richmahn_en_tn/en_tn_46-ROM.tsv

1	Book	Chapter	Verse	ID	SupportReference	OrigQuote	Occurrence	GLQuote	OccurrenceNote
2	ROM	1	1	sg88		κλητὸς	1	called	This means that God has appointed or chosen people to be his children, to be his servants and proclaimers of his message of salvation through Jesus.
3	ROM	1	2	r5x7		ὃ προεπηγγείλατο διὰ τῶν προφητῶν αὐτοῦ ἐν Γραφαῖς ἁγίαις	1	which he promised beforehand by his prophets in the holy scriptures	God promised his people that he would set up his kingdom. He told the prophets to write these promises in the Scriptures.
4	ROM	1	3	lk5q	guidelines-sonofgodprinciples	τοῦ Υἱοῦ	1	Son	This is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
5	ROM	1	4	z3yq			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul talks here about his obligation to preach.
6	ROM	1	4	m89w		Πνεῦμα ἁγιωσύνης	1	Spirit of holiness	This refers to the Holy Spirit.
7	ROM	1	8	e6el		ὅλῳ τῷ κόσμῳ	1	the whole world	the world Paul and his readers knew and could travel in, which was the Roman Empire
8	ROM	1	9	dx6p		ἐν τῷ πνεύματί μου	1	in my spirit	A person's spirit is the part of him that can know God and believe in him.
9	ROM	1	9	rnp6		τῷ εὐαγγελίῳ τοῦ Υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ	1	the gospel of his Son	The good news (gospel) of the Bible is that the Son of God has given himself as the Savior of the world.
10	ROM	1	9	r2l5	guidelines-sonofgodprinciples	Υἱοῦ	1	Son	This is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
11	ROM	1	11	n5ql			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul continues his opening statements to the people in Rome by stating his desire to see them in person.
12	ROM	1	13	u1cq		ἀδελφοί	1	brothers	Here this means fellow Christians, including both men and women.
13	ROM	1	13	j96v		τοῖς λοιποῖς ἔθνεσιν	1	the rest of the Gentiles	the Gentiles in the other regions where he had gone
14	ROM	1	18	gqv3			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul reveals God's great anger against sinful man.
15	ROM	1	20	uvc1		κόσμου	1	world	This refers to the heavens and the earth, as well as everything in them.
16	ROM	1	22	ly68		φάσκοντες	1	They ... they	the people in [Romans 1:18](../01/18.md)
17	ROM	1	27	yvm1		πλάνης	1	error	moral wrong, not a mistake about facts
18	ROM	1	30	f4tt		καταλάλους	1	slanderers	A slanderer says false things about another person in order to damage that person's reputation.
19	ROM	2	1	y6ts			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul has affirmed all men are sinners and continues to remind them that all people are wicked.
20	ROM	2	1	x3mi	figs-apostrophe	εἶ	1	you are	Paul is writing here as if he were addressing a Jewish person who is arguing with him. Paul is doing this to teach his audience that God will punish everyone who continually sins, whether Jew or Gentile. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
21	ROM	2	5	t8pv			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul continues to remind the people that all people are wicked.
22	ROM	2	7	gec6		ζητοῦσιν	1	seeking	This means that they act in a way that will lead to a positive decision from God on judgment day.
23	ROM	2	7	ub51		δόξαν καὶ τιμὴν καὶ ἀφθαρσίαν	1	praise, honor, and incorruptibility	They want God to praise and honor them, and they want to never die.
24	ROM	2	7	m341		ἀφθαρσίαν	1	incorruptibility	This refers to physical, not moral, decay.
25	ROM	2	8	guq1			0	Connecting Statement:	Though this section is speaking to the non-religious wicked person, Paul sums it up by stating both non-Jews and Jews are wicked before God.
26	ROM	2	8	fcb4	figs-parallelism	ἀπειθοῦσι τῇ ἀληθείᾳ, πειθομένοις δὲ τῇ ἀδικίᾳ	1	disobey the truth but obey unrighteousness	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second intensifies the first. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
27	ROM	2	10	ib56		πρῶτον	1	first	You should translate this the same way you did in [Romans 2:9](../02/09.md).
28	ROM	2	13	sw8x			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul continues to let the reader know that perfect obedience to God's law is required even for those who never had God's law.
29	ROM	2	13	k32u		γὰρ	1	For	Verses 14 and 15 interrupt Paul's main argument to give the reader extra information. If you have a way to mark an interruption like this in your language, you can use it here.
30	ROM	2	17	lc6m			0	Connecting Statement:	Here begins Paul's discussion that the law the Jews possess actually condemns them because they do not obey it.
31	ROM	2	25	i497			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul continues to show that God, by his law, condemns even the Jews who have God's law.
32	ROM	2	28	g2vh		ἐν τῷ φανερῷ	1	outwardly	This refers to Jewish rituals, such as circumcision, which people can see.
33	ROM	2	28	bl6h		ἐν τῷ φανερῷ ἐν σαρκὶ	1	merely outward in the flesh	This refers to the physical change to a man's body when someone circumcises him.
