Book	Chapter	Verse	ID	SupportReference	OrigQuote	Occurrence	GLQuote	OccurrenceNote
EPH	front	intro	e3di			0		# Introduction to Ephesians<br><br><br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of Ephesians<br><br>1. Greeting and prayer for the spiritual blessings in Christ (1:1-23)<br>1. Sin and salvation (2:1-10)<br>1. Unity and peace (2:11-22)<br>1. Mystery of Christ in the believers, made known (3:1-13)<br>1. Prayer for riches of his glory to make the believers strong (3:14-21)<br>1. Unity of the Spirit, building up the Body of Christ (4:1-16)<br>1. New life (4:17-32)<br>1. Imitators of God (5:1-21)<br>1. 1 Wives and husbands; children and parents; slaves and masters (5:22-6:9)<br>11. Armor of God (6:10-20)<br>1. Final greeting (6:21-24)<br><br>### Who wrote the Book of Ephesians?<br><br>Paul wrote Ephesians. Paul was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus.<br><br>The Apostle Paul helped start the church in Ephesus on one of his trips. He also lived in Ephesus for a year and a half and helped the believers there. Paul probably wrote this letter while he was in prison in Rome.<br><br>### What is the Book of Ephesians about?<br><br>Paul wrote this letter to the Christians in Ephesus to explain God’s love for them in Christ Jesus. He described the blessings that God was giving them because they were now united with Christ. He explained that all believers are united together, whether Jew or Gentile. Paul also wanted to encourage them to live in a way that pleases God.<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, “Ephesians.” Or they may choose a clearer title, such as “Paul’s Letter to the Church in Ephesus” or “A Letter to the Christians in Ephesus.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### What was the “mystery” in the book of Ephesians?<br><br>The expression translated in the ULT as “mystery” or “hidden” occurs six times. By it, Paul always meant something that God had to reveal to human beings because they could not know it on their own. It always referred to something about how God planned to save mankind. Sometimes it was about his plan to bring about peace between himself and mankind. Sometimes it was more specifically about his plan to save both Jews and Gentiles by uniting them through Christ. This hidden truth was that Gentiles are now able to benefit from the promises of Christ as equals with the Jews.<br><br>### What did Paul say about salvation and righteous living?<br><br>Paul said much about salvation and righteous living in this letter and in many of his letters. He said that God has been very kind and saved Christians because they believe in Jesus. Therefore, after they become Christians, they should live in a righteous way to show that they have faith in Christ. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])<br><br>## Part 3: Important Translation Issues<br><br>### Singular and plural “you”<br><br>In this book, the word “I” refers to Paul. The word “you” is almost always plural and refers to the believers who may read this letter. The three exceptions to this are: 5:14, 6:2, and 6:3. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])<br><br>### What did Paul mean by the “new self” or the “new man”?<br><br>When Paul spoke of the “new self” or the “new man,” he meant the new nature that a believer receives from the Holy Spirit. This new nature was created in God’s image (See: 4:24). The phrase “new man” is also used for God bringing about peace between Jews and Gentiles. God brought them together as one people group that belong to him (See: 2:15).<br><br>### How are the ideas of “holy” and “sanctify” represented in Ephesians in the ULT?<br><br>The scriptures use such words to indicate any one of several ideas. For this reason, it is often difficult for translators to represent them well in their versions. In translating into English, the ULT uses the following principles:<br>* Sometimes the meaning in a passage implies moral holiness. Especially important for understanding the gospel is the use of “holy” to express the fact that God views Christians as sinless because they are united to Jesus Christ. Another use of “holy” is to express the idea that God is perfect and faultless. A third use is to express the idea that Christians are to conduct themselves in a blameless, faultless manner in life. In these cases, the ULT uses “holy,” “holy God,” “holy ones,” or “saints.” (See: 1:1, 4)<br>* Sometimes the meaning in a passage indicates a simple reference to Christians without implying any particular role filled by them. In these cases, the ULT uses “saint” or “saints.”<br>* Sometimes the meaning in a passage implies the idea of someone or something set apart for God alone. In these cases, the ULT uses “set apart,” “dedicated to,” or “reserved for.” (See: 3:5)<br><br>The UST will often be helpful as translators think about how to represent these ideas in their own versions.<br><br>### What did Paul mean by the expression “in Christ,” “in the Lord,” etc.?<br><br>This kind of expression occurs in 1:1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 20; 2:6, 7, 10, 13, 15, 16, 18, 21, 22; 3:5, 6, 9, 11, 12, 21; 4:1, 17, 21, 32; 5:8, 18, 19; 6:1, 10, 18, 21. Paul meant to express the idea of a very close union between Christ and the believers. Please see the introduction to the book of Romans for more details about this kind of expression.<br><br>### What are the major issues in the text of the book of Ephesians?