[^71] 12 May Yahweh reward you for your deed.[^72] May you receive full payment from Yahweh,[^73] the God of Israel, under whose wings you have found refuge."[^74] 13 Then she said, "Let me find favor in your eyes,[^75] my master, for you have comforted me, and you have spoken kindly to me,[^76] though I am not one of your female servants."[^77]
 
-14 At mealtime Boaz said to Ruth, "Come here, and eat some of the bread, and dip your morsel in the wine vinegar."[^ ] She sat beside the reapers, and he offered her some roasted grain. She ate until she was satisfied and left the rest of it.[^ ] 15 As she got up to gather up grain, Boaz commanded his young men, saying, "Let her gather up the grain even among the bundles,[^ ] and do not humiliate her.[^ ] 16 Also pull out for her some ears of grain from the bundles, and leave them for her to gather up,[^ ] and do not rebuke her."[^ ]
+[^62]: **2:8** **Are you listening to me, my daughter?** (**L**: *Will you not listen to me, my daughter?* | **S**: *Young lady, please listen to me.*) Boaz told Ruth to listen to the instructions he had to give her. Boaz used this question to cause Ruth to pay attention to what he had to say. In this context, the term **daughter** was a kind way to address a younger woman. Ruth was not the actual daughter of Boaz, but he was treating her kindly and respectfully. When God gives instructions to his people, he wants them to know that he cares for them and wants them to pay attention to his instructions. Translate **Are you listening to me, my daughter?** as a question that instructed Ruth to listen to what Boaz had to say.
 
-[^ ]: **2:14** **dip your morsel in the wine vinegar** (**L**: *dip your piece in the vinegar* | **S**: *Take this bread and dip it in the vinegar and eat it*). Boaz invited Ruth to eat a meal. This was a simple meal eaten in the field. People would sit on the ground around a cloth with a bowl of wine vinegar and pieces of broken bread. They would take a piece of bread and dip it in the wine vinegar to add flavor before they ate it. The **vinegar** was a sauce into which they dipped bread. The Israelites made vinegar from grape juice that was fermented beyond the point of being wine. At the vinegar stage, the juice becomes very sour and acidic. Boaz was very hospitable to Ruth. Translate **dip your morsel in the wine vinegar** as a command to eat a meal by dipping a piece of bread into the sauce.
+[^63]: **2:8** **Do not go and glean in another field; do not leave my field** (**L**: *Do not go to glean in another field, and do not even go away from here* | **S**: *You do not need to go to any other field or anywhere else to gather grain*) Boaz instructed Ruth to remain in his field to gather grain. For **glean** see note on 2:2. The phrases **Do not go and glean** and **do not leave** mean similar things and strongly emphasize that Boaz does not want Ruth to gather grain in a field owned by someone else. When God gives instructions to his people, he tells them things they are not to do or to stop doing. Translate **Do not go and glean in another field; do not leave my field** as commands for Ruth to not gather grain in a field owned by someone else and to not leave Boaz's field.
 
-[^ ]: **2:14** **She ate until she was satisfied and left the rest of it** (**L**: *she ate, and she was satisfied, and she had some left over* | **S**: *She ate all that she wanted and had some left over*) Ruth ate enough food until she was no longer hungry. After she finished eating, there was still more food left over. In this context, the word **satisfied** means to eat until one is full. Although Ruth was a young foreign woman, God provided for her through Boaz's generosity. When God's people follow God's ways, God provides what his people need. Translate **She ate until she was satisfied and left the rest of it** to mean Ruth ate enough food so that she was no longer hungry, and she left extra food.
+[^64]: **2:8** **stay close and work with my young female workers** (**L**: *But do this: stick closely to my young female workers* | **S**: *You should stay right here with my servant girls*) Boaz commanded Ruth to remain in his field to gather grain with his own young women workers. The term **stay close** means to cling or hold to. Boaz does not want Ruth to physically cling to his female servants. Instead, he wants Ruth to remain very close to them so that she will be safe.  Boaz provided a community of other young women for her to gather grain. When God gives instructions to his people, he tells them things he wants them to do. God wants his disciples to learn to follow his commands as a part of a godly community. Translate **stay here and work with my young female workers** as a command for Ruth to remain in Boaz's field and gather grain with the group of young women who worked for Boaz.
 
-[^ ]: **2:15** **Let her gather up the grain even among the bundles** (**L**: *Let her glean even among the bundles* | **S**: *Even if she gathers some grain near the bundles of grain that you have cut*) Boaz instructed his young male workers that Ruth was allowed to gather grain near the bundles the harvesters already gathered. In this context, the word **even** lets the workers know they are to do above and beyond what they usually do. People who were gleaning were generally forbidden from working close to the harvested grain for fear that they might steal from the already harvested grain. But Boaz instructs his workers to let Ruth glean close to the bundles of grain. Ruth went to the fields to gather leftover grain; now, she was able to gather grain from the bundles. God is a gracious God. God provides for his people more than they ask for. Translate **Let her gather up the grain even among the bundles** as a command for Boaz's young servants to allow Ruth to collect grain around the area where the bundles of grain are.
+[^65]: **2:9** **Keep your eyes only on the field where the men are reaping and follow behind the other women** (**L**: *Keep your eyes on the field where they are reaping and follow behind them* | **S**: *Watch where the men are harvesting, and follow along behind my servant girls*) Boaz instructed Ruth to gather grain behind the harvesters who worked in Boaz's field. The **eyes** represent seeing. Boaz wants Ruth to focus on gathering grain from his field and no other field. When God gives instructions to his people, he tells them to focus and pay attention to his ways. Translate **Keep your eyes only on the field where the men are reaping and follow behind the other women** as a command to pay attention only to the harvesters working in Boaz's field and gather grain behind them with the other young servants who worked for Boaz.
 
-[^ ]: **2:15** **do not humiliate her** (**L**: *do not shame her* | **S**: *do not try to stop her*). Boaz forbade the young workers to shame Ruth for gathering grain near the bundles of grain. The term **humiliate** means to shame someone or to express disapproval of their actions. Boaz protected Ruth from shame and embarrassment. Translate **do not humiliate her** as a command not to treat Ruth in any way that would shame her and cause her to stop gathering grain.
+[^66]: **2:9** **Have I not instructed the men not to touch you?** (**L**: *Have I not instructed the young men not to touch you?* | **S**: *I have told the men who are harvesting not to assault you*)  Boaz provided a safe place for Ruth to gather grain. Boaz used this question to emphasize his hospitality—that he had already made provision to help Ruth. The phrase **not to touch you** was a polite way of saying that the men were not to harm Ruth physically or assault her sexually, and possibly also that the men were not to stop her from gleaning in his field. Boaz already commanded his workers not to do any harm to Ruth. When God gives instructions to his people, he provides protection for them. Translate **Have I not instructed the men not to touch you?** as a question that strongly states that Boaz had given his men strict instructions not to harm Ruth.
 
-[^ ]: **2:16** **Also pull out for her some ears of grain from the bundles, and leave them for her to gather up** (**L**: *Even be sure to pull some out from the bundles for her and leave it for her to glean* | **S**: *Even more than that, I want you to pull out some stalks of grain from the bundles and leave them on the ground for her to pick up*) Boaz provided for Ruth in a very generous way. Boaz did something beyond what was expected and told his workers to drop some of the grain that was already harvested for Ruth to glean. Boaz was kind to Ruth in a similar way that God is kind to his people. Like Boaz, God is generous and provides abundantly for his people. When God calls us to obey him, God has already prepared things in advance for us. Translate **Also pull out for her some ears of grain from the bundles, and leave them for her to gather up** as a command for Boaz's young men to take some stalks of grain out of the bundles and leave them for Ruth to gather.
+[^67]: **2:9** **Whenever you are thirsty, you may go to the waterpots and drink the water that the men have drawn** (**L**: *And when you are thirsty, go to the waterpots and drink from what the young men draw* | **S**: *Whenever you are thirsty, go and get some water to drink from the jars that the men have filled*) Boaz permitted for Ruth to drink water whenever she was thirsty. The word **drawn** describes how Boaz's men gathered water. To **draw** water means to pull up water from a well or to take it out of a storage vessel. Boaz allowed Ruth to freely drink water that his men gathered. When God gives instructions to his people, his generosity provides for their needs. God sustains and strengthens his people when they feel tired and needy. Translate **Whenever you are thirsty, you may go to the waterpots and drink the water that the men have drawn** as an instruction for Ruth to freely go to the pots Boaz's workers filled with water and drink that water whenever she is thirsty.
 
-[^ ]: **2:16** **do not rebuke her** (**L**: *do not rebuke her* | **S**: *do not scold her*) Boaz forbade his workers from rebuking Ruth. The word **rebuke** means to criticize or scold someone for doing something that is considered disapproved. Translate **do not rebuke her** as a command not to say disapproving things to Ruth when she gathered grain.
+[^68]: **2:10** **Then she bowed down before Boaz, touching her face to the ground** (**L**: *she fell on her face and bowed down to the ground* | **S**: *she knelt before him with her face touching the ground*) Ruth responded to Boaz's generosity with honor and humility. The phrase **bowed down** means to bend over to humbly express respect and honor toward someone. A person does this by bending over or kneeling down very low, often with face and hands toward the ground. The phrase **touching her face to the ground** describes the act of bowing down. These are acts of respect and reverence. She was showing honor to Boaz out of gratefulness for what he had done for her. It was also a posture of humility. These are two descriptions of a single action. Godly disciples show honor to God and other authorities. Godly disciples are also humble. Translate **Then she bowed down before Boaz, touching her face to the ground** to mean Ruth lowered her body to the ground and touched her face to the ground to honor Boaz. 
 
-17 So she gleaned in the field until evening.[^ ] Then she beat out the ears of grain that she had gathered,[^ ] and the grain was about an ephah of barley.[^ ] 18 She lifted it up and went into the city.[^ ] Then her mother-in-law saw what she had gathered. Ruth also brought out the roasted grain left from her meal and gave it to her. 19 Her mother-in-law said to her, "Where have you gleaned today? Where did you go to work? May the man who helped you be blessed."[^ ] Then Ruth told her mother-in-law about the man who owned the field where she had worked. She said, "The name of the man who owns the field where I worked today is Boaz."[^ ] 20 Naomi said to her daughter-in-law, "May he be blessed by Yahweh,[^ ] who has not left off his loyalty to the living and to the dead."[^ ] Naomi said to her, "That man is near of kin to us, one of our kinsman-redeemers."[^ ] 21 Ruth the Moabite woman said, "Indeed, he said to me, 'You should keep close to my young men until they have finished all my harvest.'"[^ ] 22 Naomi said to Ruth her daughter-in-law, "It is good, my daughter, that you go out with his young female workers,[^ ] so that you do not come to harm in any other field."[^ ] 23 So she stayed close to Boaz's female workers[^ ] in order to glean to the end of the barley harvest and the wheat harvest.[^ ] She lived with her mother-in-law.
+[^69]: **2:10** **Why have I found such favor in your eyes that you should be concerned about me, a foreigner?** (**L**: *Why have I found favor in your eyes that you should take notice of me, since I am a foreigner?* | **S**: *Why are you being so kind to me? I did not think you would pay any attention to me, since I am a foreigner!*) Ruth was not an Israelite. She wanted to know why Boaz was treating her so kindly. For **found such favor in your eyes**, see note 2:2. In this context, the word **concerned** means recognizing or noticing someone. A **foreigner** is someone from another country. Even though Ruth had privately pledged her loyalty to the God of Israel, everyone knew she was from Moab, not Israel. Often Israelites were not kind to foreigners, even though God wanted them to be kind to them. This shows that Boaz was living to please God. Boaz took notice of Ruth and acted kindly toward her, even though she was from the foreign country of Moab. God shows favor to people even though they do not deserve to be treated kindly. Godly disciples recognize their humble condition. They are very thankful for the things that God graciously provides for them. Translate **Why have I found such favor in your eyes that you should be concerned about me, a foreigner?** as a question Ruth asks Boaz to learn why he noticed her and treated her so kindly even though she was a Moabite from a foreign country. 
 
-[^ ]: **2:17** **she gleaned in the field until evening** (**L**: *she gleaned in the field until the evening* | **S**: *Ruth gathered grain in the field until evening*). Ruth gathered grain until nighttime. See note on 2:7. Again, this shows Ruth was a hard worker. God's people cannot work hard to earn God's grace. Like Boaz, God graciously gives his people good things they do not deserve. When people receive God's good gifts, God wants his people to work hard to follow his ways. Translate **she gleaned in the field until evening** to mean Ruth gathered grain until the end of the day.
+[^70]: **2:11** **It has been reported to me, all that you have done since the death of your husband** (**L**: *Everything that you have done with your mother-in-law after the death of your husband has been fully reported to me* | **S**: *People have told me about everything you have done for your mother-in-law since your husband died*) Someone told Boaz all the kind things that Ruth did for Naomi. Godly disciples follow God's ways even when they undergo difficult or painful experiences. Translate **It has been reported to me, all that you have done since the death of your husband** to mean people told Boaz the kind things Ruth did for Naomi from the time Ruth's husband died.
 
-[^ ]: **2:17** **she beat out the ears of grain that she had gathered** (**L**: *she beat out what she had gleaned* | **S**: *she threshed the barley that she had gathered, to separate the kernels from the stalks*) Ruth beat the grain to remove the parts of the grain that people do not eat. Again, this was hard work. Translate **she beat out the ears of grain that she had gathered** to mean Ruth separated the edible part of the grain from the hull and stalk, which are thrown away. 
+[^71]: **2:11** **to come to a people you do not know before** (*L**: *you came to a people whom you did not know the day before yesterday* | **S**: *you came here to live among people whom you did not previously know*) Ruth chose to move to Bethlehem and live with people she did not previously know. Boaz is referring to Ruth coming to dwell with Naomi in a village and community, a country, and a religion that she did not know. Ruth left her family and country to travel with Naomi to Bethlehem. The word translated **before** literally means the day before yesterday. This phrase emphasizes that it was only recently that Ruth did not know the people in Bethlehem. When people obey God's commands, they may have to do difficult things that are unfamiliar or that make them feel uncomfortable. Translate **to come to a people you do not know** to mean Ruth moved from Moab to Bethlehem and lived in a town with people who were foreign to her.
 
-[^ ]: **2:17** **the grain was about an ephah of barley** (**L**: *it was about an ephah of barley* | **S**: *The barley kernels were enough to fill a large basket*). Ruth collected a lot of barley. An **ephah** is a unit of measurement equal to about 22 liters (over 5 gallons). In this context, Ruth gathered about 22 liters of barley. For Ruth to collect this amount of barely in one day shows that Boaz was very gracious and Ruth was a diligent worker. Translate **the grain was about an ephah of barley** to mean Ruth gathered about 22 liters of barley, enough to fill a large basket.
+[^72]: **2:12** **May Yahweh reward you for your deed** (**L**: *May Yahweh reward your work* | **S**: *I pray that Yahweh will fully repay you for what you have done*). Boaz asked God to bless Ruth for the good things she did for Naomi. The word **reward** means to pay someone back. God blesses people who do good things that God commands. Translate **May Yahweh reward you for your deed** as a request that God pay Ruth back for the loyal and kind way she treated Naomi.
 
-[^ ]: **2:18** **She lifted it up and went into the city** (**L**: *she lifted it up and went into the city* | **S**: *She carried it back to town*). Ruth carried the barley back to her home in Bethlehem. It was a heavy basket. Again, this shows Ruth's willingness to work hard. Translate **She lifted it up and went into the city** to mean Ruth carried a basket of barley from the fields where she gleaned back to the town of Bethlehem where she and Naomi lived.
+[^73]: **2:12** **May you receive full payment from Yahweh** (**L**: *may your full wages come from Yahweh* | **S**: *May Yahweh reward you in full*) Boaz asked God to give good things to Ruth. Full payment means a wage or payment someone receives for some work. The phrases **reward** and **full payment** are similar in meaning and emphasize Boaz's prayer for God to bless Ruth. God provides good things for his people when they obey his commands. Translate **May you receive full payment from Yahweh** as a request that Yahweh fully gives Ruth everything she deserves for doing her good deeds for Naomi.
 
-[^ ]: **2:19** **May the man who helped you be blessed** (**L**: *May the one who noticed you be blessed* | **S**: *I pray that God will bless the man who was so kind to you.*) Naomi asked God to cause good things to the person who helped Ruth. Naomi asked God to reward Boaz for his kindness to Ruth and herself. Translate **May the man who helped you be blessed** as a request for God to cause good things to happen to the person who showed kindness to Ruth in allowing her to gather so much grain.
+[^74]: **2:12** **under whose wings you have found refuge** (**L**: *the one whom you are trusting to protect you* | **S**: *under whose wings you have come for refuge*) Ruth trusted in God and placed herself in God's safe care. Boaz uses the picture of a mother bird gathering her chicks under her wings to protect them to describe God’s protection for those who trust in him. God protected Ruth like an eagle protects its young by covering them under its wings. The word **found refuge** means to be in a place of protection and safety. People cannot please God simply by trying to obey his commands. First, God wants people to trust him. When people trust God, God calls them to follow his commands. God protects his people with strength. God gives his people safety and security. Translate **under whose wings you have found refuge** to mean Ruth trusted God, and God protected her like a mother bird protects her young chicks under its wings.
 
-[^ ]: **2:19** **The name of the man who owns the field where I worked today is Boaz** See note on 2:19.
+[^75]: **2:13** **Let me find favor in your eyes**. See note on 2:2.
 
-[^ ]: **2:20** **May he be blessed by Yahweh** (**L**: *May he be blessed by Yahweh* | **S**: *May Yahweh bless him*) See note on 2:19.
+[^76]: **2:13** **for you have comforted me, and you have spoken kindly to me** (**L**: *since you have comforted me, and since you have spoken to the heart* | **S**: *You have comforted me by being so kind to me*). Boaz caused Ruth's suffering not to be so severe or painful. Boaz also said kind things to Ruth. The word **comforted** means to relieve someone of pain or trouble. The phrase **spoken kindly** means to say kind things to someone in an affectionate way that comes from one's heart. When God's people receive God's comfort and kindness, they are motivated to follow his ways. Translate **for you have comforted me, and you have spoken kindly to me** to mean Boaz relieved Ruth of her trouble and said many kind things to her.
 
-[^ ]: **2:20** **who has not left off his loyalty to the living and to the dead** (**L**: *who has not forsaken his covenant faithfulness both with the living and with the dead* | **S**: *Yahweh has not stopped acting faithfully toward us who are still living, and to our husbands who have died*) Naomi said that God did not stop being faithful to her and her family. In this context, the phrase **left off** means to forsake or abandon. For the term **loyalty**, see note on 1:8. God's people trust that God will always be faithful and loyal. Translate **who has not left off his loyalty to the living and to the dead** to mean God continued to be loyal and faithful to Naomi and Ruth, who were still living, and to their husbands, who had already died.
+[^77]: **2:13** **though I am not one of your female servants** (**L**: *But as for me, I am not even like one of your female servants* | **S**: *yet I am not even one of your servant girls*) Ruth recognized that Boaz did not have to treat her so kindly. The term **female servant** means a female who works for (or obeys) another person, either by choice or by force. Ruth was not one of Boaz's hired servants, yet he treated her like she was one of his own. When God saves his people, he makes them his own and treats them kindly even though they do not deserve it. Translate **though I am not one of your female servants** to mean Boaz treated Ruth kindly even though she was not one of Boaz's servant girls. 
 
-[^ ]: **2:20** **That man is near of kin to us, one of our kinsman-redeemers** (**L**: *That man is closely related to us. He is one of our kinsman-redeemers.* | **S**: *That man is a close relative of Elimelek; in fact, he is one of those responsible for taking care of our family.* ) Naomi told Ruth that Boaz was a relative of the family and one of the people who could be a kinsman-redeemer. In this context, the term **kin** refers to a close relative to the family. A **kinsman-redeemer** was a close male relative responsible for taking care of any widows in the family. If one of his brothers died having had no children, he had the responsibility to marry the widow, if she was still of child-bearing age, to raise a child for his brother. He would also reacquire the land his relatives had lost due to poverty and redeem family members who had sold themselves into slavery. God provided Boaz to help Naomi and Ruth out of their very difficult circumstances. Jesus is the ultimate redeemer who rescues sinful people from the slavery of sin. Translate **That man is near of kin to us, one of our kinsman-redeemers**, to mean Boaz was a close relative responsible for caring for Naomi and Ruth.
+14 At mealtime Boaz said to Ruth, "Come here, and eat some of the bread, and dip your morsel in the wine vinegar."[^78] She sat beside the reapers, and he offered her some roasted grain. She ate until she was satisfied and left the rest of it.[^79] 15 As she got up to gather up grain, Boaz commanded his young men, saying, "Let her gather up the grain even among the bundles,[^80] and do not humiliate her.[^81] 16 Also pull out for her some ears of grain from the bundles, and leave them for her to gather up,[^82] and do not rebuke her."[^83]
 
-[^ ]: **2:21** **You should keep close to my young men until they have finished all my harvest** (**L**: *You should keep close by the servants who belong to me until the time when they have finished all of the harvest that belongs to me.* | **S**: *Stay with my workers until they are done bringing in all my grain from the field*) Boaz told Ruth to remain close to Boaz's workers until the harvest was complete. The term **harvest** refers to gathering ripe fruits, vegetables, seeds, or grains from the plants on which they were growing. The harvest time typically happens at the end of a growing season. In biblical times, reapers usually harvested crops by hand, either pulling up the plants or cutting them with a sharp cutting tool. By instructing Ruth to stay close to his workers, Boaz was ensuring Ruth and Naomi of food for an extended period of time. Translate **You should keep close to my young men until they have finished all my harvest** as an instruction for Ruth to gather grain near Boaz's work until the time of gathering crops is complete.
+[^78]: **2:14** **dip your morsel in the wine vinegar** (**L**: *dip your piece in the vinegar* | **S**: *Take this bread and dip it in the vinegar and eat it*). Boaz invited Ruth to eat a meal. This was a simple meal eaten in the field. People would sit on the ground around a cloth with a bowl of wine vinegar and pieces of broken bread. They would take a piece of bread and dip it in the wine vinegar to add flavor before they ate it. The **vinegar** was a sauce into which they dipped bread. The Israelites made vinegar from grape juice that was fermented beyond the point of being wine. At the vinegar stage, the juice becomes very sour and acidic. Boaz was very hospitable to Ruth. Translate **dip your morsel in the wine vinegar** as a command to eat a meal by dipping a piece of bread into the sauce.
 