34	ROM	2	29	v149		ἐν τῷ κρυπτῷ	1	inwardly	This refers to the values and motivations of the person whom God has transformed.
35	ROM	3	1	v788			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul proclaims the advantage that Jews have because God gave them his law.
36	ROM	3	7	b9k1	figs-rquestion	εἰ δὲ ἡ ἀλήθεια τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐν τῷ ἐμῷ ψεύσματι ἐπερίσσευσεν εἰς τὴν δόξαν αὐτοῦ, τί ἔτι κἀγὼ ὡς ἁμαρτωλὸς κρίνομαι	1	But if the truth of God through my lie provides abundant praise for him, why am I still being judged as a sinner?	Here Paul imagines someone continuing to reject the Christian gospel. That adversary argues, because his sin shows the righteousness of God, then God should not declare that he is a sinner on judgment day if, for example, he tells lies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
37	ROM	3	8	cn1c		ὧν τὸ κρίμα ἔνδικόν ἐστιν	1	The judgment on them is just	It will be only fair when God condemns these enemies of Paul, for telling lies about what Paul has been teaching.
38	ROM	3	9	z3wu			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul sums up that all are guilty of sin, none are righteous, and no one seeks God.
39	ROM	3	17	zk1i		ἔγνωσαν	1	They have known	These words refer to the Jews and Greeks in [Romans 3:9](../03/09.md).
40	ROM	3	18	cpf2		αὐτῶν	1	their	This word refers to the Jews and Greeks in [Romans 3:9](../03/09.md).
41	ROM	3	25	ieq9		πάρεσιν	1	disregard	Possible meanings are 1) ignoring or 2) forgiving.
42	ROM	3	31	if2b			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul confirms the law though faith.
43	ROM	3	31	nzr7	figs-inclusive	καταργοῦμεν	1	we uphold	This pronoun refers to Paul, other believers, and the readers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
44	ROM	4	intro	f9jc			0		# Romans 04 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verses 7-8 of this chapter, which are words from the Old Testament.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### The purpose of the law of Moses<br>Paul builds upon material from chapter 3. He explains how Abraham, the father of Israel, was justified. Even Abraham could not be justified by what he did. Obeying the law of Moses does not make a person right with God. Obeying God's commands is a way a person shows they believe in God. People have always been justified only by faith. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])<br><br>### Circumcision<br>Circumcision was important to the Israelites. It identified a person as a descendant of Abraham. It was also a sign of the covenant between Abraham and Yahweh. However, no person was justified only by being circumcised. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/circumcise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Rhetorical Questions<br>Paul uses rhetorical questions in this chapter. It appears the intent of these rhetorical questions is to make the reader see their sin so they will trust in Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/guilt]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])<br>
45	ROM	4	1	gw29			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul confirms that even in the past believers were made right with God by faith and not by the law.
46	ROM	4	14	cf9t	figs-metaphor	κληρονόμοι	1	heirs	The people to whom God has made promises are spoken of as if they were to inherit property and wealth from a family member. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
47	ROM	4	16	d4jz		διὰ τοῦτο	1	For this reason	So
48	ROM	4	16	ns6r		τῷ ἐκ τοῦ νόμου	1	those who are under the law	This refers to the Jewish people, who were obligated to obey the law of Moses.
49	ROM	5	1	xmp3			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul begins to tell many different things that happen when God makes believers right with him.
50	ROM	5	3	u14f	figs-inclusive	καυχώμεθα ...	1	we ... our ... We	These words refer to all believers and should be inclusive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
51	ROM	5	4	sx5f		ἐλπίδα	1	certain hope	This is the certainty that God will fulfill all his promises for those who trust in Christ.
52	ROM	5	5	i8pd	figs-inclusive	ἡμῶν ... ἡμῖν	1	our ... us	These words refer to all believers and should be inclusive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
53	ROM	5	9	nvs3	figs-metonymy	τῷ αἵματι	1	blood	This is a metonym for the sacrificial death of Jesus on the cross. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
54	ROM	5	9	sh8f		σωθησόμεθα	1	we will be saved	This means that through Jesus' sacrificial death on the cross, God has forgiven us and rescued us from being punished in hell for our sin.
55	ROM	5	10	cu3c	guidelines-sonofgodprinciples	τοῦ Υἱοῦ	1	Son	This is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
56	ROM	5	12	hjx4			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul explains why death happened even before God gave the law to Moses.
57	ROM	5	14	hdj4		ὅς ἐστιν τύπος τοῦ μέλλοντος	1	who is a pattern of him who was to come	Adam was a pattern of Christ, who appeared much later. He had much in common with him.
