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Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNote ISA front intro l9fr 0 # Introduction to Isaiah<br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of the Book of Isaiah<br><br>1. Yahweh judges his people but gives them hope (chapters 1–12)<br>1. Isaiah prophesies against many nations (13–23)<br>1. Universal judgment and promise of redemption (24–27)<br>1. The people of Yahweh judged (28–31)<br>1. The righteous kingdom (32–33)<br>1. The nations judged; the ransomed will be restored (34–35)<br>1. Hezekiah and Sennacherib (36–39)<br>1. Yahweh comforts his people and will restore them (40–45)<br>1. Prophecies against Babylon (46–48)<br>1. The servant of Yahweh (49–55)<br>1. Ethics of Yahweh’s kingdom (56–59)<br>1. Restored Jerusalem (60–66)<br><br><br>### What is the Book of Isaiah about?<br><br>The first part of the Book of Isaiah (chapters 1-39) contains many different prophecies. Some of Isaiah’s prophecies are about how God would send an army to destroy the southern kingdom of Judah. Some of the prophecies are about how God would punish other nations of the world. The end of the first part (chapters 36-39) tells how Isaiah helped King Hezekiah when the Assyrians were about to attack Jerusalem.<br><br>The second part of the Book of Isaiah (chapters 40-66) has prophecies about how God will comfort and restore his people. He will do this through his chosen servant. By the suffering of this servant, God will forgive his people (chapter 53). This servant will also cause Gentiles to worship Yahweh. The Book of Isaiah ends with a prophecy about God creating a new heavens and earth.<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>Translators can use the traditional title, “The Book of Isaiah” or just “Isaiah.” Or they may call it “The Book about Isaiah” or “The Sayings of Isaiah.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>### When was the Book of Isaiah written?<br><br>Isaiah prophesied around 740–700 B.C., when the Assyrian Empire was becoming more powerful. Isaiah spoke the prophecies from God to the people of Judah during the reigns of Kings Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah. The story of Isaiah helping King Hezekiah (chapters 36-39) is also found in 2 Kings 19–20.<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### What did Isaiah prophesy about the future Messiah of Israel?<br><br>Jews and Christians have interpreted many passages in Isaiah to be about the Messiah. In 9:1-7, Isaiah described a child being born who would rule over David’s kingdom. In chapter 11, Isaiah described a descendant of David who would have God’s spirit upon him. Several prophecies in chapters 40-66 are about “the servant.” This servant will comfort the people, rule righteously, and suffer so that God will forgive the people for sinning against him. The New Testament writers interpret these prophecies to be about Jesus Christ.<br><br>### What did Isaiah mean by the “last days”?<br><br>Isaiah prophesied of the “last days” (2:2) as some later or final period of time. The New Testament writers understood the “last days” to be the church age (Acts 2:17, Hebrews 1:2). The Book of Isaiah was one of the first books to include prophesies about the last days. Isaiah explained that in the last days there would be a future kingdom of Israel. Jerusalem would be its main city. And people from all over the world will go there to learn about Yahweh and worship him.<br><br>## Part 3: Important Translation Issues<br><br>### What is the meaning of the term “Israel”?<br><br>The name “Israel” is used in many different ways in the Bible. Jacob was the son of Isaac. God changed Jacob’s name to Israel. The descendants of Jacob became a nation also called Israel. Eventually, the nation of Israel split into two kingdoms. The northern kingdom was named Israel. The southern kingdom was named Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/israel]])<br><br>### What are some characteristics of prophetic literature in the Book of Isaiah?<br><br>Most of Isaiah’s prophecies are in poetic form. Many prophets in Israel used poetry when they spoke important messages that were meant to be remembered.<br><br>Sometimes Isaiah’s messages are hard to understand. He assumed his original hearers would know what he was talking about. But readers today do not always understand what he meant. However, Isaiah’s basic messages are still clear to us today. These messages are about how God’s people sinned against him, how he would punish them, and how he would eventually comfort and restore them.<br><br>Isaiah also speaks about the Servant of Yahweh, in four different poems that are today called the “Four Servant Songs.” Christians understand these very clearly as prophecies about Jesus Christ, the Messiah. These “songs” are in Isaiah 42:1-9; 49:1-7; 50:4-9; and 52:13-53:12. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) ISA 1 intro q326 0 # Isaiah 1 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 1:2-31, which is a vision Isaiah receives. These are the words of Yahweh.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Woe<br>The prophecy of this chapter serves as a warning to the people of the kingdom of Judah. If they do not change their evil ways, Yahweh will punish them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/woe]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Metaphors<br>There are many vivid metaphors used to describe Judah’s sin. Their sin is described as a sickness that spreads. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])<br><br>### Rhetorical Questions<br>Yahweh uses several rhetorical questions in this chapter. The purpose of these questions is to convince the people of Judah of their sin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 1 1 qur5 0 The vision of Isaiah … that he saw Alternate translation: “This is the vision of Isaiah … that Yahweh showed him” or “This is what God showed Isaiah” ISA 1 1 zfq5 translate-names 0 Amoz Amoz was the father of Isaiah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 1 1 i66y figs-metonymy 0 Judah and Jerusalem “Judah” refers to the southern kingdom of Israel. “Jerusalem” was its most important city. The names of the places represent the people who live in them. Alternate translation: “those living in Judah and Jerusalem” or “the people of Judah and Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 1 1 qsh3 figs-idiom 0 in the days of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, kings of Judah This is an idiom and refers to the time when each king reigned. They reigned one after the other, not all at the same time. Alternate translation: “when Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz and Hezekiah were kings of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 1 2 qju5 figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 1 2 m42x figs-apostrophe 0 Hear, heavens, and give ear, earth Although these prophecies were meant for the people of Jerusalem and Judah to hear, Isaiah knows they will not listen. This could mean: (1) he speaks in apostrophe, as though the “heavens” and “earth” would be able to listen to what Yahweh said, or (2) the words “heavens” and “earth” are metonyms and a merism for all living beings everywhere. Alternate translation: “you who live in the heavens … you who live on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) ISA 1 2 v1jh 0 Yahweh This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this. ISA 1 2 q3lw 0 I have nourished and brought up children, but they have rebelled against me Words that Yahweh spoke and which Isaiah is speaking to the Israelites for Yahweh. ISA 1 2 nn1n figs-metaphor 0 I have nourished and brought up children Yahweh speaks as if his words were food and as if the Israelites were his children. Alternate translation: “I have taken care of the people living in Judah like they were my children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 1 3 hsf5 0 The ox knows … does not understand Words that Yahweh spoke and which Isaiah is speaking to the Israelites for Yahweh. ISA 1 3 k1dl figs-ellipsis 0 the donkey his master’s feeding trough You can make clear the understood information. Alternate translation: “the donkey knows his master’s feeding trough” or “the donkey knows where his master gives him food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ISA 1 3 i9j2 0 but Israel does not know, Israel does not understand This probably means “but the people of Israel do not know me, they do not understand that I am the one who cares for them.” ISA 1 3 gxd1 figs-metonymy 0 Israel This is a metonym for the people of Israel. Judah is part of what had been the nation of Israel. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 1 4 s8qu figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 1 4 blg2 0 Nation, sinners This could mean: (1) Isaiah is saying two different things about them. Alternate translation: “Nation of Israel, you sinners” or (2) he is saying only one thing about them. Alternate translation: “Nation of sinners” ISA 1 4 w37n figs-metaphor 0 a people weighed down with iniquity Something very heavy that a person might carry is a metaphor for their many sins. Alternate translation: “their sin is like a heavy bag on their shoulders that makes it hard for them to walk” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 1 4 j97s figs-metaphor 0 offspring of evildoers The word “offspring” is a metaphor for people who do what others have done. Alternate translation: “people who do the same evil they see others doing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 1 4 bwr8 0 act corruptly do evil deeds ISA 1 4 at1f 0 They have abandoned Yahweh Alternate translation: “They have gone away from Yahweh” ISA 1 4 na87 0 have despised Alternate translation: “have refused to obey” or “have refused to respect” ISA 1 4 z7gi 0 Israel Judah is part of what had been the nation of Israel. ISA 1 4 kv93 0 they have estranged themselves from him Though at one time they were friends, they now treat him as though they do not know him. ISA 1 5 epw9 figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 1 5 xc8l figs-rquestion 0 Why are you still being beaten? Why do you rebel more and more? Isaiah uses these questions to scold the people of Judah. The questions can be translated as statements. This can also be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “You keep doing things that Yahweh has to punish you for. You continue to rebel against him.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 1 5 wax8 figs-you 0 you Here the word “you” refers to the people who live in Judah and so is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) ISA 1 5 gh9d figs-metaphor 0 The whole head is sick, the whole heart is weak This metaphor compares the nation of Israel to a person who has been beaten. Alternate translation: “You are like someone whose head is wounded and whose heart is weak” or “You are like someone whose whole mind and heart are sick” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 1 6 v5ua figs-doublenegatives 0 there is no part unharmed This can be stated positively. It can also be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “every part of you has been harmed” or “someone has harmed every part of you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) ISA 1 6 txm6 figs-metaphor 0 they have not been closed, cleansed, bandaged, nor treated with oil This metaphor compares the punishment God has given Israel to physical wounds. It can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one has closed, cleansed, bandaged, or treated them with oil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 1 7 ei5u figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 1 7 e6tr figs-activepassive 0 Your country is ruined If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “They have ruined your country” or “Your enemies have ruined your country” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 1 7 gv8j figs-activepassive 0 your cities are burned If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “they have burned your cities” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 1 7 r1um 0 your fields—in your presence, strangers are destroying them Alternate translation: “people who are not from your own country steal the crops from your fields while you watch” ISA 1 7 l3um figs-abstractnouns 0 abandoned devastation “empty and devastated.” This abstract noun phrase can be expressed as verbal phrases. Alternate translation: “they have destroyed the land and no one lives there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 1 7 ygn5 figs-activepassive 0 overthrown by strangers If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “strangers have overthrown your country” or “a foreign army has completely conquered it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 1 8 c1rf figs-activepassive 0 The daughter of Zion is left If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I have left the daughter of Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 1 8 lkv3 figs-idiom 0 The daughter of Zion The “daughter” of a city means the people of the city. Alternate translation: “The people of Zion” or “The people who live in Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 1 8 xl8k figs-simile 0 is left like a hut in a vineyard, like a shed in a garden of cucumbers This could mean: (1) “has become as small as a hut in a vineyard or a shed in a garden of cucumbers” or (2) “is left the way a farmer leaves a hut in a vineyard or a shed in a garden of cucumbers when he is finished with them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 1 8 qnb3 0 like … cucumbers, like a besieged city Another possible meaning is “like … cucumbers. She is a besieged city” ISA 1 9 cf1d figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 1 9 a3aq figs-hypo 0 If Yahweh This describes something that could have happened in the past but did not. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) ISA 1 9 cy37 0 a small remnant Alternate translation: “a few survivors” ISA 1 9 qe2a figs-exclusive 0 us … we Here these words refer to Isaiah and includes all the people of Judah and Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ISA 1 9 y4cq figs-explicit 0 we would have been like Sodom, we would have been like Gomorrah How Judah would have been like Sodom and Gomorrah can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “God would have destroyed us, like he destroyed the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 1 10 p3g9 figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 1 10 vtc9 figs-metaphor 0 you rulers of Sodom … you people of Gomorrah Isaiah is comparing the people of Judah to Sodom and Gomorrah to emphasize how sinful they have become. Alternate translation: “you rulers who are as sinful as the people of Sodom … you people who are as wicked as those who lived in Gomorrah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 1 11 r739 figs-rquestion 0 What is the multitude of your sacrifices to me? God is using a question to scold the people. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Your many sacrifices mean nothing to me!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 1 12 z32c figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks Yahweh’s words to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 1 12 p91g figs-rquestion 0 who has required this of you, to trample my courts? The word “trample” means to step on and crush with one’s feet. God is using a question to scold the people who live in Judah. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “no one told you to stomp around in my courtyards!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 1 13 a4yw 0 Bring no more meaningless offerings Alternate translation: “Do not bring me any more of your worthless gifts” ISA 1 13 qg5t figs-abstractnouns 0 incense is an abomination to me If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **abomination**, you could express the same idea with the verb “hate.” Alternate translation: “I hate the incense the priests burn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 1 13 y2mq 0 I cannot tolerate these wicked assemblies This could mean: (1) “I cannot allow you to gather together because of the wicked things you do” or (2) “I cannot allow myself to watch you gather together because of the wicked things you do.” ISA 1 14 x2u9 figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks Yahweh’s words to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 1 14 u5nj figs-metonymy 0 your new moons and your appointed feasts The words “new moons” are a metonym for the celebrations of the new moon. They are also a synecdoche for all regular celebrations. Alternate translation: “your celebrations of the new moon and your other regular feasts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 1 14 f4rl 0 new moons A new moon is when the moon first shows light after having been dark. ISA 1 14 v251 figs-metaphor 0 they are a burden to me; I am tired of enduring them This compares how God feels about the people’s celebrations to carrying a heavy object. Alternate translation: “they are a heavy load that I am tired of carrying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 1 15 tc81 figs-idiom 0 I hide my eyes from you This idiom is a way of saying “I will not look at you” or “I will not pay attention to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 1 15 l6q5 figs-metonymy 0 your hands are full of blood This is the reason that God will not listen to their prayers. The blood likely refers to violence that they have done against people. Alternate translation: “because it is like your hands are covered with the blood of those you have harmed” or “because you are guilty of violence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 1 16 tc5d figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks Yahweh’s words to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 1 16 kug1 figs-metaphor 0 Wash, cleanse yourselves Here God compares a person who stops sinning with one who washes his body. Alternate translation: “Repent and wash the sin from your heart like you wash the dirt from your body” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 1 16 i5wc figs-metaphor 0 remove the evil of your deeds from my sight God was not telling them to do their evil deeds somewhere else, but to stop doing them. Alternate translation: “stop doing the evil deeds that I see you doing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 1 17 h8bt figs-metaphor 0 make straight the oppression God speaks of people who oppress others as if they had made crooked something that should be straight, and he calls on them to make that object straight again. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **oppression**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “make sure that those helpless people you have harmed no longer suffer from the bad things you have done to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 1 17 btn7 0 give justice to the fatherless Alternate translation: “be fair to the children who do not have fathers” ISA 1 17 q1c7 0 defend the widow Alternate translation: “protect the women whose husbands have died” ISA 1 18 nj1x 0 Come now, and let Yahweh graciously and lovingly invites the people to listen to what he is about to say. “Please listen to me. Let” or “Pay attention; I want to help you. Let” ISA 1 18 j1pw figs-exclusive 0 let us reason together “let us think about this together” or “we need to discuss this” or “what are we going to do?” Yahweh invites the people to discuss the future. Here the word “us” refers to Yahweh and includes the people of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ISA 1 18 nf9s figs-metaphor 0 though your sins are like scarlet, they will be white like snow; though they are red like crimson, they will be like wool Isaiah is speaking of the people as if they were wearing clothes that were supposed to be white wool and of their sins as if they were red stains on the clothes. If Yahweh forgives their sins, it will be as if their clothes become white again. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 1 18 ep8f figs-simile 0 like scarlet Scarlet is a bright red color. Alternate translation: “bright red” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 1 18 yt5e figs-simile 0 white like snow White is often a symbol for holiness or purity. “Snow” refers to something like frozen rain that is very white. Since this simply describes something as very white, you could replace it with something else that is white: “white as a seashell” or “white as a dove.” This means that their sins will be forgiven. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 1 18 qe12 figs-simile 0 red like crimson Crimson is a dark red color. Alternate translation: “dark red” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 1 18 e5qz figs-explicit 0 like wool Wool is the hair of a sheep or goat. How they will be like wool can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “white like wool” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 1 19 wgy5 figs-hendiadys 0 If you are willing and obedient Here, “willing” and “obedient” are used together to express one idea. Alternate translation: “If you willingly obey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]]) ISA 1 19 wz1z 0 you will eat the good of the land Alternate translation: “the land will produce good food for you to eat” ISA 1 20 e2cf 0 but if you refuse and rebel Alternate translation: “but if you refuse to listen and instead disobey me” ISA 1 20 qs1e figs-metonymy 0 the sword will devour you The word “sword” refers to Judah’s enemies. Also, the word “devour” compares Judah’s enemies coming to kill them to a wild animal that attacks and eats other animals. Alternate translation: “your enemies will kill you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 1 20 m82k figs-synecdoche 0 the mouth of Yahweh has spoken it The word “mouth” emphasizes that Yahweh has spoken and what he says will certainly happen. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has spoken” or “Yahweh has said that this will happen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 1 21 lhv6 figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 1 21 bhm8 figs-metonymy 0 How the faithful city This exclamation shows Isaiah’s anger and sadness about the people of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “See how the people of Jerusalem, who had been faithful to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 1 21 v446 figs-metaphor 0 has become a prostitute Isaiah compared the people to a woman who is not loyal to her husband but who sleeps with other men for money. The people were no longer loyal to God but were worshiping false gods. Alternate translation: “acts like a prostitute” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 1 21 v25z figs-metaphor 0 but now she is full of murderers The word “she” refers to Jerusalem and its people. Those who wrote the Bible often refer to cities as women. Alternate translation: “but now the people of Jerusalem are murderers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 1 22 n46w figs-metaphor 0 Your silver has become impure, your wine mixed with water Possible meanings are that Isaiah uses silver and wine as metaphors for: (1) the people of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “You are like silver that is no longer pure, and like wine that is mixed with water” or (2) the good deeds that the people formerly did. Alternate translation: “You used to do good deeds, but now your bad deeds make your good deeds worthless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 1 22 tbh7 0 silver … impure Someone needs to clean silver often or it will no longer shine brightly. ISA 1 22 b14q 0 wine … water Wine with water in it has little taste and so is no better than water. ISA 1 23 jw4m figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks Yahweh’s words to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 1 23 z59p 0 Your princes are rebels Alternate translation: “Your leaders rebel against God” ISA 1 23 r6i3 0 companions of thieves Alternate translation: “they are friends with people who steal from others” ISA 1 23 auk9 0 bribes … payoffs People give “bribes” as gifts to dishonest rulers so the rulers will then act unjustly. Rulers receive “payoffs” as gifts from those who make profits from unjust laws that the ruler has passed. ISA 1 23 q1cz figs-metaphor 0 runs after payoffs A person eagerly desiring for someone to give him a bribe is spoken of as if the payoff were running away and the person were running after it. Alternate translation: “everyone desires for someone to pay money to them to make dishonest decisions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 1 23 qzn3 0 They do not defend the fatherless Alternate translation: “they do not protect those who do not have fathers” ISA 1 23 yi82 0 nor does the widow’s legal plea come before them Alternate translation: “nor do they listen when widows go to them for help against those who break the law” or “and they do not help widows who go to them for help against those who break the law” ISA 1 24 ez3r figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah begins to speak Yahweh’s words to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 1 24 g1g2 0 Therefore Alternate translation: “For that reason” ISA 1 24 iza8 figs-123person 0 this is the declaration of the Lord Yahweh of hosts, the Mighty One of Israel Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Alternate translation: “this is what the Lord Yahweh of hosts, the Mighty One of Israel, has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, the Mighty One of Israel, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) ISA 1 24 qk17 figs-parallelism 0 I will take vengeance against my adversaries, and avenge myself against my enemies Both of these phrases mean basically the same thing. The words “take vengeance against my adversaries” speak more of Yahweh doing whatever he needs to do to those who work against him so he can be happy. The words “avenge myself against my enemies” speak more of Yahweh justly punishing his enemies. Alternate translation: “I will punish those who opposed me” or “I will do what pleases me to those who work against me, and I will justly punish my enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 1 25 f62p figs-metonymy 0 I will turn my hand against you Here “hand” refers to God’s power which he would use to punish his people. Alternate translation: “I will begin to use all my power against you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 1 25 z1i3 figs-metaphor 0 refine away your dross as with lye Here the process in which God removes his people’s sin is spoken of as if her were separating metal from the bad things mixed with it. The words “as with lye” adds another metaphor, because lye is used in soap, not in refining metal. Alternate translation: “and like fire removing the dirt from silver, I will remove all the evil from among you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 1 25 iah6 0 dross This is the dirt and other things that people remove from metals so the metal will be pure. ISA 1 26 y8y2 figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 1 26 usx1 0 at the first … at the beginning These are two ways of speaking of the first part or beginning of Israel’s history, when Israel first became a nation. ISA 1 26 i1s1 figs-activepassive 0 you will be called If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people will call you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 1 26 d4ji figs-metonymy 0 the city of righteousness, a faithful town Here “city” and “town” refer to the people living in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “the city where the people are righteous and loyal to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 1 27 glh4 figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks Yahweh’s words to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 1 27 qa1v figs-activepassive 0 Zion will be redeemed by justice, and her repentant ones by righteousness If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. This could mean: (1) “Yahweh will redeem Zion because the people there do what is just, and he will redeem those who repent because they do what Yahweh says is right” or (2) “Yahweh will redeem Zion because he is just, and he will redeem those who repent because he is righteous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ISA 1 27 z5g9 figs-metonymy 0 Zion This is a metonym for the people who live on Mount Zion. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 1 28 fi96 figs-activepassive 0 Rebels and sinners will be crushed together If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God will destroy those who rebel and sin against him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 1 28 ekb3 figs-activepassive 0 those who abandon Yahweh will be done away with If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and Yahweh will completely do away with those who turn away from him” or “and Yahweh will kill all who reject him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 1 29 aa8s figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks Yahweh’s words to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 1 29 rnp2 0 the sacred oak trees … gardens These phrases refer to places where the people of Judah worshiped idols. ISA 1 29 q2lw 0 you will be embarrassed by Some versions read, “you will blush because of.” A person blushes when his face turns hot and red, often because he feels that he has done something wrong. ISA 1 30 sp75 figs-simile 0 For you will be like an oak whose leaf fades, and like a garden that has no water Water gives life to trees and gardens. The people have cut themselves off from Yahweh, who gives them life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 1 31 sh9k figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks Yahweh’s words to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 1 31 mly5 0 The strong man “The strong person” or “Whoever is powerful.” This may refer to people who are important and who influence other people. ISA 1 31 lq77 0 tinder dry material that burns easily ISA 1 31 a5w2 figs-simile 0 his work like a spark This compares the person’s deeds or evil works to a spark that falls on tinder and sets it on fire. Alternate translation: “his work will be like a spark that starts a fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 2 intro pr4a 0 # Isaiah 2 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 2:2-22.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Latter days<br>This is probably a reference to the “last days.” This makes parts of this prophecy reference events near the end of this world. Most scholars expect these prophecies to be fulfilled by Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]])<br><br>### Idolatry<br>While the first prophecy of Isaiah concerned the lack of justice in Judah, this chapter focuses on the presence of idolatry in Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]]) ISA 2 1 tt88 figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 2 1 p86l figs-metonymy 0 Judah and Jerusalem “Judah” and “Jerusalem” are metonyms for the people who live there. Alternate translation: “those living in Judah and Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 2 2 dw9n 0 in the last days Alternate translation: “in the future” ISA 2 2 f17l figs-activepassive 0 the mountain of Yahweh’s house will be established This can be stated (1) as a description. Alternate translation: “The mountain of Yahweh’s house will stand” or (2) in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will establish the mountain on which his temple is built” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 2 2 i5hb figs-metaphor 0 as the highest of the mountains Isaiah speaks of importance as if it were physical height. Alternate translation: “the most important of the mountains” or “the most important place in the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 2 2 h16p figs-metaphor 0 it will be raised up above the hills Isaiah speaks of honor in metaphor as if it were physical height. This can be stated (1) in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will honor it more than any other hill” or (2) as a metonym for the people who worship there. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will honor the people who worship there more than he honors any other people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 2 2 p88m figs-metonymy 0 all the nations Here “nations” is a metonym for the people of those nations. Alternate translation: “people from all the nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 2 2 p7rl figs-metaphor 0 will flow to it The people around the world going to the mountain of Yahweh is compared to how a river flows. This emphasizes that many people will come, not just a few people. Alternate translation: “will flow like a river to it” or “will go to it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 2 3 nl4z figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 2 3 f679 0 Jacob, so he may teach … and we may walk Another possible meaning is “Jacob. He will teach … and we will walk” ISA 2 3 u8i5 figs-parallelism 0 he may teach us some of his ways, and we may walk in his paths The words “ways” and “paths” are metaphors for the way a person lives. If your language has only one word for the ground on which people walk, you may combine these phrases. Alternate translation: “he may teach us his will so that we may obey him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 2 3 qq6t figs-parallelism 0 For out of Zion will go the law, and the word of Yahweh from Jerusalem These phrases mean the same thing. Isaiah was emphasizing that all nations will understand that the truth is found in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “People in Zion will teach God’s law, and people in Jerusalem will teach the word of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 2 3 w2vd figs-metaphor 0 For out of Zion will go the law “For the law will go out from Zion.” Isaiah speaks as if the law were something like a river that moves without people doing anything. Alternate translation: “Those to whom they teach the law will go out from Zion” or “Yahweh will proclaim his law from Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 2 3 t76v figs-metaphor 0 the word of Yahweh from Jerusalem “the word of Yahweh will go out from Jerusalem.” Isaiah speaks as if the word of Yahweh were something like a river that moves without people doing anything. You can make clear the understood information. Alternate translation: “Those to whom they teach the word of Yahweh will go out from Jerusalem” or “Yahweh will proclaim his word from Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ISA 2 4 u4wn figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 2 4 d9yw 0 He will judge Alternate translation: “Yahweh will judge” ISA 2 4 xfs3 0 will render decisions Alternate translation: “will solve disputes” ISA 2 4 htf9 0 they will hammer their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruning hooks The people of the nations will turn their weapons of war into tools for farming. ISA 2 4 j77g figs-synecdoche 0 swords … spears … sword These words are synecdoches for weapons of any kind. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 2 4 i5uh figs-synecdoche 0 plowshares … pruning hooks These words are synecdoches for tools of any kind that people use in peaceful activity. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 2 4 fq2w 0 they will hammer their swords into plowshares “they will make their swords into tools for planting seeds.” A plowshare is a blade that people use to dig into soil so they can plant seeds there. ISA 2 4 d586 0 their spears into pruning hooks “they will hammer their spears into pruning hooks” or “they will make their spears into tools for caring for plants.” A pruning hook is a knife that people use to cut unwanted branches off of plants. ISA 2 4 u818 figs-metonymy 0 nation will not lift up sword against nation “no nation will lift up its sword against another nation.” The sword is a metonym for war. Alternate translation: “one nation will not fight wars against another nation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 2 4 fii3 0 nor will they train for war “nor will they even train to fight wars.” The writer expects his reader to believe that those who fight wars train before they fight and that some who train do not fight. ISA 2 5 i7e1 figs-parallelism 0 General Information: In 2:5 Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah, and in 2:6 he speaks to Yahweh. Both times he speaks in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 2 5 rm7q figs-metonymy 0 House of Jacob “You descendants of Jacob.” The word “house” is a metonym for the people who live in the house, the family. Here “Jacob” represents the nation of Judah, but it would be best to use “Jacob” here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 2 5 jlm2 0 come a gentle encouragement to do what the speaker is about to tell the hearer to do ISA 2 5 h3c9 figs-metaphor 0 let us walk in the light of Yahweh Isaiah speaks of people learning and then doing what Yahweh wants them to do as if they were walking at night with a lamp that Yahweh has provided so they can see the path. Alternate translation: “let us learn how Yahweh wants us to live and then live that way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 2 6 uvd9 figs-pronouns 0 For you have abandoned your people “For you have left your people” and do not care what happens to them. Here the word “you” refers to Yahweh and so is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) ISA 2 6 uh4h figs-metaphor 0 they are filled with customs from the east Isaiah speaks as if the people were containers who were full of something from the east. Possible meanings are that he speaks of: (1) the deeds that the eastern peoples do. Alternate translation: “they do all the time the evil things the people who live in lands east of Israel do” or (2) people, specifically those who claim to speak to dead people, who have come from the east to do evil deeds. Alternate translation: “many diviners have come from the east and now live there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 2 6 n11d 0 they practice divination they try to tell the future by looking at things like animal parts and leaves ISA 2 6 n8bj translate-symaction 0 they shake hands with sons of foreigners Clasping hands together is the symbol of friendship and peace. Alternate translation: “they make peace and work together with people who are not from Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) ISA 2 7 fld8 figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks to Yahweh in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 2 7 t4r6 figs-metaphor 0 Their land is full of silver and gold … their land also is full of horses Isaiah speaks as if the land were a container in which someone had placed silver, horses, and idols. The word “land” is a metonym for the people themselves, and the words “is full of” is a metaphor for the people possessing these items. Alternate translation: “They possess much silver and gold … they also possess many horses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 2 8 cyh2 figs-metaphor 0 Their land also is full of idols Isaiah speaks as if the land were a container in which someone had placed silver, horses, and idols. The word “land” is a metonym for the people themselves, and the words “is full of” is a metaphor for the people possessing these items. Alternate translation: “They also possess many idols” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 2 8 zic5 figs-parallelism 0 the craftsmanship of their own hands, things that their own fingers have made These two phrases mean almost the same thing and emphasize that these are not real gods. If your language has no general word for something someone has made, you can combine these two phrases into one. Alternate translation: “things that they themselves have made” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 2 8 au6k figs-synecdoche 0 craftsmanship of their own hands The word “hands” is a synecdoche for the people themselves. Alternate translation: “their own craftsmanship” or “their own work” or “things they have made with their hands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 2 8 sup5 figs-synecdoche 0 things that their own fingers have made The word “fingers” is a synecdoche for the people themselves. Alternate translation: “things that they have made with their own fingers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 2 9 uqg2 figs-parallelism 0 General Information: In 2:9 Isaiah finishes speaking to Yahweh. In 2:10-11 Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah. Both times he speaks in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 2 9 itw7 figs-metaphor 0 The people will be bowed down, and individuals will fall down Here being low to the ground represents people who are completely humiliated because they realize all they trusted in is worthless, and they can do nothing to help themselves. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God will make the people ashamed, and they will realize that all they trusted in is worthless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 2 9 gq1x 0 The people human beings, as opposed to animals ISA 2 9 vjx5 0 individuals Alternate translation: “each person” ISA 2 9 rbg3 figs-metaphor 0 do not raise them up The words “raise them up” are a metaphor for Yahweh forgiving the people. Alternate translation: “do not forgive them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 2 10 gxz3 0 Go into the rocky places Possible meanings are the people should go into: (1) caves on steep hillsides or (2) places where there are many large rocks among which to hide. ISA 2 10 y6bc 0 hide in the ground Possible meanings are that the people should hide: (1) in natural holes in the ground or (2) in pits that they dig in the ground. ISA 2 10 iv7d figs-abstractnouns 0 from the terror of Yahweh If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **terror**, you could express the same idea with the verb “terrifying.” Alternate translation: “to get away from Yahweh’s terrifying presence” or “from Yahweh because you will be extremely afraid of him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 2 10 sf9n 0 the glory of his majesty “the great beauty and power he has as king” or “his royal splendor.” See how you translated this in [Isaiah 2:10](../02/10.md). ISA 2 11 hp3l figs-metaphor 0 The lofty gaze of man will be brought low “Yahweh will bring down the lofty gaze of man.” A man with a “lofty gaze” is looking above everyone to show them that he is better than they are. Here all people are guilty of thinking they are better than Yahweh, and the way they look at those who worship Yahweh, is a metonym for their pride. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will make ashamed all people because they think they are better than he is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 2 11 i99t figs-metonymy 0 the pride of men will be brought down “The pride of men” here is a metonym for proud people, and being “brought down” is a metaphor for being humbled or ashamed. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will bring down proud men” or “Yahweh will make proud people ashamed of themselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 2 11 f7iq figs-activepassive 0 Yahweh alone will be exalted If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people will praise only Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 2 11 akb4 figs-idiom 0 on that day This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “on the day that Yahweh judges everyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 2 12 u89l figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 2 12 ypp7 figs-activepassive 0 who is proud and raised up One who is “raised up” is proud and considers himself better than other people. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “who is proud and who raises himself above other people” or “who is proud and thinks that he is better than other people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 2 12 ew97 figs-doublet 0 who is proud … who is arrogant Someone who is arrogant speaks and acts as if he is better than other people. These two phrases have similar meanings and are used together to emphasize that Yahweh will punish them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 2 12 t5zf figs-activepassive 0 he will be brought down “every proud person will be brought down.” If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will humble him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 2 13 icm3 figs-metaphor 0 against all the cedars of Lebanon … against all the oaks of Bashan The “day of Yahweh of Hosts” will be against the cedars and oaks. This could mean: (1) these trees are a metaphor for the proud people whom God will judge or (2) God will actually destroy these mighty trees. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 2 14 d97m 0 against In 2:14-16 Isaiah lists things that God will destroy. This could mean: (1) these refer to prideful people that God will humble or (2) God will actually destroy all these things in the list. ISA 2 14 mud8 figs-metaphor 0 mountains … hills These words are metaphors for the pride of the Israelites. They also appear in [Isaiah 2:2](../02/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 2 14 td8x figs-idiom 0 that are lifted up This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “that are very high” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 2 15 u56r figs-metaphor 0 high tower … impregnable wall These refer to things people would build around their cities so they could defend themselves against their enemies. They are a metaphor for the Israelites’ pride and belief that they had no need for Yahweh and could stand against any punishment Yahweh would mete out to them for their sins. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 2 15 y975 0 impregnable wall Alternate translation: “wall that nothing can break down or go through” ISA 2 16 ns89 0 ships of Tarshish … beautiful sailing vessels These refer to large boats that people used to travel far on the sea and bring back goods to the cities. ISA 2 16 a8gz 0 ships of Tarshish Alternate translation: “ships on which they go to Tarshish” ISA 2 17 dx3l figs-activepassive 0 The pride of man will be brought low If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “He will bring low every proud man” or “He will humiliate every proud man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 2 17 sjb9 figs-abstractnouns 0 the haughtiness of men will fall If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **haughtiness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “those people who are haughty will stop being haughty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 2 17 ij1n figs-activepassive 0 Yahweh alone will be exalted If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: “people will praise only Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 2 18 t75w 0 The idols will completely pass away Alternate translation: “All idols will disappear” or “There will be no more idols” ISA 2 19 ii4y figs-explicit 0 Men will go … from the terror The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “Men will go … to hide from the terror” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 2 19 w4lw 0 the caves of the rocks “the caves in the rocks.” These are large rocks, not small stones that can be held in the hand. ISA 2 19 r7kz 0 from the terror of Yahweh, and from the glory of his majesty See how you translated this in [Isaiah 2:10](../02/10.md). ISA 2 19 ul48 0 from the terror of Yahweh because they are very afraid of Yahweh ISA 2 19 dm1h figs-hendiadys 0 the glory of his majesty Here the word “glory” describes “majesty.” Alternate translation: “the beauty he has as king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]]) ISA 2 19 p1ch 0 when he rises to terrify the earth Alternate translation: “when Yahweh takes action and causes the people of the earth to be terribly afraid of him” ISA 2 20 x4cz translate-unknown 0 to the moles and bats Moles are small animals that dig and live underground. Bats are small flying animals that sometimes live in caves. Alternate translation: “to the animals” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) ISA 2 21 hs4f 0 the crevices in the rocks … the clefts of the ragged rocks If your language does not have two different words for “crevice” and “cleft,” the space that appears between the two parts of a rock when it splits, you can combine these two phrases into one. ISA 2 21 ikz7 0 from the terror of Yahweh because they are very afraid of Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 2:19](../02/19.md). ISA 2 21 rn5i 0 the glory of his majesty “the great beauty and power he has as king” or “his royal majesty.” See how you translated this in [Isaiah 2:10](../02/10.md). ISA 2 21 nz4j 0 when he rises to terrify the earth “when Yahweh takes action and causes the people of the earth to be terribly afraid of him.” See how you translated this in [Isaiah 2:19](../02/19.md). ISA 2 22 c4s2 figs-explicit 0 whose life-breath is in his nostrils This describes how man is human and weak by emphasizing that he needs to breath to live. Alternate translation: “who is weak and will die” or “who needs the breath in his nose to live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 2 22 thr5 0 nostrils the holes in the nose through which people breathe ISA 2 22 hw38 figs-rquestion 0 for what does he amount to? Isaiah uses a question to remind the people of something they should already know. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “for man amounts to nothing!” or “for man is not worth anything!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 3 intro bgn6 0 # Isaiah 3 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter is a continuation of the material in the previous chapter. Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 3:1-26, which is a vision Isaiah receives. These are the words of Yahweh.<br><br>### Judgment<br>This chapter is structured as a judgment against the Jews. God is acting as a judge reading the list of convictions against them and then he reads the judgment. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Exile<br>While the previous part of the prophecy in chapter 2 discussed the last days, this part of the prophecy predicts the exile of Judah to Babylon. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]]) ISA 3 1 li2r 0 See The word “see” here adds emphasis to what follows. It can also be translated as “Listen” or “Indeed.” ISA 3 1 b6ce figs-metaphor 0 support and staff Both of these words refer to a walking stick, on which someone leans for support. This idea here stands for the things that people need the most in order to live: food and water. Alternate translation: “everything that supports you” or “everything that you depend on” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 3 2 c9rl figs-genericnoun 0 the mighty man … the warrior … the judge … the prophet … the one who practices divination … the elder This is a list of categories of people that others depend on. Since they do not refer to particular individuals, they can all be translated with plural nouns as in the UST. Alternate translation: “the mighty men … the warriors … the judges … the prophets … the ones who practices divination … the elders” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) ISA 3 2 zv6c 0 the one who practices divination This is a person who claims that he can tell the future by looking at things like animal parts and leaves. See how you translated similar words in [Isaiah 2:6](../02/06.md). ISA 3 3 q6s4 figs-genericnoun 0 the captain of fifty … the respected citizen … the counselor … the expert craftsman … the skillful enchanter This is a list of categories of people that others depend on. Since they do not refer to particular individuals, they can all be translated with plural nouns as in the UST. Alternate translation: “the captains of fifty … the respected citizens … the counselors … the expert craftsmen … the skillful enchanters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) ISA 3 3 kui6 translate-numbers 0 the captain of fifty This could mean: (1) the word “fifty” represents the exact amount of soldiers that the captain led. Alternate translation: “the captains of 50 soldiers” or (2) the word translated as “fifty” does not represent an exact number, but is the name of a small military unit. Alternate translation: “the captain of a small military unit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) ISA 3 3 jms3 translate-numbers 0 fifty “50” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) ISA 3 4 y5ha figs-parallelism 0 I will place mere youths as their leaders, and the young will rule over them These phrases mean basically the same thing. This could mean: (1) “I will place young people as their leaders, and those young people will rule over them” or (2) “youths” is a metaphor for simple and foolish men. Alternate translation: “I will place over them leaders who are immature, like young people, and those bad leaders will rule over them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 3 4 l2g7 figs-explicit 0 I will place Here the word “I” refers to Yahweh. This can also be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “Yahweh says, ‘I will place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 3 5 f5ah figs-activepassive 0 The people will be oppressed, every one by another, and every one by his neighbor If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Everyone will be cruel to others and will mistreat his neighbor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 3 5 rs6x 0 the degraded Alternate translation: “the people who are without honor” or “the people whom no one respects” ISA 3 5 c8vy 0 the honorable Alternate translation: “the people with honor” or “the people whom everyone respects” ISA 3 6 erd8 figs-metaphor 0 let this ruin be in your hands Here “hands” represents authority. Alternate translation: “take charge of this ruin” or “rule over this ruin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 3 6 l4fv figs-metaphor 0 this ruin This could mean: (1) many or most of the buildings in the city of Jerusalem were destroyed or (2) the people in Jerusalem have no more prosperity or leadership. Alternate translation: “this city, which is now ruined” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 3 7 p9fr figs-metaphor 0 I will not be a healer Solving the people’s troubles is spoken of as if it were healing them. Alternate translation: “No, I cannot fix this problem” or “No, I cannot help you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 3 8 ze64 0 Connecting Statement: The prophet begins to comment on this situation. ISA 3 8 un4e figs-metaphor 0 Jerusalem has stumbled, and Judah has fallen Disobeying God is spoken of as if it were stumbling and falling. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 3 8 c8ii figs-synecdoche 0 the eyes of his glory Here “the eyes” stands for God himself, who is glorious. Alternate translation: “him who is glorious” or “Yahweh who is glorious” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 3 9 j4qh figs-personification 0 The look on their faces witnesses against them Expressions of arrogance on people’s faces are spoken of as if the expressions were persons who could testify against the proud people. Alternate translation: “The prideful looks on their faces show that they oppose Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 3 9 iu71 figs-simile 0 they tell of their sin like Sodom; they do not hide it Here the people of Judah are said to be like the people of Sodom, because they openly boasted about their sins. Alternate translation: “like the people of Sodom, they talk about their sins and let everyone know about them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 3 9 p1nv figs-metonymy 0 For they have completed a catastrophe for themselves The catastrophe is still coming, but the people have finished doing what will cause it to come. The catastrophe’s causes are spoken of here as if they were the catastrophe itself. Alternate translation: “For they have done everything that will cause a catastrophe to happen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 3 10 s8ek 0 Tell the righteous person that it will be well Alternate translation: “Tell the one who is doing what is right that I will make things good for him” ISA 3 10 yki9 figs-genericnoun 0 the righteous person This refers to righteous people in general. Alternate translation: “righteous people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) ISA 3 10 s5vz figs-metaphor 0 for they will eat the fruit of their deeds Deeds are spoken of as if they were trees giving fruit that can be eaten. The fruit stands for the reward for doing good deeds. Alternate translation: “for they will receive their reward for their good deeds” or “for they will receive their reward for the good things they have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 3 10 i1nt 0 they will eat the fruit of their deeds The Hebrew text has these plural pronouns here, but they refer to any righteous person. Translators can choose to translate them as singular: “he will eat the fruit of his deeds.” ISA 3 11 ti8h figs-metonymy 0 for the recompense of his hands will be done to him Here “hands” stands for the deeds that the person has done. Alternate translation: “for what the wicked person has done to others will be done to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 3 12 yn5p 0 My people … My people This could mean: (1) Isaiah is talking and “My” refers to Isaiah, or (2) Yahweh is talking and “My” refers to Yahweh. ISA 3 12 zg6p figs-metaphor 0 children are their oppressors This could mean: (1) “young people have become their leaders and they oppress the people” or (2) “their leaders are immature like children and oppress the people.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 3 12 j52r 0 women rule over them This could mean: (1) “women rule over the people” or (2) “their leaders are weak like women.” ISA 3 12 t5bp figs-metaphor 0 those who guide you lead you astray and confuse the direction of your path It was common in the Ancient Middle East to speak of a nation’s leaders as if they were shepherds. As shepherds lead the sheep along good paths to safety, leaders should teach the people the truth and help them do what is right. Judah’s leaders were not doing this. Alternate translation: “your leaders are like bad shepherds who lead you away from good paths and do not show you where to go” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 3 13 c84g figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh stands up for an accusation; he is standing to accuse the people Isaiah speaks of Yahweh’s decision to harm the people as if Yahweh were bringing a legal accusation in a courtroom against the people of Israel. The second part of this line means the same thing as the first part, but it says it a little more completely. Alternate translation: “It is as though Yahweh had taken his place in a courtroom and were ready to accuse the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 3 14 exq5 figs-metaphor 0 will come with judgment Judgment is spoken of as if it were an object that one could bring to another person. Alternate translation: “will announce his judgment” or “will declare his judgment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 3 14 j6us figs-you 0 You have ruined the vineyard Here “you” refers to the elders and rulers. Yahweh is speaking of his people as if they were a vineyard. Like someone who fails to care for a vineyard so that the vines give no more grapes, the elders and leaders are discouraging the Israelites from serving God. Alternate translation: “My people are like a vineyard, and you have ruined it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 3 14 cn9b 0 the plunder from the poor is in your houses Alternate translation: “the things you have taken from the poor are in your houses” ISA 3 14 k6ua figs-nominaladj 0 the poor This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “those who are poor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) ISA 3 15 k4yw figs-rquestion 0 Why do you crush my people and grind the faces of the poor? Yahweh asks this question in order to accuse the leaders of the people. This accusation can be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: “I am angry with you evil men because you are crushing my people and grinding the faces of the poor!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 3 15 jjf2 figs-metaphor 0 crush my people Making people suffer is spoken of as if it were crushing them with a very heavy weight. Alternate translation: “cruelly harm my people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 3 15 df4t figs-metaphor 0 grind the faces of the poor Making people suffer is spoken of as if it were rubbing their faces into the ground. Alternate translation: “harm the poor and make them suffer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 3 15 a6jh figs-123person 0 This is the declaration of the Lord Yahweh of hosts Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Alternate translation: “this is what the Lord Yahweh of hosts has declared” or “this is what I, the Lord Yahweh of hosts, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) ISA 3 16 u9pn figs-metaphor 0 the daughters of Zion Zion, meaning here the city of Jerusalem, is spoken of as if it were a woman with her daughters. Alternate translation: “the women of Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 3 16 hb7z 0 with their necks extended Alternate translation: “in an arrogant way”” ISA 3 16 fv4y 0 with flirting eyes Looking at men in a way that makes the men think the women want sexual relations. ISA 3 16 ip6r 0 walking with tiny steps as they go This is how they would walk to attract men, possibly because the bracelets on their ankles were connected by chains decorated with bells so they could not take normal steps. ISA 3 18 m577 figs-metonymy 0 the Lord will remove Here what the Lord causes others to do is spoken of as the Lord doing it himself. Alternate translation: “the Lord will cause others to remove” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 3 18 ify9 0 ankle jewelry a decoration that women wear on the ankle, just above the foot ISA 3 18 r8vh 0 head bands a decoration that women wear over the head and hair ISA 3 18 kb3y 0 crescent ornaments moon-shaped ornaments that people wear in the belief that they will protect the person from evil ISA 3 19 hp8a 0 ear pendants jewelry that hangs from the ear or over the ear ISA 3 19 a5ha 0 bracelets a decoration that women wear on the arm near the hands ISA 3 19 wfq5 0 veils a very thin material used to cover a woman’s head and face ISA 3 20 sa4a 0 headscarves long, thin pieces of cloth that women tie around the head or hair ISA 3 20 ny93 0 ankle chains These are decorations that women wear near the feet. Often the chains hang down to make a gentle noise. ISA 3 20 tw31 0 sashes a piece of cloth that people wear around the waist or across the chest ISA 3 20 jqq5 0 perfume boxes a small box or bag containing perfume that women wore on chains or strings around their necks so they smelled good ISA 3 20 a1uq 0 lucky charms jewelry that people wear in the belief that it will bring good luck ISA 3 21 pg1c 0 rings a decoration worn around the finger ISA 3 21 f1fe 0 nose jewels a decoration worn in or through the nose ISA 3 22 l57q 0 festive robes a long, loose garment with decorations that was worn over other clothes for everyone to see ISA 3 22 i2i1 0 mantles a cloth worn over the shoulders on the outside of the clothes ISA 3 22 a51r 0 veils See how you translated this in [Isaiah 3:19](../03/19.md). ISA 3 22 vtu3 0 handbags a bag to used to carry small things ISA 3 23 la8f 0 hand mirrors a small surface, held in one’s hand and used to see oneself ISA 3 23 d2el 0 fine linen a soft cloth worn by rich people ISA 3 23 p3s4 0 head pieces a cloth or small hat worn over the hair ISA 3 23 g51h 0 wraps a decorative cloth that a woman would wrap around herself to make her beautiful ISA 3 24 cn6w 0 sash a piece of cloth that people wear around the waist or across the chest. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 3:20](../03/20.md). ISA 3 24 b6ca 0 a rope This may refer to a rope that enemies would tie on the people of Judah when they captured them. Or it might mean that Jerusalem’s women would have nothing to wear but rough clothing secured with ropes. ISA 3 24 c3sv 0 well-arranged hair, baldness Alternate translation: “pretty hair, their heads will be bald” ISA 3 25 ng43 figs-metonymy 0 Your men will fall by the sword, and your strong men will fall in war Falling represents being killed, and the sword represents battle. Alternate translation: “Your men will be killed in battle, and your strong men will be killed in war” or “Enemies will kill your soldiers in battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 3 26 kz3l figs-metonymy 0 Jerusalem’s gates will lament and mourn Here the city gates represent the people who sit at the public places near the city gates. Alternate translation: “The people of Jerusalem will sit at the city gates and cry and mourn” (See:- [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 3 26 qeu2 figs-personification 0 she will be alone and sit upon the ground Isaiah speaks of the people of Jerusalem, whom no one will save from their enemies, as if they were the city itself and as if they were a woman who sits on the ground because all her friends have deserted her. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 4 intro xy1x 0 # Isaiah 4 General Notes<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### More women than men<br>This chapter describes a time when there will be many more women than men in Judah. This is because so many of Judah’s fighting men will have died before the exile. Those who come through this difficult time will be a holy remnant. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/remnant]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Branch of Yahweh<br>Scholars are divided over the possible meaning of this metaphor. Some believe it is a reference to the Messiah, while others believe it is a reference to the faithful remnant. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]]) ISA 4 1 ke3e figs-idiom 0 let us take your name This phrase means “let us marry you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 4 2 ki64 figs-synecdoche 0 the branch of Yahweh will be beautiful This could mean: (1) “branch” is a synecdoche that represents the crops Yahweh will cause to grow in the land of Israel. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will cause the crops in Israel to be beautiful” or (2) “branch” is a metaphor that refers to the Messiah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 4 2 egm3 0 will be beautiful and glorious Alternate translation: “will be full of beauty and glory” ISA 4 2 ree3 figs-metaphor 0 the fruit of the land will be tasty and delightful for those survivors in Israel “Fruit” sometimes simply represents food produced in the land, and sometimes it represents spiritual blessings. This could mean: (1) God will cause the land to produce good food again. Alternate translation: “the people who are still in Israel will enjoy the best food from the land” or (2) the future Messiah will bring spiritual blessings to the people in the land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 4 3 z8mg figs-parallelism 0 the one who is left in Zion and the one who remains in Jerusalem Both of these statements mean the same thing. Here “the one who” does not refer to a specific person but to people in general who are still alive in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “everyone who remains in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) ISA 4 3 gb1i figs-activepassive 0 will be called holy If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the Lord will call them holy” or “will belong to the Lord” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 4 3 pe1n figs-activepassive 0 everyone who is written down as living in Jerusalem If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “everyone whose name is on the list of the people who live in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 4 4 af4y figs-metaphor 0 when the Lord will have washed away the filth of the daughters of Zion This expression speaks of sin as if it were physical dirt. Alternate translation: “after the Lord removes the sins of the daughters of Zion as someone washes away filth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 4 4 idm2 0 the daughters of Zion This could mean: (1) the women of Jerusalem or (2) the people of Jerusalem. ISA 4 4 el4d figs-metonymy 0 will have cleansed the blood stains from Jerusalem’s midst “Blood stains” here represents violence and murder. Alternate translation: “will have taken away those in Jerusalem who harm innocent people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 4 4 i2xn figs-metaphor 0 by means of the spirit of judgment and the spirit of flaming fire This is how God would remove the sin from Jerusalem. Here “spirit” probably represents the activity of judging and burning. Alternate translation: “by judgment and flaming fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 4 4 l3vm 0 spirit of judgment This could mean: (1) Yahweh will punish the people or (2) Yahweh will declare the people guilty. ISA 4 4 si1b figs-metaphor 0 the spirit of flaming fire This could mean: (1) this is a metaphor that means Yahweh will remove sinners from Zion like a fire removes impurities or (2) “flaming fire” is a metonym that represents the destruction in general of all the sinners. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 4 5 yk4j 0 a canopy over all the glory This could mean: (1) a canopy for protecting the glorious city, or (2) a canopy consisting of God’s glory that will protect the city. If the first meaning is followed, then it may further mean that the city is glorious because Yahweh is present in it. ISA 4 5 h7ct 0 canopy This is a cloth that is hung over something to cover it for protecton. ISA 5 intro g25h 0 # Isaiah 5 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Woe<br>This chapter presents a series of woes, or judgments against those who are spoken against. Most of these judgements are due to the lack of justice in Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/woe]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Allegory<br>This chapter begins as an allegory. An allegory is a story with a symbolic meaning. This allegory is meant to teach the Jews that they sinned against Yahweh and that there was nothing more he could have done for them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])<br><br>==Animals being present where people once lived==<br>Verse 17 (“Then the sheep will feed as in their own pasture, and in the ruins of the rich people, lambs will graze”) is an example of the Old Testament’s prophets’ habit of describing complete ruin and desolation in terms of a picture of animals--usually wild animals, but here sheep and lambs--living in or feeding in those places. Whether the picture is of flocks or wild animals, the purpose is to say that the human habitation has gone back to wild nature, and that this has happened because of God’s punishment on the people. ISA 5 1 wd3z figs-parables 0 General Information: Isaiah tells a parable about a farmer and his vineyard. The farmer represents God and the vineyard represents the people of Judah, the southern kingdom of the Israelites. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) ISA 5 1 csd3 0 my well beloved Alternate translation: “my dear friend” ISA 5 1 y5t9 0 on a very fertile hill Alternate translation: “on a hill where very good crops could grow” ISA 5 2 ac25 0 He spaded it “He prepared the soil.” This expresson refers to using a tool to dig into the ground to prepare it for planting. ISA 5 2 qk26 figs-explicit 0 He built a tower in the middle of it “He made a tall building in the middle of the vineyard to watch over it.” Someone would stand at the top of the tower to watch the vineyard and make sure that no animals or people went into it. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 5 2 qfu3 0 built a winepress “dug a pit to squeeze out the grape juice.” A winepress is a low place carved out of rock in the ground where workers step on the grapes to crush them with their feet, in order to remove the grape juice. ISA 5 2 feu4 0 wild grapes Alternate translation: “worthless grapes” or “bad tasting grapes” ISA 5 3 crw5 figs-parables 0 General Information: In Isaiah’s parable of the vineyard, the owner of the vineyard, who represents God, speaks to the people of Jerusalem and Judah about his vineyard. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) ISA 5 3 x6tw figs-genericnoun 0 inhabitant of Jerusalem and man of Judah These expressions refer in general to all people living in Jerusalem and Judah, so they can be translated with plural nouns. Alternate translation: “all of you who live in Jerusalem and Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) ISA 5 3 v4cu 0 Jerusalem … Judah “Judah” was the name of the southern kingdom of Israelites, and Jerusalem was the capital city. ISA 5 3 c6vk figs-metaphor 0 judge between me and my vineyard The idea of a space separating two things is often used to express the idea of choosing one or the other of those things. Alternate translation: “decide who has acted right, I or my vineyard” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 5 4 cy5z figs-rquestion 0 What more could have been done for my vineyard, that I have not done for it? The owner uses this question to make a statement about his vineyard. This rhetorical questions can be translated as a stataement. Alternate translation: “I have done all that I could do for my vineyard!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 5 4 ka3q figs-rquestion 0 When I looked for it to produce grapes, why did it produce wild grapes? The owner uses a question to say that his vineyard should have produced good grapes. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “I wanted it to make good grapes, but it only produced worthless grapes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 5 5 d9l9 0 remove the hedge “take away the border of bushes.” A hedge is a row of bushes or small trees that have been planted in order to protect a garden or some other kind of area. Here “hedge” probably refers to the thorn bushes that were planted to grow on the stone wall surrounding the vineyard. ISA 5 5 msh2 0 I will turn it into a pasture “I will allow animals to go there and eat.” This is a grassy place where animals feed. ISA 5 5 b6y6 figs-activepassive 0 it will be trampled down If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “animals will trample it down” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 5 6 b9b1 0 I will lay it waste Alternate translation: “I will destroy it” ISA 5 6 vvv3 figs-activepassive 0 it will not be pruned nor hoed If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “no one will prune it or hoe it” or “no one will cut off the branches that are not needed, and no one will take care of the soil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 5 6 e15p writing-symlanguage 0 briers and thorns will spring up Briers and thorns are often used as symbols of ruined cities and land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) ISA 5 7 ba1g 0 General Information: Isaiah explains the parable of the vineyard. ISA 5 7 dnz9 figs-parables 0 For the vineyard of Yahweh of hosts is the house of Israel Isaiah states that the vineyard in the parable represents the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “For the vineyard of Yahweh of hosts represents the house of Israel” or “The people of Israel are like the vineyard of Yahweh, Lord of the angel armies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) ISA 5 7 l82n figs-metonymy 0 the house of Israel The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to the kingdom of Israel. Alternate translation: “Israel” or “the kingdom of Israel” or “the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 5 7 rxv5 figs-metaphor 0 the man of Judah his pleasant planting The people of Judah are spoken of as if they are a vine that Yahweh planted. This can be stated as a simile. Alternate translation: “the people of Judah are like a vine that Yahweh planted for Yahweh’s pleasure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 5 7 kmz3 figs-genericnoun 0 the man of Judah Here “man” represents all the people of Judah. Alternate translation: “the people of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) ISA 5 7 ebr9 figs-abstractnouns 0 he waited for justice, but instead, there was killing If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **justice**, you could express the same idea with the verb “do what is fair.” If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **killing**, you could express the same idea with “killed one another.” Alternate translation: “Yahweh waited for the people to do what is fair, but instead they killed one another” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 5 7 dtn9 figs-ellipsis 0 for righteousness The phrase “he waited” is understood from earlier in the verse. It can be repeated to make the meaning clear. Alternate translation: “He waited for righteousness” or “He waited for them to do what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ISA 5 7 hhv8 figs-ellipsis 0 instead, a shout for help The words “there was” are understood from earlier in the verse. They can be repeated to make the meaning clear. The reason people shouted out for help can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “instead, there was a shout for help” or “instead, those who were weak shouted out for someone to help them because others were attacking them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 5 7 s93f figs-genericnoun 0 a shout This expression probably stands for many shouts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) ISA 5 8 cm7e 0 General Information: Isaiah announces God’s judgment. ISA 5 8 m6ai figs-explicit 0 to those who join house to house, who join field to field “to those who take more and more houses, and who take more and more fields.” Isaiah assumes that his audience knows that the law forbids someone from taking land from a family permanently. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 5 9 tu9i 0 Yahweh of hosts See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). ISA 5 9 f6yx 0 without any inhabitant Alternate translation: “without anyone living in it” ISA 5 10 x1d1 figs-explicit 0 a ten-yoke vineyard The size of the vineyard is represented by the number of pairs of oxen that could plow it in one day. Each pair of oxen would be connected by a yoke. Alternate translation: “a vineyard that is large enough for ten pairs of oxen to plow it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 5 10 xm5c translate-bvolume 0 one bath “one bath of wine” or “22 liters of wine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]]) ISA 5 10 wyg4 translate-bvolume 0 one homer of seed will yield only an ephah “220 liters of seed will produce only 22 liters of grain.” One homer equals ten ephahs. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]]) ISA 5 11 w596 figs-merism 0 those who rise up early in the morning … who linger late into the night This refers to people who do nothing all day but drink alcoholic drinks. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) ISA 5 11 e3cu figs-metaphor 0 until wine inflames them Here the power of wine to make its drinkers drunk is spoken of as if it were inflaming them, that is, setting them on fire. Alternate translation: “until they are drunk with wine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 5 12 uj2g 0 harp, lute, tambourine, flute, and wine These musical instruments and the wine imply that the people enjoying these things are celebrating very much. ISA 5 12 rum8 translate-unknown 0 tambourine A musical instrument with a head like a drum that can be beaten with the hand. It probably had pieces of metal around the side that sounded when the player shook it. The tambourine was small enough for the player to hold it and shake it with one hand. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) ISA 5 12 er4f 0 considered thought seriously about ISA 5 12 mpb9 figs-abstractnouns 0 the doings of his hands If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **doings**, you could express the same idea with the verb “done” or “created.” Alternate translation: “what he has done” or “what he has created” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 5 12 d7ca figs-synecdoche 0 the doings of his hands Here the metonym “hands” represents the person who has done something. Alternate translation: “what Yahweh has done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 5 13 sd2g 0 General Information: These verses tell what will happen to the people because they have disobeyed God. ISA 5 13 e8j7 figs-pastforfuture 0 my people have gone into captivity In prophecy things that will happen in the future are often referred to as if they had already happened. This emphasizes that the prophecy will certainly come true. Alternate translation: “enemies from other countries will take my people, Israel, as slaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) ISA 5 13 ek1f figs-explicit 0 for lack of understanding What they do not understand can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “because they do not understand Yahweh or his law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 5 14 lq6k figs-metaphor 0 Sheol has made its appetite greater and has opened its mouth very wide This phrase speaks of Sheol, which stands here for the grave, to an animal that is ready to eat other animals. It implies that many, many people will die. Alternate translation: “death is like a hungry animal that has opened its mouth wide to eat up many people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 5 14 l95b figs-pastforfuture 0 their elite, the people, their leaders, and the revelers and those who are happy among them, descend into Sheol The prophet speaks of the future as if it were happening now. Alternate translation: “Many people of Israel, their important people and common people, their leaders and those who enjoy wild parties, will go into Sheol” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) ISA 5 15 hv2s figs-parallelism 0 Man will be forced to bend down, and mankind will be humbled The phrases used together mean the same thing and are used together for emphasis. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. See how you translated similar words in [Isaiah 2:9](../02/09.md). Alternate translation: “God will make every person bow down and be humble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 5 15 kvv6 figs-pastforfuture 0 Man will be forced to bend down, and mankind will be humbled Future events are spoken of as if they have already happened. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) ISA 5 15 bal8 translate-symaction 0 Man will be forced to bend down Bending down often symbolizes being humiliated. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) ISA 5 15 npg6 figs-metonymy 0 the eyes of the lofty will be cast down Looking down is often a sign of being ashamed. See how you translated similar words in [Isaiah 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: “the eyes of proud people will look down in shame” or “people who were proud are now ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 5 15 kj8c figs-metaphor 0 the lofty Here proud, arrogant people are spoken of as if they are high above other people. Alternate translation: “proud” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 5 16 unu8 figs-activepassive 0 Yahweh of hosts will be exalted in his justice If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “People will praise Yahweh of hosts because he is just” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 5 16 b2ch 0 Yahweh of hosts See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). ISA 5 16 veu5 figs-metaphor 0 will be exalted Being honored is spoken of as if it were being lifted high. Alternate translation: “will be greatly honored” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 5 17 s6dd 0 the sheep will feed as in their own pasture Yahweh will destroy the city of Jerusalem, which was called a “vineyard” in [Isaiah 5:1](../05/01.md). It will become good for nothing except for sheep to eat grass there. ISA 5 17 lv4d 0 graze eat grass ISA 5 17 cj7g figs-simile 0 in the ruins, lambs will graze as foreigners That is, the lambs will graze there. The land will be worthless for any other use. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 5 18 w5kt figs-parallelism 0 Woe to those who pull along iniquity with useless cords and who pull along sin as if it were with a cart rope These phrases mean basically the same thing. They speak of people who continue to sin on purpose as if they were using all their strength to pull a heavy cart along. God will punish them for their sin. Alternate translation: “Woe to those who work hard to sin as a person who drags a cart by a rope” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 5 19 fje3 figs-irony 0 those who say This refers to those who continue to sin (verse 18) and then mockingly challenge God to stop them. Alternate translation: “those mockers who say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) ISA 5 19 fg4f figs-metaphor 0 let the plans of the Holy One of Israel come God’s plans are spoken of as if they were objects that could come by themselves. Alternate translation: “let the Holy One of Israel accomplish his plans” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 5 19 czd2 0 the Holy One of Israel Translate “the Holy One” as in [Isaiah 5:16](../05/16.md). ISA 5 20 wfp3 figs-metaphor 0 who represent darkness as light, and light as darkness … bitter as sweet, and sweet as bitter Those who do these things are the same as those “who call evil good, and good evil.” These things are opposites and people know the difference between them, but some people lie and say that bad things are good. Alternate translation: “They are like people who call darkness light and light darkness. They are like people who call bitter things sweet and sweet things bitter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 5 21 ivi4 figs-metonymy 0 to those who are wise in their own eyes Here the metonym “eyes” refers to their thoughts. Alternate translation: “to those who consider themselves to be wise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 5 21 k28f 0 prudent in their own understanding Alternate translation: “think they understand everything” ISA 5 23 cpy5 0 who acquit the wicked for payment This passage is speaking about corrupt judges in courts of law. ISA 5 23 zv59 0 acquit the wicked Alternate translation: “declare guilty people innocent” ISA 5 23 x4u8 0 deprive the innocent of his rights Alternate translation: “do not treat innocent people fairly” ISA 5 24 c3qz 0 tongue of fire Alternate translation: “flame of fire” or “flame” ISA 5 24 k429 figs-parallelism 0 as the tongue of fire devours stubble, and as the dry grass goes down in flame These phrases mean basically the same thing. God will punish the people described in [Isaiah 5:18-23](./18.md). Alternate translation: “as a fire burns up stubble and grass” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 5 24 ngz1 0 stubble The dry pieces of plants that are left in the ground after the stalks have been cut. ISA 5 24 mbt4 figs-metaphor 0 their root will rot, and their blossom will blow away like dust Isaiah speaks of these people as if they were a dying plant. Alternate translation: “they will die like a plant whose roots have rotted and whose blossom has dried up and blown away in the wind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 5 25 pkf2 figs-metaphor 0 the anger of Yahweh is kindled Isaiah speaks of Yahweh’s anger as if it were a fire. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is very angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 5 25 u4m4 figs-pastforfuture 0 He has reached out with his hand against them and has punished them The prophet speaks of the future as if it had already happened. He does this to insist that the prophecy certainly will come about. Alternate translation: “he will punish them with his powerful hand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) ISA 5 25 k8d7 figs-metonymy 0 has reached out with his hand against them Here “hand” refers to God’s power and control. Alternate translation: “has shown his power against them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 5 25 vu7e 0 corpses dead bodies ISA 5 25 lyq9 figs-simile 0 their corpses are like garbage in the streets The dead bodies are allowed to lie in the streets as if they were garbage. This implies that many will die but that no one will be there to bury them. The word “garbage” can also be translated as “refuse” or “manure.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 5 25 sgw7 0 In all these things, his anger does not subside; instead, his hand Alternate translation: “Even though all these things have happened, he is still angry, and his hand” ISA 5 25 b3v6 figs-metonymy 0 his hand is still stretched out Here “hand” represents God’s power and control. Isaiah speaks as if Yahweh were a person about to hit another person with his fist. This is a metaphor for Yahweh punishing Israel. Alternate translation: “he will still be ready to punish them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 5 26 jin3 figs-parallelism 0 He will lift up a signal flag for far away nations and will whistle for those at the end of the earth Isaiah says the same thing in two different ways. God causing the armies of nations that are far away from Judah to come and attack is spoken of as if he would raise a flag and whistle to call them to Judah Alternate translation: “He will call for the armies of nations that are far away from Judah and tell them to come” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 5 26 abj6 0 whistle a loud, high pitched noise a person makes with their mouth to call a person or animal that is far away ISA 5 26 pqh3 0 they will come Alternate translation: “the enemy army will come” ISA 5 26 i94d figs-doublet 0 speedily and promptly These words mean basically the same thing and emphasize how quickly they will come. Alternate translation: “very quickly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 5 27 q27w 0 tire … stumble … slumbers … sleeps These four words progress from being tired from work to being unable to walk well, to being unable to stay awake, to full sleep, so all four should appear in the translation. ISA 5 27 hac2 0 Nor are their belts loose The soldiers kept their clothes tight so it would easier to move and fight. ISA 5 27 xx4t 0 the thongs of their sandals Alternate translation: “the straps of their sandals” ISA 5 28 j18k figs-simile 0 their horses’ hooves are like flint “their hooves are like hard stone.” Isaiah compares the hard part of a horse’s foot to flint, which is a hard stone that can cause sparks when struck. This could mean: (1) Isaiah compares their hooves to flint so to describe the frightening image of their feet causing sparks as they run or (2) Isaiah compares their hooves to flint to emphasize how strong their hooves are which enables the horse to do whatever their master want them to do. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 5 28 a4f3 figs-simile 0 their chariot wheels like storms Isaiah compares the chariot wheels to storms in order to imply that they will destroy everything in their path. Alternate translation: “the wheels of the chariots will spin like a windstorm” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 5 28 x4c6 0 chariot wheels These wheels often had sharp blades attached to them that would cut to pieces anyone the chariot passed close to. ISA 5 29 dv1u figs-metonymy 0 young lions A young age is a metonym for strength. Alternate translation: “the strongest lions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 5 29 jhq5 figs-metaphor 0 They will growl and seize the prey Isaiah compares the enemy killing the people of Judah to a lion killing a weaker animal. This could mean: (1) lions make a sound not as loud as a roar just before they strike, or (2) the writer is using two words to mean the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 5 29 kw8f 0 prey animals that another animal wants to catch and kill ISA 5 29 ixb3 0 with none to rescue Alternate translation: “and no one will be able to save them” ISA 5 30 x52f 0 will roar … sea roars The word “roar” here is translated “growl” in verse 29. Use your language’s word for the sound of waves in a storm or heavy rain or some other frightening natural sound. ISA 5 30 rw65 figs-metaphor 0 even the light will be made dark by the clouds Here darkness represents suffering and disaster. This metaphor can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the dark clouds will completely block the light of the sun” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 6 intro g9bq 0 # Isaiah 6 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 6:3-4,7, 9-13.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Heaven<br>This vision described in this chapter is probably a scene in heaven. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]])<br><br>### Isaiah’s call<br>This chapter record Isaiah’s call to prophetic ministry. It recognizes the holiness of God and Isaiah recognizes his need for holiness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/call]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Inevitability<br>The way Yahweh speaks in this chapter shows the inevitability of the punishment of Yahweh against the people of Judah. The punishment must now come. It is too late for repentance. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]]) ISA 6 1 fpg5 figs-doublet 0 he was high and elevated The words “high” and “elevated” emphasize that the throne was very high and above everything around it. The height of the throne represents how great and powerful the Lord is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 6 1 s9gi 0 filled the temple “filled the palace.” The word used for temple here is often used to refer to the palace of kings. ISA 6 2 rmg2 0 Above him were the seraphim The word “seraphim” is the plural of seraph. This means the Lord was seated on the throne and the seraphim were standing or flying near the Lord ready to serve him. ISA 6 2 rar1 translate-unknown 0 seraphim This word suggests that the creatures might have a fiery appearance or resemble snakes. Because we do not know exactly what “seraphim” means, you could translate this as “winged creatures” or “winged living things.” Or, you can borrow the word and use it in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]]) ISA 6 2 x82m 0 each one had six wings Alternate translation: “each seraph had six wings” or “each creature had six wings” ISA 6 2 jct3 figs-ellipsis 0 with two each covered his face, and with two he covered his feet, and with two he flew The words “wings” and “seraph” are understood. Alternate translation: “with two wings each seraph covered his face, and with two wings he covered his feet, and with two wings he flew” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ISA 6 3 d6y7 0 Each one called to another and said Alternate translation: “The seraphim called out to one another and said” or “The winged creatures proclaimed to one another” ISA 6 3 vxd8 0 Holy, holy, holy, is Yahweh of hosts Repeating the word “holy” three times indicates God is completely holy. Alternate translation: “Yahweh of hosts is holy beyond all else” or “Yahweh of hosts is completely holy” ISA 6 3 m7tr figs-metaphor 0 The whole earth is full of his glory This speaks of the earth as if it were a container and glory were the contents in the container. Alternate translation: “Everything on the earth is evidence of God’s glory” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 6 4 dki2 0 The foundations of the thresholds shook at the voices of those who were crying out Alternate translation: “When the seraphim called out, their voices shook the doorways and their foundations” ISA 6 4 tz4y figs-activepassive 0 the house was filled with smoke If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “smoke filled the temple” or “smoke filled the palace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 6 5 v2ty figs-activepassive 0 Woe is me! For I am doomed If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I am in great trouble! Terrible things will happen to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 6 5 ws6z figs-metonymy 0 of unclean lips Here “lips” represent what a person speaks. And, people saying things that are unacceptable to God is spoken of as if their lips were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 6 5 a6sd 0 Yahweh, Yahweh of hosts Yahweh, the ruler of the angel armies” ISA 6 5 kz1b figs-synecdoche 0 my eyes have seen Here “eyes” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I have seen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 6 6 vk6r translate-unknown 0 seraphim This word suggests that the creatures might have a fiery appearance or resemble snakes. Because we do not know exactly what “seraphim” means, you could translate these as “creatures” or “living things” or “beings.” Or you can borrow the word and use it in your language. See how you translated this word in [Isaiah 6:2](../06/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]]) ISA 6 6 ah6e 0 tongs a tool used for grabbing or holding objects ISA 6 7 wf8i figs-parallelism 0 your guilt has been taken away, and your sin atoned for These two phrases say basically the same thing. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has taken away your guilt and has forgiven your sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 6 7 g4x1 figs-metaphor 0 your guilt has been taken away Yahweh no longer considering a person to be guilty is spoken of as if “guilt” were an object that someone could take away from someone else. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 6 8 n956 figs-synecdoche 0 the voice of the Lord say Here “voice” represents the Lord himself. Alternate translation: “the Lord say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 6 8 at9k figs-explicit 0 Whom shall I send It is implied that Yahweh will send someone to speak his message to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “Whom shall I send to be a messenger to my people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 6 8 ria2 figs-exclusive 0 who will go for us It seems “us” refers to Yahweh and the members of his heavenly council to whom he is speaking. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ISA 6 9 vja4 0 this people Alternate translation: “the people of Israel” ISA 6 9 iq3c figs-imperative 0 Listen, but do not understand; see, but do not perceive This could mean: (1) the imperatives “do not understand” and “do not perceive” express what God is causing to happen. Alternate translation: “You will listen, but Yahweh will not let you understand; you will look carefully, but Yahweh will not allow you to understand” or (2) the imperatives “Listen” and “see” express the idea of “if.” Alternate translation: “Even if you listen you will not understand; even if you look carefully, you will not understand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]]) ISA 6 9 m1yh figs-ellipsis 0 Listen, but do not understand; see, but do not perceive You can state clearly the understood information. Alternate translation: “Listen to Yahweh’s message, but do not understand what it means; look at what Yahweh is doing, but do not realize what it means” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ISA 6 10 q3as figs-metonymy 0 Make the heart of this people insensitive Here “heart” represents a person’s mind. A person who does not think clearly and is unable to understand and care about what is happening is spoken of as if his heart were insensitive. Alternate translation: “Make these people unable to understand” or “Make the minds of these people dull” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 6 10 wd4q 0 Make the heart of this people It may be more natural to translate “heart” and “this” as plurals. Alternate translation: “Make the hearts of these people” ISA 6 10 ffe8 0 Make the heart … insensitive This command means that Yahweh will use Isaiah’s message to cause the people to understand even less and to make them less sensitive to what Yahweh is doing. ISA 6 10 pqr2 figs-metaphor 0 their ears dull, and blind their eyes “make it so that they cannot hear, and make it so that they cannot see.” Isaiah making people to not understand Yahweh’s message or what he is doing is spoken of as if Isaiah were making them deaf and blind. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 6 10 qi8r figs-metaphor 0 they might see with their eyes, hear with their ears People being able to understand Yahweh’s message and what he is doing is spoken of as if the people were able physically to see and hear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 6 10 sbg9 figs-metonymy 0 understand with their heart Here “heart” represents as person’s mind. Truly understanding something and caring about what is happening is spoken of as if the people were to understand with their hearts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 6 10 fs74 figs-metaphor 0 then turn Repenting and starting to obey Yahweh is spoken of as if the people were physically to turn towards him. Alternate translation: “follow me again” or “then start trusting in me again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 6 10 h53y figs-activepassive 0 be healed If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I would heal them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 6 11 wx9r 0 Until cities crash into ruins and are without inhabitants, and the houses are without people Alternate translation: “Until all the cities and houses are ruined and no one lives there” ISA 6 11 b56y figs-idiom 0 the land falls into a desolate waste Here “falls into” is an idiom that means to become something worse. Alternate translation: “the land becomes a desolate waste” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 6 12 wed8 figs-123person 0 until Yahweh has sent the people far away, and the solitude of the land is great Here Yahweh speaks about himself in the third person. Alternate translation: “until I, Yahweh, have sent all the people far away from their land, so that no one is left” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) ISA 6 13 p7xa figs-activepassive 0 it will again be destroyed If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “armies will again destroy the land of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 6 13 r74f figs-simile 0 as a terebinth or an oak is cut down and whose trunk remains, the holy seed is in its stump This simile means that even after Yahweh destroys Israel, he will still set apart people from among the Israelites to serve him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 6 13 h3vb translate-unknown 0 terebinth a kind of oak tree (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) ISA 6 13 tbt2 0 trunk … stump A trunk is the thick main stem of a tree. A stump is the part of a tree that remains in the ground after the tree is cut down. ISA 6 13 p9id figs-metaphor 0 the holy seed The people who will serve Yahweh after armies destroy Israel are spoken of as if they were set apart as a holy seed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 7 intro kcq7 0 # Isaiah 7 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 7:7-9, 18-25.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### “Young woman”<br>Some translations choose to translate this as “virgin” and believe it is a reference to the Messiah being born of a virgin woman. This is only one possible translation, therefore most translations have avoided forcing this specific connotation into the meaning of the term. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Israel<br>In this chapter, Israel is a reference to the northern kingdom of Israel and not the nation as a whole. They are also called Ephraim in this chapter after its most prominent tribe. ISA 7 1 u9lp figs-idiom 0 During the days of Ahaz … king of Judah “When Ahaz … was king of Judah” This was when the events happened. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 7 1 e4tt translate-names 0 Rezin … Pekah … Remaliah men’s names (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 7 1 vuv8 figs-synecdoche 0 Rezin … and Pekah … went up The author speaks as if the kings were the armies they led. Alternate translation: “Rezin … and Pekah … led their armies up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 7 1 py2k figs-metonymy 0 to war against it The author speaks as if the city itself were the people who live in it. Alternate translation: “to war against the people of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 7 2 fs5m figs-activepassive 0 It was reported to the house of David If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the house of David heard the report” or “someone reported to the house of David” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 7 2 lbv6 figs-metonymy 0 the house of David The word “house” is a metonym for the family living in the house. Alternate translation: “King Ahaz and his counselors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 7 2 y882 figs-metonymy 0 that Aram was allied with Ephraim Here “Aram” and “Ephraim” refer to their kings. Here “Ephraim” represents the whole northern kingdom of Israel. Alternate translation: “that Rezin, the king of Aram was helping Pekah, the king of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 7 2 k9yy figs-simile 0 His heart trembled, and the heart of his people, as the trees of the forest shake in the wind The trembling of their hearts at this news is compared to the way trees shake when the wind blows through them. Alternate translation: “Ahaz and his people were very afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 7 3 zh23 0 General Information: Isaiah writes about what happened to him as if it had happened to someone else. ISA 7 3 u3qa translate-names 0 Shear-Jashub Translators may also add a footnote that says, “The name Shear-Jashub means ‘a remnant will return.’” The meaning may have given hope to Ahaz. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 7 3 dcs8 0 at the end of the conduit of the upper pool Alternate translation: “where the water flows out of the tunnel and enters the upper pool” ISA 7 3 jx5e 0 conduit man-made ditch or tunnel through which water flows ISA 7 3 iiu7 0 road If your language has a word for a road or path that people have made smooth by filling in the low places and lowering the high places, you can use it here. ISA 7 3 v3uw translate-names 0 Launderer’s Field This could mean: (1) this is the proper name by which the people called the field or (2) this is the common noun that the people used to talk about the field, “the launderer’s field” or “the field where men wash wool” or “the field where women wash clothes.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 7 3 cts4 translate-names 0 Launderer’s Field A launderer is either: (1) a man who washes wool that someone has cut from the sheep, “Wool Washer Field,” or (2) a woman who washes dirty clothes, “Clothes Washer Field.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 7 4 tuu2 0 Tell him Alternate translation: “Tell Ahaz” ISA 7 4 ze8i figs-metaphor 0 do not be afraid or intimidated by these two smoldering firebrands, by the fierce anger of Rezin and Aram, and of Pekah son of Remaliah God compares Rezin and Pekah to burning sticks whose fire has gone out and are making smoke now. God is emphasizing that they are not real threats to Judah. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “do not let Rezin and Pekah make you afraid; their fierce anger is like a burning stick whose fire has gone out and there is only smoke” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 7 4 uy6n figs-doublet 0 afraid or intimidated The words “afraid” and “intimidated” mean the same thing and can be translated as one word. Alternate translation: “afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 7 5 ss12 figs-metonymy 0 Aram, Ephraim, and the son of Remaliah The words “Aram” and “Ephraim” refer to the kings of these lands. Also, “Ephraim” represents the northern kingdom of Israel. Alternate translation: “Rezin the king of Aram and Pekah the son of Remaliah, king of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 7 5 qp64 0 Remaliah This is the name of a man. Translate his name as in [Isaiah 7:1](../07/01.md). ISA 7 5 ysl6 figs-you 0 have planned evil against you Here “you” is singular and refers to Ahaz. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) ISA 7 6 yu1t translate-names 0 son of Tabeel It is unknown who this man is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 7 8 vb6l figs-metonymy 0 the head of Damascus is Rezin Here “head” is a metonym for the most important part. It is implied that Rezin is only a man, and therefore cannot stop Yahweh’s plan. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “the king of Damascus is Rezin, who is only a man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 7 8 y681 translate-numbers 0 sixty-five years “65 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) ISA 7 8 gc27 figs-activepassive 0 Ephraim will be shattered and will no longer be a people Here “Ephraim” refers to all of the northern kingdom of Israel. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “an army will destroy Ephraim, and there will no longer be a people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 7 9 el5p figs-explicit 0 the head of Samaria is Remaliah’s son This means Pekah is the king of Samaria and all of Israel. Alternate translation: “the king of Samaria is Pekah, who is a weak man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 7 9 z477 figs-doublenegatives 0 If you do not remain firm in faith, surely you will not remain secure This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “If you continue to believe in me, you will certainly remain safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) ISA 7 9 nt63 0 If you do not remain Alternate translation: “Unless you remain” ISA 7 11 f2n6 figs-merism 0 ask for it in the depths or in the height above Yahweh uses the word “depths” and “height” to mean Ahaz could ask him for anything. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) ISA 7 11 li4c figs-abstractnouns 0 depths … height The abstract nouns “depths” and “height” can be translated with prepositions. “places far below you … places far above you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 7 12 cr1k 0 will not ask Alternate translation: “will not ask Yahweh for a sign” ISA 7 13 zw34 figs-metonymy 0 house of David The word “house” is a metonym for the family living in the house. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 7:2](../07/02.md). Alternate translation: “King Ahaz, you and your counselors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 7 13 v36u figs-rquestion 0 Is it not enough for you people to test the patience of people? Must you also test the patience of my God? These questions emphasize that the king has sinned greatly. Alternate translation: “You test the patience of people! Now you even test the patience of my God!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 7 14 ecy9 0 the young woman will conceive Some ancient versions and some contemporary versions translate, “the virgin will conceive,” while others translate “the young woman will conceive.” ISA 7 14 s44h translate-names 0 his name Immanuel Translators may add a footnote that says: “The name Immanuel means ‘God with us.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 7 15 jl15 figs-explicit 0 He will eat curds and honey when he knows to refuse the evil and choose the good This could mean: (1) “By the time that child is old enough to eat curds and honey, he will be able to reject what is evil and choose what is good.” This emphasizes that the child will be very young when he knows to choose what is right instead of wrong or (2) “By the time the child is old enough to reject what is evil and choose what is good, he will be eating curds and honey.” The people of Judah considered a child to be responsible for doing what is right when he was 12 years old. This emphasizes that within twelve years the people will be able to eat much curds and honey because most of the people of Israel will be killed or taken as captives. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 7 15 s9yg 0 curds milk that people have treated to make it into a soft solid ISA 7 15 di2m figs-nominaladj 0 refuse the evil and choose the good Here “the evil” and “the good” refer to evil and good things in general. Alternate translation: “refuse to do evil deeds and choose to do good deeds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) ISA 7 16 dht9 figs-nominaladj 0 refuse the evil and choose the good Here “the evil” and “the good” refer to evil and good things in general. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 7:15](../07/15.md). Alternate translation: “refuse to do evil deeds and choose to do good deeds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) ISA 7 16 f8jq figs-you 0 you dread “you fear.” Here “you” is singular and refers to Ahaz. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) ISA 7 17 z85k 0 your people This refers to the people of Judah. ISA 7 18 nk5k 0 At that time before the child knows to refuse the evil and choose the good ([Isaiah 7:15](../07/15.md)) ISA 7 18 n7m9 0 Yahweh will whistle for Alternate translation: “Yahweh will call” or “Yahweh will summon” ISA 7 18 qve8 figs-metaphor 0 for a fly from the distant streams of Egypt, and for a bee from the land of Assyria Here the armies of Egypt and Assyria are spoken of as if they are insects that will invade the land of Israel. This can be stated as a simile. Alternate translation: “for the armies of Egypt and Assyria, and their soldiers will be everywhere like flies and bees” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 7 20 v8kp figs-metaphor 0 the Lord will shave with a razor that was hired beyond the Euphrates River—the king of Assyria The word “razor” is a metaphor for the king of Assyria and his army, and Yahweh speaks of the king as if the king were a man who would do Yahweh’s work and then receive money from Yahweh. Alternate translation: “the Lord will call the king of Assyria from beyond the Euphrates River to work for him to shave you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 7 20 d2rx figs-activepassive 0 that was hired If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that he bought” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 7 20 yli5 0 the head … the hair of the legs … also … the beard It was bad to have someone shave the top of the head; it was worse to have someone shave “the hair of the legs”; it was worst of all to have someone shave the beard. ISA 7 20 y3tv figs-metaphor 0 the head … the hair of the legs … the beard Isaiah does not say whose head, hair, and beard the Lord is going to shave, but Ahaz and the reader would understand that this is a man; the man is a metaphor for the people living in the land of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 7 20 tyl9 figs-metonymy 0 the head Here “the head” represents the hair that grows on it. Alternate translation: “the hair on the head” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 7 20 tkw6 figs-euphemism 0 the hair of the legs This could mean: (1) this is a polite way to speak of the hair on the lower body or (2) this speaks of the hair on the legs. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) ISA 7 20 a1pl 0 it will also sweep If your language requires a person to be the subject of “will … sweep,” you can say, “the Lord will also sweep.” Alternate translation: “the razor will also sweep” ISA 7 22 tsx4 figs-abstractnouns 0 because of the abundance of milk which they shall give If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **abundance**, you could express the same idea with a clause. Alternate translation: “because they will give so much milk” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 7 23 b3ry translate-numbers 0 there were a thousand vines … briers and thorns “there were 1,000 vines.” That is, when Isaiah wrote, there were vineyards, in some of which were 1,000 vines or more each. He says that these vineyards will become full of briers and thorns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) ISA 7 23 y1fr translate-numbers 0 a thousand silver shekels “1,000 silver shekels.” A shekel is a silver coin worth 4 days wage. Alternate translation: “1,000 silver coins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]]) ISA 7 23 hu8n figs-doublet 0 briers and thorns The words “briers” and “thorns” both refer to useless, thorny plants. It is not necessary to translate both words. Alternate translation: “thorn bushes” or “brier bushes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 7 24 sr7t figs-explicit 0 because all the land will be briers and thorns Why the hunters come to these lands can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “because there will be nothing in these lands but briers, thorns, and wild animals” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 7 25 azm2 figs-activepassive 0 They will stay away from all the hills that were cultivated with the hoe If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “People will stay away from the hills where they once prepared the soil to plant crops” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 8 intro c8jg 0 # Isaiah 8 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 8:6-18, 21-22.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Trust in Yahweh<br>Israel will not trust in Yahweh. Instead, they will trust in their own power, their Gentile allies and the power of false gods. They will be punished because the power of Yahweh is greater than all of these. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) ISA 8 1 kzi2 0 Yahweh said to me Here the word “me” refers to Isaiah. ISA 8 2 x1fq 0 I will summon faithful witnesses to attest for me This could mean: (1) Yahweh is speaking: “I will call honest men to be witnesses” or (2) Isaiah is speaking: “I called honest men to be witnesses” or (3) Yahweh is commanding Isaiah: “Call honest men to be witnesses.” ISA 8 3 j2ld figs-euphemism 0 I went to the prophetess It can be stated explicitly that Isaiah is married to the prophetess. Alternate translation: “I slept with my wife, the prophetess” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 8 4 g5hy figs-activepassive 0 the riches of Damascus and the plunder of Samaria will be carried away by the king of Assyria If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the king of Assyria will carry away all the treasures of Damascus and Samaria” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 8 6 k9mk figs-metaphor 0 Because this people has refused the gentle waters of Shiloah The words “gentle waters” are a metaphor for the law of the Lord. Alternate translation: “Because this people has rejected Yahweh’s law, which is like the gentle waters of Shiloah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 8 6 x9t3 0 this people If your language needs a plural here, you can translate this phrase and the following verbs as “these people have refused … are happy.” Alternate translation: “this people group” ISA 8 6 mbx4 figs-explicit 0 is happy over Rezin and Remaliah’s son The full meaning can be made explicit. See how you translated these men’s names in [Isaiah 7:1](../07/01.md). Alternate translation: “is happy that the armies of Assyria have defeated Rezin, king of Aram, and Pekah, Remaliah’s son, king of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 8 7 l4ii figs-pronouns 0 therefore the Lord is Yahweh speaks of himself as if he were someone else to remind the people of who he is. Alternate translation: “therefore I, the Lord, am” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) ISA 8 7 pbf5 0 bring up on them The verb is “bring up”; the adverb is “on them.” ISA 8 7 ctu2 0 on them Alternate translation: “on the people of Judah” ISA 8 7 t9mv figs-metaphor 0 the waters of the River, mighty and many, the king of Assyria and all his glory The river symbolizes the army of Assyria. Alternate translation: “the army from Assyria, which is powerful like a mighty river” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 8 7 x441 0 the River the Euphrates River in Assyria ISA 8 8 ye6u figs-metaphor 0 The River will sweep onward into Judah, flooding and passing on, until it reaches to your neck The army of Assyria is like a flood of water. Alternate translation: “More and more soldiers will come like a river rising up to your neck” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 8 8 yl2k figs-metonymy 0 The River This refers to the Euphrates River in Assyria. This is a metonym for the Assyrian soldiers, who will come from their homes by the Euphrates River ([Isaiah 8:7](../08/07.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 8 8 w2iu figs-metaphor 0 Its outstretched wings will fill This could mean: (1) as “the River” in the metaphor rises, its “wings” flow over and cover what had been dry land or (2) Isaiah changes metaphors and now speaks of Yahweh as a bird who is protecting the land, “But his outstretched wings will cover.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 8 8 j34k 0 Immanuel Translators may add a footnote that says: “The name Immanuel means ‘God with us.’” See how you translated this in [Isaiah 7:14](../07/14.md). ISA 8 9 qq71 figs-activepassive 0 You peoples will be broken to pieces If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I will break your armies to pieces” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 8 9 qzg7 figs-apostrophe 0 Listen, all you distant countries Isaiah speaks as if people in other countries can hear him. Alternate translation: “Listen, all you people in far away places” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) ISA 8 9 rer3 figs-parallelism 0 arm yourselves for war and be broken in pieces; arm yourselves and be broken in pieces This is basically the same thing, stated twice for emphasis. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you can prepare yourselves for battle, but I will defeat you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 8 10 q9aj figs-activepassive 0 Form a plan, but it will not be carried out; issue the command, but it will not be carried out If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You can prepare to attack Judah, but you will not succeed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 8 10 mfw3 figs-activepassive 0 it will not be carried out … it will not be carried out To “carry out” a plan or command is to do what the person who makes the plan or command wants the hearer to do. These clauses can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you will not be able to do what you plan to do … your soldiers will not be able to do what their commanders tell them to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 8 11 svz5 figs-idiom 0 Yahweh spoke to me, with his strong hand upon me Here “his strong hand upon me” is an idiom that refers to Yahweh’s power. Alternate translation: “Yahweh spoke to me in a very powerful way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 8 11 pq3u figs-quotations 0 warned me not to walk in the way of this people. This is an indirect quote that ends in 8:17. Alternate translation: “warned me and said, ‘Do not act like this people.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) ISA 8 12 zbg2 figs-explicit 0 Do not call conspiracy anything that this people calls conspiracy The people imagine there are conspiracies, and it makes them anxious. Alternate translation: “Do not worry like this people who think someone is always trying to harm them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 8 13 nnx7 figs-quotations 0 It is Yahweh of hosts whom you will honor as holy; he is the one you must fear, and he is the one you must dread If you translate this as a direct quote, you can also translate it with Yahweh speaking in the first person: “But you will consider me, Yahweh of Hosts, as holy. And you will fear and be in awe of me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) ISA 8 14 pdv3 figs-metaphor 0 He will become a sanctuary The word “sanctuary” is a metaphor for Yahweh keeping his people safe and protecting them. Alternate translation: “He will protect them when they go to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 8 14 w1mv figs-doublet 0 he will be a trap and a snare to the people of Jerusalem The words “trap” and “snare” mean almost the same thing and emphasize that when Yahweh decides to punish the people of Jerusalem they will not be able to escape. Alternate translation: “he will trap the people of Jerusalem so they cannot escape him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 8 14 su1n 0 trap a device that catches a bird in a net or basket ISA 8 14 uuy2 0 snare a trap that catches and holds an animal’s leg or nose ISA 8 15 nj22 figs-activepassive 0 Many will stumble over it and fall and be broken, and be ensnared and captured If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Many people will stumble over the stone, and when they fall they will not get up. And many people will step into the trap, and they will not be able to get out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 8 15 q3r6 figs-doublet 0 ensnared and captured These two words mean basically the same thing and emphasize that they will be caught in the trap. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 8 16 uss4 figs-parallelism 0 Bind up my testimony, seal the official record These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “Close up tightly the scroll with this message written on it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 8 16 qg84 0 my testimony … my disciples It is unclear to whom the word “my” refers. It could be Isaiah or Yahweh. It is best to leave the pronouns ambiguous if your language will allow it. ISA 8 17 vl67 0 I will wait for Yahweh Here “I” refers to Isaiah. ISA 8 17 y59u figs-metonymy 0 who hides his face from the house of Jacob Yahweh’s “face” is a metonym for his blessing or favor. Alternate translation: “who has taken away his blessing from the house of Jacob” or “who no longer looks with favor on the house of Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 8 17 p16z 0 house of Jacob people of Israel ISA 8 18 b1mr 0 I and the sons whom Yahweh has given me are for signs and for wonders in Israel “I and the sons Yahweh has given me are like signs to warn the people of Israel.” The sons are Shear-Jashub and Maher-shalal-hash-baz, whose names are a message to the people of Israel. (See: [Isaiah 7:3](../07/03.md) and [Isaiah 8:1](./01.md)) ISA 8 19 vs7z 0 General Information: Isaiah is speaking. ISA 8 19 ld5t 0 They will say to you, “Consult with those who speak with the dead and with spirits,” the ones who chirp and mutter incantations. But should a people not consult their God? Should they consult the dead on behalf of the living? Other This could mean: (1) “They will say to you, ‘Consult with the mediums and spiritists, those who chirp and mutter incantations. Should a people not consult their gods? They should consult the dead on behalf of the living for teaching and for testimony.’” or (2) “When they say to you, ‘Consult with the mediums and spiritists, those who chirp and mutter incantations,’ should a people not consult their God? Should they consult the dead on behalf of the living? To the law and to the testimony!” ISA 8 19 im2e figs-you 0 They will say to you The word “they” refers to those who do not trust Yahweh. The word “you” is plural and refers to those who trust Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) ISA 8 19 sx96 0 the ones who chirp and mutter incantations The words “chirp” and “mutter” refer to the sounds mediums and spiritists made when trying to speak to dead people. Alternate translation: “they people who whisper and mutter their magic words to try and speak to dead people” ISA 8 19 n9lj 0 chirp make sounds like birds ISA 8 19 zsh8 figs-rquestion 0 But should a people not consult their God? Should they consult the dead on behalf of the living? These questions are to show that people should consult God instead of foolishly trying to talk to dead people. Alternate translation: “But people should ask Yahweh to guide them. They should not seek answers from those who have died.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 8 20 i7kp 0 To the law and to the testimony This could mean: (1) “Pay attention to God’s instructions and teaching” or (2) “Then you must remember the teaching and testimony I gave.” ([Isaiah 8:16](../08/16.md)). ISA 8 20 fav3 0 the law This is the same word translated “official record” in [Isaiah 8:16](../08/16.md). ISA 8 20 qpm5 0 the testimony See how you translated this in [Isaiah 8:16](../08/16.md). ISA 8 20 i61u 0 If they do not say such things Alternate translation: “If they do not speak of the law and the testimony” ISA 8 20 vr4u figs-metaphor 0 it is because they have no light of dawn Isaiah speaks of people who do not know God as if they were people walking in darkness without any light. Alternate translation: “it is because they are like a person lost in the dark” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 8 22 d61f 0 oppressive gloom Alternate translation: “terrible sadness” ISA 8 22 c4e1 figs-activepassive 0 They will be driven into a land of darkness If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will drive them out into complete darkness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 9 intro e336 0 # Isaiah 9 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter begins with a prophecy that is a continuation of the prophecy concluding the previous chapter. Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 9:1-21. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Messiah<br>The prophecy in 9:1-7 is about the coming Messiah. Parts of this prophecy were fulfilled when he first came to earth. Other parts are to be fulfilled when he will return in glory to earth. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Fulfillment of prophecies<br>Some of the prophecies in this chapter were fulfilled in Isaiah’s lifetime while others are fulfilled in the distant future. Some scholars believe that there can be multiple fulfillments of each of these prophecies, while others see only one complete fulfillment. ISA 9 1 c7zh figs-metaphor 0 The gloom will be dispelled from her who was in anguish Isaiah speaks of people who are spiritually lost as if they were walking around in total darkness. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will remove the darkness from her who was in anguish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 9 1 c8yr 0 The gloom This word means “partial or total darkness.” Translate as you translated “gloom” in [Isaiah 8:22](../08/22.md). ISA 9 1 q9g1 figs-metaphor 0 her who was in anguish “her who was suffering great pain and sadness.” This is probably a metaphor for the people of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 9 1 y275 figs-metonymy 0 In an earlier time he humiliated the land of Zebulun and the land of Naphtali “Land” refers to the people who live in an area. Alternate translation: “In the past, the Lord humbled those living in Zebulun and Naphtali” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 9 1 wtc7 figs-metonymy 0 but in the later time he will make it glorious, the way to the sea, beyond the Jordan, Galilee of the nations Here “it” refers to Galilee which represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “but in the future, the Lord will honor the people of Galilee of the nations, which is on the road between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 9 1 rv6s figs-metonymy 0 Galilee of the nations Here “nations” represents the people from other nations that live in Galilee. Alternate translation: “Galilee, where many foreigners live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 9 2 emm3 figs-metaphor 0 walked in darkness … lived in the land of the shadow of death Isaiah speaks of the people living sinful lives and suffering because of it as if they had been walking in a dark or living in a land of shadow of death. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 9 2 y2l2 figs-metaphor 0 a great light … light has shone Here “light” represents hope and deliverance. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 9 2 x5ah figs-idiom 0 the land of the shadow of death The phrase “shadow of death” is an idiom that means absolute darkness. Alternate translation: “the land of deepest darkness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 9 3 fxk4 figs-you 0 You have multiplied the nation; you have increased their joy The word “you” refers to Yahweh. The word “their” refers to the people of Israel, but Isaiah includes himself as part of Israel. Alternate translation: “Lord, you will greatly increase our people and our joy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) ISA 9 3 i1jr figs-simile 0 They rejoice before you like the joy at harvest time, as men rejoice when they divide the plunder The joy that Yahweh will give Israel is described as the same kind of joy people have when they bring in a harvest or divide valuable plunder. Alternate translation: “They will rejoice before you as people rejoice when they gather their crops or when a battle is over and soldiers divide what they took” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 9 4 i6r4 figs-metaphor 0 For the yoke of his burden … you have shattered as on the day of Midian Isaiah speaks of the Israelites, who are the Assyrians’ slaves, as if they were an ox wearing a yoke. This will happen in the future, but he speaks as if it has already happened. Alternate translation: “For as on the day of Midian you will set the people of Israel free from being slaves to their oppressors like a person removes a yoke from the shoulders of an animal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) ISA 9 4 k2hi figs-metaphor 0 For the yoke of his burden … his shoulder … his oppressor Isaiah speaks of the people of Israel as if they were one man. Alternate translation: “For the yoke of their burden … their shoulders … their oppressor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 9 4 eh66 0 the beam across his shoulder The beam is the part of the yoke that goes over the shoulders of the ox. ISA 9 4 hfq6 0 beam Another possible meaning is “staff,” a long piece of wood that a person uses to beat the oxen so they will work and a symbol of one person’s power to rule other people. ISA 9 4 d1k8 figs-metaphor 0 the rod of his oppressor Isaiah speaks of the power the oppressor has over the people of Judah as if it were the piece of wood used by a person to beat oxen so they will work. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 9 4 egd7 figs-idiom 0 as on the day of Midian The word “day” is an idiom that can refer to an event that takes more than one day to happen. Alternate translation: “as when you defeated the Midianites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 9 5 klu8 figs-activepassive 0 every boot treading in the tumult and the garments rolled in blood will be burned If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you will burn the boots of the soldiers and their clothes, which are covered with blood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 9 5 py1z figs-explicit 0 burned, fuel for the fire This can be made more explicit by translating it as a new sentence. Alternate translation: “burned. You will make the boots and the garments fuel for the fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 9 6 h5x2 figs-parallelism 0 For to us a child has been born, to us a son has been given These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The word “us” refers to both the speaker and the hearer and so is inclusive. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “For the Lord will give to us a child” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 9 6 g3lc figs-metaphor 0 the rule will be on his shoulder His authority to rule is spoken of as if it were the robe that is a symbol of his authority. Alternate translation: “he will wear his royal robe on his shoulder” or “he will have authority to rule as king.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 9 6 r5cf 0 Counselor one who advises kings ISA 9 7 nq8j 0 Of the increase of his government and of peace there will be no end Alternate translation: “As time passes he will rule over more and more people and enable them to live more and more peacefully” ISA 9 7 yu3r figs-metonymy 0 rules on the throne of David Sitting on the “throne of David” is a metonym for having the right to rule; only David’s descendants could be king over Israel. Alternate translation: “has the right to rule as David’s descendant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 9 7 k8w3 0 his kingdom, to establish it and sustain it with justice and with righteousness This can be translated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: “his kingdom. He will establish and protect his kingdom, and he will do what is fair and just” ISA 9 7 ge32 0 Yahweh of hosts See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). ISA 9 8 x9c9 figs-idiom 0 The Lord sent a word against Jacob, and it fell on Israel “Send a word” means to speak. Alternate translation: “The Lord has spoken against the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 9 8 nuf4 0 Jacob … Israel These names refer to the people of the northern kingdom of Israel. ISA 9 9 w3k1 0 Ephraim … Samaria These names all refer to the people of the northern kingdom of Israel. ISA 9 9 qbl6 figs-explicit 0 All the people will know, even Ephraim and the inhabitants of Samaria What they will know can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “All the people will know that the Lord has judged them, even those in Ephraim and Samaria” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 9 10 gj6i figs-explicit 0 The bricks have fallen, but we will rebuild with chiseled stone; the sycamores have been cut down, but we will put cedars in their place The full meaning can be made explicit. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “We will replace the common bricks of our destroyed cities with expensive cut stone, and we will plant great cedar trees where ordinary sycamore trees grew” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 9 11 f9f7 figs-synecdoche 0 Therefore Yahweh will raise up against him Rezin, his adversary Here “Rezin” represents himself and his army. Alternate translation: “Therefore, Yahweh will bring Rezin and his army against the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 9 11 imx9 translate-names 0 Rezin This is the name of a man. See how you translated Rezin in [Isaiah 7:1](../07/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 9 11 hya1 figs-idiom 0 will stir up his enemies The phrase “stir up” is an idiom that means to incite them to attack. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will cause Israel’s enemies to attack” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 9 12 ju29 figs-metaphor 0 They will devour Israel with open mouth “Devour” is how wild animals eat their prey. Alternate translation: “Like a wild beast eating its prey, the army of the enemy will destroy the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 9 12 gk5w 0 In all these things, his anger does not subside; instead, his hand “Even though all these things have happened, he is still angry, and his hand.” See how you translated this in [Isaiah 5:25](../05/25.md). ISA 9 12 kxn9 figs-metaphor 0 his hand is still stretched out Isaiah speaks as if Yahweh were a person about to hit another person with his fist. This is a metaphor for Yahweh punishing Israel. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 5:25](../05/25.md). Alternate translation: “he will still be ready to punish them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 9 13 f9al 0 Yahweh of hosts See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). ISA 9 14 in46 figs-metaphor 0 head and tail Isaiah explains this metaphor in verse 15. The “head,” the part of an animal a person would want to be, is “the leader and the noble man,” and the “tail,” the dirty part of the animal, is “the prophet who teaches lies.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 9 14 cj62 figs-metaphor 0 palm branch and reed The “palm branch” grows high on the tree and is a metaphor for people who are important and rule others. The “reed” grows in shallow water and is a metaphor for people who are poor and unimportant and are ruled by others. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 9 16 qp35 figs-metaphor 0 Those who lead this people lead them astray The leaders causing people to disobey is spoken of as if the leaders led them on the wrong path. Alternate translation: “The leaders of Israel have caused the people to disobey God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 9 16 ck73 figs-metaphor 0 those who are led by them are swallowed up This is a metaphor that can be stated in active form. This could mean: (1) Alternate translation: “those that they lead become confused” or (2) Alternate translation: “Yahweh destroys those that they lead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 9 17 w5bb figs-synecdoche 0 every mouth speaks foolish things The word “mouth” refers to the person. Alternate translation: “every person speaks foolish things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 9 17 b4un 0 In all these things, his anger does not subside; instead, his hand “Even though all these things have happened, he is still angry, and his hand.” See how you translated this in [Isaiah 5:25](../05/25.md). ISA 9 17 v3li figs-metaphor 0 his hand is still stretched out Isaiah speaks as if Yahweh were a person about to hit another person with his fist. This is a metaphor for Yahweh punishing Israel. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 5:25](../05/25.md). Alternate translation: “he will still be ready to punish them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 9 18 kf1q figs-metaphor 0 Wickedness burns like a fire; it devours the briers and thorns; it even burns the thickets of the forest The people’s evil deeds are spoken of as if they were a very destructive fire. This fire burns even the briers and thorns, plants that grow in places where people no longer live, and “the thickets of the forest” where no one has ever lived, because it has already destroyed the places where people were living. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 9 18 ee5n figs-doublet 0 briers … thorns The words “briers” and “thorns” both refer to useless, thorny plants; they can be translated using one word. See how you translated these words in [Isaiah 7:23](../07/23.md). Alternate translation: “thorn bushes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 9 19 ctw3 figs-activepassive 0 Through the fury of Yahweh of hosts the land is scorched Translate “Yahweh of hosts” as in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Like fire that scorches the land, the Lord’s intense anger will destroy the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 9 19 bg78 figs-idiom 0 No man spares his brother To “spare” someone means to save them from harm. Alternate translation: “No one does anything to help his own brother escape” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 9 20 e6kn figs-metonymy 0 They will grab food on the right hand … on the left hand This expression means that the people will grab food wherever they can find it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 9 20 sl21 figs-metaphor 0 Each will even eat the flesh of his own arm This could mean: (1) people will be so hungry that they will want to eat or will actually eat their own arms or (2) the word “arm” is a metaphor for the person’s neighbor. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 9 21 y7rj 0 In all these things, his anger does not subside; instead, his hand “Even though all these things have happened, he is still angry, and his hand.” See how you translated this in [Isaiah 5:25](../05/25.md). ISA 9 21 gxv7 figs-metaphor 0 his hand is still stretched out Isaiah speaks as if Yahweh were a person about to hit another person with his fist. This is a metaphor for Yahweh punishing Israel. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 5:25](../05/25.md). Alternate translation: “he will still be ready to punish them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 10 intro dc9a 0 # Isaiah 10 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter begins with a prophecy that is a continuation of the prophecy beginning in 8:21. Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 10:1-11, 13-14, 15-19, 27-34.<br>(See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s sovereignty<br>Yahweh has so much power and authority that he controls all of the nations. He even controls the nations who do not worship him. He uses Assyria to punish the kingdom of Israel.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Rhetorical Questions<br>There are many rhetorical questions in this chapter. Yahweh uses rhetorical questions to make statements about Israel’s sin. The Assyrians use rhetorical questions in order to boast in their pride. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) ISA 10 1 gwe8 figs-parallelism 0 to those who enact unjust laws and write unfair decrees These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “to those who make laws and decrees that are not fair to everyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 10 2 qr4b figs-parallelism 0 They deprive the needy of justice, rob the poor of my people of their rights These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “They are unjust to the poor and needy among my people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 10 2 rlv2 0 the needy Alternate translation: “poor people” ISA 10 2 mv4z 0 plunder widows Alternate translation: “take everything from women whose husbands have died” ISA 10 2 w83u figs-metaphor 0 make the fatherless their prey Isaiah compares orphans to animals that other animals hunt and eat. This emphasizes that orphans are powerless and judges can easily harm them. Alternate translation: “harm children who do not have parents like an animal that goes after its prey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 10 2 jwk2 0 prey Translated “prey” as in [Isaiah 5:29](../05/29.md). ISA 10 3 gdt3 figs-rquestion 0 What will you do on judgment day … away? Isaiah uses a question to scold those in Judah who harm the poor and weak people. Alternate translation: “You will be able to do nothing on judgment day … away!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 10 3 xh3w 0 judgment day Alternate translation: “the day when Yahweh comes to judge you” or “the day when Yahweh punishes you” ISA 10 3 u4fv figs-rquestion 0 To whom will you flee for help, and where will you leave your wealth? Isaiah uses a question to scold those in Judah who harm the poor and weak people. Alternate translation: “You have nowhere to run for help, and you will have nowhere to hide your riches!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 10 4 iw4t 0 Nothing remains, and you crouch This could mean: (1) “None of your wealth remains as you crouch” or (2) “You can do nothing else but crouch.” ISA 10 4 p3u9 0 you crouch among the prisoners or fall among the killed Alternate translation: “your enemies will either take you as a prisoner or will kill you” ISA 10 4 f4fy 0 In all these things, his anger does not subside “Even though all these things have happened, he is still angry.” See how you translated this in [Isaiah 5:25](../05/25.md). ISA 10 4 dg4p figs-metaphor 0 his hand is still stretched out Isaiah speaks as if Yahweh were a person about to hit another person with his fist. This is a metaphor for Yahweh punishing Israel. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 5:25](../05/25.md). Alternate translation: “he will still be ready to punish them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 10 5 fhx7 0 Woe This word marks the beginning of God’s announcement about a severe punishment against Assyria. ISA 10 5 e1zg 0 the Assyrian This refers to the king of Assyria. ISA 10 5 rrc2 figs-parallelism 0 the club of my anger, the rod by whom I wield my fury Both of these phrases mean basically the same thing. Yahweh compares the king of Assyria to a weapon a person holds in his hand and hits other people with. It emphasizes that the king of Assyria and his army are a tool that Yahweh uses to punish Israel. Alternate translation: “who will be like a weapon in my hands that I will use to show my anger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 10 6 bn37 figs-synecdoche 0 I send him … I order him The word “him” here also refers to the king of Assyria. But it does not mean God is only sending the king; he is sending with him the army of Assyria. Alternate translation: “I send the army of Assyria … I order them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 10 6 nvq3 0 against an arrogant nation and against the people who bear my overflowing wrath Alternate translation: “to attack a nation full of proud people who have made me very angry” ISA 10 6 i3fl figs-metaphor 0 who bear my overflowing wrath Yahweh speaks of his wrath as if it were more liquid than a container could hold; “the people” are trying to carry this container, but it is heavy, and Yahweh keeps pouring liquid in even after it starts to spill out. Alternate translation: “at whom I continue to be angry even after I have punished them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 10 6 tam5 0 to take the spoil Alternate translation: “to take everything they have” ISA 10 6 wy5h 0 to take the prey to take the people like prey. See how you translated “prey” in [Isaiah 5:29](../05/29.md). ISA 10 6 ay7c figs-simile 0 trample them like mud This could mean: (1) Yahweh compares the army of Assyria attacking Israel to people stomping through mud who do not care what happens to the mud. Alternate translation: “trample them until they become like mud” or (2) the people are stomping on other people so they are lying in the mud and unable to rise. This is a metaphor for completely defeating them. Alternate translation: “completely defeat them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 10 7 y94n figs-explicit 0 But this is not what he intends, nor does he think this way The meaning of “this” and “this way” can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “But the king of Assyria does not intend to do what I tell him, nor does he think that I am using him as my weapon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 10 7 qn96 figs-doublet 0 It is in his heart to destroy and eliminate many nations The words “destroy” and “eliminate” mean basically the same thing. They are used for emphasis. Alternate translation: “He wants to completely destroy many nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 10 8 pc5q figs-rquestion 0 Are not all my princes kings? The king of Assyria uses a question to emphasize what he believes everyone should already know. Alternate translation: “I have made captains of my army kings over lands I have conquered!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 10 9 y1s2 figs-rquestion 0 Is not Kalno like Carchemish? Is not Hamath like Arpad? Is not Samaria like Damascus? The king of Assyria uses these questions for emphasis. Alternate translation: “Kalno is no different from Carchemish. Hamath is no different from Arpad. Samaria is no different from Damascus. I have conquered them all!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 10 9 gl7w translate-names 0 Kalno … Carchemish … Hamath … Arpad These are all names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 10 10 nda6 figs-metonymy 0 As my hand has overcome “Hand” here is a reference to military strength. Alternate translation: “As my powerful army has defeated” or “As I have conquered” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 10 10 tpk7 0 my This refers to the king of Assyria. ISA 10 10 zf5l 0 whose carved figures were greater During this time people believed that the greatness of an idol showed how powerful the kingdom that had built it was. The king of Assyria is saying that because the idols in Jerusalem are not as great as the idols of the kingdoms he has defeated, Jerusalem would be less able to defeat him than they were. ISA 10 11 g79t figs-metonymy 0 just as I did to Samaria and her worthless idols The word “Samaria” refers to the people who lived there, and “her” refers to the city of Samaria. Cities and nations were often spoken of as if they were women. Alternate translation: “just as I did to the people of Samaria and their worthless idols” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 10 11 y8en figs-rquestion 0 will I not also do the same to Jerusalem and to her idols? The king of Assyria used this question to emphasize the certainty that he will conquer the people of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “I will certainly do the same to Jerusalem and her idols!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 10 12 g3hp 0 When the Lord has finished his work on Mount Zion and on Jerusalem, I will punish Yahweh speaks of himself as if he were someone else. “When I, the Lord, have finished my work on Mount Zion and on Jerusalem, I will punish” ISA 10 12 yv7l 0 his work on … and on his work of punishing. “punishing … and punishing” ISA 10 12 ly8r 0 I will punish the speech of the arrogant heart of the king of Assyria and his prideful looks Alternate translation: “I will punish the king of Assyria for the arrogant things he said and the look of pride on his face” ISA 10 13 ty9n 0 For he says Alternate translation: “For the king of Assyria says” ISA 10 13 f9lx figs-metonymy 0 I have removed … I have stolen Here the word “I” refers to the king of Assyria. He was the leader of the Assyrian army and took credit for what the army did at his command. Alternate translation: “my army has removed … They have stolen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 10 13 bqh5 figs-simile 0 like a bull “as strong as a bull.” Some ancient texts read, “like a mighty man.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 10 13 y4e1 figs-metaphor 0 I have brought down the inhabitants This could mean: (1) the king of Assyria has shamed the people of the countries he conquered or (2) he has removed the kings of the nations so they no longer rule. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 10 13 l61t figs-synecdoche 0 I have brought Here the word “I” refers to the king of Assyria. He was the leader of the Assyrian army and took credit for what the army did at his command. Alternate translation: “I and my army have brought” or “we have brought (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 10 14 ni7r 0 General Information: Yahweh is still quoting the king of Assyria ([Isaiah 10:13](../10/13.md)). ISA 10 14 a1xa figs-metonymy 0 My hand has seized The hand is a metonym for either the king’s power or his army. Alternate translation: “In my power I have seized” or “My army has seized” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 10 14 ij25 figs-simile 0 My hand has seized, as from a nest, the wealth of nations The king of Assyria compares taking the treasures from the nations to a person taking eggs out of a bird’s nest. This emphasizes how easy it was for him and his army to conquer these other kingdoms. Alternate translation: “My army has stolen the wealth from the nations just as easily as a man takes eggs from a nest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 10 14 au8g figs-simile 0 as one gathers abandoned eggs, I gathered all the earth The king of Assyria speaks of taking over nations as if he was gathering eggs. Alternate translation: “just as a person takes eggs from a nest when the bird is not there to protect them, my army has taken the treasures of every nation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 10 14 yer6 figs-simile 0 None fluttered their wings or opened their mouth or chirped This compares the nations to a bird who sits quietly while her eggs are taken. This emphasizes that the nations did nothing while the army of Assyria took all of their possessions. Alternate translation: “And like a bird that does not make a sound or flap her wings when someone steals her eggs, the nations did nothing as we took their treasure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 10 15 kg69 figs-rquestion 0 Will the ax boast about itself against the one who wields it? Will the saw praise itself more than the one who cuts with it? The speaker uses these questions to mock the king of Assyria. Alternate translation: “An ax cannot boast that it is better than the one who holds it. And a saw does not get more glory than the one who cuts with it.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 10 15 l68v 0 the saw a sharp tool used for cutting wood ISA 10 15 e8a7 figs-parallelism 0 It is as if a rod could lift up those who raise it, or as if a wooden club could lift up a person These phrases mean basically the same thing and are used to strengthen the meaning of the two questions before it. This can be translated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: “And neither can a rod or staff lift the person who picks it up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 10 16 n3zs figs-abstractnouns 0 Therefore the Lord Yahweh of hosts will send emaciation among his elite warriors It is unclear whether Yahweh or Isaiah is speaking. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **emaciation**, you could express the same idea with the verb “make weak.” Alternate translation: “Therefore I, Lord Yahweh of hosts, will make the king’s strongest soldiers weak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 10 16 h9uv figs-simile 0 under his glory there will be kindled a burning like fire Yahweh compares his punishment to a fire. This emphasizes that his punishment will completely destroy all the splendor and greatness of the kingdom of Assyria. Alternate translation: “I will destroy his greatness as if I were starting a fire to burn everything he is proud of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 10 17 xf7a figs-metaphor 0 The light of Israel will become a fire The phrase “light of Israel” refers to Yahweh. It is unclear whether Yahweh or Isaiah is speaking. Alternate translation: “I, Yahweh, the light of Israel, will become like a fire, able to destroy everyone that does not honor me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 10 17 x81s 0 his Holy One a flame “I, Yahweh, the Holy one of Israel, will become like a flame.” See how you translated “Holy One” in [Isaiah 1:4](../01/04.md). ISA 10 17 nh6j figs-metaphor 0 it will burn and devour his thorns and briers “The fire will burn and devour the king of Assyria’s thorns and briars.” The speaker compares the king of Assyria’s army to thorns and briers. This emphasizes how easily God will destroy them. Alternate translation: “I will destroy the Assyrians like a fire burning thorns and briers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 10 17 a8i4 figs-doublet 0 thorns … briers The words “briers” and “thorns” both refer to useless, thorny plants; they can be translated using one expression. See how you translated these words in [Isaiah 7:23](../07/23.md). Alternate translation: “thorn bushes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 10 18 e4pz figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh will consume the glory of his forest and of his fruitful land This could mean: (1) “Yahweh will destroy the great forests and farmlands in the nation of Assyria” or (2) “Yahweh will destroy the army of Assyria as a fire burns up great forests and farmlands.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 10 18 ice3 figs-merism 0 both soul and body This could mean: (1) this emphasizes that God will completely destroy the forests and farmlands. Alternate translation: “completely” or (2) this means God will completely destroy the people of Assyria. The phrase “soul and body” refers to the spiritual part and the physical part of a person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) ISA 10 18 r1h9 figs-simile 0 it will be like when a sick man’s life wastes away This compares either the forests and farmlands of Assyria or the army of Assyria to a sick man as he lies in bed dying. This emphasizes how something so great can become weak and dying. Alternate translation: “they will be like a sick man who grows weak and dies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 10 19 li2a 0 The remnant of the trees of his forest will be so few Alternate translation: “What remains of the trees in the king’s forest will be so few” ISA 10 20 whj2 figs-idiom 0 On that day This refers to the time when God does the things that are described in [Isaiah 10:16-19](./16.md). Alternate translation: “At that time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 10 20 jx5m figs-explicit 0 that has escaped The meaning can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “that has escaped from the army of Assyria” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 10 20 t38g 0 will no longer rely on the one who defeated them Alternate translation: “will no longer rely on the king of Assyria, who harmed them” ISA 10 20 j4ug 0 Holy One See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:4](../01/04.md). ISA 10 22 l3hy figs-you 0 your people, Israel, are Here, **your** is singular. Possible meanings are: (1) God is speaking to Isaiah and “your” refers to Isaiah. Alternate translation: “your people Israel are” or (2) Isaiah or God is speaking to the nation of Israel and “your” refers to the nation. Alternate translation: “your people, O Israel, are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) ISA 10 22 tmc6 figs-simile 0 are like the sand of the seashore This emphasizes that there were a great number of people of Israel. Alternate translation: “are too many to count, like the sand on the seashore” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 10 22 xt1x figs-activepassive 0 Destruction is decreed If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has decreed that he will destroy most of those who live in Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 10 22 gb5g 0 as overflowing righteousness demands This can be translated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: “This must be done for the sake of perfect righteousness” or “Yahweh must do this because he is completely righteous” ISA 10 23 m3jr figs-activepassive 0 carry out the destruction determined throughout the land This can be translated in active form. This could mean: (1) Alternate translation: “destroy everything in the land just as he has determined to do” or (2) Alternate translation: “destroy the people in the land just as he has determined to do.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 10 23 b19q 0 determined Alternate translation: “decided” ISA 10 24 ww5n figs-personification 0 the Assyrian Isaiah speaks of the king of Assyria and his army as if he were one man. Alternate translation: “the king of Assyria and his army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 10 24 i2ep figs-metaphor 0 He will strike you with the rod and raise his staff against you The words “rod” and “staff” refer to pieces of wood that people use as clubs to beat animals and other people. Isaiah speaks of the way the Assyrians will rule over the Israelites as if the Assyrians were beating the Israelites with clubs. Alternate translation: “He will rule over you and make slaves of you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 10 24 an2d figs-synecdoche 0 He will strike The word “He” refers to “the Assyrian” which represents the king of Assyria and his army. Alternate translation: “He and his army will strike” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 10 24 l3xf figs-explicit 0 as the Egyptians did The full meaning can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “as the Egyptians ruled over your ancestors and made them slaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 10 25 w374 figs-abstractnouns 0 my anger will lead to his destruction If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **destruction**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “I will destroy him because I am angry with him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 10 26 h791 0 Yahweh of hosts See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). ISA 10 26 fnc8 figs-metaphor 0 will wield a whip against them “will beat the Assyrians with a whip.” God will not really use a whip. This refers to God’s power to punish the Assyrians severely. Alternate translation: “will punish the Assyrians severely as if with a whip” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 10 26 zpq7 translate-names 0 as when he defeated Midian at the rock of Oreb This refers to when God helped a man named Gideon defeat the army of Midian. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 10 26 vx2h figs-metaphor 0 He will raise his rod over the sea and lift it up as he did in Egypt This speaks of God rescuing the people from the Assyrians as if they were the Egyptian army. This refers to when God caused the water of the Red Sea to split so the people of Israel could escape from the Egyptian army and so that the Egyptian army would drown in it. Alternate translation: “He will help you escape from the army of Assyria as he helped your ancestors escape the army of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 10 27 e1j7 figs-activepassive 0 his burden is lifted from your shoulder and his yoke from off your neck “Yahweh will lift the burden that Assyria has put on your shoulder, and he will remove the yoke that they have put on your neck.” These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The words “burden” and “yoke” refer to slavery. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will remove the Assyrians who oppress you and will stop them from making you their slaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 10 27 x77u figs-activepassive 0 the yoke will be destroyed because of fatness This expression suggests that the neck of the animal that is wearing the yoke will become too fat to fit the yoke any longer. This is a metaphor for Israel becoming so strong that the Assyrians can no longer rule them. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “your neck will become so fat that it will break the yoke” or “you will become so strong that you will no longer be the Assyrians’ slaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 10 28 dh9d figs-pastforfuture 0 has come … has passed … has stored Isaiah speaks of these future events as though they have already happened. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) ISA 10 28 c6sg translate-names 0 Aiath … Migron … Michmash These are all cities and villages near Jerusalem that the army of Assyria went through and caused trouble in. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 10 29 nvp6 figs-pastforfuture 0 have crossed … lodge … trembles … has fled Isaiah speaks of these future events as though they have already happened. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) ISA 10 29 fay6 translate-names 0 Geba … Ramah … Gibeah These are all cities and villages near Jerusalem that the army of Assyria went through and caused trouble in. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 10 29 b3vg figs-metonymy 0 Ramah trembles and Gibeah of Saul has fled Here “Ramah” and “Gibeah of Saul” refer to the people who lived in those cities. Alternate translation: “The people of Ramah tremble and the people of Gibeah of Saul have fled” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 10 30 y4ej figs-idiom 0 daughter of Gallim The word “daughter” here refers to the people who live in the city. Alternate translation: “Gallim” or “people of Gallim” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 10 30 ybe1 figs-metonymy 0 Gallim … Laishah … Anathoth These are names of more cities and villages near Jerusalem that the Assyrian army traveled through causing fear among the people. All of these refer to the people who live in these places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 10 31 dv9p figs-metonymy 0 Madmenah … Gebim These are names of more cities and villages near Jerusalem that the Assyrian army traveled through causing fear among the people. All of these refer to the people who live in these places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 10 32 dub4 figs-metonymy 0 Nob This is the name of a village or city near Jerusalem that the Assyrian army traveled through causing fear among the people. It refers to the people who live in this place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 10 32 bf9q figs-idiom 0 he will halt at Nob and shake his fist Here “he” and “his” refer to the king of Assyria and his soldiers. People would shake their fists at people whom they were threatening. Alternate translation: “the army of Assyria will stop at Nob and threaten” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 10 32 crq2 figs-metonymy 0 the mountain of the daughter of Zion, the hill of Jerusalem The words “mount” and “hill” are metonyms for the people who live on them. The words “mount of the daughter of Zion” mean almost the same thing as the words “hill of Jerusalem.” See how they are translated in [Isaiah 2:14](../02/14.md). Alternate translation: “the people of Mount Zion and the people living on the hill in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 10 33 fn7x 0 Behold This can be translated as “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you.” ISA 10 33 a8t9 0 Yahweh of hosts See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). ISA 10 33 bh4r figs-metaphor 0 will lop off the boughs … the lofty will be brought low Isaiah speaks of the army of Assyria as if it were the tall trees in Lebanon. God will destroy the army like people cutting down the mighty trees of Lebanon. This emphasizes that though the army is strong, God has the power to destroy it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 10 33 qb4e figs-metaphor 0 will lop off the boughs “will cut off the big branches of the trees.” In order to make it clear that this refers to the army of Assyria, it can be translated as a simile: He will destroy the army of Assyria like strong men cutting off the big branches of trees. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 10 33 xxu4 figs-abstractnouns 0 with a terrifying crash If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **crash**, you could express the same idea with the verb “make a noise.” Alternate translation: “and the branches will crash down on the ground and make a terrifying noise” or “and the branches will fall to the ground with a very loud noise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 10 33 jg1h figs-activepassive 0 the tallest trees will be cut down If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he will cut down the tallest trees” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 10 33 uza4 figs-metaphor 0 the tallest trees This is a metaphor for “the strongest soldiers.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 10 33 n2ts figs-activepassive 0 the lofty will be brought low If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he will bring down the lofty people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 10 33 bra5 0 lofty proud ISA 10 34 f4p6 figs-metaphor 0 He will chop down the thickets … and Lebanon in his majesty will fall Isaiah speaks of the army of Assyria as if it were the tall trees in Lebanon. God will destroy the army like people cutting down the mighty trees of Lebanon. This emphasizes that though the army is strong, God has the power to destroy it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 10 34 xu8i figs-metaphor 0 the thickets of the forest “the dense shrubs in the forest.” This is possibly a metaphor for those people who are not well known. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 10 34 g78z figs-metaphor 0 Lebanon in his majesty will fall “the forests of Lebanon will no longer be so grand.” This is possibly a metaphor for the Assyrian army. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will defeat the army of Assyria, as mighty as it is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 11 intro v1l2 0 # Isaiah 11 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Messiah<br>The prophecies of this chapter focus on the coming Messiah. Some of these prophecies concern the first coming of Jesus, while some reference a future day of restoration. The author transitions between these time periods without telling his reader. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Ambiguity<br>It is uncertain what period of time these prophecies refer to or who will fulfill them. The translator should allow this uncertainty and ambiguity to remain. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) ISA 11 1 fxf2 figs-parallelism 0 A shoot will sprout from the stump of Jesse … a branch out of his roots will bear fruit Isaiah speaks of Jesse and his descendants as if they were a tree that had been cut down. Both of these phrases tell about a descendant of Jesse who would be king. Alternate translation: “As a shoot sprouts out of a tree stump, so a descendant of Jesse will become king over what remains of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 11 1 b412 figs-metaphor 0 the stump of Jesse A stump is what remains of a tree after it is chopped down. The “stump of Jesse” represents what was left of the kingdom that Jesse’s son David was once king of. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 11 2 ptc5 figs-metaphor 0 The Spirit of Yahweh will rest upon him Resting upon him represents being with him and helping him. The word “him” refers to the one who would become king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 11 2 jsu4 figs-metonymy 0 the Spirit of wisdom … the Spirit of instruction … the Spirit of knowledge … the fear of Yahweh Here the word “Spirit” refers to an ability or quality that the Spirit of Yahweh would give him. Alternate translation: “and he will cause him to have wisdom and understanding, instruction and might, knowledge and the fear of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 11 3 dks6 0 Connecting Statement: Isaiah continues to describe the king. ISA 11 3 euz8 figs-explicit 0 he will not judge by what his eyes see The phrase “what his eyes see” refers to seeing things that are not important for judging a person rightly. Alternate translation: “he will not judge a person simply by seeing what the person looks like” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 11 3 vff3 figs-explicit 0 nor decide by what his ears hear “and he will not decide by what his ears hear.” The phrase “what his ears hear” refers to hearing what people say about someone. Alternate translation: “and he will not judge a person simply by hearing what others say about him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 11 4 qt3z figs-nominaladj 0 the poor … the humble … the wicked These phrases refer to people who have these qualities. Alternate translation: “poor people … humble people … wicked people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) ISA 11 4 i8ls figs-parallelism 0 He will strike the earth with the rod of his mouth … with the breath of his lips he will slay the wicked These two phrases mean basically the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 11 4 t6i4 figs-metonymy 0 He will strike the earth with the rod of his mouth The word “earth” here represents the people on earth. Striking them with the rod of his mouth represents judging them, and that judgement will lead to punishment. Alternate translation: “He will judge the people of the earth, and they will be punished” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 11 4 ud4k figs-metonymy 0 with the breath of his lips he will slay the wicked The “breath of his lips” represents him judging them. Alternate translation: “he will judge wicked people, and they will be killed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 11 5 izw4 0 the belt of his waist … the belt around his hips This could mean: (1) the belt is used to secure one’s clothes so he can work, or (2) the belt is an undergarment, or (3) the belt is a sash that a king wears to show his authority. ISA 11 5 d2b4 figs-metaphor 0 Righteousness will be the belt of his waist Wearing righteousness like a belt represents being righteous. This could mean: (1) the king’s righteousness will enable him to rule. Alternate translation: “His righteousness will be a like a belt around his waist” or (2) the king’s righteousness would show his authority to rule. Alternate translation: “He will rule righteously” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 11 5 xpa4 figs-ellipsis 0 faithfulness the belt around his hips The words “will be” are understood in this phrase. Alternate translation: “faithfulness will be the belt around his hips” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ISA 11 5 z7kt figs-metaphor 0 faithfulness the belt around his hips Wearing faithfulness like a belt represents being faithful. This could mean: (1) the king’s faithfulness will enable him to rule, or (2) the king’s faithfulness will show his authority to rule. Alternate translation: “his faithfulness will be a like a belt around his hips” or “he will rule faithfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 11 6 x4db 0 General Information: Isaiah describes what the world will be like when the king rules. There will be complete peace in the world. This is shown by the peace that there will be even among animals. Animals that normally kill other animals will not kill them, and they will all be safe together. ISA 11 6 vib1 figs-genericnoun 0 The wolf … the leopard … the young lion These phrases refer to these animals in general, not to a specific wolf or leopard. These are all strong animals that attack and eat other animals. Alternate translation: “Wolves … leopards … young lions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) ISA 11 6 ns1s figs-genericnoun 0 the lamb … the young goat … the calf … the fattened calf The phrases refer to these animals in general, not to a specific lamb or goat. These are all animals that eat grass and straw. Other animals sometimes attack and eat them. Alternate translation: “lambs … young goats … calves … fattened calves … Cows … oxen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) ISA 11 6 uz7p translate-unknown 0 leopard a large cat with yellow fur and black spots that kills and eats other animals (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) ISA 11 6 z3nc figs-ellipsis 0 the calf, the young lion and the fattened calf, together The phrase “will be” is understood. Alternate translation: “the calf, the lion, and the fattened calf will be together” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ISA 11 6 z96c 0 A little child will lead them A child will take care of them and lead them to good places to drink water and eat grass or hay. ISA 11 7 u4nf figs-genericnoun 0 the bear … The lion These phrases refer to these animals in general, not to a specific wolf or leopard. These are all strong animals that attack and eat other animals. Alternate translation: “Wolves … leopards … young lions … bears … Lions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) ISA 11 7 i5nr figs-genericnoun 0 The cow … the ox The phrases refer to these animals in general, not to a specific lamb or goat. These are all animals that eat grass and straw. Other animals sometimes attack and eat them. Alternate translation: “lambs … young goats … calves … fattened calves … Cows … oxen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) ISA 11 7 u76u translate-unknown 0 bear a very large animal with thick hair and sharp claws that kills and eats other animals (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) ISA 11 7 jf3m 0 will graze together Alternate translation: “will eat grass together” ISA 11 7 shd9 0 their young This refers to the animals’ offspring shortly after they are born. ISA 11 8 bkr7 figs-explicit 0 A baby will play over the hole of the snake It can be stated clearly that the baby will be safe because the snake will not bite it. Alternate translation: “Babies will play safely over the hole of the snake” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 11 8 nmp6 figs-genericnoun 0 the snake … the serpent’s den These phrases refer to poisonous snakes in general. Alternate translation: “snakes … serpents’ dens” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) ISA 11 8 c4md 0 the weaned child a child who no longer drinks its mother’s milk ISA 11 9 czb2 0 on all my holy mountain The “holy mountain” is Mount Zion, in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “on all of Yahweh’s holy mountain” ISA 11 9 zv3a figs-metonymy 0 the earth will be full of knowledge of Yahweh The phrase “knowledge of Yahweh” represents people who know Yahweh. Alternate translation: “the earth will be full of those who know Yahweh” or “those who know Yahweh will cover the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 11 9 asy7 figs-simile 0 as the waters cover the sea This phrase is used to show how full the earth will be of people who know Yahweh. You may want to help your readers to understand that it does this by using words that are similar to the words in the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “as the seas are full of water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 11 10 b699 figs-metonymy 0 the root of Jesse This refers to Jesse’s and King David’s descendant who would become the king that was told about in [Isaiah 1:1](../01/01.md). Alternate translation: “Jesse’s descendant king” or “the king descended from Jesse” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 11 10 x6gn figs-simile 0 will stand as a banner for the peoples A banner is a flag that a king would raise as a sign for people to see it and come to him. Alternate translation: “will be like a sign for the peoples” or “will attract the peoples to come to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 11 10 e7wp 0 The nations Alternate translation: “The people of the nations” ISA 11 11 g27p figs-metonymy 0 the Lord will again extend his hand to recover the remnant of his people The hand is a reference to God’s power. Alternate translation: “the Lord will again use his power to bring back the remnant of his people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 11 11 nr2i translate-names 0 Pathros … Elam … Hamath These are names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 11 12 f68i figs-metaphor 0 He will set up a banner for the nations This could mean: (1) “The Lord will set up the king as a banner for the nations” or (2) “The king will set up a banner for the nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 11 12 n5uv 0 a banner for the nations Alternate translation: “a flag for the nations to see” or “a flag to call the nations to himself” ISA 11 12 wg94 0 the dispersed of Judah Alternate translation: “the people of Judah who had been scattered around the world” ISA 11 12 n4s1 figs-synecdoche 0 from the four corners of the earth The earth is pictured as if it has four corners, and those corners are its most distant places. This refers to everywhere on earth where those people might be. Alternate translation: “from even the most distant places of the earth” or “from all over the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 11 13 tv6k figs-abstractnouns 0 He will turn aside the envy of Ephraim Ephraim here refers to the descendants of the northern kingdom of Israel. The noun “envy” can be expressed as an adjective. Alternate translation: “He will stop the people of Ephraim from being envious” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 11 13 f12r figs-activepassive 0 Judah will no longer be hostile to Ephraim Judah here refers to the descendants of the southern kingdom. This phrase can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he will stop the people of Judah from being hostile” or “he will stop the people of Judah from hating” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 11 14 j77a figs-metaphor 0 they will swoop down on the Philistine hills The people of Israel and Judah are pictured as if they were birds that fly down quickly to attack a person or animal. Alternate translation: “they will go quickly to the Philistine hills to attack the people there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 11 15 cx6x 0 the gulf of the Sea of Egypt A “gulf” is a large area of water that land partly surrounds. ISA 11 15 u6da figs-metaphor 0 With his scorching wind he will wave his hand over the Euphrates River Waving his hand over something represents his power to change it. Alternate translation: “By his power he will cause a scorching wind to blow on the Euphrates River” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 11 15 k4y5 0 his scorching wind This is a strong or hot wind that causes some of the water in rivers to dry up. ISA 11 15 hj6s 0 so it can be crossed over in sandals Alternate translation: “so that people can cross over it even while wearing their sandals” ISA 11 16 e52k 0 There will be a highway A highway is a large road that many people can travel on. “Yahweh will make a road” ISA 11 16 b1xk 0 in their coming up from the land of Egypt Alternate translation: “when they came up from the land of Egypt” ISA 12 intro x9cy 0 # Isaiah 12 General Notes<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### “That day”<br>The time of this day is unclear. It may be a time in the near future for Isaiah, or a time in the distant future for him. In the latter case, it would reference the last days. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Tense<br>Extra care must be taken in translating the tense of this chapter. The author talks about the future, but frequently changes to speak in the present tense. Some languages will have difficulty speaking in this way. ISA 12 1 b681 figs-explicit 0 On that day It can be stated clearly what time is being referred to. Alternate translation: “At that time” or “When the king rules” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 12 1 cgh8 figs-personification 0 your wrath has turned away God’s wrath is spoken of as if it were a person that could turn away and leave. It means that God has stopped being angry. Alternate translation: “You are no longer angry with me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 12 2 il35 figs-metaphor 0 God is my salvation God causing someone’s salvation is spoken of as if God were that salvation. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **salvation**, you could express the same idea with the noun “savior” or the verb “save.” Alternate translation: “God causes my salvation” or “God is my savior” or “God is the one who saves me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 12 2 g2h1 figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh is my strength God causing someone to be strong is spoken of as if Yahweh were their strength. Alternate translation: “Yahweh makes me strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 12 2 d9eg figs-metaphor 0 song The word “song” here represents what a person sings about. Alternate translation: “the one I joyfully sing about” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 12 2 bt8a 0 He has become my salvation Alternate translation: “He has saved me” ISA 12 3 ig6e figs-metaphor 0 With joy you will draw water from the wells of salvation Isaiah speaks of people being saved as if they were getting salvation the way people get water out of well. Alternate translation: “you will rejoice when he saves you, as people rejoice when they draw water from a well” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 12 4 ut6u figs-metonymy 0 call upon his name Here “his name” refers to Yahweh. Calling on him represents either praising him or asking him for help. Alternate translation: “praise him loudly” or “call to him to help you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 12 4 jq63 figs-abstractnouns 0 declare his deeds among the peoples The noun “deeds” can be expressed with the phrase “what he has done.” Alternate translation: “Tell the peoples about the great things he has done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 12 4 wi1x figs-metonymy 0 proclaim that his name is exalted Here “his name” refers to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “proclaim that he is exalted” or “proclaim that he is great” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 12 6 b2j7 0 for great in your midst is the Holy One of Israel Alternate translation: “because the Holy One of Israel, who lives among you, is mighty” or “because the Holy One of Israel is mighty and he lives among you” ISA 13 intro qak7 0 # Isaiah 13 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Prophecies<br>It is unclear who is addressed by these prophecies. At times, it appears to be the people of Judah, while at other times it seems to reference the last days. This ambiguity should remain in translation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]]) ISA 13 1 ifl8 figs-metonymy 0 about Babylon The name of the city stands for the people of Babylon. Alternate translation: “about the people of Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 13 1 t34a translate-names 0 Amoz Amoz was the father of Isaiah. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:1](../01/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 13 2 she6 0 cry aloud to them The word “them” refers to soldiers from another country. ISA 13 2 dkx5 figs-metonymy 0 the gates of the nobles This could mean: (1) “the gates of Babylon where the nobles live” or (2) “the gates of the nobles’ large houses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 13 2 tsg1 0 the nobles Alternate translation: “the respected people” or “the rulers” ISA 13 3 tw9g 0 my holy ones Alternate translation: “the ones I have set apart for myself” or “the army that I have set apart for myself” ISA 13 3 mlu4 figs-metonymy 0 I have called my mighty men to execute my anger Executing God’s anger represents punishing people because of God’s anger. Alternate translation: “I have called my mighty soldiers to punish the people of Babylon because they have made me angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 13 3 ye22 figs-explicit 0 even my proudly exulting ones “even those who proudly exult.” Why they proudly exult can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “even my people who proudly exult because of the great things I do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 13 4 pl8f figs-ellipsis 0 The noise of a multitude in the mountains, as of many people The words “there is” are understood. The phrases “multitude” and “many people” mean the same thing. Alternate translation: “There is the noise of many people in the mountains” or “There is the noise of a great crowd of people in the mountains” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ISA 13 4 gi1h figs-ellipsis 0 The noise of a tumult of the kingdoms like many nations gathered together The words “there is” are understood. The words “kingdoms” and “nations” here refer to the same thing. Alternate translation: “There is the noisy commotion of many kingdoms gathered together” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ISA 13 4 h5sg 0 is mustering Alternate translation: “is gathering” ISA 13 5 d44z 0 from way over the horizon Alternate translation: “from places far beyond the horizon” or “from very distant places” ISA 13 5 dlj9 figs-metaphor 0 his instruments of judgment The soldiers that God is sending to attack Babylon are spoken of as if they were weapons. “Judgment” represents punishment because God has judged Babylon. Alternate translation: “the army that he will use to punish Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 13 6 qux3 0 Howl cry out loud. The word is usually used of an animal making a sound because it is in pain. ISA 13 6 dff2 figs-metaphor 0 the day of Yahweh is near Something that is about to happen soon is spoken of as if it is coming near. Alternate translation: “the day of Yahweh will happen soon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 13 6 x1dx figs-metaphor 0 it comes with destruction from the Almighty The word “it” refers to the day of Yahweh. “It comes with destruction” means that destruction will happen on that day. “Destruction from the Almighty” means that the Almighty will destroy them. Alternate translation: “on that day, the Almighty God will destroy them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 13 7 cd7a 0 all hands hang limp This shows that all the people are very weak and unable to do anything. ISA 13 7 zbv6 figs-metaphor 0 every heart melts People being terribly afraid is spoken of as if their hearts melt. Alternate translation: “everyone is terribly afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 13 8 cx1n figs-personification 0 pain and agony will seize them People suddenly feeling terrible pain and sorrow is spoken of as if the pains and sorrows were people who grab them. Alternate translation: “they will suddenly feel terrible pain and agony” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 13 8 f5tf figs-metaphor 0 like a woman in labor Being in labor represents giving birth to a baby. Alternate translation: “like a woman giving birth to a baby” or “like the pain of a woman who is giving birth to a baby” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 13 8 ixg7 figs-metaphor 0 their faces will be aflame Their faces being hot and red is spoken of as if they were burning. Possible reasons for their faces being hot are: (1) the people are very afraid or (2) the people feel ashamed or (3) the people cry. Alternate translation: “their faces will be hot and red” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 13 9 wx9a figs-metaphor 0 the day of Yahweh comes with cruel wrath and overflowing anger The day coming with wrath and anger means that there will be wrath and anger on that day. The abstract nouns “wrath” and “anger” can be expressed with the adjectives “furious” and “angry.” Alternate translation: “on the day of Yahweh, he will be furious and extremely angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 13 9 g4nq figs-metaphor 0 overflowing anger Anger here is spoken of as if the one who is angry is a container filled with anger. Overflowing anger means that he is extremely angry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 13 9 i8e4 figs-abstractnouns 0 to make the land a desolation If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **desolation**, you could express the same idea with the verb “ruin.” Alternate translation: “to ruin the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 13 10 d93q 0 The stars of heaven and the constellations Alternate translation: “The stars in the sky” ISA 13 10 njr5 figs-idiom 0 will not give their light Giving light represents “shining.” Alternate translation: “will not shine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 13 10 mgq5 figs-activepassive 0 The sun will be darkened If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will darken the sun” or “The sun will be dark” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 13 11 s3b1 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues to talk about what he will do on the day of Yahweh. ISA 13 11 n1em figs-metonymy 0 the world This refers to people. Alternate translation: “the people of the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 13 11 e48c figs-nominaladj 0 the wicked … the proud … the ruthless These phrases refer to people who have these qualities. Alternate translation: “wicked people … proud people … ruthless people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) ISA 13 11 d1ab 0 the ruthless Alternate translation: “cruel people” ISA 13 11 j6vq figs-metaphor 0 will bring down the arrogance of the ruthless Being low often represents being humble. Bringing down people’s arrogance represents making them humble. Alternate translation: “will humble the ruthless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 13 12 myy1 figs-explicit 0 I will make men more rare than fine gold Why there will be so few people can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “I will cause so many people to die that living people will be more rare than fine gold” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 13 12 fe8w figs-parallelism 0 men more rare than fine gold … mankind harder to find than the pure gold of Ophir These two phrases mean basically the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 13 12 bwf1 translate-names 0 pure gold of Ophir Ophir was the name of a place where there was pure gold. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 13 14 d26d translate-unknown 0 Like a hunted gazelle or like a sheep with no shepherd Yahweh speaks of the defenseless people of Israel as if they were a gazelle or a sheep that was being chased by hunters or wild animals. Alternate translation: “Like gazelles that run away swiftly when people hunt them, and like sheep that have no shepherd run away from wild animals” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 13 14 mn88 translate-unknown 0 gazelle an animal that is similar to a deer. People hunt them, and wild animals sometimes attack and kill them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) ISA 13 14 x7hp 0 like a sheep with no shepherd Sheep that have no shepherd have no one to protect them from wild animals that attack and kill them. ISA 13 15 e18y figs-parallelism 0 Every one who is found will be killed … every one who is captured will die by the sword These two phrases mean basically the same thing. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The enemy will kill with the sword everyone they find” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 13 16 zj38 figs-activepassive 0 Their infants also will be dashed in pieces If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The enemy will also dash their infants to pieces” or “The enemy will beat their infants until they die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 13 16 hv3v figs-explicit 0 before their eyes Here the people are represented by their “eyes” to emphasize what they see. It can be stated clearly that the parents are unable to help their infants. Alternate translation: “in front of them” or “while their parents helplessly watch” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 13 16 j6pn figs-activepassive 0 Their houses will be plundered This means that everything valuable will be stolen from their houses. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The enemy will plunder the people’s houses” or “The enemy will steal everything valuable from the people’s houses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 13 16 tfy7 figs-ellipsis 0 their wives raped This means that the enemies will attack the women and force them to have sex with them. The words “will be” are understood. This can also be expressed with an active form. Alternate translation: “their wives will be raped” or “their enemies will rape their wives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 13 17 q8ne 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues speaking. ISA 13 17 nqb5 figs-metaphor 0 I am about to stir up the Medes to attack them Making people want to do something is spoken of as stirring them up. Alternate translation: “I am about to make the Medes want to attack them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 13 18 xh97 figs-metonymy 0 Their bows will strike down Here “their bows” is a metonym for the soldiers who use the bows. Alternate translation: “Their soldiers will use bows and arrows to kill” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 13 19 fu8y 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues speaking. ISA 13 19 cz67 figs-activepassive 0 the most admired of kingdoms If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the kingdom that people most admire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 13 19 z4ui figs-activepassive 0 Then Babylon … will be overthrown by God If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Then God will destroy Babylon, the most admired of kingdoms, the splendor of Chaldean pride, as he destroyed Sodom and Gomorrah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 13 19 qt9e figs-abstractnouns 0 the splendor of Chaldean pride The abstract nouns “splendor” and “pride” can be translated with adjectives. The word “splendor” refers to the beautiful appearance of Babylon. Alternate translation: “the beautiful city that the Chaldeans are so proud of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 13 20 lb19 figs-doublet 0 It will not be inhabited or lived in The two verbs mean basically the same thing. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “No one will live in it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 13 20 zgq2 figs-idiom 0 from generation to generation The phrase “generation to generation” refers to all generations of people who will live in the future. Alternate translation: “for ever” or “ever again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 13 20 vjg1 figs-genericnoun 0 The Arab This refers to Arab people in general, not one person. Alternate translation: “Arabs” or “Arab people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) ISA 13 21 aq3d 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues speaking about what will happen to Babylon. ISA 13 21 t272 0 will lie there Alternate translation: “will lie in Babylon” ISA 13 21 ym5w 0 Their houses Alternate translation: “The people’s houses” ISA 13 21 a5fz translate-unknown 0 owls Owls are wild birds that hunt at night. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) ISA 13 21 tw7k translate-unknown 0 ostriches Ostriches are large wild birds that run fast and cannot fly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) ISA 13 22 r81d translate-unknown 0 Hyenas Hyenas are large wild animals that look like dogs and eat dead animals. Their loud cry sounds like a person laughing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) ISA 13 22 inv9 figs-ellipsis 0 jackals in the beautiful palaces The words “will cry” are understood. Alternate translation: “jackals will cry in the beautiful palaces” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ISA 13 22 ly2k translate-unknown 0 jackals wild dogs (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) ISA 13 22 wym1 figs-parallelism 0 Her time is near, and her days will not be delayed These two phrases mean basically the same thing. “Her time” and “her days” both refer to the time that God has chosen for Babylon to be destroyed. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The time that all of this will happen to the people of Babylon is near, and nothing will stop it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 14 intro k7wp 0 # Isaiah 14 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 14:4-27, 29-32.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Satan<br>It is believed that this chapter references Satan. It describes Satan as a star fallen from heaven. There are five important statements beginning with the words “I will” which appear to show the essence of Satan’s sin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/satan]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br><br>### Babylon<br>This is the name of the kingdom that conquered Judah, but it is also the name representing Satan’s kingdom in prophecies. They were not yet a world power when these words were spoken. It should be translated as “Babylon,” but translators should be aware of its dual meaning.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Israel<br>The use of Israel in this chapter is in reference to the nation or people group of Israel. It is this Israel who will be restored and not the kingdom of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]]) ISA 14 1 i59z figs-metonymy 0 Yahweh will have compassion on Jacob Here “Jacob” refers to the descendants of Jacob. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will have mercy on the descendants of Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 14 1 i2au figs-metonymy 0 attach themselves to the house of Jacob The house of Jacob refers to the descendants of Jacob, the Israelites. Alternate translation: “unite with the descendants of Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 14 2 s7ge 0 The nations will bring them to their own place Alternate translation: “The nations will bring the descendants of Jacob back to the land of Israel” ISA 14 2 v647 figs-metonymy 0 the house of Israel This refers to the Israelites, the descendants of Israel. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 14 2 v5tj 0 They will take captive those who had captured them Alternate translation: “The Israelite soldiers will take as captives those who had captured Israelites” ISA 14 3 alz7 figs-you 0 from your suffering and anguish The word “your” is singular, but it refers to the people of Israel. Also, “suffering” and “anguish” mean basically the same thing and are used together for emphasis. Alternate translation: “from the things that have caused you to suffer greatly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 14 4 nfw3 0 How the oppressor has come to an end “The oppressor has come to an end.” This is an exclamation. ISA 14 4 bb3j figs-ellipsis 0 the proud fury ended The words “how and “has” are understood. Alternate translation: “how the proud fury has ended” or “his pride and fury have ended” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ISA 14 4 a26w figs-metonymy 0 the proud fury ended The “proud fury” refers to the king of Babylon being proud and treating other nations cruelly. Alternate translation: “his cruelty has ended” or “he can no longer oppress people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 14 5 v7xw 0 Connecting Statement: This is part of the taunt song that the Israelites will sing to the king of Babylon. ISA 14 5 gb7c figs-metonymy 0 Yahweh has broken the staff of the wicked The staff of the wicked probably refers to a stick that wicked people would hit other people with. Breaking that stick represents destroying their power to treat people cruelly. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has destroyed the power of the wicked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 14 5 bz1k figs-metonymy 0 the scepter of those rulers A scepter represents a ruler’s power to rule. Breaking the scepter represents destroying the ruler’s power. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has destroyed the power of the wicked rulers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 14 6 yr4l 0 that struck the peoples “who struck the peoples.” Wicked people struck the peoples with their staff. ISA 14 6 u5vx 0 with unceasing blows Alternate translation: “without stopping” or “again and again” ISA 14 6 te29 0 that ruled the nations Alternate translation: “who conquered other nations” ISA 14 6 xy5f 0 with an attack that was unrestrained Alternate translation: “attacking them without stopping” ISA 14 7 efq4 0 Connecting Statement: This is part of the taunt song that the Israelites will sing to the king of Babylon. ISA 14 7 sk3p figs-metonymy 0 The whole earth This refers to everyone on earth. Alternate translation: “everyone on earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 14 8 w8ty figs-personification 0 Even the cypress trees rejoice over you with the cedars of Lebanon Isaiah speaks of the trees as if they were people who could rejoice. This emphasizes that it is such a great thing that God has stopped the king of Babylon that even nature would rejoice if it could. Alternate translation: “It will be as if even the cyprus trees and the cedars of Lebanon rejoice over you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 14 8 qr3b figs-explicit 0 rejoice over you Why they rejoice can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “rejoice that God has made you powerless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 14 8 a29a figs-metaphor 0 Since you are laid low Being laid low represents being made powerless and unimportant. Alternate translation: “Since you have become powerless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 14 9 k8jm figs-personification 0 Sheol below is eager to meet you Sheol is spoken of as if it were a person who is eager to meet his guests. This implies that the king dies. Alternate translation: “Sheol is like a host eager to meet you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 14 9 hb56 figs-personification 0 It arouses the dead for you, all the kings of the earth “it wakes up the dead for you, all the kings of the earth.” Sheol is spoken of as if it were a person that could wake up those who are in it. Alternate translation: “All the dead kings of the earth in Sheol wake up to greet you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 14 10 m71x 0 Connecting Statement: This is part of the taunt song that the Israelites will sing to the king of Babylon. Here they sing about what the dead kings in Sheol will say to him. ISA 14 10 ykp8 0 They all will speak and say to you The word “they” refers to the dead kings in Sheol, and the word “you” refers to the king of Babylon. ISA 14 11 d9xe figs-metaphor 0 Your pomp has been brought down to Sheol The dead kings will speak of the king of Babylon having no more splendor as if his splendor had gone down to Sheol. Alternate translation: “Your splendor ended when God sent you here to Sheol” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 14 11 lm34 figs-metaphor 0 with the sound of your string instruments People would make music on string instruments to honor the king. The dead kings will speak of people no longer honoring the king of Babylon with music as if the music went to Sheol. Alternate translation: “along with the sound of people playing music to honor you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 14 11 x7m3 figs-metaphor 0 Maggots are spread under you The maggots under his dead body are spoken of as if they were a mat or bed. Alternate translation: “You lie on a bed of maggots” or “You lie on many maggots” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 14 11 bsu7 figs-metaphor 0 worms cover you The worms all over his body are spoken of as if they were covering him like a blanket. Alternate translation: “Worms cover you like a blanket” or “There are worms all over your body” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 14 12 ecp6 0 Connecting Statement: This is part of the taunt song that the Israelites will sing to the king of Babylon. ISA 14 12 g41s figs-metaphor 0 How you are fallen from heaven, daystar, son of the morning The daystar is a bright star that rises just before morning. The people of Israel will refer to the king of Babylon in terms of this star in order to imply that he once was great, but now he was not. Alternate translation: “You were like the bright morning star, but you have fallen from the sky” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 14 12 tms3 figs-metaphor 0 How you are cut down to the ground The people of Israel will speak of the king of Babylon as if he were a tree that was cut down. Alternate translation: “You are defeated like a tree that someone has cut down to the ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 14 13 fum9 figs-explicit 0 I will sit on the mount of assembly This alludes to the myth that many people in the Ancient Near East knew, that the Canaanite gods met in council on the top of a mountain in the northern part of Syria. Sitting on the mountain represents ruling with the gods. Alternate translation: “I will rule on the mountain where the gods assemble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 14 13 fr5j 0 in the far reaches of the north The mountain in the north was apparently called Zaphon. Some modern versions say “far away on the sides of Zaphon.” Alternate translation: “in the most northern places” ISA 14 15 ytw5 0 Connecting Statement: This is part of the taunt song that the Israelites will sing to the king of Babylon. ISA 14 15 lyk7 figs-activepassive 0 Yet you are now brought down to Sheol If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “But now God has sent you down to Sheol” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 14 16 ne9m figs-rquestion 0 Is this the man The people will use this question either to mock the king of Babylon, or to express their shock at what has happened to him. Alternate translation: “Surely, this is not the man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 14 16 uu7r figs-metonymy 0 who made the earth tremble This could mean: (1) the earth trembled as the king’s army marched to conquer people, or (2) this refers to the people of the earth trembling in fear of him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 14 16 i1pd figs-metaphor 0 shook kingdoms This could mean: (1) this is a metaphor for “conquered kingdoms” or (2) this is metonymy for “terrified the people of kingdoms.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 14 17 n2f9 0 who made the world like a wilderness Alternate translation: “who made the places where people lived into a wilderness” ISA 14 18 hj9m 0 Connecting Statement: This is the end of the taunt song that the Israelites will sing to the king of Babylon. ISA 14 18 k97g figs-explicit 0 all of them lie down in honor This means that their bodies were buried in an honorable way. Alternate translation: “all the kings who have died are buried in an honorable way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 14 19 s2s8 figs-metaphor 0 But you are cast out of your grave Being thrown out of the grave represents not being buried. Alternate translation: “But you are not buried. Your body is left on the ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 14 19 a19s figs-simile 0 like a branch thrown away A branch thrown away represents something worthless. Alternate translation: “like a worthless branch that is tossed aside” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 14 19 zn4w figs-simile 0 The dead cover you like a garment This represents many dead bodies being on top of his body. Alternate translation: “The bodies of dead people completely cover your body” or “The bodies of dead soldiers are piled on top of your body” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 14 19 s24w figs-metonymy 0 those pierced by the sword This describes “the dead” spoken of at the beginning of this sentence. Being pierced by the sword represents being killed in battle. Alternate translation: “those who were killed in battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 14 19 vwg8 0 who go down to the stones of the pit The pit refers either to hell, or to a large hole in the ground where many dead bodies are simply dumped. ISA 14 20 p1jq figs-metaphor 0 You will not join them in burial The word “them” refers to the other kings who died and were buried properly. Joining them in burial represents being buried as they were. Alternate translation: “you will never be buried as other kings were buried” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 14 20 dax2 figs-activepassive 0 The offspring of evildoers will never be mentioned again If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “no one will ever speak again about the descendants of evildoers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 14 21 m117 figs-abstractnouns 0 Prepare your slaughter for his children If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **slaughter**, you could express the same idea with the verb “kill.” Alternate translation: “Get ready to kill the children of the king of Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 14 21 usu5 figs-abstractnouns 0 for the iniquity of their ancestors If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **iniquity**, you could express the same idea with the verb “sinned greatly.” Alternate translation: “because their forefathers have sinned greatly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 14 21 dsj6 figs-metonymy 0 so they will not rise up Here “rise up” represents either becoming powerful or attacking. Alternate translation: “so they will not become powerful” or “so they will not attack” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 14 21 urm2 figs-metaphor 0 possess the earth This represents taking control of the people on the earth, in this case by conquering them. Alternate translation: “take control of the peoples on the earth” or “conquer the peoples on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 14 21 pdw1 figs-metaphor 0 fill the whole world with cities This represents causing the world to have many cities on it. Alternate translation: “build cities all over the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 14 22 sk3n figs-123person 0 this is the declaration of Yahweh of hosts Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh of hosts has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh of hosts, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) ISA 14 22 hv7k 0 Yahweh of hosts See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). ISA 14 23 nzb4 figs-personification 0 I will also make her The word “her” refers to the city of Babylon. Cities were often spoken of as if they were women. Alternate translation: “I will also make it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 14 23 s45f figs-metaphor 0 a possession of owls This represents wild animals living in the city because there are no people there. Alternate translation: “a place where owls live” or “a place where wild animals live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 14 23 kg27 figs-metaphor 0 into pools of water Causing there to be swamps or ponds of stagnant water where the city was is spoken of as making the city into those things. Alternate translation: “into a place where there are stagnant ponds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 14 24 b41x 0 Yahweh of hosts See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). ISA 14 24 ff86 figs-parallelism 0 as I have intended, so it will come about; and as I have purposed, so it will be These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “the things that I have planned will surely happen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 14 25 x38v figs-metaphor 0 I will break the Assyrian in my land Breaking represents defeating. Alternate translation: “I will defeat the Assyrian in my land” or “I will cause the Assyrian in my land to be defeated” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 14 25 bf5r figs-synecdoche 0 the Assyrian This represents the Assyrian king and his army. Alternate translation: “the king of Assyria and his army” or “the Assyrian army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 14 25 w75i figs-metaphor 0 trample him underfoot This represents completely defeating him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 14 25 a5nv figs-activepassive 0 Then his yoke will be lifted from off them and his burden from off their shoulder This can be expressed with an active verb. Alternate translation: “Then I will lift his yoke from them and his burden from their shoulder” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 14 25 tr41 figs-parallelism 0 Then his yoke will be lifted from off them and his burden from off their shoulder These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Lifting the yoke and burden represents setting people free from slavery. Alternate translation: “Then I will set the Israelites free from slavery to Assyria like removing a heavy burden from their shoulder” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 14 25 zbe7 0 his yoke … his burden The word “his” refers to Assyria. ISA 14 25 un4r 0 from off them … from off their shoulder The words “them” and “their” refer to the people of Israel. ISA 14 26 e4pl 0 General Information: This may be Isaiah speaking or it may be Yahweh speaking. ISA 14 26 zf8b figs-activepassive 0 This is the plan that is intended for the whole earth The idea of “is intended” can be expressed with an active verb. Alternate translation: “This is the plan that God intends for the whole earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 14 26 vlj3 figs-metaphor 0 this is the hand that is raised over all the nations God being ready to punish the nations is spoken of as if he raised his hand in order to hit them. The word “hand” may also represent his power. Alternate translation: “this is Yahweh’s power to punish all the nations” or “this is how Yahweh will punish the nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 14 27 m56z figs-rquestion 0 who will stop him? This question emphasizes that no one can stop Yahweh. Alternate translation: “there is no one who can stop him.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 14 27 q2yi 0 Yahweh of hosts See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). ISA 14 27 g997 figs-metaphor 0 His hand is raised This represents Yahweh being ready to punish the nations. Alternate translation: “He is ready to punish them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 14 27 s25e figs-rquestion 0 who will turn it back? This question is used to say that no one can turn back God’s hand. Turning back his hand represents stopping him from punishing the nations. Alternate translation: “no one can turn it back.” or “no one can stop him from punishing them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 14 29 erk5 figs-metaphor 0 the rod that struck you is broken The rod that struck Philistia represents a king who sent his army to attack them. Being broken represents either being dead or being defeated. Alternate translation: “the king that sent his army against you is dead” or “the army that attacked you is defeated” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 14 29 f3g7 figs-parallelism 0 For out of the serpent’s root will grow out an adder … his offspring will be a fiery flying serpent These two phrases are both the image of a serpent’s offspring being even more harmful than the serpent. They represent a king’s successor being more powerful and cruel than the first king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 14 29 pl9y 0 an adder a kind of poisonous snake ISA 14 29 i1ui figs-metaphor 0 a fiery flying serpent Here the word “fiery” probably refers to the serpent’s poisonous bite, and the word “flying” refers to its quick movements. Alternate translation: “a quickly moving poisonous snake” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 14 30 c4km figs-metaphor 0 The firstborn of the poor This represents the poorest people. Alternate translation: “The poorest people” or “The poorest of my people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 14 30 nhy1 figs-metaphor 0 I will kill your root with famine that will put to death all your survivors Here “your root” refers to the people of Philistia. Alternate translation: “I will kill your people with famine that will put to death all your survivors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 14 31 i9fx figs-metonymy 0 Howl, gate; cry, city Here “gate” and “city” represent the people at the city gates and in the cities. “Howl, you people at the city gates; cry, you people in the cities” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 14 31 t4fi figs-metaphor 0 you will melt away Melting away represents becoming weak because of fear. Alternate translation: “you will grow weak with fear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 14 31 re77 figs-explicit 0 For out of the north comes a cloud of smoke This implies that a large army is coming from the north. Alternate translation: “For from the north comes a large army with a cloud of smoke” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 14 31 m73z figs-metaphor 0 a cloud of smoke This could mean: (1) this represents a cloud of dust that the army stirs up as they travel on dry dirt roads. Alternate translation: “a cloud of dust” or (2) there is a lot of smoke because of all the things that the army destroys and burns. Alternate translation: “much smoke” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 14 31 az3q 0 there is no straggler in his ranks Alternate translation: “no one in his ranks walks slowly behind the others” ISA 14 32 ld7h figs-rquestion 0 How will they respond to the messengers of that nation? The author uses this question to introduce his instruction about how the Israelites should speak to the messengers. Alternate translation: “This is how we will answer the messengers of Philistia.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 14 32 geq9 0 Yahweh has founded Zion Alternate translation: “Yahweh started Zion” ISA 14 32 q7h8 0 in her Alternate translation: “in Jerusalem” or “there” ISA 14 32 k8ir 0 the afflicted of his people Alternate translation: “those of his people who have been afflicted” ISA 15 intro u6k8 0 # Isaiah 15 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>This chapter shifts from discussing Judah to the nation of Moab. Moab is punished by Yahweh, even though he is not a god they worship. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/god]]) ISA 15 1 ss3j figs-pastforfuture 0 General Information: Often in prophecy events that will happen in future are described as happening now or in the past. This emphasizes that the event will certainly happen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) ISA 15 1 y2ws 0 A declaration Alternate translation: “This is what Yahweh declares” or “This is a message from Yahweh” ISA 15 1 y4g4 translate-names 0 Ar … Kir These are names of cities and towns in Moab. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 15 1 x1z2 figs-doublet 0 Ar of Moab is laid waste and destroyed The words “laid waste” and “destroyed” mean the same thing and emphasize that the city was completely ruined. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Enemy armies will completely destroy Ar of Moab” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 15 2 z4py translate-names 0 Dibon … Nebo … Medeba These are names of cities and towns in Moab. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 15 2 bsv6 figs-idiom 0 went up to the heights to weep Here “up to the heights” refers to a temple or altar that was built on high ground like a hill or mountain side. Alternate translation: “went up to the temple on the hilltop to weep” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 15 2 kq2g figs-metonymy 0 Moab laments over Nebo and over Medeba These place names refer to the people who live there. Alternate translation: “the people of Moab will weep because of what happened to the cities of Nebo and Medeba” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 15 2 w2hx translate-symaction 0 All their heads are shaved bare and all their beards are cut off They do this to show their extreme sadness. AT” “They will all shave their heads and cut off their beards and grieve” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) ISA 15 3 xag9 translate-symaction 0 they wear sackcloth They do this to show their extreme sadness. Alternate translation: “they wear sackcloth and mourn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) ISA 15 4 ad56 translate-names 0 Heshbon … Elealeh … Jahaz These are names of cities and towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 15 4 hfj7 figs-metonymy 0 Heshbon and Elealeh call out These city names represent the people of these cities. “The people of Heshbon and Elealeh call out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 15 4 e3i9 figs-metonymy 0 they tremble within themselves Physical trembling is a symptom of fear and represents fear. Alternate translation: “they will be completely filled with fear” or “they tremble with fear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 15 5 k79u figs-synecdoche 0 My heart cries out for Moab Here God is represented by his “heart” which emphasizes his emotions. God speaks of his great sadness as if his heart cried out. Alternate translation: “I am extremely sad about what is happening to Moab” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] or [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 15 5 ubi2 0 her fugitives flee “the fugitives from Moab will flee.” A fugitive is a person who runs away so that his enemy will not capture him. ISA 15 5 nqe8 translate-names 0 Zoar … Eglath Shelishiyah … Luhith … Horonaim These are names of cities and towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 15 5 y7d7 figs-abstractnouns 0 over their destruction If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **destruction**, you could express the same idea with the verb “destroyed.” Alternate translation: “because their city is destroyed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 15 6 yr4r translate-names 0 Nimrim This is the name of a city or town. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 15 7 t1qa 0 The abundance Alternate translation: “Everything” ISA 15 7 cqq1 0 brook of the poplars This may refer to the river at the southern border of Moab. ISA 15 8 me26 figs-metaphor 0 The cry has gone around the territory of Moab People’s crying out and others hearing it is spoken of as if the cry had gone out. Alternate translation: “People all over the territory of Moab cry out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 15 8 teq6 0 the wailing as far as Eglaim and Beer Elim The words “has gone” are understood. People’s wailing and others hearing it is spoken of as if the wailing had gone as far away as these two places. Alternate translation: “the wailing has gone as far as Egalim and Beer Elim” or “people even as far away as Elaim and Beer Elim wail” ISA 15 8 sc3g translate-names 0 Eglaim … Beer Elim These are names of cities and towns. Dimon was the principal city of the country of Moab. Several modern versions have “Dibon” instead of “Dimon.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 15 9 fd7d translate-names 0 Dimon This is the name of a city or town. Dimon was the principal city of the country of Moab. Several modern versions have “Dibon” instead of “Dimon.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 15 9 i5we figs-metonymy 0 but I will bring even more upon Dimon Here “I” refers to Yahweh. Also, “Dimon” refers to the people who live there. Alternate translation: “but I will cause even more trouble for the people of Dimon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 16 intro ww5p 0 # Isaiah 16 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter is a continuation of the previous chapter and is a prophecy against the nation of Moab. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 16:1-12. ISA 16 1 tn1s translate-symaction 0 Send rams to the ruler of the land The Moabites will send rams to the king of Judah so that he might protect them from the enemy army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) ISA 16 1 yi43 translate-names 0 Selah This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 16 1 g19r figs-idiom 0 the daughter of Zion The “daughter” of a city means the people of the city. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “the people of Zion” or “the people who live in Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 16 2 teb4 figs-simile 0 As wandering birds, as a scattered nest, so the women of Moab are at the fords of the Arnon River All the people of Moab, which includes the women, are forced to flee from their homes. Alternate translation: “Like birds without a home, the women of Moab will flee across the river to another land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 16 2 r8tb figs-doublet 0 As wandering birds, as a scattered nest These two phrases mean basically the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 16 3 sm3j figs-metaphor 0 provide some shade like night in the middle of the day The heat of the middle of the day represents the Moabites’ suffering from their enemies, and shade represents protection from their enemies. Comparing the shade to night shows that they want strong protection. Alternate translation: “protect us completely from our enemies as a large shadow protects people from the hot sun” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 16 4 kq3e 0 Let them live among you, the refugees from Moab “Allow the refugees from Moab to live with you.” Here “you” refers to the people of Judah. ISA 16 4 q1sn figs-metaphor 0 be a hiding place for them from the destroyer Providing a hiding place is spoken of as being a hiding place. Alternate translation: “give them a place to hide from those who are trying to destroy them” or “hide them from those who want to destroy them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 16 5 uvx1 figs-metonymy 0 A throne will be established in covenant faithfulness Here “throne” refers to the power to rule as king. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “faithful.” If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will be faithful to the covenant and he will appoint a king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 16 5 v5l7 figs-metonymy 0 one from David’s tent will faithfully sit there Here “David’s tent” represents David’s family, including his descendants. Sitting on the throne represents ruling. Alternate translation: “a descendant of David will rule faithfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 16 5 e78m figs-metaphor 0 as he seeks justice Seeking justice represents wanting to do what is just. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 16 6 k39y figs-metonymy 0 We have heard of Moab’s pride, his arrogance, his boasting, and his anger The words “Moab’s” and “his” refer to the people of Moab. Alternate translation: “We have heard that the people of Moab are proud and arrogant, boastful and angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 16 6 w42t 0 We have heard Possible meanings are that: (1) Isaiah is speaking and “We” refers to him and the people of Judah, or (2) God is speaking and “We” refers to God. ISA 16 6 h6ze 0 But his boastings are empty words Alternate translation: “But what they say about themselves means nothing” or “But what they boast about is not true” ISA 16 7 p8b8 figs-metonymy 0 So Moab wails for Moab—they all wail “Moab” represents the people of Moab. “So all the people of Moab will cry out loud over what has happened to their cities” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 16 7 pea5 0 for the raisin cakes of Kir Hareseth Alternate translation: “because there are no raisin cakes in Kir Hareseth” ISA 16 7 hn3v 0 raisin cakes The Hebrew word used here means either “raisin cakes” or “men.” ISA 16 7 u3tz translate-names 0 Kir Hareseth “Kir Hareseth” is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 16 8 tyy8 0 Heshbon Translate the name of this city as you did in [Isaiah 15:4](../15/04.md). ISA 16 8 ce7l translate-names 0 Sibmah … Jazer These are names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 16 8 h33k figs-metaphor 0 The rulers of the nations have trampled the choice vines The land of Moab was known for its vineyards. Here God describes the land of Moab as one large vineyard. This emphasizes that the rulers, which refers to the armies, completely destroyed everything in Moab. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 16 9 b6jh 0 Indeed I will weep In 16:9-10 the word “I” refers to Yahweh. ISA 16 9 r1yu figs-metaphor 0 I will water you with my tears God speaks of his deep sorrow for these places as if he would cry much and his many tears would fall on them. Alternate translation: “I will cry much for you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 16 9 c583 0 Jazer … Sibmah Translate the names of these cities as you did in [Isaiah 16:8](../16/08.md). ISA 16 9 l7qj 0 Heshbon … Elealeh Translate the names of these cities as you did in [Isaiah 15:4](../15/04.md). ISA 16 9 uuj5 figs-metonymy 0 For on your fields of summer fruits and harvest I have ended the shouts of joy The “shouts of joy” represent people shouting for joy about the harvest of their fruit trees. Alternate translation: “Because of what I will do, you will no longer shout for joy when you harvest your fields of summer fruit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 16 10 zu17 figs-metonymy 0 I have put an end to the shouts of the one who treads Here “the shouts” refers to the joy of the people who tread the grapes to produce the wine. Alternate translation: “therefore the people who tread the grapes do not shout with joy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 16 11 yx3n figs-synecdoche 0 So my heart sighs like a harp for Moab The phrase “my heart” represents Yahweh and his sad feelings. He compares his sigh to the sound of a sad song played on a harp. Alternate translation: “So I sigh like a sad song on a harp” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 16 11 bc51 figs-metonymy 0 Moab This refer to the people of Moab. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 16 11 r8w1 figs-ellipsis 0 my inward being for Kir Hareseth The phrase “my inward being” represents Yahweh. The word “sighs” is understood from the previous phrase. See how you translated Kir Hareseth in [Isaiah 16:7](../16/07.md). Alternate translation: “my inward being sighs for Kir Hareseth” or “I am very sad for the people of Kir Hareseth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ISA 16 11 q54t figs-metonymy 0 Kir Hareseth This is a metonym for the people of the city. Alternate translation: “the people of Kir Hareseth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 16 12 r3gm figs-metonymy 0 Moab … himself … his All of these words refer to the people of Moab. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 16 12 i9ei 0 his prayers will accomplish nothing Alternate translation: “his prayers will not be answered” ISA 16 13 q3qj 0 This is the word “This is the message.” This refers to all he said in 15:1-16:12. ISA 16 13 t123 figs-metonymy 0 concerning Moab The word “Moab” refers to the people of Moab. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 16 14 ubw7 0 the glory of Moab will disappear Alternate translation: “The country of Moab will no longer be glorious” ISA 17 intro uhu9 0 # Isaiah 17 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>The ULT sets the lines in 17:1-6, 9-14 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because they are part of a long quotation.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Damascus<br>This chapter prophesies destruction against the people of Damascus. Damascus was the capital of Aram. The people of Damascus worship gods other than Yahweh and have fought Yahweh’s people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Ephraim<br>This chapter prophesied destruction against the kingdom of Israel. They are also called Ephraim in this chapter. Both the northern kingdom of Israel and Aram were conquered at about the same time in history. ISA 17 1 c1yu translate-names 0 about Damascus Damascus is the name of a city. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 7:8](../07/08.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 17 2 ez1z figs-activepassive 0 The cities of Aroer will be abandoned If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. “All the people will abandon the cities of Aroer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 17 2 h23p 0 no one will frighten them The word “them” refers to the sheep. ISA 17 3 c462 figs-synecdoche 0 Fortified cities will disappear from Ephraim Ephraim was the largest tribe in Israel. Here it represents the entire northern kingdom of Israel. Alternate translation: “Strong cities will disappear from Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 17 3 rk8g 0 will disappear This does not mean that they will vanish, but that the cities will be destroyed. ISA 17 3 iyi9 figs-ellipsis 0 the kingdom from Damascus The words “will disappear” are understood from the previous phrase. Damascus was where the king of Aram ruled from. The kingdom disappearing represents the king no longer having royal power. Alternate translation: “the kingdom will disappear from Damascus” or “there will be no royal power in Damascus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 17 3 p2wt figs-123person 0 this is the declaration of Yahweh of hosts Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Translate as in [Isaiah 14:22](../14/22.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh of hosts has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh of hosts, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) ISA 17 4 d7vw 0 It will come about This phrase is used here to mark an important event that will happen. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. ISA 17 4 zp66 figs-metonymy 0 the glory of Jacob will become thin, and the fatness of his flesh will become lean Here “Jacob” refers to the kingdom of Israel. Israel would no longer be glorious. Rather it would be weak and poor. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 17 5 xe3f figs-simile 0 It will be as when a harvester gathers the standing grain … in the Valley of Rephaim There will be nothing left in the land after God punishes the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 17 5 m9mp translate-names 0 the Valley of Rephaim This is a valley where people normally grew and harvested much food. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 17 6 l99v figs-metaphor 0 Gleanings will be left The word “Gleanings” here represents the people who will still live in Israel. Alternate translation: “But there will be a few people left in Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 17 6 jq39 figs-simile 0 as when the olive tree is shaken People harvested olive trees by shaking them so that the olives would fall out. Alternate translation: “like the few olives that remain on the olive trees after people harvest them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 17 6 ghf6 figs-ellipsis 0 four or five The word “olives” is understood from the phrase before this. Alternate translation: “four or five olives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ISA 17 6 j9w2 figs-123person 0 this is the declaration of Yahweh, the God of Israel Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh, the God of Israel, has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, the God of Israel, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) ISA 17 7 srr9 figs-idiom 0 men will look toward their Maker … will look to the Holy One of Israel Looking toward God here represents hoping that he will help them. Alternate translation: “men will hope that their Maker, the Holy One of Israel, will help them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 17 7 yg6i figs-synecdoche 0 men will look The word “men” represents people in general. Alternate translation: “people will look” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 17 7 ab45 figs-synecdoche 0 their eyes will look Here “eyes” represents the people who look. Alternate translation: “they will look” or “the people will look” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 17 7 wn3u 0 Holy One of Israel See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:4](../01/04.md). ISA 17 8 ci52 figs-metonymy 0 They will not look to the altars Looking to the altars represents worshiping idols with the hope that the idols will help them. Alternate translation: “They will not worship idols at their altars” or “The people of Israel will not go to their altars and ask their idols to help them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 17 8 gg5j figs-synecdoche 0 the work of their hands Here the people are represented by their “hands” to emphasize that they made the altars or idols. Alternate translation: “that they made with their hands” or “which they themselves built” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 17 8 g7l9 figs-metonymy 0 what their fingers have made … the Asherah poles or the sun images The second phrase identifies the things that the people made. Speaking of the fingers here emphasizes that the people made them, so these things are not real gods. Alternate translation: “the Asherah poles or the sun images, which they themselves made” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 17 9 c6p6 figs-explicit 0 that were forsaken because of the people of Israel It can be made explicit who left these lands. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that the Hivites and Amorites left after the people of Israel came” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 17 10 y72p 0 For you have forgotten Here “you” refers to the people of Israel. The word “forgotten” does not mean they have no memory of God. It means they no longer obey him. Alternate translation: “For you no longer obey” ISA 17 10 y983 0 the God of your salvation Alternate translation: “the God who saves you” ISA 17 10 s6lq figs-metaphor 0 have ignored the rock of your strength This compares God to a large rock which people could climb on to get away from their enemies or hide behind. Alternate translation: “have ignored God, who is like a rock that protects you” or “have ignored the one who protects you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 17 11 mec4 0 the harvest will fail Alternate translation: “there will not be much fruit for you to harvest” ISA 17 12 kh1i figs-simile 0 The uproar of many peoples, that roar like the roaring of the seas An uproar is a very loud noise. Alternate translation: “The sound of many people, that is very loud like the seas” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 17 12 cbz3 figs-simile 0 the rushing of nations, that rush like the rushing of mighty waters The enemy armies appear to be a powerful force that no one can stop. Alternate translation: “the nations come rushing in like the mighty waters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 17 12 u4ze figs-synecdoche 0 the rushing of nations The word “nations” refers to the armies of those nations. Alternate translation: “the rushing of the enemy armies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 17 13 ls6k figs-parallelism 0 before the wind like chaff on the mountains … like weeds whirling before a storm These two phrases mean the same thing. The enemy armies seem powerful but God will easily stop them and send them away. Alternate translation: “like chaff on the mountains that the wind blows away … like weeds that whirl and blow away as a storm approaches” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 17 14 jpf9 figs-metaphor 0 This is the portion of those What happens to them is spoken of as if it is a portion that they inherit. Alternate translation: “This is what happens to those” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 17 14 i9ms 0 loot us … rob us The word “us” refers to Isaiah and the people of Judah. ISA 18 intro qz72 0 # Isaiah 18 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Cush<br>This chapter records prophecies against the nation of Cush. They are being punished by Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Metaphors<br>This chapter uses many metaphors to describe the destruction coming to the people of Cush. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 18 1 w55y figs-metaphor 0 Woe to the land of the rustling of wings, which is along the rivers of Cush Here, the phrase **the rustling of wings** could mean (1) the boats that have sails are spoken of as having wings. Alternate translation: “Woe to those who live in the land beyond the rivers of Cush, whose many ships look like insects on the water” or (2) the rustling of wings refers to the noise of insects that have wings, perhaps locusts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 18 2 fa3r figs-metaphor 0 by the sea The Nile River was very wide, and people in Egypt and Cush referred to it as “the sea.” Alternate translation: “on the great river” or “along the Nile River” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 18 2 na6w translate-unknown 0 vessels of papyrus Papyrus is a tall plant that grows along the side of the Nile River. People bound together papyrus bundles to make boats. Alternate translation: “papyrus boats” or “boats made of reeds” or (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) ISA 18 2 v2kg 0 a nation tall and smooth … a people feared far and near … a nation strong and trampling down, whose land the rivers divide These phrases all describe the people of one nation. ISA 18 2 zul8 figs-metonymy 0 a nation tall and smooth The word “nation” here refers to the people of that nation. Alternate translation: “a nation whose people are tall and have smooth skin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 18 2 x6y2 figs-merism 0 a people feared far and near The words “far” and “near” are used together to mean “everywhere.” Alternate translation: “a people who are feared everywhere” or “a people that everyone in the earth fears” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) ISA 18 2 s5qq figs-metonymy 0 a nation strong and trampling down Trampling down represents conquering other nations. Alternate translation: “a nation that is strong and conquers other nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 18 2 r4hc 0 the rivers divide This probably refers to many rivers that flow through the nation so they divide it into different parts. ISA 18 3 mj1l 0 Connecting Statement: Verse 3 tells what the messengers in [Isaiah 18:2](../18/02.md) must say to the people of the world. ISA 18 3 bil8 figs-parallelism 0 All you inhabitants of the world … you who live on the earth These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “All you people on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 18 3 ru4b 0 when a signal is lifted up on the mountains, look; and when the trumpet is blown, listen The signal and trumpet were to call people to battle. The commands to look and listen are commands to pay attention and prepare for battle. Alternate translation: “pay attention when the signal is lifted up on the mountains and the trumpet is blown” ISA 18 3 fd8p figs-explicit 0 when a signal is lifted up on the mountains, look The signal was a flag used to call people to battle. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “pay attention when you see the battle flag on the mountains” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 18 3 art9 figs-explicit 0 when the trumpet is blown, listen The trumpets were used to call people to battle. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “pay attention when you hear the sound of the battle trumpets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 18 4 d5k5 0 General Information: God uses a parable about a farmer in a vineyard in order to describe how he will punish a certain nation. That nation is either Ethiopia or Ethiopia’s enemy. ISA 18 4 r5kj 0 This is what Yahweh said to me “Yahweh said to me.” Here the word “me” refers to Isaiah. ISA 18 4 b3dz figs-explicit 0 I will quietly observe from my home What God will observe can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “I will quietly observe that nation from my home” or “From my home, I will quietly watch what the people of that nation do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 18 4 xwg1 figs-simile 0 like the simmering heat in sunshine, like a cloud of mist in the heat of harvest These phrases show how quietly God will watch the nation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 18 5 uxf1 figs-explicit 0 Before the harvest This is a harvest of grapes. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “Before the grape harvest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 18 5 he2s figs-explicit 0 when the blossoming is over It can be stated clearly that this refers to blossoms on grape vines. Alternate translation: “when flowers have finished growing on the grape vines” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 18 5 i3wm figs-explicit 0 he will cut off the sprigs with pruning hooks Yahweh will cut off the branches before the grapes can ripen. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will cut off the branches with knives before their produce fruit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 18 5 p7u7 0 pruning hooks A pruning hook is a knife that people use to cut branches off of vines or other plants. ISA 18 5 pg5q 0 he will cut down and take away the spreading branches Yahweh will throw away the branches in judgment. ISA 18 6 dev6 figs-parables 0 They will be left together God seems to change from telling the parable to speaking more directly about the nation. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “Those who are killed will be left together” or “Like branches that are cut off and thrown away, the bodies of those who are killed will be left on the ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) ISA 18 6 f1vz 0 The birds will summer on them “The birds will eat them during the summer.” The word “birds” refers to birds that eat the flesh of dead bodies. ISA 18 6 dh75 0 all the animals of the earth Alternate translation: “all kinds of wild animals” ISA 18 6 lpf3 0 will winter on them Alternate translation: “will eat them in the winter” ISA 18 7 y8hc 0 a people tall and smooth … a people feared far and near … a nation strong and trampling down, whose land the rivers divide These phrases all describe the people of one nation. See how you translated these phrases in [Isaiah 18:2](../18/02.md). ISA 18 7 ggw4 0 a people tall and smooth Alternate translation: “a people who are tall and have smooth skin” ISA 18 7 gc7i figs-merism 0 a people feared far and near The words “far” and “near” are used together to mean “everywhere.” Alternate translation: “a people who are feared everywhere” or “a people that everyone in the earth fears” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) ISA 18 7 n6h8 figs-metonymy 0 a nation strong and trampling down Trampling down represents conquering other nations. Alternate translation: “a nation that is strong and conquers other nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 18 7 wrg1 figs-metonymy 0 to the place of the name of Yahweh of hosts, to Mount Zion The word “name” refers to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “to Mount Zion, where Yahweh of hosts dwells” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 19 intro y3c4 0 # Isaiah 19 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 19:1-18.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Egypt<br><br>This chapter prophesied destruction against the nation of Egypt. Their destruction will come from internal division instead of being conquered by another nation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Imagery<br><br>Some of the imagery used in this chapter may be connected to the worship of specific false gods. One important god the people of Canaan worshiped was Baal, the god of rain or storms. One of the important gods the Egyptians worshiped was Ra, the god of the sun. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “In that day”<br>This changes the reference from the time when Assyria comes to dominate the world and looks to a more distant future day. ISA 19 1 iz8p 0 See Alternate translation: “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you” ISA 19 1 pi3g figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh rides on a swift cloud Yahweh seems to be pictured here as riding on a cloud as if he was riding in a chariot. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 19 1 st7u figs-personification 0 the idols of Egypt quake before him The idols are described as having feelings of fear as Yahweh approaches. Alternate translation: “the idols of Egypt tremble in fear before Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 19 1 qi24 figs-metaphor 0 the hearts of the Egyptians melt within themselves The heart melting represents losing their courage. Alternate translation: “the Egyptians have no more courage” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 19 2 k6cl figs-ellipsis 0 a man against his neighbor The words “will fight” are understood from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “a man will fight against his neighbor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ISA 19 2 v5rq figs-metonymy 0 city will be against city The word “city” represents the people of the city. Alternate translation: “people of one city will fight against people of another city” or “people from different cities will fight against one another” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 19 2 k42s figs-ellipsis 0 kingdom against kingdom The words “will be” or “will fight” are understood from the previous phrases. Alternate translation: “kingdom will be against kingdom” or “kingdom will fight against kingdom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ISA 19 2 usw7 figs-metonymy 0 kingdom against kingdom The word “kingdom” refers to a smaller kingdom within Egypt. It may also be called a province. It represents the people of that kingdom or province. Alternate translation: “the people of one province will be against the people of another province” or “people from different provinces will fight against one another” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 19 3 k6nj figs-personification 0 The spirit of Egypt will be weakened from within. I will destroy his advice The nation of Egypt is spoken of here as if it was a person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 19 3 h9az figs-activepassive 0 The spirit of Egypt will be weakened from within This can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “I will weaken the spirit of Egypt from within” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 19 3 t2yv 0 I will destroy his advice, though they sought the advice of … spiritualists Alternate translation: “They sought the advice of … spiritualists, but that will do them no good. It will not stop me from destroying his advice” ISA 19 3 j1kh figs-abstractnouns 0 I will destroy his advice This could mean: (1) Yahweh will cause the advice that he gives to be ineffective or (2) Yahweh will cause him to be unable to give any advice. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **advice**, you could express the same idea with the verb “advise.” Alternate translation: “I will confuse those who advise the king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 19 3 cz3n 0 mediums … spiritualists These are people who claim to speak with those who have died. ISA 19 4 e7zd figs-metonymy 0 I will give the Egyptians into the hand of a harsh master Here “hand” refers to power or control. Alternate translation: “I will give the Egyptians over to the control of a harsh master” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 19 4 f37v figs-123person 0 this is the declaration of the Lord Yahweh of hosts Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Translate as in [Isaiah 3:15](../03/15.md). Alternate translation: “this is what the Lord Yahweh of hosts has declared” or “this is what I, the Lord Yahweh of hosts, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) ISA 19 5 buc6 figs-parallelism 0 The waters of the sea will dry up, and the river will dry up and become empty Egyptians referred to the Nile River as “the sea.” These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “The Nile River will completely dry up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 19 6 mqq8 0 become foul Alternate translation: “become foul-smelling” or “stink” ISA 19 6 v3vr 0 will dwindle Alternate translation: “become smaller and smaller” ISA 19 6 by1b 0 the reeds and flags will wither away Here, **reeds** and **flags** refer to two similar kinds of water plants. Alternate translation: “the plants along the river will die and decay” ISA 19 7 tkv1 0 every sown field beside the Nile Alternate translation: “the fields near the Nile where people have planted crops” ISA 19 8 wx4h figs-explicit 0 The fishermen will wail and mourn, and all who cast a hook into the Nile will mourn, and those who spread nets on the waters will grieve These three phrases mean basically the same thing. If necessary, the reason they will grieve can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “The fishermen who catch fish with hooks or nets will cry in despair because the fish in the Nile have died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 19 8 u2jx translate-unknown 0 cast a hook into the Nile In order to catch fish, some people put a little food on a hook, tie the hook to a string, and throw the hook into the water. When a fish tries to eat the food, its mouth gets stuck on the hook, and the person pulls the fish out of the water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) ISA 19 8 meh3 0 cast throw ISA 19 8 u1tx translate-unknown 0 spread nets on the waters In order to catch fish, some people toss a net on the water. When fish get caught in it, they pull the net with the fish out of the water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) ISA 19 9 dnw4 0 The workers in combed flax Alternate translation: “Those who work with combed flax” ISA 19 9 ram5 translate-unknown 0 combed flax Flax is a plant that grows along the Nile River. People comb its fibers in order to separate them, and use them to make thread for linen cloth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) ISA 19 9 kjj4 0 will turn pale Alternate translation: “will be ashamed” ISA 19 10 h4de 0 The cloth workers of Egypt Alternate translation: “The people of Egypt who make cloth” ISA 19 10 m3g2 figs-metaphor 0 will be crushed Being crushed represents being discouraged. Alternate translation: “will be discouraged” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 19 10 fl3d 0 work for hire Alternate translation: “work for pay” ISA 19 10 mg9w 0 will be grieved within themselves Alternate translation: “will feel very sad” ISA 19 11 tj8g figs-parallelism 0 The princes of Zoan are completely foolish. The advice of the wisest advisors of Pharaoh has become senseless These two phrases are similar in meaning. Either the princes of Zoan are also the wisest advisors or Pharaoh, or they are another group of people that also are shown to be foolish. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 19 11 ut1b translate-names 0 Zoan This is a city in northern Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 19 11 hg6z figs-rquestion 0 How can you say to Pharaoh … kings? Isaiah uses a question to mock those in Egypt who claim to be wise. Alternate translation: “You foolishly say to Pharaoh … kings.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 19 12 vn7v figs-rquestion 0 Where then are your wise men? Isaiah uses a question to mock the wise men. The word “your” refers to Pharaoh. Alternate translation: “You do not have any wise men.” or “Your wise men are fools.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 19 12 yi3f figs-irony 0 Let them tell you and make known what Yahweh of hosts plans concerning Egypt Isaiah is implying that wise men should be able to understand God’s plans, but Isaiah does not really believe they are wise. Alternate translation: “If they were really wise, they would be able to tell you what Yahweh of hosts plans concerning Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) ISA 19 13 xcx6 figs-metaphor 0 they have made Egypt go astray, who are the cornerstones of her tribes The princes of Zoan and Memphis are spoken of as if they are the cornerstones of buildings because they are an important part of the community. Alternate translation: “the leaders have made Egypt go astray” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 19 13 i9nc 0 princes of Zoan Zoan is a city in northern Egypt. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 19:11](../19/11.md). ISA 19 13 ws7v translate-names 0 Memphis This is a city in the northern part of Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 19 13 wv4n figs-metonymy 0 made Egypt go astray The word “Egypt” represents the people of Egypt. Going astray represents doing what is wrong. Alternate translation: “made the people of Egypt go astray” or “made the people of Egypt do what is wrong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 19 14 djx6 figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh has mixed a spirit of distortion into her midst Isaiah speaks of Yahweh’s judgment as if Egypt was a cup of wine. He speaks of Yahweh causing the leaders’ thoughts to be distorted as if their distorted thoughts were a liquid that Yahweh mixed in with the wine. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has judged them by distorting their thoughts” or “Yahweh has judged Egypt by distorting its leaders’ thoughts, as intoxicating drinks confuse people’s thoughts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 19 14 i24q 0 distortion Alternate translation: “perverseness” or “confusion” ISA 19 14 d2iu figs-personification 0 into her midst Here “her” refers to Egypt. Nations are sometimes spoken of as if they were women. Alternate translation: “within Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 19 14 pf3i figs-metonymy 0 they have led Egypt astray Here, “they” refers to the leaders described in the previous verses. The word “Egypt” represents the people of Egypt. Alternate translation: “the princes have led the people of Egypt astray” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 19 14 veh2 figs-metaphor 0 have led Egypt astray Leading people astray represents influencing them to do what is wrong. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 19 14 yj4b figs-simile 0 like a drunk staggering in his vomit Isaiah speaks of the people of Egypt doing what is wrong as if they were made to wander about like a drunken person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 19 15 h1pl figs-metaphor 0 whether head or tail The “head,” the part of an animal a person would want to be, represents the leader. The “tail” is the opposite and represents people who follow. Alternate translation: “whether leader or follower” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 19 15 h6vu figs-metaphor 0 palm branch or reed The “palm branch” grows high on the tree and represents people who are wealthy and important. The “reed” grows in shallow water and represents people who are poor and unimportant. See how you translated similar phrases in [Isaiah 9:14](../09/14.md). Alternate translation: “whether they are important or unimportant” or “whether rich or poor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 19 16 yjs8 figs-simile 0 Egyptians will be like women This emphasizes that the people of Egypt will be afraid and helpless when God punishes them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 19 16 q4i9 figs-metonymy 0 because of the upraised hand of Yahweh of hosts that he raises over them Here “hand” refers to God’s power, and raising the hand against them represents punishing them. Alternate translation: “because Yahweh of hosts has raised his powerful hand to punish them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 19 17 zin3 figs-metonymy 0 The land of Judah will become a cause of staggering to Egypt The “land of Judah” and “Egypt” refer to the people in those places. The Egyptians will stagger because they are afraid. Alternate translation: “The people of Judah will cause the Egyptians to stagger” or “The people of Judah will cause the Egyptians to be terribly afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 19 17 ad9e 0 Whenever anyone reminds them of her, they will be afraid Here, “them” and “they” refer to the Egyptians and “her” refers to the people of Judah. Alternate translation: “Whenever anyone reminds the Egyptians of the people of Judah, the Egyptians will be afraid” ISA 19 18 n3bi figs-metonymy 0 there will be five cities in the land of Egypt that speak This refers to the people of those cities. Alternate translation: “the people in five Egyptian cities will speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 19 18 p6li figs-metonymy 0 the language of Canaan This refers to Hebrew, the language of the people of God living in the land of Canaan. Here Canaan represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “the language of the people of Canaan” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 19 18 w9p7 0 swear allegiance Alternate translation: “promise to be loyal” ISA 19 18 hr4a figs-activepassive 0 One of these will be called If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. “People will call one of these cities” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 19 18 qu9b translate-textvariants 0 called The City of the Sun It is not clear whether the Hebrew word translated “Sun” here means “sun” or “destruction.” It is also not clear what the name tells us about the city. Alternate translation: “the city called Sun City” or “the city called Destruction City” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]]) ISA 19 19 mnu1 figs-explicit 0 a stone pillar at the border to Yahweh The phrase “the border” refers to the border of Egypt. Alternate translation: “a stone pillar to Yahweh at the border of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 19 20 vgv1 figs-abstractnouns 0 It will be as a sign and a witness to Yahweh of hosts in the land of Egypt The abstract nouns “sign” and “witness” can be expressed with the verbs “show” and prove.” Alternate translation: “The altar will show and prove that Yahweh of hosts is in the land of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 19 20 w4gy figs-explicit 0 to Yahweh of hosts in the land of Egypt Yahweh being in the land of Egypt represents the people of Egypt worshiping him. Alternate translation: “that the people in the land of Egypt worship Yahweh of hosts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 19 20 c365 0 When they cry Alternate translation: “When the Egyptians cry” ISA 19 20 bp9e 0 because of oppressors Alternate translation: “because people are treating them harshly” or “because others are causing them to suffer” ISA 19 20 e9e2 0 he will send them a savior and a defender Alternate translation: “Yahweh will send someone to save and defend the Egyptians” ISA 19 20 knh3 figs-explicit 0 he will deliver them Who Yahweh will deliver them from can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will deliver the Egyptians from their oppressors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 19 21 rad5 figs-metonymy 0 Yahweh will become known to Egypt Here “Egypt” refers to the people of Egypt. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will make the people of Egypt know him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 19 21 wc2k 0 will acknowledge Yahweh Alternate translation: “will accept the truth about Yahweh” or “will agree to the truth about Yahweh” ISA 19 21 r2vl figs-explicit 0 They will worship The object of their worship can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “They will worship Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 19 21 bcm9 0 will make vows to Yahweh and fulfill them Alternate translation: “will make promises to Yahweh and keep them” or “they will make promises to Yahweh and they will do what they have promised to do” ISA 19 22 pvf9 figs-metonymy 0 Yahweh will afflict Egypt Here, “Egypt” refers to the people of Egypt. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will afflict the people of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 19 22 v3uj 0 afflict Alternate translation: “strike” or “punish” ISA 19 22 u4gc figs-ellipsis 0 afflicting and healing The word “them” is understood in this phrase. Alternate translation: “afflicting them and healing them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ISA 19 22 i7ek 0 afflicting and healing How this phrase relates to the phrase before it can be made clear with the words “after” and “also.” Alternate translation: “and after he afflicts them, he will also heal them” ISA 19 23 g1ca 0 there will be a highway A highway is a large road on which many people can travel. ISA 19 23 s63v figs-genericnoun 0 the Assyrian will come “the Assyrian” refers to a person from Assyria, but represents anyone from Assyria who comes to Egypt. Alternate translation: “Assyrians will come” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) ISA 19 23 h5zp figs-ellipsis 0 the Egyptian to Assyria The words “will come” are understood. Alternate translation: “the Egyptian will come to Assyria” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ISA 19 23 vjm5 figs-genericnoun 0 the Egyptian This refers to a person from Egypt, but represents anyone from Egypt who comes to Assyria. Alternate translation: “Egyptians” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) ISA 19 23 vdk8 figs-explicit 0 the Egyptians will worship with the Assyrians The object of their worship can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “the Egyptians and Assyrians will worship Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 19 24 x4sx figs-metonymy 0 Israel will be the third with Egypt and Assyria The names of the three nations represent the people of those nations. Alternate translation: “the Israelites will be the third with the Egyptians and Assyrians” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 19 24 d63v translate-ordinal 0 be the third with This could mean: (1) “join together with” or (2) “be the third blessing with” or (3) “be equal to.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) ISA 19 25 ial4 figs-metonymy 0 Blessed be Egypt, my people; Assyria, the work of my hands; and Israel, my inheritance The names of the three nations refer to the people of those nations. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I have blessed you, people of Egypt, because you are my people; and I have blessed you, people of Assyria, because I created you; and I have blessed you, people of Israel, because I securely possess you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 19 25 hd4u figs-metonymy 0 the work of my hands Here “hands” refers to God’s power and action. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 20 intro qqp3 0 # Isaiah 20 General Notes<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Naked and barefoot<br>This is an image used in this chapter to describe Assyria’s victory over Egypt and Ethiopia. While they will be defeated, they will not be totally destroyed. Instead, they will be left with nothing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 20 1 cw3v translate-names 0 Tartan the name of the chief commander of the armies of Assyria (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 20 1 q4u1 0 Sargon the name of the king of Assyria ISA 20 1 g7u8 figs-metonymy 0 he fought against Ashdod and took it Ashdod refers to the army of Ashdod. Alternate translation: “he fought against the army of Ashdod and defeated it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 20 2 xk5u 0 walking naked and barefoot “walking around without clothes and without sandals.” Here the word “naked” probably refers to wearing only his undergarments. ISA 20 3 mig7 0 an omen Alternate translation: “a warning” ISA 20 4 k9su figs-metonymy 0 the king of Assyria will lead away the captives The king orders his army to do this task. Alternate translation: “the king of Assyria will have his army lead away the captives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 20 4 y6cb figs-explicit 0 will lead away the captives of Egypt, and the exiles of Cush It can be stated clearly that they will first attack and capture people. Alternate translation: “will attack Egypt and Cush and capture their people and lead them away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 20 4 j58w figs-metonymy 0 to the shame of Egypt Egypt refers to the people of Egypt. Alternate translation: “which will bring shame on the people of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 20 5 csg5 0 dismayed and ashamed Alternate translation: “afraid and put to shame” ISA 20 5 x6ix figs-metonymy 0 because of Cush their hope and of Egypt their glory Hope and glory refer to their trust in the military power of these countries. Alternate translation: “because they had trusted in the power of the armies of Cush and Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 20 6 ppe5 0 The inhabitants of these coasts the people who lived in the lands bordering the Mediterranean Sea ISA 20 6 a114 figs-activepassive 0 where we fled for help to be rescued If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “where we fled to so they would rescue us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 20 6 ul8x figs-rquestion 0 now, how can we escape? The author uses this question to emphasize how hopeless their situation was. Alternate translation: “now there is no way for us to escape!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 21 intro b7ty 0 # Isaiah 21 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 21:1-10, 13-17.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Cush<br>Dumah and Seir are places in Edom. Part of this chapter is a prophecy against Cush. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### The desert by the sea<br>This is a metaphor for an unknown nation. Scholars are divided over the proper identity of this nation, but it is probably Babylon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])<br><br>### Mystery<br>The fulfillment of this chapter is very mysterious. It is unknown who is truly being addressed and how this is to be fulfilled in history. The translator should not attempt to give the reader insight into this prophecy’s fulfillment. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) ISA 21 1 c5lv 0 A declaration Alternate translation: “This is what Yahweh declares” or “This is Yahweh’s message” ISA 21 1 x48q figs-metonymy 0 about the desert by the sea This refers to the people who live in Babylon as being a desert, even though God has not made it into a desert yet. This event will certainly happen. Alternate translation: “about the people who live in a land that soon will be a desert” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) ISA 21 1 x94u figs-simile 0 Like stormwinds sweeping through the Negev Isaiah compares the army that will attack the people to a storm with strong winds. They will be quick and powerful. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 21 1 k1uh figs-explicit 0 from the wilderness Here “wilderness” refers to the wilderness of Judea. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 21 1 chs7 0 from a terrible land The army is from a people that cause great fear. ISA 21 2 gk1g figs-activepassive 0 A distressing vision has been given to me If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh showed me a troubling vision” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 21 2 rpn1 0 the treacherous man deals treacherously Alternate translation: “those who deceive will deceive” ISA 21 2 ue2c 0 the destroyer destroys Alternate translation: “those who destroy will destroy” ISA 21 2 y49p figs-apostrophe 0 Go up and attack, Elam; besiege, Media In the vision given to Isaiah, Yahweh speaks to the armies of Elam and Media as if they are there listening to him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) ISA 21 2 n5ct figs-ellipsis 0 Go up and attack, Elam; besiege, Media It is understood that they are to attack the Babylonians. Alternate translation: “Go up and attack the Babylonians, you soldiers of Elam; go and besiege the Babylonians, you soldiers of Media” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ISA 21 2 x1bk figs-metonymy 0 Elam … Media Here “Elam” and “Media” represent the soldiers from these places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 21 2 ic7h figs-metonymy 0 I will stop all her groaning Here “her” represents all the people who are suffering because of the Babylonians. Yahweh will cause them to stop groaning when he sends the armies of Elam and Media to destroy the Babylonians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 21 3 sy98 0 my loins are filled with pain The vision that Isaiah sees is so troubling it causes him physical pain. Here he describes the pain and cramping in the middle part of his body. ISA 21 3 lm8g figs-simile 0 pains like the pains of a woman in labor have taken hold of me Isaiah compares his pain to the pain of a woman giving birth. This emphasizes the great pain he is feeling. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 21 3 dv2a figs-activepassive 0 I am bowed down by what I heard If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “What I heard has caused me to bend over in pain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 21 3 eaj7 figs-activepassive 0 I am disturbed by what I saw If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “what I saw has greatly troubled me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 21 4 b8pe 0 My heart pounds; I shake with fear Alternate translation: “My heart beats fast and I am shaking” ISA 21 5 y2mh 0 They prepare Here “They” refers to the leaders of Babylon. ISA 21 5 isa5 figs-metonymy 0 prepare the table Here “table” represents the food that people will eat at the feast. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 21 5 t2uh 0 arise, princes Here “princes” refers in general to men with authority and not necessarily to sons of kings. ISA 21 5 v634 figs-explicit 0 anoint your shields with oil Soldiers would put oil on their leather shields so they would stay soft and not crack during battle. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 21 6 m5sh 0 post a watchman Alternate translation: “tell a watchman to stand on the wall of Jerusalem” ISA 21 7 qai9 0 a chariot, a pair of horsemen Alternate translation: “a soldier riding in a chariot, a pair of horses pulling it” ISA 21 8 v2w1 0 Lord, on the watchtower I stand Here “Lord” refers to the person with authority that commanded the watchman to stand on the wall of Jerusalem. ISA 21 9 x4x6 figs-metaphor 0 Babylon has fallen, fallen Babylon being completely defeated by their enemies is spoken of as if Babylon has fallen. Here “Babylon” is a metonym that represents the people of Babylon. Alternate translation: “The people of Babylon are completely defeated” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 21 9 udx7 0 fallen, fallen The word “fallen” is repeated to emphasize that the people of Babylon were completely defeated by their enemies. ISA 21 10 yv9c figs-metaphor 0 My threshed and winnowed ones, children of my threshing floor The people of Israel suffering because of the Babylonians is spoken of as if the people were grain that was threshed and winnowed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 21 10 wdg3 0 My threshed The word “my” refers to Isaiah. ISA 21 10 nn8k 0 Yahweh of hosts See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). ISA 21 11 qk1a 0 A declaration Alternate translation: “This is what Yahweh declares” or “This is a message from Yahweh” ISA 21 11 f2ac translate-names 0 about Dumah This is another name for Edom. Here “Dumah” represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “about the people of Dumah” or “about the people of Edom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 21 11 z3e8 0 One calls to me Here “me” refers to Isaiah. ISA 21 11 z8pb translate-names 0 Seir This is the name of mountains west of Edom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 21 11 fhv6 figs-parallelism 0 Watchman, what is left of the night? Watchman, what is left of the night? This is repeated to emphasize that the person asking the question is worried and nervous. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 21 12 h8eg 0 If you want to ask, then ask; and come back again Alternate translation: “Ask me now what you want to know, but also come back later and ask again” ISA 21 13 qlh5 0 A declaration Alternate translation: “This is what Yahweh declares” or “This is the message of Yahweh” ISA 21 13 bs2m figs-metonymy 0 about Arabia Arabia refers to the population of Arabia. Alternate translation: “about the people of Arabia” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 21 13 q4gt figs-explicit 0 In the wilderness of Arabia Arabia does not have a forest. Alternate translation: “Far off from the road in Arabia” or “Out in the bushes of Arabia” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 21 13 wxn6 0 caravans a group of people traveling together ISA 21 13 a76p translate-names 0 Dedanites This is a people group that lived in Arabia. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 21 14 yz13 translate-names 0 land of Tema This is the name of a city in Arabia. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 21 14 ck51 0 fugitives A fugitive is a person who runs away so that his enemy will not capture him. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 15:5](../15/05.md). ISA 21 14 b4b7 figs-synecdoche 0 with bread Here “bread” represents food in general. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 21 15 y9if figs-metonymy 0 from the sword, from the drawn sword, from the bent bow Here “sword” and “bow” represents the soldiers who attack the inhabitants of Tema. Alternate translation: “from their enemies who attack them with swords and bows” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 21 15 tnx9 figs-metaphor 0 from the weight of war The terror and suffering that is experienced during war is spoken of as if war were a heavy weight on people. Alternate translation: “from the horrors of war” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 21 16 y8lk figs-explicit 0 as a laborer hired for a year would see it “as a hired laborer would count the days of a year.” A hired worker is careful to count the days so that he works exactly the amount of time he is paid to work. This means Kedar will be defeated in exactly one year. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 21 16 z33f translate-names 0 of Kedar This is a region in Arabia. Kedar represents the population of Kedar. Alternate translation: “of the people of Kedar” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 22 intro j95f 0 # Isaiah 22 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Repentance<br>On this day of judgment, Judah should be repenting of their sin. Instead, they are celebrating it. Although Judah avoids Yahweh’s punishment through the Assyrians, their punishment will still come. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “Valley of Visions”<br>This is a metaphor used in this prophecy against the nation of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) ISA 22 1 k9gg 0 A declaration Alternate translation: “This is what Yahweh declares” or “This is Yahweh’s message” ISA 22 1 r9lq figs-metonymy 0 about the Valley of Vision Here “Valley” refers to those who live in the valley, that is, Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “about those who live in the Valley of Vision” or “about those who live in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 22 1 eln4 figs-rquestion 0 What is the reason that you have all gone up to the housetops? Isaiah uses a question to scold the people of Judah. Alternate translation: “You should not go and stand on the tops of your houses.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 22 2 y1ul 0 a town full of revelry Alternate translation: “a town full of people celebrating” ISA 22 2 l5a8 figs-activepassive 0 Your dead were not killed with the sword If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Enemy soldiers did not kill your people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 22 2 g7up figs-metonymy 0 with the sword Here “sword” represents the soldiers who fight in battle. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 22 3 sd8r figs-activepassive 0 but they were captured without using a bow If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “but the enemy captured your rulers who were not even carrying a bow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 22 3 geh4 figs-activepassive 0 all of them were captured together If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the enemy captured all of them together” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 22 4 ud7n 0 Therefore I said Here “I” refers to Isaiah. ISA 22 4 yy7y figs-metonymy 0 of the daughter of my people Here “daughter” represents the people and may imply Isaiah’s feeling of love for them. Alternate translation: “of my people whom I love” or “of my people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 22 5 mv8s 0 For there is a day Alternate translation: “For there will be a time” ISA 22 5 b51a 0 of tumult, treading down, and confusion for the Lord Yahweh of hosts Alternate translation: “when the Lord Yahweh of hosts will cause panic, treading down, and confusion” ISA 22 5 p1ny 0 treading down This could mean: (1) this refers to soldiers marching or (2) people in general are running in panic and not sure where to go. ISA 22 5 nbr9 0 in the Valley of Vision This refers to Jerusalem. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 22:1](../22/01.md). ISA 22 5 q2i2 0 people crying out to the mountains This could mean: (1) “people in the mountains will hear their cries” or (2) “the people’s cries will echo off the mountains” ISA 22 6 qte5 figs-metonymy 0 Elam takes up the quiver The quiver is a bag to carry arrows and represents the archer’s weapons. Alternate translation: “The soldiers of Elam take their bows and arrows” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 22 6 v2pq figs-metonymy 0 Kir lays the shield bare Here “Kir” represents the soldiers. Alternate translation: “the soldiers of Kir will take their shields out of their covers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 22 6 x6a2 translate-names 0 Kir Kir is a city in Media. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 22 7 hn61 0 your choicest valleys Here “your” refers to the people of Jerusalem. Isaiah does include himself as one of the people of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “our best valleys” ISA 22 8 yr3v figs-abstractnouns 0 He took away the protection of Judah If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **protection**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will take away everything that has protected the people of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 22 8 a1h5 figs-idiom 0 you looked in that day to the weapons Here the phrase “to look to” means to trust in something. Alternate translation: “to defend yourselves you will get the weapons” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 22 8 mz5j 0 Palace of the Forest This was a part of the temple in Jerusalem where they stored their weapons. ISA 22 9 b84f figs-explicit 0 you collected the water of the lower pool The people will store water so that they will have enough to drink while their enemies surround the city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 22 10 ypg7 0 You counted the houses Here “counted” means they inspected the houses to find material to help them rebuild the city wall. ISA 22 11 by9j 0 You made a reservoir Alternate translation: “You made a storage place” ISA 22 11 jt97 0 between the two walls It is unclear what two walls Isaiah meant. The main point is that they built the reservoir within the city walls. ISA 22 11 a66l 0 the city’s maker This could mean: (1) this refers to the original human builder of the city or (2) this refers to Yahweh. ISA 22 12 x4ws 0 Yahweh of hosts See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). ISA 22 12 h6es translate-symaction 0 for shaved heads This was a sign of mourning and repenting. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) ISA 22 13 ct44 figs-metonymy 0 let us eat and drink, for tomorrow we will die Here “eat and drink” represents having a party and over indulging in food and wine. Alternate translation: “we may as well have fun now by eating and drinking all we want, for we will die soon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 22 14 f7iw figs-synecdoche 0 This was revealed in my ears by Yahweh of hosts Here “ears” represents Isaiah as a whole. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh of hosts revealed this to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 22 14 g3sh figs-activepassive 0 Surely this iniquity will not be forgiven you, even when you die If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Surely I will not forgive you for these sinful things you have done, even when you die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 22 14 bmu5 0 even when you die This could mean: (1) Yahweh will never forgive them, even after they die or (2) Yahweh will not forgive them until they die. ISA 22 15 v7mw translate-names 0 Shebna This is the name of the manager of the king’s palace in Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 22 15 lkg6 figs-metonymy 0 who is over the house Here “house” represents those in the king’s palace. Alternate translation: “who is in charge of all those who work in the palace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 22 16 ly8w figs-rquestion 0 What are you doing here and who gave you permission … in the rock? Yahweh uses this question to scold Shebna. Alternate translation: “You have no right … in the rock!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 22 16 kv47 figs-parallelism 0 cut out a tomb … hewing out a grave … carving out a resting place These three phrases all refer to making a burial tomb. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 22 16 ux5x figs-explicit 0 on the heights The most important people in Israel had tombs in the highest places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 22 18 g81e figs-metaphor 0 He will surely wind you round and round, and toss you like a ball into a vast country The enemy soldiers coming and taking Shebna as a captive to a foreign land is spoken of as if Yahweh were throwing him like a ball into another land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 22 18 i1nz figs-metonymy 0 you will be the shame of your master’s house Here “house” represents the people who work in the king’s palace. Alternate translation: “you will cause shame for all those in your master’s palace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 22 19 jhf3 figs-metaphor 0 I will thrust you from your office and from your station. You will be pulled down Yahweh causing Shebna to no longer work in the king’s palace is spoken of as if Yahweh will throw him to the ground. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 22 19 gg54 figs-activepassive 0 You will be pulled down If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I will bring you down from your honored position” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 22 20 pfi1 0 It will come about on that day Alternate translation: “It will happen at that time” ISA 22 20 t9nz translate-names 0 Eliakim … Hilkiah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 22 21 hnw8 figs-metaphor 0 I will clothe him with your tunic and put on him your sash Yahweh causing Eliakim to take Shebna’s place in the king’s palace is spoken of as if Yahweh will dress Eliakim in Shebna’s clothes that represent his authority in the king’s palace. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 22 21 rpb7 figs-metonymy 0 your tunic … your sash Here the tunic and sash represent authority in the king’s palace. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 22 21 e26e 0 sash This is a piece of cloth that people wear around the waist or across the chest. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 3:20](../03/20.md). ISA 22 21 xz46 figs-metonymy 0 into his hand Here “hand” represents power or control. Alternate translation: “to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 22 21 h2he figs-metaphor 0 He will be a father Eliakim caring for and protecting the people of Judah is spoken of as if he would be their father. Alternate translation: “He will be like a father” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 22 21 y2lj figs-metonymy 0 to the house of Judah Here “house” represents the people. Alternate translation: “to the people of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 22 22 q3km figs-metonymy 0 I will place the key of the house of David on his shoulder … none will open Here “key” represents authority. This speaks of Eliakim having authority that no one can oppose as if he had the key to the palace and no one else could lock or unlock the door. Alternate translation: “I will put him in charge of those who work in the king’s palace, and when he makes a decision no one will be able to oppose him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 22 23 h3j8 figs-metaphor 0 I will fasten him, a peg in a secure place Yahweh causing Eliakim’s authority to be strong and secure in the king’s palace is spoken of as if Eliakim were a peg and Yahweh will set him firmly in the palace wall. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 22 23 re2x figs-metonymy 0 he will become a seat of glory for his father’s house Here “seat of glory” represents a place of honor. Alternate translation: “Eliakim will bring honor to his family” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 22 23 vm1p figs-metonymy 0 his father’s house Here “house” represents family. Alternate translation: “his father’s family” or “his family” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 22 24 gzh4 figs-metaphor 0 They will hang on him all the glory of his father’s house Yahweh causing Eliakim’s whole family to be honored because of Eliakim is spoken of as if Eliakim were a peg in the wall and his family were something that hangs on the peg. Alternate translation: “They will give honor to his whole family because of him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 22 24 p4as figs-metaphor 0 every small container from the cups to all the jugs This continues to speak of Eliakim as a peg. His offspring will be like cups that hang on the peg. This means his descendants will be honored because of him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 22 24 y52b 0 the cups to all the jugs A cup is a small container that holds water. A jug is a larger container that holds water. ISA 22 25 tll3 figs-metaphor 0 the peg driven in a firm place … will be cut off Yahweh causing Shebna to lose his authority in the king’s palace is spoken of as if Shebna were a peg in the wall that breaks off and falls to the ground. This emphasizes that Shebna thought his authority was secure but God will remove him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 22 25 l3m8 figs-metonymy 0 the weight that was on it will be cut off Here “weight” represents Shebna’s power and authority. It is spoken of as if it were an object hanging on the peg that represents Shebna. Yahweh causing Shebna to lose his power and authority is spoken of as if someone were to cut off the object that was hanging on the peg. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 23 intro zw88 0 # Isaiah 23 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Phoenicia<br>This chapter prophesies destruction against several cities in Phoenicia as well as in Tarshish. The exact location of Tarshish is unknown. Because of the locations mentioned in this chapter, it appears that the Assyrians will conquer many of the nations on the Mediterranean Sea. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) ISA 23 1 p3kt 0 A declaration about Tyre Alternate translation: “This is what Yahweh declares about Tyre” ISA 23 1 fmd1 figs-metonymy 0 Howl, you ships of Tarshish Here “ships” represents the men on the ships. Isaiah speaks to the men on the ships of Tarshish as if they could hear him. Alternate translation: “Cry out in despair you men on the ships of Tarshish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) ISA 23 1 ggd2 0 harbor an area of the sea that is near land and safe for ships ISA 23 1 vu39 translate-names 0 from the land of Cyprus it has been revealed to them This phrase can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the men heard about Tyre when they were in the land of Cyprus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 23 2 h8zu figs-apostrophe 0 Be silent, you inhabitants of the coast Isaiah speaks to the people who live on the coast as if they could hear him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) ISA 23 2 b9vq figs-idiom 0 Be silent This is an idiom. Here silence is meant to signal shock and amazement. Alternate translation: “Be shocked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 23 2 e3zr 0 of the coast The “coast” is the land near or around the sea or ocean. Here it refers to the people who live in Phoenicia which borders the Mediterranean sea. ISA 23 2 x6g6 figs-genericnoun 0 the merchant of Sidon, who travels over the sea, has filled you Here “merchant” means “many merchants.” Alternate translation: “the merchants of Sidon, who travel over the sea, have made you rich” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) ISA 23 3 z18x translate-names 0 Upon the great waters was the grain of Shihor Shihor was the name of a valley near the Nile River in Egypt known for its production of grain. Alternate translation: “The men traveled on the large sea to transport the grain from Shihor in Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 23 3 jsl4 figs-possession 0 the harvest of the Nile was her produce The “harvest of the Nile” refers to the grain that was harvested near the Nile River and transported on the river and then to Phoenicia. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) ISA 23 3 yvg2 0 her produce Alternate translation: “its produce.” It was common to refer to the river as “her.” ISA 23 3 hf67 figs-metonymy 0 it became the commerce of the nations Commerce is the activity of buying and selling goods. Here “nations” represents the people. Alternate translation: “you were where people from other nations came to buy and sell goods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 23 4 er55 figs-personification 0 for the sea has spoken, the mighty one of the sea … nor brought up young women This could mean: (1) Yahweh describes the city of Tyre as a mother who speaks about the people who live in the city as her children, or (2) Yahweh is describing the Mediterranean Sea as speaking. The people of Tyre considered the sea their god and father. In either meaning the speaker mourns because its children are destroyed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 23 6 bk9d 0 Cross over to Tarshish “Make your way to Tarshish.” Tarshish was the farthest land the people of Tyre traveled to do business. It will be the only place of safety for those who escape from Tyre. ISA 23 7 m498 figs-rquestion 0 Has this happened to you, the joyful city, whose origin is from ancient times … to settle? Yahweh uses a question to mock Tyre. This rhetorical questions can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “This has indeed happened to you who were full of joy in the ancient city of Tyre … to settle.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 23 7 md2c figs-metonymy 0 the joyful city Here “city” represents the people. Alternate translation: “the joyful people who live in the city of Tyre” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 23 7 qlk4 figs-synecdoche 0 whose feet carried her far away to foreign places to settle Here “feet” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “who went to distant places to live and make money” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 23 7 ws35 figs-metonymy 0 her far away Here “her” refers to the city of Tyre which represents the people of Tyre. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 23 8 q8gu figs-rquestion 0 Who has planned this against Tyre … of the earth? Isaiah uses a question to mock Tyre. The word “this” refers to God’s plans to destroy Tyre which Isaiah described in 23:1-7. Also, “Tyre” refers to the people who live in Tyre. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “It was Yahweh who has planned to destroy the people of Tyre … of the earth.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 23 8 lz33 figs-metonymy 0 the giver of crowns Here “crown” refers to the power a person has as a ruler over people. Alternate translation: “who gives people power to rule over others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 23 8 irz8 figs-metaphor 0 whose merchants are princes The merchants are compared to princes to emphasize how much power they had when they went to different lands. Alternate translation: “whose merchants are like princes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 23 8 qwj2 figs-activepassive 0 whose traders are the honored ones of the earth If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “whose traders the people of the earth give the highest honors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 23 9 h693 0 to dishonor her pride and all her glory Alternate translation: “to dishonor them because they were proud of their own glory” ISA 23 9 fxa3 figs-metonymy 0 her pride … her glory … her honored ones Here “her” refers to the city of Tyre which represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “their pride … their glory … their honored one” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 23 10 h9st figs-simile 0 Plow your land, as one plows the Nile, daughter of Tarshish. There is no longer a marketplace in Tyre This could mean: (1) Isaiah is telling the people of Tarshish to start planting crops since they can no longer trade with Tyre or (2) Isaiah is telling the people of Tarshish they are free from Tyre’s control. Alternate translation: “Pass through your land like a river, daughter of Tarshish. The people of Tyre no longer have any power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 23 10 kfi3 figs-metonymy 0 daughter of Tarshish The “daughter” of a city represents the people of the city. Alternate translation: “the people of Tarshish” or “the people who live in Tarshish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 23 11 tv4t figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh has reached out with his hand over the sea, and he has shaken the kingdoms Yahweh using his power to control the sea and the people of mighty kingdoms is spoken of as if Yahweh reached out his hand and shook kingdoms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 23 11 vi8e figs-metonymy 0 has reached out with his hand over the sea Here “hand” refers to God’s power and control. Alternate translation: “has shown his power over the sea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 23 12 rx71 figs-metonymy 0 oppressed virgin daughter of Sidon Here “virgin daughter” represents the people of Sidon. Alternate translation: “people of Sidon, because other people will oppress you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 23 13 ns9f 0 See the land of the Chaldeans Here, **Chaldeans** here is another name for Babylonians. Alternate translation: “See what happened to the land of the Babylonians” or “See what has happened to Babylonia” ISA 23 13 y57n 0 siege towers Soldiers built towers or dirt ramps to attack over the walls of a city. ISA 23 14 vas5 figs-metonymy 0 Howl, you ships of Tarshish Here “ships” represents the men on the ships. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 23:1](../23/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 23 14 mrm4 figs-activepassive 0 for your refuge has been destroyed If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “for enemies have destroyed your refuge” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 23 15 bg5c 0 In that day Alternate translation: “At that time” or “Then” ISA 23 15 j3vb figs-activepassive 0 Tyre will be forgotten for seventy years Since people will no longer go to Tyre to buy or sell goods, it will be like they have forgotten about the city. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “for seventy years it will be like the people have forgotten about Tyre” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 23 15 sm6g translate-numbers 0 for seventy years “for 70 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) ISA 23 15 eq3d 0 like the days of a king Alternate translation: “like the years of a king” or “which is about as long as a king lives” ISA 23 15 y1ei figs-metaphor 0 like in the song of the prostitute This speaks about the people of Tyre as if they were a prostitute. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 23 16 q76p figs-metaphor 0 Take a harp, go about the city, you forgotten prostitute … so that you may be remembered This speaks about the people of Tyre as if they were a prostitute (verse 15). Just as a prostitute who is no longer popular may sing in the streets to regain her former lovers, the people of Tyre will try to get people from other nations to return to them to continue trading so that the people of Tyre will be rich and powerful again. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 23 16 sp8f figs-activepassive 0 so that you may be remembered If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “so that people remember you” or “so that people return to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 23 17 ri8p 0 It will come about that This phrase is used here to mark an important event that will happen. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. ISA 23 17 b4c1 translate-numbers 0 seventy years “70 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) ISA 23 17 bpr9 figs-metonymy 0 Yahweh will help Tyre Here “Tyre” represents the people who live in Tyre. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will help the people of Tyre” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 23 17 au66 figs-metaphor 0 she will start making money again by doing the work of a prostitute … of the earth Isaiah compares the people of Tyre with a prostitute. Just as the prostitute sells herself for money to any man, the people of Tyre will again buy and sell to all kingdoms. Alternate translation: “And like a prostitute they will buy and sell will all the kingdoms of the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 23 18 jdj2 figs-activepassive 0 They will not be stored up or kept If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The merchants will not store away their money” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 23 18 if24 0 those who live in Yahweh’s presence Alternate translation: “those who obey and serve Yahweh” ISA 23 18 y9rb 0 to supply them with abundant food Alternate translation: “so they will have enough food to eat” ISA 24 intro a6m4 0 # Isaiah 24 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>While it appears that this chapter is a continuation of the prophecy from the previous chapter, it actually looks at the whole of the Assyrian conquest as Yahweh’s punishment on the world. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Covenant<br>The mention of an “everlasting covenant” in this chapter is probably not to a specific covenant with Abraham or Moses. Instead, it is an expectation that mankind would obey Yahweh. Some consider this to be a covenant Yahweh made with Adam. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Reign of Yahweh<br>This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. This chapter pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator should not add explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) ISA 24 1 itu1 0 to empty the earth Alternate translation: “to make the earth desolate” or “to destroy everything on the earth” ISA 24 2 v1j9 0 It will come about that This phrase marks an important event. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. ISA 24 2 b89l figs-ellipsis 0 as with … so with What Yahweh will do is not stated here, but it is understood. This shows that God will treat all people the same way. Alternate translation: “as Yahweh scatters … so he will scatter”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ISA 24 2 h3vp figs-genericnoun 0 the priest … the giver of interest In 24:2 Isaiah lists several classes of people. They can be expressed as plural nouns as in the UST. Alternate translation: “the priests … those who give interest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) ISA 24 2 bb46 0 the receiver of interest “the one who owes money.” The word “interest” means the extra money someone has to pay so that he may borrow money. ISA 24 2 i24e 0 the giver of interest Alternate translation: “the one who is owed money” ISA 24 3 w1xb figs-activepassive 0 The earth will be completely devastated and completely stripped If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will completely devastate the earth and he will remove everything with value” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 24 3 ie7i 0 Yahweh has spoken this word Alternate translation: “Yahweh has said he would” ISA 24 3 fpt4 figs-metonymy 0 The earth everything that is on the earth (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 24 4 br27 figs-parallelism 0 The earth dries up and withers, the world shrivels up and fades away These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “Everything on earth will dry up and die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 24 4 hpm9 figs-metonymy 0 The earth … the world Both of these represent everything that is on the earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 24 5 me5f figs-metaphor 0 The earth is polluted by its inhabitants The people sinning and making the earth unacceptable to God is spoken of as if the people made the earth physically unclean. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The people have polluted the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 24 5 mw6f 0 they have transgressed the laws, violated the statutes, and broken the everlasting covenant Alternate translation: “they have not obeyed God’s laws and statutes, and they have broken God’s eternal covenant” ISA 24 6 kcu7 figs-metaphor 0 a curse devours the earth Yahweh cursing the earth and destroying it is spoken of as if a curse were either a wild animal that completely eats the earth or a fire that completely burns up the earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 24 6 an7c figs-activepassive 0 its inhabitants are found guilty If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will declare that the people are guilty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 24 8 bpd3 0 tambourines … lyre These are musical instruments. See how you translated these in [Isaiah 5:12](../05/12.md). ISA 24 10 nje8 figs-activepassive 0 The city of chaos has been broken down If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will break down the city of chaos” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 24 10 q3a5 0 The city of chaos This could mean: (1) the city was in chaos before the Lord breaks it down; the people did not obey God, the government was corrupt, and the city was full of drinking and parties, or (2) the city will be in chaos after God breaks it down. The walls and buildings that were once built strong and tall are now in ruins on the ground. With either meaning it does not mean one city. It refers to cities in general. ISA 24 10 rk9d figs-activepassive 0 every house is closed up and empty If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the people will close up their houses and leave them empty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 24 11 s8c8 0 because of the wine Alternate translation: “because there is no wine” ISA 24 11 wxr1 figs-parallelism 0 all joy is darkened, the gladness of the land has disappeared These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “all joy will be gone from the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 24 11 y34e figs-metonymy 0 gladness of the land Here “land” represents the people of the earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 24 12 dme3 figs-abstractnouns 0 In the city is left a desolation If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **desolation**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “desolate” or “empty.” Alternate translation: “The city is desolate” or “The city is left empty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 24 12 zs7r figs-genericnoun 0 In the city This is not a specific city but cities in general. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) ISA 24 13 j5j7 figs-simile 0 as when an olive tree is beaten, as the gleanings when the grape harvest is done This compares the nations after Yahweh devastates the land to trees and vines after their fruit has been picked. This means there will be very few people left in the land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 24 14 zd27 figs-idiom 0 They will lift up their voices and shout the majesty of Yahweh The phrase “lift up their voices” is an idiom that means to speak loudly. Alternate translation: “They will sing and shout about the majesty of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 24 14 z4qy 0 They will Here “They” refers to those who are still alive after Yahweh devastates the earth. ISA 24 14 h3vk figs-explicit 0 and will joyfully shout from the sea Here “the sea” refers to the Mediterranean Sea which is west of Israel. Alternate translation: “and those in the west towards the sea will shout with joy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 24 15 l9zj figs-metonymy 0 Therefore in the east glorify Yahweh The phrase “in the east” represents the people living east of Israel. Isaiah is commanding these people as if they were there with him. But, he is talking to the people in the future after God devastates the earth. Alternate translation: “Therefore everyone from distant lands in the east will glorify Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) ISA 24 15 w2f4 figs-metonymy 0 in the isles of the sea give glory Isaiah is commanding the people who live on the islands in the Mediterranean sea as if they were there with him. But, he is talking to the people in the future after God devastates the earth. Alternate translation: “everyone in the islands will give glory” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) ISA 24 15 ip1j figs-metonymy 0 to the name of Yahweh Here “name” represents Yahweh. Alternate translation: “to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 24 16 zwk3 figs-exclusive 0 we have heard Here “we” refers to Isaiah and the people of Israel. Isaiah is describing something in the future as if it has already happened. Alternate translation: “we will hear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) ISA 24 16 zy21 figs-parallelism 0 I have wasted away, I have wasted away Isaiah repeats this phrase to emphasize his anguish. He was very concerned because he saw people who deceived others and did not do what they promised to do. Alternate translation: “I have become very weak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 24 16 u7aa figs-parallelism 0 The treacherous have dealt treacherously; yes, the treacherous have dealt very treacherously Isaiah repeats this phrase to emphasize his anguish. Alternate translation: “Indeed, those who deceive are now deceiving others” or “Indeed, the deceivers have acted deceitfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 24 17 ec2n 0 Terror, the pit, and the snare are upon you, inhabitants of the earth Alternate translation: “You people of the earth will experience terror, the pit, and the snare” ISA 24 17 f3ea figs-synecdoche 0 the pit, and the snare Here “pit” and “snare” represent all the different bad things that will happen to people. People will run away to escape one bad thing but they will just experience another bad thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 24 18 gix7 figs-synecdoche 0 caught in the snare Here the “snare” represents all the different bad things that will happen to people. People will run away to escape one bad thing but they will just experience another bad thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 24 18 y2vm 0 the sound of terror Alternate translation: “the terrifying sound” ISA 24 18 v3vg figs-activepassive 0 will be caught in the snare If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the snare will catch him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 24 18 h1cr figs-metaphor 0 The windows of the heavens will be opened This speaks of large amounts of rain falling from the sky as if Yahweh opened a window in the sky and let the water pour through. Alternate translation: “The sky will split open and torrents of rain will fall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 24 18 irf6 0 the foundations of the earth will shake The word “foundation” normally refers to a stone structure that gives support to a building from underneath. Here it describes a similar structure that was thought to support and hold the earth in place. Isaiah says even the structure that holds the earth will shake. Alternate translation: “the earth will shake terribly” or “there will be a terrible earthquake” ISA 24 19 r4mc figs-activepassive 0 The earth will be completely broken, the earth ripped apart; the earth will be violently shaken These passive clauses can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The earth will break and split apart; the earth will shake violently” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 24 20 gqx5 figs-simile 0 The earth will stagger like a drunken man and it will sway back and forth like a hut These similes emphasize how the earth will shake back and forth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 24 20 j3i5 figs-metaphor 0 Its sin will be heavy on it and it will fall and never rise again This speaks of the earth as if it were a person and transgressions were a heavy object. The person tries to carry the heavy weight but the weight causes the person to fall and not be able to stand back up. Here the earth represents the people of the earth who cause Yahweh to destroy the earth because of their sins. Alternate translation: “The sins of the people are many and so Yahweh will destroy the earth, and the earth will be like a person who falls and cannot get back up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 24 21 dsm9 0 On that day Alternate translation: “At that time” ISA 24 21 l4tv figs-explicit 0 the host of the heaven A host is an army. Here “the host of the heaven” refers to the many powerful spirits in the heavens. It can be stated clearly that they are evil. Alternate translation: “the powerful beings” or “the evil spiritual beings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 24 21 vwu5 0 in the heavens Alternate translation: “in the sky” ISA 24 22 m1h2 figs-activepassive 0 They will be gathered together, prisoners in a pit, and will be shut up in a prison Here “pit” refers to a dark room or hole in a prison. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will gather them together as his prisoners and lock them in the dungeon of a prison” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 24 22 a1hh figs-activepassive 0 they will be punished If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will punish them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 24 23 jhu9 figs-personification 0 Then the moon will be ashamed, and the sun disgraced The sun and the moon are described as a person who is ashamed of being in front of someone with greater power. In the presence of Yahweh, the light of the moon and sun will seem less bright. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 25 intro p6t1 0 # Isaiah 25 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>This chapter shifts from being a prophecy against the nations to the personal praises of Isaiah. He praises Yahweh for the deliverance of his people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Reign of the Messiah<br>This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. This chapter pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator should not add explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) ISA 25 1 fw3y figs-metonymy 0 praise your name Here “name” represents Yahweh. Alternate translation: “praise you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 25 1 e938 figs-activepassive 0 things planned long ago If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “things you planned long ago” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 25 1 th82 figs-abstractnouns 0 in perfect faithfulness If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “faithful.” Alternate translation: “because you are perfectly faithful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 25 2 a6p6 figs-genericnoun 0 the city This is not referring to a certain city. It means cities in general. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) ISA 25 2 f62g 0 a fortress of strangers Alternate translation: “a fortress belonging to foreigners” ISA 25 3 s2dv figs-metonymy 0 a city of ruthless nations Here “city” and “nations” represent the people who live there. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 25 4 c6es figs-metaphor 0 you have been a place of safety … a shelter … a shelter from the storm … a shade from the heat Yahweh protecting his people is spoken of as if he were a place that the people could go to be safe and comforted. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 25 4 n142 figs-simile 0 When the breath of the ruthless was like a storm against a wall Ruthless people oppressing the people of God is spoken of as if they were a storm beating against a wall. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 25 4 nhn3 0 When the breath Alternate translation: “When the wind” or “When the blast” ISA 25 4 y8cs figs-nominaladj 0 the ruthless This is a nominal adjective. Alternate translation: “ruthless people” or “those who are ruthless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) ISA 25 5 bf3r figs-simile 0 like heat in a dry land This compares the enemies of God’s people to the heat that dries up the land. This emphasizes how much the enemies cause the people of God to suffer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 25 5 t81k figs-simile 0 as the heat is subdued … ruthless ones is answered Yahweh stopping ruthless people from singing and boasting is compared to a cloud providing shade on a hot day. This emphasizes that Yahweh comforts his people by stopping those who cause them to suffer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 25 5 pqi6 figs-activepassive 0 as the heat is subdued by the shade of a cloud If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “just like when a cloud passes overhead and subdues the heat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 25 5 adv7 figs-activepassive 0 the song of the ruthless ones is answered If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you will stop the ruthless people from singing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 25 6 gbd9 0 On this mountain This refers to Jerusalem or Mount Zion. ISA 25 6 rt19 0 Yahweh of hosts See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). ISA 25 6 jlw1 0 a feast of fat things Here “fat things” means the best food. ISA 25 6 vv56 0 a feast on the lees “the oldest wine.” This means the best wine. ISA 25 7 m1ll figs-metaphor 0 the covering over all peoples, the web woven over all the nations Death, suffering, and sadness are spoken of as if they were a dark cloud or web that covers everyone on the earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 25 8 n8s2 figs-metaphor 0 He will swallow up death forever Yahweh causing people to live forever is spoken of as if he would swallow death. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 25 8 p3ey figs-metaphor 0 the disgrace of his people he will take away from all the earth Yahweh causing the people to never be ashamed again is spoken of as if disgrace were an object that Yahweh would take away. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 25 9 bh2b figs-activepassive 0 It will be said If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “People will say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 25 9 g6gj 0 on that day Alternate translation: “at that time” ISA 25 10 d1jb figs-metonymy 0 For on this mountain the hand of Yahweh will rest The “hand” represents God’s power. For Yahweh’s hand to rest on “this mountain” means he will protect his people Alternate translation: “The power of Yahweh will be on this mountain” or “For on Mount Zion Yahweh will protect his people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 25 10 zd1u figs-metaphor 0 Moab will be trampled down in his place, even as straw is trampled down in a pit filled with manure Yahweh destroying the people of Moab is spoken of as if he would step on them and crush them. This is compared to how people trampled on straw to mix it with manure. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 25 10 liv7 figs-metonymy 0 Moab will be trampled down in his place Here Moab represents the people of Moab. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will trample the people in the land of Moab” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 25 11 dsp1 figs-simile 0 They will spread their hands … his hands to swim This simile emphasizes how badly Yahweh will humiliate the people of Moab. They will spread their hands in dung like a swimmer spreads his hands in water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 25 11 y282 0 They will spread their hands in the midst of it Alternate translation: “The people of Moab will push their hands through the dung” ISA 25 11 zg36 0 as a swimmer spreads his hands to swim Alternate translation: “as if they were swimming” ISA 25 11 kk8y figs-metaphor 0 will bring down their pride Yahweh humiliating a proud person is spoken of as if pride were something high and Yahweh would cause it to be low. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 25 11 cmz8 figs-metonymy 0 in spite of the skill of their hands Here “hands” represents the power to do or make something. Alternate translation: “in spite of the great things they have built” or “in spite of the great things they have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 25 12 i3tb figs-metonymy 0 Your high fortress walls he will bring down to the ground, to the dust This speaks of Yahweh causing armies to bring down the walls as if he himself were going to bring them down. Alternate translation: “He will send an army to bring your high fortress walls to the ground, to the dust” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 25 12 m6re figs-123person 0 Your high fortress Here “Your” refers to the people of Moab. It can be stated in third person to be consistent with the previous verse. Alternate translation: “Their high fortress” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) ISA 26 intro im4d 0 # Isaiah 26 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “That day”<br>This is a common phrase in this section of Isaiah. This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. This chapter pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator should not add explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) ISA 26 1 u2d5 0 In that day Alternate translation: “At that time” ISA 26 1 p5n8 figs-activepassive 0 this song will be sung in the land of Judah If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the people in the land of Judah will sing this song” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 26 1 u7ja 0 We have a strong city This refers to the city of Jerusalem. ISA 26 1 vc1e figs-metaphor 0 God has made salvation its walls and ramparts God’s power to protect and save his people is spoken of as if his salvation were walls around a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 26 2 q8p1 figs-metonymy 0 the righteous nation that keeps faith Here “nation” represents the people. Alternate translation: “the righteous and faithful people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 26 3 x8wp figs-metonymy 0 The mind that is stayed on you Here “mind” represents a person’s thoughts. Also “you” refers to Yahweh. The phrase “stayed on you” is an idiom. Alternate translation: “The person who continually thinks about you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 26 4 rlm9 0 Yah, Yahweh Yah is another name for Yahweh. ISA 26 4 k4ey figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh, is an everlasting rock Yahweh having the power to protect his people is spoken of as if he were a tall rock where people could go to escape from their enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 26 5 vry8 figs-metaphor 0 he will bring down those who live proudly Yahweh humiliating those who are proud is spoken of as if proud people were up high and he would cause them to come down low. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 26 5 lh5m figs-genericnoun 0 the fortified city This means fortified cities in general not a specific city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) ISA 26 5 mc9n figs-metonymy 0 he will lay low … he will level Yahweh causing an army to destroy fortified cities is spoken of as if Yahweh would do it himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 26 6 uu7e figs-parallelism 0 It will be trampled down by the feet of the poor and the treading of the needy Both statements mean the same thing. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The poor and oppressed people will trample on the ruins of the city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 26 7 a6cq figs-parallelism 0 The path of the righteous is level … the path of the righteous you make straight These two phrases mean basically the same thing. People obeying Yahweh is spoken of as if they were walking on his path. Yahweh ensuring the people that what they do is right is spoken of as if he were making the path level and straight for them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 26 8 xz29 figs-metaphor 0 in the path of your judgments, Yahweh, we wait for you Doing what Yahweh judged to be right is spoken of walking on his path. Alternate translation: “we wait for you, Yahweh, as we continue to do what you judged to be right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 26 8 xu1v 0 of your judgments Alternate translation: “of your laws” or “of your teachings” ISA 26 8 xk92 figs-exclusive 0 we wait Here “we” refers to Isaiah and all righteous people who are speaking to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ISA 26 8 cn7i figs-metonymy 0 your name and your reputation are our desire Here “name” and “reputation” represent Yahweh’s character which represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “our only desire is to honor you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 26 9 uq9i figs-metaphor 0 my spirit within me seeks you earnestly Wanting to know Yahweh and his laws better is spoken of as if the person were seeking to find Yahweh. Alternate translation: “I earnestly want to know you better” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 26 9 psm8 figs-synecdoche 0 my spirit within me seeks you earnestly Here “spirit” represents the speaker as a whole. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 26 10 yd2r figs-activepassive 0 Let favor be shown to the wicked one, but he will not learn righteousness If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Even if Yahweh is kind to wicked people, they still do not learn to do what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 26 10 v6id figs-genericnoun 0 the wicked one This means wicked people in general. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) ISA 26 10 we5i figs-metonymy 0 In the land of uprightness Here “land” represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “In the land where the people do what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 26 10 cl5a figs-metonymy 0 does not see the majesty of Yahweh Here “see” represents realizing something. Alternate translation: “does not realize that Yahweh is great” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 26 11 nvi7 figs-metaphor 0 your hand is lifted up Yahweh preparing to punish wicked people is spoken of as if his hand were raised and about to hit the wicked people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 26 11 izk8 0 but they do not notice Alternate translation: “but the wicked people do not notice” ISA 26 11 c1n1 figs-metonymy 0 they will see your zeal for the people Here “see” represents realizing something. Alternate translation: “they will realize that you are eager to bless your people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 26 11 q4xz figs-activepassive 0 be put to shame If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “they will be ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 26 11 bh8p figs-metaphor 0 fire of your adversaries will devour them Yahweh punishing and completely destroying his adversaries is spoken of as if he would send a fire that will completely burn them up. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 26 11 b1pq 0 fire of your adversaries Here “of” does not mean the fire belongs to the adversaries but that the fire is intended to be used against the adversaries. Alternate translation: “your fire will completely burn them up” ISA 26 12 f2jb figs-exclusive 0 for us Here “us” refers to Isaiah and includes all the righteous people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ISA 26 13 pb5l figs-metonymy 0 but we praise your name alone Here “name” represents the person of God. Alternate translation: “but we praise you alone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 26 14 uj52 0 they will not arise Alternate translation: “they will not come back to life” ISA 26 14 yt3t figs-metaphor 0 made every memory of them to perish Yahweh causing people to no longer remember those he destroyed is spoken of as if Yahweh made their memory perish or die. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 26 15 mic5 figs-parallelism 0 You have increased the nation, Yahweh, you have increased the nation This clause is repeated for emphasis. Here “nation” represents the people. Alternate translation: “You have greatly increased the number of people in our nation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 26 16 m26y figs-123person 0 they looked to you Here “they” refers to the people of Israel. This would include Isaiah. Alternate translation: “we looked to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) ISA 26 16 vn3a figs-idiom 0 looked to you This idiom means they asked Yahweh for help. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 26 16 q3db figs-abstractnouns 0 when your discipline was on them If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **discipline**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “when you disciplined them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 26 17 w2a9 figs-simile 0 As a pregnant woman … cries out in her labor pains This compares the people to a woman giving birth. This emphasizes their suffering and crying when Yahweh disciplined them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 26 18 j8g2 figs-simile 0 but it is as if we have only given birth to wind “but it is as if we have only given birth to air” or “it is like we gave birth to nothing.” This is a simile that emphasizes that the people’s suffering resulted in nothing. Alternate translation: “but nothing good resulted from it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 26 18 qd8n figs-metonymy 0 We have not brought salvation to the earth, and the inhabitants of the world have not fallen Here “earth” represents the people who live on the earth. The meaning is unclear, but it seems to mean that the people of Israel have not been able to save themselves or other people by defeating their enemy in battle. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 26 18 v5pe figs-abstractnouns 0 We have not brought salvation to the earth If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **salvation**, you could express the same idea with the verb “save.” Alternate translation: “We have not saved the inhabitants of the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 26 18 il5k 0 and the inhabitants of the world have not fallen Alternate translation: “nor have we caused the wicked people of the world to fall in battle” ISA 26 19 tuj5 figs-nominaladj 0 Your dead will live This can be reworded so that the nominal adjective “dead” is expressed as the verb “have died.” Alternate translation: “Your people who have died will live again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) ISA 26 19 ak1f 0 Your dead This could mean: (1) “Your” refers to Yahweh or (2) “Your” refers to the people of Israel. If you choose option two you could translate it as “Our dead.” ISA 26 19 d48t figs-metaphor 0 Awake This speaks of dead people coming back to life as if they were waking up from sleep. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 26 19 cvc4 figs-euphemism 0 you who live in the dust This is a polite way of referring to those who have died. Alternate translation: “those who are dead and buried” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) ISA 26 19 zv5y figs-metaphor 0 for your dew is the dew of light Yahweh acting kindly towards his people and bringing them back to life is spoken of as if it were the dew that causes the plants to live. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 26 19 gnz9 0 for your dew This could mean: (1) “your” refers to Yahweh and this is the dew that Yahweh gives or (2) “your” refers to the people of Israel and this is the dew they receive from Yahweh. ISA 26 19 m8v6 0 dew of light This could mean: (1) “light” refers to Yahweh’s power to make dead people alive again. Alternate translation: “dew from Yahweh” or (2) “light” refers to the morning time when dew is on the plants. Alternate translation: “dew in the morning” ISA 26 19 gb4p figs-metaphor 0 the earth will bring forth its dead “the earth will give birth to those who died.” Yahweh causing dead people to come back to life is spoken of as if the earth would give birth to those who have died. Alternate translation: “and Yahweh will cause those who have died to rise from the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 26 20 z699 0 my people Here “my” refers to Isaiah. Also “people” refers to the people of Israel. ISA 26 20 k2ad figs-abstractnouns 0 until the indignation has passed by If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **indignation**, you could express the same idea with the adjective “angry.” Alternate translation: “until Yahweh is no longer angry with us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 26 21 rcq2 figs-personification 0 the earth will uncover her bloodshed, and will no longer conceal her slain Yahweh revealing all murders that have happened on the earth so that he can punish the murderers is spoken of as if the earth itself will reveal everyone who has been murdered. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 27 intro p2zg 0 # Isaiah 27 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Leviathan<br>This was an ancient type of dragon or serpent. It is possible that this is a reference to Satan, who is also described as a serpent and a dragon. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/satan]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “That day”<br>This is a common phrase in this section of Isaiah. This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. This chapter pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator should not add explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) ISA 27 1 u82j 0 On that day Alternate translation: “At that time” ISA 27 1 zm2d figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh with his hard, great and fierce sword will punish Yahweh having the power to destroy his enemies is spoken of as if he had strong, large sword. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 27 1 tj3b 0 the monster that is in the sea This refers to Leviathan. ISA 27 2 w1yf figs-metaphor 0 A vineyard of wine, sing of it “Sing about the vineyard of wine.” This speaks about the people of Israel as if they were a vineyard that produced fruit. Alternate translation: “Sing about the people of Israel as if they were a vineyard that produced grapes for wine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 27 3 cy2e 0 I, Yahweh, am its protector Alternate translation: “I, Yahweh, protect the vineyard” ISA 27 3 rpd8 figs-merism 0 night and day The words “night” and “day” are combined here to mean “all the time.” Alternate translation: “all the time” or “continually” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) ISA 27 4 av5d 0 Connecting Statement: This continues to speak about the people of Israel as if they were a vineyard ([Isaiah 27:2-3](./02.md)). ISA 27 4 s3xp 0 I am not angry, Oh, that there were briers and thorns! In battle I would march against them Alternate translation: “I am not angry. If there were briers and thorns I would march against them in battle” ISA 27 4 z6jj figs-ellipsis 0 I am not angry It is understood that Yahweh is not angry with his people any longer. Alternate translation: “I am not angry with my people any longer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ISA 27 4 v9e5 figs-metaphor 0 that there were briers and thorns The enemies of the people of Israel are spoken of as if they were briers and thorns growing in the vineyard. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 27 4 tw3t 0 briers and thorns See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 5:6](../05/06.md). ISA 27 4 bic8 figs-metaphor 0 In battle I would march against them Yahweh fighting his enemies is spoken of as if he were a warrior in an army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 27 4 ij4d figs-metaphor 0 I would march against them; I would burn them all together Here Isaiah combines different images to speak of Yahweh’s enemies. He speaks of them as if they are briers and thorns but also as soldiers in an army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 27 5 j31l figs-abstractnouns 0 unless they grasp my protection If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **protection**, you could express the same idea with the verb “protect.” Alternate translation: “unless they ask me to protect them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 27 5 je5d 0 make peace with me; let them make peace with me Alternate translation: “they ask to live peacefully with me; I want them to live peacefully with me” ISA 27 6 cx3i figs-metaphor 0 In the coming day This speaks about a day as if it travels and arrives somewhere. Alternate translation: “In the future” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 27 6 f8jg figs-metaphor 0 Jacob will take root; Israel will blossom and bud Yahweh blessing the people of Israel and causing them to prosper is spoken of as if they were a vine that grows roots and blossoms. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Israel will prosper like a vine that has taken root and blossomed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 27 6 jk11 figs-metonymy 0 Jacob … Israel Here “Jacob” and “Israel” are metonyms that represent the descendants of Jacob. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 27 6 eia2 figs-metaphor 0 they will fill the surface of the ground with fruit Yahweh causing the people of Israel to prosper greatly so that they can help other people is spoken of as if they were a vine that grows so much fruit that it would cover the earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 27 7 am12 figs-rquestion 0 Has Yahweh attacked Jacob and Israel as he attacked those nations who attacked them? The question is used to contrast the severity of God’s punishment. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has certainly punished the enemy nations more severely than he punished the people of Israel.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 27 7 r118 figs-metonymy 0 Jacob … Israel These represent the descendants of Jacob. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 27 7 ukm8 figs-activepassive 0 Have Jacob and Israel been killed as in the slaughter of those nations that were killed by them? This question too is used to contrast the severity of God’s punishment. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has not killed the people of Israel like they killed their enemies from other nations.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 27 8 f4he figs-you 0 In exact measure you have contended Here “you” refers to God. Yahweh punishing his people as much as they needed is spoken of as if God’s punishment were something that could be measured. Alternate translation: “But you did punish them as much as was needed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 27 8 kfc2 figs-metonymy 0 sending Jacob and Israel away This represents the descendants of Jacob. Alternate translation: “sending the Israelites away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 27 8 rqg2 figs-metaphor 0 he drove them away with his fierce breath in the day of the east wind Yahweh’s power to send his people away to a foreign country is spoken of as if Yahweh used his breath to blow them to a foreign country. Alternate translation: “the power of Yahweh drove them out like a fierce wind from the east” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 27 9 nf4r 0 So in this way This could mean: (1) “this” refers to Yahweh sending the people into exile as Isaiah mentioned in the previous verse or (2) “this” refers to the actions that Isaiah will mention in the next part of verse 9. ISA 27 9 l9b7 figs-activepassive 0 the iniquity of Jacob will be atoned for If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will purge the sin from the Israelites” or “Yahweh will forgive the sins of the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 27 9 yjh1 figs-metonymy 0 iniquity of Jacob … removal of his sin Here “Jacob” represents the descendants of Jacob. Alternate translation: “iniquity of the Israelites … removal of their sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 27 9 mn35 0 for this will be Here “this” refers to the actions that Isaiah will describe in the next part of verse 9. ISA 27 9 zy5g figs-metaphor 0 the full fruit This speaks of the results of an action as if it were the fruit that grows as on a tree or vine. Alternate translation: “the result” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 27 9 x5ca figs-metonymy 0 he will make all the altar stones as chalk and crushed to pieces, and no Asherah poles or incense altars will remain standing Here “he” refers to Jacob who represents his descendants. Alternate translation: “They will completely destroy all the altars on which they sacrifice to false gods, and they will remove all the Asherah idols and the altars on which they burn incense to false gods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 27 10 fw6l figs-pastforfuture 0 For the fortified city is … consumes its branches Here Isaiah describes an event that will happen in the future as if it already happened. This emphasizes that it certainly will happen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) ISA 27 10 na1y figs-activepassive 0 For the fortified city is desolate, the habitation is deserted and forsaken like the wilderness If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The cities that were strong and had many people living in them will become empty like a desert” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 27 10 b7hh figs-genericnoun 0 the fortified city … the habitation This does not refer to a specific city or habitation but to cities and habitations in general. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) ISA 27 10 mv1s figs-genericnoun 0 a calf feeds, and there he lies down and consumes Here “calf” represents calves or cattle in general. Alternate translation: “calves feed, and there they lie down and consume” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) ISA 27 11 k9fn figs-metaphor 0 When the boughs … not a people of understanding The people becoming so weak because they disobey Yahweh so that enemies can easily destroy them is spoken of as if they are dry branches that women break off of a tree. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 27 11 k85z figs-activepassive 0 When the boughs are withered, they will be broken off. Women will come and make fires with them If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “When the branches wither, women will come and break them off and make fires with them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 27 11 pi5e figs-explicit 0 this is not a people of understanding This can be made more explicit. Alternate translation: “this is not a people who understands Yahweh or his law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 27 11 js5n 0 a people This could mean: (1) “people” refers to the people of Israel or (2) “people” refers the people of foreign nations who oppress the people of Israel. ISA 27 11 v3yx figs-parallelism 0 Therefore their Maker will not have compassion on them, and he who made them will not be merciful to them Both clauses mean the same thing. Alternate translation: “Because they do not understand, Yahweh, the one who made them, will not be merciful to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 27 12 f19u 0 It will come about This phrase marks an important event that will happen. ISA 27 12 g87l 0 on that day Alternate translation: “at that time” ISA 27 12 n43h figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh will thresh Yahweh gathering his people to bring them back from the foreign nations to the land of Israel is spoken of as if he were threshing wheat to separate the grain from the chaff. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 27 12 nx3t 0 from the Euphrates River to the Wadi of Egypt Isaiah mentions the Euphrates River and the Wadi of Egypt to mean that Yahweh will bring back the people of Israel who were exiled in lands near those waters, that is, Assyria and Egypt. The Euphrates River is northeast of Israel, and the Wadi of Egypt is southwest of Israel. ISA 27 12 v8t2 0 the Wadi of Egypt Alternate translation: “the brook of Egypt” ISA 27 12 gz3e figs-activepassive 0 you … will be gathered together one by one If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will gather you together one by one” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 27 13 i56v figs-activepassive 0 a great trumpet will be blown If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “someone will blow a trumpet loudly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 27 13 qs1g figs-ellipsis 0 the perishing ones in the land of Assyria will come, and the outcasts in the land of Egypt The understood information can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “those who are in exile and dying in the land of Assyria and the land of Egypt will return to the land of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ISA 27 13 bdq2 0 holy mountain The “holy mountain” is Mount Zion, in Jerusalem. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 11:9](../11/09.md). ISA 28 intro np8h 0 # Isaiah 28 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Metaphors<br>There are many metaphors used to describe Yahweh’s punishment as well as the sin of the people of Ephraim. In one such metaphor, they are described as being drunk. Construction and weather metaphors are also used in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “That day”<br>This is a common phrase in this section of Isaiah. This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. This chapter pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) ISA 28 1 j6gg figs-metaphor 0 Woe to the proud garland … on the head of the lush Valley of those who are overcome with wine A “garland” is a crown made of flowers. Here it represents the city of Samaria, the capital of Israel, which sits above a fertile valley. Samaria and its people being destroyed is spoken of as if the flowers in the garland will grow old and stop being beautiful. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 28 1 i15u 0 who are overcome with wine Alternate translation: “who are drunk with wine” ISA 28 2 yjl9 0 Behold Alternate translation: “Listen” or “Pay attention” ISA 28 2 s6hx figs-synecdoche 0 the Lord sends one who is mighty and strong Here “one” refers to a mighty king who also represents his powerful army. Alternate translation: “the Lord sends a king with his powerful army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 28 2 xf11 figs-simile 0 storm of hail A “storm of hail” or hailstorm happens when hard pieces of ice fall from the sky. Here it is a simile that refers to the enemy army that Yahweh will send to destroy the people of Samaria. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 28 2 ew8c figs-metaphor 0 he will throw each garland crown down to the ground The king and his powerful army destroying the people of Samaria and their city is spoken of as if the king will throw the people’s garlands onto the ground. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 28 3 pp4k figs-activepassive 0 The proud garland of the drunkards of Ephraim will be trodden underfoot If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The enemy army will crush the proud drunkards of Samaria as if they were crushing flowers under their feet” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 28 3 wtt6 figs-metaphor 0 proud garland … of Ephraim A “garland” is a crown made of flowers. Here it represents the city of Samaria, the capital of Israel, which sits above a fertile valley. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 28 4 qq5i figs-metaphor 0 that is on the head of the rich valley The city of Samaria, the capital of Israel, sits above a fertile valley. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 28 4 yw2k figs-simile 0 will be as the first ripe fig … gulps it down This speaks of the enemy soldiers seeing the beauty of Samaria and quickly plundering it as if they were a person who sees the first fig of the season and quickly eats it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 28 5 s84s 0 Yahweh of hosts See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). ISA 28 5 twb7 figs-metaphor 0 will become a beautiful crown and a diadem of beauty Yahweh is spoken of as if he were to become a beautiful crown that the people who honor him as their true king would wear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 28 5 llj8 figs-doublet 0 a beautiful crown and a diadem of beauty These mean the same thing. Alternate translation: “a beautiful crown” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 28 6 mx85 figs-abstractnouns 0 a spirit of justice for him who sits in judgment, and strength for those who This can be reworded so that the abstract nouns “justice” and “strength” are expressed as adjectives. These words can begin a new sentence. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will cause the judges to be just and will cause to be strong those who” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 28 6 bay6 figs-idiom 0 a spirit of justice A person who has a “spirit of justice” is someone who has the characteristic of justice and is a just person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 28 6 sak7 figs-idiom 0 sits in judgment This idiom means the person has the authority to judge. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 28 6 t37f figs-idiom 0 strength for those who turn back their enemies at their gates Here “to turn back” is an idiom that means to defeat in battle. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will cause the soldiers to be strong so that they defeat their enemies when the enemies attack their city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 28 7 jcw4 0 But even these Alternate translation: “But even the leaders” ISA 28 7 a7gn figs-genericnoun 0 The priest and the prophet This does not mean a specific priest or prophet. It refers to priests and prophets in general. Alternate translation: “The priests and the prophets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) ISA 28 7 lfv9 figs-parallelism 0 reel with wine, and stagger with strong drink These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that the priests and the prophets cannot do their job because they are very drunk. Alternate translation: “stumble around because they are drunk” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 28 7 v8we figs-metaphor 0 they are swallowed up by wine Their drinking so much that they can no longer think properly is spoken of as if the wine swallowed them. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the wine is causing them to be confused” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 28 7 d4bm 0 staggering in vision and reeling in decision Just like they are too drunk to walk correctly, they are too drunk to understand the visions God gives them or to make good decisions. ISA 28 9 ny13 figs-rquestion 0 To whom will he teach knowledge, and to whom will he explain the message? The drunk prophets and priests use a question to criticize Isaiah, who is trying to correct them. Alternate translation: “The drunk prophets and priests say, ‘Isaiah should not be trying to teach us about Yahweh’s message!’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 28 9 t6vi figs-rquestion 0 To those who are weaned from milk or to those just taken from the breasts? The drunk prophets and priests use a question to criticize Isaiah, because they feel that he is treating them like babies. Alternate translation: “He should not treat us like babies!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 28 10 fb5v 0 For it is command upon command, command upon command; rule upon rule, rule upon rule; here a little, there a little The drunk prophets and priests criticize Isaiah because they feel that Isaiah is repeating simple commands as if he were talking to a child. ISA 28 11 hfl6 figs-synecdoche 0 with mocking lips and a foreign tongue he will speak to this people Here “lips” and “tongue” represent the foreigners who speak a different language than the Israelites do. It is implied that this refers to the Assyrian army that will attack Israel. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will speak to this people through enemy soldiers who will speak a foreign language” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 28 11 kb8u 0 mocking lips Alternate translation: “stammering lips” ISA 28 12 gkx1 figs-abstractnouns 0 This is the rest If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **rest**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “This is the resting place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 28 12 se68 figs-abstractnouns 0 give rest to him who is weary If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **rest**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “let whoever is tired come and rest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 28 12 v7ew figs-abstractnouns 0 this is the refreshing If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **refreshing**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “this is the place where you can be refreshed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 28 13 z6r4 0 So the word of Yahweh Alternate translation: “So Yahweh’s message” ISA 28 13 ds6z 0 command upon command, command upon command; rule upon rule, rule upon rule; here a little, there a little These are the words that the drunk priests and prophets used to criticize how Isaiah teaches them. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 28:10](../28/10.md). ISA 28 13 i6sd figs-activepassive 0 so that they may go and fall backward, and be broken, ensnared, and captured If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “in order that the army of Assyria will come and defeat them and take them as captives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 28 13 b7le figs-metaphor 0 go and fall backward, and be broken People losing in battle to the enemy army is spoken of as if the people will fall down and break. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 28 13 c32b figs-metaphor 0 ensnared The enemy soldiers capturing the people of Israel is spoken of as if they were hunters that catch an animal in a snare. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 28 14 y37t 0 So listen to the word of Yahweh Alternate translation: “So listen to Yahweh’s message” ISA 28 15 u1bd figs-parallelism 0 We have made a covenant with death, and with Sheol we have reached an agreement Both of these statements mean basically the same thing. This could mean: (1) the leaders of Jerusalem have used magic or sorcery to try to make an agreement with the gods of the place of the dead so that these gods would protect them from dying or (2) this is a metaphor that speaks of the leaders having made an agreement with the leaders of Egypt. The leaders of Jerusalem were so confident that the Egyptians would protect that it was like they had made an agreement with the gods of the place of the dead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 28 15 x2p3 figs-metaphor 0 So when the overwhelming whip passes through, it will not reach us This speaks of Yahweh’s judgment and punishment as if it were a whip that would strike the people. And the whip is spoken of as if it were a flood that would pass through Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “As a result, when everyone else is suffering and dying, nothing will harm us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 28 15 r8ix figs-parallelism 0 For we have made a lie our refuge, and taken shelter in falsehood These two phrases mean basically the same thing. A “lie” and “falsehood” are spoken of as if they were places where a person could go to hide. The leaders in Jerusalem would not have said they trust in a lie. They believed they were truly safe. But Isaiah knows they are not safe, because they trust in lies. Alternate translation: “For lies and falsehoods have become like a place where we can hide from danger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 28 15 ux1b 0 a lie our refuge … taken shelter in falsehood This could mean: (1) the leaders trust in their own lies that they have said in order to protect themselves or (2) the leaders trust that the covenant they have made with the false gods of the place of the dead will keep them safe or (3) the leaders trust that the agreement they have made with the Egyptians will keep them safe. ISA 28 16 ff3c 0 See Alternate translation: “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you.” ISA 28 16 tf5e figs-metaphor 0 I will lay in Zion a foundation stone … sure foundation Yahweh sending a strong person to help the people of Israel is spoken of as if Yahweh is constructing a strong foundation for a building. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 28 16 js3j 0 a tried stone Alternate translation: “a stone that is solid” ISA 28 16 mc8y 0 a sure foundation Alternate translation: “a firm support” ISA 28 16 pkf8 0 He who believes will not be ashamed Alternate translation: “Anyone who trusts in this foundation stone will not be sorry” ISA 28 17 yd66 figs-metaphor 0 I will make justice the measuring stick, and righteousness the plumbline Yahweh testing according to his justice and righteousness to determine if the people are just and righteous is spoken of as if he were a builder using tools to determine that something is the correct length and perfectly level. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 28 17 xhn1 0 the measuring stick A builder uses a measuring stick to determine if something is the correct length. ISA 28 17 l2vf 0 the plumbline A builder uses a plumbline to determine if something is straight and level. ISA 28 17 xg82 figs-metaphor 0 Hail will sweep away Yahweh causing a large amount of hail to fall is spoken of as if it would be an overwhelming flood. Alternate translation: “Hailstorms will destroy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 28 17 gv6t figs-synecdoche 0 Hail … the floodwaters This could mean: (1) these are a synecdoche representing anything in general that will cause destruction or (2) these are a metaphor referring to the enemy army that Yahweh will send to destroy the people of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 28 17 hi3p 0 Hail hard pieces of ice that fall from the sky ISA 28 17 adc4 figs-metaphor 0 the refuge of lies … the hiding place This speaks about “lies” as if they were a place a person could go to hide. They represent what the leaders of Jerusalem trusted in to keep them safe from Yahweh’s punishment. This could mean: (1) the leaders trust in their own lies that they have said in order to protect themselves or (2) the leaders trust that the covenant they have made with the false gods of the place of the dead will keep them safe or (3) the leaders trust that the agreement they have made with the Egyptians will keep them safe. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Isaiah 28:15](../28/15.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 28 18 ah82 figs-activepassive 0 Your covenant with death will be dissolved, and your agreement with Sheol will not stand If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I will cancel the covenant you have with death, and I will cancel the agreement you have with Sheol” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 28 18 fvw2 figs-metaphor 0 covenant with death … agreement with Sheol This could mean: (1) the leaders of Jerusalem had used magic or sorcery to try to make an agreement with the gods of the place of the dead so that these gods would protect them from dying or (2) this is a metaphor that speaks of the leaders having made an agreement with the leaders of Egypt. The leaders of Jerusalem were so confident that the Egyptians would protect that it was like they had made an agreement with the gods of the place of the dead. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 28:15](../28/15.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 28 18 n9he 0 will not stand Alternate translation: “will not last” ISA 28 18 mry1 figs-synecdoche 0 When the raging flood passes through This could mean: (1) “flood” is a synecdoche that represents anything in general that will cause destruction or (2) “flood” is a metaphor referring to the enemy army that Yahweh will send to destroy the people of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 28 18 var2 figs-activepassive 0 you will be overwhelmed by it If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “it will overwhelm you” or “it will destroy you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 28 19 g9nc figs-idiom 0 morning by morning This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “every day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 28 19 g4wk figs-merism 0 by day and night This means “throughout the entire day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) ISA 28 20 ex86 writing-proverbs 0 For the bed is too short for a man to stretch out on, and the blanket too narrow for him to wrap himself in This was probably a proverb that the people knew at the time. It means that what they believe will keep them safe from Yahweh’s punishment will disappoint them like a bed that is too short or a blanket that is too narrow. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs]]) ISA 28 21 pp9n figs-idiom 0 Yahweh will rise up Yahweh preparing to act is spoken of as if he were sitting and then rising up. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 28 21 e2cw figs-explicit 0 Mount Perazim … Valley of Gibeon These refer to places where God miraculously defeated enemy armies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 28 21 l5tw 0 he will rouse himself Alternate translation: “he will become very angry” ISA 28 21 l963 figs-doublet 0 his strange work … his strange deed These two phrases mean the same thing. This work is strange because God is using a foreign army to defeat the people of Jerusalem rather than helping the people of Jerusalem defeat their enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 28 22 w3au 0 Now This does not mean “at this moment,” but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows. ISA 28 22 upp3 figs-metaphor 0 your bonds will be tightened Yahweh punishing the people even more severely is spoken of as if he would tighten their bonds. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will tighten your bonds” or “Yahweh will punish you even more severely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 28 22 tpu3 0 Yahweh of hosts See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). ISA 28 22 fdu9 figs-abstractnouns 0 a decree of destruction on the earth If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **destruction**, you could express the same idea with the verb “destroy.” Alternate translation: “that he is going to destroy people throughout the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 28 23 bjv1 figs-parables 0 General Information: This begins a parable that ends in 28:29. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) ISA 28 23 twz5 figs-parallelism 0 Pay attention and listen to my voice; be attentive and listen to my words These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second phrase is used to strengthen the first. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 28 23 lsh4 figs-metonymy 0 to my voice Here “voice” represents what Isaiah says. Alternate translation: “to what I say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 28 23 s1kf 0 to my words Alternate translation: “to my message” ISA 28 24 nvu3 figs-rquestion 0 Does a farmer who plows all day to sow, only plow the ground? Does he continually break up and harrow the field? Isaiah uses rhetorical questions to make the people think deeply. Alternate translation: “A farmer does not plow the ground over and over and continually work the soil without ever sowing seed.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 28 25 uq3a 0 When he has prepared the ground Alternate translation: “When the farmer has plowed the soil” ISA 28 25 fsr6 figs-rquestion 0 does he not scatter caraway seed, sow the cumin, put in the wheat in rows and the barley in the right place, and the spelt at its edges? Isaiah uses a question to make the people of Jerusalem think deeply. If your language does not have a word for each of these seeds, they can be stated more generally. Alternate translation: “he will certainly plant each kind of seed in the correct way and in the proper places.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 28 25 pd1v translate-unknown 0 caraway … cumin These are names of plants that are spices. Translators may represent them in general as seeds of spices used to spice food. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) ISA 28 25 v8fq translate-unknown 0 wheat … barley … spelt These are all names of plants that are grains. Translators may represent them in general as seeds of grains. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) ISA 28 26 x6gc figs-parallelism 0 His God instructs him; he teaches him wisely These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “Yahweh helps the farmer know how to care for each kind of plant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 28 27 w7aj figs-activepassive 0 the caraway seed is not threshed with a sledge If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the farmer does not separate the caraway seed from the plant with a heavy club” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 28 27 p8si 0 caraway See how you translated this in [Isaiah 28:25](../28/25.md). ISA 28 27 j2hy figs-activepassive 0 nor is a cartwheel rolled over the cumin If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “nor does he roll a heavy wheel over the cumin seed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 28 27 g75f 0 cumin See how you translated this in [Isaiah 28:25](../28/25.md). ISA 28 27 r6a8 figs-activepassive 0 but caraway is beaten with a stick, and cumin with a rod Isaiah describes the correct way for a farmer to separate the seed from the plant. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “but he beats the caraway with a stick, and he beats cumin with a rod” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 28 28 zb1a figs-activepassive 0 Grain is ground for bread but not too finely If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The farmer grinds the grain for bread but not so that it is too small” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 28 29 vw1a figs-explicit 0 This too comes … excellent in wisdom This concludes the parable started in [Isaiah 28:23](../28/23.md). The implied lesson of the parable is that farmers are wise enough to listen to Yahweh’s instructions about planting and threshing. But the leaders of Jerusalem are foolish for not listening to Yahweh’s instructions that he is speaking through Isaiah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 28 29 fh5n 0 Yahweh of hosts See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). ISA 29 intro e58i 0 # Isaiah 29 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>This chapter begins a series of “woes” against specific nations. It presents judgments against the kingdoms of Ephraim and eventually Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/woe]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Ariel<br>This is another name for Jerusalem. It is an uncommon name.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Prophecies<br>This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. It pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) ISA 29 1 p34x figs-metonymy 0 Woe to Ariel Here “Ariel” represents the people who live in the city of Ariel. Alternate translation: “How terrible it will be for the people of Ariel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 29 1 kp7k translate-names 0 Ariel This is another name for Jerusalem, and it means “altar.” If possible translate this as “Ariel” rather than “Jerusalem” since the meaning of “Ariel” is important in 29:2. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 29 1 bhl8 0 David encamped Alternate translation: “David dwelled” or “David lived” ISA 29 1 wh6s figs-irony 0 Add year to year; let the festivals come round “Keep celebrating your festival year after year.” This is an ironic statement. Yahweh tells the people to keep celebrating their festivals where they sacrifice to him, but he knows it will not prevent him from destroying them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) ISA 29 2 rhv8 figs-metonymy 0 But I will besiege The word “I” refers to Yahweh. This represents Yahweh causing an enemy army to besiege Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 29 2 fh77 figs-metonymy 0 she will Here “she” refers to Ariel, which represents the people of Ariel. Alternate translation: “the people of Ariel will” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 29 2 w19k figs-doublet 0 mourning and lamenting The words “mourning” and “lamenting” mean basically the same thing and emphasize the intensity of mourning. Alternate translation: “they will mourn deeply” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 29 2 uey1 figs-simile 0 like Ariel Translators may add a footnote that says, “The name Ariel means ‘altar.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 29 3 aqb4 figs-metonymy 0 I will encamp against you The word “I” refers to Yahweh. This represents Yahweh causing an enemy army to surround Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “I will command the army of your enemies to surround you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 29 3 z8vg translate-unknown 0 palisade … siege works A “palisade” is a tower armies would build to attack cities with high walls. Also “siege works” refers to other various weapons armies would build to attack cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) ISA 29 4 xp4f figs-activepassive 0 You will be brought down If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Your enemy will bring you down” or “Your enemy will humble you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 29 4 ak9b figs-simile 0 will speak from the ground; your speech will be low from the dust. Your voice will sound like a spirit that speaks from the ground, and out of the dust your speech will whisper All of these statements mean basically the same thing. They emphasize that the people who once spoke with proud words will be weak and grieving after the enemy defeats them. Alternate translation: “you will only be able to speak with weak whispers like a spirit speaking from where dead people dwell” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 29 5 ei77 figs-simile 0 The great number of your invaders will become like fine dust, and the multitude of the ruthless ones as chaff that passes away This emphasizes how weak and insignificant the invading army is before God. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will easily remove the horde of your invaders and the multitude of the ruthless ones”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 29 5 w2d7 0 great number of your invaders Alternate translation: “many soldiers that will attack you” ISA 29 5 vl7f figs-ellipsis 0 the ruthless ones as chaff The translator can supply the verb “will become.” Alternate translation: “the soldiers who show you no mercy will become as chaff” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ISA 29 6 gh4q figs-you 0 Yahweh of hosts will come to you The word “you” refers to the people of Jerusalem. This could mean: (1) “Yahweh of hosts will come to help you” or (2) “Yahweh of hosts will come to punish you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) ISA 29 7 th7g figs-doublet 0 It will be like a dream, a vision of the night The phrase “a vision of the night” is the same thing as “a dream.” The two phrases emphasize that soon it will be like the invading army was never there. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 29 7 l4s8 0 A horde of all the nations Alternate translation: “Large armies from all the nations” ISA 29 7 t56e figs-metonymy 0 fight against Ariel The name “Ariel” is another name for Jerusalem, and it represents the people who live there. See how you translated “Ariel” in [Isaiah 29:1](../29/01.md). Alternate translation: “fight against the people of Ariel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 29 7 h99v figs-metonymy 0 her stronghold. They will attack her and her fortifications to press upon her The word “her” refers to Ariel which represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “their stronghold. They will attack the city of Ariel and its defenses and cause the people to be in great distress” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 29 8 ncq1 figs-simile 0 It will be like when a hungry man dreams he is eating … his thirst not quenched These similes mean that the enemy will expect victory but they will fail because God will not allow them to conquer Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 29 8 b3vv figs-metonymy 0 Yes, so will be the great number of nations that fights against Mount Zion Here “Mount Zion” represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “Yes, this will be what happens to the armies from the nations who fight against the people who live on Mount Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 29 9 thb7 figs-explicit 0 Astonish yourselves and be astonished The word “yourselves” refers to the people of Jerusalem. Why they are astonished can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “Be astonished at what I am telling you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 29 9 un3a figs-metaphor 0 blind yourselves and be blind The people ignoring what Yahweh says is spoken of as if they would make themselves blind. Alternate translation: “keep being ignorant and spiritually blind to what I am showing you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 29 9 h71h figs-metaphor 0 Be drunk, but not with wine; stagger, but not with beer The people being senseless and not understanding what Yahweh is doing is spoken of as if they were drunk. Alternate translation: “Be senseless like a drunk person, but it is not because you have drank too much wine or beer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 29 10 g6xx figs-metaphor 0 For Yahweh has poured out on you the spirit of deep sleep Here “the spirit of” means “to have the characteristic of” being asleep. Yahweh causing the people to be asleep is spoken of as if “the spirit” were a liquid that he poured out on the people. Also “deep sleep” is a metaphor that means the people are senseless and cannot understand what Yahweh is doing. Alternate translation: “The reason you are senseless is because Yahweh has caused you to be spiritually asleep” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 29 10 u6aj figs-metaphor 0 He has closed your eyes, the prophets, and has covered your heads, the seers Yahweh causing the people to be senseless and not to understand what he is doing is spoken of as if he closed their eyes and covered their heads so they could not see. Alternate translation: “It is as though Yahweh has closed the eyes of the prophets and covered the heads of the seers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 29 11 jvz4 figs-simile 0 All revelation has become to you as the words of a book that is sealed The other prophets in Jerusalem are unable to hear or understand God’s message. Alternate translation: “All that Yahweh has revealed is to you like a sealed book” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 29 11 vii8 0 is sealed, which men might give to one who is learned This can be stated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: “is sealed. A person may take the sealed book to someone who can read” ISA 29 12 z14w figs-activepassive 0 If the book is given to one who cannot read If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “If a person takes the book to someone who cannot read” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 29 13 hp14 figs-metonymy 0 This people comes close to me with their mouths and honors me with their lips The words “mouths” and “lips” represent what people say. Here it also represents saying something but not truly meaning it. Alternate translation: “The people of Jerusalem pretend to worship me and honor me with what they say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 29 13 z6q5 figs-metonymy 0 but their heart is far from me Here “heart” is a metonym that represents a person’s thoughts and emotions. The people not being truly devoted to Yahweh is spoken of as if their hearts were far away from him. Alternate translation: “but they do not honor me in their thoughts” or “but they are not truly devoted to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 29 13 u7h6 figs-activepassive 0 Their honor for me is only a commandment of men that has been taught If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “They honor me only because that is what people tell them to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 29 14 ya7e 0 Therefore, see, I will proceed to do a marvelous thing among this people, wonder after wonder Alternate translation: “Therefore, look and see! I am going to do wonderful and marvelous things among you that you will not be able to explain” ISA 29 14 cb9j figs-parallelism 0 The wisdom of their wise men will perish, and the understanding of their prudent men will disappear Both of these statements mean the same thing. Yahweh showing that the wise people cannot understand or explain what Yahweh does is spoken of as if their wisdom and understanding will vanish. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 29 15 n74m 0 General Information: This may be Isaiah speaking or it may continue Yahweh’s speech in 29:13-14. ISA 29 15 a41v figs-metaphor 0 who deeply hide their plans from Yahweh People trying to make plans without Yahweh knowing about it is spoken of as if they hide their plans in a deep place where Yahweh cannot see. Alternate translation: “who try to hide their plans from Yahweh” or “who try to keep Yahweh from finding out what they are planning to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 29 15 yh8d figs-explicit 0 whose deeds are in darkness It is implied that they are secretly doing evil things. Alternate translation: “who do evil things in the dark so no one can see them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 29 15 mt4k figs-rquestion 0 Who sees us, and who knows us? They use a question to emphasize that they believe no one knows what they are doing. Alternate translation: “No one, not even Yahweh, sees us or knows what we are doing!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 29 16 tt3j figs-idiom 0 You turn things upside down This is an idiom that means to distort what is true. Alternate translation: “You make things opposite of the way they should be” or “You distort the truth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 29 16 ak5f figs-metaphor 0 Should the potter be considered like clay, so that the thing that is made should say about him who made it…“He does not understand”? Yahweh who created humans is spoken of as if he were a potter and humans were the clay. This metaphor emphasizes that it is foolish for humans to reject or criticize the one who created them. Alternate translation: “Should you consider me, your maker, to be like the clay rather than the potter? It is as if a potter created something, and that thing said about the potter, ‘He did not make me,’ or ‘He does not understand.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 29 16 m1ba figs-rquestion 0 Should the potter be considered like clay…“He does not understand”? This question is used to scold the people of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “Obviously, the potter should not be considered like clay…‘He does not understand.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 29 17 vcq7 figs-metaphor 0 Lebanon will be turned into a field, and the field will become a forest This could mean: (1) this is literal and Yahweh will cause the places where trees grew wild in Lebanon to become fruitful fields or (2) this is a metaphor and the large forests of Lebanon represent powerful oppressors, and the crops that grow in the field and become a forest are the common people who are suffering. This means Yahweh will humble those who are powerful, but he will honor those who are suffering. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 29 17 p68s figs-metonymy 0 Lebanon will be turned into a field Here “Lebanon” represents the large cedar forests in Lebanon. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God will turn the mighty forests of Lebanon into a field” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 29 18 q8r1 figs-metaphor 0 the deaf will hear the words of a book, and the eyes of the blind will see out of the deep darkness This could mean: (1) this is literal and Yahweh will cause deaf people to hear and blind people to see or (2) this is a metaphor that means Yahweh will enable the people to hear and understand his message or (3) it may mean both options 1 and 2. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 29 18 d7au figs-synecdoche 0 the eyes of the blind Here “eyes” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “those who are blind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 29 19 y383 figs-parallelism 0 The oppressed will again rejoice in Yahweh, and the poor among men will rejoice in the Holy One of Israel These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “The poor and oppressed people will again be happy because of what Yahweh, the Holy One of Israel, has done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 29 20 st9w figs-nominaladj 0 For the ruthless will cease The nominal adjective “the ruthless” can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “For the ruthless people will cease” or “For there will no longer be cruel people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) ISA 29 20 m2ji figs-nominaladj 0 the scoffer will vanish The nominal adjective “the scoffer” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “those who scoff will vanish” or “the people who mock will disappear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) ISA 29 20 i5cr figs-activepassive 0 All those who love to do evil will be eliminated If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will eliminate all those who love to do evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 29 21 zp8p figs-explicit 0 who by a word make a man out to be an offender This refers to giving testimony in court against someone. Alternate translation: “who testify against a man and make him out to be an offender” or “who say in court that an innocent man is guilty of doing something wrong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 29 21 wl2h figs-metaphor 0 They lay a snare for him who seeks justice at the gate and put the righteous down with empty lies The evil people doing anything they can to stop a good person is spoken of as if the evil people set a trap like a hunter catching his prey. Alternate translation: “They lie and try to stop those who want to do what is fair and right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 29 21 vb33 0 who seeks justice at the gate The city gate was often the place where the city leaders made official decisions. ISA 29 22 i8ii figs-explicit 0 who redeemed Abraham This possibly refers to when Yahweh called Abraham from his home country and sent him to the promised land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 29 22 v978 figs-metonymy 0 Jacob will no longer … his face Here “Jacob” represents his descendants. Alternate translation: “Jacob’s descendants will no longer … their faces” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 29 22 a47e figs-idiom 0 nor will his face be pale This is an idiom that means he will no longer be afraid. Alternate translation: “nor will he be afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 29 23 j9rv figs-metonymy 0 he sees his children The words “he” and “his” speak of Jacob (verse 22) and represent his descendants. Alternate translation: “Jacob’s descendants will no longer … their faces … they see their children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 29 23 ri6z figs-metonymy 0 But when he sees his children, the work of my hands Here “hands” represents Yahweh’s power and action. Alternate translation: “When they see all the children I have given them and all that I have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 29 23 m7l3 figs-metonymy 0 they will make my name holy Here “name” represents Yahweh. Alternate translation: “they will honor me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 29 23 k7hc figs-metonymy 0 They will make holy the name of the Holy One of Jacob Here “name” represents Yahweh. Yahweh refers to himself as “the Holy One of Jacob.” Alternate translation: “They will honor me, the Holy One of Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) ISA 29 23 hf61 figs-123person 0 of the God of Israel Yahweh refers to himself as “the God of Israel.” Alternate translation: “of me, the God of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) ISA 29 24 ajl7 figs-metonymy 0 Those who err in spirit Here “spirit” represents a person’s inner being. Alternate translation: “Those who are wrong in what they think” or “Those who are wrong in their attitude” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 29 24 ly72 figs-explicit 0 will gain understanding This can be made more explicit to explain what they will understand. Alternate translation: “will begin to understand Yahweh and his laws” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 29 24 uc4z figs-explicit 0 complainers will learn knowledge This can be made more explicit to explain what knowledge they will learn. Alternate translation: “those who complain will begin to know that what Yahweh teaches them is true” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 30 intro e211 0 # Isaiah 30 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>This chapter continues the series of “woes” against specific nations. It presents judgments against the people of Ephraim and Judah when they desired to make an alliance with Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/woe]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Negev<br>This is an area between Egypt and Judah. The people would have had to travel though it in order to get to Egypt. No one really lived in this area and it was known to be very dangerous.<br><br>### Trust<br>The people were to trust in Yahweh. Only he could provide them with protection. The people were punished for their lack of trust when they were in trouble, but Yahweh only required that they trust him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “That day”<br>This is a common phrase in this section of Isaiah. The chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. It pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) ISA 30 1 e6vd figs-metaphor 0 the rebellious children Yahweh speaks about his people as if they were his children. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 30 1 dq2r figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) ISA 30 1 cu63 figs-abstractnouns 0 They make plans, but not from me This can be reworded so that If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **plans**, you could express the same idea with the verb “plan.” Alternate translation: “They plan to do things, but they do not ask me what I want them to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 30 1 vep2 figs-activepassive 0 but they were not directed by my Spirit If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “but my Spirit did not direct them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 30 1 sdp8 figs-metaphor 0 they add sin to sin Continuing to sin is spoken of as if sins were objects that could be stacked on one another. Alternate translation: “they continue to sin more and more” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 30 2 ed8h figs-abstractnouns 0 They seek protection from Pharaoh If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **protection**, you could express the same idea with the verb “protect.” Alternate translation: “They ask Pharaoh to protect them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 30 2 k8ag figs-metaphor 0 take refuge in the shadow of Egypt Egypt’s protection from enemy armies is spoken of as if it were a shadow that protects someone from the burning heat of the sun. Alternate translation: “they rely on the Egyptians to keep them safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 30 3 frg3 figs-abstractnouns 0 Therefore Pharaoh’s protection will be your shame, and the refuge in Egypt’s shade, your humiliation This can be reworded so that the abstract nouns “protection,” “shame,” and “humiliation” are expressed as adjectives or verbs. Alternate translation: “Therefore you will be ashamed because you relied on Pharaoh to protect you; you will be humiliated because you relied on the Egyptians to keep you safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 30 3 z473 figs-metaphor 0 the refuge in Egypt’s shade Egypt’s protection from enemy armies is spoken of as if it were a shadow that protects someone from the burning heat of the sun. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 30 4 l5kf 0 their princes Here “princes” mean an official or ambassador, not necessarily sons of the king. ISA 30 4 ax9t 0 their … their belonging to the people of Judah ISA 30 4 c3ut translate-names 0 Zoan … Hanes These were cities in the northern part of Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 30 4 apn6 figs-go 0 have come to Hanes Here “come” can be stated as “gone.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) ISA 30 5 vs3d 0 They … them These words refer to the people of Judah. ISA 30 5 pp3g 0 because of a people Alternate translation: “because of the people of Egypt” ISA 30 6 i8pw 0 A declaration Alternate translation: “This is what Yahweh declares” ISA 30 6 h1jl figs-genericnoun 0 of the lioness and the lion, the viper and fiery flying serpent This refers to these types of animals in general. Alternate translation: “where lionesses and lions dwell, and where there are vipers and serpents” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) ISA 30 6 ian2 0 fiery flying serpent Here the word “fiery” probably refers to the serpent’s poisonous bite and the word “flying” refers to its quick movements. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 14:29](../14/29.md). ISA 30 6 rmj1 0 they carry their riches Alternate translation: “the people of Judah carry their riches” ISA 30 7 x8ua translate-names 0 I have called her Rahab, who sits still There were popular stories about a sea monster named Rahab. The name Rahab means “strength” or “arrogance.” Alternate translation: “I call Egypt a loud boaster who does nothing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 30 8 umq8 0 Now This word is used here to mark a break in Yahweh’s declaration about Judah. Here he tells Isaiah to do something. ISA 30 8 uql1 0 in their presence Alternate translation: “in the presence of the people of Judah” ISA 30 8 x97k figs-metaphor 0 for the time to come This speaks of time as if it travels and arrives somewhere. Alternate translation: “for a future time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 30 9 v3bl figs-metaphor 0 lying children, children who will not hear the instruction of Yahweh This speaks of Yahweh’s people as if they were his children. This can be translated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: “They behave like children who lie and do not listen to what Yahweh commands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 30 11 x6bb figs-metaphor 0 Turn aside from the way, stray off the path How Yahweh wants his people to behave is spoken of as if it were a way or path on which to walk. To disobey Yahweh is spoken of as if the person strays away from Yahweh’s path. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 30 11 s3c9 0 Holy One of Israel See how you translated this name in [Isaiah 1:4](../01/04.md). ISA 30 12 c9xs 0 Holy One of Israel See how you translated this name in [Isaiah 1:4](../01/04.md). ISA 30 12 q3x7 0 you reject this word Alternate translation: “you reject this message” ISA 30 12 hd23 figs-metonymy 0 trust in oppression and deceit and lean on it This could mean: (1) the leaders of Judah are trusting in the Egyptian leaders who rule by oppressing and deceiving others or (2) the leaders of Judah have oppressed and deceived their own people in order to take their money and send it to the Egyptians leaders as payment for protection. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 30 12 t871 figs-123person 0 lean on it Here the word “it” refers to “oppression and deceit.” Alternate translation: “lean on them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) ISA 30 12 km37 figs-idiom 0 lean on This is an idiom that means to trust or rely on something. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 30 13 f58j figs-simile 0 so this sin will be to you like a broken part … in an instant This simile means that God will destroy the people of Judah suddenly because of their sin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 30 13 rwu8 figs-ellipsis 0 like a broken part ready to fall It is understood that this is a broken part of a wall. Alternate translation: “like a broken part of a wall that is ready to fall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ISA 30 13 c7k8 figs-abstractnouns 0 whose fall will happen suddenly If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **fall**, you could express the same idea with the verb “fall.” Alternate translation: “that will suddenly fall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 30 13 m5ka figs-doublet 0 suddenly, in an instant These mean the same thing and emphasize how quickly the wall will fall. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 30 14 b2im 0 General Information: Isaiah describes how Yahweh will destroy the people of Judah ([Isaiah 30:12-13](./12.md)). ISA 30 14 amd2 figs-metaphor 0 He will break it Here “it” refers to the part in the wall that is about to fall. The part in the wall is a metaphor that represents the people of Judah and their sin mentioned in [Isaiah 30:12-13](./12.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 30 14 id9b figs-simile 0 as a potter’s vessel is broken This simile means that the piece of wall will break as quickly and completely as a clay jar that falls to the ground. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 30 14 dbk1 0 potter A potter is a person who makes pots and jars out of clay. ISA 30 14 k6fi figs-activepassive 0 there will not be found If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “no one will be able to find” or “there will not be” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 30 14 c129 0 a shard with which to scrape Alternate translation: “a shard big enough to scrape” ISA 30 14 gs9n figs-metonymy 0 fire from the hearth The word “fire” here refers here to ashes. Alternate translation: “ashes from the fireplace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 30 15 fd1v 0 Holy One of Israel See how you translated this name in [Isaiah 1:4](../01/04.md). ISA 30 15 jh13 figs-metaphor 0 In returning and resting you will be saved Repenting is spoken of as if it were physically returning to Yahweh. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I will save you from your enemies if you will repent and rest knowing that I will take care of you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 30 15 zs7v figs-explicit 0 resting It is implied that the people rest because they trust that Yahweh will take care of them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 30 15 am9c figs-explicit 0 in quietness and in trust will be your strength Quietness here refers to not being anxious and worried. It is implied that they are not worried because they trust in Yahweh. Alternate translation: “You will be strong if you are quiet and trust in me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 30 16 x48z figs-explicit 0 we will flee on horses Apparently these are horses that the people of Judah received from the Egyptians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 30 17 cy2g figs-ellipsis 0 One thousand will flee at the threat of one; at the threat of five you will flee The word “solider” is understood. Alternate translation: “One thousand soldiers will flee at the threat of one enemy soldier; at the threat of five enemy soldiers all of your soldiers will flee” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ISA 30 17 l2rt translate-numbers 0 One thousand “1,000” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) ISA 30 17 g8ks figs-simile 0 until your remnant will be like a flagstaff on the top of a mountain, or like a flag on a hill This simile means there will be so few people left that they will be like a single flag on top of a hill. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 30 19 nsp6 0 you will … to you … answer you Here “you” refers to the people who will live in Zion. ISA 30 19 k2dh 0 he will answer you Alternate translation: “he will help you” ISA 30 20 s89h figs-metonymy 0 the bread of adversity and the water of affliction Here “bread” and “water” make up the diet of a very poor person. The whole phrase represents the hard times and poverty of the people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 30 20 j37h 0 your teacher This refers to Yahweh. ISA 30 20 m8au figs-synecdoche 0 you will see your teacher with your own eyes Here “eyes” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “you yourselves will see your teacher” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 30 21 yk8d figs-synecdoche 0 Your ears will hear Here “ears” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “You will hear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 30 21 gx8s 0 a word behind you saying Alternate translation: “him speaking behind you saying” ISA 30 21 n9ys figs-metaphor 0 This is the way, walk in it How Yahweh wants his people to behave is spoken of as if it were a way or path. To obey Yahweh is spoken of as if it were a person walking on his path. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 30 21 day3 figs-metaphor 0 when you turn to the right or when you turn to the left Disobeying Yahweh is spoken of as if the person turned left or right off of Yahweh’s path. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 30 22 z2re figs-simile 0 You will throw them away like a menstrual rag This simile means they will throw away their idols like they were garbage. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 30 22 n2zf figs-personification 0 You will say to them, “Get out of here.” This speaks of the idols as if they could hear and get up and leave a place. Yahweh means that the people will no longer need or want the idols. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 30 23 w7ij 0 He will give Alternate translation: “Yahweh will give” ISA 30 23 hjh1 figs-synecdoche 0 bread with abundance from the ground Here “bread” represents food in general. Alternate translation: “he will cause the ground to produce plenty of food for you to eat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 30 23 llp6 0 In that day Alternate translation: “At that time” ISA 30 24 e7ff figs-activepassive 0 that has been winnowed with a shovel and a fork Shovels and forks were used to throw the grain in the air so the wind would blow away the chaff, leaving only the part that could be eaten. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that you have winnowed with a shovel and a pitchfork” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 30 25 n5xk 0 On every high mountain … every high hill Isaiah describes what will be an ideal situation after Yahweh rescues his people. Although the language may be exaggerated, you should translate this just as Isaiah described it. ISA 30 25 lg8s 0 in the day of the great slaughter when the towers fall Alternate translation: “when Yahweh slaughters your enemies and causes their strong towers to fall” ISA 30 25 k7p7 0 in the day Alternate translation: “at the time” ISA 30 26 bbc3 0 The light of the moon will be like the light of the sun, and the light of the sun will be seven times brighter, like the sunlight of seven days Isaiah describes what will be an ideal situation after Yahweh rescues his people. Although the language may be exaggerated, you should translate this just as Isaiah described it. ISA 30 26 vup8 0 the light of the sun will be seven times brighter, like the sunlight of seven days Alternate translation: “the sun will shine as bright as seven suns” or “the sun will give as much light in one day as it normally does in seven days” ISA 30 26 s1jc figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh will bind up the breaking of his people and heal the bruises of his wounding them Yahweh comforting his people and causing their suffering to end is spoken of as if he would put bandages on their wounds. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 30 27 q2s3 figs-metaphor 0 the name of Yahweh … like a devouring fire Yahweh being extremely angry is spoken of as if he were a large fire. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 30 27 vs12 figs-metonymy 0 the name of Yahweh comes Here “name” represents Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Yahweh comes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 30 27 yjg9 figs-synecdoche 0 His lips are full of fury, and his tongue is like a devouring fire Here “lips” and “tongue” are metonyms that represent Yahweh speaking. And, Yahweh speaks with so much anger and power that it is spoken of as if his tongue were a fire. Alternate translation: “When he speaks his fury is like a fire that destroys everything” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 30 28 n6lp figs-simile 0 His breath is like an overflowing torrent This compares the air coming out of Yahweh’s mouth to a flood to emphasize its power to destroy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 30 28 r2gf figs-metaphor 0 to sift the nations with the sieve of destruction Yahweh separating the people of the nations and destroying the wicked people is spoken of as if Yahweh puts the nations in a sieve. This can be translated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will separate and destroy the wicked people of the nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 30 28 wqj9 figs-metaphor 0 His breath is a bridle in the jaws of the peoples to cause them to wander away Yahweh having the power to cause people’s plans to fail or causing them to be destroyed is spoken of as if his breath were a bridle that steers people off the correct path. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 30 28 rhf2 translate-unknown 0 a bridle in the jaws of the peoples A “bridle” is a device that people put over a horse’s head to guide it. The bridle contains a small piece called a “bit” that goes in the horse’s mouth. Alternate translation: “a bridle on the heads of the peoples” or “a bit in the jaws of the peoples” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) ISA 30 29 kpk6 0 You will have a song This can be reworded so the noun “song” is stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “You will sing” ISA 30 29 m8dh figs-simile 0 as in the night when a holy feast is observed This simile emphasizes how happy the people will be. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 30 29 x78j figs-activepassive 0 when a holy feast is observed If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “when you observe a holy feast” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 30 29 guu5 figs-metonymy 0 gladness of heart Here “heart” represents a person’s inner being. Alternate translation: “you will be glad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 30 29 esh8 figs-simile 0 as when one goes … Rock of Israel This simile emphasizes how happy the people will be. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 30 29 u4kf figs-metaphor 0 to the Rock of Israel Yahweh having the power to protect his people is spoken of as if he were a rock on which the people could climb and escape from enemies. Alternate translation: “to Israel’s protective rock” or “which is like a protective rock for Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 30 30 h7qb figs-metonymy 0 show the motion of his arm Here “arm” represents the power of God. It is implied that Yahweh will show his power by destroying his people’s enemies. Alternate translation: “show that he is powerful by destroying your enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 30 30 mr74 figs-metaphor 0 in storming anger and flames of fire Yahweh’s anger is spoken of as if it were a storm or a fire. Alternate translation: “in anger that is like a storm and flames of fire” or “in great anger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 30 30 d2cp 0 with windstorm, rainstorm, and hailstones Alternate translation: “with storms full of wind, rain, and hail” ISA 30 30 ty89 0 hailstones hard pieces of ice that fall from the sky like rain ISA 30 31 aq83 figs-activepassive 0 For at the voice of Yahweh, Assyria will be shattered If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “For when Yahweh speaks he will shatter the soldiers of Assyria” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 30 31 x1az figs-metaphor 0 Assyria will be shattered Isaiah speaks of Assyria’s fear as if Assyria is an object that Yahweh’s voice shatters. Alternate translation: “Assyria will be terrified” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 30 31 h8gw figs-metonymy 0 Assyria Here this represents the soldiers of Assyria. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 30 32 w9ms figs-metaphor 0 Every stroke of the appointed rod that Yahweh will lay on them Yahweh causing an army to defeat the Assyrians is spoken of as if Yahweh would hit the Assyrians with a rod. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 30 32 wu2h figs-activepassive 0 will be accompanied If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the people of Judah will accompany it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 30 32 d8x2 0 tambourines This is a musical instrument with a head like a drum that can be hit and with pieces of metal around the side that sound when the instrument is shaken. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 5:12](../05/12.md). ISA 30 32 vj9i figs-metaphor 0 he battles and fights with them Yahweh causing the enemy army to defeat the Assyrians is spoken of as if Yahweh were a warrior who would fight along with the enemy army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 30 33 z2rq figs-activepassive 0 For a place of burning was prepared long ago If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “For long ago Yahweh prepared a place for burning” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 30 33 ry8p figs-explicit 0 a place of burning This phrase is the meaning of the word “Topheth.” Topheth is a place in the Hinnom Valley, south of Jerusalem, where at one time people burned their children as sacrifices to a false god. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 30 33 lpk7 figs-explicit 0 it is prepared for the king It is implied that this refers to the king of Assyria. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh prepared it for the king of Assyria” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 30 33 nue1 0 The pile is ready with a fire and much wood Alternate translation: “The pile is ready with much wood to make a fire” ISA 30 33 dbe3 figs-simile 0 The breath of Yahweh, like a stream of brimstone, will set it on fire This speaks of Yahweh’s breath as if it were a river of fire that will set the pile on fire. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 31 intro a5pj 0 # Isaiah 31 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>This chapter continues the series of “woes” against specific nations. It presents judgments against the people of Ephraim and Judah when they desired to make an alliance with Egypt. It also prophesies the destruction of Assyria. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/woe]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Trust<br>The people were to trust in Yahweh. Only he could provide them with protection. They were punished for their lack of trust when they were in trouble, but Yahweh only required that they trust him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “That day”<br>This is a common phrase in this section of Isaiah. This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. It pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]])<br><br>### Israel<br>The use of the term “Israel” in this chapter is in reference to the northern kingdom of Israel exclusively. ISA 31 1 mn6p 0 go down to Egypt The phrase “go down” is used here because Egypt is lower in Elevation than Jerusalem. ISA 31 1 u5k2 0 those who go down Alternate translation: “those people of Judah who go down” ISA 31 1 fq71 figs-metaphor 0 lean on horses This speaks about people relying on their horses to help them as if they were leaning on their horses. Alternate translation: “rely on their horses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 31 1 lv3b 0 Holy One of Israel See how you translated this name in [Isaiah 1:4](../01/04.md). ISA 31 1 p83a 0 nor do they seek Yahweh Alternate translation: “nor do they ask Yahweh to help them” ISA 31 2 rf4c figs-idiom 0 he will bring disaster Here the word “bring” means to “cause.” Alternate translation: “he will cause disasters to happen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 31 2 uq3q figs-metaphor 0 will not retract his words The phrase “retract his words” speaks of a person not fulfilling what they said they will do as if the words that he had said were something that he could pull back to himself. Here it says that Yahweh will not do this, meaning he will fulfill what he has said. Alternate translation: “he will do what he said he would do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 31 2 wni6 0 arise against Alternate translation: “punish” ISA 31 2 ncg3 figs-metonymy 0 evil house This refers to evil people who live there. Alternate translation: “all who do evil things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 31 3 qmy9 figs-metonymy 0 Egypt is a man Here Egypt refers to the soldiers of Egypt. Alternate translation: “The soldiers of Egypt are men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 31 3 al1h figs-explicit 0 their horses flesh and not spirit This means that their horses are only horses and not spiritual beings. Alternate translation: “their horses are only horses; they are not powerful spirits” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 31 3 ee2s figs-metonymy 0 When Yahweh reaches out with his hand The term “hand” is often used in reference to God’s power and action. Alternate translation: “When Yahweh uses his power against them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 31 3 b7mw figs-activepassive 0 both the one who helps will stumble, and the one who is helped will fall These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Stumbling and falling are metaphors of failing. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “these two things will happen: I will destroy Egypt, who helps you, and I will destroy you, whom Egypt helps” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 31 3 mv55 figs-activepassive 0 the one who is helped If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the one who is seeking help” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 31 4 t89b 0 General Information: Yahweh speaks to Isaiah. ISA 31 4 bfb4 figs-simile 0 As a lion … thus Yahweh of hosts “A lion … in the same way Yahweh of hosts.” Here Yahweh speaks of how he will defend the people who belong to him and not be scared away by comparing himself to a lion who guards it’s prey. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 31 4 j6qt 0 thus Yahweh of hosts will descend … that hill It may be more clear if you move the last line to before the first line: “Yahweh of hosts will descend to fight on Mount Zion, on that hill, as a lion, even a young lion” ISA 31 4 cwq4 figs-doublet 0 a lion, even a young lion “a female lion or killer lion.” This is a doublet with both phrase referring to a fierce lion. Alternate translation: “a lion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 31 4 e9kr 0 growls warns others to stay away ISA 31 4 vef8 figs-idiom 0 when a group of shepherds is called out against it The phrase “called out against it” means to be sent out to chase the lion away. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “when someone sends shepherds to chase the lion away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] or [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 31 4 i5s6 figs-explicit 0 from their sound The shepherds would make loud noises to try and chase away the lion. Alternate translation: “from the loud noises that they make” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 31 4 jrv6 figs-explicit 0 will descend “will come down.” This refers to descending from heaven. Alternate translation: “will come down from heaven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 31 4 wv7p figs-parallelism 0 on Mount Zion, on that hill Both of the phrases refer to Mount Zion. Alternate translation: “on Mount Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 31 5 yn4w figs-simile 0 Like birds in flight, so Yahweh of hosts will protect Jerusalem Here the way that Yahweh protects Jerusalem is compared to the way that a mother bird protects her baby birds in their nest. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 31 5 s9xj figs-metaphor 0 he will protect and rescue as he passes over it and preserves it This speaks of how Yahweh protects and rescues Jerusalem, describing him as a bird that flies over the city. Alternate translation: “he will protect and rescue the city from it’s enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 31 5 q5mx 0 Yahweh of hosts See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). ISA 31 5 hd1t figs-metonymy 0 Jerusalem This refers to the people who live there. Alternate translation: “the people of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 31 6 puw5 0 Return to him from whom you have deeply turned away Alternate translation: “Return to the one against whom you have rebelled” ISA 31 7 f2zn figs-synecdoche 0 that your own hands have sinfully made Here the people are referred to by their “hands” the emphasize that they made something with their hands. Alternate translation: “that you have sinned by making with you own hands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 31 8 vll3 figs-metonymy 0 Assyria will fall by the sword; a sword not wielded by man will consume him “Sword” refers to military might. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God’s sword, and not a man’s sword, will destroy the Assyrian army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 31 8 f6pa 0 He will flee Alternate translation: “The Assyrians will flee” ISA 31 8 ib91 figs-activepassive 0 his young men will be forced to do hard labor If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “enemies will capture their young men and force them to do hard labor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 31 9 cb3x figs-abstractnouns 0 They will lose all confidence because of terror The word “confidence” can be expressed with the adjective “confident.” The word “terror” can be expressed with the adjective “terrified.” Alternate translation: “They will no longer be confident because they are so terrified” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 31 9 eqd6 0 his princes Alternate translation: “their leaders” ISA 31 9 awn7 figs-parallelism 0 whose fire is in Zion and whose firepot is in Jerusalem Both of these clauses mean the same thing and are used together for emphasis. Here God’s presence and his power to judge and destroy are spoken of as if they were a fire. Alternate translation: “whose powerful presence is in Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 32 intro qg44 0 # Isaiah 32 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Reign of the Messiah<br>This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. It pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) ISA 32 1 bfx3 0 Look This word is used here to draw peoples’ attention to what is said next. Alternate translation: “Listen” ISA 32 2 he1m figs-simile 0 Each one will be like a shelter from the wind and a refuge from the storm This compares the king and princes who protect the people to a shelter. Alternate translation: “the rulers will protect the people like a shelter does in a storm” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 32 2 i91q figs-simile 0 like streams of water in a dry place This is another comparison that means that the rulers will provide for the needs of the people. Alternate translation: “they will provide for the people like streams of water in a dry place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 32 2 vxn9 figs-simile 0 like the shade of a great rock in a land of weariness This is another comparison that means that the rulers will provide comfort and rest for the people. Alternate translation: “they will provide rest for the people like a huge rock gives shade to weary people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 32 3 d51u figs-metaphor 0 Then the eyes … attentively Both of these phrases emphasize that the leaders will enable the people to understand God’s truth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 32 3 ile5 0 will not be dim Alternate translation: “will see clearly” ISA 32 4 byg3 figs-nominaladj 0 The rash … the stutterer This refers to people who act rashly and people who stutter. Alternate translation: “The rash person … the stuttering person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) ISA 32 5 dap4 figs-activepassive 0 The fool will no longer be called honorable If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “No one will give honor to the fool” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 32 5 zlq8 figs-activepassive 0 nor the deceiver called principled If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. “The deceiver” refers to a person who is deceptive. Alternate translation: “nor will anyone show respect to the person who deceives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) ISA 32 6 zh17 figs-nominaladj 0 For the fool speaks folly, and his heart plans evil “The fool” refers to foolish people. Also, “folly” and “evil” may be expressed as adjectives. Alternate translation: “For the foolish person says foolish things and his heart plans evil things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 32 6 z5gt figs-synecdoche 0 his heart plans evil Here the foolish person is referred to by his heart to emphasize his inner thoughts. Alternate translation: “he plans evil things in his heart” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 32 6 vd59 0 He makes The word “he” refers to the foolish person. ISA 32 6 y9ue figs-nominaladj 0 the hungry empty “The hungry” refers to hungry people. They are hungry because they have empty stomachs. Alternate translation: “the hungry person have an empty stomach” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 32 6 b6mz figs-nominaladj 0 the thirsty he causes to lack drink “The thirsty” refers to people who are thirsty. Alternate translation: “he causes the thirsty person to have nothing to drink” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) ISA 32 7 br91 figs-nominaladj 0 The deceiver’s This refers to a person who deceives others. Alternate translation: “The deceptive person’s” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) ISA 32 7 fwx8 figs-nominaladj 0 to ruin the poor with lies “The poor” refers to poor people. Also, the phrase “to ruin” does not means to kill them but to harm them by telling lies about them. Alternate translation: “to harm the poor people by telling lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) ISA 32 8 em4r figs-idiom 0 he will stand This means that he will be successful. Alternate translation: “he will be successful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 32 9 ut5j 0 Rise up Alternate translation: “Stand up” or “Pay attention” ISA 32 9 a31y 0 at ease Alternate translation: “secure” or “carefree” ISA 32 9 yi6d figs-metonymy 0 my voice Isaiah refers to himself by his voice to emphasize what he says. Alternate translation: “me speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 32 10 g6m5 figs-activepassive 0 your confidence will be broken If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Also, Isaiah speaks of them no longer being confident as if their confidence were a physical object that is broken. Alternate translation: “you will no longer be confident” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 32 10 t219 figs-explicit 0 the grape harvest will fail This means that there would not be good grapes to harvest. Alternate translation: “there will be no grapes for you to harvest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 32 10 d5c3 0 the ingathering will not come Alternate translation: “the time for gathering crops will not happen” ISA 32 11 aq71 0 Tremble shake from fear ISA 32 11 m37x 0 at ease Alternate translation: “secure” or “carefree” ISA 32 11 suv5 figs-explicit 0 take off your fine clothes and make yourselves bare Here “bare” does not necessarily mean naked, but to wear minimal covering such as undergarments. Alternate translation: “take off you fine clothes and make yourself unclothed” or “take off your fancy clothes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 32 11 dhb7 translate-symaction 0 put on sackcloth around your waists This is an act of grieving or mourning. Alternate translation: “put sackcloth around waists as you grieve” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) ISA 32 12 n8hm figs-explicit 0 You will wail for the pleasant fields, for the fruitful vines This means that they will cry out loudly as they grieve what happens to their fruitful fields and vines. Alternate translation: “You will wail because of what happens to your pleasant fields and fruitful vines” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 32 13 t131 0 thorns and briers See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 5:6](../05/06.md). ISA 32 13 prc1 figs-personification 0 the once joyful houses Here the houses are described as joyful because of the joyful people in them. Alternate translation: “your houses where you were once joyful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 32 13 az82 0 the city of revelry “your joyful city.” The word “revelry” means celebrating and partying. ISA 32 14 ftk1 figs-activepassive 0 For the palace will be forsaken, the crowded city will be deserted If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “For the people will forsake the palace and the crowds will abandon the city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 32 14 ut34 figs-metonymy 0 the hill This refers to the fort built on the top of the hill. Alternate translation: “the fort on the hill” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 32 14 l4wz figs-explicit 0 the hill and the watchtower will become caves This speaks of the fort and the watchtower being abandoned as if they became caves. Alternate translation: “the hill and the watchtower will become abandoned and empty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 32 14 g5yl figs-explicit 0 a joy of wild donkeys, a pasture of flocks This means the these animals will enjoy the grass that grows among the abandon fort and watchtower. Alternate translation: “the wild donkeys and the flocks of sheep will eat the grass there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 32 14 x8t3 figs-hyperbole 0 forever This is an exaggeration for a very long time. Alternate translation: “an extremely long time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) ISA 32 15 ai5k figs-activepassive 0 until the Spirit is poured If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “until Yahweh pours the Spirit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 32 15 m9lm figs-metaphor 0 the Spirit is poured on us This speaks of Yahweh giving him Spirit to his people as if his Spirit were a liquid that he would pour on them. Alternate translation: “the Spirit is given to us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 32 15 f3x2 figs-metonymy 0 from on high Here heaven is referred to as “on high.” Alternate translation: “from heaven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 32 15 i9yh figs-activepassive 0 the fruitful field is considered as a forest This can be written in active form. This compares how overly bountiful the fruitful fields are by comparing them to a thick, dense forest. Alternate translation: “people will say that the fruitful fields have grown thick like a forest” or “the fruitful fields will be overly bountiful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 32 16 uzl5 figs-personification 0 justice will reside … righteousness will live Isaiah describes “justice” and “righteousness” as a person who lives in these places. This means the people who live in these places will do what is just and right. Alternate translation: “people will act justly in the wilderness and people will act righteously in the fertile fields (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 32 17 w4zs figs-parallelism 0 The work of righteousness will be peace; and the result of righteousness, quietness and confidence forever These two phrases are parallel and both give results of righteousness. These can be combined. Alternate translation: “The result of people acting righteously is that there will be peace, and quietness, and confidence forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 32 18 q9gf 0 habitation place where people live ISA 32 19 xzc9 0 hails See how you translated this in [Isaiah 28:2](../28/02.md). ISA 32 19 stg9 figs-activepassive 0 the forest is destroyed, and the city is completely annihilated If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “it destroys the forest and completely destroys the city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 32 20 wd7c figs-activepassive 0 you who sow beside all the streams will be blessed, you who send out your ox and donkey to graze If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. This refers to Yahweh blessing all of his people and speaks of the things that are normal for his people to do. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will bless you, as you plant your crops in fields alongside the streams and as you send out your ox and donkey to graze in the pasture” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 33 intro bx2g 0 # Isaiah 33 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>This chapter continues the series of “woes.” It speaks against ungodly or evil people in general. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/woe]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) ISA 33 1 uq8j figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks in poetry for Yahweh to the Assyrians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 33 1 vi89 figs-activepassive 0 who has not been destroyed If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “whom others have not destroyed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 33 1 uz7b figs-activepassive 0 you will be destroyed If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “others will destroy you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 33 1 t9ig 0 they will betray Alternate translation: “others will betray” ISA 33 2 ktn1 figs-metonymy 0 be our arm Here Yahweh’s arm refers to his strength. This speaks of Yahweh strengthening them as if Yahweh would use his strength to act for them. Alternate translation: “give us strength” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 33 2 k72t figs-synecdoche 0 every morning This refers to the whole day, not just the morning. Alternate translation: “every day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 33 2 zfi5 figs-ellipsis 0 our salvation This understood verb “be” may be supplied. Also, the word “salvation” may be expressed with the verb “save.” Alternate translation: “be our salvation” or “save us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 33 2 vt7m figs-possession 0 in the time of trouble This refers to the times when they are experiencing trouble. Alternate translation: ““when we have troubles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) ISA 33 3 bxw1 figs-explicit 0 At the loud noise the peoples flee Possible meanings of **the loud noise** are: (1) it refers to Yahweh’s voice. Alternate translation: “The peoples flee at the sound of your loud voice” or (2) it refers the loud sounds of Yahweh’s army. Alternate translation: “The people flee at the sound of your army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 33 3 mt58 figs-idiom 0 arise This means to begin doing something. Alternate translation: “begin acting” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 33 3 bws5 figs-activepassive 0 the nations are scattered This can be written in active form. Alternate translation: “the nations scatter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 33 4 jx3k figs-simile 0 Your spoil is gathered as the locusts gather; as locusts leap, men leap on it This compares how quick and eager Yahweh’s people are when they gather the spoils from their enemies to the eagerness of locusts when they gather food. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Your people gather spoils from your enemies with the same fierceness as the locusts have who devour green plants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 33 5 bu33 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah. ISA 33 5 f7z4 figs-activepassive 0 Yahweh is exalted If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is greater than anyone else” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 33 5 gk4n figs-metaphor 0 He will fill Zion with justice and righteousness This speaks of Yahweh ruling Zion with his justice and righteousness as if he were filling Zion with justice and righteousness. Alternate translation: “He will rule Zion with justice and righteousness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 33 6 gy6i figs-metaphor 0 He will be the stability in your times This speaks of Yahweh causing his people to be secure as if he were the stability himself. The phrase “your times” refers to their lives. Alternate translation: “He will make you secure all your lives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 33 6 fe6y figs-ellipsis 0 abundance of salvation, wisdom, and knowledge This refers to the things that Yahweh will give to them. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **salvation**, you could express the same idea with the verb “save.” The abstract nouns “wisdom” and “knowledge” can be expressed with adjectives. Alternate translation: “and he will give you an abundance of salvation, wisdom, and knowledge” or “he will save you and cause you to be very wise and knowledgeable” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 33 6 p3md figs-metaphor 0 the fear of Yahweh is his treasure This speaks of fearing Yahweh as if it were a treasure that Yahweh gives his people. Alternate translation: “revering Yahweh will be like a valuable treasure that he will give to you” or “to fear Yahweh will be as valuable to you as a treasure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 33 7 f6lb 0 Look This word is used here to draw peoples’ attention to what is said next. It is also used here to mark a new section in the book. Alternate translation: “Listen” ISA 33 7 e9rq 0 envoys messengers ISA 33 7 m76k figs-explicit 0 the diplomats hoping for peace weep bitterly This means they weep because they do not succeed in making peace. Alternate translation: “the diplomats hope for peace but they do not succeed and so they weep bitterly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 33 8 pf64 figs-parallelism 0 The highways are deserted; there are no more travelers Both of the phrases emphasize that there are no travelers on the highways. These can be combined and stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People no longer travel on the highways” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 33 8 ftm2 figs-activepassive 0 Covenants are broken, witnesses are despised, and mankind is not respected This passage may refer to general conditions of corruption in Israel, or it may refer to the nation’s inability to make reliable peace treaties with Assyria. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “People break covenants that they have made, people ignore the testimony of witnesses, and people do not respect one another” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 33 9 czb9 figs-personification 0 The land mourns and withers away This speaks of the land becoming dry as if it were a person mourning. Alternate translation: “The land becomes dry and its plants wither away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 33 9 na5c figs-metonymy 0 Lebanon is ashamed and withers away Here “Lebanon” represents Lebanon’s trees. This speaks of the trees withering and decaying as if they were a person who is ashamed. Alternate translation: “Lebanon’s trees wither and decay” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 33 9 d8ct 0 Sharon … Bashan … Carmel Many trees and flowers once grew in these places. ISA 33 9 dj2w figs-simile 0 Sharon is like a desert plain This compares how dry Sharon is to a desert plain. Alternate translation: “Sharon is as dry as a desert plain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 33 9 aiz6 figs-synecdoche 0 Bashan and Carmel shake off their leaves Here Bashan and Carmel are represented by their trees. Alternate translation: “there are no more leaves on the trees in Bashan and Carmel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 33 10 d6gh figs-metaphor 0 will I arise To arise or stand up is a metaphor for no longer watching and thinking and instead beginning to act. Alternate translation: “will I begin to act” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 33 10 gmq4 figs-activepassive 0 now I will be lifted up; now I will be elevated If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. These two phrases have basically the same meaning and emphasize Yahweh being exalted. Alternate translation: “now I will exalt myself and show that I deserve for everyone to honor me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 33 11 il71 figs-metaphor 0 You conceive chaff, and you give birth to stubble This speaks of the Assyrians making plans as if they were conceiving and giving birth to their plans as a mother gives birth to a baby. This speaks of their plans being useless by comparing them to chaff. Alternate translation: “You make plans that are as useless as chaff and straw” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 33 11 m839 0 stubble The dry pieces of plants that are left in the ground after the stalks have been cut. ISA 33 11 f2w8 figs-metonymy 0 your breath is a fire that will consume you Here the Assyrians’ plans are referred to as their “breath.” This speaks of their plans causing them to die as if their plans would literally burn up their bodies. Alternate translation: “your plans will cause you to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 33 12 q832 figs-simile 0 The peoples will be burned to lime, as thornbushes are cut down and are burned This compares how the peoples’ dead bodies will be burned to the way thornbushes are burned. Also, If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Fire will burn the peoples’ bodies to lime in the same way that a farmer cuts down thornbushes and burns them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 33 12 k121 0 lime the ashes from burned bones ISA 33 13 qf2k figs-merism 0 You who are far away, hear what I have done; and, you who are near, acknowledge my might Yahweh uses the words “far away” and “near” to mean all people. The word “might” can be expressed with the adjective “mighty.” Alternate translation: “All people everywhere hear what I have done and acknowledge that I am mighty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 33 14 hr7p figs-personification 0 trembling has seized the godless ones This speaks of the godless people trembling as if their trembling were an enemy that had seized them. Alternate translation: “the godless ones are overwhelmed with trembling” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 33 14 l4yq figs-explicit 0 Who among us … burnings? It is implied that the sinners in Zion ask these questions. Alternate translation: “They say, ‘Who among us … burnings?’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 33 14 p2p3 figs-rquestion 0 Who among us can sojourn with a raging fire? Who among us can sojourn with everlasting burnings? These rhetorial questions have basically the same meaning and emphasize that no one can live with fire. Here fire represents Yahweh’s judgment. Alternate translation: “No one can live with raging fire! No one can live with everylasting burns!” or “No one can live bearing Yahweh’s judgment, it is like an everlasting fire!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 33 14 n2zl 0 sojourn live in a place that is not one’s home ISA 33 15 a3sk figs-idiom 0 He who walks Here walking refers to living. Alternate translation: “He who lives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 33 15 kmw5 figs-abstractnouns 0 who despises the gain of oppression The noun phrase “the gain of oppression” can be expressed as a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “who hates the riches that come from harming other people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 33 16 jr9e figs-metaphor 0 this is the man who will dwell on the heights, his place of defense will be the fortress among the cliffs This speaks of the man being safe as if he lived in a home on a high hill. These two phrase are parallel and the second phrase describes the place where the man lives. Alternate translation: “he will be safe, like a man who home is built on a high hill, in a rocky place that is easy to defend” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 33 16 t3ae figs-metonymy 0 the heights This refers to a high hill or mountainside. Alternate translation: “the high hill” or “the mountainside” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 33 16 p4zt figs-metaphor 0 the fortress among the cliffs This speaks of rocky areas that are easy to defend as if they were actually fortresses. Alternate translation: “the large piles of rocks” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 33 16 v96k 0 will be in steady supply Alternate translation: “will always be available” ISA 33 17 vd1r figs-synecdoche 0 Your eyes will see … they will see This refers the audience by their “eyes.” Alternate translation: “You will see … you will see” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 33 17 d8s5 figs-metonymy 0 the king in his beauty The king’s royal robes are referred to as “his beauty.” Alternate translation: “the king in his beautiful robes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 33 18 h85u figs-synecdoche 0 Your heart will recall the terror This refers to the audience by their “hearts.” “The terror” refers to their war with the Assyrians. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “You will remember the terror that the Assyrians caused you when they attacked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 33 18 m1ib figs-rquestion 0 where is the scribe, where is he who weighed the money? Where is he who counted the towers? These rhetorical question are asked to emphasize that the Assyrian officials are gone. These questions may be written as statements. Alternate translation: “The officers of Assyria who counted the tax money that we were forced to pay to them have disappeared! Those men who counted our towers are gone!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 33 18 v7nn 0 weighed the money Money was valuable metal; its value was determined by its weight. ISA 33 19 b6t2 0 the defiant people, a people of a strange language that you do not understand Alternate translation: “a fierce people who speak a language that you do not understand” ISA 33 20 ex3i figs-possession 0 the city of our feasts This means that they have their festival and feasts at this city. Alternate translation: “the city where we have our feasts” or “they city where we celebrate our festivals” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) ISA 33 20 gq29 figs-synecdoche 0 your eyes will see The people are referred to by their “eyes” to emphasize what they are seeing. Alternate translation: “you will see” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 33 20 tj7h figs-metaphor 0 a tent that will not be removed This speaks of Zion being secure and well establish as if it were secure tent. This can be stated in active form and written as a new sentence. Alternate translation: “it will be secure, like a tent that no one will ever remove” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 33 20 z75i figs-metaphor 0 whose stakes will never be pulled up nor will any of its cords be broken This is part of the metaphor that compares Zion to a secure tent. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “whose stakes no one will ever pull up and whose cords no one will ever break” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 33 21 js4c figs-exclusive 0 Yahweh in majesty will be with us, in a place of broad rivers and streams Here “us” refers to Isaiah and includes the people of Judah. This speaks of the safety of living with Yahweh as if it were a place that has rivers around it so that enemies cannot attack it. Alternate translation: “Yahweh who is majestic will be with us, and we will be safe as if we were in a place surrounded by broad rivers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 33 21 z6si 0 will travel it Alternate translation: “will travel the river” ISA 33 22 x9zc figs-exclusive 0 our … us This refers to Isaiah and includes the people of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ISA 33 23 er96 figs-metaphor 0 Your riggings are slack; they cannot hold the mast in place; they cannot spread the sail This could mean: (1) The Assyrian army is like a boat that is unable to move through the water: the ropes that support the mast and sail have come loose and no longer support the mast, so the sail is useless ([Isaiah 33:1](../33/01.md)) or (2) the people of Judah are no longer at war: “You have loosened the cords that supported your flagpole; the flag no longer flies” ([Isaiah 33:17](./17.md)-[Isaiah 22](./22.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 33 23 b3bn 0 mast tall poles that support the sail ISA 33 23 l3q9 0 sail a large cloth that fills with wind and moves a boat through the water ISA 33 23 a64j figs-activepassive 0 when the great spoil is divided If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “when they divide the treasure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 33 23 tx7c figs-nominaladj 0 the lame This refers to people who are cannot walk. Alternate translation: “those who are lame” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) ISA 33 24 brw9 figs-activepassive 0 the people who live there will be forgiven for their iniquity If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will forgive the sins of the people who live there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 34 intro rp2m 0 # Isaiah 34 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Destruction<br>There are many images used in this chapter which describe destruction. Here each of these metaphors describes complete destruction. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Prophecy<br><br>This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. It pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) ISA 34 1 l8gx figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Yahweh is speaking in poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 34 1 xx72 figs-personification 0 The earth and all that fills it must listen, the world, and all things that come from it Here the earth is spoken of as being required to listen to Yahweh to emphasize that it is under Yahweh’s authority. These two parallel phrases are metonyms for all the people who live in the world. Alternate translation: “In all places everywhere on earth, everyone must listen to what I say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 34 1 q1g4 figs-ellipsis 0 the world, and all things that come from it This is the second of two parallel phrases. The understood words may be supplied in this phrase. Alternate translation: “the world, and all things that come from it must listen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ISA 34 2 maf7 figs-pastforfuture 0 he has completely destroyed them, he has handed them over to the slaughter Often prophets speak of things that will happen in the future as if they have already happened. This emphasizes the event will certainly happen. Alternate translation: “he will completely destroy them, he will give them over to the slaughter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) ISA 34 3 g8nr figs-activepassive 0 The bodies of their dead will be thrown out If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “No one will bury their dead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 34 3 kc9q figs-nominaladj 0 their dead This refers to the dead people. Alternate translation: “those who died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) ISA 34 3 alg3 0 the mountains will soak up their blood Alternate translation: “the mountains will be covered in their blood” ISA 34 4 ta5s figs-activepassive 0 the sky will be rolled up like a scroll If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. This compares what Yahweh will do to the sky to a person rolling up a scroll. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will roll up the sky in the same way that a person rolls up a scroll” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 34 4 g3vj figs-simile 0 all their stars will fade away, as the leaf fades from off the vine, and as the overripe figs from the fig tree This emphasizes even the things in the sky that people thought would be there forever will fall as easily as a leaf. Alternate translation: “all the stars will fall from the sky like a leaf falls from a vine or a fig falls from a tree” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 34 5 zep4 figs-metaphor 0 when my sword will have drunk its fill in heaven Yahweh describes himself as a warrior bearing a sword. The phrase “drunk its fill” speaks of Yahweh’s sword as if it were a person who has eaten and become satisfied. Yahweh uses this imagery to emphasize that there will be a lot of destruction in heaven and to state its completion. Alternate translation: “when I am finished destroying things in heaven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 34 5 zs1y 0 look This word is used here to draw the listener’s attention and to have them imagine the things being said. Alternate translation: “listen” or “and then” ISA 34 5 dh31 figs-metaphor 0 it will now come down on Edom, on the people I am setting apart for destruction The word “it” refers to Yahweh’s sword. This continues the metaphor about Yahweh destroying things with a sword. Alternate translation: “I will come to punish the people of Edom, the people whom I have set aside for me to destroy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 34 5 n7uq figs-metonymy 0 on Edom Edom refers to the people who live there. Alternate translation: “on the people of Edom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 34 6 z82l figs-metaphor 0 The sword of Yahweh is dripping with blood and covered with fat … of rams This speaks of Yahweh killing the people as if he were a priest sacrificing animals. He does this by describing the sword of a priest. Alternate translation: “Yahweh sacrifices them as a priest sacrifices animals, whose sword drips with the blood and fat of lambs, goats, and rams” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 34 6 e9tg figs-abstractnouns 0 For Yahweh has a sacrifice in Bozrah and a great slaughter in the land of Edom The words “sacrifice” and “slaughter” may be expressed here as verbs. Alternate translation: “For Yahweh will sacrifice many people in Bozrah and kill many people in the land of Edom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 34 6 hx1f translate-names 0 Bozrah This is an important city in Edom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 34 7 ruc9 0 will fall Alternate translation: “will die” ISA 34 7 x9xv figs-personification 0 Their land will be drunk with blood This describes the amount of blood that will soak into the ground by comparing the land to a drunk person. Alternate translation: “Their land will be soaked with blood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 34 7 cw9p figs-personification 0 their dust made fat with fatness Here “dust” means the dirt on the ground. This describes the amount of fat that will soak into the dirt by comparing it to a person that has become fat from eating so much animal fat. Alternate translation: “the dirt will be full of the fat of the animals” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 34 8 ypt1 figs-idiom 0 it will be a day of vengeance for Yahweh Here “day” is an idiom for a point in time; it is not a literal “day.” Alternate translation: “it will be the time when Yahweh gets revenge” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 34 8 f6ru figs-explicit 0 he will pay them back for the cause of Zion This means that he will take revenge on them for how they had previously waged war against the people of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “he will give them the punishment they deserve for what they had done to the people of Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 34 9 b8cq figs-metaphor 0 The streams of Edom will be turned into pitch … become burning pitch The water and land becoming useless for drinking or growing food because it is burnt and covered in pitch and sulfur is spoken of as if their streams and land will actually become pitch and sulfur. Alternate translation: “The streams in Edom will be full of pitch and the ground will be covered with burning sulfur and burning pitch” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 34 9 yfh4 0 her dust … her land Alternate translation: “Edom’s dust … Edom’s land” ISA 34 9 fd7g 0 pitch a thick, black substance that burns for a long time ISA 34 10 smi7 figs-merism 0 It will burn night and day This means all of the time. Alternate translation: “It will burn throughout the night and the day” or “It will burn constantly, all night and all day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) ISA 34 10 tvh4 figs-idiom 0 from generation to generation The phrase “generation to generation” refers to all generations of people who will live in the future. See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 13:20](../13/20.md). Alternate translation: “forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 34 11 yd3v 0 will live there Alternate translation: “will live in the land of Edom” ISA 34 11 drt9 0 owl See how you translated this in [Isaiah 13:21](../13/21.md). ISA 34 11 q1gl 0 raven This is a large black bird. It is difficult to identify some of the precise kinds of birds mentioned in this passage. However, they were all birds that preferred to live in places where there were no people, so they symbolize deserted places. ISA 34 11 p68y 0 in it “there.” This refers to Edom. ISA 34 11 pgr3 figs-metaphor 0 He will stretch over it the measuring line of ruin and the plumbline of destruction This speaks of Yahweh as if he were a careful builder as he causes destruction in Edom. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will measure that land carefully; he will measure it to decide where to cause ruin and destruction” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 34 11 z1ph 0 measuring line … plumbline These are builders’ tools. See how you translated similar words in [Isaiah 28:17](../28/17.md). ISA 34 12 xsb8 0 Her nobles … her princes Alternate translation: “The nobles of Edom … the princes of Edom” ISA 34 12 t7ih figs-hyperbole 0 all her princes will be nothing This exaggerates the princes losing their royal status by saying that they will become nothing. Alternate translation: “all her princes will no longer rule” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) ISA 34 13 ayh3 0 Thorns … nettles … thistles These are all weeds with thorns. Nettles’ thorns have poison that causes itching. ISA 34 13 pt3i 0 jackals Translate the name of this animal the same as you did in [Isaiah 13:22](../13/22.md). ISA 34 13 f3r8 0 ostriches Translate the name of this animal the same as you did in [Isaiah 13:21](../13/21.md). ISA 34 14 je4l 0 wild animals Translate this the same as you did in [Isaiah 13:21](../13/21.md). ISA 34 14 p32p 0 hyenas Translate the name of this animal as you did in [Isaiah 13:22](../13/22.md). ISA 34 14 y56u 0 Nocturnal animals animals that are awake and active at night ISA 34 15 z2sp 0 Owls Translate this word the same as you did in [Isaiah 13:21](../13/21.md). ISA 34 15 ty8k 0 hawks birds that kill small animals for food ISA 34 16 qji5 figs-possession 0 Search through the scroll of Yahweh The phrase “the scroll of Yahweh” means that it contains the messages spoken by Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Read carefully what is written in this scroll that contains the messages of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) ISA 34 16 me3v 0 not one of these Alternate translation: “not one of the animals” ISA 34 16 w98b figs-doublenegatives 0 None will lack for a mate This can be written as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “Each animal will have a mate” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) ISA 34 16 zh4w figs-synecdoche 0 for his mouth has commanded it Yahweh is referred to by his “mouth” to emphasize what he has said. Alternate translation: “for Yahweh has commanded it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 34 17 wiz7 figs-metaphor 0 He has cast lots for their places This speaks of Yahweh deciding where to cause the animals to live as if he actually cast lots for their places. Alternate translation: “He has determined where they will live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 34 17 n3hj figs-metaphor 0 his hand has measured it out for them by a cord This refers to the way that people measured things in biblical times. Alternate translation: “he has given the animals their places” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 34 17 f3tu figs-idiom 0 from generation to generation they will The phrase “generation to generation” refers to all generations of people who will live in the future. See how you translated the phrase “from generation to generation” in [Isaiah 13:20](../13/20.md). Alternate translation: “forever they will” or “they will always” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 35 intro wlq4 0 # Isaiah 35 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Reign of the Messiah<br>This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. It pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) ISA 35 1 s4b3 figs-personification 0 The wilderness and the Arabah will be glad; and the desert will rejoice These two phrases have basically the same meaning. These places are described as being glad, like a person is glad, because they have received water and are blossoming. Alternate translation: “It will be like the wilderness and the Arabah are glad and the desert will rejoice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 35 1 pis9 figs-synecdoche 0 blossom This speaks of the plants in the desert blossoming as if the desert itself were blossoming. Alternate translation: “its plants will blossom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 35 2 f7wa figs-simile 0 it will blossom abundantly This compares the way the plants of the desert blossom to the way a rose (verse 1) has many blossoms. Alternate translation: “The desert will grow many new plants and trees” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 35 2 eqm8 figs-personification 0 and rejoice with joy and singing This speaks of the desert as if it were happy and singing like a person. Alternate translation: “it will be as though everything is rejoicing and singing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 35 2 tt4e figs-activepassive 0 the glory of Lebanon will be given to it If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. This speaks of Yahweh making the desert looks as glorious as Lebanon as if he were giving the desert Lebanon’s glory. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will give it the glory of Lebanon” or “Yahweh will make it as glorious as Lebanon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 35 2 cy7n figs-metaphor 0 the splendor of Carmel and Sharon This speaks of Yahweh making the desert look beautiful as Carmel and Sharon as if he were giving the desert their splendor. The understood information may be supplied. Alternate translation: “the splendor of Carmel and Sharon will be given to it” or “Yahweh will make it as splendid as Carmel and Sharon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ISA 35 2 y6hb figs-doublet 0 the glory of Yahweh, the splendor of our God These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize Yahweh’s appearance. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 35 3 qfp3 0 General Information: Isaiah is speaking to the people of Judah. ISA 35 3 f8st figs-synecdoche 0 Strengthen the weak hands, and steady the knees that shake. The words “weak hands” and “knees that shake” represent a person who is fearful. Alternate translation: “Strengthen those whose hands are weak and whose knees shake from fear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 35 4 duk7 figs-synecdoche 0 those with a fearful heart Here people are referred to by their hearts, which emphasize their inner feelings. Alternate translation: “to those who are fearful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 35 4 byx6 0 Look This is used here to draw the listeners’ attention to what is said next. Alternate translation: “Listen” ISA 35 4 yx44 figs-abstractnouns 0 your God will come with vengeance, with the recompense of God This can be reworded so that the abstract nouns “vengeance” and “recompense” are expressed as the verb “punish.” The words “vengeance” and “recompense” mean the same thing and emphasize that God will punish Judah’s enemies. Alternate translation: “your God will punish your enemies for what they have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 35 5 n48l 0 General Information: These verses begin a description of the glorious future for God’s people. ISA 35 5 qq2t figs-nominaladj 0 the eyes of the blind will see “The blind” refers to people who are blind. They are referred to by their “eyes” to emphasize their healing. Alternate translation: “blind people will see” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 35 5 n5na figs-nominaladj 0 the ears of the deaf will hear “The deaf” refers to people who cannot hear. They are referred to by their “ears” to emphasize their healing. Alternate translation: “deaf people will hear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 35 6 tk9j figs-simile 0 the lame man will leap like a deer Deer can jump far and high. Jumping like a deer is an exaggeration for being able to move about quickly and easily. Alternate translation: “the lame man will jump high” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) ISA 35 6 jfl8 figs-synecdoche 0 the mute tongue will sing This refers to people who cannot speak. They are referred to by their “tongues” to emphasize their healing. Alternate translation: “mute people will sing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 35 6 hbh2 figs-ellipsis 0 streams in the wilderness The understood verb may be supplied. Alternate translation: “streams will flow in the wilderness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ISA 35 7 szb4 figs-explicit 0 The burning sand will become a pool This means that a pool of water will appear in the hot sand. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “A pool will appear in the burning sand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 35 7 jn3e figs-personification 0 the thirsty ground Here the dry ground is described as being thirsty. Alternate translation: “the dry ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 35 7 y4rh figs-explicit 0 the thirsty ground springs of water This means that springs will appear in the dry ground. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “springs of water will appear in the thirsty ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 35 7 f1uj 0 jackals See how you translated this in [Isaiah 13:22](../13/22.md). ISA 35 7 u1py 0 reeds and rushes These are plants that grow in wet areas. ISA 35 8 c1ji 0 General Information: These verses continue the description of the glorious future for God’s people. ISA 35 8 cz9h figs-activepassive 0 A highway will be there called The Holy Way If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “A highway will be there that has the name The Holy Way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 35 8 sy7r 0 highway See how you translated this word in [Isaiah 11:16](../11/16.md). ISA 35 8 ese5 figs-nominaladj 0 The unclean This refers to unclean people. A person who God considers spiritually unacceptable or defiled is spoken of as if the person were physically unclean. Alternate translation: “Those who are unclean” or “People who are not acceptable to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 35 8 nfa5 figs-idiom 0 him who walks in it This is an idiom. Here “walking” refers to “living.” This refers to the person who lives a holy life. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “who lives in the holy way” or “who lives a holy life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 35 9 ns9h figs-activepassive 0 they will not be found there If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “no one will find them there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 35 9 aui1 figs-nominaladj 0 the redeemed This refers to people who God has redeemed. Alternate translation: “those who are redeemed” or “those who God has redeemed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) ISA 35 10 s1di figs-nominaladj 0 The ransomed of Yahweh To “ransom” means to “rescue.” This refers to people whom Yahweh has rescued. Alternate translation: “Those whom Yahweh has rescued” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) ISA 35 10 q3ha figs-synecdoche 0 everlasting joy will be on their heads This uses a person’s head to mean the person as a whole. Alternate translation: “they will have everlasting joy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 35 10 x841 figs-doublet 0 gladness and joy … sorrow and sighing The words “gladness” and “joy” mean basically the same thing, as do “sorrow” and “sighing.” Together they emphasize the intensity of these emotions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 35 10 b5lz figs-personification 0 gladness and joy will overtake them This speaks of the people being overwhelmed by gladness and joy by giving these emotions the human quality of being able to overtake someone by force. Alternate translation: “they will be overwhelmed by joy and gladness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 35 10 d5f7 figs-personification 0 sorrow and sighing will flee away This speaks of the people no longer being sorrowful and sighing by giving these emotions the human ability to run away. Alternate translation: “they will no longer be sorrowful and sighing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 36 intro r5x3 0 # Isaiah 36 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>The previous chapters have been constructed as prophecy and contain many poetic elements. This chapter switches to a narrative and is a discussion between the officials from Assyria and Judah. To make the meaning clear here, it may be helpful to set apart the extended quotations by setting them farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Trust<br><br>The people of Judah were to trust in Yahweh because only he could provide them with protection. The people of Jerusalem were protected because they trusted in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Rhetorical Questions<br>The Assyrian commanders use rhetorical questions in this chapter to mock or insult Judah and their God, Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 36 1 v35t translate-ordinal 0 the fourteenth year “year 14” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) ISA 36 1 jr4c 0 King Hezekiah See how you translated the name of this king in [Isaiah 1:1](../01/01.md). ISA 36 1 np79 translate-names 0 Sennacherib This is the name of the king of Assyria. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 36 1 y3xq figs-synecdoche 0 Sennacherib … attacked all the fortified cities Here Sennacherib represents himself and his army. Alternate translation: “Sennacherib and his army … attacked all the fortified cities” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 36 2 df93 0 the chief commander Some versions of the Bible translate this as “the Rabshakeh.” This is the Assyrian word for one of the highest ranking military leaders in Assyria. ISA 36 2 yz32 translate-names 0 Lachish This is a city southwest of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 36 2 xgl3 0 conduit man-made ditch or tunnel through which water flows. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 7:3](../07/03.md). ISA 36 2 su6h translate-names 0 the launderers’ field This could mean: (1) this is the proper name by which the people called the field or (2) this is the common noun that the people used to talk about the field, “the launderers’ field” or “the field where men wash wool” or “the field where women wash clothes.” See how you translated this in [Isaiah 7:3](../07/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 36 2 ilm6 translate-names 0 the launderers’ field Here, **the launderers** are either: (1) men who wash wool that someone has cut from the sheep, “wool washers field,” or (2) women who wash dirty clothes, “clothes washers field.” See how you translated this in [Isaiah 7:3](../07/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 36 3 in74 translate-names 0 Hilkiah … Eliakim See how you translated these men’s names in [Isaiah 22:20](../22/20.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 36 3 pc89 translate-names 0 Shebna See how you translated this man’s name in [Isaiah 22:15](../22/15.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 36 3 ch95 translate-names 0 Asaph … Joah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 36 4 js58 0 said to them Alternate translation: “said to Eliakim, Shebna, and Joah” ISA 36 4 p18f figs-rquestion 0 What is the source of your confidence? The king of Assyria uses this question to challenge Hezekiah and to say that he does not have a good source for confidence. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “You have no reliable source for your confidence.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 36 5 qam5 figs-metonymy 0 there is counsel and strength for war “you have the council and the strength to go to war.” The phrase “strength for war” refers to having a large enough and strong enough army with weapons. Alternate translation: “you have enough military council, strong men, and weapons to go to war” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 36 5 cx3g figs-rquestion 0 Now in whom are you trusting? Who has given you courage to rebel against me? The king of Assyria uses questions to ridicule Hezekiah for believing he has the strength to rebel. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “No matter in whom you trust, you will not have the courage to rebel against me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 36 6 e9jq 0 Look Sennacherib uses this word to draw Hezekiah’s attention to what he says next. Alternate translation: “Listen” ISA 36 6 riv6 figs-metonymy 0 trusting in Egypt Here “Egypt” refers to the Egyptian army. Alternate translation: “trusting in the Egyptian army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 36 6 p2hf figs-metaphor 0 that splintered reed that you use as a walking staff, but if a man leans on it, it will stick into his hand and pierce it This speaks of Egypt, specifically its army and its Pharaoh, as if it were a splintered reed to emphasize that relying on them would not help them but would only harm them. Alternate translation: “that is like walking with a splintered reed for a staff. If a man leans on it, it will stick into his hand and pierce it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 36 6 ha6p 0 splintered reed A reed is the long, thin stem of a plant like tall grass. If it is splintered or damaged it cannot carry any weight. ISA 36 6 d7dx 0 walking staff This is a stick that someone would use for support when walking, made of whatever kind of tree limb that is found along the way. ISA 36 7 rnl2 figs-rquestion 0 is not he the one whose high places and altars Hezekiah has taken away … Jerusalem”? The king of Assyria uses this question to ridicule the people and to imply that Yahweh was angry about what Hezekiah did and would not protect them. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “he is the one whose high places and altars Hezekiah has taken away … Jerusalem.” or “he is the one whom Hezekiah insulted by tearing down his high places and altars … Jerusalem.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 36 7 dd7s figs-quotations 0 has said to Judah and to Jerusalem, “You must worship before this altar in Jerusalem”? This can be written as an indirect quote. “Judah” and “Jerusalem” refer to the people who live in them. Alternate translation: “has told the people of Judah and Jerusalem that they must worship only at this altar in Jerusalem.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 36 8 cxf8 translate-numbers 0 two thousand horses “2,000 horses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) ISA 36 8 kf72 figs-irony 0 if you are able to find riders for them The chief commander continues to ridicule Hezekiah and his army by implying that he did not have many soldiers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) ISA 36 9 kkc7 figs-rquestion 0 How could you resist even one captain … servants? The chief commander continues to ridicule Hezekiah and his army. When he says “you,” referring to Hezekiah, he is actually referring to Hezekiah’s army. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Your army could not even defeat one captain … servants.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 36 10 i4d9 figs-rquestion 0 Now then, have I traveled up here without Yahweh to fight against this land and destroy it? The chief commander uses another question to ridicule Hezekiah and the people of Judah. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “I came here with Yahweh’s command to destroy Jerusalem.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 36 10 lp4l figs-metonymy 0 without Yahweh Here “Yahweh” refers to Yahweh’s orders. Alternate translation: “without Yahweh’s command” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 36 10 rme7 figs-metonymy 0 against this land and destroy it … Attack this land and destroy it This means to fight against the people and cause destruction in the place where they live. The land referred to here is Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “against this people and destroy their land … Attack these people and destroy their land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 36 11 u5uf 0 Eliakim … Hilkiah … Shebnah See how you translated these men’s names in [Isaiah 22:20](../22/20.md). ISA 36 11 gv2d 0 Shebnah See how you translated this man’s name in [Isaiah 22:15](../22/15.md). ISA 36 11 nk7q 0 Joah See how you translated this man’s name in [Isaiah 36:3](./03.md) ISA 36 11 k22v 0 chief commander See how you translated this in [Isaiah 36:2](./02.md). ISA 36 11 t9lq 0 Please speak to your servants Eliakim, Shebnah, and Joah refer to themselves as the chief commander’s servants. This is a polite way to speak to someone who has greater authority. ISA 36 11 ts48 translate-names 0 the Aramean language, Aramaic “Aramean” is the name of a people group. “Aramaic” is the name of their language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 36 11 src6 figs-idiom 0 in the ears of the people who are on the wall The idiom “to speak in someone’s ear” means to speak where they can hear you. Alternate translation: “where the people who are on the wall may hear us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 36 11 ka86 figs-explicit 0 who are on the wall This means that they are standing on the wall. The top of the wall was wide and a place where people could sit or stand. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “who are standing on the wall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 36 12 sj4i figs-rquestion 0 Has my master sent me to your master and to you to speak these words? The chief commander uses this question to emphasize that his message is for all the people of Judah. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Certainly, my master has sent me to speak this message to you and to all who can hear.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 36 12 e31l figs-rquestion 0 Has he not sent me to the men who sit on the wall, who will have to … you? The chief commander uses this question to emphasize his insult. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “My master has sent me to everyone who hears this, who will have to … you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 36 12 q31n figs-explicit 0 will have to eat their own dung and drink their own urine with you This is a very offensive statement. He is implying that they will need to eat these things because they will have nothing else to eat because their city will be under attack. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “will soon need to eat their own dung and drink their own urine, just as you will, because you will have nothing else to eat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 36 13 r755 0 the chief commander See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 36:2](../36/02.md). ISA 36 15 m9dz figs-activepassive 0 this city will not be given into the hand of the king of Assyria If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will not give Jerusalem into the hand of the king of Assyria” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 36 15 q7vd figs-metonymy 0 the hand of the king The king’s “hand” refers to his “control.” Alternate translation: “the control of the king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 36 16 jhn1 figs-idiom 0 Make peace with me This idiom means to agree officially to act peacefully towards one another. Alternate translation: “Let us agree to have peace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 36 16 pq46 figs-idiom 0 come out to me This idiom means to surrender. Alternate translation: “surrender to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 36 17 pl47 figs-metonymy 0 until I come and take Here the king of Assyria is referring to his army as himself. Alternate translation: “until my army comes and takes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 36 17 p9x3 figs-parallelism 0 a land of grain and new wine, a land of bread and vineyards These two phrase have the same meaning and are used together to emphasize how prosperous the land will be. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 36 17 dnb3 figs-possession 0 a land of grain … a land of bread This means that they land is full of natural resources, such as grain. Alternate translation: “a land where there is plenty of grain … a land where there is plenty of bread” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) ISA 36 18 u8gl figs-rquestion 0 Has any of the gods of the peoples rescued them from … Assyria? The chief commander uses this question to ridicule the people of Judah. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “None of the gods of the peoples rescued them from … Assyria.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 36 18 gl11 figs-metonymy 0 the hand of the king The king’s control is referred to as his “hand.” Alternate translation: “the control of the king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 36 19 zj8l figs-rquestion 0 Where are the gods of Hamath and Arpad? Where are the gods of Sepharvaim? Have they rescued Samaria from my power? The chief commander uses these questions to ridicule the people of Judah. These questions may be combined and written as a statement. Alternate translation: “The gods of Hamath, Arpad, Sepharvaim, and Samaria did not rescue their people from my power.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 36 19 r9ju translate-names 0 Hamath … Arpad Translate the names of these cities the same as you did in [Isaiah 10:9](../10/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 36 19 g5q3 translate-names 0 Sepharvaim This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 36 20 tl7p figs-rquestion 0 is there any god who has rescued … as if Yahweh could save Jerusalem from my power? The chief commander uses this question to ridicule the people of Judah. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “there is no god who has rescued … and Yahweh will not save you in Jerusalem from my power.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 36 20 r234 figs-metonymy 0 his land This refers to the people who live in the land. Alternate translation: “his people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 36 22 zjw1 translate-names 0 Eliakim … Hilkiah … Shebna … Joah … Asaph Translate the names of these men the same as you did in [Isaiah 36:3](../36/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 36 22 yqy8 figs-idiom 0 over the household This idiom means that he was in charge of the affairs of the palace household. Alternate translation: “in charge of the palace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 36 22 kdc7 translate-symaction 0 with their clothes torn Hezekiah’s officials tore their clothes as a sign of mourning and distress. The meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “with their clothes torn because they were extremely distressed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) ISA 37 intro vy96 0 # Isaiah 37 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 37:22-38.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Tearing clothes and putting on sackcloth<br>This was a sign of great distress. While it is often accompanies repentance, in this chapter it is intended to show the king’s anger at the blasphemy of the Assyrians when they spoke against Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sign]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/blasphemy]])<br><br>### Prayer<br>Hezekiah was different from the other kings because when he was threatened by Assyria, he went to Yahweh in prayer. He did not trust in his army or make an alliance with Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) ISA 37 1 u52c writing-newevent 0 It came about that This phrase is used here to mark an important event in the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) ISA 37 1 qkd2 translate-symaction 0 he tore his clothes, covered himself with sackcloth This is a sign of mourning and distress. Alternate translation: “he tore his clothes and covered himself with sackcloth because he was very distressed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) ISA 37 2 he14 translate-names 0 Eliakim … Shebna Translate the names of these men the same as you did in [Isaiah 36:3](../36/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 37 2 u8m9 figs-idiom 0 over the household This is an idiom that means that he was in charge of the affairs of the palace household. Alternate translation: “in charge of the palace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 37 2 vd87 translate-symaction 0 all covered with sackcloth This is a sign of mourning and distress. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) ISA 37 3 vt7q 0 They said to him Alternate translation: “The men sent by Hezekiah said to Isaiah” ISA 37 3 nm3p figs-simile 0 like when a child is ready to be born, but the mother has no strength to give birth to her child This comparison is made to emphasizes that they are in a time of extreme difficulty. Alternate translation: “It is as terrible as the day when a child is ready to be born, but the mother has no strength to give birth to her child” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 37 4 k27f figs-explicit 0 It may be Yahweh your God will hear the words Hezekiah is indirectly suggesting that if the people pray Yahweh may listen and act upon what the chief commander had said. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “Maybe if you pray to Yahweh your God will hear the message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 37 4 rr63 0 the chief commander See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 36:2](../36/02.md). ISA 37 4 m9rk 0 his master This phrase means that the king is the chief commander’s master. ISA 37 4 yi1b figs-explicit 0 will rebuke the words which Yahweh your God has heard Here the phrase “the words which Yahweh your God has heard” refers to what the king of Assyria had said. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “Yahweh your God will rebuke the king of Assyria for what he has said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 37 4 t6nz figs-metaphor 0 lift up your prayer Praying to Yahweh is described this way to emphasize that Yahweh is in heaven. A prayer is spoken of as if they were objects that could be lifted high into the sky. Alternate translation: “pray” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 37 4 jr8n figs-metonymy 0 for the remnant that is still here This refers to the people who are left in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “for the few of us that are still here” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 37 7 wiv3 figs-idiom 0 I will put a spirit in him, and he will hear a certain report and go back to his own land The phrase “put a spirit in him” means that God will influence him to make a specific decision. The word “spirit” here means a strong attitude or feeling. Alternate translation: “I will influence him so that when he hears a certain report, he will go back to his own land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 37 7 v1q1 0 Look This word is used here to draw the peoples’ attention to what is said next. Alternate translation: “Listen” ISA 37 7 ggs5 figs-idiom 0 I will cause him to fall by the sword in his own land The phrase “fall by the sword” is an idiom that means that his enemy will kill him with a sword. Alternate translation: “And there in his own land, I will cause his enemies to kill him with their swords” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 37 8 q58i translate-names 0 Lachish See how you translated the name of this city in [Isaiah 36:2](../36/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 37 8 j5mn translate-names 0 Libnah This is a city in southern Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 37 9 d4uz translate-names 0 Sennacherib See how you translated this man’s name in [Isaiah 36:1](../36/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 37 9 kcx5 translate-names 0 Tirhakah king of Cush and Egypt had mobilized to fight against him “Tirhakah” is the name of a man. He had mobilized his army so that they were ready to fight. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “Tirhakah king of Cush and Egypt had mobilized his army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 37 9 wd2v figs-metonymy 0 to fight against him The word “him” represents Sennacherib. Here Sennacherib represents his army. Alternate translation: “to fight against the army of Sennacherib” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 37 10 vz6u figs-metonymy 0 Jerusalem will not be given into the hand of the king of Assyria If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The word “hand” refers to the king’s military power. Alternate translation: “The king of Assyria and his army will not conquer you in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 37 11 l934 0 See, you have heard The word “see” here is used to add emphasis to what is said next. Alternate translation: “You have certainly heard” ISA 37 11 vik5 figs-rquestion 0 So will you be rescued? The king of Assyria uses this question to ridicule Hezekiah and his army. Alternate translation: “So you too will not be saved.” or “So of course no one will rescue you either!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 37 12 rk3v figs-rquestion 0 Have the gods of the nations rescued them … Tel Assar? The king of Assyria uses this question to ridicule Hezekiah and his army. Alternate translation: “The nations’ god did not rescue the nations that my fathers destroyed … Tel Assar!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 37 12 iz21 figs-synecdoche 0 that my fathers destroyed These men destroyed the cities listed by conquering them with their armies. Here the word “fathers” refers to his father and his other ancestors who were kings. Alternate translation: “that my fathers destroyed with their armies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 37 12 k8xm translate-names 0 Gozan … Haran … Rezeph … Eden … Tel Assar These are places that the Assyrians had conquered. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 37 13 aku4 translate-names 0 Hena … Ivvah These are places that the Assyrians had conquered. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 37 13 ib9s figs-rquestion 0 Where is the king … Ivvah? The king of Assyria uses this question to ridicule Hezekiah and his army. Alternate translation: “We also conquered the king … Ivvah!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 37 13 t5zc translate-names 0 Hamath … Arpad … Sepharvaim Translate the names of these cities the same as you did in [Isaiah 36:19](../36/19.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 37 14 ex2e figs-synecdoche 0 from hand of the messengers Here the messengers are referred to by their “hand” to emphasize that they personally gave it to the king. Alternate translation: “that the messengers gave him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 37 14 a1u4 0 he went up to the house of Yahweh The house of Yahweh was at the highest place in Jerusalem, so it is spoken of as “up.” ISA 37 14 c2pf 0 spread it before him “spread out the letter in front of Yahweh.” Being in the house of Yahweh is considered the same as being in Yahweh’s presence. The letter was a scroll that could be unrolled and spread out. ISA 37 16 m4vb figs-explicit 0 you who sit above the cherubim You may need to make explicit that the cherubim are those on the lid of the ark of the covenant. The biblical writers often spoke of the ark of the covenant as if it were Yahweh’s footstool upon which he rested his feet as he sat on his throne in heaven above. Alternate translation: “you who sit on your throne above the cherubim on the ark of the covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 37 16 bcb9 0 you are God alone Alternate translation: “only you are God” ISA 37 16 z5zj figs-idiom 0 over all the kingdoms This idiom means to have authority and to rule over all the kingdoms. Alternate translation: “have authority over all the kingdoms” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 37 16 bl43 figs-merism 0 You made the heavens and the earth This means that he created everything. Alternate translation: “You made everything” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) ISA 37 17 q72i figs-explicit 0 which he has sent Hezekiah is referring to the letter from Sennacherib. The meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “in the message he has sent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 37 17 j5py 0 Turn your ear “Incline your ear” or “Turn your head.” This means to turn your head so that you can hear something better. ISA 37 17 rq3a translate-names 0 Sennacherib See how you translated this man’s name in [Isaiah 36:1](../36/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 37 18 vwq4 figs-hyperbole 0 all the nations and their lands This is a generalization. The kings had destroyed many of the nearby lands, but not necessarily all lands. Alternate translation: “many of the nations and their lands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) ISA 37 19 xdh5 figs-synecdoche 0 for they were not gods but the work of men’s hands, just wood and stone This emphasizes that humans made these idols with their own hands and are therefore worthless. Alternate translation: “because they were false gods that men made out of wood and stone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 37 20 t78q 0 from his power Alternate translation: “from the king of Assyria’s power” ISA 37 20 d95t figs-metonymy 0 all the kingdoms This refers to the people in the kingdoms. Alternate translation: “all the people in the kingdoms” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 37 20 y5e4 0 you are Yahweh alone Alternate translation: “only you, Yahweh, are God” ISA 37 21 rbj3 figs-metonymy 0 sent a message This means that he sent a messenger to give a message to the king. Alternate translation: “sent someone to give a message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 37 22 ha6t 0 is the word that Yahweh has spoken Alternate translation: “is what Yahweh has said” ISA 37 22 hdv5 0 laughs you to scorn Alternate translation: “laughs at you” or “makes fun of you” ISA 37 22 d2ht translate-symaction 0 shakes her head This is a gesture of scorn. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) ISA 37 22 f4jf figs-idiom 0 The virgin daughter of Zion … the daughter of Jerusalem These are idioms. Both of these phrases have the same meaning. The “daughter” of a city means the people who live in the city. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Isaiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “The people of Zion … the people of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 37 23 xes7 figs-rquestion 0 Whom have you defied and insulted?…Against the Holy One of Israel. Yahweh uses these rhetorical questions to ridicule the king of Assyria. These can be written as statements. Alternate translation: “You have defied and insulted Yahweh, you have shouted at and acted pridefully against the Holy One of Israel!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 37 23 m83m figs-metaphor 0 have you exalted your voice This refers to speaking loudly as if the person’s voice were an object that they lifted high. Alternate translation: “have you shouted” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 37 23 xz28 figs-idiom 0 lifted up your eyes in pride This is an idiom that means to look at something pridefully, considering yourself more important that you should. Alternate translation: “looked at pridefully” or “acted pridefully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 37 24 dt18 figs-explicit 0 By your servants This refers to the servants that he had sent to Hezekiah with a message. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “In the messages you sent with your servants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 37 24 k4e1 figs-synecdoche 0 I have gone … I will cut … I will enter Here Sennacherib speaks of himself conquering many things. He is actually conquering them with the armies and chariots that he commands. Alternate translation: “We have gone … We will cut … we will enter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 37 24 wv8g 0 its tall cedars Alternate translation: “Lebanon’s tall cedars” ISA 37 24 vey3 figs-ellipsis 0 its most fruitful forest Here the word “fruitful” refers to the forest being dense and full of healthy trees. The understood information may be supplied. Alternate translation: “and into its most fruitful forest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ISA 37 25 gwm7 figs-synecdoche 0 I have dug … I dried … my feet Here Sennacherib speaks of himself conquering many things. He is actually conquering them with the armies and chariots that he commands. Alternate translation: “We have dug … we dried … our feet” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 37 25 u9gt figs-hyperbole 0 I dried up all the rivers of Egypt under the soles of my feet Here Sennachrib is exaggerating his conquest and travels across the rivers of Egypt by claiming to have dried up the rivers when he marched his army through them. Alternate translation: “I have marched through all the rivers of Egypt as if they were dry under my feet” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) ISA 37 26 k4vl figs-rquestion 0 Have you not heard how … times? Yahweh uses this rhetorical question to remind Sennacherib of information that he should already be aware of. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Certainly you have heard how … times.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 37 26 vpm5 figs-explicit 0 You are here to reduce impregnable cities into heaps of ruins Yahweh had planned for Sennacherib’s army to destroy the cities that they had destroyed. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “I planned that your army would destroy cities and cause them to become piles of rubble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 37 26 ru16 0 impregnable strong and heavily guarded ISA 37 26 lbt8 figs-idiom 0 I am bringing it to pass The idiom “to bring something to pass” means to cause a specific thing to happen. Alternate translation: “I am causing it to happen” or “I am causing these things to take place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 37 27 abl4 0 of little strength Alternate translation: “who are weak” ISA 37 27 z86i figs-metaphor 0 shattered broken into small pieces. This is a metaphor for being greatly discouraged. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 37 27 lp95 figs-metaphor 0 They are plants in the field, green grass, the grass on the roof or in the field, before the east wind This speaks of how weak and vulnerable the cities are before the Assryian army by comparing the cities to grass. Alternate translation: “The cities are as weak as the grass in the fields before your armies. They are as weak as the grass that grows on the roofs of houses and is scorched by the hot east wind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 37 27 u4kj 0 before the east wind The east wind is hot and dry from the desert and plants die when it blows. ISA 37 28 uw6e figs-merism 0 But I know your sitting down, your going out, your coming in This refers to all activities of life. Alternate translation: “I know everything you do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) ISA 37 28 zm2q figs-abstractnouns 0 and your raging against me The word “raging” can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “how you rage against me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 37 29 f79t figs-metonymy 0 your arrogance Here the king’s “arrogance” refers to his arrogant speech. Alternate translation: “your arrogant speech” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 37 29 tv21 figs-metaphor 0 your arrogance has reached my ears This speaks of Yahweh hearing the king’s speech as if the king’s speech were something that traveled to his ear. Alternate translation: “I have heard you speaking arrogantly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 37 29 r8sq figs-metaphor 0 I will put my hook in your nose, and my bit in your mouth A person uses a hook and bit to lead an animal around. This speaks of Yahweh controlling the king as if the king were an animal Yahweh controlled with a bit and hook. Alternate translation: “I will control you like a man controls his animal by place a hook in its nose and a bit in its mouth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 37 29 wye1 figs-explicit 0 I will turn you back the way you came This refers to causing the king to return to his own home country. The meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “I will force you to return to your own country” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 37 30 hyd8 figs-you 0 sign for you “sign for you, Hezekiah.” Here “you” is singular and refers to Hezekiah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) ISA 37 30 c1n3 figs-you 0 you will eat … you must plant Here “you” is plural and refers to the people of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) ISA 37 30 hw94 figs-ellipsis 0 in the second year what grows This describes what the people will eat. The words “you will eat” are understood from the previous phrase Alternate translation: “in the second year you will eat what grows” or “next year you will eat what grows” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) ISA 37 30 b6di 0 what grows from that Alternate translation: “what grows wild from that” or “what grows wild” ISA 37 30 ipd7 translate-ordinal 0 in the third year This refers to the year after the second year. Alternate translation: “the year after that” or “in the following year” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) ISA 37 31 frk4 0 remnant A “remnant” is a part of something that remains after the rest is gone. Here this refers to the people who are left in Judah. ISA 37 31 ngd5 figs-metonymy 0 the house of Judah Here Judah’s “house” refers to his descendants. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 37 31 jez8 figs-metaphor 0 will again take root and bear fruit This speaks of the people of Judah becoming prosperous as if they were plants that would root and bear fruit. Alternate translation: “will prosper like a plant that takes root and produces fruit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 37 32 sc29 figs-parallelism 0 For from Jerusalem a remnant will come out; from Mount Zion survivors will come These two phrases have the same meaning and are used together to emphasize the remnant of people who will survive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 37 32 vre3 figs-metonymy 0 The zeal of Yahweh of hosts will do this This speaks of Yahweh doing something because of his zeal as if his “zeal” were actually doing the action. Alternate translation: “Because of his zeal, Yahweh of hosts will do this” or “Yahweh of hosts will do this because of his zeal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 37 33 i11q figs-synecdoche 0 He will not come … He will not come Here the Assyrian king refers to both him and his army. Alternate translation: “His army will not come … They will not come” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 37 33 gun8 0 with shield Alternate translation: “with shields” ISA 37 33 vdw6 0 siege ramp a large mound of dirt built against the wall of a city that better enables an army to attach the city ISA 37 34 yz62 figs-synecdoche 0 he came … he will not enter Here the Assyrian king refers to both him and his army. Alternate translation: “they came … they will not enter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 37 34 zq4h figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Translate as in [Isaiah 30:1](../30/01.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) ISA 37 35 fz1d 0 for my own sake and for David my servant’s sake Alternate translation: “so that things will be better for me and for my servant David” ISA 37 36 c1n2 figs-idiom 0 putting to death This idiom means to kill. Alternate translation: “killing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 37 36 v98a translate-numbers 0 185,000 soldiers “one hundred and eighty-five thousand soldiers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) ISA 37 37 x3e4 figs-synecdoche 0 Sennacherib king of Assyria left Israel and went home and stayed in Nineveh Here Sennacherib refers to both him and his army. They all left Israel and returned home to Assryia. Sennacherib returned to the city Nineveh. Alternate translation: “Sennacherib and his army left Israel and went home, and Sennacherib stayed in Nineveh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 37 37 ft9a translate-names 0 Sennacherib See how you translated this man’s name in [Isaiah 36:1](../36/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 37 38 m18l 0 as he was worshiping Alternate translation: “as Sennacherib was worshiping” ISA 37 38 m2c7 translate-names 0 Nisrok This is the name of a false god. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 37 38 id3l translate-names 0 Adrammelek … Sharezer … Esarhaddon These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 37 38 fbz6 0 with the sword Alternate translation: “with their swords” ISA 38 intro s3fq 0 # Isaiah 38 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 38:10-20.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Poetry<br>This chapter is written as a narrative, but the section including Hezekiah’s prayer is written as poetry. The tone of this prayer shifts from sorrow to praise. ISA 38 1 g1p4 figs-explicit 0 Set your house in order This means to prepare your family and those in charge of your affairs so that they know what to do after you die. This can be written clearly. Alternate translation: “You should tell the people in your palace what you want them to do after you die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 38 3 c5ru figs-idiom 0 call to mind This idiom means to remember. Alternate translation: “remember” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 38 3 rvv5 figs-idiom 0 faithfully walked before you This is an idiom. Here “walk” means to “live.” The phrase means to live in a way the pleases Yahweh. Alternate translation: “faithfully lived before you” or “faithfully served you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 38 3 j97c figs-metonymy 0 with my whole heart Here the “heart” refers to the inner-being which represents a person’s complete devotion. Alternate translation: “with all my inner being” or “with my complete devotion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 38 3 hd6d figs-metaphor 0 what was good in your sight The sight of Yahweh represents Yahweh’s judgment or evaluation. Alternate translation: “what pleases you” or “what you consider to be good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 38 4 zb4v figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh came This is an idiom that is used to introduce something that God told his prophets or his people. Alternate translation: “Yahweh spoke this message” or “Yahweh spoke these words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 38 5 l5ca 0 See This is used to ask the listener to pay attention to what is said next. Alternate translation: “Listen” ISA 38 5 pg75 translate-numbers 0 fifteen years “15 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) ISA 38 6 vqy2 figs-metonymy 0 the hand of the king of Assyria Here the king’s “hand” refers to his power. Alternate translation: “the power of the king of Assyria” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 38 8 as58 0 Look Yahweh uses this word to draw the listener’s attention to what is said next. Alternate translation: “Listen” ISA 38 8 j1py figs-explicit 0 stairs of Ahaz These stairs are referred to this way because they were built while Ahaz was king. You can make this information clear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 38 10 hgb5 0 that halfway through my life “that before I have grown old.” This refers to dying at middle age, before growing old. ISA 38 10 vkw8 figs-metaphor 0 I will go through the gates of Sheol This speaks of dying as if Sheol were a kingdom that has gates that one enters. Alternate translation: “I will die and go to Sheol” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 38 10 y2v3 figs-activepassive 0 I am sent there for the rest of my years If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “before I have lived all of my years I will go to the grave” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 38 11 bn4a figs-nominaladj 0 in the land of the living “The living” refers to people who are alive. Alternate translation: “in the land where people are alive” or “in this world where people are alive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) ISA 38 12 rh4l figs-simile 0 My life is removed and carried away from me like a shepherd’s tent This speaks of how Yahweh is ending Hezekiah’s life quickly by comparing it to how a shepherd removes his tent from the ground. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has taken my life away from me quickly like a shepherd packs up his tent and carries it away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 38 12 f8qq figs-activepassive 0 My life is removed If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has taken my life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 38 12 eh2s figs-simile 0 I have rolled up my life like a weaver; you are cutting me off from the loom This speaks of Yahweh quickly ending Hezekiah’s life by comparing it to how a weaver cuts his cloth from the loom and rolls it up. Alternate translation: “you are ending my life quickly, like a weaver cuts his cloth from the loom when it is finished” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 38 12 nyl3 figs-you 0 you are cutting Here “you” is singular and refers to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) ISA 38 12 u29m 0 loom a device used to weave thread together to make cloth ISA 38 13 x3bh figs-simile 0 like a lion he breaks all my bones Hezekiah speaks of how he is in extreme pain by comparing it to having his body torn apart by lions. Alternate translation: “my pain was as though I were being torn apart by lions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 38 14 b2w9 figs-parallelism 0 Like a swallow I chirp; I coo like a dove Both of these clauses mean the same thing and they emphasize how sad and pitiful Hezekiah’s cries were. A swallow and a dove are types of birds. Alternate translation: “My cries are pitiful--they sound like the chirp of a swallow and the coo of a dove” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 38 14 qgn5 figs-synecdoche 0 my eyes Here Hezekiah refers to himself my his “eyes” to emphasize that he is looking for something. Alternate translation: “I” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 38 14 bhl4 figs-explicit 0 with looking upward This refers to Hezekiah looking to heaven for God to help him. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “of waiting for help to come from heaven” or “of waiting for you to help me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 38 14 l1ah figs-activepassive 0 I am oppressed If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “My sickness oppresses me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 38 15 f5ku figs-rquestion 0 What shall I say? Hezekiah uses a question to emphasize he has nothing left to say. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “I have nothing left to say.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 38 15 hd6w figs-idiom 0 I will walk slowly This is an idiom. Here “walking” refers to living. Alternate translation: “I will like humbly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 38 15 ph65 figs-explicit 0 all my years This refers to the rest of his life. The meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “the rest of my life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 38 15 gm6e 0 because I am overcome with grief Alternate translation: “because I am full of grief” or “because I am very sad” ISA 38 16 wak7 figs-activepassive 0 may my life be given back to me If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “may you give my life back to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 38 17 wz18 figs-explicit 0 from the pit of destruction Hezekiah did not die but he was close to dying. This refers Yahweh saving him from dying. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “from dying and going to the pit of destruction” or “so that I did not die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 38 17 f8fu figs-metaphor 0 for you have thrown all my sins behind your back Hezekiah speaks of Yahweh forgiving his sins as if they were objects that Yahweh threw behind himself and forgot about. Alternate translation: “for you have forgiven all my sins and no longer think about them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 38 18 n9p4 figs-metonymy 0 For Sheol does not thank you; death does not praise you Here “Sheol” and “death” refer to “dead people.” Alternate translation: “For those in Sheol do not thank you; dead people do not praise you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 38 18 ps5x 0 those who go down into the pit Alternate translation: “those who go down to the grave” ISA 38 18 nf2c figs-you 0 do not hope in your trustworthiness “do not have hope in your faithfulness.” Here “your” is singular and refers to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) ISA 38 19 ye1q figs-parallelism 0 The living person, the living person Hezekiah repeats this phrase to emphasize that only a living person, not a dead person, can give thanks to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 38 20 j3ts figs-explicit 0 save me This refers to him being saved from dying. It can be made more explicit. Alternate translation: “save me from dying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 38 20 k672 figs-exclusive 0 we will celebrate Here “we” refers to Hezekiah and the people of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ISA 38 21 b3bq writing-background 0 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. This gives background information about Isaiah and Hezekiah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) ISA 38 21 x8d3 0 Let them Alternate translation: “Let Hezekiah’s servants” ISA 38 21 drf6 figs-explicit 0 a lump of figs This was used as an ointment. The meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “use an ointment of mashed figs” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 38 21 t3l6 0 boil a painful area on the skin that is infected ISA 39 intro lz5x 0 # Isaiah 39 General Notes<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Pride<br>Although it is not said why it was sinful for Hezekiah to show the king of Babylon his riches, the sin was probably because of his pride. It can be viewed as bragging to another king about how rich and powerful he was without giving proper credit to Yahweh. Because of this sin, Yahweh punished him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br><br>### Babylon<br>At this time, Babylon was not very powerful, but was little more than a city. In a short time, however, Babylon became a very powerful nation and conquered Assyria. ISA 39 1 z1d1 translate-names 0 Marduk-Baladan … Baladan These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 39 2 x7xe figs-explicit 0 Hezekiah was pleased by these things This can be made more explicit. Alternate translation: “When the king’s messengers arrived, Hezekiah was pleased with what they brought to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 39 2 ig2z 0 showed the messengers his storehouse of valuable things Alternate translation: “he showed the messengers everything of value he had” ISA 39 2 i69i 0 storehouse a building where goods are kept ISA 39 2 bg44 figs-activepassive 0 all that was found in his storehouses If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “everything that was in his storehouses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 39 2 k5u7 figs-doublenegatives 0 There was nothing in his house, nor in all his kingdom, that Hezekiah did not show them This is a slight exaggeration as Hezekiah showed them many things, but not everything. Also, this can be expressed positively. Alternate translation: “Hezekiah showed them almost everything in his house and in his kingdom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) ISA 39 4 lp83 figs-parallelism 0 They have seen everything in my house. There is nothing among my valuable things that I have not shown them These two sentences mean the same thing and are used together to emphasize how much Hezekiah showed the men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 39 4 u3hm figs-hyperbole 0 everything in my house This is a generalization, as Hezekiah showed them many things, but not necessarily everything in the palace. Alternate translation: “almost everything in my house” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) ISA 39 4 k738 figs-doublenegatives 0 There is nothing among my valuable things that I have not shown them This can be expressed positively. Alternate translation: “I showed them all the valuable things in my palace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) ISA 39 5 rsm5 0 Yahweh of hosts See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). ISA 39 5 hh3d 0 the word Alternate translation: “the message” ISA 39 6 w6ck 0 Look This word is used here to draw Hezekiah’s attention to what is said next. Alternate translation: “Listen” ISA 39 6 y5e5 figs-activepassive 0 when everything in your palace … will be carried to Babylon This can be expressed positively. Alternate translation: “when the enemy army will take everything in your palace … back to Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 39 7 mls8 0 The sons born from you Alternate translation: “Your sons” ISA 39 7 tb9y 0 they will take them Alternate translation: “the Babylonians will take them” ISA 40 intro xc5h 0 # Isaiah 40 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Rhetorical Questions<br>Yahweh uses many rhetorical questions in this chapter. These rhetorical questions help to prove the point he is making and convince the reader. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “She has received double from Yahweh’s hand for all her sins”<br>It is common in many languages to use the feminine “she” to refer to a nation, rather than the word “it,” which is neither masculine or feminine. The translator should use the pronoun that aligns with the common usage in the target language. Therefore, it is acceptable to use “he,” “she,” or “it” in reference to a nation.<br><br>The phrase “received double” indicates that Jerusalem was punished more severely than the other nations. This is because they had the privilege of a special relationship to Yahweh and had more knowledge than the other nations.<br><br>### Reign of Yahweh<br>This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. It pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. It does not appear that this prophecy was fulfilled in the days of Isaiah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) ISA 40 1 uzv6 0 Comfort, comfort The word “comfort” is repeated for emphasis. ISA 40 1 wa9a figs-you 0 says your God Here “your” is plural and refers to those whom the prophet tells to comfort God’s people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) ISA 40 2 f6th figs-personification 0 Speak tenderly to Jerusalem The prophet speaks of Jerusalem as if it were a woman whom Yahweh has forgiven. As such, Jerusalem represents the people who live in that city. Alternate translation: Speak tenderly to the people of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 40 2 v29s figs-123person 0 proclaim to her … her warfare … her iniquity … she has received … her sins These pronouns refer to Jerusalem but may be changed if “the people of Jerusalem” is adopted as a translation. Alternate translation: “proclaim to them … their warfare … their iniquity … they have received … their sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) ISA 40 2 rrl8 0 her warfare Possible meanings are that the word **warfare** refers: (1) to military battle or (2) to forced labor. ISA 40 2 ux5w figs-activepassive 0 her iniquity is pardoned If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has pardoned her iniquity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 40 2 xkm6 figs-synecdoche 0 from Yahweh’s hand Here the word “hand” represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “from Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 40 3 s925 figs-synecdoche 0 A voice cries out The word “voice” represents the person who cries out. Alternate translation: “Someone cries out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 40 3 kwv5 figs-parallelism 0 In the wilderness prepare the way of Yahweh; make straight in the Arabah a highway for our God These two lines are parallel and mean basically the same thing. The people preparing themselves for Yahweh’s help is spoken of as if they were to prepare roads for Yahweh to travel upon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 40 3 m8sr 0 Arabah See how you translated this word in [Isaiah 35:1](../35/01.md). ISA 40 4 uee3 figs-activepassive 0 Every valley will be lifted up, and every mountain and hill will be leveled These phrases explain how the people are to prepare a highway for Yahweh. They can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Lift up every valley, and level every mountain and hill” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 40 4 xdc9 figs-metaphor 0 Every valley will be lifted up Making the valleys level with the rest of the ground is spoken of as if it were lifting up the valleys. Alternate translation: “Every valley will be filled in” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 40 4 m9td figs-activepassive 0 and the rugged land will be made level, and the rough places a plain These phrases explain how the people are to prepare a highway for Yahweh. They can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “make the rugged land level, and make the rough places into a plain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ISA 40 5 ys59 figs-activepassive 0 the glory of Yahweh will be revealed If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will reveal his glory” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 40 5 sf3k figs-synecdoche 0 for the mouth of Yahweh has spoken it The word “mouth” represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “for Yahweh has spoken it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 40 6 slv6 figs-metaphor 0 All flesh is grass The word “flesh” refers to people. The speaker speaks of humans as if they are grass, because they both die quickly. Alternate translation: “All people are like grass” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 40 6 tzv2 figs-simile 0 all their covenant faithfulness is like the flower of the field The speaker compares the covenant faithfulness of people to flowers that bloom and then die quickly. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “faithful.” See how you translated “covenant faithfulness” in [Isaiah 16:5](../16/05.md). Alternate translation: “they quickly stop being faithful to the covenant, just like a flower of the field dies quickly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 40 6 h3q7 0 covenant faithfulness This could mean: (1) covenant faithfulness or (2) beauty. ISA 40 7 m65h 0 when the breath of Yahweh blows on it This could mean: (1) “when Yahweh blows his breath on it” or (2) “when Yahweh sends a wind to blow on it.” ISA 40 7 p8bp figs-metaphor 0 humanity is grass The speaker speaks of humans as if they are grass, because they both die quickly. Alternate translation: “people die as quickly as grass” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 40 8 ilr1 figs-metaphor 0 the word of our God will stand forever The speaker speaks of what God says lasting forever as if his word stands forever. Alternate translation: “the things that our God says will last forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 40 9 da3x figs-personification 0 Go up on a high mountain, Zion, bearer of good news The writer speaks of Zion as if it were a messenger who declares good news from a mountain top. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 40 9 w2hr figs-explicit 0 Go up on a high mountain Messengers would often stand on elevated land, such as mountains, so that many people could hear what they proclaimed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 40 9 v9yl figs-metonymy 0 Zion This refers to the people who live in Zion. Alternate translation: “you people of Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 40 9 i6vj figs-personification 0 Jerusalem. You who bring good news The writer speaks of Jerusalem as if it were a messenger who declares good news. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 40 10 gme1 figs-metonymy 0 his strong arm rules for him Here the word “arm” represents God’s power. Alternate translation: “he rules with great power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 40 10 j4yu figs-parallelism 0 his reward is with him … those he has rescued go before him These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The ones he rescued are his “reward.” Alternate translation: “he is bringing those he rescued with him as his reward” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 40 11 m6wg figs-metaphor 0 He will feed his flock like a shepherd The writer speaks of Yahweh’s people as if they were sheep and of Yahweh as if he were their shepherd. Alternate translation: “He will care for his people like a shepherd feeds his flock” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 40 12 qkx7 figs-rquestion 0 Who has measured … or the hills in a balance? These rhetorical questions anticipate a negative answer and emphasize that only Yahweh is able to do these things. Alternate translation: “No one but Yahweh has measured … and the hills in a balance.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 40 12 n98i figs-metaphor 0 measured the waters in the hollow of his hand Yahweh knowing how much water is in the oceans is spoken of as if Yahweh held the water in his hand. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 40 12 r9wq figs-metaphor 0 measured the sky with the span of his hand A “span” is the measure of length between the thumb and little finger when the hand is outstretched. Yahweh knowing the length of the sky is spoken of as if he measured it with his hand. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 40 12 hal4 figs-metaphor 0 held the dust of the earth in a basket Yahweh knowing how much dust there is on the earth is spoken of as if he carried it in a basket. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 40 12 q4eb figs-metaphor 0 weighed the mountains in scales, or the hills in a balance? Yahweh knowing how heavy the mountains are is spoken of as if he weighed them in scales and balances. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 40 13 j8t8 figs-rquestion 0 Who has comprehended the mind of Yahweh, or instructed him as his counselor? This rhetorical question anticipates a negative answer and emphasizes that no one is able to do these things. Alternate translation: “No one has comprehended the mind of Yahweh, and no one has instructed him as his counselor.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 40 13 vc3q 0 comprehended the mind of Yahweh Here the word “mind” refers not only to Yahweh’s thoughts, but also to his desires and motivations. ISA 40 14 e7e8 figs-rquestion 0 From whom did he ever receive instruction? This rhetorical question anticipates a negative answer and emphasizes that no one has ever done this. Alternate translation: “He has never received instruction from anyone.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 40 14 h7pz figs-rquestion 0 Who taught him the correct way to do things, and taught him knowledge, or showed to him the way of understanding? This rhetorical question anticipates a negative answer and emphasizes that no one has ever done these things. Alternate translation: “No one taught him the correct way to do things. No one taught him knowledge. No one showed to him the way of understanding.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 40 15 xu1z 0 Look … see These words add emphasis to what follows. ISA 40 15 m437 figs-simile 0 the nations are like a drop in a bucket, and are regarded like the dust on the scales The prophet compares the nations to a drop of water and to dust in order to emphasize how small and insignificant they are to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 40 15 bl7h 0 like a drop in a bucket This could mean: (1) a drop of water that falls into a bucket or (2) a drop of water that drops out of a bucket. ISA 40 15 c6k1 figs-activepassive 0 are regarded like the dust on the scales If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh regards them as dust on the scales” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 40 17 bap7 figs-activepassive 0 they are regarded by him as nothing If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he regards them as nothing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 40 18 pv1a figs-rquestion 0 To whom then will you compare God? To what idol will you liken him? Isaiah uses two similar questions to emphasize that there is no idol that can compare with God. Alternate translation: “There is no one to whom you can compare God. There is no idol to which you can liken him.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 40 18 q6aj figs-you 0 you This is plural and refers to all of God’s people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) ISA 40 19 t66l 0 A craftsman casts it: The goldsmith overlays it with gold and forges silver chains for it Alternate translation: “A skilled worker forms it, another covers it with gold and makes a silver chain for it” ISA 40 21 nm2t figs-rquestion 0 Have you not known? Have you not heard? Has it not been told you from the beginning? Have you not understood from the foundations of the earth? Isaiah uses these questions to emphasize that the people should know Yahweh’s greatness as the creator. Alternate translation: “You certainly know and have heard! It has been told to you from the beginning; you have understood from the foundations of the earth!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 40 21 p4gz figs-activepassive 0 Has it not been told you from the beginning? If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Have people not told you from the beginning?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 40 21 w7gd figs-metaphor 0 from the foundations of the earth The prophet speaks of Yahweh creating the earth as if the earth were a building for which Yahweh laid the foundation. Alternate translation: “from the time that Yahweh created the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 40 22 vwb7 figs-metaphor 0 He is the one who sits above the horizon of the earth The prophet speaks of Yahweh ruling the earth as if Yahweh were seated on a throne above the earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 40 22 r4cn figs-simile 0 the inhabitants are like grasshoppers before him The prophet compares the way Yahweh considers humans to the way humans would consider grasshoppers. Just as grasshoppers are small to humans, humans are small and weak before God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 40 22 jtu6 figs-parallelism 0 He stretches out the heavens like a curtain and spreads them out as a tent to live in These two lines share similar meanings. The prophet speaks of Yahweh creating the heavens as if he had erected a tent in which to live. Alternate translation: “He spreads out the heavens as easily as a person would stretch out a curtain or erect a tent in which to live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 40 23 sfc9 0 He reduces Alternate translation: “Yahweh reduces” ISA 40 24 d2lf figs-metaphor 0 They are barely planted … and they wither The prophet speaks of rulers being helpless before Yahweh as if they were new plants that wither away when a hot wind blows on them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 40 24 n61k figs-parallelism 0 They are barely planted, barely sown These two phrases mean basically the same thing and refer to the point at which the plants or seeds are placed into the ground. They can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “As soon as someone plants them … as soon as someone sows them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 40 24 pcb5 figs-metaphor 0 he blows upon them The prophet speaks of Yahweh removing the rulers from power as if Yahweh were a scorching wind that blows upon the plants and causes them to wither. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 40 24 d8bi figs-simile 0 the wind carries them away like straw This simile extends the metaphor of the rulers as plants and Yahweh as the wind that causes them to wither. The wind of Yahweh’s judgement will remove the withered plants as easily as wind blows away straw. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 40 25 pts1 figs-rquestion 0 To whom then will you compare me, whom do I resemble? Yahweh uses two similar rhetorical questions to emphasize that there is no one like him. Alternate translation: “There is no one to whom you can compare me. There is no one whom I resemble.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 40 26 t53r figs-rquestion 0 Who has created all these stars? This is a leading question that anticipates the answer, Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has created all these stars!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 40 26 aiw3 figs-metaphor 0 He leads out their formations Here the word “formations” refers to military formations. The prophet speaks of the stars as if they were soldiers whom Yahweh commands to appear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 40 26 y52j figs-doublet 0 By the greatness of his might and by the strength of his power The phrases “the greatness of his might” and “the strength of his power” form a doublet that emphasizes Yahweh’s power. Alternate translation: “By his great might and powerful strength” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 40 26 w46r figs-litotes 0 not one is missing This negative statement emphasizes the positive. Alternate translation: “every one is present” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) ISA 40 27 p5my figs-rquestion 0 Why do you say, Jacob, and declare, Israel … vindication”? The question emphasizes that they should not say what they say. Alternate translation: “‘You should not say, O people of Israel … vindication’.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 40 27 s7bb figs-doublet 0 Why do you say, Jacob, and declare, Israel These two phrases both refer to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “Why do you say, O people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 40 27 tsn1 figs-metaphor 0 My way is hidden from Yahweh Yahweh not knowing what happens to them is spoken of as if Yahweh could not see the road upon which they travel. Alternate translation: “Yahweh does not know what happens to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 40 27 r58k 0 my God is not concerned about my vindication This could mean: (1) “my God is not concerned about others treating me unjustly” or (2) “my God is not concerned about treating me justly.” ISA 40 28 v4f1 figs-rquestion 0 Have you not known? Have you not heard? Isaiah uses these questions to emphasize that the people should know Yahweh’s greatness. See how you translated these in [Isaiah 40:21](../40/21.md). Alternate translation: “You certainly know and have heard!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 40 28 d991 figs-metaphor 0 the ends of the earth The places on the earth that are very far away are spoken of as if they were the places where the earth ends. This phrase also forms a merism and refers to everywhere in between the ends. AT “the farthest places of the earth” or “the entire earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) ISA 40 29 gt6k figs-parallelism 0 He gives strength to the tired; and to the weak he gives renewed energy These two lines share similar meanings and emphasize that Yahweh strengthens those who have no strength. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 40 29 l1wl 0 He gives strength Alternate translation: “Yahweh gives strength” ISA 40 31 gu6x figs-metaphor 0 they will soar with wings like eagles People receiving strength from Yahweh is spoken of as if the people were able to fly like eagles fly. An eagle is a bird often used as a symbol for strength and power. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 40 31 vgd6 figs-parallelism 0 they will run and not be weary; they will walk and not faint These two lines share similar meanings. People receiving strength from Yahweh is spoken of as if they were able to run and walk without tiring. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 41 intro mwf4 0 # Isaiah 41 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Mocking<br>Yahweh tells the people to present their best arguments in favor of honoring their idols. In this Yahweh challenges the people. Yahweh mocks or insults these false gods because they are not real and have no power. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) ISA 41 1 ihs8 0 Listen before me in silence Here “me” refers to God. ISA 41 1 gik7 figs-metonymy 0 you coastlands This refers to the people who live on the islands and in the lands bordering or beyond the Mediterranean Sea. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) ISA 41 1 w3dd 0 renew their strength See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 40:31](../40/31.md). ISA 41 1 kfx1 figs-parallelism 0 let them come near and speak; let us come near together to argue a dispute These two phrases share similar meanings. The second explains the reason for the first. Alternate translation: “then let them come near so they may speak and reason with me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 41 2 ji73 figs-rquestion 0 Who has stirred up one from the east, calling him in righteousness to his service? Yahweh uses this question to emphasize that he is the one who caused this ruler from the east to be victorious. Alternate translation: “I am the one who called this powerful ruler from the east and put him in my good service.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 41 2 ckc3 0 He hands nations over to him Alternate translation: “I give the nations over to him” or “The one who does these things hands nations over to him” ISA 41 2 n5yz figs-metaphor 0 He turns them to dust with his sword, like windblown stubble with his bow Turning them to dust and stubble is a metaphor or exaggeration for completely destroying everything the people of these nations have made. The armies of one from the east will conquer these nations and scatter the people easily. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) ISA 41 3 dk7c 0 He pursues them and passes by safely Alternate translation: “The ruler from the east pursues the nations” ISA 41 3 iyl6 figs-metaphor 0 by a swift path that his feet scarcely touch This could mean: (1) this is a metaphor in which he and his army moving very quickly is spoken of as if his feet barely touch the ground. Alternate translation: “by a path on which he moves with great speed” or (2) “feet” represents the whole person and the phrase indicates that this is a path that they have not traveled before. Alternate translation: “by a path that he has never traveled before” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 41 4 xap2 figs-rquestion 0 Who has performed and accomplished these deeds? Yahweh uses this question to emphasize that he is the one who has done these things. Alternate translation: “I have performed and accomplished these deeds.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 41 4 lw9z figs-rquestion 0 Who has summoned the generations from the beginning? Here the word “generations” represents all of human history, which Yahweh created and directed throughout history. The rhetorical question anticipates the answer, Yahweh. Alternate translation: “I have summoned the generations of humanity from the beginning.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 41 4 z51k figs-doublet 0 performed and accomplished These two words mean basically the same thing and emphasize that Yahweh is the one who has done these things. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 41 4 rvp7 0 the first, and with the last ones This could mean: (1) that Yahweh existed before creation and will exist at the end of creation or (2) that Yahweh was before the first generation of humanity and will be at the last generation of humanity. ISA 41 5 n6gc figs-metonymy 0 The isles … the ends of the earth These phrases represent the people who live in those places. Alternate translation: “People who live on the isles … people who live at the ends of the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 41 5 z1m3 0 The isles You can translate “isles” the same way you translated “coastlands” in [Isaiah 41:1](../41/01.md). ISA 41 5 yg5y figs-metaphor 0 the ends of the earth The places on the earth that are very far away are spoken of as if they were the places where the earth ends. AT “the farthest places of the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 41 5 rd3y figs-doublet 0 they approach and come This doublet means that the people gather together. Alternate translation: “they come together” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 41 7 t2rw 0 anvil an iron block on which a person shapes metal with a hammer ISA 41 7 ny9f 0 saying of the welding Here the word “welding” refers to the process of fastening the gold to the wood as the workers finish making the idol. ISA 41 7 qdp9 0 They fasten it with nails so it will not topple over. Here “it” refers to the idol that they have made. ISA 41 9 ng2r figs-parallelism 0 you whom I am bringing back from the ends of the earth, and whom I called from the far away places These two lines mean basically the same thing and emphasize that Yahweh is bringing the people of Israel back to their land from distant countries. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 41 9 unb2 figs-metaphor 0 the ends of the earth The places on the earth that are very far away are spoken of as if they were the places where the earth ends. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 41:5](../41/05.md). AT “the farthest places of the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 41 9 ah78 figs-parallelism 0 I have chosen you and not rejected you These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second states in negative terms what the first states in positive terms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) ISA 41 10 y2hx figs-metaphor 0 I will uphold you with my righteous right hand Yahweh strengthening his people is spoken of as if he were holding them with his hand. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 41 10 m5ra figs-metonymy 0 my righteous right hand Here “right hand” represents Yahweh’s power. This could mean: (1) Yahweh’s right hand is righteous in that he will always do the right thing. Alternate translation: “my righteous power” or (2) Yahweh’s right hand is victorious in that he will always succeed in what he does. Alternate translation: “my victorious power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 41 11 i38z 0 they will be ashamed and disgraced, all who have been angry with you Alternate translation: “all who have been angry with you will be ashamed and disgraced” ISA 41 11 acy9 figs-doublet 0 ashamed and disgraced These two words mean basically the same thing and emphasize the greatness of their shame. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 41 11 bm8s 0 they will be as nothing and will perish, those who oppose you Alternate translation: “those who oppose you will be as nothing and will perish” ISA 41 13 mcq1 figs-metaphor 0 I … will hold your right hand Yahweh helping the people of Israel is spoken of as if he were holding their right hand. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 41 14 d1xa figs-doublet 0 Jacob you worm, and you men of Israel Here “Jacob” and “men of Israel” mean the same thing. Alternate translation: “you people of Israel who are like worms” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 41 14 x6h1 figs-metaphor 0 Jacob you worm This could mean: (1) that this refers to the opinions of other nations regarding the people of Israel or (2) that this refers to Israel’s own opinion of themselves. Yahweh speaks of their insignificance as if they were a worm. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 41 14 vga7 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Translate as in [Isaiah 30:1](../30/01.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) ISA 41 14 s6u3 0 Holy One of Israel See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 1:4](../01/04.md). ISA 41 15 dv6j figs-metaphor 0 I am making you like a sharp threshing sledge … you will make the hills like chaff Yahweh speaks of enabling Israel to defeat their enemies as if he were making the nation a threshing sledge that will level mountains. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 41 15 v5bt 0 a sharp threshing sledge A threshing sledge was a board with sharp spikes that someone would drag over the wheat to separate the grain from the chaff. ISA 41 15 s3j3 0 two-edged This refers to the edges of the spikes that were attached to the threshing sledge. That they are “two-edged” means that they are very sharp. ISA 41 15 im62 figs-metaphor 0 you will thresh the mountains and crush them This is a double metaphor. The mountains are a metaphor for grain, and threshing grain is a metaphor for the Israelites defeating the powerful enemy nations near them. Alternate translation: “you will thresh your enemies and crush them as if they were grain, even though they appear to be as strong as mountains” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) ISA 41 15 ulv1 figs-metaphor 0 you will make the hills like chaff The hills are a metaphor for the powerful enemy nations near Israel. People having the wind blow the chaff away after they have threshed the grain is a metaphor for them allowing Yahweh to destroy their enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 41 16 ii6a 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues to use the metaphor of separating grain from chaff to describe how Israel will defeat their enemies. ISA 41 16 z22h figs-metaphor 0 You will winnow them … the wind will scatter them Here the word “them” refers to the mountains and hill in [Isaiah 41:15](../41/15.md). This represents the next step in the process of threshing grain, in which the grain is winnowed to get rid of the chaff. Israel’s enemies will disappear like chaff blown away by the wind. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 41 16 mzr8 figs-parallelism 0 the wind will carry them away; the wind will scatter them These two phrases mean the same thing. Alternate translation: “the wind will blow them away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 41 17 f1vc figs-metaphor 0 General Information: Yahweh speaks of people who are in extreme need as if they are extremely thirsty, and of his provision for them as if he caused water to appear in places where it normally would not appear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 41 19 g4uv translate-unknown 0 the myrtle … the pines and the cypress box trees These are types of trees. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) ISA 41 20 b7ez figs-synecdoche 0 the hand of Yahweh has done this Here the word “hand” represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has done this” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 41 21 bhd2 figs-irony 0 General Information: In these verses, Yahweh is mocking the people and their idols. He is challenging the idols to tell what will happen in the future, but he knows they cannot. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) ISA 41 23 icg9 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues to mock the idols and the people who worship them ([Isaiah 41:21-22](./21.md)). ISA 41 23 qee7 figs-merism 0 do something good or evil The words “good” and “evil” form a merism and represent anything. Alternate translation: “do anything at all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) ISA 41 24 yv5h figs-you 0 the one who chooses you Here “you” is plural and refers to the idols. Alternate translation: “the person who chooses you idols” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) ISA 41 25 rd8b figs-metaphor 0 I have raised up one Yahweh speaks of appointing a person as if he raised that person up. Alternate translation: “I have appointed one” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 41 25 s97v figs-idiom 0 from the sun’s rising This refers to the east, the direction from which the sun rises. Alternate translation: “from the east” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 41 25 i891 0 him who calls on my name This could mean: (1) that this person invokes Yahweh for his success or (2) that this person worships Yahweh. ISA 41 25 bb4s figs-metaphor 0 he will trample the rulers Conquering the rulers of other nations is spoken of as if it were trampling them under foot. Alternate translation: “he will conquer the rulers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 41 25 q8p3 figs-simile 0 like a potter who is treading on the clay Yahweh compares the way in which this person will trample the other rulers with the way that a potter tramples on clay to mix it with water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 41 26 u3i7 figs-rquestion 0 Who announced this from the beginning, that we might know? Before this time, that we may say, “He is right”? Yahweh uses these rhetorical questions to mock the idols that the people worship. The implied answers are: (1) that the idols have not done these things and (2) that Yahweh is the one who has done these things. Alternate translation: “None of the idols announced this from the beginning, that we might know. And none of them announced this before time, that we may say, ‘He is right.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and[[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ISA 41 26 xn3y 0 Indeed none of them decreed it, yes, none heard you say anything Alternate translation: “Indeed, none of the idols decreed it. Indeed, no one heard you idols say anything” ISA 41 28 k8tv 0 not one among them Alternate translation: “not one idol” ISA 41 29 i3rp figs-metaphor 0 their cast metal figures are wind and emptiness Yahweh speaks of the worthlessness of the idols as if the idols are wind and nothing at all. Alternate translation: “their idols are all worthless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 42 intro q7al 0 # Isaiah 42 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>Many scholars believe that there are four songs or poems which Isaiah records about the Messiah. Isaiah 42:1-4 is the first of these songs. They are often called the “servant songs” because they focus on the Messiah being a servant. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Servant<br>Israel is called Yahweh’s servant. The Messiah is also called the servant of Yahweh. It is likely that the two different usages of the word “servant” are intended to contrast with one another. ISA 42 1 e7j9 0 Behold, my servant Alternate translation: “Look, my servant” or “Here is my servant” ISA 42 1 d5ej 0 in him I take delight Alternate translation: “with whom I am very happy” ISA 42 3 w4sn figs-metaphor 0 A crushed reed he will not break, and a dimly burning wick he will not quench Yahweh speaks of weak and helpless people as if they were crushed reeds and dimly burning wicks. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 42 3 blf9 0 crushed reed A reed is the long, thin stem of a plant like tall grass. If it is crushed, it cannot carry any weight. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 36:6](../36/06.md). ISA 42 3 z56i 0 he will not break Alternate translation: “My servant will not break” ISA 42 4 dhd4 figs-metonymy 0 the coastlands This refers to the people who live on the islands and in the lands bordering or beyond the Mediterranean Sea. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 41:1](../41/01.md). Alternate translation: “the people who live on the coastlands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 42 5 kf3j figs-metaphor 0 the one who created the heavens and stretched them out, the one who made the earth The prophet speaks of Yahweh creating the heavens and the earth as if the heavens and earth were fabric which Yahweh stretched out. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 42 5 jxn4 figs-parallelism 0 gives breath to the people on it and life to those who live on it These phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that Yahweh gives life to every person. The word “breath” is a metonym for life. Alternate translation: “gives life to the people who live on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 42 6 hg7t figs-you 0 have called you Here “you” is singular and refers to Yahweh’s servant. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) ISA 42 6 l1kx figs-metonymy 0 I will … set you as a covenant for the people Here the word “covenant” is a metonym for the one who establishes or mediates a covenant. Alternate translation: “I will … make you be the mediator of a covenant with the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 42 6 t6si figs-metaphor 0 a light for the Gentiles Yahweh speaks of making his servant the one who delivers the nations from bondage as if he were making him a light that shines in dark places for the Gentiles. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 42 7 tip7 figs-metaphor 0 to open the eyes of the blind Causing blind people to see is spoken of as if it were opening their eyes. Also, Yahweh speaks of his servant delivering those who have been wrongly imprisoned as if his servant were restoring sight to blind people. Alternate translation: “to enable the blind to see” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 42 7 i2h2 figs-parallelism 0 to release the prisoners from the dungeon, and from the house of confinement those who sit in darkness These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The verb may be supplied in the second phrase. Alternate translation: “to release the prisoners from the dungeon, and to release those who sit in darkness from the house in which they are confined” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ISA 42 8 cbp4 figs-ellipsis 0 nor my praise with carved idols The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “nor will I share my praise with carved idols” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ISA 42 8 s62b 0 my praise This refers to the praise that Yahweh receives from people. ISA 42 9 rdt7 figs-you 0 I will tell you Here “you” is plural and refers to the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) ISA 42 10 qf1v 0 the sea, and all that is in it, the coastlands, and those who live there Alternate translation: “and all the creatures that live in the sea, and all those who live on the coastlands” ISA 42 11 liq4 figs-metonymy 0 Let the desert and the cities cry out This refers to the people who live in the desert and the cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 42 11 mtu1 0 Kedar This is a city north of Arabia. See how this was translated in [Isaiah 21:16](../21/16.md) ISA 42 11 sfh4 translate-names 0 Sela a city in Edom (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 42 12 bh2u 0 Let them give glory Here “them” refers to the people along the coastlands. ISA 42 13 bf3l figs-simile 0 Yahweh will go out as a warrior; as a man of war Yahweh is compared with a warrior who is ready to defeat his people’s enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 42 13 ys39 figs-metaphor 0 he will stir up his zeal Here “zeal” refers to the passion that a warrior experiences when he is about to fight a battle. Yahweh stimulating his zeal is spoken of as if he stirred it up like the wind stirs up waves of water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 42 14 ej6j figs-parallelism 0 I have kept quiet for a long time; I have been still and restrained myself These two lines share similar meanings. Yahweh’s inactivity is described as quietness and stillness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 42 14 x3e1 figs-doublet 0 I have been still and restrained myself These two phrases mean basically the same thing and indicate that Yahweh has kept himself from acting. Alternate translation: “I have kept myself from doing anything” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 42 14 sj5x figs-simile 0 I will cry out like a woman in labor; I will gasp and pant Yahweh’s activity as a shouting warrior is compared with a pregnant woman who cries from labor pains. This emphasizes sudden unavoidable action after a period of inactivity. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 42 15 c5ek figs-metaphor 0 I will lay waste mountains … will dry up the marshes Yahweh uses this metaphorical language to describe his great power to conquer his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 42 15 qi5p 0 the marshes A marsh is an area of soft, wet land with pools of water. ISA 42 16 d8u8 figs-parallelism 0 I will bring the blind by a way that they do not know; in paths that they do not know I will lead them These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “I will lead the blind in paths that they do not know” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 42 16 e56x figs-metaphor 0 the blind Yahweh speaks of his people being helpless as if they could not see because they were blind. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 42 16 l8wt 0 that they do not know This could mean: (1) “that they have never traveled” or (2) “with which they are unfamiliar.” ISA 42 16 jc1b figs-metaphor 0 I will turn the darkness into light before them Yahweh speaks of his people being helpless as if they could not see because they walked in darkness, and of his helping them as if he caused light to shine in the darkness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 42 17 ayv4 figs-metaphor 0 They will be turned back, they will be completely put to shame Rejecting those who worship idols is spoken of as if it is forcing them to turn back and move the opposite direction. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I will reject them and put them to shame” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 42 18 q3rs figs-you 0 you deaf … you blind Here “you” is plural and refers to the people of Israel. Yahweh speaks of their failure to listen to him and obey him as if they are deaf and blind. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 42 19 lx6z figs-rquestion 0 Who is blind but my servant? Or deaf like my messenger I send? Yahweh asks these rhetorical questions to scold his people and to emphasize that no one is as blind or deaf as they are. Alternate translation: “No one is as blind as my servant. No one is as deaf as my messenger whom I send.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 42 19 y1c1 figs-rquestion 0 Who is as blind as my covenant partner, or blind as Yahweh’s servant? Yahweh asks these rhetorical questions to scold his people and to emphasize that no one is as blind or deaf as they are. Alternate translation: “No one is as blind as my covenant partner. No one is as blind as Yahweh’s servant.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 42 20 k16p 0 You see many things, but do not comprehend Alternate translation: “Although you see many things, you do not understand what they mean” ISA 42 20 usp5 figs-metaphor 0 ears are open, but no one hears The ability to hear is spoken of as if the ears were open. Here the word “hears” refers to understanding what one hears. Alternate translation: “people hear, but no one understands what they hear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 42 21 e9j8 0 It pleased Yahweh to praise his justice and to make his law glorious “Yahweh was pleased to honor his justice by making his law glorious.” The second part of the phrase explains how Yahweh accomplished the first part. ISA 42 22 p3ne figs-activepassive 0 But this is a people robbed and plundered If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “But the enemy has robbed and plundered this people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 42 22 eu68 figs-doublet 0 robbed and plundered These two words mean basically the same thing and emphasize how badly the enemy had plundered them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 42 22 xx18 figs-parallelism 0 they are all trapped in pits, held captive in prisons These two phrases mean basically the same thing. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the enemy has trapped them all in pits and held them captive in prisons” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 42 23 zs76 0 General Information: Here Isaiah begins speaking. ISA 42 23 gp1t figs-you 0 Who among you Here “you” is plural and refers to the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) ISA 42 24 p2dz figs-rquestion 0 Who gave Jacob over to the robber, and Israel to the looters? These two phrases mean the same thing. Isaiah uses this as a leading question in order to emphasize the answer that he will give in the next phrase. Alternate translation: “I will tell you who gave the people of Israel over to robbers and looters.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 42 24 q9du figs-rquestion 0 Was it not Yahweh … refused to obey? Isaiah uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that Yahweh alone was responsible for Israel’s situation, and to explain the reason that Yahweh did it. Alternate translation: “It was certainly Yahweh … refused to obey.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 42 24 e8z2 figs-exclusive 0 against whom we have sinned Here the word “we” refers to the people of Israel and to Isaiah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ISA 42 24 dla2 figs-parallelism 0 in whose ways they refused to walk, and whose law they refused to obey The word “they” also refers to the people of Israel and to Isaiah. The two phrases mean the same thing. In the first, obeying Yahweh’s laws is spoken of as if it were walking in the paths in which Yahweh commanded them to walk. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 42 25 r4nh 0 Therefore he Alternate translation: “Therefore Yahweh” ISA 42 25 uby1 figs-metaphor 0 he poured out on them his fierce anger Isaiah speaks of Yahweh’s anger as if it were a liquid that could be poured out. Alternate translation: “he showed them just how angry he was” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 42 25 dqe8 0 on them “against us.” Here “them” refers to the people of Israel, but Isaiah still included himself as part of the people. ISA 42 25 x8pk figs-abstractnouns 0 and the violence of war The word “devastation” can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “by devastating them with war” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 42 25 ym86 figs-metaphor 0 Its flames encircled them … it consumed them Isaiah speaks of Yahweh’s fierce anger as if it were a fire that burned the people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 42 25 q8m2 figs-metaphor 0 they did not take it to heart Paying attention to something and learning from it is spoken of as if it were placing that thing on one’s heart. Alternate translation: “they did not pay attention” or “they did not learn from it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 43 intro bc7l 0 # Isaiah 43 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Exodus<br>This chapter pictures Judah’s eventual return from exile in Babylon as a kind of second exodus. It was reminiscent of their exodus from Egypt.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Exile<br>This chapter prophesies about the Jews return from Babylon, but the exile has yet to happen and is still more than a hundred years in the future. These events will show that Yahweh alone is God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 43 1 ce9y figs-parallelism 0 he who created you, Jacob, and he who formed you, Israel Both clauses mean the same thing. Alternate translation: “the one who created you, O people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 43 2 q1vm figs-metaphor 0 When you pass through the waters … the flames will not destroy you Yahweh speaks of suffering and difficult experiences as if they are deep waters and fires through which the people walk. The words “waters” and “flames” form a merism and emphasize any difficult circumstance. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) ISA 43 2 j81j figs-parallelism 0 When you pass through the waters, I will be with you; and through the rivers, they will not overwhelm you These two statements mean basically the same thing and emphasize that the people will experience no harm because Yahweh is with them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 43 2 wdj7 figs-activepassive 0 you will not be burned If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “it will not burn you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 43 3 eyx6 figs-parallelism 0 I have given Egypt as your ransom, Cush and Seba in exchange for you These two phrases share similar meanings and emphasize that Yahweh will allow Israel’s enemy to conquer these nations instead of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 43 3 jq3n translate-names 0 Seba This is the name of a nation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 43 4 z7p1 figs-doublet 0 Since you are precious and special in my sight The words “precious” and “special” mean basically the same thing and emphasize how much Yahweh values his people. Alternate translation: “Because you are very precious to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 43 4 gpe4 figs-parallelism 0 therefore I will give people in exchange for you, and other peoples in exchange for your life Both phrases mean the same thing. Alternate translation: “therefore I will let the enemy conquer other peoples instead of you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 43 5 lxw5 figs-merism 0 I will bring your offspring from the east, and gather you from the west The directions “east” and “west” form a merism and represent from every direction. Alternate translation: “I will bring you and your offspring from every direction” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) ISA 43 6 l7c3 figs-personification 0 say to the north … to the south Yahweh speaks to “the north” and “the south” as if commanding the nations in those locations. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 43 6 l9k3 figs-metaphor 0 my sons … my daughters Yahweh speaks of the people who belong to him as if they were his children. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 43 7 yc6h figs-metonymy 0 everyone who is called by my name Here to be called by someone’s name represents belonging to that person. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “everyone whom I have called by my name” or “everyone who belongs to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 43 7 l8wb figs-doublet 0 whom I have formed, yes, whom I have made Both of these mean the same thing and emphasize that it is God who made the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 43 8 r5rz figs-metaphor 0 the people who are blind … the deaf Yahweh speaks of those who do not listen to him or obey him as if they were blind and deaf. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 43 9 j9gd figs-explicit 0 Who among them could have declared this and announced to us earlier events? This rhetorical question applies to the gods whom the people of the nations worship. The implied answer is that none of them could do this. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “None of their gods could have declared this or announced to us earlier events.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 43 9 wm6d figs-explicit 0 announced to us earlier events This phrase refers to their ability to tell about events that happened in the past before they happened. Alternate translation: “announced to us earlier events before they happened” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 43 9 n7pl figs-irony 0 Let them bring their witnesses to prove themselves right, let them listen and affirm, ‘It is true.’ Yahweh challenges the gods whom the nations worship to provide witnesses who will testify that they have been able to do these things, although he knows that they cannot do so. Alternate translation: “These gods have no witnesses who will prove them right, witnesses who will listen and affirm, ‘It is true’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) ISA 43 10 zvu7 figs-you 0 You … my servant Here “you” is plural and refers to the people of Israel. The phrase “my servant” refers to the nation, as a whole. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) ISA 43 10 ja9r 0 Before me … after me In speaking this way, Yahweh is not saying that there was a time before which he did not exist or a time after which he will not exist. He is asserting that he is eternal and that the gods whom the people of other nations worship are not. ISA 43 10 x2gj figs-explicit 0 Before me there was no god formed Here the word “formed” indicates that Yahweh is speaking of idols that people have made. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “None of the gods whom people have formed existed before me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 43 10 v98y 0 there will be none after me Alternate translation: “none of those gods will exist after me” ISA 43 11 f73s figs-doublet 0 I, I am Yahweh The word “I” is repeated to emphasize the focus on Yahweh. Alternate translation: “I alone am Yahweh” or “I myself am Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 43 11 m7ei 0 there is no savior but me This can be expressed positively. Alternate translation: “I am the only savior” or “I am the only one who can save you” ISA 43 13 w2y7 figs-metonymy 0 no one can rescue anyone from my hand Here the word “hand” represents Yahweh’s power. Alternate translation: “no one can rescue anyone from my power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 43 13 y176 figs-rquestion 0 who can turn it back? Yahweh uses this question to say that no one can turn back his hand. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Turning back his hand represents stopping him from doing something. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Isaiah 14:27](../14/27.md). Alternate translation: “no one can turn it back.” or “no one can stop me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 43 14 e4rv 0 Holy One of Israel See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 1:4](../01/04.md). ISA 43 14 ly8f figs-explicit 0 I send to Babylon and lead them all down The object of the verb “send” may be supplied in translation. Alternate translation: “I send an army to Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 43 14 jrg7 0 lead them all down as fugitives Alternate translation: “lead all of the Babylonians down as fugitives” ISA 43 14 lpy3 0 fugitives A fugitive is a person who runs away so that his enemy will not capture him. ISA 43 16 qd5j figs-explicit 0 who opened a way … mighty waters Isaiah speaks of the events following the exodus from Egypt, when Yahweh divided the sea to let the Israelites walk through on dry ground but then drowned the Egyptian army. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 43 17 a8pu figs-explicit 0 who led out … a burning wick Isaiah speaks of the events following the exodus from Egypt, when Yahweh divided the sea to let the Israelites walk through on dry ground but then drowned the Egyptian army. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 43 17 u8ru figs-metaphor 0 They fell down together; they will never rise again Dying is spoken of as if it were falling down to the ground. Alternate translation: “They all died together; they will never live again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) ISA 43 17 v5sn figs-metaphor 0 they are extinguished, quenched like a burning wick The people dying is spoken of as if they were burning candle wicks that someone has extinguished. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “their lives have ended, like a person extinguishes the flame of a burning candle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 43 18 s5e7 figs-parallelism 0 Do not think about these former things, nor consider the things of long ago. These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that they are not to worry about what happened in the past. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 43 19 y1sp 0 Look This word is used to draw attention to the important information that follows. Alternate translation: “Listen” or “Pay attention” ISA 43 19 j15h figs-rquestion 0 do you not perceive it? Yahweh uses a question to teach the people of Israel. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “surely you have noticed it.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 43 20 fmk2 figs-personification 0 wild animals of the field will honor me, the jackals and the ostriches Here animals honor Yahweh as if they were people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 43 20 s4u1 figs-ellipsis 0 the jackals and the ostriches These are examples of the kinds of animals that will honor Yahweh. See how you translated the names of these animals in [Isaiah 13:21-22](../13/21.md). The understood information can be supplied to make the meaning clear. Alternate translation: “the jackals and the ostriches will honor me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ISA 43 24 l4vk 0 sweet-smelling cane This is a plant with a pleasant smell used to make anointing oil. It did not grow in the land of Israel so the people had to buy it from other nations. ISA 43 24 up12 figs-parallelism 0 burdened me with your sins, you have wearied me with your evil deeds These both mean the same thing and emphasize the complaint Yahweh has with his people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 43 24 t4mh 0 burdened me with your sins Alternate translation: “troubled me with your sins” ISA 43 25 r2jt figs-doublet 0 I, yes, I The word “I” is repeated for emphasis. Alternate translation: “I alone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 43 25 j91x figs-metaphor 0 who blots out your offenses Forgiving sins is spoken of as either: (1) blotting them out or wiping them away or (2) erasing a written record of the sins. Alternate translation: “who forgives your offenses like someone wiping something away” or “who forgives your offenses like someone who erases a record of sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 43 25 s5fa 0 for my own sake Alternate translation: “for my own honor” or “for my own reputation” ISA 43 25 l6uz 0 call to mind Alternate translation: “remember” ISA 43 26 w2ud figs-irony 0 present your cause, that you may be proved innocent Yahweh challenges the people to offer proof that they are innocent of the charges that he has brought against them, although he knows that they cannot do so. Alternate translation: “present your case, but you cannot prove yourselves to be innocent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) ISA 43 26 xn62 figs-activepassive 0 that you may be proved innocent If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that you may prove yourselves innocent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 43 27 m9k5 0 Your first father sinned This refers to the founder of Israel and may represent either Abraham or Jacob. ISA 43 28 c8g9 figs-metonymy 0 I will hand Jacob over to complete destruction Here to “hand over” represents putting someone under the power of another. The noun “destruction” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “I will cause the enemy to completely destroy Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 43 28 rtm7 figs-parallelism 0 Israel to abusive humiliation The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase, with which this phrase is parallel. The noun “humiliation” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “I will allow the enemy to abuse and humiliate Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 44 intro lx1i 0 # Isaiah 44 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s power<br>There is a prophecy in this chapter that gives the name of the king who will end the exile of the Jews from Babylon and rebuild the temple, even though the exile has not yet even occurred. This emphasizes that Yahweh knows the future, so the translator should translate the name of Cyrus given here. There are many other aspects of this chapter that show Yahweh’s power as well. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) ISA 44 1 j7v9 figs-metonymy 0 Jacob my servant This refers to Jacob’s descendants. Alternate translation: “descendants of Jacob, my servants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 44 2 a1el figs-metaphor 0 he who made you and formed you in the womb Yahweh speaks of creating the nation of Israel as if it were forming the nation as a baby in its mother’s womb. Alternate translation: “he who made you, as I form a baby in the womb” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 44 2 aj5d figs-ellipsis 0 you, Jeshurun, whom I have chosen The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “you, Jeshurun, whom I have chosen, do not fear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ISA 44 2 m3ac translate-names 0 Jeshurun This also refers to the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 44 3 r9ge figs-metaphor 0 I will pour water on the thirsty ground, and flowing streams on the dry ground Yahweh speaks of giving his Spirit to the people of Israel as if he were causing rain to fall and streams to flow on dry ground. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 44 3 cdy4 figs-metaphor 0 the thirsty ground Dry ground is spoken of as if it were a thirsty person. Alternate translation: “the dry ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 44 3 sw8k figs-metaphor 0 I will pour my Spirit on your offspring Yahweh speaks of giving his Spirit to the people as if his Spirit were liquid that he pours out on them. Alternate translation: “I will give my Spirit to your offspring” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 44 3 na48 figs-ellipsis 0 my blessing on your children The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “I will pour out my blessing on your children” or “I will give my blessing to your children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ISA 44 4 j6m5 figs-metaphor 0 They will spring up among the grass, like willows by the streams of water The people of Israel being prosperous and multiplying is spoken of as if they were plants that grow because they have plenty of water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 44 4 k6eb 0 willows A willow is a tree with thin branches that grows near the water. ISA 44 5 lfi3 0 another will call out the name of Jacob Alternate translation: “another person will say he is a descendant of Jacob” ISA 44 5 y4il 0 name himself by the name of Israel Alternate translation: “call himself a descendant of Israel” ISA 44 6 q311 0 his Redeemer Alternate translation: “Israel’s Redeemer” ISA 44 6 tts3 0 Yahweh of hosts See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). ISA 44 6 j95i figs-merism 0 I am the first, and I am the last This phrase emphasizes Yahweh’s eternal nature. This could mean: (1) “I am the one who began all things, and I am the one who ends all things” or (2) “I am the one who has always lived, and I am the one who always will live.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) ISA 44 7 r8gi figs-rquestion 0 Who is like me? Let him announce Yahweh uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that there is no one like him. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “If anyone thinks he is like me, let him announce” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 44 8 jc9b figs-doublet 0 Do not fear or be afraid Yahweh uses two similar expressions in order to strengthen his encouragement. Alternate translation: “Do not be afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 44 8 fb3i figs-rquestion 0 Have I not declared to you long ago, and announced it? Yahweh uses this question to emphasize that he is the one who predicted the events that have now happened. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. The word “announced” means basically the same thing as “declared.” Alternate translation: “I declared these things to you long ago.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 44 8 lr9q figs-rquestion 0 Is there any God besides me? Yahweh uses a question again to emphasize that there is no other God. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “There is no God besides me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 44 8 z7iv figs-metaphor 0 There is no other Rock Yahweh speaks of himself as if he were a large rock under which people can find shelter. This means he has the power to protect his people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 44 9 uhp3 0 the things they delight in are worthless Alternate translation: “the idols they delight in are worthless” ISA 44 9 ht3n figs-metaphor 0 their witnesses cannot see or know anything This phrase refers to those who worship these idols and who claim to be witnesses of the idols’ power. Yahweh speaks of their inability to understand the truth as if they were blind. Alternate translation: “those who serve as witnesses for these idols are like blind people who know nothing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 44 9 fps8 figs-activepassive 0 they will be put to shame If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “they will be ashamed” or “their idols will put them to shame” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 44 10 rn93 figs-rquestion 0 Who would form a god or cast an idol that is worthless? Yahweh is using this question to rebuke those who make idols. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Only fools would form a god or cast an idol that is worthless.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 44 10 tu2g figs-distinguish 0 cast an idol that is worthless The word “worthless” does not distinguish worthless idols from idols that have worth, because all idols are worthless. Alternate translation: “cast worthless idols” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) ISA 44 11 xq1i figs-explicit 0 all his associates This could mean: (1) this refers to the associates of the craftsman who makes the idol. Alternate translation: “all of the craftsman’s associates” or (2) this refers to those who associate themselves with the idol by worshiping it. Alternate translation: “all those who worship the idol” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 44 11 ka7l figs-activepassive 0 be put to shame If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “will be ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 44 11 n21m 0 Let them take their stand together Alternate translation: “Let them all come together before me” ISA 44 11 qc5v 0 they will cower “they will be terrified.” To “cower” is to bend over in fear. ISA 44 12 rl3h 0 forming it Alternate translation: “forming the idol” or “creating the idol” ISA 44 13 acg5 0 with a line A string was used to outline the shape of the idol in the wood. ISA 44 13 gzq3 0 stylus This is a sharp tool to scratch the wood so the craftsman can see where to cut. ISA 44 13 zt8q 0 a compass This is a tool with two points that spread out used to help mark the wood to make the idol. ISA 44 14 uuw3 0 He cuts down Alternate translation: “The carpenter cuts down” or “the woodcarver cuts down” ISA 44 14 xu2s translate-unknown 0 cypress tree a tall evergreen tree (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) ISA 44 15 gc6k 0 Then a man uses it Alternate translation: “The man uses the wood” ISA 44 15 pw7t figs-parallelism 0 he makes an idol and bows down to it This part of the sentence says basically the same as the first to emphasize it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 44 18 pm8e figs-metaphor 0 for their eyes are blind and cannot see Yahweh speaks of those who cannot understand the foolishness of worshiping idols as if they were blind. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 44 18 w7kp figs-synecdoche 0 for their eyes are blind Here “their eyes” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “for they are blind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 44 18 eri6 figs-synecdoche 0 their hearts cannot perceive Here the people are represented by their “hearts.” Alternate translation: “they cannot understand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 44 19 zz51 figs-rquestion 0 Now should I make … something disgusting to worship? Should I bow down to a block of wood? Yahweh says that these people should be asking themselves these rhetorical questions. The questions anticipate negative answers and emphasize how foolish it would be for a person to do these things. If your readers would misunderstand these questions, you can express them as statements. Alternate translation: “I should not now make … something disgusting to worship. I should not bow down to a block of wood.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 44 20 w2em figs-metaphor 0 It is as if he were eating ashes Yahweh speaks of a person worshiping an idol as if that person were eating the burned ashes of the wood from which he made the idol. Just as eating ashes does not benefit a person, neither does worshiping an idol. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 44 20 lnq9 figs-metonymy 0 his deceived heart misleads him The heart represents the inner person. Alternate translation: “he misleads himself because he is deceived” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 44 20 e7xc 0 He cannot rescue himself Alternate translation: “The person who worships idols cannot save himself” ISA 44 21 t81a figs-metonymy 0 Jacob, and Israel This refers to people descended from Jacob, Israel. Alternate translation: “you descendants of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 44 21 bng6 figs-activepassive 0 you will not be forgotten by me If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I will not forget you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 44 22 ey1y figs-parallelism 0 I have blotted out, like a thick cloud, your rebellious deeds, and like a cloud, your sins Both of these statements mean the same thing. God has removed their sins as quickly and easily as a wind can blow away a cloud. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 44 22 n1fa figs-ellipsis 0 like a cloud, your sins The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “like a cloud, I have blotted out your sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ISA 44 23 p5tq figs-apostrophe 0 Sing, you heavens … glory in Israel Here Isaiah speaks various parts of creation as if they were people and commands them to praise Yawheh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 44 23 pm5m figs-merism 0 you depths of the earth “you lowest parts of the earth.” This could mean: (1) that this refers to very deep places on the earth such as caves or canyons and forms a merism with “heavens” in the previous phrase or (2) that this refers to the place of the dead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) ISA 44 24 c6gm 0 Redeemer See how you translated this word in [Isaiah 41:14](../41/14.md). ISA 44 24 ye1e figs-metaphor 0 he who formed you from the womb Yahweh speaks of creating the nation of Israel as if it were forming the nation as a baby in its mother’s womb. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Isaiah 44:2](../44/02.md). Alternate translation: “he who made you, as I form a baby in the womb” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 44 24 qcw6 figs-metaphor 0 who alone stretched out the heavens Yahweh speaks of creating the heavens as if they were fabric which he stretched out. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Isaiah 42:5](../42/05.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 44 25 nig5 0 omens These are signs that people used to attempt to predict the future. ISA 44 25 kf5f 0 the empty talkers This refers to people who say things that are meaningless. ISA 44 26 rga7 figs-parallelism 0 who confirmed the words of his servant and brings to pass the predictions of his messengers Yahweh is saying the same thing twice to emphasize that it is only he, Yahweh, who causes the prophesies to be fulfilled. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 44 26 fe6v figs-abstractnouns 0 the words of his servant … the predictions of his messengers The abstract nouns “words” and “predictions” can be translated as verbs. Alternate translation: “what his servant declares … what his messengers announce” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 44 26 eu48 figs-activepassive 0 She will be inhabited If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “People will live there again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 44 26 ply1 figs-activepassive 0 They will be built again If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “People will rebuild them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 44 26 e9rr figs-metaphor 0 I will raise up their ruins The phrase “ruins” refers to places that have been destroyed. Yahweh speaks of rebuilding them as if he were raising them up. Alternate translation: “I will rebuild what others have destroyed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 44 28 nrh6 figs-metaphor 0 He is my shepherd Yahweh speaks of Cyrus ruling and protecting the people of Israel as if Cyrus is their shepherd. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 44 28 q7mc figs-activepassive 0 She will be rebuilt If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Let the people rebuild the city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 44 28 j6ev figs-activepassive 0 Let its foundations be laid If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Let the people lay its foundations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 45 intro gu9r 0 # Isaiah 45 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Potter and clay<br>The potter and the clay are important images used in Scripture. They emphasize the power and control of God. This chapter connects this to the truth that Yahweh is the creator of all, which it repeatedly emphasizes. He is even able to “anoint” or chose a future, pagan king. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/anoint]]) ISA 45 1 a5da figs-metaphor 0 whose right hand I hold Yahweh helping Cyrus and causing him to be successful is spoken of as if he were holding his right hand. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 45 2 kyy4 figs-metaphor 0 level the mountains Yahweh speaks of removing obstacles that would hinder Cyrus’s success as if it were leveling mountains before him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 45 2 jjq8 0 the mountains The Hebrew word used in the text is rare and is of an uncertain meaning. Some modern versions have “rough places” or “crooked places.” ISA 45 2 i615 0 their iron bars This refers to the iron bars on the bronze gates. ISA 45 3 j4lq figs-abstractnouns 0 the treasures of darkness Here “darkness” refers to places that are secret. Alternate translation: “treasures in dark places” or “the treasures in secret places” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 45 4 x9uf figs-doublet 0 Jacob … Israel These both refer to the descendants of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 45 5 uj89 0 I will arm you for battle This could mean: (1) “I will strengthen you for battle” or (2) “I will equip you for battle.” ISA 45 6 rj47 figs-merism 0 from the rising of the sun, and from the west Since the sun rises in the east, this phrase forms a merism and means everywhere on earth. Alternate translation: “from every place on earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) ISA 45 7 fa4k figs-merism 0 I form the light and create darkness; I bring peace and create disaster Both of these expressions form merisms that emphasize that Yahweh is sovereign creator of everything. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) ISA 45 8 bb15 figs-metaphor 0 You heavens, rain down from above … righteousness spring up together with it Yahweh speaks of his righteousness as if it were rain that falls on the earth, and of his righteousness and salvation as plants that grow on the earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 45 8 lxn8 figs-apostrophe 0 You heavens Yahweh momentarily turns his attention from his people and begins to speak to the heavens. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) ISA 45 9 f6zy figs-metaphor 0 any other earthen pot among all the earthen pots in the ground Yahweh speaks of himself as if he were a potter, and of the one who would argue with him as if that person and the rest of humanity were all clay pots. Alternate translation: “like one piece of pottery among many other pieces of pottery scattered on the ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 45 9 v32t 0 earthen pot This could mean: (1) “clay pot” or (2) “piece of broken clay pottery.” ISA 45 9 tc19 figs-rquestion 0 Does the clay say to the potter … on it’? Yahweh asks this question to rebuke those who argue with him about what he does. Alternate translation: “The clay should not say to the potter … on it!’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 45 10 m3zm figs-metaphor 0 Woe to him who says to a father,…‘What are you giving birth to?’ Yahweh speaks of those who would argue him as if they were unborn children who argue with their own parents. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 45 10 d6vv figs-rquestion 0 What are you fathering?…What are you giving birth to? The unborn child asks these rhetorical questions to scold his parents for giving birth to him. These can be translated as statements. Alternate translation: “You should not be my father … You should give birth to me.” or “You are not fathering me correctly … You are not giving birth to me correctly.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 45 11 f2x1 0 Holy One of Israel See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 1:4](../01/04.md). ISA 45 11 riq3 figs-rquestion 0 Why do you ask questions about what I will do for my children? Do you tell me what to do concerning the work of my hands? Yahweh uses questions to scold those who argue with him about what he does. Alternate translation: “Do not question me about what I do for my children. Do not tell me … my hands.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 45 11 k97i 0 my children This refers to the people of Israel. ISA 45 11 kv1c figs-synecdoche 0 the work of my hands Here the word “hands” represents Yahweh. Alternate translation: “the things that I have made” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 45 12 ki21 figs-synecdoche 0 It was my hands that Here the word “hands” represents Yahweh. Alternate translation: “It was I who” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 45 12 ati8 0 stretched out the heavens Yahweh speaks of creating the heavens as if they were fabric that he stretched out. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Isaiah 42:5](../42/05.md). ISA 45 13 wzd7 0 I stirred Cyrus up in righteousness Here the word “righteousness” refers to right action. This could mean: (1) that Yahweh has stirred up Cyrus to do the right thing or (2) that Yahweh was right to stir up Cyrus. ISA 45 13 ikq9 figs-metaphor 0 I stirred Cyrus Yahweh speaks of causing Cyrus to act as if it were stirring him from slumber. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 45 13 rv5p figs-metaphor 0 I will smooth out all his paths Yahweh speaks of removing obstacles and causing Cyrus to be successful as if he were making the paths smooth on which Cyrus walks. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 45 13 rhm5 0 He will build my city This refers to Jerusalem. ISA 45 13 ye47 figs-doublet 0 not for price nor bribe Here the words “price” and “bribe” share similar meanings. Cyrus will not do these things for financial gain. Alternate translation: “he will not do these things for money” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 45 13 by1u 0 Yahweh of hosts See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). ISA 45 14 s5el figs-activepassive 0 The earnings of Egypt and the merchandise of Cush with the Sabeans, men of tall stature, will be brought to you If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The people of Egypt, Cush, and the tall people of Seba, will bring to you their earnings and their merchandise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 45 14 x113 0 The earnings of Egypt Alternate translation: “The profits of Egypt” ISA 45 14 iqy3 translate-names 0 Sabeans These are people from the nation of Seba. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 45 14 abe9 figs-you 0 to you Here “you” refers to the people of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) ISA 45 16 xv24 figs-parallelism 0 They will all be ashamed and disgraced together; those who carve idols will walk in humiliation These two lines share similar meanings, with the second clarifying the subject of the first. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 45 16 vu1f figs-doublet 0 They will all be ashamed and disgraced together The words “ashamed” and “disgraced” mean basically the same thing and emphasize the intensity of shame. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Their idols will leave them all completely ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 45 16 bs61 figs-metaphor 0 will walk in humiliation Living in continual humiliation is spoken of as if it were walking in humiliation. Alternate translation: “will be continually humiliated” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 45 17 tdh9 figs-activepassive 0 Israel will be saved by Yahweh If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will save the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 45 17 dq2m figs-activepassive 0 you will never again be ashamed or humiliated Here “you” refers to the people of Israel. The words “ashamed” and “humiliated” mean basically the same thing. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “No one will ever humiliate you again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 45 18 wbc3 0 not as a waste “not to be empty.” Here the word “waste” refers to an empty, barren place. ISA 45 18 su8c figs-activepassive 0 but designed it to be inhabited If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “but he designed it so people could live on it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 45 20 ns4z 0 refugees people who have fled from their homes so the enemy will not capture or kill them ISA 45 21 m1fg 0 Let them conspire together Here the word “them” refers to the refugees from among the nations who worship idols. ISA 45 21 jum4 figs-rquestion 0 Who has shown this from long ago? Who announced it? Was it not I, Yahweh? Yahweh uses questions to emphasize that he was the one who told them these things would happen. Alternate translation: “I will tell you who has shown this from long ago. I will tell you who announced it. It was I, Yahweh.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 45 22 mrw2 figs-activepassive 0 Turn to me and be saved If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Turn to me and I will save you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 45 22 zpc4 figs-metaphor 0 all the ends of the earth The places on the earth that are very far away are spoken of as if they were the places where the earth ends. This phrase also forms a merism and refers to everywhere in between the ends. AT “all the farthest places of the earth” or “the entire earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) ISA 45 22 ee2e figs-metonymy 0 all the ends of the earth Here this phrase represents the people who live at “the ends of the earth.” Alternate translation: “you who live at the farthest places of the earth” or “all of you who live on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 45 23 yq9q figs-synecdoche 0 To me every knee will bend, every tongue will swear The words “knee” and “tongue” represent the people. Alternate translation: “Every person will kneel before me, and everyone will swear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 45 24 b27g 0 They will say All the people on the earth are speaking. ISA 45 25 kxm4 figs-activepassive 0 In Yahweh all the descendants of Israel will be justified Here the word “justified” does not refer to Yahweh forgiving their sins, but to proving to the nations that Israel was right to worship him. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will justify all the descendants of Israel” or “Yahweh will vindicate all the descendants of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 46 intro c5i1 0 # Isaiah 46 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>### Yahweh and the false gods<br>This chapter is intended to compare Yahweh with various false Gods whom the Israelites worship. There really is no comparison at all because Yahweh alone is God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) ISA 46 1 dtc9 figs-metaphor 0 Bel bows down, Nebo stoops; their idols … for weary animals Isaiah speaks of people placing the idols of Bel and Nebo into a cart for animals to transport as if these gods were made to “bow down” and “stoop.” These are both postures of humiliation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 46 1 yx1v translate-names 0 Bel … Nebo These were the two primary gods whom the Babylonians worshiped. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 46 1 tyx5 0 their idols the idols that represented Bel and Nebo ISA 46 2 sa1p 0 they cannot rescue the images Alternate translation: “Bel and Nebo cannot rescue their images” ISA 46 2 wq5y figs-metaphor 0 they themselves have gone off into captivity Isaiah speaks of people carrying off these idols as if the false gods whom they represent are being carried off to captivity. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 46 3 i31a 0 Listen to me Here “me” refers to Yahweh. ISA 46 3 pyi8 figs-metaphor 0 who have been carried by me from before your birth, carried from the womb Yahweh speaks of the nation of Israel as if it were a person, and of the nation’s beginning as if it were its birth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 46 3 zb74 figs-metaphor 0 who have been carried by me Yahweh speaks of helping and rescuing the people of Israel as if he were carrying them. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “whom I have carried” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 46 4 qb31 figs-metaphor 0 Even to your old age I am he, and until your hair is gray I will carry you Yahweh speaks of the nation of Israel becoming very old as if it were an old man with gray hair. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 46 5 x46n figs-rquestion 0 To whom will you compare me? Who do you think I resemble, so that we may be compared? Yahweh uses questions to emphasize that there is no one like him. Alternate translation: “There is no one to whom you can compare me. I resemble no one, so that we might be compared.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 46 5 v242 figs-activepassive 0 so that we may be compared If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “so that you may compare us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 46 7 pr7d 0 They lift it “They” refers to the people who make idols and “it” refers to the idol that they have created. ISA 46 10 ew3c figs-parallelism 0 I announce the end from the beginning, and beforehand what has not yet happened This basically repeats the same idea for emphasis. The verb from the first phrase may be supplied for the second. Alternate translation: “I announce the end from the beginning, and I announce beforehand what has not yet happened” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ISA 46 11 f49l figs-metaphor 0 I call a bird of prey from the east Yahweh speaks of Cyrus as if he were “a bird of prey.” As a bird swiftly captures its prey, so Cyrus will swiftly accomplish Yahweh’s purpose to conquer the nations. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 46 11 yfg8 figs-parallelism 0 I have spoken; I will also accomplish it; I have purposed, I will also do it. This repeats the same idea for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 46 12 cq6x figs-metaphor 0 who are far from doing what is right Yahweh speaks of the people stubbornly doing wrong as if they were physically far away from doing the right thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 46 13 ykp7 figs-personification 0 my salvation does not wait Yahweh speaks of saving his people soon as if his salvation were a person who does not wait to act. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **salvation**, you could express the same idea with a verb. Alternate translation: “I will not wait to save you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 47 intro ss9a 0 # Isaiah 47 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Babylon<br>This chapter prophesied the destruction of Babylon. At the time that the prophesy was written, Assyria was still in power and Babylon had not yet become a world power. The Chaldeans were not yet a powerful nation either. The people of Judah would become servants or slaves of Babylon and be forced to work very hard. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) ISA 47 1 h2n7 figs-metaphor 0 General Information: In this chapter, Yahweh speaks to Babylon about her downfall as if she were a queen who is humiliated. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 47 1 qpl4 figs-parallelism 0 sit in the dust, virgin daughter of Babylon; sit on the ground … daughter of the Chaldeans. These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Sitting in the dust was a sign of humiliation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) ISA 47 1 u5gc figs-metaphor 0 virgin daughter of Babylon … daughter of the Chaldeans Both of these phrases refer to the city, Babylon, which is spoken of as if it were a daughter. That the city is a “daughter” indicates how people think fondly of her. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 47 1 iz8h figs-metonymy 0 without a throne Here “throne” refers to the power to rule. Alternate translation: “without the power to rule” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 47 1 v7zc figs-activepassive 0 You will no longer be called dainty and delicate If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “People will no longer call you dainty and delicate” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 47 1 gl3j figs-doublet 0 dainty and delicate These two words share similar meanings. They describe one who is beautiful and lives in luxury. Alternate translation: “very beautiful” or “very luxurious” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 47 2 xev9 0 millstone a large stone used to grind grain ISA 47 3 nic9 figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh continues to speak to Babylon about her downfall as if she were a queen who is humiliated. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 47 3 jf7c figs-activepassive 0 Your nakedness will be uncovered If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You will be naked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 47 3 g35e figs-euphemism 0 your shame will be seen Here the word “shame” is a euphemism for one’s private parts. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “people will see your shame” or “people will see your private parts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 47 4 w7a9 figs-exclusive 0 Our Redeemer “Our” refers to Isaiah and the people of Israel. See how you translated “Redeemer” in [Isaiah 41:14](../41/14.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ISA 47 4 l2cn 0 Yahweh of hosts See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 1:24](../01/24.md). ISA 47 4 eul3 0 Holy One of Israel See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 5:16](../05/16.md). ISA 47 5 m7ax 0 daughter of the Chaldeans This phrase refers to the city, Babylon, which is spoken of as if it were a daughter. That the city is a “daughter” indicates how the Chaldeans think fondly of her. See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 47:1](../47/01.md). ISA 47 5 h2qf figs-activepassive 0 for you will no longer be called If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “for people will no longer call you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 47 5 zc1h figs-metaphor 0 queen of kingdoms Yahweh speaks of Babylon being the capital city of the Babylonian empire as if it were a queen who ruled many kingdoms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 47 6 x3uv figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh continues to speak to Babylon about her downfall as if she were a queen who is humiliated. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 47 6 r3nq 0 I was angry Here “I” refers to Yahweh. ISA 47 6 nxq8 figs-metaphor 0 I defiled my heritage Yahweh speaks of the people of Israel being his special possession as if they were his heritage or inheritance. Alternate translation: “I defiled my people, who are my special possession” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 47 6 f2rz figs-metonymy 0 gave them over into your hand Here the word “hand” represents Babylon’s power or control. Alternate translation: “I put them under your power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 47 6 b84q figs-metaphor 0 you placed a very heavy yoke on the old people Yahweh speaks of the Babylonians oppressing the old people as if they had treated the old people like cattle and put heavy yokes on their necks. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 47 7 d71w figs-metaphor 0 I will rule forever as sovereign queen Babylon speaks of permanently ruling over many nations as if she were a queen who would rule forever. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 47 7 ia5g figs-metaphor 0 You did not take these things to heart Yahweh speaks of thinking carefully about something as if it were placing that thing on one’s heart. Alternate translation: “You did not consider these things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 47 8 tb6u figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh continues to speak to Babylon about her downfall as if she were a queen who is humiliated. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 47 8 s8dj 0 you who love pleasure “you luxurious one.” This refers to the many luxuries that Babylon enjoyed. ISA 47 8 k74f figs-idiom 0 sit securely This refers to Babylon’s false sense of security in thinking that she will never lose her position of wealth and honor. Alternate translation: “who think you are safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 47 8 u9jp figs-metaphor 0 I will never sit as a widow … loss of children Babylon believing that other nations will never be able to conquer her is spoken of as if she will never become a widow or never have children die. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 47 8 h71w 0 I will never sit as a widow Alternate translation: “I will never become a widow” ISA 47 9 nwu5 0 in a moment in one day Alternate translation: “suddenly at the same time” ISA 47 10 eql9 figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh continues to speak to Babylon about her downfall as if she were a queen who is humiliated. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 47 10 f9kb figs-metonymy 0 you say in your heart Here the word “heart” refers to the inner person. Alternate translation: “you say to yourself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 47 11 k9al figs-metaphor 0 Disaster will overcome you Yahweh speaks of disaster as if it were a person who captures Babylon. Alternate translation: “You will experience disaster” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 47 11 j3z5 figs-metaphor 0 Destruction will fall on you Yahweh speaks Babylon being destroyed as if destruction were an object that falls upon the city. Alternate translation: “You will experience destruction” or “Others will destroy you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 47 11 qe57 figs-metaphor 0 Calamity will strike you Yahweh speaks of Babylon experiencing calamity as if calamity were a person who strikes Babylon. Alternate translation: “You will experience calamity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 47 12 r46s figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh continues to speak to Babylon about her downfall as if she were a queen who is humiliated. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 47 12 zg4g figs-irony 0 Persist in casting your spells … perhaps you will scare away disaster Yahweh mocks Babylon by telling her to continue to practice her sorcery to keep bad things away, but he knows that it will not help her. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) ISA 47 14 cm8n figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh continues to speak to Babylon about her downfall as if she were a queen who is humiliated. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 47 14 v2fe figs-simile 0 they will become like stubble. The fire will burn them up Yahweh compares the magicians and sorcerers to straw that burns quickly in a fire. This means that Yahweh will destroy them as easily as fire burns stubble, and so they are powerless to save Babylon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 47 14 ktj7 figs-metonymy 0 the hand of the flame Here the word “hand” represents strength. Alternate translation: “the power of the flame” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 47 14 z4mb 0 There are no coals to warm them and no fire for them to sit by Yahweh emphasizes that this is a destructive fire by stating that it is not one that people will use to warm themselves. ISA 48 intro db3q 0 # Isaiah 48 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>### Yahweh and the false gods<br><br>This chapter is set up to compare Yahweh with various false Gods whom the Israelites worship. There really is no comparison between the two because Yahweh alone is God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Exile<br>Yahweh explains purpose behind the Jews exile in Babylon, even though it is still in the future. This emphasizes that Yahweh is much more powerful than the false gods. ISA 48 1 kwr6 0 Hear this “Listen to my message.” Yahweh is speaking. ISA 48 1 ur9w figs-metonymy 0 house of Jacob Here “house” refers to the descendants of Jacob. Alternate translation: “descendants of Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 48 1 y5hd figs-activepassive 0 who are called by the name Israel If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “whom everyone calls the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 48 1 b8ht figs-metaphor 0 have come from the sperm of Judah This phrase emphasizes that they are the direct, physical descendants of Judah. Alternate translation: “are the descendants of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 48 1 nzc1 0 invoke the God of Israel Alternate translation: “call on the God of Israel” ISA 48 2 lqn2 figs-123person 0 they call themselves This refers to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “you call yourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) ISA 48 2 b2hj 0 the holy city This refers to Jerusalem. ISA 48 2 w8wb 0 Yahweh of hosts See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). ISA 48 3 bj46 figs-synecdoche 0 they came out from my mouth “Mouth” refers to someone speaking. Alternate translation: “I spoke these things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 48 4 kh64 figs-simile 0 your neck muscles tight as iron, and your forehead like bronze Yahweh compares the tightness of their neck muscles and the hardness of their foreheads to the hardness of iron and bronze. Here, to have a tight neck or a hard forehead is a metaphor that means the people are stubborn. Alternate translation: “it is as if your necks were iron and your heads were bronze” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 48 5 l31k figs-parallelism 0 I declared these things to you beforehand; before they happened I informed you This is saying the same thing twice for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 48 6 vf8u figs-rquestion 0 will you not admit what I said is true? Yahweh uses a question to scold the people of Israel for not admitting what they should know is true. Alternate translation: “you are stubborn and will not admit what I said is true.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 48 8 e9nm figs-metaphor 0 these things were not unfolded to your ears beforehand Yahweh speaks of explaining something as if it were unfolding it. The word “ears” represents the people who are listening. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I did not explain these things to you beforehand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 48 8 i9uv figs-metaphor 0 from birth Yahweh speaks of the nation’s beginning as if it were its birth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 48 9 r5sr figs-metonymy 0 For the sake of my name I will defer my anger Here the word “name” refers to Yahweh’s reputation. Alternate translation: “For the sake of my reputation I will delay my anger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 48 9 l496 figs-parallelism 0 for my honor I will hold back from destroying you This part of the sentence means basically the same thing as the first part. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 48 10 rn48 figs-metaphor 0 Look, I refined you, but not as silver; I have purified you in the furnace of affliction Yahweh speaks of using affliction to purify his people as if they were precious metals and affliction were a furnace in which he refines them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 48 11 sf4g figs-rquestion 0 for how can I allow my name to be profaned? Yahweh uses a question to emphasize that he can never allow his own name to be dishonored. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “for I cannot allow anyone to profane my name.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 48 12 q7py figs-doublet 0 Jacob, and Israel Both of these refer to the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 48 12 f7ei figs-merism 0 I am the first, I also am the last This phrase emphasizes Yahweh’s eternal nature. This could mean: (1) “I am the one who began all things, and I am the one who ends all things” or (2) “I am the one who has always lived, and I am the one who always will live.” See how you translated a similar phrase in [Isaiah 44:6](../44/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) ISA 48 13 x9pc figs-synecdoche 0 my hand laid the foundation of the earth, and my right hand spread out the heavens Here “hand” refers to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “I laid the foundation of the earth, and I spread out the heavens” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 48 13 a1fq 0 the foundation of the earth The word “foundation” normally refers to a stone structure that gives support to a building from underneath. Here it describes a similar structure that was thought to support and hold the earth in place. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 24:18](../24/18.md). ISA 48 13 u4il figs-metaphor 0 spread out the heavens Yahweh speaks of creating the heavens as if they were fabric which Yahweh stretched out. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Isaiah 42:5](../42/05.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 48 13 rx2t figs-metaphor 0 when I call to them, they stand up together Standing up when Yahweh calls is a metaphor for being ready to obey him. Yahweh speaks of the earth and the heavens as if they were able to hear him and obey him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 48 13 x82p 0 when I call to them This could mean: (1) “when I call the earth and the heavens” or (2) “when I call the stars in the heavens.” ISA 48 14 ery6 figs-rquestion 0 Who among you has announced these things? Yahweh uses a question to emphasize that the idols have not told them these things. Alternate translation: “None of your idols has told this to you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 48 14 fb8g figs-parallelism 0 Yahweh’s ally will accomplish his purpose against Babylon. He will carry out Yahweh’s will against the Chaldeans Here “ally” refers to Cyrus. Both of these sentences mean the same thing and are used for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 48 14 iq1y 0 his purpose Alternate translation: “Yahweh’s purpose” ISA 48 15 u3l4 figs-doublet 0 I, I The word “I” is repeated for emphasis. Alternate translation: “I myself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 48 16 q1tx figs-doublenegatives 0 I have not spoken in secret This can be expressed positively. Alternate translation: “I have spoken plainly and clearly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) ISA 48 16 w6nj 0 sent me Here “me” refers to an unknown servant of Yahweh, maybe Isaiah or Cyrus or the promised Messiah. ISA 48 17 x4pq figs-you 0 your Redeemer … your God Here “your” refers to the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) ISA 48 17 p3n4 0 Redeemer See how you translated this word in [Isaiah 41:14](../41/14.md). ISA 48 17 r13i 0 Holy One of Israel See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 1:4](../01/04.md). ISA 48 17 zn3h figs-metaphor 0 who leads you by the way that you should go Yahweh teaching the people how they should live is spoken of as if he were leading them to walk on the correct paths. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 48 18 jb34 figs-hypo 0 If only you had obeyed my commandments Yahweh describes something that could have happened but did not. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) ISA 48 18 ge2j figs-metaphor 0 Then your peace and prosperity would have flowed like a river, and your salvation like the waves of the sea These two phrases share similar meanings. In both, Yahweh speaks of Israel’s experiencing abundant blessings as if those blessings flowed like water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 48 18 abl9 figs-ellipsis 0 your salvation like the waves of the sea The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “your salvation would have flowed like the waves of the sea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ISA 48 19 ysr5 figs-parallelism 0 Your descendants would have been as numerous as the sand, and the children from your womb as numerous as the grains of sand These both mean that the people would have had more descendants than they could count. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 48 19 tp31 figs-metaphor 0 the children from your womb Yahweh speaks of the descendants of the people of Israel as if they were children to which the nation gives birth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 48 19 yjm7 figs-metonymy 0 their name would not have been cut off nor blotted out The people of Israel being destroyed is spoken of as if their name had been cut off, as one would cut a piece of cloth or cut a branch from a tree, or blotted out. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “I would not have cut off nor blotted out their name” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 48 19 icj1 figs-metonymy 0 their name Here the word “name” refers to the descendants who would carry on the name of Israel. Alternate translation: “they” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 48 19 w43e figs-doublet 0 cut off nor blotted out These two expressions in this context refer to destroying the people. Alternate translation: “destroyed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 48 20 lf27 figs-metaphor 0 to the ends of the earth The places on the earth that are very far away are spoken of as if they were the places where the earth ends. This phrase also forms a merism and refers to everywhere in between the ends. Alternate translation: “to all the farthest places of the earth” or “to the entire earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) ISA 48 20 kr2r figs-metonymy 0 his servant Jacob This refers to the descendants of Jacob. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel, his servants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 48 21 pw4g 0 They did not thirst … the waters gushed out This refers to an event in the history of the people of Israel when Yahweh took care of them while they lived in the desert after escaping Egypt. ISA 49 intro j3n4 0 # Isaiah 49 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>Many scholars believe that there are four songs or poems which Isaiah records about the Messiah. Isaiah 49:1-6 is the second of these songs. They are often called the “servant songs” because they focus on the Messiah being a servant. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### A day of salvation<br>It is unclear if this is a reference to the gospel proclaimed by the Messiah or to the day of restoration of all things. The translator should not try to explain its reference to the reader. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/goodnews]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]]) ISA 49 1 pv8e 0 Listen to me Here “me” refers to Yahweh’s servant. ISA 49 1 wr47 figs-metonymy 0 you coastlands This refers to the people who live on the coastlands. Alternate translation: “you who live on the coastlands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 49 2 wz7q figs-metonymy 0 He has made my mouth like a sharp sword Here the word “mouth” represents the words that he speaks. His words are compared to a sharp sword to emphasize that they will be effective. Alternate translation: “He has made my words as effective as a sharp sword” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 49 2 cz3k figs-metaphor 0 he hid me in the shadow of his hand Yahweh protecting his servant and keeping his purpose secret is spoken of as if Yahweh’s hand cast a shadow over him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 49 2 uz4m figs-metaphor 0 he has made me into a polished arrow; in his quiver he has hidden me Yahweh’s servant being able to carry out Yahweh’s purposes effectively is spoken of as if the servant were a sharp, new arrow. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 49 2 py5e figs-metaphor 0 in his quiver he has hidden me Yahweh protecting his servant and keeping his purpose secret is spoken of as if Yahweh kept him hidden in a quiver. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 49 2 kax8 0 quiver a case used to carry arrows ISA 49 3 l2za 0 He said Alternate translation: “Yahweh said” ISA 49 3 uwn2 0 You are my servant, Israel Alternate translation: “You are my servant, whom I call Israel” ISA 49 5 ic46 figs-activepassive 0 that Israel would be gathered to him This part of the sentence means the same as the part before it. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “to bring the people of Israel back to himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 49 5 p83j figs-metaphor 0 I am honored in the eyes of Yahweh The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has honored me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 49 6 n48v figs-metaphor 0 I will make you a light to the Gentiles The servant bringing Yahweh’s message to the Gentiles and helping them to understand it is spoken of as if Yahweh made the servant a light that shines among the Gentiles. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Isaiah 42:6](../42/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 49 6 v7h2 figs-metaphor 0 to the ends of the earth The places on the earth that are very far away are spoken of as if they were the places where the earth ends. This phrase also forms a merism and refers to everywhere in between the ends. AT “to all the farthest places of the earth” or “to the entire earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) ISA 49 7 u1wg 0 Redeemer See how you translated this word in [Isaiah 41:14](../41/14.md). ISA 49 7 qz3u figs-activepassive 0 to the one whose life is despised, hated by the nations, and a slave of rulers Here the word “life” represents the person. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “to the one whom people despised, whom the nations hated and held as slaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 49 7 ec8d 0 Holy One of Israel See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 1:4](../01/04.md). ISA 49 8 j5i7 figs-parallelism 0 At a time I decide to show my favor I will answer you, and in a day of salvation I will help you These two clauses mean basically the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 49 8 k1c2 0 I will answer you Here “you” refers to Yahweh’s servant. ISA 49 8 x79w figs-abstractnouns 0 in a day of salvation The word “salvation” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “when the time comes for me to save you” (See:[[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 49 8 l69w figs-metonymy 0 give you as a covenant for the people Here the word “covenant” is a metonym for the one who establishes or mediates a covenant. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Isaiah 42:6](../42/06.md). Alternate translation: “make you be the mediator of a covenant with the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 49 8 p7as figs-metonymy 0 to rebuild the land Here the word “land” represents the cities in the land that had been destroyed. Alternate translation: “to rebuild the ruined places in the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 49 8 d3pr figs-metaphor 0 to reassign the desolate inheritance Yahweh speaks of the land as if it were an inheritance that the people of Israel received as a permanent possession. It is implied that the servant is to reassign the land to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “to reassign the desolate land to the people of Israel as their inheritance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 49 9 zkr5 figs-metaphor 0 They will graze along the roads, and on all the bare slopes will be their pasture Yahweh speaks of the people living freely and prosperously as if they were sheep that had plenty of pasture in which to graze. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 49 10 qew7 0 They will not Here “they” refers to God’s people. ISA 49 10 pc41 figs-hendiadys 0 nor will the heat or sun beat on them Here the word “heat” describes the word “sun.” The people suffering from the sun’s heat is spoken of as if the heat struck them. Alternate translation: “nor will they suffer from the sun’s heat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 49 10 j8sr figs-123person 0 for he who has mercy on them … he will guide them Yahweh speaks of himself in the third person. He speaks of protecting the people and caring for them as if he were their shepherd. Alternate translation: “I, the one who has mercy on them … I will guide them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 49 11 y1fv figs-metaphor 0 I will make all my mountains into a road, and make my highways level Yahweh speaks of guiding his people safely and removing obstacles from their path as if he turned mountains into roads and level highways. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 49 12 xd2x translate-names 0 the land of Sinim The location of this place is uncertain, but it may refer to a region in the southern part of Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 49 13 y77d figs-apostrophe 0 Sing, heavens, and be joyful, earth; break into singing, you mountains! Isaiah turns his attention from the people of Israel and speaks to the heavens, earth, and mountains as if they were people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 49 14 hil4 figs-personification 0 But Zion said The word “Zion” is another name for Jerusalem. Isaiah speaks of the city as if it were a woman who complains that Yahweh has forgotten her. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 49 15 sx95 figs-rquestion 0 Can a woman forget her baby, nursing at her breast, so she does not have compassion on the son she has borne? Yahweh uses a question to help his people understand that he will never forget about them or stop caring for them. Alternate translation: “A woman would not forget her nursing baby or stop caring for the son she bore.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 49 16 z9g7 figs-metaphor 0 I have inscribed your name on my palms Yahweh speaks of his unwavering devotion to Zion as if he had written her name on the palms of his hands. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 49 16 fmu4 figs-metaphor 0 your walls are continually before me Yahweh speaks of always thinking about Zion as if her walls were always before him. The word “walls” is a metonym for the city. Alternate translation: “I am continually thinking about your walls” or “I am always thinking about you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 49 17 i85i figs-metaphor 0 Your children are hurrying back Yahweh speaks of the people who are returning to live in Jerusalem as if they were the city’s children. Alternate translation: “Your inhabitants are hurrying back” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 49 18 r9kr figs-metaphor 0 you will surely wear them like jewelry, and you will put them on like a bride Yahweh speaks of the inhabitants of Zion as if they were jewelry that the city wears to show her beauty and joy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 49 18 ha7m figs-ellipsis 0 you will put them on like a bride The last part of the phrase can be clarified from the previous line. Alternate translation: “you will put them on, like a bride wears jewelry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ISA 49 19 y3yt figs-doublet 0 Though you were a waste and desolate The words “a waste” and “desolate” mean basically the same thing and emphasize that the enemy has destroyed Zion and left it empty. Alternate translation: “Though you were completely desolate” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 49 19 ppl1 figs-metaphor 0 those who devoured you The enemy destroying Zion is spoken of as if they had devoured it. Alternate translation: “those who destroyed you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 49 20 th6g figs-metaphor 0 The children born during the time of your bereavement Yahweh speaks of the time when the people of Jerusalem were in exile as if the city was bereaved of her children. Those who were born while the people were in exile are spoken of as the city’s children. Alternate translation: “Those who will inhabit you, who were born while the people were in exile” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 49 20 u1bw 0 The place is too cramped for us This means that there will be so many people that the city will be too small for them all to live in it. ISA 49 21 pik2 figs-metaphor 0 Who has borne these children for me? Zion speaks of the people who are returning to inhabit the city as if those people were her children. Zion’s question expresses her surprise that so many children now belong to her. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 49 21 ppt4 figs-metaphor 0 I was bereaved and barren, exiled and divorced Zion describes herself as a woman incapable of having more children. She indicates the reasons for her great surprise. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 49 21 y88k 0 I was bereaved and barren Alternate translation: “I was mourning over my dead children and unable to have more” ISA 49 21 k6i8 0 exiled and divorced Alternate translation: “I was sent away, without a husband” ISA 49 21 h2kt figs-rquestion 0 Who has raised these children? Look, I was left all alone; where did these come from? Again, Zion uses questions to expresses her surprise. Alternate translation: “Look, I was left all alone; now all of these children that I did not raise have come to me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 49 22 wx99 figs-parallelism 0 I will raise my hand to the nations; I will raise my signal flag to the peoples These two clauses mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “I will raise my hand and signal with a flag for the people of the nations to come” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 49 22 ps5y figs-metaphor 0 They will bring your sons in their arms and carry your daughters on their shoulders Yahweh speaks of the people who will inhabit Jerusalem as if they were the city’s children. He also speaks of the people of other nations helping the Israelites to return to Jerusalem as if they were carrying the Israelites. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 49 23 q6dc figs-metaphor 0 Kings will be your foster fathers, and their queens your nursemaids Yahweh speaks of the people who will inhabit Zion as if they were the city’s children. The terms “foster fathers” and “nursemaids” refer to men and women who become responsible for the care of children. Alternate translation: “The kings and queens of other nations will provide for your inhabitants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 49 23 w8ev 0 they will bow down to you with their faces to the earth and lick the dust of your feet These phrases describe gestures that people used to express complete submission to a superior. ISA 49 23 fx8v figs-idiom 0 lick the dust of your feet This could mean: (1) that this is a literal expression of submission where the person licks the dust off of a superior’s foot or from the ground at the superior’s foot or (2) that this is an idiom that describes a person prostrating himself before a superior. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 49 23 j5gn figs-activepassive 0 will not be put to shame If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “will not be ashamed” or “will not be disappointed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 49 24 w2vc figs-rquestion 0 Can the spoils be taken from the warrior, or captives be rescued from the fierce? Isaiah uses a question to express the difficulty of taking anything from a mighty soldier or a very strong warrior. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “A person cannot take the spoils from a warrior or rescue captives from fierce soldiers.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 49 24 c5s2 0 spoils valuable items taken from the losers in a battle ISA 49 25 kqr1 figs-activepassive 0 the captives will be taken away from the warrior, and spoils will be rescued Yahweh says that he will do what is usually impossible for people to do. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I will take the captives from the warrior, and I will rescue the spoils” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 49 25 zzu8 figs-metaphor 0 I will … save your children Yahweh speaks of the people who will inhabit Zion as if they were the city’s children. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 49 26 qp7y figs-metaphor 0 I will feed your oppressors with their own flesh This could mean: (1) the oppressors will be so hungry that they will eat the flesh of their friends who have died. Alternate translation: “I will cause your oppressors to eat their own flesh” or (2) Yahweh speaks of the oppressors fighting against and destroying themselves as if they were eating themselves. Alternate translation: “I will cause your oppressors to destroy themselves, as if they were eating their own flesh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 49 26 l5ym figs-metaphor 0 they will get drunk on their own blood, as if it were wine This could mean: (1) the oppressors will be so thirsty that they drink the blood of their friends who have died. Alternate translation: “they will drink their friends’ blood and be like weak people who are drunk on wine” or (2) Yahweh speaks of the oppressors fighting against and destroying themselves as if they were drinking their own blood. Alternate translation: “they will shed so much of their friends’ blood that it will be as though they were getting drunk with wine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 50 intro w2ie 0 # Isaiah 50 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>Many scholars believe that there are four songs or poems which Isaiah records about the Messiah. Isaiah 50:4-9 is the third of these songs. They are often called the “servant songs” because they focus on the Messiah being a servant. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Rhetorical Questions<br>There are many rhetorical questions in this chapter. These questions prove Yahweh’s point and are intended to convince the readers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 50 1 ca66 figs-metaphor 0 Where is the certificate of divorce with which I divorced your mother? Yahweh speaks of Zion as if the city were the mother of the people who lived there and of sending the people into exile as if he were divorcing their mother. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 50 1 dz6i figs-rquestion 0 Where is the certificate of divorce with which I divorced your mother? Yahweh asks this rhetorical question so that the people would produce “the certificate of divorce,” which would provide the reason Yahweh sent them into exile. Alternate translation: “Show me the certificate of divorce with which I divorced your mother.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 50 1 wz9n figs-metaphor 0 To which of my creditors did I sell you? Yahweh speaks of sending the people into exile as if he were selling them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 50 1 krc1 figs-rquestion 0 To which of my creditors did I sell you? Yahweh asks this question to emphasize that he did not sell them because he owed a debt to a creditor. It is implied that this is what the people had thought. Alternate translation: “I did not sell you because I owed a debt to someone.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 50 1 k7at figs-metaphor 0 you were sold because of your sins, and because of your rebellion, your mother was sent away Yahweh gives the reason for sending the people into exile, which he speaks of as if he had sold them and divorced their mother. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I sold you because of your sins, and I divorced your mother because of your rebellion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 50 2 ie1n figs-parallelism 0 Why did I come but there was no one there? Why did I call but no one answered? These two sentences mean basically the same thing. Yahweh uses questions to emphasize that the people are in exile because they did not respond to him, not because he was unwilling to save them. Alternate translation: “When I came to you, you should have been there, but you were not. When I called you, you should have answered, but you did not.” or “When I came to speak to you, you did not respond to me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 50 2 s2sd figs-parallelism 0 Was my hand too short to ransom you? Was there no power in me to rescue you? Yahweh uses two similar questions to rebuke the people for believing that he was not strong enough to rescue them. Alternate translation: “My hand was certainly not too short for me to ransom you, and I had the power to rescue you!” or “I certainly have the power to rescue you from your enemies.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 50 2 cv6g figs-metonymy 0 Was my hand too short Here the word “hand” represents Yahweh’s power. Yahweh not being strong enough is spoken of as if his hand were short. Alternate translation: “Was I not strong enough” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 50 2 lz41 0 Was there no power in me Alternate translation: “Did I not have the power” ISA 50 2 cl62 figs-metaphor 0 I make the rivers a desert Yahweh speaks of drying up the rivers as if he were turning them into a desert. Alternate translation: “I make the rivers as dry as a desert” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 50 2 d3r6 0 their fish die for lack of water and rot “their fish die and rot for lack of water.” The word “their” refers to the sea and the rivers. ISA 50 3 y7n5 figs-metaphor 0 I clothe the sky with darkness; I cover it with sackcloth These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Yahweh speaks of causing the sky to become dark as if he were clothing it with sackcloth. Alternate translation: “I make the sky dark, as if it were wearing dark sackcloth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 50 4 ww6d 0 General Information: Yahweh’s servant begins to speak. ISA 50 4 ahs2 figs-metonymy 0 The Lord Yahweh has given me a tongue as one of those who are taught The word “tongue” represents what he says. This could mean: (1) Yahweh has enabled him to speak as one who has learned to speak skillfully. Alternate translation: “The Lord Yahweh has enabled me to be a skillful speaker” or (2) Yahweh has taught him what to say. Alternate translation: “The Lord Yahweh has enabled me to speak what he has taught me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 50 4 zzf8 figs-synecdoche 0 he awakens my ear to hear Here “my ear” refers to Yahweh’s servant. Yahweh enabling him to hear and understand what Yahweh teaches him is spoken of as if Yahweh awakened his ear from sleep. Alternate translation: “he has enabled me to understand what he says” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 50 4 v3ta figs-simile 0 like those who are taught The servant compares himself with a student who learns from his teacher. This could mean: (1) “like one who learns from his teacher” or (2) “like one whom he has taught” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 50 5 z5m7 figs-metaphor 0 The Lord Yahweh has opened my ear Yahweh enabling his servant to hear and understand is spoken of as if Yahweh opened his ear. Alternate translation: “The Lord Yahweh has enabled me to hear and understand him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 50 5 hk16 figs-parallelism 0 I was not rebellious, nor did I turn away backward These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Disobeying what Yahweh said is spoken of as if it were turning one’s back toward him. This can be stated in positive terms. Alternate translation: “I obeyed what he said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 50 6 f2mw figs-metaphor 0 I gave my back to those who beat me, and my cheeks to those who plucked out my beard Allowing people to beat him and pluck out his beard is spoken of as if it were giving his back and cheeks to them. Alternate translation: “I allowed people to beat me on my back and to pluck out my beard from my cheeks” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 50 6 s9l3 figs-synecdoche 0 I did not hide my face from acts of shame and spitting Hiding one’s face means to protect oneself. Alternate translation: “I did not defend myself when they mocked me and spat on me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 50 7 e3bh figs-activepassive 0 therefore I am not disgraced Even though the servant has been mistreated, he will not be ashamed because he has obeyed Yahweh. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “therefore I will not be ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 50 7 y168 figs-synecdoche 0 so I have made my face like flint Here “my face” refers to the servant. The servant being steadfastly determined to obey Yahweh is spoken of as if his face were as hard as flint. Alternate translation: “so I am absolutely determined” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 50 7 di16 figs-activepassive 0 for I know that I will not be put to shame The servant looks to the future with confidence, secure in Yahweh’s calling. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “for I know that my enemies will not be able to make me feel shame” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 50 8 fkm8 figs-rquestion 0 Who will oppose me? Let us stand … Who is my accuser? Let him come The servant uses these questions to emphasize that there is no one who can legitimately accuse him of wrong. Alternate translation: “If anyone would oppose me, let us stand … If anyone would accuse me, let him come” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 50 9 ti2t figs-rquestion 0 Who will declare me guilty? The servant uses this question to assert that no one can declare him guilty. Alternate translation: “There is no one who can declare me guilty.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 50 9 yj3u figs-metaphor 0 they will all wear out like a garment; the moth will eat them up There being no one left to accuse the servant of being guilty is spoken of as if the accusers were garments that wear thin and are eaten by moths. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 50 10 mki5 figs-rquestion 0 Who among you fears Yahweh? Who obeys the voice of his servant? Who walks in deep darkness without light? He should … his God. The servant uses these questions to identify those to whom he is speaking. Alternate translation: “If someone among you fears Yahweh and obeys the voice of his servant, but he walks in deep darkness without light, then he should … his God.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 50 10 k89u figs-metonymy 0 obeys the voice of his servant Here the word “voice” represents what the servant says. Alternate translation: “obeys his servant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 50 10 v35n figs-metaphor 0 walks in deep darkness without light The servant speaks of people who are suffering and feel helpless as if they were walking in a very dark place. Alternate translation: “is suffering and feels helpless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 50 10 kt5t figs-parallelism 0 trust in the name of Yahweh and lean on his God These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Here the word “name” represents Yahweh himself. Trusting in God is spoken of as if it were leaning on him. Alternate translation: “trust in Yahweh, his God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 50 11 w57f figs-metaphor 0 all you who light fires … flames that you have ignited This continues the metaphor from the previous verse of people who walk in darkness. Here people who try to live according to their own wisdom instead of trusting in Yahweh are spoken of as if they lit their own fires and carried about torches in order to see in the dark. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 50 11 ftd9 figs-euphemism 0 You will lie down in a place of pain Here to “lie down” refers to dying. Dying painfully is spoken of as if it were lying down in a place where they will experience pain. Alternate translation: “You will die with great suffering” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 51 intro lu7c 0 # Isaiah 51 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Rhetorical Questions<br>There are many rhetorical questions in this chapter. These questions prove Yahweh’s point and are intended to convince the readers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])<br><br>### Awake<br>In this chapter the author uses sleeping as a metaphor for sin. The people are told to “awake,” meaning they are to repent and return to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]]) ISA 51 1 amf7 0 Listen to me Here the word “me” refers to Yahweh. ISA 51 1 uux8 figs-metaphor 0 look at the rock … and to the quarry Looking at something represents thinking about it. Alternate translation: “think about the rock … and the quarry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 51 1 xs1b figs-metaphor 0 the rock from which you were chiseled and to the quarry from which you were cut God speaks of the nation of Israel as if it were a building made of stones and as if their ancestors were a rock or quarry from which God cut them. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “your ancestors, who are like a rock from which you were chiseled and a quarry from which you were cut” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 51 1 c1ct figs-activepassive 0 the rock from which you were chiseled If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the rock from which I chiseled you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 51 1 p5bj 0 chiseled Alternate translation: “cut with a chisel” or “cut” ISA 51 1 hik7 figs-activepassive 0 the quarry from which you were cut If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the quarry from which I cut you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 51 2 g6rc figs-metonymy 0 Abraham, your father God speaks of their ancestor as if he were their father. Alternate translation: “Abraham, your forefather” or “Abraham, your ancestor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 51 2 tb8v figs-metonymy 0 Sarah, who bore you God speaks of Abraham’s wife as if she were their mother and had given birth to them. Alternate translation: “Abraham’s wife, Sarah, of whom you are all descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 51 2 sx5w figs-explicit 0 when he was a lone individual This means when he did not have any children yet. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “when he had no children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 51 2 n1fl figs-metonymy 0 made him many God speaks of Abraham’s descendants being many as if Abraham were many. Alternate translation: “made his descendants many” or “made him have many descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 51 3 s9mz figs-metonymy 0 Yahweh will comfort Zion The city of Zion, which is also called Jerusalem, here represents the people of Zion. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will comfort the people of Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 51 3 cg58 figs-metonymy 0 he will comfort all her waste places Here “waste places” represents the people who live in those desolate areas. Alternate translation: “he will comfort the people who live in all her waste places” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 51 3 puy1 figs-personification 0 her waste places … her wilderness … her desert plains The word “her” refers to Zion. Cities are often spoken of as if they were women. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 51 3 v86m 0 waste places places that have been destroyed ISA 51 3 s4bj figs-parallelism 0 her wilderness he made like Eden, and her desert plains … like the garden of Yahweh These phrases mean that God will make the empty places in Israel beautiful. In prophecy, events that will happen in the future are often described as being in the past. This emphasizes that they will certainly happen. Alternate translation: “he will make her wilderness like Eden and her desert plains … like the garden of Yahweh (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) ISA 51 3 mwq3 figs-doublet 0 joy and gladness will be found in her Joy and gladness mean the same thing. Being found there represents being there. Alternate translation: “there will be joy and gladness in Zion again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 51 4 yie3 0 General Information: Yahweh speaks to the people of Israel. ISA 51 4 r699 figs-parallelism 0 Be attentive to me … listen to me These two phrases mean the same thing. Together they strengthen the command to listen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 51 4 lwr6 figs-metaphor 0 I will make my justice to be a light for the nations Here God’s justice represents his law, and a light represents knowledge of what is right. This means the people of the nations will understand and obey God’s law. Alternate translation: “my law will teach the nations what is right” or “the nations will know my law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 51 5 tw5t figs-metaphor 0 My righteousness is near The idea of “near” represents “soon.” God’s righteousness being near represents him soon showing his righteousness. He will do this by fulfilling his promises and saving people. Alternate translation: “I will soon show my righteousness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 51 5 g33w figs-metaphor 0 my salvation will go out God speaks of saving people as if his salvation were a thing that could go out to them. Alternate translation: “I will save people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 51 5 m98k figs-metonymy 0 my arm will judge the nations Here God’s arm represents his power, and judging represents ruling. Alternate translation: “I will rule the nations with my power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 51 5 lfq1 figs-metonymy 0 the coastlands This refers to the people who live on the coasts of distant lands across the sea. Alternate translation: “the people who live on the coastlands” or “the people who live in the lands across the sea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 51 5 nf7a figs-metonymy 0 for my arm they will eagerly wait Here God’s arm represents what he will do. Here it refers to him saving people. Alternate translation: “they will eagerly wait for me to do something” or “they will eagerly wait for me to save them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 51 6 qs6h figs-metaphor 0 Lift up your eyes to the sky Lifting the eyes represents looking at something above. Alternate translation: “Look up at the sky” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 51 6 d7zs figs-simile 0 like smoke … like a garment … like flies All of these refer to things that quickly and easily disappear or become useless. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 51 6 qh98 figs-metonymy 0 my salvation will continue forever God’s “salvation” here represents the result of his salvation, which is freedom. Alternate translation: “I will save you, you will be free forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 51 6 s7yc figs-metonymy 0 my righteousness will never stop working God’s “righteousness” here represents him ruling righteously. Alternate translation: “my righteous rule will never end” or “I will rule righteously forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 51 7 xj59 figs-metaphor 0 who have my law in your heart Having God’s law in the heart represents knowing God’s law and wanting to obey it. Alternate translation: “who know and honor my law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 51 7 bh59 figs-activepassive 0 nor be disheartened by their abuse If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and do not lose your courage when they hurt you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 51 8 n35v figs-metaphor 0 For the moth will eat them up like a garment, and the worm will eat them like wool God speaks of people who abuse those who are righteous as if they were wool garments, and of their being destroyed as if insects ate them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 51 8 zf7f figs-metonymy 0 my righteousness will be forever God’s “righteousness” here represents him ruling righteously. Alternate translation: “my righteous rule will be forever” or “I will rule righteously forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 51 8 s8ph figs-metonymy 0 and my salvation to all generations God’s “salvation” here represents the result of his salvation, which is freedom. Being “to all generations” represents lasting forever. Alternate translation: “I will save you, and you will be free forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 51 9 jyd6 figs-personification 0 Awake, awake, clothe yourself with strength, arm of Yahweh People urgently ask Yahweh’s arm to help them as if his arm were a person. If it would be odd to speak to the arm, this can be addressed directly to Yahweh instead. Alternate translation: “Awake, awake, Yahweh, and clothe your arm with strength” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 51 9 hn8n figs-synecdoche 0 Awake, awake … arm of Yahweh People speak as if Yahweh’s arm were asleep because it has not been helping them. Here the “arm of Yahweh” represents Yahweh, specifically him helping people. The word “Awake” is repeated to show that they need God’s help urgently. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 51 9 ms86 figs-metaphor 0 clothe yourself with strength Strength is spoken of as if it were some kind of clothing that people would wear to strengthen themselves in battle. Alternate translation: “make yourself strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 51 9 ff4z figs-rquestion 0 Is it not you who crushed Rahab, you who pierced the monster? The speaker uses a question to emphasize Yahweh’s power to do mighty things. Alternate translation: “It is you who crushed Rahab, you who pierced the monster.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 51 9 rg6x figs-parallelism 0 Rahab … the monster Rahab was the name of this mythological serpent in the sea. Rahab can symbolize either the nation of Egypt or evil and chaos. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 51 10 auk6 figs-rquestion 0 Did you not dry up the sea … for the redeemed to pass through? Again, the speaker uses questions to emphasize Yahweh’s power to do mighty things. This refers to Yahweh opening the Red Sea for the Israelites to cross and escape the army of Egypt. Alternate translation: “You dried up the sea … for the redeemed to pass through.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 51 11 vt9l 0 General Information: This is very similar to [Isaiah 35:10](../35/10.md). ISA 51 11 f427 figs-nominaladj 0 The ransomed of Yahweh To “ransom” means to “rescue.” This refers to people whom Yahweh has rescued. Alternate translation: “Those whom Yahweh has rescued” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) ISA 51 11 r918 figs-synecdoche 0 with gladness forever on their heads This uses a person’s head to mean the person as a whole. Alternate translation: “they will be glad forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 51 11 ew9a figs-doublet 0 gladness and joy … sorrow and mourning The words “gladness” and “joy” mean basically the same thing, as do “sorrow” and “mourning.” Together they emphasize the intensity of these emotions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 51 11 r6hp figs-personification 0 gladness and joy will overtake them This speaks of the people being overwhelmed by gladness and joy by giving these emotions the human quality of being able to overtake someone. Alternate translation: “they will be overwhelmed by joy and gladness” or “they will be extremely glad and joyful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 51 11 b5dr figs-personification 0 sorrow and mourning will flee away This speaks of the people no longer being sorrowful and mourning by speaking of these emotions as if they could run away. Alternate translation: “they will no longer be sorrowful and mourning” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 51 12 x91f 0 I, I, am he The word “I” is repeated for emphasis. If this is unnatural in your language, the repetition does not need to be used. Alternate translation: “I am he” ISA 51 12 rzu7 figs-rquestion 0 Why are you afraid of men … like grass? This rhetorical question emphasizes that people who have the Lord’s protection should not be afraid of human beings. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Do not be afraid of men … like grass.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 51 12 rjp1 figs-simile 0 who are made like grass This phrase compares men to grass to emphasize that their lives are short and that they die quickly. Alternate translation: “who live and die quickly like grass” or “who will wither and disappear like grass” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 51 12 q2ck figs-activepassive 0 who are made like If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “who are like” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 51 13 ht5l figs-rquestion 0 Why have you forgotten Yahweh … earth? Yahweh uses a question to emphasize that they should not forget Yahweh. Alternate translation: “You should not have forgotten Yahweh … earth.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 51 13 q4ec 0 Maker See how you translated this name for Yahweh in [Isaiah 17:7](../17/07.md). ISA 51 13 ysh5 figs-metaphor 0 who stretched out the heavens “who spread out the sky.” This speaks of Yahweh having created the heavens as if he had stretched them out in the same way one would stretch out a large garment. Alternate translation: “who stretched out the heavens like a garment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 51 13 nx9y 0 the foundations of the earth The word “foundation” normally refers to a stone structure that gives support to a building from underneath. Here it describes a similar structure that was thought to support and hold the earth in place. See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 24:18](../24/18.md). ISA 51 13 e7k3 0 the hot fury of the oppressor when he decides to destroy Alternate translation: “the oppressor’s hot fury when he decides to cause destruction” ISA 51 13 mu4c figs-idiom 0 hot fury Here the word “hot” means “strong” or “great.” Alternate translation: “great fury” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 51 13 f7jc figs-rquestion 0 Where is the fury of the oppressor? Yahweh uses a question to emphasize that the people should not fear those who want to oppress them. Their oppressors are no longer a threat to them. Alternate translation: “The fury of the oppressor is not a threat!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 51 14 wg9n figs-metonymy 0 The one who is bent down This refers to the people of Israel who are slaves of the Babylonians. This phrase describes how they work. Alternate translation: “The slave” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 51 14 kmy1 figs-metonymy 0 the pit This refers to Sheol. Alternate translation: “the pit of Sheol” or “the grave” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 51 14 y1k4 figs-synecdoche 0 nor will he lack bread Here “bread” represents food in general. This can be written in positive form. Alternate translation: “nor will he be without food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 51 15 i14u figs-metaphor 0 who churns up the sea This speaks of Yahweh causing the sea to move and the waves to rise and fall as if he were stirring the sea as one stirs the contents of a bowl with a large spoon. Alternate translation: “who causes the sea to churn” or “who makes the sea move up and down” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 51 15 mi1u 0 Yahweh of hosts See how you translated this name for Yahweh in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). ISA 51 16 m5qe figs-metaphor 0 I have placed my words in your mouth This speaks of Yahweh telling Isaiah what to say as if his words were a physical object Yahweh had placed in Isaiah’s mouth. Alternate translation: “I have told you what to say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 51 16 s6rx figs-metonymy 0 I have covered you in the shadow of my hand Yahweh’s “hand” refers to his power. This speaks of Yahweh protecting Isaiah as if his hand were covering him to protect him. Alternate translation: “my power has kept you safe” or “I have protected you and kept you safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 51 16 vnh9 figs-metaphor 0 that I may plant the heavens The word “plant” means to establish something in the ground. Here Yahweh firmly establishing the heavens is spoken of as if the heavens were a tent that he would spread out and firmly set it in place with tent pegs. Alternate translation: “that I may establish the heavens” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 51 16 fa33 0 lay the foundations of the earth The word “foundation” normally refers to a stone structure that gives support to a building from underneath. Here it describes a similar structure that was thought to support and hold the earth in place. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Isaiah 24:18](../24/18.md). ISA 51 17 x64l figs-metonymy 0 Awake, awake, stand up, Jerusalem Here “Jerusalem” represents the people who live there. Yahweh speaks to the people of Jerusalem as if they were there listening to him. Alternate translation: “Awake, awake, stand up, you people of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) ISA 51 17 pj9b 0 Awake, awake, stand up “Be alert and arise.” The repetition of the word “awake” emphasizes the urgency of the call to arouse the people of Israel. It is not used to wake them from literal sleep. ISA 51 17 efp6 figs-metaphor 0 you who have drunk out of the hand of Yahweh … from the cup of staggering Yahweh speaks of having punished his people as if he had forced them to drink from a bowl that was filled with his anger. And when they drank from the bowl of his anger, they staggered as if they had drank a lot of wine. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 51 17 r4ck 0 down to the dregs The word “dregs” means the solid pieces at the very bottom of a container that has a liquid in it. Alternate translation: “down to the very bottom” ISA 51 17 k9wd figs-synecdoche 0 out of the hand of Yahweh Here Yahweh is referred to by his hand to emphasize that he is the one who gave the bowl to his people. Alternate translation: “that he gave to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 51 17 uw6s 0 from the cup of staggering Alternate translation: “from the cup that caused you to stagger as if you were drunk on wine” ISA 51 17 ca4r 0 staggering not walking straight, or stumbling while walking ISA 51 18 qz3k figs-parallelism 0 There is no one … to guide her; there is no one … to take her by the hand These two clauses have the same meaning and can be combined. This speaks of Jerusalem being helpless as if the city were a drunk woman without a son to help her walk safely. Alternate translation: “You have no one to help you! You are like a drunk old woman without a son to take her by the hand and guide her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 51 19 h1j1 figs-rquestion 0 who will grieve with you?…Who will comfort you? Isaiah uses questions to emphasize that now there is no one to weep with them or comfort them. These questions may be written as statements. Alternate translation: “but there is no one to grieve with you … There is no one to comfort you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 51 19 a7nx 0 These two troubles The two troubles refer to the following two phrases: “desolation and destruction” and “the famine and the sword.” ISA 51 19 mi81 figs-doublet 0 desolation and destruction These words have similar meanings and emphasize the destruction of the land caused by the opposing army. Alternate translation: “your enemies have left your city empty and ruined” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 51 19 b3y4 figs-metonymy 0 the famine and the sword The words “famine” and “sword” describe the trouble that will come upon the people. The “sword” refers to “war.” Alternate translation: “many of you have died from hunger and war” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 51 20 sgk9 figs-hyperbole 0 they lie at every street corner This is generalization. Many children will lie in the street, but not necessarily on every street corner. Alternate translation: “they lie on the street” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) ISA 51 20 jt6u figs-simile 0 like an antelope in a net This speaks of the children being exhausted and helpless as if they were an antelope caught in a trap. Alternate translation: “they are helpless, like an antelope caught in a net” or “as helpless as a trapped antelope” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 51 20 ead6 translate-unknown 0 antelope This is an animal, similar to a deer, that has horns and runs very fast. Alternate translation: “deer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) ISA 51 20 le4u figs-metaphor 0 they are filled with the anger of Yahweh, the rebuke of your God The “anger of Yahweh” refers to Yahweh punishing his people because of his anger against them. This speaks of the people having been severely punished as if they had become full of Yahweh’s anger. Also, the word “rebuke” can be written as a verb. Alternate translation: “they have been severely punished by Yahweh because he was angry with them and rebuked them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 51 21 icr5 figs-synecdoche 0 you oppressed one and drunken one Yahweh uses the word “one” here to refer to all of the oppressed people. Alternate translation: “you oppressed people and drunken people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 51 21 j17a figs-metaphor 0 drunken one, but not drunk with wine This speaks of the people acting drunk because they are suffering as if they have become drunk from being forced to drink the bowl of Yahweh’s anger. Alternate translation: “you who are drunk from drinking the wine of the bowl of Yahweh’s anger” or “you who act drunk, because you have suffered greatly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 51 22 rfp2 figs-metaphor 0 See, I have taken the cup of staggering from your hand—the bowl, which is the cup of my anger—so that This speaks of Yahweh no longer being angry with his people as if his anger were the contents of a cup that he was taking away from them. Alternate translation: “I will no longer be angry with you. See, it is like I have taken away from you the cup that made you stagger, that is, the cup that was full of my anger, so that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 51 22 y2ud 0 See This is used to draw the listeners’ attention to what is said next. Alternate translation: “Listen” ISA 51 22 hi9q figs-metonymy 0 the cup of staggering The word “cup” refers to what is in the cup. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Isaiah 51:17](../51/17.md). Alternate translation: “the cup of the wine that makes people stagger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 51 22 t4db figs-metaphor 0 the bowl, which is the cup of my anger Yahweh speaks of having punished people as if he had forced them to drink from a bowl that was filled with his anger. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Isaiah 51:17](../51/17.md). Alternate translation: “the bowl which is filled with my anger” or “the cup which is filled with my anger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 51 23 qgu7 figs-metaphor 0 I will put it into the hand of your tormentors This speaks of Yahweh punishing their enemies as if he were going to force them to drink from the cup filled with his anger. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 51 23 wu8d figs-explicit 0 I will put it into the hand of your tormentors It is implied that by putting the cup of his anger in their hand Yahweh will be forcing them to drink what is in the cup. Alternate translation: “I will force your tormentors to drink from the wine of the bowl of my anger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 51 23 t6ks 0 your tormentors The word “tormentors” may be expressed with a verb. Alternate translation: “those who have tormented you” or “those who have caused you to suffer” ISA 51 23 xv84 figs-simile 0 you made your back like the ground and like the street for them to walk on This compares the way their enemies walked on their back to the way people walk on the street. Alternate translation: “you lay in the streets so your enemies could walk on your backs” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 52 intro ac65 0 # Isaiah 52 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>The prophecies of this chapter occur after the exile in Babylon and are not in reference to the people contemporary to Isaiah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])<br><br>There is an important teaching or prophecy about the Messiah beginning in this chapter and continues through the next chapter. This prophesy begins in 52:13 and scholars usually note that it portrays the Messiah as a “suffering servant.” (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) ISA 52 1 rzb3 figs-metaphor 0 Awake, awake This word is repeated for emphasis and shows urgency. Isaiah trying to arouse the people is spoken of as if he were trying to wake them up from sleep. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 52 1 vfg8 figs-metaphor 0 put on your strength Being strong again is spoken of as if strength were clothing that a person puts on. Alternate translation: “be strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 52 1 p8u4 figs-metonymy 0 Zion … Jerusalem Both of these refer to the people who live in Jerusalem. Isaiah is speaking to the people as if they were there listening to him. Alternate translation: “people of Zion … people of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) ISA 52 1 w8h9 figs-nominaladj 0 the uncircumcised or the unclean These nominal adjectives can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “Those who are uncircumcised or those who are unclean” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) ISA 52 1 z2jx figs-metaphor 0 the unclean This refers to unclean people. A person who God considers spiritually unacceptable or defiled is spoken of as if the person were physically unclean. Alternate translation: “those who are not acceptable to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 52 1 wn2c figs-metonymy 0 enter you Here “you” refers to Jerusalem which represents the people who live there. It is understood that the uncircumcised and unclean people would enter the city to attack the people. Alternate translation: “enter your city to attack you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ISA 52 2 r7rx figs-metonymy 0 Shake yourself off from the dust; arise and sit, Jerusalem Here “Jerusalem” represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “People of Jerusalem, sit up and shake the dirt off of yourself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 52 2 wey6 figs-metonymy 0 take off the chain from your neck, captive It is implied that the people of Jerusalem were wearing chains because they were slaves while exiled in Babylon. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 52 2 vg9w figs-idiom 0 daughter of Zion This is an idiom. The “daughter” of a city means the people of the city. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “people of Zion” or “people who live in Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 52 3 f28v figs-metaphor 0 You were sold for nothing, and you will be redeemed without money This speaks about Yahweh as if he were the owner of the people of Israel. Since he is the rightful owner he can give them away or take them back whenever he wants. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I sold you for nothing, and I will redeem you without money” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 52 4 bae3 0 In the beginning Here “beginning” refers to the start of Israel’s history as they were first becoming a people. ISA 52 4 kvl7 0 went down to … Egypt “went to … Egypt.” It was common to use the phrase “went down” when speaking of traveling from Canaan to Egypt. ISA 52 4 jx27 figs-metonymy 0 Assyria has oppressed them Assyria refers to the people of Assyria. Alternate translation: “the people of Assyria have treated them badly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 52 5 v517 figs-rquestion 0 Now what do I have here … seeing that my people are taken away for nothing? Yahweh uses a question to make the people pay attention to what he is about to say. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Now look at what is happening … my people are again taken away for nothing.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 52 5 h4tq figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Translate as in [Isaiah 30:1](../30/01.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) ISA 52 5 b5in figs-activepassive 0 seeing that my people are taken away for nothing If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I see the enemy taking my people away for nothing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 52 5 pw1c figs-metaphor 0 for nothing This could mean: (1) “for nothing” means the Babylonians took the people unjustly and without cause or (2) this continues the metaphor from [Isaiah 52:3](../52/03.md) where Yahweh is spoken of as if he owned the people of Israel and could give them away for nothing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 52 5 zer1 0 Those who rule over them mock This refers to the Babylonians who have conquered the people. However, some versions have, “Those who rule over them wail.” For these versions, this passage refers to the leaders of the Israelites in captivity. ISA 52 5 fb49 figs-metonymy 0 my name is blasphemed continually all day long Here “name” represents Yahweh’s reputation. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “those who watch the enemy take away my people are continually saying evil things about me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 52 6 b17m figs-metonymy 0 Therefore my people will know my name Here “name” represents Yahweh’s reputation. Alternate translation: “Therefore my people will truly know who I am” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 52 7 g5yf 0 General Information: Isaiah is speaking to the people of Israel. ISA 52 7 gt18 figs-synecdoche 0 How beautiful on the mountains are the feet of the messenger who brings good news Here “feet” represents a messenger who is walking. Alternate translation: “It is beautiful to see a messenger coming over the mountains to announce good news” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 52 7 r7l9 figs-metonymy 0 to Zion Here “Zion” represents the people of Zion. Alternate translation: “to the people of Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 52 8 w7al figs-idiom 0 raise their voices This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “shout loudly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 52 8 pq5s figs-synecdoche 0 every eye of theirs Here “eye” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “every one of them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 52 9 d43j figs-personification 0 you ruins of Jerusalem Isaiah speaks of the ruins of Jerusalem as if they were a person that could rejoice. This represents the people of Jerusalem who were defeated. Alternate translation: “you people who live among the ruins of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 52 9 r2fs figs-metonymy 0 he has redeemed Jerusalem Here “Jerusalem” represents the people. Alternate translation: “he has redeemed the people of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 52 10 j5iq figs-metonymy 0 bared his holy arm Here “arm” represents Yahweh’s power. Yahweh showing all the people of the nations that he is holy and powerful is spoken of as if Yahweh were a warrior who removed his cloak, baring his arms for battle. Alternate translation: “showed his holiness and mighty power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 52 10 w6qd figs-metonymy 0 all the nations; all the earth Here “nations” and “earth” represent the people of all the nations all over the earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 52 11 yq7w 0 Leave, leave This word is repeated to emphasize that the people must indeed leave, although not necessarily right away. ISA 52 11 dd7u figs-explicit 0 go out from there It is assumed knowledge that the people of Israel were slaves in Babylon. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “go out from the land where you are slaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 52 11 bel2 figs-metaphor 0 touch nothing unclean Something that Yahweh has stated is unfit to touch or eat is spoken of as if it were physically unclean. Alternate translation: “touch nothing that is unacceptable to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 52 11 mu7x 0 leave from her midst Here “her” represents Babylon. ISA 52 12 vxi2 figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh will go before you; and the God of Israel will be your rearguard Yahweh protecting his people from their enemies is spoken of as if he were the warriors who go ahead of the people and the warriors who stay behind the people to protect them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 52 13 iaj3 figs-activepassive 0 he will be high and lifted up, and he will be exalted If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. These two phrases “high and lifted up” and “will be exalted” have basically the same meaning and emphasize that Yahweh will honor his servant. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Isaiah 33:10](../33/10.md). Alternate translation: “I will give my servant the greatest honor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 52 14 xyv2 figs-explicit 0 his appearance was so disfigured beyond that of any man It is implied that the servant is disfigured because enemies beat him very badly. The full meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “his enemies beat his body so badly that he did not even look like a human anymore” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 52 15 qs33 figs-metaphor 0 my servant will sprinkle many nations The servant causing the people of the nations to be acceptable to Yahweh is spoken of as if the servant were a priest who sprinkles the blood of a sacrifice to make someone or something acceptable to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 52 15 g9pf 0 will sprinkle The Hebrew word translated “sprinkle” here can also be translated as “surprise” or “startle,” which some versions of the Bible do. ISA 52 15 vtr9 figs-metonymy 0 many nations Here “nations” represents the people of the nations. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 52 15 ccn8 figs-idiom 0 kings will shut their mouths The phrase “shut their mouths” is an idiom. Alternate translation: “kings will stop talking” or “kings will be silent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 52 15 r1l5 figs-activepassive 0 that which they had not been told If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that which no one had told them” or “something no one had told them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 53 intro znn5 0 # Isaiah 53 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>In this chapter there is an important teaching or prophecy about the Messiah and his life and ministry. It begins in 52:13 and scholars usually note that it portrays the Messiah as a “suffering servant.” (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Atonement<br>This chapter prophesies about the death of Christ for sin. Most scholars believe it teaches that Christ was a righteous man who died for the sins of mankind. This is usually referred to as the atonement. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/atonement]]) ISA 53 1 yul6 figs-exclusive 0 Who has believed what they heard from us What Isaiah just found out is so amazing that he wonders if the exiles will believe it. The “we” includes him and those in exile. Alternate translation: “It is hard for anyone to believe what we have heard” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 53 1 vlz4 figs-metonymy 0 to whom has the arm of Yahweh been revealed? Arm refers to God’s power. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has revealed his power to people.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 53 2 v5vm figs-simile 0 For he grew up before Yahweh like a sapling Here “he” refers to God’s servant whom Isaiah compares to a very young tree. This emphasizes that he will appear weak. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 53 2 a2he figs-metaphor 0 out of parched earth “parched earth” is hard and dry ground that will not allow plants to grow and represents where the servant of Yahweh will come. Alternate translation: “out of an impossible situation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 53 3 xp3g figs-activepassive 0 He was despised and rejected by people If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “People considered him as nothing and rejected him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 53 3 bkb5 0 a man of sorrows Alternate translation: “a man knowing all kinds of sadness” ISA 53 3 j3j9 figs-metonymy 0 from whom men hide their faces “Face” represents a person’s attention or fellowship. Hiding one’s face means to turn away from someone. Alternate translation: “from whom people turn away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 53 3 tj7i figs-activepassive 0 he was despised If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “they considered him to be worthless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 53 4 ypj5 figs-metaphor 0 he has borne our sicknesses and carried our sorrows To “bear” or carry an abstraction like sickness and sorrow represents taking it up. Alternate translation: “he has taken our sicknesses and sorrows upon himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 53 4 xe8d figs-activepassive 0 yet we thought he was being punished by God, struck by God, and afflicted If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “yet we thought God was punishing and afflicting him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 53 5 wc4p figs-parallelism 0 But he was pierced because of our rebellious deeds; he was crushed because of our sins These two phrases share similar meanings and emphasize that the servant suffered because of the people’s sins. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God allowed the enemy to stab him and kill him because of our sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 53 5 u45c figs-explicit 0 The punishment for our peace was on him This refers to peace with God. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “He accepted this punishment so we could live in harmony” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 53 5 t2bv figs-activepassive 0 with his wounds we are healed If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he healed us by his suffering of the wounds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 53 6 gyq2 figs-simile 0 We all like sheep have gone astray Sheep often leave the path on which the shepherd leads them. Isaiah means that we do what we want instead of what God commands. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 53 6 yd6v figs-metaphor 0 the iniquity of us all Our “iniquity” here represents the guilt for our sin. Alternate translation: “the guilt for the sin of every one of us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 53 7 qk3r figs-activepassive 0 He was oppressed If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “They treated him harshly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 53 7 h2l8 figs-metonymy 0 he did not open his mouth “Mouth” represents what a person says. Opening one’s mouth means to speak. Alternate translation: “he did not protest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 53 7 ref7 figs-simile 0 as a lamb that is led to the slaughter, and as a sheep that before its shearers is silent Isaiah compares the servant to a lamb and a sheep to emphasize that he will remain silent as people harm and humiliate him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 53 7 j5bv figs-simile 0 as a lamb that is led to the slaughter If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “just as a lamb is silent as a person slaughters it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 53 8 nfv9 figs-activepassive 0 By coercion and judgment he was condemned If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “They treated him harshly, judged him, and condemned him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 53 8 yy4i 0 coercion The Hebrew word translated here as “coercion” is interpreted by some versions as “arrest.” For these versions, the thought is that the Servant will be arrested and then judged and condemned. ISA 53 8 nqw6 figs-rquestion 0 who from that generation thought anymore about him? This question emphasizes that no one thinks about him. Alternate translation: “no one from his generation cared what happened to him.” or “no one among his contemporaries cared what happened to him.