<br><br>* “in Ephesus” (1:1). Some of the earliest manuscripts do not include this phrase. It is likely that Paul intended this letter to be read in many churches, including Ephesus and many other cities. He may have originally left a blank space for the city name to be filled in by those copying the letter and carrying it to different cities. But “Ephesus” is the only name found on manuscripts that have a city name. Therefore, the ULT, UST, and many modern versions include it.<br>* “because we are members of his body” (5:30). Most modern versions, including the ULT and UST, read in this way. Some older versions read, “because we are members of his body and of his bones.” Translators might decide to choose the second reading if other versions in their area have it that way. If translators choose the second reading, they should put the additional words inside square brackets ([]) to indicate that they are probably not original to the book of Ephesians.<br><br>(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])
EPH	1	intro	fg42			0		# Ephesians 1 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>### “I pray”<br><br>Paul structures part of this chapter like a prayer of praise to God. But Paul is not just talking to God. He is teaching the church in Ephesus. He also tells the Ephesians how he is praying for them.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Predestination<br><br>Many scholars believe this chapter teaches on a subject known as “predestination.” See the use of the word “predestine” in 1:5, 11. Some scholars take this to indicate that God has, from before the foundation of the world, chosen some people to save. Christians have different views on what the Bible teaches on this subject, so translators need to take extra care when translating this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/predestine]])
EPH	1	1	kx1g	figs-you		0	General Information:	Paul names himself as the writer of this letter to the believers in the church at Ephesus (and elsewhere). Except where noted, all instances of “you” and “your” refer to the Ephesian believers as well as to all believers, and so are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
EPH	1	1	ilf2		Παῦλος, ἀπόστολος Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ…τοῖς ἁγίοις τοῖς οὖσιν	1	Paul, an apostle of Christ Jesus … to the saints who are	Your language may have a particular way of introducing the author of a letter and the intended audience. Alternate translation: “I, Paul, an apostle of Jesus Christ … write this letter to you, God’s holy people”
EPH	1	1	u73p	figs-metaphor	ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ	1	in Christ Jesus	The phrase **in Christ Jesus** and similar expressions are metaphors that frequently occur in the New Testament letters. They express the strongest kind of relationship possible between Christ and those who believe in him, picturing believers as being surrounded by Christ. Alternate Translation: “in close relationship to Christ Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	1	2	x9ey		χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη	1	Grace to you and peace	This is a common greeting and blessing that Paul often uses in the beginning of his letters. Use a form in your language that makes it clear that this is a greeting and blessing.
EPH	1	3	lm67	figs-exclusive		0	General Information:	In this book, unless otherwise stated, the words “us” and “we” refer to Paul, the believers in Ephesus, and all believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
EPH	1	3	zdh3			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul opens his letter by talking about the believers’ position and their safety before God.
EPH	1	3	g6sj	figs-activepassive	εὐλογητὸς ὁ Θεὸς καὶ Πατὴρ τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ	1	Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ	You can state this in an active form. Alternate translation: “Let us praise the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EPH	1	3	cr9h		ὁ εὐλογήσας ἡμᾶς	1	who has blessed us	“for God has blessed us”
EPH	1	3	m8qh		πάσῃ εὐλογίᾳ πνευματικῇ	1	every spiritual blessing	“every blessing coming from the Spirit of God”
EPH	1	3	j2lk		ἐν τοῖς ἐπουρανίοις	1	in the heavenly places	“in the supernatural world.” The word **heavenly** refers to the place where God is.
EPH	1	3	v9qz	figs-metaphor	ἐν Χριστῷ	1	in Christ	Here, **in Christ** could mean: (1) a metaphor referring to our close relationship with Christ. Alternate translation: “by uniting us with Christ” or “because we are united with Christ” (2) what Christ has done. Alternate translation: “through Christ” or “through what Christ has done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	1	4	ibv6	figs-doublet	ἁγίους καὶ ἀμώμους	1	holy and blameless	Paul uses these two similar words to emphasize moral goodness. If your language does not have two similar words, you can use one word for both, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
EPH	1	4	ab01	figs-doublenegatives	ἀμώμους	1	blameless	The word **blameless** contains two negative ideas: “blame” or “fault,” and “-less,” which means “without.” If your readers would misunderstand this, the two negative ideas can be replaced with the corresponding positive idea, “perfect.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
EPH	1	5	fp7l			0	General Information:	The words “his,” “He,” and “he” refer to God.