58	ROM	5	17	f94r		τοῦ ἑνὸς παραπτώματι	1	trespass of the one	This refers to the sin of Adam.
59	ROM	5	18	wgh4		δι’ ἑνὸς δικαιώματος	1	one act of righteousness	the sacrifice of Jesus Christ
60	ROM	5	19	j5yh		τῆς παρακοῆς τοῦ ἑνὸς ἀνθρώπου	1	one man's disobedience	the disobedience of Adam
61	ROM	5	19	aa3e		τῆς ὑπακοῆς τοῦ ἑνὸς	1	the obedience of the one	the obedience of Jesus
62	ROM	5	21	ew1b	figs-inclusive	τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν	1	our Lord	Paul includes himself, his readers, and all believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
63	ROM	6	1	x13n			0	Connecting Statement:	Under grace, Paul tells those who believe in Jesus to live a new life as though dead to sin and alive to God.
64	ROM	6	4	ps5d		ἐκ νεκρῶν	1	from the dead	From among all those who have died. This expression describes all dead people together in the underworld. To be raised from among them speaks of becoming alive again.
65	ROM	6	6	m7c2		ὁ παλαιὸς ... ἄνθρωπος	1	old man	This means the person who once was, but who does not exist now.
66	ROM	6	9	kl3e		ἐκ νεκρῶν	1	from the dead	From among all those who have died. This expression describes all dead people together in the underworld. To be raised from among them is to become alive again.
67	ROM	6	12	dng2			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul reminds us that grace rules over us, not the law; we are not sin's slaves, but God's slaves.
68	ROM	6	12	r462	figs-personification	εἰς τὸ ὑπακούειν ταῖς ἐπιθυμίαις αὐτοῦ	1	in order that you may obey its lusts	Paul speaks of a person having evil desires as if it sin were a master that had evil desires. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
69	ROM	7	1	nj1k			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul explains how the law controls those who want to live under the law.
70	ROM	7	1	r9fl		ἀδελφοί	1	brothers	Here this means fellow Christians, including both men and women.
71	ROM	7	2	iu7r		ἡ ... ὕπανδρος γυνὴ	1	the married woman	This refers to any woman who is married.
72	ROM	7	4	ne64		ὥστε, ἀδελφοί μου	1	Therefore, my brothers	This relates back to [Romans 7:1](../07/01.md).
73	ROM	7	4	u5nu		ἀδελφοί	1	brothers	Here this means fellow Christians, including both men and women.
74	ROM	7	6	mze7			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul reminds us that God does not make us holy by the law.
75	ROM	7	6	j6i3	figs-inclusive	κατηργήθημεν	1	we have been released	This pronoun refers to Paul and the believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
76	ROM	7	7	k1jj	figs-rquestion	τί οὖν ἐροῦμεν	1	What will we say then?	Paul is introducing a new topic. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
77	ROM	7	7	zl8m	figs-personification	τὴν ἁμαρτίαν οὐκ ἔγνων, εἰ μὴ διὰ νόμου	1	I would never have known sin, if it were not through the law	Paul is speaking of sin as if it were a person who can act. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
78	ROM	7	8	mz77	figs-personification	ἀφορμὴν δὲ λαβοῦσα ἡ ἁμαρτία διὰ τῆς ἐντολῆς, κατειργάσατο ἐν ἐμοὶ πᾶσαν ἐπιθυμίαν;	1	But sin took the opportunity ... brought about every lust	Paul continues comparing sin to a person who can act. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
79	ROM	7	8	nj21		ἐπιθυμίαν	1	lust	This word includes both the desire to have what belongs to other people and wrong sexual desire.
80	ROM	7	11	cw46	figs-personification	ἀφορμὴν λαβοῦσα διὰ τῆς ἐντολῆς	1	took the opportunity through the commandment	Paul is comparing sin to a person who can act. See how you translated this in [Romans 7:8](../07/08.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
81	ROM	7	12	t9uk		ἅγιος	1	holy	Morally perfect, without sin
82	ROM	7	13	cz5k			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul talks about the struggle inside his inner man between sin in his inner man and his mind with the law of God—between sin and good.
83	ROM	7	13	us69		οὖν	1	So	Paul is introducing a new topic.
84	ROM	7	13	e1bx	figs-rquestion	τὸ ... ἀγαθὸν ἐμοὶ ἐγένετο θάνατος	1	did what is good become death to me?	Paul uses this question to add emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
85	ROM	7	13	g451		τὸ ... ἀγαθὸν	1	what is good	This refers to God's law.
86	ROM	7	13	m4l5	figs-personification	ἡ ἁμαρτία ... μοι κατεργαζομένη θάνατον;	1	sin ... brought about death in me	Paul is viewing sin as though it were a person who could act. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
87	ROM	7	15	udc8			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul talks about the struggle inside his inner man between his flesh and the law of God—between sin and good.
88	ROM	7	17	f6n8	figs-personification	ἡ ἐνοικοῦσα ἐν ἐμοὶ ἁμαρτία	1	the sin that lives in me	Paul describes sin as a living being that has the power to influence him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
89	ROM	7	22	m13q	figs-metaphor	τὸν ἔσω ἄνθρωπον	1	the inner man	This is the newly-revived spirit of a person who trusts in Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
90	ROM	7	23	t7yh		νόμῳ	1	new principle	This is the new spiritually alive nature.
91	ROM	7	23	fct8		ἕτερον νόμον ἐν τοῖς μέλεσίν μου	1	a different principle in my body parts	This is the old nature, the way people are when they are born.