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 53 8 e9ga 0 who from that generation thought anymore about him? Many versions interpret this passage in Hebrew differently: “Who can say anything about his descendants?” or “Who can say anything about his fate?” ISA 53 8 d1b3 figs-activepassive 0 But he was cut off from the land of the living “Cut off” here refers to death. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “But he died” or “But death took him away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 53 8 j24p 0 of my people Alternate translation: “of the people of Israel” ISA 53 9 y3uz figs-metonymy 0 nor had there been any deceit in his mouth “Mouth” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “nor did he deceive anyone when he spoke” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 53 10 db99 figs-metaphor 0 he will see his offspring Here, “offspring” means those people that Yahweh has forgiven because of the servant’s sacrifice. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 53 10 zq6y figs-idiom 0 he will prolong his days This speaks of making him live for more time. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will make his servant live again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 53 10 q44m figs-activepassive 0 Yahweh’s purpose will be accomplished through him If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will accomplish his purpose through his servant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 53 11 y6hr figs-metonymy 0 After the suffering of his life Here “his life” refers to the servant. Alternate translation: “After the servant has suffered” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 53 11 z63d figs-metaphor 0 he will see light Many versions understand “light” here to stand for life. That is, the servant will become alive again. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 53 11 kq9w 0 My righteous servant Here “my” refers to Yahweh. ISA 53 11 q1ts figs-metaphor 0 he will bear their iniquities The word “bear” means carry. This could mean: (1) “their iniquities” is a metonym representing the punishment for their sins. Alternate translation: “he will take their punishment” or “he will be punished for their sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])<br> * or (2) “their iniquities” is a metonym representing their guilt. Alternate translation: “he will take their guilt upon himself” or “he will be guilty for their sins” ISA 53 12 p84g figs-parallelism 0 Therefore will I give him his portion among the multitudes, and he will divide the spoils with the many These two clauses mean basically the same thing. “Portion” and “spoils” refer to a king after a victorious battle sharing the plunder or rewards with his army. This means God will greatly honor his servant because of his sacrifice. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 53 12 q68p 0 the multitudes Many versions interpret this expression as “the many” or “the strong.” ISA 53 12 tiu1 figs-metonymy 0 because he exposed himself to death “Exposed” means to be vulnerable or unprotected. The servant of Yahweh put himself in a situation where he would die. Alternate translation: “he willingly accepted the possibility of death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 53 12 ih2g figs-activepassive 0 was numbered with the transgressors If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “allowed people to treat him as a criminal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 54 intro yq8q 0 # Isaiah 54 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s covenant faithfulness<br>This chapter focuses on Yahweh’s faithfulness to fulfill his covenants. It references several different covenant promises in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenantfaith]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]]) ISA 54 1 z782 figs-metaphor 0 you barren woman … children of the married woman Yahweh telling the people of Jerusalem to rejoice because there will be many people living in Jerusalem again is spoken of as if Yahweh were telling a barren women she is going to have many children. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 54 1 qza5 figs-parallelism 0 break into joyful singing and cry aloud, you who have never been in birth labor This statement means the same thing as the first part of the sentence. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 54 1 zw4s figs-pastforfuture 0 For the children of the desolate one are more An event that will happen in the future is spoken of as if it happened in the past. This emphasizes that the event will certainly happen. Alternate translation: “For the children of the desolate woman will be more” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) ISA 54 1 vf4r 0 the desolate one Here “desolate” means that the woman’s husband had rejected and abandoned her ISA 54 2 u8qg figs-metaphor 0 Make your tent larger … strengthen your stakes This continues the metaphor that began in [Isaiah 54:1](../54/01.md). Yahweh telling the people of Jerusalem to prepare because Yahweh will greatly increase their people is spoken of as if he is telling a woman to make her tent bigger to make room for many children. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 54 3 a221 figs-you 0 For you will spread out Here “you” is singular and refers to the barren woman. She represents herself and all of her descendants. Alternate translation: “For you and your descendants will spread out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 54 3 b8xu figs-metonymy 0 will conquer nations Here “nations” represents the people. Alternate translation: “will conquer the people of other nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 54 4 zk1l figs-metaphor 0 you will forget the shame of your youth and the disgrace of your abandonment Yahweh telling the people that in the future they will not even think about the shame they experienced when their enemies defeated them is spoken of as if Yahweh were telling a woman that she will no longer think about the shame she experienced from being unable to have children and having her husband abandon her. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 54 5 r46e figs-metaphor 0 For your Maker is your husband Yahweh loving and taking care of his people is spoken of as if he were their husband. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 54 5 baj2 0 Maker See how you translated this in [Isaiah 17:7](../17/07.md). ISA 54 5 qmd4 0 Yahweh of hosts See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:24](../01/24.md). ISA 54 5 um8u 0 The Holy One of Israel See how you translated this in [Isaiah 5:16](../05/16.md). ISA 54 5 nkc4 0 Redeemer See how you translated this in [Isaiah 41:14](../41/14.md). ISA 54 5 zf3w figs-activepassive 0 he is called the God of the whole earth If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he is the God of the whole earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 54 6 mj4h figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh has called you back as a wife … like a woman married young and rejected Yahweh sending his people away into exile then bringing them back is spoken of as if Yahweh were a husband who had rejected his wife but now accepts her. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 54 6 c9rt figs-metonymy 0 grieved in spirit Here “spirit” represents a person’s inner being. Alternate translation: “grieved” or “made sad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 54 8 w36x figs-metaphor 0 In a flood of anger Yahweh being very angry is spoken of as if his anger were a flood that overwhelms people. Alternate translation: “When I was very angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 54 8 lz5y figs-idiom 0 I hid my face from you Here “hid my face” is an idiom that means God abandoned his people and let them suffer. Alternate translation: “I abandoned you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 54 8 ued4 figs-abstractnouns 0 but with everlasting covenant faithfulness If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “faithful.” See how you translated “covenant faithfulness” in [Isaiah 16:5](../16/05.md). Alternate translation: “but because I always am faithful to my covenant with you” or “but because I am always faithful to do what I promise to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 54 8 r671 figs-123person 0 says Yahweh, the one who rescues you Here Yahweh speaks about himself in the third person. It can be stated in first person. Alternate translation: “that is what I, Yahweh, your rescuer, say to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) ISA 54 9 xuf9 figs-explicit 0 the waters of Noah This refers to the flood that Yahweh caused during the time of Noah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 54 10 z7di figs-hypo 0 Though the mountains may fall and the hills be shaken, yet my steadfast love Yahweh describes a hypothetical condition to explain what would happen even if those conditions were met. Alternate translation: “Even if the mountains fell and the hills shook, my steadfast love” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) ISA 54 10 n2al figs-activepassive 0 the hills be shaken If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the hills may shake” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 54 10 g8ib figs-metaphor 0 my steadfast love will not turn away from you Yahweh continuing to love his people is spoken of as if his love would not turn away from the people. Alternate translation: “I will not stop loving you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 54 10 e3aj figs-metaphor 0 nor will my covenant of peace be shaken Yahweh not canceling his covenant with the people is spoken of as if his covenant were an object that would not be shaken. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and I will not cancel my covenant of peace” or “and I will surely give you peace as I promised in my covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 54 10 h5qq figs-123person 0 says Yahweh, who has mercy on you Here Yahweh speaks about himself in the third person. It can be stated in first person. Alternate translation: “that is what I, Yahweh, who acts mercifully, say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) ISA 54 11 dx8e figs-apostrophe 0 Afflicted one Here Yahweh speaks to the city of Jerusalem as if it were listening to him. Here Jerusalem represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “You afflicted people of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 54 11 n2mb figs-metaphor 0 storm-driven Yahweh speaks of the people as if they were blown around and damaged by the winds and storms. This means the people were hurt and without stability. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 54 11 dk4c 0 uncomforted one Alternate translation: “without comfort” ISA 54 11 r3g9 0 I will set your pavement in turquoise … lay your foundations with sapphires Yahweh describes in ideal terms how he will restore Jerusalem and cause it to be beautiful again. Although the language may be exaggerated, you should translate this just as Yahweh described it. ISA 54 11 ih34 translate-unknown 0 turquoise … sapphires These are precious gemstones. Turquoise is light blue-to-green, sapphires are typically dark blue. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) ISA 54 12 v6lh 0 I will make … beautiful stones Yahweh describes in ideal terms how he will restore Jerusalem and cause it to be beautiful again. Although the language may be exaggerated, you should translate this just as Yahweh described it. ISA 54 12 d32a translate-unknown 0 rubies These precious gemstones are red to pink. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) ISA 54 13 zt6p figs-activepassive 0 Then all your children will be taught by Yahweh If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “And Yahweh will teach all your children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 54 13 e6ul figs-123person 0 by Yahweh Yahweh speaks of himself in the third person. It can be stated in first person. Alternate translation: “by me, Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) ISA 54 14 e2ru figs-abstractnouns 0 In righteousness you will be established If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **righteousness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective such as “right.” If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I will cause you to be strong again because you will do what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 54 14 rk6l 0 it will not come near to you No one in the city or outsiders will ever terrify the inhabitants of Jerusalem again. ISA 54 15 h4z4 0 General Information: Yahweh continue speaking to the people of Jerusalem. ISA 54 15 hxz5 figs-idiom 0 stirs up trouble This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “causes trouble” or “troubles you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 54 15 ii4x figs-idiom 0 will fall in defeat This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “you will defeat them in battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 54 17 thu4 figs-metonymy 0 No weapon that is formed against you will succeed Enemies not succeeding against Yahweh’s people is spoken of as if their weapons would not succeed against Yahweh’s people. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Enemies may form weapons to attack you but they will not defeat you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 54 17 f69n figs-metaphor 0 This is the heritage of the servants of Yahweh The reward that Yahweh will give to those who serve him is spoken of as if the reward were something they would inherit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 54 17 b727 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Translate as in [Isaiah 30:1](../30/01.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) ISA 55 intro c34c 0 # Isaiah 55 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Gentiles<br>Many scholars believe this chapter prophesies that Gentiles will be able to come to a saving faith in Yahweh. At this time, the Israelites believed that only an Israelite could be saved. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) ISA 55 1 vge8 figs-metaphor 0 General Information: Yahweh speaks of blessing the people freely as if he were selling food and drink to needy people for free. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 55 1 y9kd 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Jerusalem in exile through Isaiah. ISA 55 1 g9yx 0 Come … Come The repetition of this word four times adds a sense of urgency to the invitation. ISA 55 1 wtd4 figs-irony 0 buy wine and milk without money and without cost There is a sense of irony in this statement since a person usually has to use money to buy something. This emphasizes Yahweh’s amazing grace in giving these things freely. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) ISA 55 2 ha8z figs-rquestion 0 Why do you weigh out … bread, and why do you labor … satisfy? Yahweh asks these questions to rebuke the people. He speaks of the people seeking happiness apart from Yahweh as if they were purchasing things to eat that were not food and working for things that could not satisfy them. Alternate translation: “You should not weigh out silver … bread, and you should not labor … satisfy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 55 2 wil6 figs-explicit 0 weigh out silver This refers to counting silver coins in order to pay someone for something. Alternate translation: “pay money” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 55 2 ua4a figs-synecdoche 0 for what is not bread Here the word “bread” represents food in general. It is implied that the people were buying things to eat that were not really food. Alternate translation: “for things to eat that are not really food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 55 2 l8h1 figs-metaphor 0 eat what is good, and delight yourselves in fatness The people trusting Yahweh for blessing and happiness is spoken of as if they are eating good food that is making them happy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 55 2 b221 figs-idiom 0 in fatness The word “fatness” refers to meat that has plenty of fat on it and is an idiom for fine food. Alternate translation: “with the best foods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 55 3 npj6 figs-metaphor 0 Turn your ears Listening to or paying attention to someone is spoken of as if it were turning one’s ears to someone. Alternate translation: “Pay attention” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 55 4 lar1 0 I have placed him This could mean: (1) this refers to what Yahweh did for King David in the past or (2) it refers to what God will do through one of David’s descendants. ISA 55 5 pxt4 0 the Holy One of Israel See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:4](../01/04.md). ISA 55 6 qi9x figs-activepassive 0 Seek Yahweh while he may be found If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Seek Yahweh while you can still find him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 55 7 c3wy figs-nominaladj 0 Let the wicked leave his path The word “wicked” refers to wicked people. Yahweh speaks of wicked people no longer sinning as if they were to stop walking along a path that they had been traveling. Alternate translation: “Let wicked people change the way they live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 55 7 y63b figs-ellipsis 0 the man of sin his thoughts The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “let the sinful man leave his thoughts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ISA 55 7 wj8e 0 his thoughts This could mean: (1) “the way he thinks” or (2) “his plans” ISA 55 7 h5ht 0 he will pity him Alternate translation: “Yahweh will pity him” ISA 55 7 mq71 figs-ellipsis 0 to our God The verb may be supplied from the first phrase in this sentence. Alternate translation: “let him return to our God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ISA 55 9 gd6x figs-metaphor 0 for as the heavens are higher than the earth, so are my ways higher than your ways, and my thoughts than your thoughts Yahweh speaks of the things that he does and how he thinks as being far superior to or higher than what people do and think, just like the sky is much higher than the earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 55 10 i7ei 0 For as the rain and snow … do not return there This is likely a description of the rain and snow evaporating. ISA 55 11 xj89 figs-personification 0 so also my word … it will achieve the purpose for which I sent it Yahweh speaks of his word as if it were a person whom he sends out as his messenger to accomplish a task. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 55 11 mi1p figs-synecdoche 0 my word will be that goes from my mouth Here the word “mouth” represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “the word that I speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 55 11 q6s2 figs-explicit 0 it will not return to me empty Here the description of the word returning to Yahweh means that it has completed the task that Yahweh had sent it to complete. That it will not return “empty” means that it will not fail to accomplish its task. Alternate translation: “it will not fail to complete its task” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 55 12 eni2 figs-activepassive 0 be led along peacefully If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I will lead you along peacefully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 55 12 w3uy figs-personification 0 the mountains and the hills will break out in joyful shouts before you, and all the trees of the fields will clap their hands Yahweh speaks of the mountains, hills, and trees as if they were people with voices and hands, celebrating as Yahweh rescues his people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 55 13 a7v2 translate-unknown 0 Instead of the thornbushes, the cypress will grow; and instead of the brier, the myrtle tree will grow The words “thornbushes” and “brier” refer to species of plants that have sharp thorns growing on them. The words “cypress” and “myrtle” refer to species of evergreen trees. The thorny plants symbolize desolation, while the evergreens symbolize life and prosperity. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) ISA 55 13 l82f figs-metonymy 0 for his name Here the word “name” represents Yahweh’s fame. Alternate translation: “for his fame” or “for his honor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 55 13 pj5z figs-metaphor 0 that will not be cut off Something ceasing to exist is spoken of as if it were cut off, as a branch is cut off of a tree or a piece of fabric is cut off of clothing. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that will never end” or “that will last forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 56 intro y2w8 0 # Isaiah 56 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Gentiles<br>Many scholars believe this chapter prophesies that Gentiles will be able to come to a saving faith in Yahweh. At this time, the Israelites believed that only an Israelite could be saved. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Beasts<br>The Israelites are compared to beasts and dogs in this chapter. This would have been very offensive to them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 56 1 f7bp figs-activepassive 0 for my salvation is near, and my righteousness is about to be revealed. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I will soon save you and show you that I am righteous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 56 2 v4ay figs-idiom 0 who holds it tightly Here “holds it tightly” is an idiom that means to continue to observe something. Alternate translation: “who is careful to always do this” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 56 2 cv9i figs-synecdoche 0 keeps his hand from doing any evil Here the “hand” represents the whole person and emphasizes the person’s actions or behaviors. Alternate translation: “does not do evil things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 56 3 f7kq figs-metaphor 0 See, I am a dry tree This means eunuchs may have thought they could not be a part of God’s people because they were deformed by castration (and for this reason could not have children). Israelites did not practice castration; foreigners did, sometimes for punishment. Eunuchs who had accepted the Hebrew faith knew that normally they were not allowed to worship in the temple (Deut. 23:1). The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 56 5 l1fz figs-doublet 0 in my house and within my walls These two phrases mean the same thing. Alternate translation: “inside the walls of my temple” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 56 5 hk5n figs-activepassive 0 that will never be cut off If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that will never end” or “that will never be forgotten” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 56 6 avp4 figs-metonymy 0 who love the name of Yahweh Yahweh’s “name” represents himself. Alternate translation: “who love Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 56 7 ub9a 0 holy mountain See how you translated this in [Isaiah 11:9](../11/09.md). ISA 56 7 i34j figs-activepassive 0 will be accepted on my altar If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I will accept on my altar” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 56 7 w7t2 figs-activepassive 0 my house will be called a house of prayer If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “my house will be a house of prayer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 56 9 v1f8 figs-metaphor 0 All you wild beasts of the field, come and devour, all you beasts in the forest God is calling armies of other nations by comparing them to animals to come and attack the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 56 10 m4qm 0 All their watchmen are blind This means Israel’s leaders cannot or perhaps do not want to see what is going on in society. ISA 56 10 tz9w figs-metaphor 0 They are all silent dogs The leaders are supposed to open their mouths and warn the people, but they do not. Comparing someone to a dog in this society is a great insult. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 56 10 r63i 0 They dream, and lying down they love to sleep This means the leaders are not bringing God’s word of warning to Israel but prefer their own comfort. ISA 56 11 ub1k figs-metaphor 0 The dogs have big appetites Yahweh continues comparing Israel’s bad leaders to dogs. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 57 intro miv3 0 # Isaiah 57 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Child sacrifice<br>This chapter references the killing of children. Some religions in the ancient Near East practiced the sacrificing of their children. This was considered evil by Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Mocking<br>The people abandoned the worship of Yahweh in favor of other gods. When they needed help, he tells them to ask these false gods. This is mocking the power of the false gods and shows the people the uselessness of their worship of these gods. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) ISA 57 1 r38x figs-abstractnouns 0 the people of covenant faithfulness If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “faithful.” See how you translated “covenant faithfulness” in [Isaiah 16:5](../16/05.md). Alternate translation: “the people who are faithful to the covenant” or “the people who are faithful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 57 1 mfl3 figs-euphemism 0 are gathered away … is gathered away “die and go away … dies and goes away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) ISA 57 1 u6v1 figs-activepassive 0 that the righteous is gathered away from the evil If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that the righteous people die, and Yahweh takes them away from all that is evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 57 2 zn46 0 He enters into peace Alternate translation: “The righteous enter into peace” ISA 57 2 gu23 figs-euphemism 0 they rest they die (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) ISA 57 2 h6t8 0 those who walk in their uprightness Alternate translation: “those who have done what is right” ISA 57 3 xix7 0 But come here God is calling all of the unfaithful people to come before him so he can judge them in a strong contrast to the promises for the righteous that came before. ISA 57 3 r3tv figs-metaphor 0 sons of the sorceress This is a strong insult against the people who practice sorcery because sorcery and magic includes idolatry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 57 3 z4xi 0 children of the adulterer and the woman who has prostituted herself This refers to actual and spiritual adultery. They have abandoned the worship of God and now worship other gods and idols along with actual prostitution in pagan Canaanite ceremonies. ISA 57 4 wik1 figs-rquestion 0 Whom are you merrily mocking? Against whom are you opening the mouth and sticking out the tongue? Yahweh uses questions to scold the people who are mocking him through false worship. Alternate translation: “You are mocking me and making fun of me by opening your mouth wide and sticking out the tongue!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 57 4 mbu5 figs-rquestion 0 Are you not children of rebellion, children of deceit? Yahweh uses another question to scold the people. This does not refer to their birth but to their spiritual state. Alternate translation: “You are children of rebellion, children of deceit!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 57 5 zeb6 figs-explicit 0 You heat yourselves … under the rocky overhangs All of these actions are associated with worshiping idols. The oaks were sacred trees to the Canaanites. People thought such activity would increase fertility for people and the land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 57 6 yy1r figs-activepassive 0 that have been assigned to you If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The exact meaning in Hebrew is unclear. Alternate translation: “that is your lot” or “that is your inheritance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 57 6 r76w figs-rquestion 0 In these things should I take pleasure? Yahweh uses a question to scold the people. Alternate translation: “Certainly, these things do not please me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 57 7 h9pb figs-euphemism 0 You prepared your bed This refers to sleeping with prostitutes as a part of worshiping false gods. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) ISA 57 7 er5k figs-explicit 0 on a high mountain People often went on top of hills and mountains to worship false gods. They thought those were the best places for worship. This might even refer to Jerusalem, too. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 57 8 bg7e 0 You made a covenant with them Alternate translation: “You made a contract with them” ISA 57 9 ek3t figs-hyperbole 0 you went down to Sheol The people did not literally go to Sheol, the world of the dead. Instead, Yahweh is indicating by exaggeration that the people were willing to go anywhere to find new gods to worship. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) ISA 57 10 yn3i figs-metaphor 0 You found life in your hand After trying so hard, the idolators found they still had strength to keep going. Here “hand” equals “strength” or “capacity.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 57 11 r1q1 figs-rquestion 0 Whom are you worried about? Whom do you fear so much that has caused you to act so deceitfully … about me? Yahweh uses these questions to scold the people. Alternate translation: “You must really fear these idols for you to act so deceitfully … about me!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 57 11 wq9h figs-doublet 0 so much that you would not remember me or think about me These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that, although the people should have remembered Yahweh, they did not. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 57 12 cld8 figs-irony 0 I will proclaim all your righteous acts and tell all that you have done Yahweh is being sarcastic, calling their evil deeds so-called righteousness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) ISA 57 13 c5vg figs-irony 0 let your collection of idols rescue you Yahweh is mocking the people and their idols. He tells the idols to save the people though he knows they cannot. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) ISA 57 13 vdx1 figs-parallelism 0 the wind will carry them all away, a breath will carry them all away This is saying the same thing in two ways to emphasize that idols are helpless and worthless. Alternate translation: “the wind, or even a breath, will blow them away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 57 13 s4h7 0 holy mountain The “holy mountain” is Mount Zion, in Jerusalem. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 11:9](../11/09.md). ISA 57 14 d8ms figs-metaphor 0 Build, build! Clear a way! Remove all the stumbling blocks from the path of my people Yahweh is emphatic and urgent that a clear and level road be available for the people to return to him and free of obstacles to worshiping Yahweh. This echoes [Isaiah 40:3](../40/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 57 15 nf35 0 For this is what the high and elevated One says The words “high” and “elevated” have basically the same meaning here and emphasize Yahweh being exalted. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 6:1](../06/01.md) and [Isaiah 33:10](../33/10.md). See how you translated a similar phrase in [Isaiah 52:13](../52/13.md). ISA 57 15 y31b figs-parallelism 0 to revive the spirit of the humble ones, and to revive the heart of the contrite ones These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that Yahweh will strengthen and encourage those who humble themselves before him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 57 15 z6yj figs-metonymy 0 spirit … heart Here these refer to a person’s thoughts and emotions, not the spirit and heart literally. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 57 17 kl3t figs-idiom 0 I hid my face This means God gave up on his people and no longer helped or blessed them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 57 17 n312 figs-metonymy 0 he went backward in the way of his heart This means the Israelites kept rejecting the true God for false ones. Here “backward” and “way” are location words representing motivations and feelings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 57 18 utk3 0 his ways “their ways.” Here “his” refers to the people of Israel. ISA 57 18 kfr6 0 comfort and console those who mourn for him Alternate translation: “I will soothe and calm those who feel sad for the people’s suffering because of their sinful behavior” ISA 57 19 u422 figs-metonymy 0 I create the fruit of the lips Here “fruit of the lips” refers to what a person says. Alternate translation: “I cause them to praise and thank me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 57 19 nl5v 0 Peace, peace, to those who are far off “I have made peace with them who are far off.” The word “Peace” is repeated for emphasis. ISA 57 20 w5a6 figs-simile 0 But the wicked are like the tossing sea … mire and mud This compares the wicked to rough water on the shore that makes the water dirty. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 58 intro wkw6 0 # Isaiah 58 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Fasting<br>The practice of fasting became more common after the exile. This was intended to bring people into a right relationship with God by creating a designated time to concentrate on him. It may have been believed that Yahweh heard people better when they fasted. The significance of fasting is derived from the faster’s attitude of repentance and faith in Yahweh and not the practice itself. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “Yet they seek me daily”<br>The people did not truly seek Yahweh every day. They practiced the outward aspects of the Jewish religion, but their hearts were far from Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 58 1 akw2 figs-simile 0 Lift up your voice like a trumpet This means shout loudly. Here “your” refers to Isaiah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) ISA 58 1 dw8k figs-parallelism 0 Confront my people with their rebellion, and the house of Jacob with their sins These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Together they strengthen the urgency to confront Yahweh’s people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 58 3 c1tq figs-rquestion 0 ‘Why have we fasted,’ they say, ‘but you do not see it? Why have we humbled ourselves, but you do not notice?’ The people of Israel use questions to complain to God because they feel he is ignoring them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 58 4 vt4a 0 Look “Behold!” or “Pay attention.” Yahweh confronts their questioning by telling them to pay attention. ISA 58 4 i2t9 figs-metonymy 0 fist of wickedness “wicked fist.” This shows that they fight viciously. “Fist” represents anger that is physically violent. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 58 5 wb5r figs-rquestion 0 Is this really the kind of fast that I would want … under himself? Yahweh uses a question to scold the people. They act like they are humble before God, but they are hurting other people. Alternate translation: “This is not the kind of fast I want … under himself.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 58 5 acf6 figs-simile 0 A day for anybody to humble himself, for him to bow down his head like a reed This means the person is bowing down, but he is not truly humble. “A reed” represents a weak plant that bends easily. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 58 5 bg7s figs-rquestion 0 Do you really call this a fast, a day that pleases Yahweh? Yahweh uses a question to scold the people. Alternate translation: “Surely you do not think this kind of fast pleases me!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 58 6 ba3r figs-rquestion 0 Is not this the fast that I choose … break every yoke? Yahweh uses a question to teach the people about the kind of fast that pleases him. Alternate translation: “This is the fast that I choose … break every yoke.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 58 6 d4hx figs-metonymy 0 To release wicked bonds, to undo the ropes of the yoke, to set the crushed ones free, and to break every yoke All of these phrases mean they should help those people whom the wicked are hurting and oppressing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 58 7 mv38 figs-rquestion 0 Is it not to … your house? Yahweh uses another question to teach the people. Alternate translation: “It is to … your house.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 58 7 g6ne figs-idiom 0 break your bread This phrase represents starting the meal by the host tearing the loaf of bread apart. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 58 8 pk9d figs-idiom 0 Then your light would be broken open like the sunrise “Break open” here is an idiom that means when a light begins to shine brightly. This means that if they help people in need, their deeds will be like lights others will see, as when the sun comes up after a dark night. Or the light may refer to the light of the Lord, shining on them and blessing them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 58 8 n7u7 figs-metaphor 0 your healing would quickly sprout up This means God will bless and restore them quickly, as a wound heals quickly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 58 8 jj59 0 your righteousness would go before you, and the glory of Yahweh would be your rearguard This refers to the time when God protected the people of Israel as they escaped from Egypt. This means God will again protect them from their enemies if they will do what is right. ISA 58 8 qu5x 0 your righteousness This expression in Hebrew can also be interpreted as the one who gives righteousness or even victory. In this context, this expression would refer to God. A few modern versions have this interpretation. ISA 58 10 c9f8 figs-metaphor 0 then your light will rise in the darkness, and your darkness will be like the noonday “Your light” represents the acts of kindness that will be examples to everyone, and the “darkness,” the bad deeds, will be overcome by their good deeds. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 58 11 n3uj figs-metaphor 0 satisfy you in regions where there is no water “Water” represents all they need for an abundant life even when their surroundings do not have enough. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 58 11 spd1 figs-simile 0 You will be like a watered garden “A watered garden” represents abundance and plenty so they will have all they need. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 58 11 e2u3 figs-simile 0 like a spring of water, whose waters never fail “A spring of water” represents a source of abundance in a land where water is precious. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 58 12 a2lt figs-activepassive 0 you will be called If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people will call you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 58 13 dvf4 figs-synecdoche 0 you turn back your feet from traveling on the Sabbath day, and from doing your own pleasure on my holy day Here the people are represented by their “feet.” God did not allow long travels or work on the day of rest. Alternate translation: “you stop traveling and doing what you want to do on the Sabbath, my holy day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 58 14 gl7b figs-metaphor 0 I will make you ride on the heights of the earth This refers to God exalting the nation in reputation and power in response to living righteously. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 58 14 g7g6 figs-synecdoche 0 for the mouth of Yahweh has spoken The word “mouth” symbolizes what Yahweh says. Alternate translation: “for Yahweh has spoken it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 59 intro ag3n 0 # Isaiah 59 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s deliverance<br>When Israel was conquered, they were being punished for their sin. Yahweh is strong enough to deliver them, but he did not because he desired to refine them through the experience of the exile. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) ISA 59 1 pss8 0 Look “Behold!” or “You should know!” Yahweh tells the people to pay attention. ISA 59 1 q7gn figs-metonymy 0 Yahweh’s hand is not so short “Hand” represents power and ability. A “short” hand does not have power and ability. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is fully able” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 59 2 d3ku figs-you 0 your … you These plural pronouns refer to the people of Israel as a single group. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) ISA 59 2 b6lq figs-personification 0 your sins have made him hide his face from you “Face” represents being present and looking upon. Alternate translation: “your sins have made him turn away from you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 59 3 brc4 figs-metonymy 0 For your hands are stained with blood and your fingers with sin Here “hands” and “fingers” refers to their actions. This means they are guilty of doing violent and sinful things. “Your” is plural. Alternate translation: “For you have committed violent sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) ISA 59 3 h19x figs-metonymy 0 Your lips speak lies and your tongue speaks maliciously The parts of the body that make speech represent what people say. Alternate translation: “You speak lies and malicious things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 59 4 a81n figs-metaphor 0 they conceive trouble and give birth to sin “Conceiving” and “giving birth” emphasize how carefully they plan to do sinful things. Here “they” still refers to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “they work hard to do sinful things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 59 5 a5v3 figs-metaphor 0 They hatch eggs of a poisonous snake Eggs of a poisonous snake hatch into more dangerous snakes. “Poisonous snakes” represents evil the people do that harms more and more. Alternate translation: “They make evil that spreads out to make more evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 59 5 np5s figs-metaphor 0 weave a spider’s web This represents the deeds of the people that are useless. Alternate translation: “produce things and activities that are useless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 59 5 ntp8 figs-metaphor 0 Whoever eats of their eggs dies, and if an egg is crushed, it hatches into a poisonous snake Eating a poisonous egg will kill the one that eats it and represents self-destruction. Breaking the egg allows the young poisonous snake to hatch and represents spreading destruction. Alternate translation: “The activities they do will destroy them and will spread destruction to others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 59 5 zj3v figs-activepassive 0 if an egg is crushed If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “if someone crushes an egg” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 59 6 njm8 figs-metaphor 0 Their webs cannot be used for garments, nor can they cover themselves with their works This means their sinful deeds cannot be covered and hidden, just as a web cannot serve as clothing and cover someone. Alternate translation: “Their evil deeds will be exposed as useless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 59 6 r1fj figs-activepassive 0 Their webs cannot be used for garments If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “They cannot clothe themselves with their webs” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 59 6 q53u figs-metonymy 0 deeds of violence are in their hands “Hands” represents the ability and power to do these things and therefore their responsibility. Alternate translation: “they are fully responsible for the violence they do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 59 7 l2vv figs-synecdoche 0 Their feet run to evil Here people are represented by their “feet.” This speaks of them doing something quickly as their feet running to it. Alternate translation: “They are quick to do evil things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 59 7 k2ys figs-metaphor 0 are their roads “roads” represents their way of life. Alternate translation: “are all they do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 59 8 i53h figs-metaphor 0 there is no justice in their paths “paths” represents their way of life. Alternate translation: “they never do what is just” or “everything they do is unjust” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 59 8 lc94 figs-metaphor 0 They have made crooked paths “Crooked paths” represents the way of life that is corrupt. Alternate translation: “They say and do dishonest things. They are devious” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 59 9 ps1q figs-exclusive 0 justice is far from us Here “us” refers to Isaiah and the people of Israel. “Far” represents that justice is gone and difficult to get. Alternate translation: “justice is gone and very difficult to get” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 59 9 ir1h figs-parallelism 0 We wait for light, but see darkness; we look for brightness, but we walk in darkness Each of these phrases means that the people are waiting for God’s goodness, but it seems like he has abandoned them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 59 10 bg1w figs-simile 0 We grope for the wall like the blind … like dead men This means that because God is not coming to them, they feel helpless, not finding the right path and despairing of the future, with no hope for a vibrant life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 59 11 jgk8 figs-simile 0 We growl like bears and moan like doves These refer to the sounds the people made because they were distressed and mourning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 59 12 c6ut figs-exclusive 0 our many transgressions Here “our” refers to Isaiah and the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ISA 59 12 dxj1 figs-you 0 before you Here “you” refers to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) ISA 59 12 ujp4 figs-personification 0 our sins testify against us Isaiah describes the sins as a person who goes before God to declare that the people are guilty. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 59 12 w614 figs-metaphor 0 for our transgressions are with us “With us” represents being aware of them. Alternate translation: “for we are aware of our transgressions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 59 14 wi7i figs-activepassive 0 Justice is driven back If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The people drive justice back” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 59 14 e1d8 figs-personification 0 Justice … righteousness … truth … right These are ideas that Isaiah describes as acting like persons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 59 15 g3ak figs-personification 0 Trustworthiness Isaiah describes this idea as acting like a person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 59 16 qym5 0 He saw that there was no man, and wondered that there was no one to intervene. Alternate translation: “Yahweh was appalled that no one came to help those who were suffering.” or “Yahweh was astonished that no one came to help those who were suffering.” ISA 59 16 ngp8 figs-metonymy 0 Therefore his own arm brought salvation for him Yahweh’s “arm” represents his ability and power. Alternate translation: “Yahweh used his own power to save the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 59 16 cty4 figs-personification 0 his righteousness sustained him “Righteousness” here is a quality that acts like a person. The word can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “he did right as he always would do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 59 17 c6gq figs-metaphor 0 He put on righteousness as a breastplate and a helmet of salvation upon his head. He clothed himself with garments of vengeance and wore zeal as a mantle “breastplate,” “helmet,” “garments,” and “mantle” are clothing for war and fighting. Isaiah describes Yahweh as putting these on to punish his people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 59 17 c42q 0 mantle a loose, flowing robe ISA 59 18 s3p1 0 He repaid them Isaiah is describing a future event as if it happened in the past. This means that it will certainly happen. ISA 59 19 j5p8 figs-metonymy 0 fear the name of Yahweh Here “name” refers to Yahweh’s reputation and character. Alternate translation: “fear Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 59 19 a6vs figs-merism 0 from the west … from the sun’s rising Isaiah combines these words to mean people in all places of the world. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) ISA 59 19 s4n5 figs-simile 0 for he will come as a rushing stream Narrow valleys in Judah were dry most of the year until a sudden, heavy rain turned them into fast-moving water. When that happened there was a lot of noise and wind. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 59 19 v9b2 figs-activepassive 0 driven by the breath of Yahweh If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “which the breath of Yahweh drives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 59 20 sbk2 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Translate as in [Isaiah 30:1](../30/01.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) ISA 59 21 yj33 0 my words which I have put in your mouth Alternate translation: “the message I have given you to speak” ISA 60 intro w59w 0 # Isaiah 60 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Israel’s restoration<br>This chapter pictures a time when Israel will be fully restored to Yahweh. They will be everything Yahweh intended them to be. All the nations will look to Israel and acknowledge her special relationship to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]]) ISA 60 1 dli2 figs-metaphor 0 Arise, shine; for your light has come, and the glory of Yahweh has risen on you This refers to the glorious things Yahweh has done for the inhabitants of Jerusalem. They are now to show that glory through what they do and say and have hope in the future. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 60 2 ty2x figs-parallelism 0 Though darkness will cover the earth, and thick darkness the nations Both of these phrases mean the same thing and are combined for emphasis. They refer to “spiritual darkness.” This means all the other people of the world will not know Yahweh or how to please him. This is a metaphor for divine judgment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 60 2 kp9c figs-metaphor 0 yet Yahweh will arise upon you This means the light of God’s presence will appear for the people of Israel, and it will show the way they should go. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 60 2 s5ca figs-activepassive 0 his glory will be seen on you If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the people of the nations will see his glory on you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 60 4 x1z5 0 General Information: Here Yahweh begins speaking. ISA 60 4 ex8l 0 They all gather themselves “They” refers to the rest of the people of Israel who will come together to return to Jerusalem. ISA 60 4 b3v9 figs-activepassive 0 your daughters will be carried in their arms If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “they will carry your daughters in their arms” or “they will carry your daughters on their hips” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 60 5 ku6b figs-parallelism 0 Then you will look and be radiant, and your heart shall rejoice and overflow These phrases share similar meanings and emphasize that they will be very happy because of what will happen in Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 60 5 rnt2 0 the abundance of the sea This refers to the riches and goods that will come to Jerusalem by way of shipping, perhaps from along the Mediterranean Sea. ISA 60 5 dn2d figs-metaphor 0 be poured out to you This describes that the abundance will be like water that gushes out. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 60 6 sn7y 0 the dromedaries Alternate translation: “the young camels” ISA 60 6 vu2u translate-names 0 Ephah an area in Arabia (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 60 7 g7av translate-names 0 Kedar … Nebaioth These are the names of areas in Arabia. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 60 7 vl7c figs-activepassive 0 All the flocks of Kedar will be gathered together to you If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The people of Kedar will gather their flocks for you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 60 7 pi4p 0 the rams of Nebaioth will serve your needs This refers to their need for sacrifices. ISA 60 7 ec9a 0 they will be acceptable offerings on my altar Alternate translation: “I, Yahweh, will accept them on my altar” ISA 60 8 af2u figs-rquestion 0 Who are these who fly along like a cloud, and like the doves to their shelters? Yahweh uses questions and poetic images to draw attention here. He compares the sails of the ships to clouds and doves. This is also a picture of the Israelites returning to the country where they belong. Alternate translation: “Look, I see something like clouds moving quickly and like doves returning to their shelters.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 60 9 vl72 figs-metonymy 0 The coastlands This refers to the people who live on the coastlands and describes the area of coastlands as if it was people looking out. Alternate translation: “The people from the coastlands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 60 9 liy6 0 the ships of Tarshish This expression usually means large merchant ships suitable for long voyages. ISA 60 9 z7pl 0 Holy One of Israel See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:4](../01/04.md). ISA 60 9 ywq6 0 he has honored you Alternate translation: “Yahweh has honored you, the people of Israel” ISA 60 11 eas5 figs-activepassive 0 they will not be shut day or night Here “day” and “night” together mean “all the time.” If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “no one will ever shut them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) ISA 60 11 c5un figs-activepassive 0 so that the wealth of the nations may be brought, with their kings being led If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “so that the people of the nations may bring their wealth, along with their kings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 60 12 hdc5 figs-activepassive 0 those nations will be completely destroyed If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I will completely destroy the people of those nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 60 13 v72j 0 The glory of Lebanon This refers to Lebanon being famous for its beautiful trees, especially cypress and cedar. The exact identification of all the trees is not known. ISA 60 13 e35k figs-metonymy 0 the place of my feet This refers to Yahweh’s temple. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 60 14 gb24 0 Holy One of Israel See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:4](../01/04.md). ISA 60 15 an1x 0 with no one passing through you Alternate translation: “with everyone avoiding your land” or “with all the foreigners avoiding your land” ISA 60 16 njt8 figs-metaphor 0 You will also drink the milk of the nations, and will nurse at the breast of kings This refers to the wealth and plenty that will be drained from foreign nations. Both clauses repeat the same idea for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 60 16 ygm4 0 Redeemer See how you translated this in [Isaiah 41:14](../41/14.md). ISA 60 16 fef8 0 the Mighty One of Jacob See how you translated this in [Isaiah 49:26](../49/26.md). ISA 60 17 uwa8 figs-ellipsis 0 instead of wood, bronze, and instead of stones, iron Yahweh will give more valuable building materials to them now. Alternate translation: “instead of wood, I will bring bronze, and instead of stones, I will bring iron” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ISA 60 17 nbx6 figs-personification 0 I will appoint peace as your governors, and justice your rulers Yahweh describes “peace” and “justice” as human rulers. This means there will be complete peace and justice in the land of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 60 18 f499 figs-activepassive 0 Violence will no longer be heard in your land If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “There will no longer be reports of violence in your land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 60 18 ik17 figs-metonymy 0 but you will call your walls Salvation, and your gates Praise The physical objects have the names of spiritual qualities. The city of Jerusalem will be a safe place, and the people there will praise Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 60 20 l1pb figs-parallelism 0 for Yahweh will be your everlasting light Both verses repeat this same idea for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 60 20 d6du figs-metaphor 0 Your sun will no longer set, nor will your moon withdraw and disappear The moon will not literally disappear. This exaggeration is saying that the light of the sun and the moon will be much less bright than the light of Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) ISA 60 21 h3th figs-parallelism 0 the branch of my planting, the work of my hands These phrases mean approximately the same and are repeated for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 60 21 eqv7 figs-metaphor 0 the branch of my planting Yahweh is comparing the people to young shoots coming up that he planted as if he was a gardener. Yahweh has placed his people in the land of Israel. This gives hope to the people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 60 21 w3n1 figs-metaphor 0 the work of my hands Yahweh compares the people of Israel to something made by the skill of his handicraft. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 60 21 sit8 figs-activepassive 0 that I may be glorified If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “so that all people may glorify me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 60 22 zuc9 translate-numbers 0 a thousand “1,000” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) ISA 61 intro vsb3 0 # Isaiah 61 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>The first part of this chapter is probably a prophecy about the coming Messiah and not Isaiah because this was different than the message Isaiah delivered. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Restoration<br>This chapter prophesies concerning a future time of peace and restoration. It is unlikely to have been fulfilled in Isaiah’s day. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) ISA 61 1 s7f8 0 The Spirit of the Lord Yahweh is on me “Spirit” here is the Holy Spirit of Yahweh who compels or motivates the person. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 11:2](../11/02.md) or in [Isaiah 42:1](../42/01.md). ISA 61 1 xr6t 0 the afflicted This refers to poor people, those in great sorrow, or oppressed people who have problems they cannot overcome by themselves. ISA 61 1 n6cg figs-parallelism 0 liberty to the captives, and the opening of the prison for those who are bound These two phrases mean the same thing. They state that God will certainly give freedom to captives. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 61 2 pj2e figs-metonymy 0 the year of Yahweh’s favor, the day of vengeance Both of these phrases refer to the same span of time. “Year” and “day” are both specific examples that represent the greater whole. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 61 2 b53s 0 year of Yahweh’s favor Alternate translation: “time when Yahweh will act kindly toward his people” ISA 61 3 d5cz 0 to give … to give Isaiah repeats this for emphasis. ISA 61 3 a7bm 0 a turban “a headdress” or “a beautiful head covering.” This is a long piece of cloth that is wrapped around the head. ISA 61 3 qss6 figs-metonymy 0 oil of joy … a mantle of praise People put oil on themselves and dressed in beautiful, long robes during times of celebration and joy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 61 3 x9dy 0 in place of a spirit of dullness Alternate translation: “in place of sadness” or “in place of mourning” ISA 61 3 s3uu figs-metaphor 0 oaks of righteousness, the planting of Yahweh This means Yahweh has caused the people to be strong and sturdy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 61 3 d2mz figs-activepassive 0 that he may be glorified If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “so that the people’s lives may glorify him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 61 6 r8ff figs-activepassive 0 You will be called If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “People will call you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 61 7 x7le 0 you will have double This probably refers to a double portion of land. ISA 61 7 wxd5 figs-123person 0 they will rejoice over their share … they will … their land … will be theirs This still refers to the people of Israel. This can be stated in second person. Alternate translation: “you will rejoice over your share … you will … your land … will be yours” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) ISA 61 9 p3mg figs-parallelism 0 Their descendants will be known among the nations, and their offspring among the peoples These two clauses mean the same thing. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “People from other nations will know their descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 61 9 kx41 figs-ellipsis 0 their offspring among the peoples This clause assumes the same verb as the previous one. Alternate translation: “their offspring will be known among the peoples” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ISA 61 10 w34d 0 I will greatly rejoice in Yahweh “I” refers to the people of God speaking as one person whom Yahweh has restored. ISA 61 10 u9w7 figs-metaphor 0 clothed me with the garments of salvation; he has clothed me with the robe of righteousness The people of God speaking as one person now have salvation and righteousness as their distinct appearance visible to all. “Garments” and “robe” are clothing that everyone can see. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 61 10 k3wx figs-simile 0 as a bridegroom adorns himself with a turban, and as a bride adorns herself with her jewels This comparison emphasizes that the speaker is extremely happy, joyful, celebrating. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 61 10 j7bv 0 turban See how you translated this in [Isaiah 61:3](../61/03.md). ISA 61 11 q4ad figs-parallelism 0 For as the earth produces its sprouting plants, and as the garden makes its planting grow This is saying the same thing in two ways. The fact that whatever God says he will do is certainly going to happen is compared to the fact that seeds sprout after planting. Alternate translation: “Just as seeds sown in a garden sprout from the soil and grow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 61 11 zgl9 figs-metaphor 0 righteousness and praise to sprout up This expression describes these virtues as growing from seed like plants do. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 62 intro q3u6 0 # Isaiah 62 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Restoration<br>This chapter prophesies concerning a future time of peace and restoration. It is unlikely to have been fulfilled in Isaiah’s day. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) ISA 62 1 dja1 figs-parallelism 0 For Zion’s sake I will not be silent, and for Jerusalem’s sake I will not be quiet Both of these statements mean the same thing. Here “Zion” and “Jerusalem” both represent the people who live in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “For the sake of the people of Jerusalem I will not be silent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 62 1 b9bc 0 I will not be silent It is most likely that “I” refers to Isaiah. ISA 62 1 q71s figs-simile 0 until her righteousness proceeds brightly, and her salvation as a burning torch Both clauses reassure the people that God will eventually come and save the people of Israel and that it will be as apparent as light is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 62 3 qm2v figs-parallelism 0 You will also be a crown of beauty in the hand of Yahweh, and a turban of kingship in the hand of your God These mean the same thing and are combined for emphasis. They say that Jerusalem will become a royal city under the power and authority of God. Yahweh’s hand is a metonym for his power and authority. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 62 4 dd4g figs-parallelism 0 It will no more … will it be said, “Desolate.” These mean the same thing are combined for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 62 4 uk2d figs-activepassive 0 It will no more be said of you If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “People will no longer say about you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 62 4 rz8n figs-activepassive 0 nor of your land any longer will it be said If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “nor will people any longer say about your land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 62 4 s67z figs-metaphor 0 your land will be married This means Yahweh will love the people of Israel and will always be with them as is a husband. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 62 5 fh9p figs-simile 0 as a young man marries a young woman, so your sons will marry you Here “sons” refers to the people of Israel and “you” refers to Judah, the land of Israel. This means the people will take possession of the land as a man takes possession of his young wife. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 62 5 pn1w figs-simile 0 as a bridegroom rejoices over his bride, your God will rejoice over you This emphasizes God’s happiness about his relationship with his people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 62 6 me2g 0 I have put Here “I” may refer to Isaiah or to Yahweh. ISA 62 6 yi1t figs-metaphor 0 watchmen on your walls This refers to prophets, officials, or possibly angels, who are constantly praying for the people of Jerusalem like watchmen who constantly guard the city. See how you translated “watchmen” in [Isaiah 52:8](../52/08.md) and [Isaiah 56:10](../56/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 62 6 v43n figs-litotes 0 they are not silent day or night This means they are continually pleading to Yahweh or calling to each other. Alternate translation: “they are earnestly praying to Yahweh throughout the entire day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) ISA 62 7 b9v2 0 Do not allow him to rest Here “him” refers to Yahweh. ISA 62 8 bnu9 figs-metonymy 0 by his right hand and by the arm of his strength The right hand and arm represent power and authority. Alternate translation: “by his power and authority” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 62 8 tb4w 0 Surely I will no longer give your grain as food for your enemies This means Yahweh will not let enemies conquer the people of Israel and take their grain anymore. Perhaps enemies took the grain in the past as a tax or to feed their own armies. ISA 62 8 jw3p figs-parallelism 0 I will no longer give your grain as food for your enemies … Foreigners will not drink your new wine These statements are set together for emphasis and completion. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 62 9 lt1b figs-parallelism 0 those who harvest the grain … those who pick the grapes These statements are set together for emphasis and completion. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 62 10 f159 0 Come through, come through the gates The phrase “come through” is repeated to show urgency. ISA 62 10 m5im figs-metonymy 0 Build it, build the highway The word “build” is repeated to emphasize that Yahweh urgently wants the road prepared. The “highway” represents the way the people can return. This is similar to [Isaiah 40:3](../40/03.md) and [Isaiah 57:14](../57/14.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 62 10 dxb2 figs-synecdoche 0 Gather out the stones “Take the stones out of the road to make it smooth.” Stones represent all the obstacles to quick travel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 62 10 cv7h figs-metonymy 0 Raise up a signal flag for the nations A signal flag represents something to draw the attention of others. This means Yahweh is calling the people of the other nations to take notice of the land of Israel and to see what Yahweh has accomplished as he said he would. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 62 11 u2wh 0 Look Alternate translation: “Take notice!” ISA 62 11 e6rw figs-metaphor 0 the ends of the earth The places on the earth that are very far away are spoken of as if they were the places where the earth ends. This phrase also forms a merism and refers to everywhere in between the ends. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 40:28](../40/28.md). AT “the farthest places of the earth” or “the entire earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) ISA 62 11 sa9m figs-idiom 0 the daughter of Zion “Daughter” represents the people of Jerusalem (Zion). See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:8](../01/08.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 62 11 n3g6 figs-parallelism 0 See, his reward is with him, and his recompense is going before him These clauses represent the same idea for emphasis. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Isaiah 40:10](../40/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 62 12 q31l figs-activepassive 0 you will be called This can be stated actively, “they will call you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 63 intro g5yz 0 # Isaiah 63 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Imagery<br>The imagery of judgment in this chapter is intended to be rather vivid. The translator should avoid euphemisms, if possible. Overall, this chapter prophesies a day of great judgment and God’s wrath. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wrath]]) ISA 63 1 qz61 figs-rquestion 0 Who is this who comes from Edom … Bozrah Isaiah speaks as a watchman using the question and answer format to present this information about Yahweh’s judgment on Edom, an enemy of Israel. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “I, Yahweh, am coming from Edom, clothed in red from Bozrah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 63 1 vv2a translate-names 0 Bozrah This is the capital city of Edom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 63 1 j2ug 0 It is I Here “I” refers to Yahweh. ISA 63 2 tzm5 figs-rquestion 0 Why are your clothes red, and why … winepress? If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “The red on your clothing looks makes you look like you have been treading on grapes in a winepress.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 63 2 nmf4 0 winepress A winepress is a low place carved out of rock in the ground where workers step on the grapes to crush them with their feet, in order to remove the grape juice. ISA 63 3 ky69 figs-metaphor 0 I have trodden grapes Here “I” refers to Yahweh. This imagery refers to Yahweh destroying his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 63 4 ebb5 0 the day of vengeance Alternate translation: “the time of vengeance” or “the time for vengeance” ISA 63 4 z515 0 vengeance Yahweh will punish in an appropriate way to bring about justice. His kind of vengeance differs from man’s vengeance. ISA 63 4 p1bl figs-metonymy 0 the year for my redemption Here “year” refers to a specific time appointed by Yahweh for restoring Israel. Alternate translation: “the time for my redemption” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 63 5 f8a2 figs-metonymy 0 but my own arm Here “arm” represents power. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 63 6 xdg5 figs-metaphor 0 made them drunk in my wrath This means Yahweh made them stunned and senseless by his full wrath and punishment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 63 6 v3ih figs-metaphor 0 I poured out their blood Here “blood” represents the life of Yahweh’s enemies that was gushing out so they would die. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 63 7 e55q figs-abstractnouns 0 I will tell of the acts of Yahweh’s covenant faithfulness If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “faithfully” or “faithful.” See how you translated “covenant faithfulness” in [Isaiah 16:5](../16/05.md). Alternate translation: “I will tell about how God has acted faithfully to his covenant” or “I will tell about all the faithful things God has done for his people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 63 7 d6e5 0 I will tell Here “I” refers to Isaiah. ISA 63 7 x88u figs-exclusive 0 done for us Here “us” refers to Isaiah and the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ISA 63 9 gd1d 0 Through all their suffering “Through all our suffering.” Here “their” refers to the people of Israel. Isaiah included himself as a member of the people. ISA 63 9 xq2j 0 he suffered too Here “he” refers to Yahweh. ISA 63 9 zj13 0 the angel from his presence This is a representative who is sent from God’s presence. ISA 63 9 cf9k figs-metaphor 0 he lifted them up and carried them This refers to when God protected and saved the people of Israel from the Egyptians many years earlier. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 63 10 trm9 0 But they rebelled “but we rebelled.” Here “they” refers to the people of Israel. Isaiah included himself as a member of the people. ISA 63 10 ff3h 0 his Holy Spirit Alternate translation: “Yahweh’s Holy Spirit” ISA 63 11 tt31 0 They said “we said.” Here “they” refers to the people of Israel. Isaiah included himself as a member of the people. ISA 63 11 xc8g figs-explicit 0 who brought them up out of the sea The story of Yahweh miraculously splitting the waters of the Sea of Reeds so that the Israelites could cross and escape the Egyptians is assumed knowledge. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 63 11 gjt5 figs-metaphor 0 the shepherds of his flock Leaders are sometimes referred to as “shepherds.” Alternate translation: “the leaders of his people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 63 12 iq2k 0 General Information: The people of Israel continue speaking. ISA 63 12 zbm6 figs-metonymy 0 who made his glorious power go with the right hand of Moses Here “right hand” represents the power of Yahweh through Moses. This means it was God’s power that enabled Moses to divide the water of the Reed Sea. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 63 13 ymx4 figs-simile 0 Like a horse running on flat land, they did not stumble This means that the people of Israel were sure-footed as horses in open country on their travels toward Israel from Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 63 14 d9fd 0 General Information: The people of Israel continue speaking. ISA 63 14 vw1c figs-simile 0 As the cattle that go down into the valley … rest This image pictures cattle going into a valley where there is green grass and water and emphasizes that God led the people of Israel and took care of them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 63 14 mt35 figs-metonymy 0 to make yourself a name of praise Here “name of praise” refers to honor and one’s reputation. Alternate translation: “to make sure you have an honored reputation for yourself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 63 15 fet4 0 General Information: The people of Israel continue speaking. ISA 63 15 z3pw figs-rquestion 0 Where are your zeal and your mighty acts? The writer uses a question to express deep emotion and concern because it seems God is not helping them. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “We do not see your zeal and your mighty acts!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 63 15 ul1l figs-activepassive 0 Your pity and your compassionate actions are kept from us If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You keep your pity and compassion from us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 63 16 sb9w figs-synecdoche 0 though Abraham does not know us, and Israel does not recognize us These ancestors of the nation of Israel would not able to identify their descendants because they changed so much. “Abraham” and “Israel” represent the people from the distant past. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 63 16 n4aq 0 Israel This refers to the name also called “Jacob.” ISA 63 17 h7k1 0 General Information: The people of Israel continue speaking. ISA 63 17 w2gk figs-rquestion 0 Yahweh, why do you make us wander from your ways and harden our hearts, so we do not obey you? Here the writer uses a question to express a complaint of the people to God. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, you have made us wander from your ways and become stubborn so that we do not obey you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 63 17 dfb6 figs-metaphor 0 why do you make us wander from your ways To not do what Yahweh commands is spoken of as if a person wanders off of the correct path. Alternate translation: “why do you make do what is wrong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 63 17 pqt9 figs-metaphor 0 harden our hearts This means to become resistant to Yahweh’s teaching by refusing to listen and obey. Here “heart” represents their motives, feelings and desires. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 63 18 ka89 0 General Information: The people of Israel continue speaking. ISA 63 19 j3dn figs-activepassive 0 who were never called by your name If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The word “name” refers to a family relationship. Alternate translation: “who never belonged to your family” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 63 19 kcq5 0 We have become … called by your name Some modern versions interpret this passage differently: “We are like the people over whom you have not ruled, like those who have not been called by your name.” ISA 64 intro pn57 0 # Isaiah 64 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Repentance<br>This chapter records the repentance of the righteous remnant of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/remnant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) ISA 64 1 k72d 0 General Information: The people of Israel continue speaking to Yahweh ([Isaiah 63:11](../63/11.md)). ISA 64 1 vzg6 figs-hypo 0 Oh, if you had Isaiah introduces this desire for Yahweh’s presence in their past history with a strong exclamation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) ISA 64 1 ea39 figs-metaphor 0 if you had split open the heavens If Yahweh had shown himself very dramatically by tearing open the sky. The words “split open” refer to ripping a piece of cloth apart. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 64 1 gnw8 figs-hypo 0 mountains would have shaken The mountains would have trembled as in an earthquake. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) ISA 64 2 re9g figs-simile 0 as when fire kindles the brushwood, or the fire makes water boil This possibly emphasizes how easily God’s presence would have caused the mountains and the people to tremble. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) ISA 64 4 ien9 figs-synecdoche 0 nor eye seen Here the “eye” refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “nor has anyone seen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 64 5 w5xb 0 General Information: The people of Israel continue speaking to Yahweh. ISA 64 5 e2mb figs-idiom 0 call to mind This is an idiom that means “remember.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 64 6 y1pd 0 General Information: The people of Israel continue speaking to Yahweh. ISA 64 6 r68s figs-simile 0 all our righteous deeds are like a menstrual rag A “menstrual rag” is a cloth that a woman uses during the time of month when she bleeds from her womb. This means all their attempts to please God fail. This sentence was meant to be shocking. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 64 6 pe9q figs-simile 0 We have all withered like leaves Isaiah compares the people of Israel to leaves that dry up when dead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 64 6 zx8k figs-simile 0 our iniquities, like the wind, carry us away This means their sins, as a community, are the reason for their failure. Isaiah compares the iniquities to the wind as the force for their suffering Yahweh’s punishment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 64 7 j4vi figs-idiom 0 you have hidden your face from us This means God gave up on his people and let them suffer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 64 7 bhp2 figs-metonymy 0 in the hand of our iniquities Here the word “hand” is a metonym for the power of those who are punishing the people for their iniquities. Alternate translation: “as you punish us for our iniquities” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 64 8 shy2 0 General Information: The people of Israel continue speaking to Yahweh. ISA 64 8 j691 figs-metaphor 0 we are the clay. You are our potter; and we all are the work of your hand This means God created the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 64 9 jl2l figs-idiom 0 call to mind This refers to remembering the past. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 64 9 i877 figs-personification 0 look at us all Isaiah asks Yahweh to pay attention to their situation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 64 10 ie3k 0 General Information: The people of Israel continue speaking to Yahweh. ISA 64 10 gfj3 0 Your holy cities have become a wilderness This emphasizes that the cities have been destroyed and no one lives there. ISA 64 11 ev92 figs-activepassive 0 Our holy and beautiful temple, where our fathers praised you, has been destroyed by fire If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The enemy has destroyed our holy and beautiful temple, where our fathers praised you, by fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 64 12 x5p8 figs-rquestion 0 How can you still hold back, Yahweh? How can you remain silent and continue to humiliate us? They use questions to express their frustration because God has not yet come to help them. Alternate translation: “Please do not hold back, Yahweh! Please do not remain silent and continue to humiliate us!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 65 intro mm3j 0 # Isaiah 65 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>This chapter is Yahweh’s response to the repentance of the people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Judgment and hope<br>This chapter records that Yahweh’s judgment on the people must come. Despite this, there is hope that in the end, Yahweh will make all things new and restore them to himself. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/hope]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]]) ISA 65 1 fu52 0 I was ready Here “I” refers to Yahweh. ISA 65 2 k5z1 figs-idiom 0 I have spread out my hands all day to a stubborn people “Spreading out my hands” here is a person’s gesture to show imploring or a strong request. Alternate translation: “I have continually begged a stubborn people to receive my help” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 65 3 y6w2 figs-explicit 0 in gardens … on brick tiles These refer to Canaanite places for worshiping idols. Their sacred altars were made of bricks, which Yahweh forbid for his altars. Yahweh’s altars were made of stone. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 65 4 ga3p figs-explicit 0 sit among the graves and keep watch all night This is a reference to consulting the dead, a practice that Yahweh prohibited. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 65 4 u4tg figs-explicit 0 eat pork Yahweh did not allow the people of Israel to eat meat from pigs. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 65 5 yf97 figs-metaphor 0 These things are smoke in my nose Yahweh compares these people who are continually annoying him to smoke that irritates a person’s breathing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 65 5 kfu5 figs-metaphor 0 a fire that burns all day long Yahweh compares the people of Israel to a slow-burning fire that sends out smoke without stopping as it irritates. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 65 6 e8dl 0 Look, it is written Alternate translation: “Take notice and pay attention” ISA 65 6 ju68 figs-idiom 0 into their laps This means God will punish them to the fullest extent. This expression compares Yahweh punishing the people to dumping on their legs as they are sitting. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 65 8 u28s figs-metaphor 0 As when juice is found in a cluster of grapes Yahweh compares the people of Israel to a cluster of grapes that still has some good juice in it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 65 8 p137 figs-activepassive 0 when juice is found in a cluster This can be stated in an active way. Alternate translation: “when you find juice in a cluster” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 65 8 y5df figs-litotes 0 I will not ruin them all This can be expressed positively. Alternate translation: “I will spare some of them who are righteous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 65 9 vkn1 0 my mountains This refers to the highest locations of Jerusalem and all of Judea. ISA 65 10 pzz2 translate-names 0 Sharon This was a fertile grazing area. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 65 10 gc1h translate-names 0 Valley of Achor This is the name of a valley that possibly ran from Jerusalem to south of Jericho. This was also a fertile grazing area. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 65 11 cm1c 0 holy mountain See how you translated this in [Isaiah 11:9](../11/09.md). ISA 65 11 h947 0 who prepare a table … and fill wine glasses of mixed wine People would bring food and drink and place it in front of the idol as part of their worship. ISA 65 11 crn4 0 mixed wine wine mixed with spices ISA 65 11 u2ws 0 Fortune … Destiny These are names of false gods. They are also called “Gad” and “Meni.” ISA 65 12 kk9r figs-synecdoche 0 appoint you for the sword “The sword” represents various weapons of war that Yahweh will use to punish those who do not respond to Yahweh’s call. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 65 12 ah6h figs-parallelism 0 when I called, you did not answer; when I spoke, you did not listen Both clauses mean the same and are repeated for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 65 13 hu21 figs-parallelism 0 Look, my servants “Take notice and pay attention” Yahweh repeats this for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 65 14 l9nc figs-parallelism 0 but you will cry because of the pain of the heart, and will wail because of the crushing of the spirit These clauses mean the same and the repetition is for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 65 14 l647 figs-metaphor 0 crushing of the spirit This expression compares the feeling of terrible disappointment and sorrow to something becoming deformed due to high pressure. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 65 16 x8rm figs-activepassive 0 will be blessed by me, the God of truth If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I, the God who always speaks the truth, will bless him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 65 16 b3zy figs-activepassive 0 the former troubles will be forgotten … will be hidden These clauses can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they will forget the former troubles, for these troubles will be out of my memory” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 65 16 xcx8 figs-idiom 0 they will be hidden from my eyes “hidden from my eyes” represents the attention and memory of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “I will not even think about them again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 65 17 au5p 0 For see Alternate translation: “Notice! Pay attention!” ISA 65 17 dn4a figs-merism 0 new heavens and a new earth Both are extremes that also represent everything between. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) ISA 65 17 v792 figs-parallelism 0 the former things will not be remembered or be brought to mind Both of these clauses mean the same thing and are combined for emphasis. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you will not even think about what happened in the past” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 65 18 cdz7 figs-you 0 But you will be glad Here “you” refers to all of God’s servants. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) ISA 65 19 wla8 figs-activepassive 0 weeping and cries of distress will no longer be heard in her You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “no one will hear weeping and cries of distress any longer in her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 65 20 ars5 translate-numbers 0 one hundred years “100 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) ISA 65 20 qsz1 figs-activepassive 0 will be considered a young person If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people will consider him a young person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 65 20 fte4 figs-activepassive 0 will be considered cursed This can be stated this in active form. Alternate translation: “people will consider this person as cursed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 65 22 t1rr 0 for as the days of trees will be the days of my people Alternate translation: “for my people will live as long as trees live” ISA 65 23 ea83 figs-activepassive 0 they are the children of those blessed by Yahweh If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “they are the children of those whom Yahweh blessed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 65 25 pu4h 0 holy mountain See how you translated this in [Isaiah 11:9](../11/09.md). ISA 66 intro d1a4 0 # Isaiah 66 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 66:1-17, 21-24.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### In the end<br>In the end, Yahweh will enact his perfect justice. This is the true hope of this world. The new heaven and the new earth are an important part of this. In the end, this will be the perfect creation of Yahweh and will last forever. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/hope]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]]) ISA 66 1 ym2c figs-metaphor 0 Heaven is my throne, and the earth is my footstool Yahweh compares heaven to a throne and the earth to a footstool to emphasize how great he is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 66 1 fgf8 figs-rquestion 0 Where then is the house you will build for me? Where is the place where I may rest? Yahweh uses questions to emphasize that humans cannot build a place for him to dwell. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 66 2 z6n3 figs-synecdoche 0 My hand has made all these things Yahweh is represented by his hand which emphasizes his power and authority. Alternate translation: “I have made all these things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 66 2 js74 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Translate as in [Isaiah 30:1](../30/01.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) ISA 66 2 d8bv 0 the broken and contrite in spirit Here “broken” and “contrite” refers to a person who is truly humble and who suffers for his faith. ISA 66 3 r9v8 figs-parallelism 0 He who slaughters … also blesses wickedness These four clauses all describe different ways evil people act and come to the same meaning for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 66 3 k536 0 They have chosen their own ways Alternate translation: “They have chosen to do evil things that violate the ways of Yahweh” ISA 66 4 l9qg figs-metaphor 0 what was evil in my sight Here sight represents judgment or evaluation. Alternate translation: “what I consider to be evil” or “what is evil in my judgement” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 66 5 ssi3 figs-activepassive 0 May Yahweh be glorified If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Glorify Yahweh” or “May Yahweh glorify himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 66 5 x6r8 figs-activepassive 0 but they will be put to shame If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “but I will put them to shame” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 66 6 ksm5 0 General Information: Yahweh describes the punishment for the hypocrisy of the worshipers. ISA 66 6 ym61 figs-metonymy 0 A sound of battle tumult The sound represents the real fighting that is going on in the temple as Yahweh is carrying out the punishment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 66 7 iy8c figs-metaphor 0 Before she goes into labor, she gives birth; before pain is upon her, she gave birth to a son Yahweh speaks about Zion as if it were a woman who is about to give birth. Although Zion was destroyed and the people no longer lived there, Yahweh promises that without delay and with little effort an entire nation will come from her. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 66 8 mnx2 figs-rquestion 0 Who has heard of such a thing? Who has seen such things? Will a land be born in one day? Can a nation be established in one moment? Yahweh uses questions to emphasize how unique this event will be. The series of questions builds tension until Zion is finally mentioned. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 66 9 ykq2 figs-rquestion 0 Do I bring a baby to the birth opening … born? Yahweh uses questions to emphasize that he will not fail to fulfill his promises to the people of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 66 11 m27u figs-metaphor 0 For you will nurse and be satisfied; with her breasts you will be comforted This means Jerusalem will be a place of safety and comfort for God’s people. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “For she will satisfy you with her milk; she will comfort you with her breasts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 66 12 j2n7 figs-simile 0 like a river … like an overflowing stream This means God will cause the people of the nations to bring a very large amount of riches, which will be permanent like a river and abundant. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 66 12 l5d2 figs-metaphor 0 You will nurse at her side, be carried in her arms, and be dandled on her knees This means Jerusalem will be a place of safety and comfort for God’s people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 66 12 u5js figs-activepassive 0 be carried in her arms, and be dandled on her knees If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “she will carry you in her arms and bounce you on her knees with delight” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 66 13 w86z figs-activepassive 0 so I will comfort you, and you will be comforted in Jerusalem If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “so I will comfort you in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 66 14 rk3u 0 General Information: Isaiah is speaking to God’s faithful people. ISA 66 14 fy26 figs-synecdoche 0 your bones will sprout “Bones” refers to the whole body. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 66 14 pe4z figs-simile 0 will sprout like the tender grass “Tender grass” grows fast and strong and compares to the health and vigor of God’s faithful people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 66 14 gt3n figs-activepassive 0 The hand of Yahweh will be made known to his servants Here “hand” refers to his power. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will reveal his power to his servants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 66 15 cfq3 figs-metaphor 0 coming with fire Yahweh’s appearances in the Old Testament are often accompanied by fire that represents Yahweh’s anger and judgment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 66 15 b53l figs-simile 0 like the windstorm Storms represent Yahweh’s powerful actions to make his judgment effective. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 66 16 dhc5 figs-synecdoche 0 with his sword “Sword” is one weapon that represents all of warfare and killing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 66 16 bx7h figs-activepassive 0 Those killed by Yahweh will be many If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will kill many people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 66 17 rj5b 0 They consecrate themselves “They” are those who worship Yahweh but go against his laws. ISA 66 17 nv79 figs-explicit 0 enter the gardens This is a place where people would go to worship idols. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 66 17 jx7b 0 the one in the middle This describes the leader of those of go to worship idols. ISA 66 17 bs95 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Translate as in [Isaiah 30:1](../30/01.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) ISA 66 18 nhd3 0 For I know Here “I” refers to Yahweh. ISA 66 18 ej4u 0 their deeds … their thoughts Here “their” refers to the worshipers that are hypocrites whom Yahweh has described before. ISA 66 19 k1r5 translate-names 0 Put … Lud … Tubal … Javan These are names of areas that are far from the land of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 66 20 m4dq 0 They will bring Here “they” refers to the foreigners who survived and witnessed to the nations. They will return to Jerusalem with exiled Israelites. ISA 66 20 lip4 0 holy mountain See how you translated this in [Isaiah 11:9](../11/09.md). ISA 66 22 g5ni 0 the new heavens and the new earth See how you translated this in [Isaiah 65:17](../65/17.md). ISA 66 24 ju6e 0 General Information: Yahweh finishes speaking. ISA 66 24 ivj5 0 They will go out Here “they” refers to all the people, the faithful Israelites and foreigners, who come to worship Yahweh. ISA 66 24 a8i9 figs-parallelism 0 the worms … and the fire Both clauses describe the same idea to emphasize Yahweh’s punishment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 66 24 le39 figs-metonymy 0 the worms that eat them The worms represent the horror of decay and rot that are Yahweh’s punishment on the wicked. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 66 24 md8u figs-metonymy 0 the fire that consumes Fire also represents Yahweh’s judgment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 66 24 t9vq figs-litotes 0 will not be quenched This can be expressed positively. Alternate translation: “will burn forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) ISA 66 24 e7xk figs-metonymy 0 all flesh This expression represents all created living beings that shrink from the dead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])