EPH	1	5	h7pn	figs-exclusive	προορίσας ἡμᾶς εἰς υἱοθεσίαν	1	he predestined us for adoption	The word **us** refers to Paul, the Ephesian church, and all believers in Christ. Alternate translation: “God planned long ago to adopt us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
EPH	1	5	pq1x		προορίσας ἡμᾶς	1	he predestined us	“God chose us ahead of time” or “God chose us long ago”
EPH	1	5	e6f6	figs-metaphor	εἰς υἱοθεσίαν	1	for adoption	Here, **adoption** is a metaphor that refers to becoming part of God’s family. Alternate translation: “to become his children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	1	5	ciu3		διὰ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ	1	through Jesus Christ	God brought believers into his family by the work of Jesus Christ.
EPH	1	6	s9qk		ἐχαρίτωσεν ἡμᾶς ἐν τῷ ἠγαπημένῳ	1	he has freely given us in the Beloved One	“he has kindly given to us by means of the One whom he loves”
EPH	1	6	x7jp		τῷ ἠγαπημένῳ	1	the Beloved One	“the One he loves, Jesus Christ” or “his Son, whom he loves”
EPH	1	7	abcb	figs-metonymy	διὰ τοῦ αἵματος αὐτοῦ	1	through his blood	The **blood** of Jesus is a metonym for his death. Alternate translation: “because he died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EPH	1	7	m9l4	figs-metaphor	τὸ πλοῦτος τῆς χάριτος αὐτοῦ	1	the riches of his grace	Paul speaks of God’s grace as if it were material wealth. Alternate translation: “greatness of God’s grace” or “abundance of God’s grace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	1	8	pg6j		ἧς ἐπερίσσευσεν εἰς ἡμᾶς	1	which he caused to abound to us	“which he gave us in a great amount” or “being extremely kind to us”
EPH	1	8	sw98		ἐν πάσῃ σοφίᾳ καὶ φρονήσει	1	in all wisdom and understanding	This could mean: (1) because he has all wisdom and understanding. (2) so that we might have great wisdom and understanding.
EPH	1	8	ab98	figs-doublet	σοφίᾳ καὶ φρονήσει	1	wisdom and understanding	Here, **wisdom** and **understanding** mean very similar things. If your language does not have two similar words, you can use one word for both. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
EPH	1	9	v71p		κατὰ τὴν εὐδοκίαν αὐτοῦ	1	according to his good pleasure	This could mean: (1) because he wanted to make it known to us. (2) which was what he wanted.
EPH	1	9	c2uk		ἣν προέθετο ἐν αὐτῷ	1	which he had planned in him	“as he demonstrated this purpose in Christ”
EPH	1	9	u53h		ἐν αὐτῷ	1	in him	“by means of Christ”
EPH	1	10	n2sl		εἰς οἰκονομίαν	1	with a view to an administration	A new sentence can be started here. Alternate translation: “He did this with a view to an administration” or “He did this, thinking about a stewardship”
EPH	1	10	em7q		τοῦ πληρώματος τῶν καιρῶν	1	of the fullness of time	“when the time is right” or “at the time that he has appointed”
EPH	1	10	ab7q		ἐν αὐτῷ	1	in him	“under his rule” or “under his authority”
EPH	1	11	ww9s	figs-exclusive	καὶ ἐκληρώθημεν, προορισθέντες	1	we were also allotted as a possession. We were predestined	Both pronouns **we** and **We** are inclusive in this verse. Paul is referring to all Christians, who were predestined to belong to Christ. In verses 12 and 13 he will divide this group into “we” (exclusive) Jewish Christians and “you” Gentile Christians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
EPH	1	11	t281	figs-activepassive	καὶ ἐκληρώθημεν	1	we were also allotted as a possession	You can state this in active form. This could mean: (1) God also chose us to be his possession. (2) God also chose us to be heirs. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EPH	1	11	nkf8	figs-activepassive	προορισθέντες	1	We were predestined	You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “God chose us ahead of time” or “God chose us long ago” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EPH	1	12	gj44	figs-exclusive	ἡμᾶς…τοὺς προηλπικότας ἐν τῷ Χριστῷ	1	we who were the first to have confident hope in Christ	Here, the word **we** is exclusive and refers to the Jewish believers who first heard the good news, not the believers at Ephesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
EPH	1	12	zqm9		εἰς τὸ εἶναι ἡμᾶς, εἰς ἔπαινον δόξης αὐτοῦ	1	so that we … would be for the praise of his glory	“so that we … would live to praise him for his glory”
EPH	1	13	j1zc			0	General Information:	Paul has been speaking in the previous two verses about himself and the other Jewish believers, but now he begins speaking about the Ephesian believers.
EPH	1	13	ac1e		τὸν λόγον τῆς ἀληθείας	1	the word of truth	This could mean: (1) the message about the truth. (2) the true message.