92	ROM	7	24	md8e	figs-metaphor	τοῦ σώματος τοῦ θανάτου τούτου	1	this body of death	This is a metaphor that means a body that will experience physical death. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
93	ROM	7	25	w9ui		χάρις τῷ Θεῷ διὰ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν	1	But thanks be to God through Jesus Christ our Lord	This is the answer to the question in 7:24.
94	ROM	8	1	xq2y			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul gives the answer to the struggle he has with sin and good.
95	ROM	8	3	p4qq		τὸν ἑαυτοῦ Υἱὸν πέμψας, ἐν ὁμοιώματι σαρκὸς ἁμαρτίας, καὶ περὶ ἁμαρτίας, κατέκρινε τὴν ἁμαρτίαν	1	He ... sent his own Son in the likeness of sinful flesh ... an offering for sin ... he condemned sin	The Son of God forever satisfied God's holy anger against our sin by giving his own body and human life as the eternal sacrifice for sin.
96	ROM	8	3	csl8	guidelines-sonofgodprinciples	Υἱὸν	1	Son	This is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
97	ROM	8	6	y6p7			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul continues to contrast the flesh with the Spirit we now have.
98	ROM	8	6	ec7j		θάνατος	1	death	Here this means the separation of a person from God.
99	ROM	8	8	me7u		οἱ ... ἐν σαρκὶ ὄντες	1	Those who are in the flesh	This refers to people who do what their sinful nature tells them to do.
100	ROM	8	9	p55f		Πνεύματι, ... Πνεῦμα Θεοῦ ... Πνεῦμα Χριστοῦ	1	Spirit ... God's Spirit ... Spirit of Christ	These all refer to the Holy Spirit.
101	ROM	8	10	e6g9	figs-idiom	τὸ μὲν σῶμα νεκρὸν διὰ ἁμαρτίαν	1	the body is dead with respect to sin	Possible meanings are 1) a person is spiritually dead to the power of sin or 2) the physical body will still die because of sin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
102	ROM	8	10	yb1b	figs-idiom	τὸ ... Πνεῦμα ζωὴ διὰ δικαιοσύνην	1	the spirit is alive with respect to righteousness	Possible meanings are 1) a person is spiritually alive because God has given him power to do what is right or 2) God will bring the person back to life after he dies because God is righteous and gives believers eternal life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
103	ROM	8	12	qw5b		ἀδελφοί	1	brothers	Here this means fellow Christians, including both men and women.
104	ROM	8	18	phk6			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul reminds us as believers that our bodies will be changed at the redemption of our bodies in this section which ends in [Romans 8:25](../08/25.md).
105	ROM	8	19	d911	figs-personification	ἡ ... ἀποκαραδοκία τῆς κτίσεως, τὴν ... ἀπεκδέχεται	1	the eager expectation of the creation waits for	Paul describes everything that God created as a person who eagerly waits for something. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
106	ROM	8	26	h8jy			0	Connecting Statement:	Though Paul has been emphasizing that there is a struggle in believers between the flesh and the Spirit, he affirms that the Spirit is aiding us.
107	ROM	8	28	w4rz			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul reminds the believers that nothing can separate them from God's love.
108	ROM	8	29	yuw2	guidelines-sonofgodprinciples	Υἱοῦ	1	Son	This is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
109	ROM	8	35	q2dc	figs-doublet	θλῖψις, ἢ στενοχωρία	1	Tribulation, or distress	These words both mean the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
110	ROM	8	38	js9q		ἀρχαὶ	1	governments	Possible meanings are 1) demons or 2) human kings and rulers.
111	ROM	8	38	q7ti		οὔτε δυνάμεις	1	nor powers	Possible meanings are 1) spiritual beings with power or 2) human beings with power.
112	ROM	9	1	b89f			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul tells of his personal desire that the people of the nation of Israel will be saved. Then he emphasizes the different ways in which God has prepared them to believe.
113	ROM	9	1	yg93	figs-doublet	ἀλήθειαν λέγω ἐν Χριστῷ, οὐ ψεύδομαι	1	I tell the truth in Christ. I do not lie	These two expressions mean basically the same thing. Paul uses them to emphasize that he is telling the truth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
114	ROM	9	2	jky1	figs-doublet	λύπη ... μεγάλη, καὶ ἀδιάλειπτος ὀδύνη	1	great sorrow and unceasing pain	These two expressions mean basically the same thing. Paul uses them together to emphasize how great his emotions are. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
115	ROM	9	3	eg9b		τῶν ἀδελφῶν	1	brothers	Here this means fellow Christians, including both men and women.
116	ROM	9	6	s2ma			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul emphasizes that those who are born in the family of Israel can really only be a true part of Israel through faith.
117	ROM	9	6	wy8z		οὐ γὰρ πάντες οἱ ἐξ Ἰσραήλ οὗτοι, Ἰσραήλ	1	For it is not everyone in Israel who truly belongs to Israel	God did not make his promises to all the physical descendants of Israel (or Jacob), but to his spiritual descendants, that is, those who trust in Jesus.