-[^ ]: **2:22** **go out with his young female workers**. See note on 2:8.
+[^79]: **2:14** **She ate until she was satisfied and left the rest of it** (**L**: *she ate, and she was satisfied, and she had some left over* | **S**: *She ate all that she wanted and had some left over*) Ruth ate enough food until she was no longer hungry. After she finished eating, there was still more food left over. In this context, the word **satisfied** means to eat until one is full. Although Ruth was a young foreign woman, God provided for her through Boaz's generosity. When God's people follow God's ways, God provides what his people need. Translate **She ate until she was satisfied and left the rest of it** to mean Ruth ate enough food so that she was no longer hungry, and she left extra food.
 
-[^ ]: **2:22** **so that you do not come to harm in any other field** (**L**: *It is good, my daughter, that you go out with his young female workers* | **S**: *it will be good for you to go to his field with his servant girls*) Naomi did not want Ruth to be harmed. She told her to remain with Boaz's young women. The word **harm** means to cause physical injury to another person. Like Boaz provided protection for Ruth, God provides protection for his people. Translate **so that you do not come to harm in any other field** to mean the reason Naomi wanted Ruth to stay close to Boaz's young women was to prevent her from being harmed.
+[^80]: **2:15** **Let her gather up the grain even among the bundles** (**L**: *Let her glean even among the bundles* | **S**: *Even if she gathers some grain near the bundles of grain that you have cut*) Boaz instructed his young male workers that Ruth was allowed to gather grain near the bundles the harvesters already gathered. In this context, the word **even** lets the workers know they are to do above and beyond what they usually do. People who were gleaning were generally forbidden from working close to the harvested grain for fear that they might steal from the already harvested grain. But Boaz instructs his workers to let Ruth glean close to the bundles of grain. Ruth went to the fields to gather leftover grain; now, she was able to gather grain from the bundles. God is a gracious God. God provides for his people more than they ask for. Translate **Let her gather up the grain even among the bundles** as a command for Boaz's young servants to allow Ruth to collect grain around the area where the bundles of grain are.
 
-[^ ]: **2:23** **she stayed close to Boaz's female workers**. See note on 2:8.
+[^81]: **2:15** **do not humiliate her** (**L**: *do not shame her* | **S**: *do not try to stop her*). Boaz forbade the young workers to shame Ruth for gathering grain near the bundles of grain. The term **humiliate** means to shame someone or to express disapproval of their actions. Boaz protected Ruth from shame and embarrassment. Translate **do not humiliate her** as a command not to treat Ruth in any way that would shame her and cause her to stop gathering grain.
 
-[^ ]: **2:23** **in order to glean to the end of the barley harvest and the wheat harvest** (**L**: *to glean until the harvest of barley and the harvest of wheat were finished* | **S**: *She gathered heads of grain until the workers had finished harvesting both the barley and the wheat*) See note on 2:21.
+[^82]: **2:16** **Also pull out for her some ears of grain from the bundles, and leave them for her to gather up** (**L**: *Even be sure to pull some out from the bundles for her and leave it for her to glean* | **S**: *Even more than that, I want you to pull out some stalks of grain from the bundles and leave them on the ground for her to pick up*) Boaz provided for Ruth in a very generous way. Boaz did something beyond what was expected and told his workers to drop some of the grain that was already harvested for Ruth to glean. Boaz was kind to Ruth in a similar way that God is kind to his people. Like Boaz, God is generous and provides abundantly for his people. When God calls us to obey him, God has already prepared things in advance for us. Translate **Also pull out for her some ears of grain from the bundles, and leave them for her to gather up** as a command for Boaz's young men to take some stalks of grain out of the bundles and leave them for Ruth to gather.
 
-3:1 Naomi, her mother-in-law, said to her, "My daughter, should I not seek a place for you to rest,[^ ] so that things may go well for you?[^ ] 2 Now Boaz, the man whose young female workers you have been with, is he not our kinsman?[^ ] Look, he will be winnowing barley tonight at the threshing floor.[^ ] 3 Therefore, wash yourself, anoint yourself,[^ ] put on your best clothes, and go down to the threshing floor. But do not make yourself known to the man until he finishes eating and drinking.[^ ] 4 But when he lies down, take notice of the place where he lies down[^ ] so that later you can go to him, uncover his feet, and lie down there.[^ ] Then he will tell you what to do."[^ ] 5 Ruth said to Naomi, "I will do everything you say."[^ ]
+[^83]: **2:16** **do not rebuke her** (**L**: *do not rebuke her* | **S**: *do not scold her*) Boaz forbade his workers from rebuking Ruth. The word **rebuke** means to criticize or scold someone for doing something that is considered disapproved. Translate **do not rebuke her** as a command not to say disapproving things to Ruth when she gathered grain.
 
-[^ ]: **3:1** **My daughter, should I not seek a place for you to rest** (**L**: *should I not seek a resting place for you* | **S**: *I want to arrange for you to have a secure home*) Naomi wanted Ruth to find relief from her trouble. For **daughter**, see notes on 1:11 and 2:2. In this context, the term **rest** refers to a place where a person has ease and freedom from hardship. This does not mean a place to rest temporarily from being tired. It means a place of permanent comfort and security in a good home with a husband. See also note on 1:9. Naomi used this question to express her desire and plan to help Ruth find rest. More than Naomi, God is able to give his people permanent relief from hardship and a place of full security. Translate **My daughter, should I not seek a place for you to rest** as a question that expresses Naomi's desire to help Ruth find a place where she no longer has to experience the difficult and painful circumstances she was experiencing.
+17 So she gleaned in the field until evening.[^84] Then she beat out the ears of grain that she had gathered,[^85] and the grain was about an ephah of barley.[^86] 18 She lifted it up and went into the city.[^87] Then her mother-in-law saw what she had gathered. Ruth also brought out the roasted grain left from her meal and gave it to her. 19 Her mother-in-law said to her, "Where have you gleaned today? Where did you go to work? May the man who helped you be blessed."[^88] Then Ruth told her mother-in-law about the man who owned the field where she had worked. She said, "The name of the man who owns the field where I worked today is Boaz."[^89] 20 Naomi said to her daughter-in-law, "May he be blessed by Yahweh,[^90] who has not left off his loyalty to the living and to the dead."[^91] Naomi said to her, "That man is near of kin to us, one of our kinsman-redeemers."[^92] 21 Ruth the Moabite woman said, "Indeed, he said to me, 'You should keep close to my young men until they have finished all my harvest.'"[^93] 22 Naomi said to Ruth her daughter-in-law, "It is good, my daughter, that you go out with his young female workers,[^94] so that you do not come to harm in any other field."[^95] 23 So she stayed close to Boaz's female workers[^96] in order to glean to the end of the barley harvest and the wheat harvest.[^97] She lived with her mother-in-law.
 
-[^ ]: **3:1** **so that things may go well for you** (**L**: *that will be good for you* | **S**: *with a good husband*). The reason Naomi wanted Ruth to find a secure place of rest was Naomi wanted good things to happen to Ruth. The phrase **go well** means for good and beneficial things to happen to someone. More than Naomi, God wants to provide for his people and bless them with good things. Translate **so that things may go well for you** to mean that Naomi wanted Ruth to find security in marrying a husband so that she would be taken care of and could live without worry.
+[^84]: **2:17** **she gleaned in the field until evening** (**L**: *she gleaned in the field until the evening* | **S**: *Ruth gathered grain in the field until evening*). Ruth gathered grain until nighttime. See note on 2:7. Again, this shows Ruth was a hard worker. God's people cannot work hard to earn God's grace. Like Boaz, God graciously gives his people good things they do not deserve. When people receive God's good gifts, God wants his people to work hard to follow his ways. Translate **she gleaned in the field until evening** to mean Ruth gathered grain until the end of the day.
 
-[^ ]: **3:2** **is he not our kinsman** (**L**: *is not Boaz our relative* | **S**: *he is a close relative of ours*) Naomi and Ruth knew that Boaz was their relative. Naomi used this question to remind Ruth of something she had already told her (see 2:20), to introduce the reason for what she was about to say. The word **kinsman** refers to a member of a clan or family. It is a different Hebrew word than the term **kin** in 2:20, but they mean similar things. God orders the details of our lives and relationships with others to accomplish his plans and purposes in the world. God is an active God who is involved in the details of our lives. God wants his people to trust him to work in the circumstances of our lives. Translate **is he not our kinsman** as a question that reminds Ruth about a fact they both already know: Boaz is one of their relatives. 
+[^85]: **2:17** **she beat out the ears of grain that she had gathered** (**L**: *she beat out what she had gleaned* | **S**: *she threshed the barley that she had gathered, to separate the kernels from the stalks*) Ruth beat the grain to remove the parts of the grain that people do not eat. Again, this was hard work. Translate **she beat out the ears of grain that she had gathered** to mean Ruth separated the edible part of the grain from the hull and stalk, which are thrown away. 
 
-[^ ]: **3:2** **Look, he will be winnowing barley tonight at the threshing floor** (**L**: *Look, he will be winnowing barley at the threshing floor tonight.* | **S**: *So listen carefully. Tonight he will be at the place where they thresh the barley. He will be separating the grain from the chaff.*) Naomi told Ruth to pay attention to the fact that Boaz would separate grain on the threshing floor. Naomi used the word **Look** to get Ruth's attention so she would focus on the very important information she was about to tell her. The word **winnowing** describes the act of separating grain from the unwanted chaff by tossing both the grain and chaff into the air, allowing the wind to blow the chaff away. The term **threshing floor** refers to a large flat rock or an area of packed-down dirt, giving a hard, level surface to crush the grain stalks and remove the grain. God wants his people to trust God's active work in their lives. God also wants his people to pay attention to how God is ordering their life details so that they can see opportunities to participate in God's work. Translate **Look, he will be winnowing barley tonight at the threshing floor**, as a strong statement for Ruth to pay attention to the important fact that that night Boaz would be tossing barley into the air at the place people separating grain from the chaff.
+[^86]: **2:17** **the grain was about an ephah of barley** (**L**: *it was about an ephah of barley* | **S**: *The barley kernels were enough to fill a large basket*). Ruth collected a lot of barley. An **ephah** is a unit of measurement equal to about 22 liters (over 5 gallons). In this context, Ruth gathered about 22 liters of barley. For Ruth to collect this amount of barely in one day shows that Boaz was very gracious and Ruth was a diligent worker. Translate **the grain was about an ephah of barley** to mean Ruth gathered about 22 liters of barley, enough to fill a large basket.
 
-[^ ]: **3:3** **wash yourself, anoint yourself** (**L**: *wash yourself, and anoint yourself* | **S**: *Bathe yourself and put on some perfume*). Naomi instructed Ruth to bathe and put on perfume. The word **wash** means removing dirt or stains from someone or something using water. The word **anoint** means to rub or pour oil on a person or object. Sometimes the oil was mixed with spices, giving it a sweet, perfumed smell. This is probably a reference to rubbing sweet-smelling oil on oneself as a kind of perfume. Naomi wanted Ruth to look and smell her best when she met Boaz. When we start to learn how God orders the details of our lives, God wants his people to actively participate in his plan. Translate **wash yourself, anoint yourself** as a command for Ruth to bathe herself and put sweet-smelling oil on herself.
+[^87]: **2:18** **She lifted it up and went into the city** (**L**: *she lifted it up and went into the city* | **S**: *She carried it back to town*). Ruth carried the barley back to her home in Bethlehem. It was a heavy basket. Again, this shows Ruth's willingness to work hard. Translate **She lifted it up and went into the city** to mean Ruth carried a basket of barley from the fields where she gleaned back to the town of Bethlehem where she and Naomi lived.
 
-[^ ]: **3:3** **do not make yourself known to the man until he finishes eating and drinking** (**L**: *Do not make yourself known to the man until he has finished eating and drinking* | **S**: *do not let him know that you are there until he is finished eating and drinking*) Naomi instructed Ruth to let Boaz finishing eating and drinking before she let him know that she was there. Naomi wanted Ruth to be quiet so that Boaz would not hear her. Naomi also wanted Ruth to be hidden so that Boaz would not see her. Naomi did not want Ruth to be impatient or act at the wrong time. When God's people participate in God's plans, it requires patience and self-control. Translate **do not make yourself known to the man until he finishes eating and drinking** as an instruction for Ruth not to let Boaz notice that Ruth was there until Boaz finished eating and drinking.
+[^88]: **2:19** **May the man who helped you be blessed** (**L**: *May the one who noticed you be blessed* | **S**: *I pray that God will bless the man who was so kind to you.*) Naomi asked God to cause good things to the person who helped Ruth. Naomi asked God to reward Boaz for his kindness to Ruth and herself. Translate **May the man who helped you be blessed** as a request for God to cause good things to happen to the person who showed kindness to Ruth in allowing her to gather so much grain.
 
-[^ ]: **3:4** Take notice of the place where he lies down** (**L**: *you know the exact place where he is lying* | **S**: *pay attention to where he lies down*) Naomi instructed Ruth to pay attention to the place Boaz lies down to sleep. In this context, the word **take notice** means to come to know something by observation. When God's people participate in God's plans, God's people need to be aware and alert. Translate **take notice of the place where he lies down** as a command for Ruth to observe the specific place where Boaz lies down to sleep.
+[^89]: **2:19** **The name of the man who owns the field where I worked today is Boaz** See note on 2:19.
 
-[^ ]: **3:4** **so that later you can go to him, uncover his feet, and lie down there** (**L**: *go and uncover his feet, and lie down* | **S**: *go over to him, uncover his feet, and lie down there*) Naomi wanted Ruth to know where Boaz was sleeping so she could later on uncover his feet and lie down at that spot. The phrase **uncover his feet** means to remove the cloak or blanket covering his feet (or legs). Perhaps this action by a woman could be interpreted as a marriage proposal. The instruction **lie down** meant Ruth lay down on the ground near Boaz's feet. Naomi did not tell Ruth to do anything sexually immoral. Ruth and Boaz did not have sex. Naomi wanted Ruth to let Boaz know she was available for marriage. God wants his people to live pure lives. This means God's people will act in ways that are decisive but also follow God's commands. Translate **so that later you can go to him, uncover his feet, and lie down there** to mean the reason Naomi wanted Ruth to know the exact place Boaz slept was so she could go to him later that evening, remove the blanket from his feet, and lie down at that spot.
+[^90]: **2:20** **May he be blessed by Yahweh** (**L**: *May he be blessed by Yahweh* | **S**: *May Yahweh bless him*) See note on 2:19.
 
-[^ ]: **3:4** **Then he will tell you what to do** (**L**: *Then he, himself, will tell you what you should do* | **S**: *When he wakes up, he will tell you what to do*) Naomi told Ruth that Boaz would give her instructions after he woke up. The specific custom of that time is unclear, but Naomi appears to believe that Boaz will understand Ruth’s action as a marriage proposal. Boaz will then either accept or reject her offer. This was a risky act. When God's people follow God's commands, it often involves risk. Translate **Then he will tell you what to do** to mean Boaz would tell Ruth what to do when he wakes up.
+[^91]: **2:20** **who has not left off his loyalty to the living and to the dead** (**L**: *who has not forsaken his covenant faithfulness both with the living and with the dead* | **S**: *Yahweh has not stopped acting faithfully toward us who are still living, and to our husbands who have died*) Naomi said that God did not stop being faithful to her and her family. In this context, the phrase **left off** means to forsake or abandon. For the term **loyalty**, see note on 1:8. God's people trust that God will always be faithful and loyal. Translate **who has not left off his loyalty to the living and to the dead** to mean God continued to be loyal and faithful to Naomi and Ruth, who were still living, and to their husbands, who had already died.
 
-[^ ]: **3:5** **I will do everything you say** (**L**: *Everything that you say, I will do* | **S**: *I will do everything that you have told me to do*) Ruth told Naomi that she would follow Naomi's instructions. Ruth is an example of godly obedience. She showed respect to Naomi and did what Naomi instructed her to do. God wants his people to obey his commands. When people obey God's commands, this is a sign of trust and respect. Translate **I will do everything you say** to mean Ruth told Naomi that she would obey all of Naomi's instructions. 
+[^92]: **2:20** **That man is near of kin to us, one of our kinsman-redeemers** (**L**: *That man is closely related to us. He is one of our kinsman-redeemers.* | **S**: *That man is a close relative of Elimelek; in fact, he is one of those responsible for taking care of our family.* ) Naomi told Ruth that Boaz was a relative of the family and one of the people who could be a kinsman-redeemer. In this context, the term **kin** refers to a close relative to the family. A **kinsman-redeemer** was a close male relative responsible for taking care of any widows in the family. If one of his brothers died having had no children, he had the responsibility to marry the widow, if she was still of child-bearing age, to raise a child for his brother. He would also reacquire the land his relatives had lost due to poverty and redeem family members who had sold themselves into slavery. God provided Boaz to help Naomi and Ruth out of their very difficult circumstances. Jesus is the ultimate redeemer who rescues sinful people from the slavery of sin. Translate **That man is near of kin to us, one of our kinsman-redeemers**, to mean Boaz was a close relative responsible for caring for Naomi and Ruth.
 
-6 So she went down to the threshing floor, and she followed the instructions her mother-in-law had given her.[^ ] 7 When Boaz had eaten and drunk and his heart was merry,[^ ] he went to lie down at the end of the pile of grain. Then she came softly, uncovered his feet, and lay down.[^ ] 8 It came about at midnight that the man was startled.[^ ] He turned over, and right there a woman was lying at his feet![^ ] 9 He said, "Who are you?" She answered, "I am Ruth, your female servant.[^ ] Spread your cloak over your female servant,[^ ] for you are a kinsman-redeemer."[^ ] 10 Boaz said, "My daughter, may you be blessed by Yahweh.[^ ] You have showed more kindness in the latter end than at the beginning,[^ ] because you have not gone after any of the young men,[^ ] whether poor or rich. 11 Now, my daughter, do not be afraid![^ ] I will do for you all that you say,[^ ] because all the city of my people knows that you are a worthy woman.[^ ] 12 It is true that I am a kinsman-redeemer, but there is a kinsman-redeemer nearer than I.[^ ] 13 Stay here tonight, and in the morning, if he will redeem you as a kinsman-redeemer, good, let him do it.[^ ] But if he will not do the duty of a kinsman for you, then I will do it, by the life of Yahweh.[^ ] Lie down until the morning."
+[^93]: **2:21** **You should keep close to my young men until they have finished all my harvest** (**L**: *You should keep close by the servants who belong to me until the time when they have finished all of the harvest that belongs to me.* | **S**: *Stay with my workers until they are done bringing in all my grain from the field*) Boaz told Ruth to remain close to Boaz's workers until the harvest was complete. The term **harvest** refers to gathering ripe fruits, vegetables, seeds, or grains from the plants on which they were growing. The harvest time typically happens at the end of a growing season. In biblical times, reapers usually harvested crops by hand, either pulling up the plants or cutting them with a sharp cutting tool. By instructing Ruth to stay close to his workers, Boaz was ensuring Ruth and Naomi of food for an extended period of time. Translate **You should keep close to my young men until they have finished all my harvest** as an instruction for Ruth to gather grain near Boaz's work until the time of gathering crops is complete.
 
-[^ ]: *3:6* **she followed the instructions her mother-in-law had given her** (**L**: *did according to everything that her mother-in-law had instructed her* | **S**: *she did everything that her mother-in-law had told her to do*). Ruth did the things Naomi told her to do. Ruth models a life of faithful, respectful, and humble obedience. God wants his people to follow God's instructions. Translate **she followed the instructions her mother-in-law had given her** to mean Ruth obeyed Naomi and did the things Naomi commanded her to do.
+[^94]: **2:22** **go out with his young female workers**. See note on 2:8.
 
-[^ ]: **3:7** **When Boaz had eaten and drunk and his heart was merry** (**L**: *Boaz ate and drank, and his heart was good* | **S**: *When Boaz finished eating and drinking, he was feeling good*) Boaz was feeling happy after he ate his meal and drank. In this context, **heart** stands for emotions or feelings. Boaz was happy and feeling good. This does not imply that Boaz was drunk. Translate **When Boaz had eaten and drunk and his heart was merry** to mean after the time Boaz ate, drank, and was in a good mood.
+[^95]: **2:22** **so that you do not come to harm in any other field** (**L**: *It is good, my daughter, that you go out with his young female workers* | **S**: *it will be good for you to go to his field with his servant girls*) Naomi did not want Ruth to be harmed. She told her to remain with Boaz's young women. The word **harm** means to cause physical injury to another person. Like Boaz provided protection for Ruth, God provides protection for his people. Translate **so that you do not come to harm in any other field** to mean the reason Naomi wanted Ruth to stay close to Boaz's young women was to prevent her from being harmed.
 
-[^ ]: **3:7** **Then she came softly, uncovered his feet, and lay down** (**L**: *she came secretly, and uncovered his feet, and lay down* | **S**: *Then Ruth stealthily approached him. She took the covering off his feet and lay down there.*) Ruth quietly came to the place Boaz separated the grain. Then, she removed Boaz's blanket and lay down near his feet as Naomi instructed. In this context, the word **softly** means Ruth came in secrete so that Boaz could not see or hear her. For **uncovered his feet**, see note on 3:4. As Ruth followed Naomi's specific instructions, God wants his people to learn the details of God's commands and to follow what God specifically instructs. Translate **Then she came softly, uncovered his feet, and lay down** to mean at that time, Ruth quietly came to where Boaz was sleeping, removed the blanket/covering from his feet, and lay down at his feet. 
+[^96]: **2:23** **she stayed close to Boaz's female workers**. See note on 2:8.
 
-[^ ]: **3:8** **It came about at midnight that the man was startled** (**L**: *it happened in the middle of the night that the man was startled* | **S**: *In the middle of the night, he woke up suddenly*). At midnight, Boaz suddenly woke up from his sleep. The phrase **It came about** describes a new event that takes place. The word **startled** describes when a person is shocked or surprised by something they did not expect. It is not clear what startled Boaz. Perhaps he suddenly felt the cold air on his feet or legs. Translate **It came about at midnight that the man was startled** to mean Boaz suddenly woke from his sleep at midnight.
+[^97]: **2:23** **in order to glean to the end of the barley harvest and the wheat harvest** (**L**: *to glean until the harvest of barley and the harvest of wheat were finished* | **S**: *She gathered heads of grain until the workers had finished harvesting both the barley and the wheat*) See note on 2:21.
 