EPH	1	13	qgf9	figs-metaphor	ἐσφραγίσθητε τῷ Πνεύματι τῆς ἐπαγγελίας, τῷ Ἁγίῳ	1	you were sealed with the promised Holy Spirit	In this metaphor Paul pictures the Holy Spirit as a seal, comparing him to the wax that was placed on a letter and stamped with a symbol representing the person who wrote the letter. Paul uses this custom as a picture to show how God has used the Holy Spirit to assure us that we belong to him. Alternate translation: “God has placed the Holy Spirit that he promised on you as if he were a seal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	1	13	abcf	figs-activepassive	ἐσφραγίσθητε	1	you were sealed	You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “God has sealed you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EPH	1	14	g6dw	figs-metaphor	ἀρραβὼν τῆς κληρονομίας ἡμῶν	1	a down payment of our inheritance	Receiving what God has promised is spoken of in terms of one inheriting property or wealth from a family member. Alternate translation: “an initial portion that we will receive from what God has promised” or “a guarantee that we will receive what God has promised to give us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	1	15	d9qy			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul prays for the Ephesian believers and praises God for the power that believers have through Christ.
EPH	1	15	abcc	grammar-connect-logic-result	διὰ τοῦτο	1	Because of this	The connecting phrase **Because of this** introduces a reason-result relationship. The reason is that the Ephesians had believed the gospel and had been sealed by the Holy Spirit. The result is that Paul praises God. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EPH	1	16	scy9	figs-litotes	οὐ παύομαι εὐχαριστῶν	1	I have not stopped giving thanks	Paul uses **not stopped** to emphasize that he continues to thank God. Alternate translation: “I continue to thank God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
EPH	1	16	aby9	figs-hyperbole	οὐ παύομαι εὐχαριστῶν	1	I have not stopped giving thanks	Paul uses this exaggeration to emphasize that he thanks God very often. Alternate translation: “I continue to thank God” or “I often thank God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
EPH	1	17	abcd	grammar-connect-logic-result	ἵνα	1	so that	The connecting phrase **so that** introduces a reason-result relationship. The reason is that Paul prays for the Ephesians. The result is that God would enlighten the Ephesians about all that he has done for them through Christ. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EPH	1	17	b7l1		πνεῦμα σοφίας καὶ ἀποκαλύψεως, ἐν ἐπιγνώσει αὐτοῦ	1	a spirit of wisdom and revelation in the knowledge of him	“spiritual wisdom to understand his revelation”
EPH	1	18	gbl7	figs-metonymy	πεφωτισμένους τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς τῆς καρδίας	1	that the eyes of your heart may be enlightened	Here, **heart** refers to a person’s mind or thinking. Alternate Translation: “that you may gain understanding” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EPH	1	18	iv1h	figs-activepassive	πεφωτισμένους τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς τῆς καρδίας	1	that the eyes of your heart may be enlightened	You can state this in the active tense. Alternate translation: “that God may give you understanding” or “that God may enlighten your mind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EPH	1	18	abcg	figs-metaphor	τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς τῆς καρδίας	1	that the eyes of your heart	The phrase **eyes of your heart** is a metaphor for one’s ability to gain understanding. Alternate translation: “that you may gain understanding and be enlightened” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	1	18	m5j5		πεφωτισμένους	1	that … bay be enlightened	“that … may be made to see”
EPH	1	18	abc4		τῆς κλήσεως αὐτοῦ	1	of his calling	The **calling** of God refers to his choosing people to believe in him. Alternate translation: “that you have because he chose you to be his people”
EPH	1	18	h6ig	figs-metaphor	τῆς κληρονομίας αὐτοῦ	1	of his inheritance	Receiving what God has promised believers is spoken of as if one were inheriting property and wealth from a family member. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	1	18	lg8h		τοῖς ἁγίοις	1	the saints	“those whom he has set apart for himself” or “those who belong completely to him”
EPH	1	19	t7lx		τὸ ὑπερβάλλον μέγεθος τῆς δυνάμεως αὐτοῦ	1	the incomparable greatness of his power	“God’s power, which is far beyond all other power”
EPH	1	19	die1		εἰς ἡμᾶς, τοὺς πιστεύοντας	1	toward us who believe	“for us who believe”
EPH	1	19	e6g2		τὴν ἐνέργειαν τοῦ κράτους τῆς ἰσχύος αὐτοῦ	1	the working of the force of his strength	“his great power that is at work for us”
EPH	1	19	abce	figs-doublet	τοῦ κράτους τῆς ἰσχύος αὐτοῦ	1	of the force of his strength	The words **force** and **strength** have very similar meanings and may be combined. Alternate translation: “of his great strength” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
EPH	1	20	dc4l		ἐγείρας αὐτὸν ἐκ νεκρῶν	1	when he raised him from the dead	“when he made him alive again”
EPH	1	20	pu97	figs-nominaladj	ἐκ νεκρῶν	1	from the dead	This expression describes all dead people together in the underworld. To come back from among them speaks of becoming alive again. Alternate translation: “from among all those who have died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
EPH	1	20	ekj4	figs-metonymy	καθίσας ἐν δεξιᾷ αὐτοῦ, ἐν τοῖς ἐπουρανίοις	1	seated him at his right hand in the heavenly places	The person who sits **at the right hand** of a king sits at his right side and rules with all the authority of the king at whose right hand or side he sits. This is a metonym of location that represents the authority that the person in that location possesses. Alternate translation: “gave him all authority to rule from heaven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EPH	1	20	f3dh	translate-symaction	καθίσας ἐν δεξιᾷ αὐτοῦ	1	seated him at his right hand	To sit at the **right hand** of God is a symbolic action of receiving great honor and authority from God. Alternate translation: “seated him in the place of honor and authority beside him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
EPH	1	20	jrv1		ἐν τοῖς ἐπουρανίοις	1	in the heavenly places	“in the supernatural world.” The word **heavenly** refers to the place where God is. See how you translated this in [Ephesians 1:3](../01/03.md).