118	ROM	9	8	y17u	figs-metaphor	ταῦτα τέκνα τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	children of God	This is a metaphor that refers to people who are spiritual descendants, those who have faith in Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
119	ROM	9	8	ta8t		τὰ τέκνα τῆς ἐπαγγελίας	1	children of the promise	This refers to people who will inherit the promises that God gave to Abraham.
120	ROM	9	12	d6mr		ἐκ τοῦ	1	because of him	because of God
121	ROM	9	14	m8xk	figs-rquestion	τί οὖν ἐροῦμεν	1	What then will we say?	Paul is using the question to get the attention of his readers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
122	ROM	9	16	ues3	figs-metaphor	οὐδὲ τοῦ τρέχοντος	1	nor because of him who runs	Paul speaks of a person who does good things in order to gain God's favor as if that person were running a race. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
123	ROM	9	17	xu7s		ἐξήγειρά ... ἐνδείξωμαι ... μου	1	I ... my	God is referring to himself.
124	ROM	9	17	nfv5	figs-you	σε	1	you	singular (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
125	ROM	9	18	a1uv		ὃν ... θέλει σκληρύνει	1	whom he wishes, he makes stubborn	God makes stubborn whoever he wishes to make stubborn.
126	ROM	9	19	z4j2	figs-you	ἐρεῖς μοι οὖν	1	You will say then to me	Paul is talking to the critics of his teaching as though he were only talking to one person. You may need to use the plural here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
127	ROM	9	25	eqc2			0	Connecting Statement:	In this section Paul explains how Israel's unbelief as a nation was told ahead of time by the prophet Hosea.
128	ROM	9	25	m82v	translate-names	τῷ Ὡσηὲ	1	Hosea	Hosea was a prophet. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
129	ROM	9	33	u3dj	figs-doublet	λίθον προσκόμματος, καὶ πέτραν σκανδάλου	1	stone of stumbling and a rock of offense	Both of these phrases mean basically the same thing and are metaphors that refer to Jesus and his death on the cross. It was as if the people stumbled over a stone because they were disgusted when they considered Jesus' death on the cross. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
130	ROM	10	1	pi37			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul continues stating his desire for Israel to believe but emphasizes that both those who are Jews as well as everyone else can only be saved by faith in Jesus.
131	ROM	10	1	hj4b		ἀδελφοί	1	Brothers	Here this means fellow Christians, including both men and women.
132	ROM	10	7	iw13		ἐκ νεκρῶν	1	from the dead	From among all those who have died. This expression describes all dead people together in the underworld. To be brought up from among them is to become alive again.
133	ROM	10	7	t8dd		νεκρῶν	1	dead	This word speaks of physical death.
134	ROM	10	14	mrl8		πιστεύσωσιν	1	believe in	Here this means to acknowledge that what that person has said is true.
135	ROM	10	19	a7k7	figs-you	ὑμᾶς	1	you	This refers to the nation of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
136	ROM	10	20	cv1x		Ἠσαΐας δὲ ἀποτολμᾷ καὶ λέγει	1	Then Isaiah was very bold when he says	This means the prophet Isaiah wrote what God had said.
137	ROM	11	1	p2h9			0	Connecting Statement:	Though Israel as a nation has rejected God, God wants them to understand salvation comes by grace without works.
138	ROM	11	1	p4zd	figs-rquestion	μὴ ἀπώσατο ὁ Θεὸς τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ	1	did God reject his people?	Paul asks this question so that he can answer the questions of other Jews who are upset that God has included the Gentiles among his people, while the hearts of the Jewish people have been hardened. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
139	ROM	11	1	bc4g		φυλῆς Βενιαμείν	1	tribe of Benjamin	This refers to the tribe descended from Benjamin, one of the 12 tribes into which God divided the people of Israel.
140	ROM	11	2	dd1e	figs-personification	τί λέγει ἡ Γραφή	1	what the scripture says	Paul is referring to the Scriptures as if they were able to speak. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
141	ROM	11	5	ce2r		λῖμμα	1	remnant	Here this means a small part of people whom God chose to receive his grace.
142	ROM	11	8	uc8g	figs-metaphor	ἔδωκεν αὐτοῖς ὁ Θεὸς πνεῦμα κατανύξεως, ὀφθαλμοὺς τοῦ μὴ βλέπειν, καὶ ὦτα τοῦ μὴ ἀκούειν	1	God has given them a spirit of dullness, eyes so that they should not see, and ears so that they should not hear	This is a metaphor about the fact that the people are spiritually dull. They are not able to hear or receive spiritual truth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
143	ROM	11	8	zyk1		ὀφθαλμοὺς τοῦ μὴ βλέπειν	1	eyes so that they should not see	The concept of seeing with one's eyes was considered to be equivalent to gaining understanding.
144	ROM	11	8	ny8w		ὦτα τοῦ μὴ ἀκούειν	1	ears so that they should not hear	The concept of hearing with the ears was considered to be equivalent to obedience.
145	ROM	11	11	z8tw			0	Connecting Statement:	With Israel as a nation rejecting God, Paul warns the Gentiles to be careful they do not make the same mistake.