-[^ ]: **3:8** **right there a woman was lying at his feet!** (**L**: *behold, a woman was lying at his feet!* | **S**: *he realized that a woman was lying at his feet*) Boaz did not expect a woman to be lying at this feet. This was a surprise. At this point, it appears that Boaz did not recognize that the woman was Ruth. When we follow God's commands, we should prepare for unexpected things that God has arranged to happen. Translate **right there a woman was lying at his feet!** as a strong statement that expresses surprise that a woman was lying at Boaz's feet.
+3:1 Naomi, her mother-in-law, said to her, "My daughter, should I not seek a place for you to rest,[^98] so that things may go well for you?[^99] 2 Now Boaz, the man whose young female workers you have been with, is he not our kinsman?[^100] Look, he will be winnowing barley tonight at the threshing floor.[^101] 3 Therefore, wash yourself, anoint yourself,[^102] put on your best clothes, and go down to the threshing floor. But do not make yourself known to the man until he finishes eating and drinking.[^103] 4 But when he lies down, take notice of the place where he lies down[^104] so that later you can go to him, uncover his feet, and lie down there.[^105] Then he will tell you what to do."[^106] 5 Ruth said to Naomi, "I will do everything you say."[^107]
 
-[^ ]: **3:9** **I am Ruth, your female servant** (**L**: *I am Ruth, your female servant* | **S**: *I am your servant, Ruth*) Ruth told Boaz her name and that she was his servant. The word **female servant** describes a female who performs duties and responsibilities for someone who has responsibility and authority over her. Ruth was not one of Boaz’s servants, but she referred to herself as Boaz’s servant as a polite way to express respect to Boaz. This term for female servant differs from the term in 2:13. Ruth's humble and respectful attitude is a model for believers to follow. God's people are God's servants, called to faithfully live in a way that pleases God. Translate **I am Ruth, your female servant** to mean Ruth told Boaz her name and showed him respect by calling her Boaz's servant.
+[^98]: **3:1** **My daughter, should I not seek a place for you to rest** (**L**: *should I not seek a resting place for you* | **S**: *I want to arrange for you to have a secure home*) Naomi wanted Ruth to find relief from her trouble. For **daughter**, see notes on 1:11 and 2:2. In this context, the term **rest** refers to a place where a person has ease and freedom from hardship. This does not mean a place to rest temporarily from being tired. It means a place of permanent comfort and security in a good home with a husband. See also note on 1:9. Naomi used this question to express her desire and plan to help Ruth find rest. More than Naomi, God is able to give his people permanent relief from hardship and a place of full security. Translate **My daughter, should I not seek a place for you to rest** as a question that expresses Naomi's desire to help Ruth find a place where she no longer has to experience the difficult and painful circumstances she was experiencing.
 
-[^ ]: **3:9** **Spread your cloak over your female servant** (**L**: *you can spread the edge of your cloak over your female servant* | **S**: *please make me secure by marrying me*) Ruth asked Boaz to marry her. The phrase **Spread your cloak** was a way of describing marriage. The security of marriage is compared to a man covering a woman with a cloak for protection and intimacy. Even more than Boaz, God provides protection and safety for his people. Translate **Spread your cloak over your female servant** as a polite request for Boaz to marry Ruth as a man would cover a woman with a cloak to keep her safe and share a life together as husband and wife.
+[^99]: **3:1** **so that things may go well for you** (**L**: *that will be good for you* | **S**: *with a good husband*). The reason Naomi wanted Ruth to find a secure place of rest was Naomi wanted good things to happen to Ruth. The phrase **go well** means for good and beneficial things to happen to someone. More than Naomi, God wants to provide for his people and bless them with good things. Translate **so that things may go well for you** to mean that Naomi wanted Ruth to find security in marrying a husband so that she would be taken care of and could live without worry.
 
-[^ ]: **3:9** **for you are a kinsman-redeemer**, see note on 2:20.
+[^100]: **3:2** **is he not our kinsman** (**L**: *is not Boaz our relative* | **S**: *he is a close relative of ours*) Naomi and Ruth knew that Boaz was their relative. Naomi used this question to remind Ruth of something she had already told her (see 2:20), to introduce the reason for what she was about to say. The word **kinsman** refers to a member of a clan or family. It is a different Hebrew word than the term **kin** in 2:20, but they mean similar things. God orders the details of our lives and relationships with others to accomplish his plans and purposes in the world. God is an active God who is involved in the details of our lives. God wants his people to trust him to work in the circumstances of our lives. Translate **is he not our kinsman** as a question that reminds Ruth about a fact they both already know: Boaz is one of their relatives. 
 
-[^ ]: **3:10** **My daughter, may you be blessed by Yahweh**. For **daughter**, see note on 2:8. For **may you be blessed by Yahweh**, see note on 2:20.
+[^101]: **3:2** **Look, he will be winnowing barley tonight at the threshing floor** (**L**: *Look, he will be winnowing barley at the threshing floor tonight.* | **S**: *So listen carefully. Tonight he will be at the place where they thresh the barley. He will be separating the grain from the chaff.*) Naomi told Ruth to pay attention to the fact that Boaz would separate grain on the threshing floor. Naomi used the word **Look** to get Ruth's attention so she would focus on the very important information she was about to tell her. The word **winnowing** describes the act of separating grain from the unwanted chaff by tossing both the grain and chaff into the air, allowing the wind to blow the chaff away. The term **threshing floor** refers to a large flat rock or an area of packed-down dirt, giving a hard, level surface to crush the grain stalks and remove the grain. God wants his people to trust God's active work in their lives. God also wants his people to pay attention to how God is ordering their life details so that they can see opportunities to participate in God's work. Translate **Look, he will be winnowing barley tonight at the threshing floor**, as a strong statement for Ruth to pay attention to the important fact that that night Boaz would be tossing barley into the air at the place people separating grain from the chaff.
 
-[^ ]: **3:10** **You have showed more kindness in the latter end than at the beginning** (**L**: *You have made your covenant faithfulness better at the end than at the beginning* | **S**: *Previously, you were very faithful to your mother-in-law, but you are acting even more faithfully now*) Boaz told Ruth that she acted with great faithfulness and loyalty by asking to marry Boaz. For **kindness**, see note on 1:8. This refers to Ruth asking Boaz to marry her. Boaz sees this as Ruth showing unselfish kindness and family loyalty to Naomi. By marrying Naomi’s relative, Ruth would also provide for Naomi, honor Naomi’s son, and continue Naomi’s family line. God wants his people to grow and increase in their loyalty and commitment to him. Translate **You have showed more kindness in the latter end than at the beginning** to mean Ruth was demonstrating even more loving kindness in asking to marry Boaz than Ruth did for Naomi.
+[^102]: **3:3** **wash yourself, anoint yourself** (**L**: *wash yourself, and anoint yourself* | **S**: *Bathe yourself and put on some perfume*). Naomi instructed Ruth to bathe and put on perfume. The word **wash** means removing dirt or stains from someone or something using water. The word **anoint** means to rub or pour oil on a person or object. Sometimes the oil was mixed with spices, giving it a sweet, perfumed smell. This is probably a reference to rubbing sweet-smelling oil on oneself as a kind of perfume. Naomi wanted Ruth to look and smell her best when she met Boaz. When we start to learn how God orders the details of our lives, God wants his people to actively participate in his plan. Translate **wash yourself, anoint yourself** as a command for Ruth to bathe herself and put sweet-smelling oil on herself.
 
-[^ ]: **3:10** **because you have not gone after any of the young men** (**L**: *by not going after the young men* | **S**: *by not chasing after a young man to marry*). Boaz said Ruth's loyalty was very great because she chose to marry Boaz rather than go after a young husband. In this context, the phrase **gone after** describes the action of looking for a husband to marry. If Ruth had married a younger husband who was not a kinsman-redeemer, it would not have provided the care and security for Naomi. Ruth could have ignored Naomi’s need and looked for a young and handsome husband for herself outside of Naomi’s relatives, but she did not. Ruth models selfless and sacrificial behavior. God wants his people to act selflessly to care for the needs of others around us. Translate **because you have not gone after any of the young men** to mean that Boaz thought Ruth's kindness was great because she decided to marry Boaz and not look for a younger husband.
+[^103]: **3:3** **do not make yourself known to the man until he finishes eating and drinking** (**L**: *Do not make yourself known to the man until he has finished eating and drinking* | **S**: *do not let him know that you are there until he is finished eating and drinking*) Naomi instructed Ruth to let Boaz finishing eating and drinking before she let him know that she was there. Naomi wanted Ruth to be quiet so that Boaz would not hear her. Naomi also wanted Ruth to be hidden so that Boaz would not see her. Naomi did not want Ruth to be impatient or act at the wrong time. When God's people participate in God's plans, it requires patience and self-control. Translate **do not make yourself known to the man until he finishes eating and drinking** as an instruction for Ruth not to let Boaz notice that Ruth was there until Boaz finished eating and drinking.
 
-[^ ]: **3:11** **do not be afraid** (**L**: *do not be afraid* | **S**: *Do not be afraid*) Boaz instructed Ruth not to feel fear. God does not want his people to feel fear. When God's people obey God's commands, they can enjoy peace and security. Translate **do not be afraid!** as an encouraging command not to fear.
+[^104]: **3:4** Take notice of the place where he lies down** (**L**: *you know the exact place where he is lying* | **S**: *pay attention to where he lies down*) Naomi instructed Ruth to pay attention to the place Boaz lies down to sleep. In this context, the word **take notice** means to come to know something by observation. When God's people participate in God's plans, God's people need to be aware and alert. Translate **take notice of the place where he lies down** as a command for Ruth to observe the specific place where Boaz lies down to sleep.
 
-[^ ]: **3:11** **I will do for you all that you say** (**L**: *Everything that you say, I will do for you* | **S**: *I will do everything that you asked*) Boaz told Ruth that he would do the things she asked him to do. This means Boaz agreed to marry Ruth. Earlier, Ruth told Naomi she would do what she told her to do. Here, Boaz says he will do the things Ruth asked her. God rewarded the humility, loyalty, and obedience of Ruth. God blesses and rewards the humble obedience of his people. Translate **I will do for you all that you say** to mean Boaz would marry Ruth and provide her with the security of a home as Ruth as him to do.
+[^105]: **3:4** **so that later you can go to him, uncover his feet, and lie down there** (**L**: *go and uncover his feet, and lie down* | **S**: *go over to him, uncover his feet, and lie down there*) Naomi wanted Ruth to know where Boaz was sleeping so she could later on uncover his feet and lie down at that spot. The phrase **uncover his feet** means to remove the cloak or blanket covering his feet (or legs). Perhaps this action by a woman could be interpreted as a marriage proposal. The instruction **lie down** meant Ruth lay down on the ground near Boaz's feet. Naomi did not tell Ruth to do anything sexually immoral. Ruth and Boaz did not have sex. Naomi wanted Ruth to let Boaz know she was available for marriage. God wants his people to live pure lives. This means God's people will act in ways that are decisive but also follow God's commands. Translate **so that later you can go to him, uncover his feet, and lie down there** to mean the reason Naomi wanted Ruth to know the exact place Boaz slept was so she could go to him later that evening, remove the blanket from his feet, and lie down at that spot.
 
-[^ ]: **3:11** **because all the city of my people knows that you are a worthy woman** (**L**: *for the whole gate of my people knows that you are a woman of worth* | **S**: *because all the people in this town know that you are an honorable woman*) The reason Boaz agreed to marry Ruth was Ruth was an honorable woman. The term **worthy** describes a person of good character. In Hebrew, the phrase **all the city of my people** is literally **the whole gate of my people**. The gate was an area of the city where people gathered to do business, and the leaders met there to make decisions. It was also a place where people entered and left the city. This phrase means either means 1) all the important people of the city knew that Ruth was an honorable woman of good character or 2) many people in the city knew that Ruth was an honorable woman of good character. God wants his people to become godly and honorable. When this happens, the good reputation of God's people can influence the world. Translate **because all the city of my people knows that you are a worthy woman** to mean the reason Boaz chose to marry Ruth was the people who lived in the city of Bethlehem knew Ruth was an honorable woman of good character.
+[^106]: **3:4** **Then he will tell you what to do** (**L**: *Then he, himself, will tell you what you should do* | **S**: *When he wakes up, he will tell you what to do*) Naomi told Ruth that Boaz would give her instructions after he woke up. The specific custom of that time is unclear, but Naomi appears to believe that Boaz will understand Ruth’s action as a marriage proposal. Boaz will then either accept or reject her offer. This was a risky act. When God's people follow God's commands, it often involves risk. Translate **Then he will tell you what to do** to mean Boaz would tell Ruth what to do when he wakes up.
 
-[^ ]: **3:12** **It is true that I am a kinsman-redeemer, but there is a kinsman-redeemer nearer than I** (**L**: *it is indeed true that I am a kinsman-redeemer, but there is a kinsman-redeemer even nearer than I* | **S**: *while I am one of Naomi’s close relatives and, therefore, responsible for you both, there is another man who is more responsible for you than I am because he is more closely related to Naomi*) Although Boaz was a kinsman-redeemer, there was another relative who also was a kinsman-redeemer. This other kinsman-redeemer had the right to marry Ruth first. For **kinsman-redeemer**, see note on 2:20. Boaz honored the role of the other kinsman-redeemer. Boaz did not try to do things his own way and refused the rights of another relative. God's people should be concerned about the rights of others. Translate **It is true that I am a kinsman-redeemer, but there is a kinsman-redeemer nearer than I** to mean Boaz was a legitimate kinsman-redeemer, but there was another kinsman-redeemer who had the right and responsibility to marry Ruth before Boaz.
+[^107]: **3:5** **I will do everything you say** (**L**: *Everything that you say, I will do* | **S**: *I will do everything that you have told me to do*) Ruth told Naomi that she would follow Naomi's instructions. Ruth is an example of godly obedience. She showed respect to Naomi and did what Naomi instructed her to do. God wants his people to obey his commands. When people obey God's commands, this is a sign of trust and respect. Translate **I will do everything you say** to mean Ruth told Naomi that she would obey all of Naomi's instructions. 
 
-[^ ]: **3:13** **if he will redeem you as a kinsman-redeemer, good, let him do it** (**L**: *if he will redeem you, good, let him redeem you* | **S**: *If he says that he will take care of you, fine, he can marry you*) Boaz In this context, **redeem** here means to marry according to our custom concerning widows. Boaz is referring to the expectation that the closest male relative of Ruth’s dead husband would marry her and raise a son to carry on the dead man’s family name. Boaz was more concerned about Ruth and her well-being than his own self. Boaz also trusted the circumstances to God. God's people remain faithful to God and obey his commands no matter what happens in life. Translate **if he will redeem you as a kinsman-redeemer, good, let him do it** to mean Boaz would allow the other kinsman-redeemer to redeem Ruth if he decided to. 
+6 So she went down to the threshing floor, and she followed the instructions her mother-in-law had given her.[^108] 7 When Boaz had eaten and drunk and his heart was merry,[^109] he went to lie down at the end of the pile of grain. Then she came softly, uncovered his feet, and lay down.[^110] 8 It came about at midnight that the man was startled.[^111] He turned over, and right there a woman was lying at his feet![^112] 9 He said, "Who are you?" She answered, "I am Ruth, your female servant.[^113] Spread your cloak over your female servant,[^114] for you are a kinsman-redeemer."[^115] 10 Boaz said, "My daughter, may you be blessed by Yahweh.[^116] You have showed more kindness in the latter end than at the beginning,[^117] because you have not gone after any of the young men,[^118] whether poor or rich. 11 Now, my daughter, do not be afraid![^119] I will do for you all that you say,[^120] because all the city of my people knows that you are a worthy woman.[^121] 12 It is true that I am a kinsman-redeemer, but there is a kinsman-redeemer nearer than I.[^122] 13 Stay here tonight, and in the morning, if he will redeem you as a kinsman-redeemer, good, let him do it.[^123] But if he will not do the duty of a kinsman for you, then I will do it,[^124] by the life of Yahweh.[^125] Lie down until the morning."
 
-[^ ]: **3:13** **if he will not do the duty of a kinsman for you, then I will do it** (**L**: *if he does not want to redeem you, then I will redeem you myself.* | **S**: *if he is not willing to take care of you, I solemnly promise that, as surely as Yahweh lives, I will marry you and take care of you myself*) Boaz said he would marry Ruth if the other kinsman-redeemer did not marry her. Boaz was willing to take responsibility for Ruth. Translate **if he will not do the duty of a kinsman for you, then I will do it** to mean Boaz promised he would certainly marry Ruth if the other kinsman-redeemer did not marry her.
+[^108]: *3:6* **she followed the instructions her mother-in-law had given her** (**L**: *did according to everything that her mother-in-law had instructed her* | **S**: *she did everything that her mother-in-law had told her to do*). Ruth did the things Naomi told her to do. Ruth models a life of faithful, respectful, and humble obedience. God wants his people to follow God's instructions. Translate **she followed the instructions her mother-in-law had given her** to mean Ruth obeyed Naomi and did the things Naomi commanded her to do.
 
-[^ ]: **3:13** **by the life of Yahweh** (**L**: *as Yahweh lives.* | **S**: *I solemnly promise that, as surely as Yahweh lives*). Boaz's commitment to marrying Ruth was a vow. The phrase **by the life of Yahweh** was a common Hebrew vow that obligated the speaker to perform what he said. Boaz would be punished if he did not fulfill this vow. Boaz was showing extreme commitment to Ruth and God. God wants his people to be fully committed to him. God's people should be careful about making vows and oaths. When we make an oath, we are obligated to do what we promised. Translate **by the life of Yahweh** to mean Boaz vowed to marry Ruth, and God would punish him if he did not do what he promised. 
+[^109]: **3:7** **When Boaz had eaten and drunk and his heart was merry** (**L**: *Boaz ate and drank, and his heart was good* | **S**: *When Boaz finished eating and drinking, he was feeling good*) Boaz was feeling happy after he ate his meal and drank. In this context, **heart** stands for emotions or feelings. Boaz was happy and feeling good. This does not imply that Boaz was drunk. Translate **When Boaz had eaten and drunk and his heart was merry** to mean after the time Boaz ate, drank, and was in a good mood.
 
-14 So she lay at his feet until the morning.[^ ] But she rose up before anyone could recognize another person.[^ ] For Boaz had said, "Let it not be known that the woman came to the threshing floor." 15 Then Boaz said, "Bring your shawl and hold it out."[^ ] When she did so, he measured six large measures of barley into it[^ ] and put the load on her. Then he went into the city. 16 When Ruth came to her mother-in-law, she said, "How did you do, my daughter?" Then Ruth told her all that the man had done for her.[^ ] 17 She said, "These six measures of barley are what he gave me,[^ ] for he said, 'Do not go empty to your mother-in-law.'"[^ ] 18 Then Naomi said, "Stay here, my daughter, until you know how the matter will turn out,[^ ] for the man will not rest until he has finished this thing today."[^ ]
+[^110]: **3:7** **Then she came softly, uncovered his feet, and lay down** (**L**: *she came secretly, and uncovered his feet, and lay down* | **S**: *Then Ruth stealthily approached him. She took the covering off his feet and lay down there.*) Ruth quietly came to the place Boaz separated the grain. Then, she removed Boaz's blanket and lay down near his feet as Naomi instructed. In this context, the word **softly** means Ruth came in secrete so that Boaz could not see or hear her. For **uncovered his feet**, see note on 3:4. As Ruth followed Naomi's specific instructions, God wants his people to learn the details of God's commands and to follow what God specifically instructs. Translate **Then she came softly, uncovered his feet, and lay down** to mean at that time, Ruth quietly came to where Boaz was sleeping, removed the blanket/covering from his feet, and lay down at his feet. 
 
-[^ ]: **3:14** **she lay at his feet until the morning** See note on 3:4. Ruth obeyed Boaz's instructions in 3:13. 
+[^111]: **3:8** **It came about at midnight that the man was startled** (**L**: *it happened in the middle of the night that the man was startled* | **S**: *In the middle of the night, he woke up suddenly*). At midnight, Boaz suddenly woke up from his sleep. The phrase **It came about** describes a new event that takes place. The word **startled** describes when a person is shocked or surprised by something they did not expect. It is not clear what startled Boaz. Perhaps he suddenly felt the cold air on his feet or legs. Translate **It came about at midnight that the man was startled** to mean Boaz suddenly woke from his sleep at midnight.
 
-[^ ]: **3:14** **she rose up before anyone could recognize another person** (**L**: *she got up before a man could recognize his friend* | **S**: *So she lay at his feet until early morning and got up to leave before it was light enough that people would be able to recognize her*) Ruth left Boaz early in the morning while it was still dark outside. The phrase **before anyone could recognize another person** describes a time when it was dark, and people could not easily see who another person was. Translate **she rose up before anyone could recognize another person** to mean Ruth got up and left Boaz while it was still dark and other people were not yet awake. 
+[^112]: **3:8** **right there a woman was lying at his feet!** (**L**: *behold, a woman was lying at his feet!* | **S**: *he realized that a woman was lying at his feet*) Boaz did not expect a woman to be lying at this feet. This was a surprise. At this point, it appears that Boaz did not recognize that the woman was Ruth. When we follow God's commands, we should prepare for unexpected things that God has arranged to happen. Translate **right there a woman was lying at his feet!** as a strong statement that expresses surprise that a woman was lying at Boaz's feet.
 
-[^ ]: **3:15** **Bring your shawl and hold it out** (**L**: *Bring the cloak that is on you, and hold it* | **S**: *Bring your cloak over here and hold it out*) Boaz instructed Ruth to open her shawl so he could fill it with barley. The word **shawl** means a cloak or thick piece of cloth worn over the shoulders for warmth. Translate **Bring your shawl and hold it out** as a command for Ruth to get her cloak and open it so that someone can put something in it.
+[^113]: **3:9** **I am Ruth, your female servant** (**L**: *I am Ruth, your female servant* | **S**: *I am your servant, Ruth*) Ruth told Boaz her name and that she was his servant. The word **female servant** describes a female who performs duties and responsibilities for someone who has responsibility and authority over her. Ruth was not one of Boaz’s servants, but she referred to herself as Boaz’s servant as a polite way to express respect to Boaz. This term for female servant differs from the term in 2:13. Ruth's humble and respectful attitude is a model for believers to follow. God's people are God's servants, called to faithfully live in a way that pleases God. Translate **I am Ruth, your female servant** to mean Ruth told Boaz her name and showed him respect by calling her Boaz's servant.
 