EPH	1	21	k8k7	figs-doublet	ὑπεράνω πάσης ἀρχῆς, καὶ ἐξουσίας, καὶ δυνάμεως, καὶ κυριότητος	1	far above all rule and authority and power and dominion	These are all terms for the ranks of supernatural beings, both angelic and demonic. If your language does not have four different terms for rulers or authorities, you can combine them. Alternate translation: “far above all types of supernatural beings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
EPH	1	21	ra11	figs-activepassive	παντὸς ὀνόματος ὀνομαζομένου	1	every name that is named	You can state this in active form. This could mean: (1) every name that man gives. (2) every name that God gives. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EPH	1	21	x6qc		ὀνόματος	1	name	This could refer to: (1) a title. (2) a position of authority.
EPH	1	21	pym8		ἐν τῷ αἰῶνι τούτῳ	1	in this age	“at this time”
EPH	1	21	qw2x		ἐν τῷ μέλλοντι	1	in the age to come	“in the future”
EPH	1	22	jm9i	figs-metonymy	ὑπὸ τοὺς πόδας αὐτοῦ	1	under Christ’s feet	Here, **feet** represents Christ’s lordship, authority, and power. Alternate translation: “under Christ’s power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EPH	1	22	pm4t	figs-metaphor	κεφαλὴν ὑπὲρ πάντα	1	head over all things	Here, **head** is a metaphor that refers to the leader or the one who is in charge. Alternate translation: “ruler over all things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	1	23	ge2c	figs-metaphor	τὸ σῶμα αὐτοῦ	1	his body	Just as the head (verse 22) rules all things pertaining to a human body, so Christ is the head of the church body. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	1	23	w2kh		τὸ πλήρωμα τοῦ τὰ πάντα ἐν πᾶσιν πληρουμένου	1	the fullness of the one who fills all in all	“for Christ fills the church with his life and power just as he gives life to all things”
EPH	1	23	x2kh		τὸ πλήρωμα	1	the fullness	This could have: (1) a passive sense, which would mean that Christ fills or completes the church. (2) an active sense, which would mean that the church completes Christ (as a body completes a head).
EPH	2	intro	e7qn			0		# Ephesians 2 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter focuses on the life that a Christian had before coming to believe in Jesus. Paul then uses this information to explain how a person’s former way of living is distinct from a Christian’s new identity “in Christ.” (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### One body<br><br>Paul teaches about the church in this chapter. The church is made of two different groups of people (Jews and Gentiles). They are now one group or “body.” The church is also known as the body of Christ. Jews and Gentiles are united in Christ.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### “Dead in trespasses and sins”<br><br>Paul teaches that those who are not Christians are “dead” in their sin. Sin binds or enslaves them. This makes them spiritually “dead.” Paul writes that God makes Christians alive in Christ. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/death]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])<br><br>### Descriptions of worldly living<br><br>Paul uses many different ways to describe how non-Christians act. They “lived according to the ways of this world” and are “living according to the ruler of the authorities of the air,” “fulfilling the evil desires of our sinful nature,” and “carrying out the desires of the body and of the mind.”<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “It is the gift of God”<br><br>Some scholars believe “it” here refers to being saved. Other scholars believe that it is faith that is the gift of God. Because of how the Greek tenses agree, “it” here probably refers to both things: the gift is that we are saved by God’s grace through faith.<br><br>### Flesh<br><br>“Flesh” is sometimes used as a metaphor for a person’s sinful nature. The phrase “Gentiles in the flesh” indicates the Ephesians once lived without any concern for God. But “flesh” is also used in this verse to refer to the physical person, similar to “body part of man.” (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]])
EPH	2	1	xf5s			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul reminds the believers of their past and the way they now are before God.