146	ROM	11	11	f1jw		παραζηλῶσαι	1	provoke ... to jealousy	See how you translated this phrase in [Romans 10:19](../10/19.md).
147	ROM	11	12	dh1g		πλοῦτος κόσμου	1	the riches of the world	Because the Jews rejected Christ, God richly blessed the Gentiles by giving them the opportunity to receive Christ.
148	ROM	11	14	ua2k		παραζηλώσω	1	I will provoke to jealousy	See how you translated this phrase in [Romans 10:19](../10/19.md).
149	ROM	11	15	jn4l		νεκρῶν	1	the dead	These words speak of all dead people together in the underworld.
150	ROM	11	18	llz1	figs-metaphor	οὐ σὺ τὴν ῥίζαν βαστάζεις, ἀλλὰ ἡ ῥίζα σέ	1	it is not you who supports the root, but the root that supports you	Again Paul implies that the Gentile believers are branches. God saves them only because of the covenant promises that he made to the Jews. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
151	ROM	11	22	xdm3		χρηστότητα καὶ ἀποτομίαν Θεοῦ	1	the kind actions and the severity of God	Paul is reminding the Gentile believers that although God may act very kindly toward them, he will not hesitate to judge and punish them.
152	ROM	11	23	yjj6		ἐνκεντρίσαι	1	graft	This is a common process where the end of a live branch of one tree is inserted into another tree so that the new branch will continue to grow in that tree.
153	ROM	11	26	ds7a			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul says that a deliverer will come out of Israel to the glory of God.
154	ROM	11	26	at55	figs-metaphor	ἀποστρέψει ἀσεβείας	1	He will remove ungodliness	Paul speaks of ungodliness as if it were an object that someone could remove, perhaps like someone removes a garment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
155	ROM	11	30	g3cn	figs-you	ὑμεῖς	1	you	This refers to Gentile believers, and is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
156	ROM	12	1	rhs3			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul tells what the life of a believer should be and how believers should serve.
157	ROM	12	2	d2qq	figs-metonymy	τῷ αἰῶνι τούτῳ	1	this world	This refers to unbelievers who live in the world. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
158	ROM	12	4	zm8p		γὰρ	1	For	Paul uses this word to show that he will now explain why some Christians should not think they are better than others.
159	ROM	12	4	v2pi	figs-metaphor	ἐν ἑνὶ σώματι, πολλὰ μέλη ἔχομεν	1	we have many members in one body	Paul refers to all the believers in Christ as if they were different parts of the human body. He does this to illustrate that although believers may serve Christ in different ways, each person belongs to Christ and serves in an important way. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
160	ROM	12	4	v5iy		μέλη	1	members	These are such things as eyes, stomachs, and hands.
161	ROM	12	9	eaw7		ἡ ἀγάπη	1	love	The word Paul uses here refers to the kind of love that comes from God and focuses on the good of others, even when it does not benefit oneself.
162	ROM	12	9	mr8i		ἡ ἀγάπη	1	love	This is another word that means brotherly love or love for a friend or family member. This is natural human love between friends or relatives.
163	ROM	12	21	p7fd	figs-you	μὴ νικῶ ὑπὸ τοῦ κακοῦ, ἀλλὰ νίκα ... τὸ κακόν	1	Do not be overcome by evil, but overcome evil	These verbs are addressed as to one person and so are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
164	ROM	13	1	v5ik			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul tells believers how to live under their rulers.
165	ROM	13	1	emi2		γὰρ	1	for	because
166	ROM	13	3	m3yf		γὰρ	1	For	Paul uses this word to begin his explanation of [Romans 13:2](../13/02.md) and to tell about what will result if the government condemns a person.
167	ROM	13	3	c2xa		οἱ ... ἄρχοντες οὐκ εἰσὶν φόβος	1	rulers are not a terror	Rulers do not make good people afraid.
168	ROM	13	3	ahl9		ἕξεις ἔπαινον ἐξ αὐτῆς	1	you will receive his approval	The government will say good things about people who do what is good.
169	ROM	13	4	s3vz	figs-metonymy	τὴν μάχαιραν φορεῖ	1	carry the sword	Roman governors carried a short sword as a symbol of their authority. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
170	ROM	13	6	r4b3	figs-you	τελεῖτε	1	you pay	Paul is addressing the believers here, so this is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
171	ROM	13	7	z9cn	figs-you	ἀπόδοτε πᾶσι	1	Pay to everyone	Paul is addressing the believers here, so this is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
172	ROM	13	7	s2nf		τὸ τέλος	1	toll	This is a kind of tax.
173	ROM	13	8	s8pb			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul tells believers how to act toward neighbors.
174	ROM	13	8	p6cw	figs-you	ὀφείλετε	1	Owe	This verb is plural and applies to all the Roman Christians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
175	ROM	13	8	ay3n		εἰ μὴ τὸ ἀλλήλους ἀγαπᾶν	1	except to love one another	This is the one debt that can remain as shown in the note above.