-[^ ]: **3:15** **he measured six large measures of barley into it** (**L**: *he measured six measures of barley* | **S**: *he poured a generous amount of barley into it*). Boaz filled Ruth's shawl with a large quantity of barley. The actual amount is not stated. It was enough to be considered generous, yet small enough for Ruth to carry alone. Most scholars think it was around 25 to 30 kilograms. One reason Boaz offered this generous gift to Ruth was to give Naomi a sign of his intent to marry her (see 3:17). Translate **he measured six large measures of barley into it** to mean Boaz put a large quantity of six portions of barley into Ruth's shawl for her to bring back home with her.
+[^114]: **3:9** **Spread your cloak over your female servant** (**L**: *you can spread the edge of your cloak over your female servant* | **S**: *please make me secure by marrying me*) Ruth asked Boaz to marry her. The phrase **Spread your cloak** was a way of describing marriage. The security of marriage is compared to a man covering a woman with a cloak for protection and intimacy. Even more than Boaz, God provides protection and safety for his people. Translate **Spread your cloak over your female servant** as a polite request for Boaz to marry Ruth as a man would cover a woman with a cloak to keep her safe and share a life together as husband and wife.
 
-[^ ]: **3:16** **Then Ruth told her all that the man had done for her** (**L**: *she told her everything that the man had done for her* | **S**: *Ruth told her everything that Boaz had said and done for her*) Ruth reported to Naomi all of the kind things Boaz did for her. When God provides for his people, it is important for God's people to tell others about the good things God has done. Translate **Then Ruth told her all that the man had done for her** to mean Ruth told Naomi all that Boaz had done for Ruth during the time at the threshing floor.
+[^115]: **3:9** **for you are a kinsman-redeemer**, see note on 2:20.
 
-[^ ]: **3:17** **These six measures of barley are what he gave me**, see note on 3:15.
+[^116]: **3:10** **My daughter, may you be blessed by Yahweh**. For **daughter**, see note on 2:8. For **may you be blessed by Yahweh**, see note on 2:20.
 
-[^ ]: **3:17** **Do not go empty to your mother-in-law** (**L**: *You must not go empty to your mother-in-law* | **S**: *I do not want you to return to your mother-in-law with nothing*) Boaz wanted Ruth to return to Naomi with a gift. He did not want her to return empty. In this context, the term **empty** means to have nothing gift in one's hands. Earlier, Naomi grieved that she returned to Bethlehem empty, having lost her husband and sons (see 1:21). Now, God was using Boaz to provide her with a gift that would remove her emptiness. The gift also represented Boaz's intent to marry Ruth, which would cause Naomi to no longer feel loss and emptiness. Translate **Do not go empty to your mother-in-law** as an instruction for Ruth to return to Naomi with the gift of barley so that Ruth would not have anything when she returned home.
+[^117]: **3:10** **You have showed more kindness in the latter end than at the beginning** (**L**: *You have made your covenant faithfulness better at the end than at the beginning* | **S**: *Previously, you were very faithful to your mother-in-law, but you are acting even more faithfully now*) Boaz told Ruth that she acted with great faithfulness and loyalty by asking to marry Boaz. For **kindness**, see note on 1:8. This refers to Ruth asking Boaz to marry her. Boaz sees this as Ruth showing unselfish kindness and family loyalty to Naomi. By marrying Naomi’s relative, Ruth would also provide for Naomi, honor Naomi’s son, and continue Naomi’s family line. God wants his people to grow and increase in their loyalty and commitment to him. Translate **You have showed more kindness in the latter end than at the beginning** to mean Ruth was demonstrating even more loving kindness in asking to marry Boaz than Ruth did for Naomi.
 
-[^ ]: **3:18** **until you know how the matter will turn out** (**L**: *until the time when you know how the matter falls* | **S**: *just wait here until we see what happens*) Naomi wanted Ruth to remain where she was until she heard how the situation with Boaz and the other kinsman-redeemer turned out. Again, Ruth has to practice patience while she waits for the issue of her marriage to be resolved. Translate **until you know how the matter will turn out** to mean Naomi wanted Ruth to remain there until she learned what would happen when Boaz spoke with the other kinsman-redeemer.
+[^118]: **3:10** **because you have not gone after any of the young men** (**L**: *by not going after the young men* | **S**: *by not chasing after a young man to marry*). Boaz said Ruth's loyalty was very great because she chose to marry Boaz rather than go after a young husband. In this context, the phrase **gone after** describes the action of looking for a husband to marry. If Ruth had married a younger husband who was not a kinsman-redeemer, it would not have provided the care and security for Naomi. Ruth could have ignored Naomi’s need and looked for a young and handsome husband for herself outside of Naomi’s relatives, but she did not. Ruth models selfless and sacrificial behavior. God wants his people to act selflessly to care for the needs of others around us. Translate **because you have not gone after any of the young men** to mean that Boaz thought Ruth's kindness was great because she decided to marry Boaz and not look for a younger husband.
 
-[^ ]: **3:18** **for the man will not rest until he has finished this thing today** (**L**: *For the man will not rest unless he has finished this matter today* | **S**: *That man will certainly take care of this today*) Naomi was confident Boaz would complete the issue that very day. In this context, the phrase **this thing** refers to the decision about who will buy Naomi’s property and marry Ruth.  Translate **for the man will not rest until he has finished this thing today** to mean Boaz would do everything he could so that on that very day, he would finalize the issue related to who would marry Ruth.
+[^119]: **3:11** **do not be afraid** (**L**: *do not be afraid* | **S**: *Do not be afraid*) Boaz instructed Ruth not to feel fear. God does not want his people to feel fear. When God's people obey God's commands, they can enjoy peace and security. Translate **do not be afraid!** as an encouraging command not to fear.
 
-4:1 Now Boaz went up to the gate[^ ] and sat down there. Soon, the kinsman-redeemer of whom Boaz had spoken came by. Boaz said to him, "My friend, come over and sit down here." The man came over and sat down. 2 Then Boaz took ten men of the elders of the city and said, "Sit down here." So they sat down. 3 Boaz said to the kinsman-redeemer, "Naomi, who has returned from the country of Moab, is selling the parcel of land that was our brother Elimelek's.[^ ] 4 I thought to inform you and say to you, 'Buy it in the presence of those who are sitting here, and in the presence of the elders of my people.'[^ ] If you wish to redeem it, redeem it.[^ ] But if you do not wish to redeem it, then tell me,[^ ] so that I may know, for there is no one to redeem it besides you,[^ ] and I am after you."[^ ] Then the other man said, "I will redeem it."[^ ] 5 Then Boaz said, "On the day that you buy the field from the hand of Naomi,[^ ] you must also take Ruth the Moabite woman, the widow of a dead man,[^ ] in order to raise up the name of the dead on his inheritance."[^ ] 6 Then the kinsman-redeemer said, "I cannot redeem it for myself without damaging my own inheritance.[^ ] You take my right of redemption for yourself,[^ ] for I cannot redeem it."
+[^120]: **3:11** **I will do for you all that you say** (**L**: *Everything that you say, I will do for you* | **S**: *I will do everything that you asked*) Boaz told Ruth that he would do the things she asked him to do. This means Boaz agreed to marry Ruth. Earlier, Ruth told Naomi she would do what she told her to do. Here, Boaz says he will do the things Ruth asked her. God rewarded the humility, loyalty, and obedience of Ruth. God blesses and rewards the humble obedience of his people. Translate **I will do for you all that you say** to mean Boaz would marry Ruth and provide her with the security of a home as Ruth as him to do.
 
-[^ ]: **4:1** **Boaz went up to the gate** (**L**: *to the gate* | **S**: *to the place inside the town gate where people conducted their official business*). Boaz went to the gate of the city of Bethlehem. The **gate** was the main entrance to the walled town of Bethlehem. Inside the gate was an open area used as a meeting place to discuss important community matters. It was also a place to see many people who lived in the city. Boaz went to a place in the city to find the other kinsman-redeemer and to officially settle who would marry Ruth. Boaz's work of redeeming Ruth teaches us about God's redemption/salvation of his people. When God redeems his people, he does it publicly so the world can see. Translate **Boaz went up to the gate** to mean Boaz went to the gate of the city of Bethlehem. 
+[^121]: **3:11** **because all the city of my people knows that you are a worthy woman** (**L**: *for the whole gate of my people knows that you are a woman of worth* | **S**: *because all the people in this town know that you are an honorable woman*) The reason Boaz agreed to marry Ruth was Ruth was an honorable woman. The term **worthy** describes a person of good character. In Hebrew, the phrase **all the city of my people** is literally **the whole gate of my people**. The gate was an area of the city where people gathered to do business, and the leaders met there to make decisions. It was also a place where people entered and left the city. This phrase means either means 1) all the important people of the city knew that Ruth was an honorable woman of good character or 2) many people in the city knew that Ruth was an honorable woman of good character. God wants his people to become godly and honorable. When this happens, the good reputation of God's people can influence the world. Translate **because all the city of my people knows that you are a worthy woman** to mean the reason Boaz chose to marry Ruth was the people who lived in the city of Bethlehem knew Ruth was an honorable woman of good character.
 
-[^ ]: **4:3** **is selling the parcel of land that was our brother Elimelek's** (**L**: *is selling the portion of the field that belonged to our brother Elimelek* | **S**: *The field that belonged to our relative Elimelek is for sale and Naomi is selling it*) Boaz told the other kinsman-redeemer that Naomi was selling land. It was the responsibility of the nearest kinsman to Elimelek to buy back the land that had belonged to Elimelek and to care for Elimelek’s family. When God redeems his people, he takes responsibility to save and help people who cannot save and help themselves. Translate **is selling the parcel of land that was our brother Elimelek's** to mean Naomi was selling land that belonged to her husband Elimelek.
+[^122]: **3:12** **It is true that I am a kinsman-redeemer, but there is a kinsman-redeemer nearer than I** (**L**: *it is indeed true that I am a kinsman-redeemer, but there is a kinsman-redeemer even nearer than I* | **S**: *while I am one of Naomi’s close relatives and, therefore, responsible for you both, there is another man who is more responsible for you than I am because he is more closely related to Naomi*) Although Boaz was a kinsman-redeemer, there was another relative who also was a kinsman-redeemer. This other kinsman-redeemer had the right to marry Ruth first. For **kinsman-redeemer**, see note on 2:20. Boaz honored the role of the other kinsman-redeemer. Boaz did not try to do things his own way and refused the rights of another relative. God's people should be concerned about the rights of others. Translate **It is true that I am a kinsman-redeemer, but there is a kinsman-redeemer nearer than I** to mean Boaz was a legitimate kinsman-redeemer, but there was another kinsman-redeemer who had the right and responsibility to marry Ruth before Boaz.
 
-[^ ]: **4:4** **Buy it in the presence of those who are sitting here, in the presence of the elders of my people** (**L**: *Buy it, in the presence of those who are sitting here and in the presence of the elders of my people* | **S**: *take possession of it here in front of these respected men who have agreed to be witnesses*) Boaz told the other kinsman-redeemer to The phrase **in the presence of** means the men and elders watching the transaction would be witnesses and would make the transaction legal and binding. When God redeems his people, he makes it official and real. Translate **Buy it in the presence of those who are sitting here, in the presence of the elders of my people** as a command for the other kinsman-redeemer to fulfill his kinsman duty to purchase Elimelek's property and to let the men and elders watching be witnesses that the transaction would be official.
+[^123]: **3:13** **if he will redeem you as a kinsman-redeemer, good, let him do it** (**L**: *if he will redeem you, good, let him redeem you* | **S**: *If he says that he will take care of you, fine, he can marry you*) Boaz In this context, **redeem** here means to marry according to our custom concerning widows. Boaz is referring to the expectation that the closest male relative of Ruth’s dead husband would marry her and raise a son to carry on the dead man’s family name. Boaz was more concerned about Ruth and her well-being than his own self. Boaz also trusted the circumstances to God. God's people remain faithful to God and obey his commands no matter what happens in life. Translate **if he will redeem you as a kinsman-redeemer, good, let him do it** to mean Boaz would allow the other kinsman-redeemer to redeem Ruth if he decided to. 
 
-[^ ]: **4:4** **If you wish to redeem it, redeem it** (**L**: *If you will redeem it, redeem it* | **S**: *If you wish to buy it back into the family, then do so*) See note on 3:13.
+[^124]: **3:13** **if he will not do the duty of a kinsman for you, then I will do it** (**L**: *if he does not want to redeem you, then I will redeem you myself.* | **S**: *if he is not willing to take care of you, I solemnly promise that, as surely as Yahweh lives, I will marry you and take care of you myself*) Boaz said he would marry Ruth if the other kinsman-redeemer did not marry her. Boaz was willing to take responsibility for Ruth. Translate **if he will not do the duty of a kinsman for you, then I will do it** to mean Boaz promised he would certainly marry Ruth if the other kinsman-redeemer did not marry her.
 
-[^ ]: **4:4** **if you do not wish to redeem it, then tell me** (**L**: *if you will not redeem it, then tell me* | **S**: *if you do not wish to buy it back, then let me know*) See note on 3:13.
+[^125]: **3:13** **by the life of Yahweh** (**L**: *as Yahweh lives.* | **S**: *I solemnly promise that, as surely as Yahweh lives*). Boaz's commitment to marrying Ruth was a vow. The phrase **by the life of Yahweh** was a common Hebrew vow that obligated the speaker to perform what he said. Boaz would be punished if he did not fulfill this vow. Boaz was showing extreme commitment to Ruth and God. God wants his people to be fully committed to him. God's people should be careful about making vows and oaths. When we make an oath, we are obligated to do what we promised. Translate **by the life of Yahweh** to mean Boaz vowed to marry Ruth, and God would punish him if he did not do what he promised. 
 
-[^ ]: **4:4** **for there is no one to redeem it besides you** (**L**: *there is no one to redeem it besides you* | **S**: *because you are the closest relative to Elimelek*) The other kinsman-redeemer was the closest relative to Elimeleklek. Boaz told the kinsman-redeemer that it was the person most responsible to buy Elimelek's land. Translate **for there is no one to redeem it besides you** to mean no other person is closer relative than the other kinsman-redeemer and he is most responsible to buy Elimelek's land.
+14 So she lay at his feet until the morning.[^126] But she rose up before anyone could recognize another person.[^127] For Boaz had said, "Let it not be known that the woman came to the threshing floor." 15 Then Boaz said, "Bring your shawl and hold it out."[^128] When she did so, he measured six large measures of barley into it[^129] and put the load on her. Then he went into the city. 16 When Ruth came to her mother-in-law, she said, "How did you do, my daughter?" Then Ruth told her all that the man had done for her.[^130] 17 She said, "These six measures of barley are what he gave me,[^131] for he said, 'Do not go empty to your mother-in-law.'"[^132] 18 Then Naomi said, "Stay here, my daughter, until you know how the matter will turn out,[^133] for the man will not rest until he has finished this thing today."[^134]
 
-[^ ]: **4:4** **I am after you** (**L**: *I am after you* | **S**: *I am next after you*). Boaz was the next nearest kinsman to Elimelek, and so had the second right to redeem the land. Translate **I am after you** to mean Boaz was the next closest relative to Elimelek, who had the right and responsibility to buy the land as a kinsman-redeemer.
+[^126]: **3:14** **she lay at his feet until the morning** See note on 3:4. Ruth obeyed Boaz's instructions in 3:13. 
 
-[^ ]: **4:4** **I will redeem it** (**L**: *I will redeem it myself* | **S**: *I will take it!*) Boaz expressed his desire to buy Elimelek's land if the other kinsman-redeemer did not want to buy it. God cares about his people and is willing to redeem his people. Translate **I will redeem it** to mean Boaz was willing to buy the land as a kinsman-redeemer if the other kinsman-redeemer did not want to buy it.
+[^127]: **3:14** **she rose up before anyone could recognize another person** (**L**: *she got up before a man could recognize his friend* | **S**: *So she lay at his feet until early morning and got up to leave before it was light enough that people would be able to recognize her*) Ruth left Boaz early in the morning while it was still dark outside. The phrase **before anyone could recognize another person** describes a time when it was dark, and people could not easily see who another person was. Translate **she rose up before anyone could recognize another person** to mean Ruth got up and left Boaz while it was still dark and other people were not yet awake. 
 
-[^ ]: **4:5** **On the day that you buy the field from the hand of Naomi** (**L**: *On the day that you buy the field from the hand of Naomi* | **S**: *When you buy the land from Naomi*). Boaz told the other kinsman-redeemer what would happen if he bought Elimelek's field. In this context, the word **hand** represents Naomi, who owns the field. When God redeems his people, he causes his people to belong to him. Translate **On the day that you buy the field from the hand of Naomi** to mean there was another action the kinsman-redeemer would have to take at the same time he bought Naomi's land. 
+[^128]: **3:15** **Bring your shawl and hold it out** (**L**: *Bring the cloak that is on you, and hold it* | **S**: *Bring your cloak over here and hold it out*) Boaz instructed Ruth to open her shawl so he could fill it with barley. The word **shawl** means a cloak or thick piece of cloth worn over the shoulders for warmth. Translate **Bring your shawl and hold it out** as a command for Ruth to get her cloak and open it so that someone can put something in it.
 
-[^ ]: **4:5** **you must also take Ruth** (**L**: *you also acquire Ruth* | **S**: *you will also need to marry Ruth*). Boaz told the kinsman-redeemer that he had to marry Ruth if he bought Naomi's land. There was an ongoing responsibility to care for Ruth and her family if he redeemed the property. When God redeems his people, he takes full responsibility for caring for his people into the future. Translate **you must also take Ruth** to mean the kinsman-redeemer was also required to marry Ruth if he wanted to purchase Naomi's land.
+[^129]: **3:15** **he measured six large measures of barley into it** (**L**: *he measured six measures of barley* | **S**: *he poured a generous amount of barley into it*). Boaz filled Ruth's shawl with a large quantity of barley. The actual amount is not stated. It was enough to be considered generous, yet small enough for Ruth to carry alone. Most scholars think it was around 25 to 30 kilograms. One reason Boaz offered this generous gift to Ruth was to give Naomi a sign of his intent to marry her (see 3:17). Translate **he measured six large measures of barley into it** to mean Boaz put a large quantity of six portions of barley into Ruth's shawl for her to bring back home with her.
 
-[^ ]: **4:5** **in order to raise up the name of the dead on his inheritance** (**L**: *in order to raise up the name of the dead over his inheritance* | **S**: *in order that she may have a son to inherit the property and carry on the name of her dead husband*) Boaz informed the kinsman-redeemer that the purpose of marrying Ruth was to make sure Ruth's husband had a son who could continue his family lineage and inheritance. In this context, the word **raise** means to cause something to be set up or established. To **raise up the name** means to cause a family lineage to continue. In this context, **the dead** refers to Ruth's husband. The word **inheritance** means valuable things received from a parent after a parent dies. When God redeems his people, he restores broken lives and gives them hope and promise of a future inheritance. Translate **in order to raise up the name of the dead on his inheritance** to mean the kinsman-redeemer was responsible for marrying Ruth so that she may have a son to inherit the property and carry on her dead husband’s family name.
+[^130]: **3:16** **Then Ruth told her all that the man had done for her** (**L**: *she told her everything that the man had done for her* | **S**: *Ruth told her everything that Boaz had said and done for her*) Ruth reported to Naomi all of the kind things Boaz did for her. When God provides for his people, it is important for God's people to tell others about the good things God has done. Translate **Then Ruth told her all that the man had done for her** to mean Ruth told Naomi all that Boaz had done for Ruth during the time at the threshing floor.
 
-[^ ]: **4:6** **I cannot redeem it for myself without damaging my own inheritance** (**L**: *I am not able to redeem it for myself without damaging my own inheritance* | **S**: *I cannot buy it back myself. If I did that, I would ruin my own son’s inheritance*) The kinsman-redeemer said that he could not buy the land (and marry Ruth) without harming his own inheritance. For **inheritance**, see note on 4:5. The man would need to give some of his wealth in exchange for the property. Then if he were to marry Ruth, that property would belong to her son, not his own children. In that way, he would be taking away from the wealth that his children would inherit from him and giving it to the children that Ruth might bear. Translate **I cannot redeem it for myself without damaging my own inheritance** to mean the kinsman-redeemer was not willing to buy the land and marry Ruth without taking away from my own children’s inheritance.
+[^131]: **3:17** **These six measures of barley are what he gave me**, see note on 3:15.
 
-[^ ]: **4:6** **You take my right of redemption for yourself** (**L**: *You redeem for yourself my right of redemption* | **S**: *You may be responsible for the land and the woman in my place*). The kinsman-redeemer gave permission for Boaz to buy the land and marry Ruth as the closest kinsman-redeemer would typically do. People cannot save themselves or each other. When God redeems his people, God does what people cannot do for themselves. Translate **You take my right of redemption for yourself, for I cannot redeem it** to mean Boaz should act as the kinsman-redeemer instead of the kinsman-redeemer who was a closer relative of Naomi. 
+[^132]: **3:17** **Do not go empty to your mother-in-law** (**L**: *You must not go empty to your mother-in-law* | **S**: *I do not want you to return to your mother-in-law with nothing*) Boaz wanted Ruth to return to Naomi with a gift. He did not want her to return empty. In this context, the term **empty** means to have nothing gift in one's hands. Earlier, Naomi grieved that she returned to Bethlehem empty, having lost her husband and sons (see 1:21). Now, God was using Boaz to provide her with a gift that would remove her emptiness. The gift also represented Boaz's intent to marry Ruth, which would cause Naomi to no longer feel loss and emptiness. Translate **Do not go empty to your mother-in-law** as an instruction for Ruth to return to Naomi with the gift of barley so that Ruth would not have anything when she returned home.
 