EPH	2	1	dxx8	figs-metaphor	ὑμᾶς ὄντας νεκροὺς τοῖς παραπτώμασιν καὶ ταῖς ἁμαρτίαις ὑμῶν	1	you were dead in your trespasses and sins	This shows how the inability of a sinful person to obey God is similar to a dead person’s inability to respond physically. Alternate translation: “you were spiritually dead, unable to do anything but sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	2	1	lp32	figs-doublet	τοῖς παραπτώμασιν καὶ ταῖς ἁμαρτίαις ὑμῶν	1	in your trespasses and sins	The words **trespasses** and **sins** have similar meanings. Paul uses them together to emphasize the greatness of the people’s sin. If your language has just one word for this, the two words can be combined. Alternate translation: “your many sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
EPH	2	1	ab32	figs-abstractnouns	τοῖς παραπτώμασιν καὶ ταῖς ἁμαρτίαις ὑμῶν	1	in your trespasses and sins	The words **trespasses** and **sins** are abstract nouns that represent actions. You can use an adjective or a verb for this if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “the sinful things that you did” or “always sinning against God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EPH	2	2	ab80	figs-metaphor	ἐν αἷς ποτε περιεπατήσατε	1	in which you once walked	Here, **walk** is a metaphor for the way a person lives. Alternate translation: “which is how you lived” or “which you did habitually” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	2	2	i7d4	figs-metonymy	κατὰ τὸν αἰῶνα τοῦ κόσμου τούτου	1	according to the age of this world	The apostles often used **world** to refer to the selfish behaviors and corrupt values of the people living in this world. Alternate translation: “according to the values of people living in the world” or “following the principles of this present world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EPH	2	2	n5d2		τὸν ἄρχοντα τῆς ἐξουσίας τοῦ ἀέρος	1	the ruler of the authorities of the air	This refers to the devil or Satan.
EPH	2	2	bj9y		τοῦ πνεύματος τοῦ νῦν ἐνεργοῦντος	1	the spirit that is now working	“the spirit of Satan, who is currently working”
EPH	2	2	ab9y	figs-idiom	τοῖς υἱοῖς τῆς ἀπειθείας	1	the sons of disobedience	“people who routinely disobey God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EPH	2	3	d3wd	figs-metonymy	τὰ θελήματα τῆς σαρκὸς καὶ τῶν διανοιῶν	1	the desires of the body and of the mind	The words **body** and **mind** represent the entire person. Alternate Translation: “the selfish things that people want to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EPH	2	3	zd6v	figs-idiom	τέκνα…ὀργῆς	1	children of wrath	“people with whom God is angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EPH	2	4	abco	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	δὲ	1	But	The connecting word **But** introduces a contrast relationship. The love and mercy of God is in sharp contrast to the evil way the Ephesians lived before they believed in God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
EPH	2	4	chm6	figs-abstractnouns	Θεὸς πλούσιος ὢν ἐν ἐλέει	1	God is rich in mercy	The word **mercy** is an abstract noun. Alternate translation: “God is abundantly merciful” or “God is very kind to us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EPH	2	4	hrx9	figs-abstractnouns	διὰ τὴν πολλὴν ἀγάπην αὐτοῦ, ἣν ἠγάπησεν ἡμᾶς	1	because of his great love with which he loved us	The word **love** is an abstract noun. Alternate translation: “because he loved us so very much” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EPH	2	5	h6km	figs-activepassive	χάριτί ἐστε σεσῳσμένοι	1	by grace you have been saved	You can state this in an active form. Alternate translation: “God saved you by being gracious to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EPH	2	5	abkm	figs-abstractnouns	χάριτί ἐστε σεσῳσμένοι	1	by grace you have been saved	The word **grace** is an abstract noun. Alternate translation: “God saved you by being extremely kind to you” or “God saved you as a free gift” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EPH	2	6	na2n	figs-idiom	συνήγειρεν	1	raised us up with him	Here, **raised up** is an idiom for causing someone who has died to become alive again. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EPH	2	6	abch	figs-pastforfuture	συνήγειρεν	1	raised us up with him	This could mean: (1) because God has caused Christ to come alive again, God has already given Paul and the believers in Ephesus new spiritual life. Alternate translation: “God has given us new life because we belong to Christ” (2) because God has caused Christ to come alive again, the believers in Ephesus can know that after they die they will live with Christ, and Paul can speak of the believers living again as if it has already happened. Alternate translation: “we can be sure that God will give us life just as he has caused Christ to come alive again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
EPH	2	6	ab11	figs-pastforfuture	συνεκάθισεν	1	seated us with him	Paul talks about the believers as already **seated** in heaven with Christ because, although it is something that will happen in the future, it was guaranteed by what Christ did in the past. Alternate translation: “it is as though God has already seated us next to Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
EPH	2	6	b499		ἐν τοῖς ἐπουρανίοις	1	in the heavenly places	The phrase **heavenly places** refers to the place where God is. See how this is translated in [Ephesians 1:3](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: “in the supernatural world”
EPH	2	6	m6pq		ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ	1	in Christ Jesus	The phrase **in Christ Jesus** and similar expressions are metaphors that frequently occur in the New Testament letters. They express the strongest kind of relationship possible between Christ and those who believe in him.