176	ROM	13	8	i5au		ἀγαπᾶν	1	love	This refers to the kind of love that comes from God and focuses on the good of others, even when it does not benefit oneself.
177	ROM	13	9	wad4		ἐπιθυμήσεις	1	covet	to desire to have or possess something that another person possesses.
178	ROM	13	11	b6l3	figs-metaphor	εἰδότες τὸν καιρόν, ὅτι ὥρα ἤδη ὑμᾶς ἐξ ὕπνου ἐγερθῆναι	1	we know the time, that it is already time for us to awake out of sleep	Paul speaks of the need for the Roman believers to change their behavior as if they needed to wake up from being asleep. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
179	ROM	13	13	gv4q	figs-inclusive	περιπατήσωμεν	1	Let us walk	Paul includes his readers and other believers with himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
180	ROM	13	13	h6xl		ἔριδι	1	strife	This refers to plotting against and arguing with other people.
181	ROM	13	13	g117		ζήλῳ	1	jealousy	This refers to negative feelings against another person's success or advantage over others.
182	ROM	13	14	sir6	figs-metaphor	ἐνδύσασθε τὸν Κύριον Ἰησοῦν Χριστόν	1	put on the Lord Jesus Christ	Paul speaks of accepting the moral nature of Christ as if he were our outer clothing that people can see. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
183	ROM	13	14	j795		ἐνδύσασθε	1	put on	If your language has a plural form for commands, use it here.
184	ROM	14	1	abm6			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul encourages believers to remember that they are answerable to God.
185	ROM	14	1	jf8v		ἀσθενοῦντα τῇ πίστει	1	weak in faith	This refers to those who felt guilty over eating and drinking certain things.
186	ROM	14	2	n2n6		ὁ ... ἀσθενῶν λάχανα ἐσθίει	1	another who is weak eats only vegetables	This describes a person who believes God does not want him to eat meat.
187	ROM	14	7	u9ar	figs-inclusive	οὐδεὶς ... ἡμῶν	1	none of us	Paul is including his readers, so this is inclusive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
188	ROM	14	10	al55		τὸν ἀδελφόν	1	brother	Here this means a fellow Christian, male or female.
189	ROM	14	13	cx4s		τῷ ἀδελφῷ	1	brother	Here this means a fellow Christian, male or female.
190	ROM	14	15	ln42		ὁ ἀδελφός	1	brother	Here this means a fellow Christian, male or female.
191	ROM	14	21	iq9g		ὁ ἀδελφός	1	brother	Here this means a fellow Christian, male or female.
192	ROM	14	22	hjk9		σὺ πίστιν ἣν ἔχεις	1	The faith you have	This refers back to the beliefs about food and drink.
193	ROM	14	22	b3hi	figs-you	σὺ ... σεαυτὸν	1	you ... yourself	singular. Because Paul is addressing the believers, you may have to translate this using plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
194	ROM	15	intro	ae9u			0		# Romans 15 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verses 9-11 and 21 of this chapter, which are words from the Old Testament.<br><br>Some translations set prose quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the quoted words in verse 12.<br><br>In [Romans 15:14](../../rom/15/14.md), Paul begins to speak more personally. He shifts from teaching to telling of his personal plans.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Strong/Weak<br>These terms are used to refer to people who are mature and immature in their faith. Paul teaches that those who are strong in faith need to help those who are weak in faith. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])<br>
195	ROM	15	1	cx66			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul concludes this section about believers' living for others with reminding them how Christ lived.
196	ROM	15	1	u19s		δὲ	1	Now	Translate this using the words your language uses to introduce a new idea into an argument.
197	ROM	15	1	dx9d	figs-inclusive	ἡμεῖς	1	we	This refers to Paul, his readers, and other believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
198	ROM	15	3	qni7		οἱ ὀνειδισμοὶ τῶν ὀνειδιζόντων σε, ἐπέπεσαν ἐπ’ ἐμέ	1	The insults of those who insulted you fell on me	The insults of those who insulted God fell on Christ.
199	ROM	15	4	m7yy	figs-inclusive	ἡμετέραν ... ἔχωμεν	1	our ... we have	Paul includes his readers and other believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
200	ROM	15	5	u2zm			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul encourages the believers to remember that both Gentile believers and Jews that believe are made one in Christ.
201	ROM	15	8	me1e		εἰς τὸ βεβαιῶσαι τὰς ἐπαγγελίας	1	in order to confirm the promises	This is one of the two purposes for which Christ became a servant of the circumcision.
202	ROM	15	14	h98x			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul reminds the believers in Rome that God chose him to reach the Gentiles.
203	ROM	15	14	d878		ἀδελφοί	1	brothers	Here this means fellow Christians, including both men and women.
204	ROM	15	19	g8bk	figs-doublet	σημείων καὶ τεράτων	1	signs and wonders	These two words mean basically the same thing and refer to various kinds of miracles. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
205	ROM	15	19	c8ff		ὥστε ... ἀπὸ Ἰερουσαλὴμ καὶ κύκλῳ μέχρι τοῦ Ἰλλυρικοῦ	1	so that from Jerusalem, and round about as far as Illyricum	This is from the city of Jerusalem as far as the province of Illyricum, a region close to Italy.