-7 Now this was the custom in former times in Israel[^ ] concerning the redemption and exchange of goods.[^ ] To confirm all things, a man took off his shoe and gave it to his neighbor;[^ ] this was the manner of making legal agreements in Israel.[^ ] 8 So the kinsman-redeemer said to Boaz, "Buy it for yourself," and he took off his sandal.[^ ] 9 Then Boaz said to the elders and to all the people, "You are witnesses today[^ ] that I have bought all that was Elimelek's and all that was Kilion's and Mahlon's from the hand of Naomi. 10 Also Ruth the Moabite woman, the wife of Mahlon, I have acquired to be my wife,[^ ] in order that I might raise up the name of the dead man on his inheritance,[^ ] so that his name will not be cut off[^ ] from among his brothers and from the gate of his place.[^ ] Today you are witnesses!"[^ ] 11 All the people who were in the gate and the elders said, "We are witnesses. May Yahweh make the woman who has come into your house like Rachel and Leah,[^ ] the two who built up the house of Israel;[^ ] and may you prosper in Ephrathah and be renowned in Bethlehem.[^ ] 12 May your house be like the house of Perez,[^ ] whom Tamar bore to Judah, through the offspring that Yahweh will give you with this young woman."
+[^133]: **3:18** **until you know how the matter will turn out** (**L**: *until the time when you know how the matter falls* | **S**: *just wait here until we see what happens*) Naomi wanted Ruth to remain where she was until she heard how the situation with Boaz and the other kinsman-redeemer turned out. Again, Ruth has to practice patience while she waits for the issue of her marriage to be resolved. Translate **until you know how the matter will turn out** to mean Naomi wanted Ruth to remain there until she learned what would happen when Boaz spoke with the other kinsman-redeemer.
 
-[^ ]: **4:7** **this was the custom in former times in Israel** (**L**: *in earlier times in Israel, this is what people did* | **S**: *At that time, it was the custom in Israel*). The narrator of the story describes a common practice that ancient Israelites did. This common practice was done many years before the Book of Ruth was written. God works in human history and culture to redeem his people. Jesus was born into the world and lived among humans. Translate **this was the custom in former times in Israel** to mean this was a practice many Israelites did many years before the book of Ruth was written.
+[^134]: **3:18** **for the man will not rest until he has finished this thing today** (**L**: *For the man will not rest unless he has finished this matter today* | **S**: *That man will certainly take care of this today*) Naomi was confident Boaz would complete the issue that very day. In this context, the phrase **this thing** refers to the decision about who will buy Naomi’s property and marry Ruth.  Translate **for the man will not rest until he has finished this thing today** to mean Boaz would do everything he could so that on that very day, he would finalize the issue related to who would marry Ruth.
 
-[^ ]: **4:7** **concerning the redemption and exchange of goods** (**L**: *concerning redemption and concerning the exchange of goods* | **S**: *when two people agreed to redeem or exchange anything between them*). The narrator describes a common practice about how ancient Israelites officially transferred ownership of possessions from one person to another. The word **redemption** describes the act of a close male relative taking care of widows in their family. See note on 2:20. The phrase **exchange of goods** describes the transfer of possession in a commercial or business transaction. These two terms describe similar actions and refer to different transactions. When God redeems his people, they belong to him. Translate **concerning the redemption and exchange of goods** to mean the custom was how ancient Israelites transferred possession of things in the act of redemption, business, or all kinds of other transactions in general.
+4:1 Now Boaz went up to the gate[^135] and sat down there. Soon, the kinsman-redeemer of whom Boaz had spoken came by. Boaz said to him, "My friend, come over and sit down here." The man came over and sat down. 2 Then Boaz took ten men of the elders of the city and said, "Sit down here." So they sat down. 3 Boaz said to the kinsman-redeemer, "Naomi, who has returned from the country of Moab, is selling the parcel of land that was our brother Elimelek's.[^136] 4 I thought to inform you and say to you, 'Buy it in the presence of those who are sitting here, and in the presence of the elders of my people.'[^137] If you wish to redeem it, redeem it.[^138] But if you do not wish to redeem it, then tell me,[^139] so that I may know, for there is no one to redeem it besides you,[^140] and I am after you."[^141] Then the other man said, "I will redeem it."[^142] 5 Then Boaz said, "On the day that you buy the field from the hand of Naomi,[^143] you must also take Ruth the Moabite woman, the widow of a dead man,[^144] in order to raise up the name of the dead on his inheritance."[^145] 6 Then the kinsman-redeemer said, "I cannot redeem it for myself without damaging my own inheritance.[^146] You take my right of redemption for yourself,[^147] for I cannot redeem it."
 
-[^ ]: **4:7** **a man took off his shoe and gave it to his neighbor** (**L**: *a man took off his sandal and gave it to his friend* | **S**: *one man would take off one of his sandals and give it to the other man*). In ancient Israel, when a person wanted to confirm a transaction to transfer possession of goods to another person, he removed his sandal and gave it to the person. This behavior symbolized the transfer of goods. Translate **a man took off his shoe and gave it to his neighbor** to mean a man removed his sandal and gave it to another person when he wanted to transfer goods to that person.
+[^135]: **4:1** **Boaz went up to the gate** (**L**: *to the gate* | **S**: *to the place inside the town gate where people conducted their official business*). Boaz went to the gate of the city of Bethlehem. The **gate** was the main entrance to the walled town of Bethlehem. Inside the gate was an open area used as a meeting place to discuss important community matters. It was also a place to see many people who lived in the city. Boaz went to a place in the city to find the other kinsman-redeemer and to officially settle who would marry Ruth. Boaz's work of redeeming Ruth teaches us about God's redemption/salvation of his people. When God redeems his people, he does it publicly so the world can see. Translate **Boaz went up to the gate** to mean Boaz went to the gate of the city of Bethlehem. 
 
-[^ ]: **4:7** **this was the manner of making legal agreements in Israel** (**L**: *this was the form of legal agreement in Israel* | **S**: *That was the way they completed transactions in Israel*). The custom of removing one's sandal and giving it to another was how ancient Israelites made transactions official. The phrase **making legal agreements** describes an act of making something confirming something as valid and binding. When God redeems his people, he makes their redemption official, binding, and permanent.  Translate **this was the manner of making legal agreements in Israel** to mean the act of removing a sandal and giving it to another person was a symbolic way to make a transaction lawful and official.
+[^136]: **4:3** **is selling the parcel of land that was our brother Elimelek's** (**L**: *is selling the portion of the field that belonged to our brother Elimelek* | **S**: *The field that belonged to our relative Elimelek is for sale and Naomi is selling it*) Boaz told the other kinsman-redeemer that Naomi was selling land. It was the responsibility of the nearest kinsman to Elimelek to buy back the land that had belonged to Elimelek and to care for Elimelek’s family. When God redeems his people, he takes responsibility to save and help people who cannot save and help themselves. Translate **is selling the parcel of land that was our brother Elimelek's** to mean Naomi was selling land that belonged to her husband Elimelek.
 
-[^ ]: **4:8** **he took off his sandal**, see note on 4:7.
+[^137]: **4:4** **Buy it in the presence of those who are sitting here, in the presence of the elders of my people** (**L**: *Buy it, in the presence of those who are sitting here and in the presence of the elders of my people* | **S**: *take possession of it here in front of these respected men who have agreed to be witnesses*) Boaz told the other kinsman-redeemer to The phrase **in the presence of** means the men and elders watching the transaction would be witnesses and would make the transaction legal and binding. When God redeems his people, he makes it official and real. Translate **Buy it in the presence of those who are sitting here, in the presence of the elders of my people** as a command for the other kinsman-redeemer to fulfill his kinsman duty to purchase Elimelek's property and to let the men and elders watching be witnesses that the transaction would be official.
 
-[^ ]: **4:9** **You are witnesses today** (**L**: *You are witnesses today* | **S**: *Today you have all seen*) Boaz told the elders and people watching that they were witnesses of this transaction. The term **witnesses** describe people who have personally experienced something that happened and can testify about what they know is true. The witnesses confirmed that the transaction really happened. God confirmed his work of redemption with witnesses who verified Jesus' birth, life, teaching, death, resurrection, and ascension. When God redeems his people, they belong to him. Translate **You are witnesses today** to mean the elders, and the people watching this event saw and heard it and could testify that the transaction really did occur.
+[^138]: **4:4** **If you wish to redeem it, redeem it** (**L**: *If you will redeem it, redeem it* | **S**: *If you wish to buy it back into the family, then do so*) See note on 3:13.
 
-[^ ]: **4:10** **I have acquired to be my wife** (**L**: *I am also acquiring as my wife* | **S**: *I am also taking Ruth to be my wife*) The other kinsman-redeemer gave his right of redemption to Boaz so that Boaz would marry Ruth. The word **acquired** means to purchase or buy something. Boaz took responsibility to marry Ruth and care for her and her family. When God redeems his people, he makes a payment to make them his own. Jesus dying on the cross was a payment God made to redeem people. Translate **I have acquired to be my wife** to mean Boaz was officially recognized as the man with the right and responsibility to marry Ruth.
+[^139]: **4:4** **if you do not wish to redeem it, then tell me** (**L**: *if you will not redeem it, then tell me* | **S**: *if you do not wish to buy it back, then let me know*) See note on 3:13.
 
-[^ ]: **4:10** **in order that I might raise up the name of the dead man on his inheritance**. See note on 4:5.
+[^140]: **4:4** **for there is no one to redeem it besides you** (**L**: *there is no one to redeem it besides you* | **S**: *because you are the closest relative to Elimelek*) The other kinsman-redeemer was the closest relative to Elimeleklek. Boaz told the kinsman-redeemer that it was the person most responsible to buy Elimelek's land. Translate **for there is no one to redeem it besides you** to mean no other person is closer relative than the other kinsman-redeemer and he is most responsible to buy Elimelek's land.
 
-[^ ]: **4:10** **so that his name will not be cut off** (**L**: *so that the name of the dead man will not be cut off* | **S**: *He will inherit the property and carry on the family name*) Boaz caused the lineage of Ruth's husband to continue by marrying Ruth. In this context, the word **name** refers to a person's reputation and lineage. The future generations of descendants born to Ruth would cause the lineage of Ruth's deceased husband to continue. In this context, the term **cut off** describes what would happen if Ruth's husband had no descendants to carry on his family name. When God redeems his people, he does more than perpetuate their name or lineage. God gives them eternal life. Translate **so that his name will not be cut off** to mean one of the outcomes of Boaz marrying Ruth was that the lineage of Ruth's husband would continue by Boaz and Ruth having children.
+[^141]: **4:4** **I am after you** (**L**: *I am after you* | **S**: *I am next after you*). Boaz was the next nearest kinsman to Elimelek, and so had the second right to redeem the land. Translate **I am after you** to mean Boaz was the next closest relative to Elimelek, who had the right and responsibility to buy the land as a kinsman-redeemer.
 
-[^ ]: **4:10** **from the gate of his place** (**L**: *from the gate of his place* | **S**: *among his relatives and here in his hometown*) For **gate**, see note on 4:1.
+[^142]: **4:4** **I will redeem it** (**L**: *I will redeem it myself* | **S**: *I will take it!*) Boaz expressed his desire to buy Elimelek's land if the other kinsman-redeemer did not want to buy it. God cares about his people and is willing to redeem his people. Translate **I will redeem it** to mean Boaz was willing to buy the land as a kinsman-redeemer if the other kinsman-redeemer did not want to buy it.
 
-[^ ]: **4:10** **Today you are witnesses**. See note on 4:9.
+[^143]: **4:5** **On the day that you buy the field from the hand of Naomi** (**L**: *On the day that you buy the field from the hand of Naomi* | **S**: *When you buy the land from Naomi*). Boaz told the other kinsman-redeemer what would happen if he bought Elimelek's field. In this context, the word **hand** represents Naomi, who owns the field. When God redeems his people, he causes his people to belong to him. Translate **On the day that you buy the field from the hand of Naomi** to mean there was another action the kinsman-redeemer would have to take at the same time he bought Naomi's land. 
 
-[^ ]: **4:11** **May Yahweh make the woman who has come into your house like Rachel and Leah** (**L**: *May Yahweh make this woman who is coming into your house like Rachel and Leah* | **S**: *We pray that Yahweh will allow this woman, who will be coming into your home, to be like Rachel and Leah*) The people gathered at the gate asked God to make Ruth a very important woman to Israel, like Rachel and Leah. Rachel and Leah were the two wives of Jacob, whose name was changed to Israel. They bore many children who started the Israelite people. As Ruth marries Boaz, she will move into his house. In this context, the word **house** can refer to Boaz's physical house where Ruth would live and Boaz's family. Ruth was becoming a full member of Boaz's family. When God redeems his people, they become full members of his family. Translate **May Yahweh make the woman who has come into your house like Rachel and Leah** as a request for God to cause Ruth to be a very important woman for the Israelite people like Rachel and Leah when Ruth marries Boaz, and she becomes a part of his family.
+[^144]: **4:5** **you must also take Ruth** (**L**: *you also acquire Ruth* | **S**: *you will also need to marry Ruth*). Boaz told the kinsman-redeemer that he had to marry Ruth if he bought Naomi's land. There was an ongoing responsibility to care for Ruth and her family if he redeemed the property. When God redeems his people, he takes full responsibility for caring for his people into the future. Translate **you must also take Ruth** to mean the kinsman-redeemer was also required to marry Ruth if he wanted to purchase Naomi's land.
 
-[^ ]: **4:11** **the two who built up the house of Israel** (**L**: *the two who built up the house of Israel* | **S**: *the two who bore our ancestors and started our people, Israel*) Rachel and Leah bore many children and started the Israelite people. The people wanted God to cause Ruth to be important in building up Israel as Rachel and Lead did. When God redeems his people, he wants them to participate in making God's people strong and mature. Translate **the two who built up the house of Israel** to mean Rachel and Leah gave birth to children who formed the start of the Israelite people.
+[^145]: **4:5** **in order to raise up the name of the dead on his inheritance** (**L**: *in order to raise up the name of the dead over his inheritance* | **S**: *in order that she may have a son to inherit the property and carry on the name of her dead husband*) Boaz informed the kinsman-redeemer that the purpose of marrying Ruth was to make sure Ruth's husband had a son who could continue his family lineage and inheritance. In this context, the word **raise** means to cause something to be set up or established. To **raise up the name** means to cause a family lineage to continue. In this context, **the dead** refers to Ruth's husband. The word **inheritance** means valuable things received from a parent after a parent dies. When God redeems his people, he restores broken lives and gives them hope and promise of a future inheritance. Translate **in order to raise up the name of the dead on his inheritance** to mean the kinsman-redeemer was responsible for marrying Ruth so that she may have a son to inherit the property and carry on her dead husband’s family name.
 
-[^ ]: **4:11** **may you prosper in Ephrathah and be renowned in Bethlehem** (**L**: *Achieve honor in Ephrathah, and be renowned in Bethlehem* | **S**: *We desire that you become rich in the clan of Ephrathah and famous here in Bethlehem*) The people asked God to make Ruth honorable and well-known. **Ephrathah** was an area around Bethlehem. The term **prosper** means to be a person of importance, influence, and good reputation. The term **renowned** means to be well-known and respected by others. These two terms have similar meanings. The people wanted Ruth to do good things in Bethlehem and to become well-known for them. When God redeems his people, he wants them to become honorable and respectable people of godly character and good reputation.  Translate **may you prosper in Ephrathah and be renowned in Bethlehem** as a request for God to make Ruth a well-known and honorable woman of good reputation in Ephrathah and Bethlehem.
+[^146]: **4:6** **I cannot redeem it for myself without damaging my own inheritance** (**L**: *I am not able to redeem it for myself without damaging my own inheritance* | **S**: *I cannot buy it back myself. If I did that, I would ruin my own son’s inheritance*) The kinsman-redeemer said that he could not buy the land (and marry Ruth) without harming his own inheritance. For **inheritance**, see note on 4:5. The man would need to give some of his wealth in exchange for the property. Then if he were to marry Ruth, that property would belong to her son, not his own children. In that way, he would be taking away from the wealth that his children would inherit from him and giving it to the children that Ruth might bear. Translate **I cannot redeem it for myself without damaging my own inheritance** to mean the kinsman-redeemer was not willing to buy the land and marry Ruth without taking away from my own children’s inheritance.
 
-[^ ]: **4:12** **May your house be like the house of Perez** (**L**: *may your house become like the house of Perez* | **S**: *We pray that your family will be like the family of your ancestor Perez*). The people asked God to make Boaz's family prosperous. In this context, **house** refers to family or clan. Perez had many descendants who became large clans in Israel, including the clan of Ephrathah. Also, many of his descendants became important people. The people were asking God to bless Boaz in a similar way through Ruth’s children. Translate **May your house be like the house of Perez** as a request for God to cause Boaz to have many descendants like Perez. 
+[^147]: **4:6** **You take my right of redemption for yourself** (**L**: *You redeem for yourself my right of redemption* | **S**: *You may be responsible for the land and the woman in my place*). The kinsman-redeemer gave permission for Boaz to buy the land and marry Ruth as the closest kinsman-redeemer would typically do. People cannot save themselves or each other. When God redeems his people, God does what people cannot do for themselves. Translate **You take my right of redemption for yourself, for I cannot redeem it** to mean Boaz should act as the kinsman-redeemer instead of the kinsman-redeemer who was a closer relative of Naomi. 
 
-13 So Boaz took Ruth, and she became his wife.[^ ] He slept with her,[^ ] and Yahweh allowed her to become pregnant, and she bore a son. 14 The women said to Naomi, "May Yahweh be blessed,[^ ] who has not left you today without a kinsman-redeemer.[^ ] May his name be renowned in Israel.[^ ] 15 May he be for you a restorer of life[^ ] and a nourisher of your old age,[^ ] for your daughter-in-law, who loves you, who is better to you than seven sons,[^ ] has borne him." 16 Naomi took the child, laid him in her bosom, and took care of him. 17 The women of the neighborhood gave him a name, saying, "A son has been born to Naomi." They named him Obed. He became the father of Jesse, who became the father of David.
+7 Now this was the custom in former times in Israel[^148] concerning the redemption and exchange of goods.[^149] To confirm all things, a man took off his shoe and gave it to his neighbor;[^150] this was the manner of making legal agreements in Israel.[^151] 8 So the kinsman-redeemer said to Boaz, "Buy it for yourself," and he took off his sandal.[^152] 9 Then Boaz said to the elders and to all the people, "You are witnesses today[^153] that I have bought all that was Elimelek's and all that was Kilion's and Mahlon's from the hand of Naomi. 10 Also Ruth the Moabite woman, the wife of Mahlon, I have acquired to be my wife,[^154] in order that I might raise up the name of the dead man on his inheritance,[^155] so that his name will not be cut off[^156] from among his brothers and from the gate of his place.[^157] Today you are witnesses!"[^158] 11 All the people who were in the gate and the elders said, "We are witnesses. May Yahweh make the woman who has come into your house like Rachel and Leah,[^159] the two who built up the house of Israel;[^160] and may you prosper in Ephrathah and be renowned in Bethlehem.[^161] 12 May your house be like the house of Perez,[^162] whom Tamar bore to Judah, through the offspring that Yahweh will give you with this young woman."
 
-[^ ]: **4:13** **So Boaz took Ruth, and she became his wife** (**L**: *So Boaz took Ruth, and she became his wife* | **S**: *So Boaz took Ruth to be his wife*) Boaz married Ruth. In this context, the word **took** describes the act of a man marrying a woman. When God redeems his people, they become united with him. Translate **So Boaz took Ruth, and she became his wife** to mean Boaz married Ruth, and Ruth became Boaz's wife.
+[^148]: **4:7** **this was the custom in former times in Israel** (**L**: *in earlier times in Israel, this is what people did* | **S**: *At that time, it was the custom in Israel*). The narrator of the story describes a common practice that ancient Israelites did. This common practice was done many years before the Book of Ruth was written. God works in human history and culture to redeem his people. Jesus was born into the world and lived among humans. Translate **this was the custom in former times in Israel** to mean this was a practice many Israelites did many years before the book of Ruth was written.
 
-[^ ]: **4:13** **He slept with her** (**L**: *he went in to her* | **S**: *had sex with her*). Boaz and Ruth had sexual relations as husband and wife. Translate **He slept with her** as a polite expression for sexual intercourse between a husband and a wife.
+[^149]: **4:7** **concerning the redemption and exchange of goods** (**L**: *concerning redemption and concerning the exchange of goods* | **S**: *when two people agreed to redeem or exchange anything between them*). The narrator describes a common practice about how ancient Israelites officially transferred ownership of possessions from one person to another. The word **redemption** describes the act of a close male relative taking care of widows in their family. See note on 2:20. The phrase **exchange of goods** describes the transfer of possession in a commercial or business transaction. These two terms describe similar actions and refer to different transactions. When God redeems his people, they belong to him. Translate **concerning the redemption and exchange of goods** to mean the custom was how ancient Israelites transferred possession of things in the act of redemption, business, or all kinds of other transactions in general.
 
-[^ ]: **4:14** **May Yahweh be blessed** (**L**: *Blessed be Yahweh* | **S**: *Praise Yahweh*). The women of Bethlehem praised God when Ruth gave birth to a child. They said this praise to Naomi. God provided Naomi with safety and security by providing a kinsman-redeemer for Ruth. When God saves his people, it leads to people worshiping and praising God. Only God can redeem people. He deserves to be praised for his work of redemption. Translate **May Yahweh be blessed** as a request for people to praise God.
+[^150]: **4:7** **a man took off his shoe and gave it to his neighbor** (**L**: *a man took off his sandal and gave it to his friend* | **S**: *one man would take off one of his sandals and give it to the other man*). In ancient Israel, when a person wanted to confirm a transaction to transfer possession of goods to another person, he removed his sandal and gave it to the person. This behavior symbolized the transfer of goods. Translate **a man took off his shoe and gave it to his neighbor** to mean a man removed his sandal and gave it to another person when he wanted to transfer goods to that person.
 
-[^ ]: **4:14** **who has not left you today without a kinsman-redeemer** (**L**: *who has not left you today without a kinsman-redeemer* | **S**: *for giving you a man to preserve your family today*) The women praised God for providing a kinsman-redeemer for Naomi. In this context, the word **left** means to allow something to be mission or absent. For **kinsman-redeemer**, see note on 2:20. When God redeems his people, he does not leave them in their sinful condition. God intervenes in the situation of sinful humans to save and rescue them from sin, death, and punishment. Translate **who has not left you today without a kinsman-redeemer** to mean God did not allow Naomi and Ruth to be without a kinsman-redeemer.
+[^151]: **4:7** **this was the manner of making legal agreements in Israel** (**L**: *this was the form of legal agreement in Israel* | **S**: *That was the way they completed transactions in Israel*). The custom of removing one's sandal and giving it to another was how ancient Israelites made transactions official. The phrase **making legal agreements** describes an act of making something confirming something as valid and binding. When God redeems his people, he makes their redemption official, binding, and permanent.  Translate **this was the manner of making legal agreements in Israel** to mean the act of removing a sandal and giving it to another person was a symbolic way to make a transaction lawful and official.
 