EPH	2	7	abcp	grammar-connect-logic-goal	ἵνα	1	so that	The connecting phrase **so that** introduces a goal relationship. The goal or purpose of God raising up believers and seating them in heaven with Christ is to show the extent of his grace in Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
EPH	2	7	y6cf		ἐν τοῖς αἰῶσιν, τοῖς ἐπερχομένοις	1	in the ages that are coming	“in the future”
EPH	2	8	abcq	grammar-connect-logic-result	γὰρ	1	For	The connecting word **For** introduces a reason-result relationship. The reason is that the Ephesians had been saved by God, and not by their own good works. The result is that people would see the grace of God to us in Christ. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EPH	2	8	t9pc	figs-activepassive	τῇ γὰρ χάριτί ἐστε σεσῳσμένοι διὰ πίστεως	1	For by grace you have been saved through faith	You can state this actively. Alternate translation: “God saved you by grace because of your faith in him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EPH	2	8	abpc	figs-abstractnouns	τῇ γὰρ χάριτί ἐστε σεσῳσμένοι	1	For by grace you have been saved	The word **grace** is an abstract noun. Alternate translation: “God saved you as a free gift” or “God saved you because of his extreme kindness to you” See how you translated this phrase in [Ephesians 2:5](../02/05.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EPH	2	8	r8u8		τοῦτο	1	this	The word **this** refers back to **by grace you have been saved by faith**.
EPH	2	9	al4s		οὐκ ἐξ ἔργων, ἵνα μή τις καυχήσηται	1	not from works, so that no one may boast	You may want to start a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “Salvation does not come from works, so that no one may boast” or “God does not save a person because of what that person does, so no one can boast and say that he earned his salvation”
EPH	2	9	abcr	grammar-connect-logic-goal	ἵνα	1	so that	The connecting phrase **so that** introduces a goal relationship. The goal or purpose of God for saving believers by grace instead of by their works is that no person might boast. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
EPH	2	10	abcs	grammar-connect-logic-result	γάρ	1	For	The connecting word **For** introduces a reason-result relationship. The reason is that God is the one who created us to do any good works that we do. The result is that people cannot boast. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EPH	2	10	fa4l		ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ	1	in Christ Jesus	The phrase **in Christ Jesus** and similar expressions are metaphors that frequently occur in the New Testament letters. They express the strongest kind of relationship possible between Christ and those who believe in him.
EPH	2	10	abd0	grammar-connect-logic-goal	ἵνα	1	so that	The connecting phrase **so that** introduces a goal relationship. The goal or purpose of God creating us as he did is that we would do the good works that he intended for us to do. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
EPH	2	10	lws4	figs-metaphor	ἐν αὐτοῖς περιπατήσωμεν	1	we would walk in them	To **walk** on a path is a metaphor for how a person lives his life. Here, **in them** refers to the “good works.” Alternate translation: “we would always and continually do those good deeds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	2	11	abct	grammar-connect-logic-result	διὸ	1	Therefore	The connecting word **Therefore** introduces a reason-result relationship. The reason is that they were saved by God and not by anything they had done on their own. The result is that the Ephesians would remember that they were once separated from God. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EPH	2	11	diq1			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul reminds these believers that God has now made Gentiles and Jews into one body through Christ and his cross.
EPH	2	11	p7m2	figs-metaphor	τὰ ἔθνη ἐν σαρκί	1	Gentiles in the flesh	This refers to people who were not born Jewish. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	2	11	e76g	figs-metonymy	ἀκροβυστία	1	uncircumcised	Non-Jewish people were not circumcised as babies and thus the Jews considered them people who do not follow any of God’s laws. Alternate translation: “uncircumcised pagans” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EPH	2	11	nlf2	figs-metonymy	περιτομῆς	1	circumcised	This was another term for Jewish people because all male infants were **circumcised**. Alternate translation: “circumcised people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EPH	2	11	tf9i	figs-activepassive	ὑπὸ τῆς λεγομένης	1	by those who are called	You can translate this with an active form. Alternate translation: “by what people call” or “by those whom people call” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EPH	2	11	fb4r		τῆς λεγομένης περιτομῆς ἐν σαρκὶ χειροποιήτου	1	those who are called “circumcised” in the flesh, performed by human hands	This could refer to: (1) the Jews, who are circumcised by humans. (2) the Jews, who circumcise the physical body.