206	ROM	15	22	f1fq			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul tells the believers in Rome about his personal plans to visit them and asks the believers to pray.
207	ROM	15	24	si59	translate-names	τὴν Σπανίαν	1	Spain	This is a roman province west of Rome that Paul desired to visit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
208	ROM	15	30	w1ta		δὲ	1	Now	If your language has a way to show that Paul has stopped talking about the good things he is confident of ([Romans 15:29](../15/29.md)) and is now starting to talk about the dangers he faces, use it here.
209	ROM	15	30	v9iy		ἀδελφοί	1	brothers	Here this means fellow Christians, including both men and women.
210	ROM	16	intro	qy96			0		# Romans 16 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>In this chapter, Paul gives personal greetings to some of the Christians in Rome. It was common to end a letter in the ancient Near East with this type of personal greeting.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>Because of the personal nature of this chapter, much of the context is unknown. This will make translation more difficult. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br>
211	ROM	16	1	sg6a			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul then greets many of the believers in Rome by name.
212	ROM	16	1	sry4	translate-names	Φοίβην	1	Phoebe	This is a woman's name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
213	ROM	16	1	q669	translate-names	Κενχρεαῖς	1	Cenchrea	This was a seaport city in Greece. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
214	ROM	16	3	c5lg	translate-names	Πρίσκαν καὶ Ἀκύλαν	1	Priscilla and Aquila	Priscilla was the wife of Aquila. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
215	ROM	16	5	bn9z	translate-names	Ἐπαίνετον	1	Epaenetus	This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
216	ROM	16	6	ew2z	translate-names	Μαρίαν	1	Mary	This is a woman's name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
217	ROM	16	7	tzk4	translate-names	Ἀνδρόνικον	1	Andronicus	This is a man's name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
218	ROM	16	7	z9uk	translate-names	Ἰουνίαν	1	Junias	This could be either 1) Junia, a woman's name, or, much less likely, 2) Junias, a man's name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
219	ROM	16	8	h976	translate-names	Ἀμπλιᾶτον	1	Ampliatus	This is a man's name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
220	ROM	16	9	bd5l	translate-names	Οὐρβανὸν ... Στάχυν	1	Urbanus ... Stachys	These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
221	ROM	16	10	k55t	translate-names	Ἀπελλῆν ... Ἀριστοβούλου	1	Apelles ... Aristobulus	These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
222	ROM	16	11	gt6r	translate-names	Ἡρῳδίωνα ... Ναρκίσσου	1	Herodion ... Narcissus	These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
223	ROM	16	12	sq9n	translate-names	Τρύφαιναν ... Τρυφῶσαν ... Περσίδα	1	Tryphaena ... Tryphosa ... Persis	These are women's names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
224	ROM	16	13	zmf4	translate-names	Ῥοῦφον	1	Rufus	This is a man's name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
225	ROM	16	14	dwh9	translate-names	Ἀσύγκριτον, Φλέγοντα, Ἑρμῆν, Πατροβᾶν, Ἑρμᾶν	1	Asyncritus ... Phlegon ... Hermes ... Patrobas ... Hermas	These are men's names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
226	ROM	16	14	ck2w		ἀδελφούς	1	brothers	Here this means fellow Christians, including both men and women.
227	ROM	16	15	ye9j	translate-names	Φιλόλογον ... Νηρέα ... Ὀλυμπᾶν	1	Philologus ... Nereus ... Olympas	These are men's names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
228	ROM	16	15	n2rx	translate-names	Ἰουλίαν	1	Julia	The name of a woman. Julia was probably the wife of Philologus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
229	ROM	16	16	g2z1		φιλήματι ἁγίῳ	1	a holy kiss	an expression of affection for fellow believers
230	ROM	16	17	u1m9			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul gives one last warning to the believers about unity and living for God.
231	ROM	16	17	wx6r		ἀδελφοί	1	brothers	Here this means fellow Christians, including both men and women.
232	ROM	16	21	z4g3			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul gives greetings from the believers who are with him.
233	ROM	16	21	ku15	translate-names	Λούκιος, καὶ Ἰάσων, καὶ Σωσίπατρος	1	Lucius, Jason, and Sosipater	These are men's names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
234	ROM	16	22	xu3q	translate-names	ἐγὼ, Τέρτιος, ὁ γράψας τὴν ἐπιστολὴν	1	Tertius, who write this epistle	Tertius is the man who wrote down what Paul spoke. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
235	ROM	16	23	sw7r	translate-names	Γάϊος ... Ἔραστος ... Κούαρτος	1	Gaius ... Erastus ... Quartus	These are men's names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
236	ROM	16	23	j9u7		ὁ ξένος	1	the host	This refers to Gaius, the person in whose house Paul and his fellow believers gathered for worship.
237	ROM	16	23	m5hg		ὁ οἰκονόμος	1	the treasurer	This is a person who takes care of the money for a group.
238	ROM	16	25	psm3			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul closes with a prayer of blessing.