-[^ ]: **4:14** **May his name be renowned in Israel** (**L**: *May his name be renowned in Israel!* | **S**: *We desire that people throughout Israel will know his name*). The women wanted Ruth's son to become well-known and respected in the nation of Israel. For **renowned**, see note on 4:11. This is a blessing, stating that the women desire Naomi’s grandson to have a good reputation and character. God redeems his people by sending his own son, Jesus. Christians throughout the world praise Jesus for redeeming them. Translate **May his name be renowned in Israel** as a request for Ruth's son to become well-known and respected by Israelites.
+[^152]: **4:8** **he took off his sandal**, see note on 4:7.
 
-[^ ]: **4:15** **May he be for you a restorer of life** (**L**: *he will be for you a restorer of life* | **S**: *he will make you feel young again*). The women wanted Naomi to become joyful and full of life once again. The term **restorer** refers to someone who repairs or fixes something so that it is in its original condition. The phrase **restorer of life** refers to how Naomi will again experience joy and hope in her life due to having this grandson. This phrase is about Ruth's child, but it also describes the work Jesus does when he redeems people. When God redeems his people, he restores their lives. Translate **May he be for you a restorer of life** as a request for God to cause Naomi to enjoy life with good things as she did many years ago. 
+[^153]: **4:9** **You are witnesses today** (**L**: *You are witnesses today* | **S**: *Today you have all seen*) Boaz told the elders and people watching that they were witnesses of this transaction. The term **witnesses** describe people who have personally experienced something that happened and can testify about what they know is true. The witnesses confirmed that the transaction really happened. God confirmed his work of redemption with witnesses who verified Jesus' birth, life, teaching, death, resurrection, and ascension. When God redeems his people, they belong to him. Translate **You are witnesses today** to mean the elders, and the people watching this event saw and heard it and could testify that the transaction really did occur.
 
-[^ ]: **4:15** **a nourisher of your old age** (**L**: *a nourisher of your old age* | **S**: *he will take care of you when you become old*) The women wanted Naomi to live well and to live long as she aged. The term **nourisher** describes a person who provides for and sustains others by caring for them. When God redeems his people, he sustains them and provides for them. Translate **a nourisher of your old age** to mean Ruth's son would care for Naomi when she was old.
+[^154]: **4:10** **I have acquired to be my wife** (**L**: *I am also acquiring as my wife* | **S**: *I am also taking Ruth to be my wife*) The other kinsman-redeemer gave his right of redemption to Boaz so that Boaz would marry Ruth. The word **acquired** means to purchase or buy something. Boaz took responsibility to marry Ruth and care for her and her family. When God redeems his people, he makes a payment to make them his own. Jesus dying on the cross was a payment God made to redeem people. Translate **I have acquired to be my wife** to mean Boaz was officially recognized as the man with the right and responsibility to marry Ruth.
 
-[^ ]: **4:15** **who is better to you than seven sons** (**L**: *she who is better to you than seven sons* | **S**: *who has been better to you than if you had seven sons*) The women say that Ruth is more valuable to Naomi than if she had seven sons. Seven represented the idea of completeness or perfection. This is a way to praise Ruth for how she has provided for Naomi by bearing a grandson for her by Boaz when Naomi’s sons could not provide for her because they had died. When God redeems his people, he provides more for his people than they can imagine. Translate **who is better to you than seven sons** to mean Ruth is worth more to Naomi than many sons.
+[^155]: **4:10** **in order that I might raise up the name of the dead man on his inheritance**. See note on 4:5.
 
-18 Now these were the descendants[^ ] of Perez: Perez became the father of Hezron, 19 Hezron became the father of Ram, Ram became the father of Amminadab, 20 Amminadab became the father of Nahshon, Nahshon became the father of Salmon, 21 Salmon became the father of Boaz, Boaz became the father of Obed, 22 Obed became the father of Jesse, and Jesse became the father of David.
+[^156]: **4:10** **so that his name will not be cut off** (**L**: *so that the name of the dead man will not be cut off* | **S**: *He will inherit the property and carry on the family name*) Boaz caused the lineage of Ruth's husband to continue by marrying Ruth. In this context, the word **name** refers to a person's reputation and lineage. The future generations of descendants born to Ruth would cause the lineage of Ruth's deceased husband to continue. In this context, the term **cut off** describes what would happen if Ruth's husband had no descendants to carry on his family name. When God redeems his people, he does more than perpetuate their name or lineage. God gives them eternal life. Translate **so that his name will not be cut off** to mean one of the outcomes of Boaz marrying Ruth was that the lineage of Ruth's husband would continue by Boaz and Ruth having children.
 
-[^ ]: **4:18** **these were the descendants** (**L**: *these are the generations* | **S**: *Here is a list of the descendants*) This is a list of Perez's descendants. The word **descendants** describes people born in a family lineage over subsequent generations. Translate **these were the descendants** to mean the following people were born in the lineage of Perez.
+[^157]: **4:10** **from the gate of his place** (**L**: *from the gate of his place* | **S**: *among his relatives and here in his hometown*) For **gate**, see note on 4:1.
 
-[^ ]: **4:18-22** **Perez ... Hezron ... Ram ... Amminadab ... Nahshon ... Salmon ... Boaz ... Obed ... Jesse ... David** These are the names descendants of Perez.
+[^158]: **4:10** **Today you are witnesses**. See note on 4:9.
+
+[^159]: **4:11** **May Yahweh make the woman who has come into your house like Rachel and Leah** (**L**: *May Yahweh make this woman who is coming into your house like Rachel and Leah* | **S**: *We pray that Yahweh will allow this woman, who will be coming into your home, to be like Rachel and Leah*) The people gathered at the gate asked God to make Ruth a very important woman to Israel, like Rachel and Leah. Rachel and Leah were the two wives of Jacob, whose name was changed to Israel. They bore many children who started the Israelite people. As Ruth marries Boaz, she will move into his house. In this context, the word **house** can refer to Boaz's physical house where Ruth would live and Boaz's family. Ruth was becoming a full member of Boaz's family. When God redeems his people, they become full members of his family. Translate **May Yahweh make the woman who has come into your house like Rachel and Leah** as a request for God to cause Ruth to be a very important woman for the Israelite people like Rachel and Leah when Ruth marries Boaz, and she becomes a part of his family.
+
+[^160]: **4:11** **the two who built up the house of Israel** (**L**: *the two who built up the house of Israel* | **S**: *the two who bore our ancestors and started our people, Israel*) Rachel and Leah bore many children and started the Israelite people. The people wanted God to cause Ruth to be important in building up Israel as Rachel and Lead did. When God redeems his people, he wants them to participate in making God's people strong and mature. Translate **the two who built up the house of Israel** to mean Rachel and Leah gave birth to children who formed the start of the Israelite people.
+
+[^161]: **4:11** **may you prosper in Ephrathah and be renowned in Bethlehem** (**L**: *Achieve honor in Ephrathah, and be renowned in Bethlehem* | **S**: *We desire that you become rich in the clan of Ephrathah and famous here in Bethlehem*) The people asked God to make Ruth honorable and well-known. **Ephrathah** was an area around Bethlehem. The term **prosper** means to be a person of importance, influence, and good reputation. The term **renowned** means to be well-known and respected by others. These two terms have similar meanings. The people wanted Ruth to do good things in Bethlehem and to become well-known for them. When God redeems his people, he wants them to become honorable and respectable people of godly character and good reputation.  Translate **may you prosper in Ephrathah and be renowned in Bethlehem** as a request for God to make Ruth a well-known and honorable woman of good reputation in Ephrathah and Bethlehem.
+
+[^162]: **4:12** **May your house be like the house of Perez** (**L**: *may your house become like the house of Perez* | **S**: *We pray that your family will be like the family of your ancestor Perez*). The people asked God to make Boaz's family prosperous. In this context, **house** refers to family or clan. Perez had many descendants who became large clans in Israel, including the clan of Ephrathah. Also, many of his descendants became important people. The people were asking God to bless Boaz in a similar way through Ruth’s children. Translate **May your house be like the house of Perez** as a request for God to cause Boaz to have many descendants like Perez. 
+
+13 So Boaz took Ruth, and she became his wife.[^163] He slept with her,[^164] and Yahweh allowed her to become pregnant, and she bore a son. 14 The women said to Naomi, "May Yahweh be blessed,[^165] who has not left you today without a kinsman-redeemer.[^166] May his name be renowned in Israel.[^167] 15 May he be for you a restorer of life[^168] and a nourisher of your old age,[^169] for your daughter-in-law, who loves you, who is better to you than seven sons,[^170] has borne him." 16 Naomi took the child, laid him in her bosom, and took care of him. 17 The women of the neighborhood gave him a name, saying, "A son has been born to Naomi." They named him Obed. He became the father of Jesse, who became the father of David.
+
+[^163]: **4:13** **So Boaz took Ruth, and she became his wife** (**L**: *So Boaz took Ruth, and she became his wife* | **S**: *So Boaz took Ruth to be his wife*) Boaz married Ruth. In this context, the word **took** describes the act of a man marrying a woman. When God redeems his people, they become united with him. Translate **So Boaz took Ruth, and she became his wife** to mean Boaz married Ruth, and Ruth became Boaz's wife.
+
+[^164]: **4:13** **He slept with her** (**L**: *he went in to her* | **S**: *had sex with her*). Boaz and Ruth had sexual relations as husband and wife. Translate **He slept with her** as a polite expression for sexual intercourse between a husband and a wife.
+
+[^165]: **4:14** **May Yahweh be blessed** (**L**: *Blessed be Yahweh* | **S**: *Praise Yahweh*). The women of Bethlehem praised God when Ruth gave birth to a child. They said this praise to Naomi. God provided Naomi with safety and security by providing a kinsman-redeemer for Ruth. When God saves his people, it leads to people worshiping and praising God. Only God can redeem people. He deserves to be praised for his work of redemption. Translate **May Yahweh be blessed** as a request for people to praise God.
+
+[^166]: **4:14** **who has not left you today without a kinsman-redeemer** (**L**: *who has not left you today without a kinsman-redeemer* | **S**: *for giving you a man to preserve your family today*) The women praised God for providing a kinsman-redeemer for Naomi. In this context, the word **left** means to allow something to be mission or absent. For **kinsman-redeemer**, see note on 2:20. When God redeems his people, he does not leave them in their sinful condition. God intervenes in the situation of sinful humans to save and rescue them from sin, death, and punishment. Translate **who has not left you today without a kinsman-redeemer** to mean God did not allow Naomi and Ruth to be without a kinsman-redeemer.
+
+[^167]: **4:14** **May his name be renowned in Israel** (**L**: *May his name be renowned in Israel!* | **S**: *We desire that people throughout Israel will know his name*). The women wanted Ruth's son to become well-known and respected in the nation of Israel. For **renowned**, see note on 4:11. This is a blessing, stating that the women desire Naomi’s grandson to have a good reputation and character. God redeems his people by sending his own son, Jesus. Christians throughout the world praise Jesus for redeeming them. Translate **May his name be renowned in Israel** as a request for Ruth's son to become well-known and respected by Israelites.
+
+[^168]: **4:15** **May he be for you a restorer of life** (**L**: *he will be for you a restorer of life* | **S**: *he will make you feel young again*). The women wanted Naomi to become joyful and full of life once again. The term **restorer** refers to someone who repairs or fixes something so that it is in its original condition. The phrase **restorer of life** refers to how Naomi will again experience joy and hope in her life due to having this grandson. This phrase is about Ruth's child, but it also describes the work Jesus does when he redeems people. When God redeems his people, he restores their lives. Translate **May he be for you a restorer of life** as a request for God to cause Naomi to enjoy life with good things as she did many years ago. 
+
+[^169]: **4:15** **a nourisher of your old age** (**L**: *a nourisher of your old age* | **S**: *he will take care of you when you become old*) The women wanted Naomi to live well and to live long as she aged. The term **nourisher** describes a person who provides for and sustains others by caring for them. When God redeems his people, he sustains them and provides for them. Translate **a nourisher of your old age** to mean Ruth's son would care for Naomi when she was old.
+
+[^170]: **4:15** **who is better to you than seven sons** (**L**: *she who is better to you than seven sons* | **S**: *who has been better to you than if you had seven sons*) The women say that Ruth is more valuable to Naomi than if she had seven sons. Seven represented the idea of completeness or perfection. This is a way to praise Ruth for how she has provided for Naomi by bearing a grandson for her by Boaz when Naomi’s sons could not provide for her because they had died. When God redeems his people, he provides more for his people than they can imagine. Translate **who is better to you than seven sons** to mean Ruth is worth more to Naomi than many sons.
+
+18 Now these were the descendants[^171] of Perez: Perez became the father of Hezron, 19 Hezron became the father of Ram, Ram became the father of Amminadab, 20 Amminadab became the father of Nahshon, Nahshon became the father of Salmon, 21 Salmon became the father of Boaz, Boaz became the father of Obed, 22 Obed became the father of Jesse, and Jesse became the father of David.[^172]
+
+[^171]: **4:18** **these were the descendants** (**L**: *these are the generations* | **S**: *Here is a list of the descendants*) This is a list of Perez's descendants. The word **descendants** describes people born in a family lineage over subsequent generations. Translate **these were the descendants** to mean the following people were born in the lineage of Perez.
+
+[^172]: **4:18-22** **Perez ... Hezron ... Ram ... Amminadab ... Nahshon ... Salmon ... Boaz ... Obed ... Jesse ... David** These are the names descendants of Perez.
+
+<!-- page break -->
 
 ## Introduction
 
@@ -462,6 +497,8 @@ Think about the other Scripture passages you have studied. Identify something tr
 #### Pray to God
 After sharing the message, conclude this time together by praying for one another. Ask God to use the upcoming study to give other members a heart for obedience.
 
+<!-- page break -->
+
 ## Biblical Interpretation: Observing the Details of the Story
 *After reading the biblical passage, answer the following questions to familiarize yourself with the details of the text.*
 
@@ -470,477 +507,748 @@ Answer the following observation questions to gain a basic understanding of the
 
 #### Ruth 1:1
 During what period of time in Jewish history did the story of Ruth occur?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 It occurred in the days when the judges ruled.
 
 Why was there not much food in the land? 
+
+<!-- answer -->
 There was a famine in the land.
 
 Who traveled to the country of Moab?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 A certain man from Bethlehem of Judah went to the country of Moab with his wife and his two sons. 
 
 #### Ruth 1:2
 What were the names of the people in this family?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 The man's name was Elimelek, his wife's name was Naomi, and the names of his two sons were Mahlon and Kilion.
 
 What clan were they from?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 They were from the clan of Ephratha of Bethlehem of Judah.
 
 #### Ruth 1:3
 What happened to Elimelek in Moab?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 He died, leaving Naomi a widow to raise her two sons.
 
 #### Ruth 1:4
 Whom did Mahlon and Kilion marry?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 Mahlon and Kilion married Moabite women.
 
 What were the names of their wives?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 The wives were named Oprah and Ruth.
 
 How long did they live in Moab?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 They lived in Moab for ten years.
 
 #### Ruth 1:5
 What happened to Mahlon and Kilion in Moab? 
+
+<!-- answer -->
 Both Mahlon and Kilion died.
 
 #### Ruth 1:6
 Where did Naomi go after Mahlon and Kilion died?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 Naomi decided to leave Moab with her daughters-in-law and return to Judah.
 
 Why did Naomi decide to return to Judah?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 She had heard that Yahweh helped his people and had given them food.  
 
 #### Ruth 1:7
 Who was with Naomi when she started the return journey to Judah?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 Naomi left Moab with her two daughters-in-law.
 
 #### Ruth 1:8
 What did Naomi tell Orpah and Ruth?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 Naomi told each of them to return to her mother's house. 
 
 How did Naomi want Yahweh to treat Orpah and Ruth?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 Naomi wanted Yahweh to show kindness toward them as they showed to Naomi and her sons.
 
 #### Ruth 1:9
 Why did Naomi want God to provide for Orpah and Ruth back in Moab?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 Naomi wanted the Lord to grant Orpah and Ruth rest by marrying new husbands. 
 
 How did Naomi, Orpah, and Ruth respond?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 Naomi kissed Orpah and Ruth, and they raised their voices and cried.
 
 #### Ruth 1:10
 How did Orpah and Ruth respond to Naomi's instructions to return to Moab?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 Orpah and Ruth told Naomi that they would return to Judah with Naomi.
 
 #### Ruth 1:11
 Why did Naomi not want Orpah and Ruth to return with her to Judah?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 Naomi told Orpah and Ruth that she could not have children that could be their husbands.
 
 #### Ruth 1:12
 What reason did Naomi give for not being able to have more children?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 Naomi told Orpah and Ruth that she was too old to have a husband.
 
 #### Ruth 1:13
 Why did Naomi feel she could not help Orpah and Ruth even if she were married?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 Naomi told Orpah and Ruth that even if she had immediately married and had sons, Orpah and Ruth would have to wait for them to grow up to marry them.
 
 What did Naomi think Orpah and Ruth would choose if they remained with Naomi?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 Naomi told Orpah and Ruth that if they stayed with her, they would be choosing not to marry.
 
 What did Naomi not want Orpah and Ruth to experience if they remained with Naomi?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 Naomi did not want Orpah and Ruth to share in her own extreme and bitter pain.
 
 Who did Naomi believe was the source of her trouble?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 She believed that Yahweh was against her.
 
 #### Ruth 1:14
 How did Orpah and Ruth respond to Naomi's words?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 Orpah and Ruth lifted up their voices and cried again. Orpah kissed her mother-in-law farewell, but Ruth held on to her. 
 
 #### Ruth 1:15
 What did Naomi tell Ruth to do that was similar to Orpah?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 Naomi told Ruth to return to Moab like Orpah.
 
 #### Ruth 1:16
 When Ruth stayed with Naomi, what promise did Ruth make to Naomi?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 Ruth told Naomi that she would go to the place where Naomi went, and she would stay in the place where Naomi stayed.
 
 What commitment did Naomi make to Naomi's people and God?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 Ruth told Naomi that Naomi's people would be her people, and Naomi's God would be her God.
 
 #### Ruth 1:17
 How long did Ruth intend to keep this promise to remain with Naomi?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 Ruth told Naomi she would die and be buried where Naomi died and was buried.
 
 How serious was Ruth about this commitment?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 Ruth told Naomi that God should punish her if anything other than death separated them.
 
 #### Ruth 1:18
 Did Naomi allow Ruth to go with her?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 Yes. Naomi stopped arguing with Ruth when she saw that Ruth was determined to go with her.
 
 #### Ruth 1:19
 To which town did Naomi return?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 She returned to Bethlehem.
 
 How did the people who lived in Bethlehem react to Naomi and Ruth when they arrived?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 The entire town was very excited about them and asked if it was really Naomi.
 
 #### Ruth 1:20
 What name did Naomi want to be called and why?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 She asked to be called "Mara" (which means "bitter") because she believed that Yahweh had dealt bitterly with her.
 
 #### Ruth 1:21
 Why did Ruth believe Yahweh dealt bitterly with her?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 Naomi believed Yahweh dealt bitterly with her because she left Bethlehem full with a husband and sons and returned empty without them. 
 
 How did Naomi believe Yahweh treated her?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 Naomi believed Yahweh condemned and afflicted her.
 
 #### Ruth 1:22
 What time of the year did Naomi and Ruth arrive in Bethlehem?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 It was at the beginning of the barley harvest.
 
 #### Ruth 2:1
 What was the relationship between Boaz and Naomi's dead husband?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 Boaz was a relative of Naomi's husband.
 
 What was the character and reputation of Boaz?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 Boaz was a worthy man.
 
 #### Ruth 2:2
 What did Ruth ask Naomi permission to do?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 Ruth asked Naomi to let her glean the remains of grain.
 
 Who did Ruth say she would follow while gleaning grain?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 Ruth said she would follow anyone in whose eyes she found favor.
 
 Did Naomi allow Ruth to go?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 Yes. Naomi gave Ruth permission to go.
 
 #### Ruth 2:3
 Whose field did Ruth happen to glean grain?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 Ruth happened to come to the portion of the fields belonging to Boaz.
 
 #### Ruth 2:4
 What greeting did Boaz give to his workers?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 He said, "Yahweh be with you."
 
 What greeting did Boaz's workers give to Boaz?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 They said, "May Yahweh bless you."
 
 #### Ruth 2:5
 What did Boaz want to know about Ruth?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 He wanted to know to whom she belonged.
 
 #### Ruth 2:6
 What did Boaz's servant tell him about Ruth?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 He told Boaz that Ruth was the young Moabite woman who came back with Naomi from the land of Moab. 
 
 #### Ruth 2:7
 What did Boaz's servant tell him about Ruth's work of gleaning grain?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 He told Boaz that Ruth asked to glean in the field and has continued work since the morning, only taking a short rest.
 
 #### Ruth 2:8
 What instructions did Boaz give Ruth concerning her gleaning?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 He told Ruth not to leave his field but to stay and work in his field with his female workers.
 
 #### Ruth 2:9
-What assurance of safety did Boaz give Ruth?
+What assurance of safety did Boaz give Ruth
+
+<!-- answer -->
 Boaz told Ruth that he instructed the men not to touch her.
 
 What did Boaz allow Ruth to do when she felt thirsty?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 Boaz permitted Ruth to drink the water the men drew whenever she felt thirsty.
 
 #### Ruth 2:10
 After receiving the favorable instructions, how did Ruth respond to Boaz?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 Ruth bowed down with her face to the ground and asked Boaz why she had found favor in his sight.
 
 Why was Ruth surprised by Boaz's favorable instructions?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 Ruth was a foreigner.
 
 #### Ruth 2:11
 What good report had Boaz heard about Ruth?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 He had heard that Ruth had left her home to follow Naomi and come to a people she did not previously know.
 
 #### Ruth 2:12
 What did Boaz want God to do for Ruth?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 Ruth asked God to reward and repay Ruth for her kind deed of returning to Judah with Naomi.
 
 Under whose wings did Boaz say Ruth had found refuge?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 Ruth had found refuge under Yahweh's wings.
 
 #### Ruth 2:13
 How did Ruth respond to Boaz's kind treatment?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 Ruth asked to find favor in Boaz's eyes
 
 How does Boaz treat Ruth?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 Boaz comforted Ruth and spoke kindly to her.
 
 Why was Boaz's treatment of Ruth so impressive to Ruth?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 Ruth was not one of Boaz's female servants.
 
 #### Ruth 2:14
 What did Boaz invite Ruth to do after this blessing her?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 Boaz invited Ruth to a meal of bread and vinegar.
 
 Who was at the meal?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 Ruth sat beside the reapers, and Boaz offered her some roasted grain.
 
 How much did Ruth eat?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 Ruth ate until she was satisfied and left the rest of it.
 
 #### Ruth 2:15
 What additional favor did Boaz show to Ruth when they returned to work after mealtime?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 He allowed Ruth to glean among the bundles.
 
 #### Ruth 2:16
 What did Boaz tell his workers to do for Ruth?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 He commanded the reapers to pull out grain for Ruth from the bundles.
 
 #### Ruth 2:17
 After the meal, how long did Ruth glean?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 Ruth gleaned in the field until evening. 
 
 What did Ruth do after gleaning grain?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 Ruth beat out the ears of grain that she had gathered.
 
 How much grain did Ruth gather?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 She gathered about an ephah of barley.
 
 #### Ruth 2:18
 What did Ruth do with the grain she gathered that day?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 Ruth carried her grain back into the city of Bethlehem and gave Naomi the leftover roasted grain from the meal.
 
 #### Ruth 2:19
 When Naomi saw the large amount of grain that Ruth brought back, what question did she ask Ruth?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 She asked where Ruth had gleaned that day.
 
 What blessing did Naomi wish for Boaz when she heard that Boaz had helped Ruth?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 She said, "May he be blessed by Yahweh."
 
 What did Ruth tell Naomi about the owner of the field where she gleaned?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 Ruth told Naomi that the field belonged to Boaz.
 
- #### Ruth 2:20
- What did Naomi say about Boaz?
- Naomi told Ruth that Boaz was a close relative, one of their kinsman-redeemers." 
+#### Ruth 2:20
+What did Naomi say about Boaz?
 
- #### Ruth 2:21
+<!-- answer -->
+Naomi told Ruth that Boaz was a close relative, one of their kinsman-redeemers." 
+ 
+#### Ruth 2:21
 How long did Boaz want Ruth to glean in his field?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 Boaz wanted Ruth to keep close to his young men until they had finished all his harvest.
 
 #### Ruth 2:22
 Why did Naomi think it was good for Ruth to work with Boaz's women workers?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 By doing that, Ruth would not come to harm in any other field.
 
 #### Ruth 2:23
-What did Ruth do for the rest of the barley harvest?
+What did Ruth do for the rest of the barley harvest
+
+<!-- answer -->
 She gleaned with Boaz's workers and lived with Naomi.
 
 #### Ruth 3:1
 What did Naomi say her desire was for Ruth?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 She desired that Ruth have a place of rest, meaning to have a person who would treat her well.
 
 #### Ruth 3:2
 Where did Naomi say Boaz would be that evening?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 Boaz would winnow barley that evening on the threshing floor.
 
 #### Ruth 3:3
 What did Naomi tell Ruth to do before going down to the threshing floor?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 She told her to wash, anoint herself, and put on her cloak.
 
 Did Naomi want Ruth to let Boaz know she was there immediately?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 No. Naomi told Ruth not to make herself known to Boaz until he finished eating and drinking.
 
 #### Ruth 3:4
 What did Naomi want Ruth to pay attention to?
-Naomi told Ruth to take notice of where Boaz lay down to sleep.
+
+<!-- answer -->
+Naomi told Ruth to take notice of the place Boaz lay down to sleep.
 
 What was Ruth to do when she went to where Boaz was sleeping?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 She was to uncover his feet and lie down there.
 
 After Ruth did this, what would Boaz tell Ruth?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 Naomi said Boaz would tell Ruth what to do.
 
 #### Ruth 3:5
 What was Ruth's attitude toward Naomi's instructions?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 She said she would do everything Naomi told her to do.
 
 #### Ruth 3:6
 Did Ruth obey Naomi's instructions?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 Yes. Ruth went down to the threshing floor and followed Naomi's instructions.
 
 #### Ruth 3:7
 What did Boaz do after he ate and drank?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 After Boaz ate and drank, his heart was merry, and he lay down to sleep near a pile of grain.
 
 How did Ruth approach Boaz as he was sleeping?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 Ruth came softly, uncovered Boaz's feet, and lay down. 
 
 #### Ruth 3:8
 At midnight, what was Boaz startled to find?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 He was startled to find that a woman lay at his feet!
 
 How did Ruth identify herself when Boaz asked who she was?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 Ruth told Boaz she was Ruth, his female servant.
 
 #### Ruth 3:9
 What was Ruth's request to Boaz?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 She asked Boaz to spread his cloak over her, for he was a kinsman-redeemer.
 
 #### Ruth 3:10
 Why did Boaz ask for a blessing from Yahweh for Ruth?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 Boaz blessed Ruth because she had pursued Boaz rather than younger men.
 
 #### Ruth 3:11
 What did Boaz say he would do about Ruth's request?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 He said that he would do all that she asked.
 
 What did Boaz say about Ruth's character?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 Boaz said Ruth was a worthy woman; everyone knew this about her.
 
 #### Ruth 3:12
 What obstacle prevented Boaz from immediately performing the part of a kinsman for Ruth?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 There was another kinsman-redeemer nearer than Boaz.
  
 #### Ruth 3:13
 How long did Boaz tell Ruth to remain there?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 Boaz told Ruth to remain there until the morning.
 
 How was Boaz going to determine who would act as kinsman for Ruth?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 If the nearest kinsman-redeemer was willing to redeem Ruth, then Boaz would let him do that. But if he was not willing, then Boaz would be the kinsman-redeemer.
 
 #### Ruth 3:14
 When did Ruth leave?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 Ruth lay at Boaz's feet until morning and left early while it was still dark.
 
 Why did Ruth leave the threshing floor early before anyone could recognize her?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 Boaz did not what people to know that she had come to the threshing floor.
 
 #### Ruth 3:15
 What gift did Boaz give Ruth before she left the threshing floor?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 He gave her six large measures of barley.
 
 #### Ruth 3:16
 What did Ruth report to Naomi?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 Ruth told Naomi all that Boaz had done for her.
 
 #### Ruth 3:17
 Why did Boaz give Ruth six large measures of barley?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 Boaz wanted to give her six large measures of barley so she did not return empty to Naomi.
 
 #### Ruth 3:18
 How long did Naomi tell Ruth to remain there?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 Naomi told Ruth to remain there until she heard how the matter turned out.
 
 Naomi was sure that Boaz would resolve the issue by what time?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 He would resolve it by the end of that same day.
 
 #### Ruth 4:1
 Where did Boaz go to resolve the issue of who would be the kinsman-redeemer for Ruth?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 He went to the gate of the city.
 
 What did Boaz tell the kinsman-redeemer when he walked by?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 Boaz told him to come and sit down next to him.
 
 #### Ruth 4:2
 Who did Boaz ask to sit as witnesses?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 He asked ten men of the elders of the city.
 
 #### Ruth 4:3
 What did Boaz first speak about to the other kinsman?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 He told him that Naomi was selling the parcel of land that Elimelek had owned.
 
 #### Ruth 4:4
 What did Boaz suggest the other kinsman do about the parcel of land?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 Boaz suggested that the other kinsman redeem the land, but if he did not want to redeem it, to tell Boaz.
 
 What was the other kinsman's answer?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 He said he would redeem it.
 
 #### Ruth 4:5
 About what additional requirement did Boaz then tell the other kinsman?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 He told him that he would also have to marry Ruth to raise the name of Elimelek over his inheritance.
 
 ##### Ruth 4:6
 What was the other kinsman's answer when he learned he would have to marry Ruth?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 He said he could not redeem the land.
 
 Why did the other kinsman say he could not be the redeemer?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 He said that it would damage his own inheritance.
 
 #### Ruth 4:7
 What was the custom in ancient Israel concerning redemption and exchanging goods?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 To legally confirm redemption and exchanging goods, a man would take off his shoe and give it to the other person.
 
 #### Ruth 4:8
 What did the other kinsman do to show that he agreed Boaz should be the redeemer?
-He told Boaz to redeem the land, and he took off his sandal.
+
+<!-- answer -->
+He told Boaz to redeem the land and he took off his sandal.
 
 #### Ruth 4:9
 What was the first agreement that Boaz said the elders had witnessed?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 They had witnessed that Boaz had bought all the land that had belonged to Elimelek.
 
 #### Ruth 4:10-11
 What was the second agreement that Boaz said the elders had witnessed?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 They had witnessed that Boaz had acquired Ruth as his wife.
 
 #### Ruth 4:11
-What blessing did the people desire for Ruth?
+What blessing did the people desire for Ruth
+
+<!-- answer -->
 They desired Yahweh to make Ruth like Rachel and Leah.
 
 What was important about Rachel and Leah?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 Rachel and Leah built up the house of Israel.
 
 What did the people desire for Boaz's reputation?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 They wanted Boaz to prosper in Ephrathah and be renowned in Bethlehem.
 
 #### Ruth 4:12
 What blessing did the people desire for Boaz's family?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 They desired that Yahweh would give him offspring through Ruth, just as Tamar bore a son to Judah.
 
 How did the people want Yahweh to bless Boaz and his house?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 The people want Yahweh to bless Boaz through the offspring Yahweh will give Ruth.
 
 #### Ruth 4:13
 Did Boaz marry Ruth?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 Yes. Boaz married Ruth, he slept with her, and she bore a son.
 
 Who allowed Ruth to become pregnant?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 Yahweh allowed her to become pregnant. 
 
 #### Ruth 4:14
 Why did the women praise Yahweh?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 The women praised Yahweh because he did not leave Naomi without a redeemer.
 
 What did the women desire Yahweh to do for the redeemer?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 The women wanted Yahweh to cause his name to be famous in Israel.
 
 #### Ruth 4:15
 How would Ruth's baby help Naomi?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 Ruth's baby would be a restorer of life and a nourisher of your old age.
 
 Why did the women say Ruth was better for Naomi than seven sons?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 They said this because of Ruth's love for Naomi and because Ruth had given birth to a grandson for Naomi.
 
 #### Ruth 4:16
 What was Naomi's relationship with Ruth's son?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 Naomi became his nurse or caregiver.
 
 #### Ruth 4:17
 What was Ruth's son's name?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 His name was Obed.
 
 Of whom was Obed the father and grandfather?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 Obed was the father of Jesse and the grandfather of David.
 
 #### Ruth 4:18–22
 Who are the descendants of Perez?
+
+<!-- answer -->
 Perez fathered Hezron, Hezron fathered Ram, Ram fathered Amminadab, Amminadab fathered Nahshon, Nahshon fathered Salmon, Salmon fathered Boaz, Boaz fathered Obed, Obed fathered Jesse, and Jesse fathered David.
 
+<!-- page break -->
+
 ### Translation Questions
-Use the following translation questions to understand specific details of the passage. Discuss how you might translate these specific elements of the text.
+Using the instructions below, generate translation questions to understand specific details of the passage. Use these questions to discuss how you might translate these specific elements of the text.
+
+![[EJ-Movement-1-Translation-Questions]]
+
+<!-- page break -->
+
+### Storycraft
+Retell this story in your own words (i.e., orally, dramatization, or written/crafted story). Try to tell the story in an accurate way (true to the Bible), natural (words that common people would use), and reproducible (memorable for someone listening to repeat it on their own). After crafting this story, retell it in your family, your church community, or to some other person God has placed in your life.
+
+<!-- page break -->
 
 ### Grammar and Translation Training: Idiom
 *Use the following exercise to learn about a specific grammar issue and its importance to understand the meaning of a text. This exercise will also help you develop skills to translate this issue accurately and naturally in your own language. If you need additional help on this translation topic, please reference [translationAcademy](https://door43.org/u/unfoldingWord/en_ta/v24/03-translate.html#figs-idiom).*
@@ -1029,8 +1337,7 @@ These are some ways that we will translate idioms in our own language...
 
 In the book of Ruth, the author uses several idioms. These idioms describe Ruth's actions, the actions of other people, the actions of God himself, or the actions that people hope God will do. An accurate understanding of these sayings is crucial when determining the meaning and teaching of this book. Discuss the use of idioms in the book of Ruth. Explore their contribution to the passage's meaning. Apply the principles in this training to clearly, accurately, and naturally translate idioms in the book of Ruth.
 
-### Storycraft
-Retell this story in your own words (i.e., orally, dramatization, or written/crafted story). Try to tell the story in an accurate way (true to the Bible), natural (words that common people would use), and reproducible (memorable for someone listening to repeat it on their own). After crafting this story, retell it in your family, your church community, or to some other person God has placed in your life.
+<!-- page break -->
 
 ## Theological Dialogue: Discussing the Meaning of the Story
 *Take time to explore the meaning of the text together as a community. Use the following discussions as a way to grasp what truth the biblical passage teaches.*
@@ -1055,6 +1362,8 @@ Answer the following theology questions as a community. Discuss what truths this
 
 ![[EJ-Movement-2-Drafting]]
 
+<!-- page break -->
+
 ## Personal Reflection: Following the Teaching of the Story
 *Take a moment to allow this text to evaluate your own life and to consider how God would have you respond. After this reflection, use the quality checking questions to check your translation draft among the translation team.*
 
@@ -1069,10 +1378,16 @@ Prayerfully think about the following personal reflection questions. Write/Recor
 
 ![[EJ-Movement-3-Checking]]
 
+<!-- page break -->
+
 ![[EJ-Movement-4]]
 
+<!-- page break -->
+
 ![[EJ-Movement-5]]
 
+<!-- page break -->
+
 ![[EJ-Conclusion]]
 
 

04 Community/EJ-4.03-1 Samuel-1.1-3.21.md

@@ -59,75 +59,75 @@ The Book of 1 Samuel is about Samuel, Saul, and David. Samuel was the last of th
 ### Passage Translation
 1:1 There was a certain man of Ramathaim of the Zuphites, of the hill country of Ephraim;[^] his name was Elkanah son of Jeroham son of Elihu son of Tohu son of Zuph, an Ephraimite.[^] 2 He had two wives;[^] the name of the first was Hannah, and the name of the second was Peninnah. Peninnah had children, but Hannah had none. 3 This man went from his city year after year to worship and to sacrifice to Yahweh of hosts in Shiloh.[^] The two sons of Eli, Hophni and Phinehas, priests to Yahweh,[^] were there. 4 When the day came for Elkanah to sacrifice each year, he always gave portions of the meat[^] to Peninnah his wife, and to all her sons and her daughters. 5 But to Hannah he always gave a double portion,[^] for he loved Hannah, although Yahweh had closed her womb.[^] 6 Her rival provoked her severely in order to irritate her,[^] because Yahweh had closed her womb.[^] 7 So year after year, when she went up to the house of Yahweh[^] with her family, her rival always provoked her.[^] Therefore she used to weep and eat nothing.[^] 8 Elkanah her husband always said to her, "Hannah, why do you weep? Why do you not eat? Why is your heart sad? Am I not better to you than ten sons?"[^]
 
-[^ ]: **1:1** **There was a certain man of Ramathaim of the Zuphites, of the hill country of Ephraim** (**L**: *there was one man from the Ramathaim, the Zuphites, from the hill country of Ephraim* | **S**: *There was a man named Elkanah, {a descendant of} Zuph, who {lived} in {the city of} Ramah in the hill country, where {the people of the tribe of} Ephraim {lived}*) There was a certain Zuphite who lived in the hill country located in the region of Ephraim. LANGUAGE_HELP. THEOLOGICAL_STATEMENTS. Translate **There was a certain man of Ramathaim of the Zuphites, of the hill country of Ephraim** to mean
+[^ ]: **1:1** **There was a certain man of Ramathaim of the Zuphites, of the hill country of Ephraim** (**L**: *there was one man from the Ramathaim, the Zuphites, from the hill country of Ephraim* | **S**: *There was a man named Elkanah, {a descendant of} Zuph, who {lived} in {the city of} Ramah in the hill country, where {the people of the tribe of} Ephraim {lived}*) There was a certain Zuphite who lived in the hill country located in the region of Ephraim. **Ramathaim** is the name of a small village possibly located eight kilometers northwest of Jerusalem. The phrase the Zuphites refers to the people group that descended from Zuph. **Ephraim** refers to the land that was allotted to the people belonging to the Israelite tribe of Ephraim. THEOLOGICAL_STATEMENTS. Translate **There was a certain man of Ramathaim of the Zuphites, of the hill country of Ephraim** to mean
 
-[^ ]: **1:1** **his name was Elkanah son of Jeroham son of Elihu son of Tohu son of Zuph** (**L**: *his name was Elkanah, the son of Jeroham, the son of Elihu, the son of Tohu, the son of Zuph* | **S**: *There was a man named Elkanah...his father was Jeroham, his grandfather was Elihu, his great-grandfather was Tohu, and his great-great-grandfather was Zuph*) The Ephraimite's name was Elkanah. He was the son of a man named Jeroham, the grandson of Tohu, and the great-grandson of Zuph. LANGUAGE_HELP. THEOLOGICAL_STATEMENTS. Translate **his name was Elkanah son of Jeroham son of Elihu son of Tohu son of Zuph** to mean
+[^ ]: **1:1** **his name was Elkanah son of Jeroham son of Elihu son of Tohu son of Zuph** (**L**: *his name was Elkanah, the son of Jeroham, the son of Elihu, the son of Tohu, the son of Zuph* | **S**: *There was a man named Elkanah...his father was Jeroham, his grandfather was Elihu, his great-grandfather was Tohu, and his great-great-grandfather was Zuph*) The Ephraimite's name was Elkanah. He was the son of a man named Jeroham, the grandson of Tohu, and the great-grandson of Zuph. THEOLOGICAL_STATEMENTS. Translate **his name was Elkanah son of Jeroham son of Elihu son of Tohu son of Zuph** to mean
 
-[^ ]: **1:2** **He had two wives** (**L**: *for him were two wives* | **S**: *He had two wives*) Elkana had two wives, Peninnah and Hannah. LANGUAGE_HELP. THEOLOGICAL_STATEMENTS. Translate **He had two wives** to mean
+[^ ]: **1:2** **He had two wives** (**L**: *for him were two wives* | **S**: *He had two wives*) Elkana had two wives, Peninnah and Hannah. THEOLOGICAL_STATEMENTS. Translate **He had two wives** to mean
 
-[^ ]: **1:3** **to worship and to sacrifice to Yahweh of hosts in Shiloh** (**L**: *to worship and to sacrifice to Yahweh of hosts in Shiloh* | **S**: *He would go there to worship Yahweh, {commander of the angel} armies, and offer sacrifices to him*) Every year, Elkana brought his family to Shiloh to worship and offer sacrifices to Yahweh. LANGUAGE_HELP. THEOLOGICAL_STATEMENTS. Translate **to worship and to sacrifice to Yahweh of hosts in Shiloh** to mean
+[^ ]: **1:3** **to worship and to sacrifice to Yahweh of hosts in Shiloh** (**L**: *to worship and to sacrifice to Yahweh of hosts in Shiloh* | **S**: *He would go there to worship Yahweh, {commander of the angel} armies, and offer sacrifices to him*) Every year, Elkana brought his family to Shiloh to worship and offer sacrifices to Yahweh. The phrase **to sacrifice** means to offer sacrifices to Yahweh. THEOLOGICAL_STATEMENTS. Translate **to worship and to sacrifice to Yahweh of hosts in Shiloh** to mean
 
-[^ ]: **1:3** **The two sons of Eli, Hophni and Phinehas, priests to Yahweh** (**L**: *the two of the sons of Eli, Hophni and Phinehas, priests of Yahweh* | **S**: *The two sons of Eli, Hophni and Phinehas, {helped their father to do the work as} priests of Yahweh there*) Eli, and  his two sons, Hophni and Phinehas, were priests to Yahweh in Shiloh. LANGUAGE_HELP. THEOLOGICAL_STATEMENTS. Translate **The two sons of Eli, Hophni and Phinehas, priests to Yahweh** to mean
+[^ ]: **1:3** **The two sons of Eli, Hophni and Phinehas, priests to Yahweh** (**L**: *the two of the sons of Eli, Hophni and Phinehas, priests of Yahweh* | **S**: *The two sons of Eli, Hophni and Phinehas, {helped their father to do the work as} priests of Yahweh there*) Eli, and  his two sons, Hophni and Phinehas, were priests to Yahweh in Shiloh. THEOLOGICAL_STATEMENTS. Translate **The two sons of Eli, Hophni and Phinehas, priests to Yahweh** to mean
 
-[^ ]: **1:4** **he always gave portions of the meat to Peninnah** (**L**: *when Elkanah sacrificed that he gave portions to Peninnah* | **S**: *he would give some of the {meat} to Peninnah*) Elkanah always gave meat to his two wives. LANGUAGE_HELP. THEOLOGICAL_STATEMENTS. Translate **he always gave portions of the meat to Peninnah** to mean
+[^ ]: **1:4** **he always gave portions of the meat to Peninnah** (**L**: *when Elkanah sacrificed that he gave portions to Peninnah* | **S**: *he would give some of the {meat} to Peninnah*) Elkanah always gave meat to his two wives. THEOLOGICAL_STATEMENTS. Translate **he always gave portions of the meat to Peninnah** to mean
 
-[^ ]: **1:5** **he always gave a double portion** (**L**: *he would give one portion of two faces* | **S**: *But he gave a larger amount of {meat} to Hannah*) Elkanah always gave a double portion of meat meat to Hannah. LANGUAGE_HELP. THEOLOGICAL_STATEMENTS. Translate **he always gave a double portion** to mean
+[^ ]: **1:5** **he always gave a double portion** (**L**: *he would give one portion of two faces* | **S**: *But he gave a larger amount of {meat} to Hannah*) Elkanah always gave a double portion of meat meat to Hannah. The phrase **double portion** refers to an extra portion of meat. THEOLOGICAL_STATEMENTS. Translate **he always gave a double portion** to mean
 
-[^ ]: **1:5** **for he loved Hannah, although Yahweh had closed her womb** (**L**: *for he loved Hannah. (Now Yahweh had shut her womb.)* | **S**: *because he loved her {very much}, even though Yahweh had not {permitted} her to give birth to any {children}*) Elkanah loved Hannah very much, despite her inability to bear children. LANGUAGE_HELP. THEOLOGICAL_STATEMENTS. Translate **for he loved Hannah, although Yahweh had closed her womb** to mean
+[^ ]: **1:5** **for he loved Hannah, although Yahweh had closed her womb** (**L**: *for he loved Hannah. (Now Yahweh had shut her womb.)* | **S**: *because he loved her {very much}, even though Yahweh had not {permitted} her to give birth to any {children}*) Elkanah loved Hannah very much, despite her inability to bear children. The phrase **closed her womb** is used figuratively to mean that Yahweh had not allowed Hannah to become pregnant. THEOLOGICAL_STATEMENTS. Translate **for he loved Hannah, although Yahweh had closed her womb** to mean
 
-[^ ]: **1:6** **Her rival provoked her severely in order to irritate her** (**L**: *her rival would provoke her, even with provocation in order to cause her to thunder* | **S**: *But his other wife, Peninnah, would mock Hannah to make her feel miserable*) Peninnah, Hannah's rival, was consistently mean to Hannah. She purposely did things to Hannah to make her upset. LANGUAGE_HELP. THEOLOGICAL_STATEMENTS. Translate **Her rival provoked her severely in order to irritate her** to mean
+[^ ]: **1:6** **Her rival provoked her severely in order to irritate her** (**L**: *her rival would provoke her, even with provocation in order to cause her to thunder* | **S**: *But his other wife, Peninnah, would mock Hannah to make her feel miserable*) Peninnah, Hannah's rival, was consistently mean to Hannah. She purposely did things to Hannah to make her upset. The phrase **her rival** refers to Hannah’s rival Peninnah. It is probable that Elkanah took Peninnah as his second wife after Hannah was unable to bear children so that he could have offspring by Penninah. This would result in Hannah and Peninnah viewing each other as rivals. The phrase **to irritate her** means Peninnah’s actions caused Hannah to be greatly irritated or troubled. THEOLOGICAL_STATEMENTS. Translate **Her rival provoked her severely in order to irritate her** to mean
 
-[^ ]: **1:6** **because Yahweh had closed her womb** (**L**: *because Yahweh had shut up her womb* | **S**: *reminding her Yahweh had not allowed her to bear children*) Peninnah was disrespectful to Hannah because Hannah could not bear children. LANGUAGE_HELP. THEOLOGICAL_STATEMENTS. Translate **because Yahweh had closed her womb** to mean
+[^ ]: **1:6** **because Yahweh had closed her womb** (**L**: *because Yahweh had shut up her womb* | **S**: *reminding her Yahweh had not allowed her to bear children*) Peninnah was disrespectful to Hannah because Hannah could not bear children. The phrase **closed her womb** is a used figuratively to mean that Yahweh had not allowed Hannah to become pregnant. THEOLOGICAL_STATEMENTS. Translate **because Yahweh had closed her womb** to mean
 
-[^ ]: **1:7** **So year after year, when she went up to the house of Yahweh** (**L**: *thus it would be year by year, as often as she went up in the house of Yahweh* | **S**: *This happened every year. When they went up to the temple of Yahweh at Shiloh*) Hannah traveled with her family to Shiloh year after year. LANGUAGE_HELP. THEOLOGICAL_STATEMENTS. Translate **So year after year, when she went up to the house of Yahweh** to mean
+[^ ]: **1:7** **So year after year, when she went up to the house of Yahweh** (**L**: *thus it would be year by year, as often as she went up in the house of Yahweh* | **S**: *This happened every year. When they went up to the temple of Yahweh at Shiloh*) Hannah traveled with her family to Shiloh year after year. The phrase **went up** indicates that in order to reach Shiloh, Elkanah had to travel from a lower location to a higher location because Shiloh was located in a mountainous region. THEOLOGICAL_STATEMENTS. Translate **So year after year, when she went up to the house of Yahweh** to mean
 
-[^ ]: **1:7** **her rival always provoked her** (**L**: *she would provoke her* | **S**: *Peninnah always ridiculed Hannah*) Peninnah always teased and disrespected Hannah during their trips to Shiloh. LANGUAGE_HELP. THEOLOGICAL_STATEMENTS. Translate **her rival always provoked her** to mean
+[^ ]: **1:7** **her rival always provoked her** (**L**: *she would provoke her* | **S**: *Peninnah always ridiculed Hannah*) See note on 1:6.
 
-[^ ]: **1:7** **Therefore she used to weep and eat nothing.** (**L**: *And she would weep and would not eat* | **S**: *so much that Hannah cried and would not eat*) Peninnah's constant teasing of Hannah made her very upset. She was so upset that she lost her appetite and refused to eat. LANGUAGE_HELP. THEOLOGICAL_STATEMENTS. Translate **Therefore she used to weep and eat nothing** to mean
+[^ ]: **1:7** **Therefore she used to weep and eat nothing.** (**L**: *And she would weep and would not eat* | **S**: *so much that Hannah cried and would not eat*) Peninnah's constant teasing of Hannah made her very upset. She was so upset that she lost her appetite and refused to eat. THEOLOGICAL_STATEMENTS. Translate **Therefore she used to weep and eat nothing** to mean
 
-[^ ]: **1:8** **Am I not better to you than ten sons?** (**L**: *Am I not better to you than ten sons?* | **S**: *Surely it is better for you to have me as your husband than to have even ten sons!*) Elkanah asked Hannah if their relationship was more valuable to her than having a son. He wanted to know why their marriage wasn't enough to make her happy. LANGUAGE_HELP. THEOLOGICAL_STATEMENTS. Translate **Am I not better to you than ten sons?** to mean
+[^ ]: **1:8** **Am I not better to you than ten sons?** (**L**: *Am I not better to you than ten sons?* | **S**: *Surely it is better for you to have me as your husband than to have even ten sons!*) Elkanah asked Hannah if their relationship was more valuable to her than having a son. He wanted to know why their marriage wasn't enough to make her happy. Elkanah is intentionally exaggerating to emphasize what he wants Hannah to understand. THEOLOGICAL_STATEMENTS. Translate **Am I not better to you than ten sons?** to mean
 
 9 On one of these occasions, Hannah rose up after they had finished eating and drinking in Shiloh. Now Eli the priest was sitting upon his seat by the doorway to the temple of Yahweh. 10 She was deeply distressed;[^] she prayed to Yahweh and wept bitterly.[^] 11 She made a vow[^] and said, "Yahweh of hosts,[^] if you will look on the affliction of your servant and call me to mind,[^] and do not forget your servant,[^] but give your servant a son,[^] then I will give him to Yahweh all the days of his life,[^] and no razor will ever touch his head."[^]
 
-[^ ]: **1:10** **She was deeply distressed** (**L**: *she was bitter of spirit* | **S**: *Hannah was very distressed*) Hannah was very sad because of her situation. LANGUAGE_HELP. THEOLOGICAL_STATEMENTS. Translate **She was deeply distressed** to mean
+[^ ]: **1:10** **She was deeply distressed** (**L**: *she was bitter of spirit* | **S**: *Hannah was very distressed*) Hannah was very sad because of her situation. THEOLOGICAL_STATEMENTS. Translate **She was deeply distressed** to mean
 
-[^ ]: **1:10** **she prayed to Yahweh and wept bitterly** (**L**: *she prayed to Yahweh and wept abundantly* | **S**: *she cried very sorrowfully as she prayed to Yahweh*) Hannah prayed to God. While she was praying, she was also crying intensely. LANGUAGE_HELP. THEOLOGICAL_STATEMENTS. Translate **she prayed to Yahweh and wept bitterly** to mean
+[^ ]: **1:10** **she prayed to Yahweh and wept bitterly** (**L**: *she prayed to Yahweh and wept abundantly* | **S**: *she cried very sorrowfully as she prayed to Yahweh*) Hannah prayed to God. While she was praying, she was also crying intensely. The phrase **weep bitterly** means to cry with intensity. THEOLOGICAL_STATEMENTS. Translate **she prayed to Yahweh and wept bitterly** to mean
 
-[^ ]: **1:11** **She made a vow** (**L**: *she vowed a vow* | **S**: *She made a solemn promise*) Hannah made a promise to Yahweh. LANGUAGE_HELP. THEOLOGICAL_STATEMENTS. Translate **She made a vow** to mean
+[^ ]: **1:11** **She made a vow** (**L**: *she vowed a vow* | **S**: *She made a solemn promise*) Hannah made a promise to Yahweh. The phrase **made a vow** is a way of saying that Hannah made a promise. THEOLOGICAL_STATEMENTS. Translate **She made a vow** to mean
 
-[^ ]: **1:11** **Yahweh of hosts** (**L**: *Yahweh of hosts* | **S**: *O Yahweh, commander of the angel armies*) Hannah made a vow to Yahweh. Yahweh is the commander of angel armies. LANGUAGE_HELP. THEOLOGICAL_STATEMENTS. Translate **Yahweh of hosts* to mean
+[^ ]: **1:11** **Yahweh of hosts** (**L**: *Yahweh of hosts* | **S**: *O Yahweh, commander of the angel armies*) Hannah made a vow to Yahweh. Yahweh is the commander of angel armies. THEOLOGICAL_STATEMENTS. Translate **Yahweh of hosts* to mean
 
-[^ ]: **1:11** **if you will look on the affliction of your servant and call me to mind** (**L**: *if you will indeed look on the affliction of your female servant and remember me* | **S**: *if you will look at me and see how miserable I am*) Hannah wanted Yahweh to have mercy on her because of her situation. LANGUAGE_HELP. THEOLOGICAL_STATEMENTS. Translate **if you will look on the affliction of your servant and call me to mind** to mean
+[^ ]: **1:11** **if you will look on the affliction of your servant and call me to mind** (**L**: *if you will indeed look on the affliction of your female servant and remember me* | **S**: *if you will look at me and see how miserable I am*) Hannah wanted Yahweh to have mercy on her because of her situation. The phrase **look on the affliction** means Hannah wants Yahweh to consider her suffering, including her bareness and the insults coming from Peninnah. THEOLOGICAL_STATEMENTS. Translate **if you will look on the affliction of your servant and call me to mind** to mean
 
-[^ ]: **1:11** **do not forget your servant** (**L**: *not forget your female servant* | **S**: *think kindly about me*) Hannah wanted Yahweh to take notice of her situation. LANGUAGE_HELP. THEOLOGICAL_STATEMENTS. Translate **do not forget your servant** to mean
+[^ ]: **1:11** **do not forget your servant** (**L**: *not forget your female servant* | **S**: *think kindly about me*) Hannah wanted Yahweh to take notice of her situation. The statement **do not forget** does not mean that Hannah actually thinks that Yahweh is unaware of her situation or has forgotten about it. Rather, this is an emphatic and urgent way of asking Yahweh to act on her behalf by answering her prayer for a son. THEOLOGICAL_STATEMENTS. Translate **do not forget your servant** to mean
 
-[^ ]: **1:11** **but give your servant a son,** (**L**: *give to your female servant a seed of men* | **S**: *allow me to give birth to a son*) Hannah asked Yahweh to allow her to give birth to a son. LANGUAGE_HELP. THEOLOGICAL_STATEMENTS. Translate **but give your servant a son,** to mean
+[^ ]: **1:11** **but give your servant a son,** (**L**: *give to your female servant a seed of men* | **S**: *allow me to give birth to a son*) Hannah asked Yahweh to allow her to give birth to a son. THEOLOGICAL_STATEMENTS. Translate **but give your servant a son,** to mean
 
-[^ ]: **1:11** **then I will give him to Yahweh all the days of his life** (**L**: *then I will give him to Yahweh all the days of his life* | **S**: *then I will dedicate him to you for the rest of his life*) Hannah promised Yahweh that she would dedicate her son to him, if Yahweh enabled her to give birth to a son. She promised that he would be dedicated to Yahweh his entire life. LANGUAGE_HELP. THEOLOGICAL_STATEMENTS. Translate **then I will give him to Yahweh all the days of his life** to mean
+[^ ]: **1:11** **then I will give him to Yahweh all the days of his life** (**L**: *then I will give him to Yahweh all the days of his life* | **S**: *then I will dedicate him to you for the rest of his life*) Hannah promised Yahweh that she would dedicate her son to him, if Yahweh enabled her to give birth to a son. She promised that he would be dedicated to Yahweh his entire life. The phrase **give him to Yahweh** means Hannah will dedicate the child to Yahweh all the days of his life. THEOLOGICAL_STATEMENTS. Translate **then I will give him to Yahweh all the days of his life** to mean
 
-[^ ]: **1:11** **no razor will ever touch his head** (**L**: *a razor will not go up on his head* | **S**: *And {to show that he is dedicated to you}, no one will ever be allowed to cut his hair*) Hannah promised that her son's hair would never be cut. This would show that her son was dedicated to Yahweh. LANGUAGE_HELP. THEOLOGICAL_STATEMENTS. Translate **no razor will ever touch his head** to mean
+[^ ]: **1:11** **no razor will ever touch his head** (**L**: *a razor will not go up on his head* | **S**: *And {to show that he is dedicated to you}, no one will ever be allowed to cut his hair*) Hannah promised that her son's hair would never be cut. This would show that her son was dedicated to Yahweh. THEOLOGICAL_STATEMENTS. Translate **no razor will ever touch his head** to mean
 
 12 As she continued praying before Yahweh, Eli watched her mouth.[^] 13 Hannah spoke in her heart.[^] Her lips moved, but her voice was not heard. Therefore Eli thought she was drunk.[^] 14 Eli said to her, "How long will you be drunk?[^] Get rid of your wine."[^] 15 Hannah answered, "No, my master,[^] I am a woman of a sorrowful spirit.[^] I have drunk neither wine nor strong drink,[^] but I have been pouring out my soul before Yahweh.[^] 16 Do not consider your servant to be a shameless woman;[^] I have been speaking out of the abundance of my great concern and provocation."[^] 17 Then Eli answered and said, "Go in peace;[^] may the God of Israel grant the request that you have asked him for." 18 She said, "Let your servant find favor in your eyes."[^] Then the woman went her way and ate; her face was no longer sad.[^]
 
-[^ ]: **1:12** **Eli watched her mouth.** (**L**: *Eli was watching her mouth* | **S**: *Eli the priest saw Hannah’s lips moving {as she was praying}*) Eli watched Hannah as she prayed to Yahweh. LANGUAGE_HELP. THEOLOGICAL_STATEMENTS. Translate **Eli watched her mouth.** to mean
+[^ ]: **1:12** **Eli watched her mouth.** (**L**: *Eli was watching her mouth* | **S**: *Eli the priest saw Hannah’s lips moving {as she was praying}*) Eli watched Hannah as she prayed to Yahweh. THEOLOGICAL_STATEMENTS. Translate **Eli watched her mouth.** to mean
 
-[^ ]: **1:13** **Hannah spoke in her heart** (**L**: *Now Hannah, she was speaking to her heart* | **S**: *Hannah was only praying silently*) Hannah was not making any sounds as she prayed. Her mouth was moving, but she was not making any sounds. LANGUAGE_HELP. THEOLOGICAL_STATEMENTS. Translate **Hannah spoke in her heart** to mean
+[^ ]: **1:13** **Hannah spoke in her heart** (**L**: *Now Hannah, she was speaking to her heart* | **S**: *Hannah was only praying silently*) Hannah was not making any sounds as she prayed. Her mouth was moving, but she was not making any sounds. Here, **heart** is used figuratively. It means that Hannah is praying in her mind without making any sounds. THEOLOGICAL_STATEMENTS. Translate **Hannah spoke in her heart** to mean
 
-[^ ]: **1:13** **Eli thought she was drunk.** (**L**: *Eli thought of her as drunk* | **S**: *Eli thought that she was drunk*) Because Hannah was speaking to herself, and not making any sounds while she talked, Eli thought Hannah was drunk. LANGUAGE_HELP. THEOLOGICAL_STATEMENTS. Translate **Eli thought she was drunk.** to mean
+[^ ]: **1:13** **Eli thought she was drunk.** (**L**: *Eli thought of her as drunk* | **S**: *Eli thought that she was drunk*) Because Hannah was speaking to herself, and not making any sounds while she talked, Eli thought Hannah was drunk. The word **drunk** means to be intoxicated on alcohol. THEOLOGICAL_STATEMENTS. Translate **Eli thought she was drunk.** to mean
 
-[^ ]: **1:14** **How long will you be drunk?** (**L**: *Until when will you make yourself drunk?* | **S**: *You should not be getting drunk*) Eli asked Hannah how long she planned to keep getting drunk. LANGUAGE_HELP. THEOLOGICAL_STATEMENTS. Translate **How long will you be drunk?** to mean
+[^ ]: **1:14** **How long will you be drunk?** (**L**: *Until when will you make yourself drunk?* | **S**: *You should not be getting drunk*) Eli asked Hannah how long she planned to keep getting drunk. This rhetorical question is actually a rebuke. Eli rebuked Hannah using a question for emphasis. THEOLOGICAL_STATEMENTS. Translate **How long will you be drunk?** to mean
 
-[^ ]: **1:14** **Get rid of your wine** (**L**: *Remove your wine from with you!* | **S**: *Get rid of your wine!*) Eli commanded Hannah to stop getting drunk. LANGUAGE_HELP. THEOLOGICAL_STATEMENTS. Translate **Get rid of your wine** to mean
+[^ ]: **1:14** **Get rid of your wine** (**L**: *Remove your wine from with you!* | **S**: *Get rid of your wine!*) Eli commanded Hannah to stop getting drunk. The term **wine** refers to to an alcoholic drink made from grapes. THEOLOGICAL_STATEMENTS. Translate **Get rid of your wine** to mean
 
-[^ ]: **1:15** **No, my master** (**L**: *No, my master* | **S**: *Sir, I am not drunk!*) Hannah corrected Eli's misunderstanding. LANGUAGE_HELP. THEOLOGICAL_STATEMENTS. Translate **No, my master** to mean
+[^ ]: **1:15** **No, my master** (**L**: *No, my master* | **S**: *Sir, I am not drunk!*) Hannah corrected Eli's misunderstanding. The phrase **my master** is a way of politely or respectfully addressing someone. THEOLOGICAL_STATEMENTS. Translate **No, my master** to mean
 
-[^ ]: **1:15** **I am a woman of a sorrowful spirit** (**L**: *a woman difficult of spirit am I* | **S**: *simplified*) Hannah told Eli that she was extremely sad. LANGUAGE_HELP. THEOLOGICAL_STATEMENTS. Translate **I am a woman of a sorrowful spirit** to mean
+[^ ]: **1:15** **I am a woman of a sorrowful spirit** (**L**: *a woman difficult of spirit am I* | **S**: *simplified*) Hannah told Eli that she was extremely sad. The phrase **sorrowful spirit** means that Hannah's heart was filled with sadness. THEOLOGICAL_STATEMENTS. Translate **I am a woman of a sorrowful spirit** to mean
 
-[^ ]: **1:15** **I have drunk neither wine nor strong drink* (**L**: *And wine and intoxicating drink I have not drunk* | **S**: *I have not been drinking wine or any other alcoholic drink*) Hannah told Eli that she was sober. She had not been drinking alcohol. LANGUAGE_HELP. THEOLOGICAL_STATEMENTS. Translate **I have drunk neither wine nor strong drink** to mean
+[^ ]: **1:15** **I have drunk neither wine nor strong drink* (**L**: *And wine and intoxicating drink I have not drunk* | **S**: *I have not been drinking wine or any other alcoholic drink*) Hannah told Eli that she was sober. She had not been drinking alcohol. For the definition of **wine**, see the note on 1:14. The term **strong drink** refers to an alcoholic beverage that is often stronger than wine. THEOLOGICAL_STATEMENTS. Translate **I have drunk neither wine nor strong drink** to mean
 
-[^ ]: **1:15** **I have been pouring out my soul before Yahweh* (**L**: *I have been pouring out my soul before the face of Yahweh* | **S**: *I feel very miserable and I have been telling Yahweh about how I feel*) Hannah told Eli that she had been praying intensely to Yahweh. LANGUAGE_HELP. THEOLOGICAL_STATEMENTS. Translate **I have been pouring out my soul before Yahweh** to mean
+[^ ]: **1:15** **I have been pouring out my soul before Yahweh* (**L**: *I have been pouring out my soul before the face of Yahweh* | **S**: *I feel very miserable and I have been telling Yahweh about how I feel*) Hannah told Eli that she had been praying intensely to Yahweh. The phrase **pouring out** refers to emptying the contents of what is inside something. Here it is used figuratively, and so the phrase pouring out my soul means telling Yahweh one’s troubles or deepest emotions. The word **before** here is used to show that something takes place in front of or in the presence of someone or something else. It indicates that Hannah was praying in the presence if Yahweh. THEOLOGICAL_STATEMENTS. Translate **I have been pouring out my soul before Yahweh** to mean
 
-[^ ]: **1:16** **Do not consider your servant to be a shameless woman** (**L**: *Do not give your female servant to the face of a daughter of worthlessness* | **S**: *o not think that I am a worthless woman*) Hannah told Eli that he should not think of her as a woman that would be drunk. Her distress and seemingly strange behavior had a different cause. LANGUAGE_HELP. THEOLOGICAL_STATEMENTS. Translate **Do not consider your servant to be a shameless woman** to mean
+[^ ]: **1:16** **Do not consider your servant to be a shameless woman** (**L**: *Do not give your female servant to the face of a daughter of worthlessness* | **S**: *o not think that I am a worthless woman*) Hannah told Eli that he should not think of her as a woman that would be drunk. Her distress and seemingly strange behavior had a different cause. By using the phrase **your servant**, Hannah spoke of herself in the third person to show humility. This was a humble way of showing respect. Hannah was not actually Eli’s servant. THEOLOGICAL_STATEMENTS. Translate **Do not consider your servant to be a shameless woman** to mean
 
 [^ ]: **1:16** **I have been speaking out of the abundance of my great concern and provocation** (**L**: *I have been speaking from the abundance of my complaint and my provocation* | **S**: *I have been praying like this because I am so ashamed and upset*) Hannah told Eli that she was praying intensely because of her stressful, very sad situation. LANGUAGE_HELP. THEOLOGICAL_STATEMENTS. Translate **I have been speaking out of the abundance of my great concern and provocation** to mean