EPH	2	12	abcz	grammar-connect-logic-result	ὅτι	1	For	The connecting word **For** introduces a reason-result relationship. The reason is that they were not part of the Jews, who were circumcised. The result is that the Gentile Ephesians were separated from God. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EPH	2	12	u3vu		χωρὶς Χριστοῦ	1	apart from Christ	“unbelievers”
EPH	2	12	sti2	figs-metaphor	ξένοι τῶν διαθηκῶν τῆς ἐπαγγελίας	1	strangers to the covenants of the promise	Paul speaks to the Gentile believers as if they had been foreigners, kept out of the land of God’s **covenants** and **promise**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	2	13	abcw	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	δὲ	1	But	The connecting word **But** introduces a contrast relationship. The current condition of the Ephesian Gentile believers, after they believed in Christ, is that they are near to God. That is in contrast to their previous condition, before they believed in Christ, of being separated from God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
EPH	2	13	uf8m	figs-metaphor	ὑμεῖς οἵ ποτε ὄντες μακρὰν, ἐγενήθητε ἐγγὺς ἐν τῷ αἵματι τοῦ Χριστοῦ	1	you who once were far away have been brought near by the blood of Christ	Not belonging to God due to sin is spoken of as being far away from God. Belonging to God because of the blood of Christ is spoken of as being brought near to God. Alternate translation: “you who once did not belong to God now belong to God because of the blood of Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	2	13	tth1	figs-metonymy	ἐν τῷ αἵματι τοῦ Χριστοῦ	1	by the blood of Christ	Here the **blood of Christ** is a metonym for his death. Alternate translation: “by Christ’s death” or “when Christ died for us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EPH	2	14	abcv	grammar-connect-logic-result	γάρ	1	For	The connecting word **For** introduces a reason-result relationship. The reason is that Christ himself joined them to the Jewish believers. The result is that the Ephesian Gentile believers were brought near to God. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EPH	2	14	ue4u		αὐτὸς…ἐστιν ἡ εἰρήνη ἡμῶν	1	he himself is our peace	“Jesus gives us his peace”
EPH	2	14	ccy8	figs-exclusive	ἡ εἰρήνη ἡμῶν	1	our peace	The word **our** refers to Paul and his readers and so, it is inclusive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
EPH	2	14	t9zn		ὁ ποιήσας τὰ ἀμφότερα ἓν	1	who has made the two one	“who made the Jews and Gentiles one”
EPH	2	14	t6rd	figs-metonymy	ἐν τῇ σαρκὶ αὐτοῦ	1	in his flesh	The phrase **his flesh,** his physical body, is a metonym for his body dying. Alternate translation: “by the death of his body on the cross” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EPH	2	14	d7uf	figs-metaphor	τὸ μεσότοιχον τοῦ φραγμοῦ…τὴν ἔχθραν	1	the middle wall of partition, the hostility	The **hostility** between the Jews and Gentiles is compared to a **wall**. Alternate translation: “the hostility that was like a wall that separated them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	2	15	bn71		τὸν νόμον τῶν ἐντολῶν ἐν δόγμασιν καταργήσας	1	He abolished the law of commandments in regulations	Jesus’ blood satisfies the law of Moses so that both the Jews and Gentiles can live at peace in God. Alternate translation: “He took away the requirements in the law of Moses”
EPH	2	15	abcx	grammar-connect-logic-goal	ἵνα	1	so that	The connecting phrase **so that** introduces a goal relationship. The goal or purpose of Christ in abolishing the law was to join the Jews and the Gentiles together into one group. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
EPH	2	15	sr2r	figs-metaphor	ἕνα καινὸν ἄνθρωπον	1	one new man	Paul talks about the unity of Jews and Gentiles as if they had become **one** person. Alternate translation: “a single new people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	2	15	b628	figs-metaphor	ἐν αὑτῷ	1	in himself	It is being joined to Christ that makes reconciliation possible between Jews and Gentiles. Paul describes this relationship as though Christ surrounded all of us. Alternate translation: “because he made it possible” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	2	16	zz8k		ἀποκαταλλάξῃ τοὺς ἀμφοτέρους	1	so that he might reconcile both	“so that Christ might bring the Jews and the Gentiles together in peace”
EPH	2	16	abc0	figs-metaphor	ἐν ἑνὶ σώματι	1	as one body	The church is often pictured as the **body** of Christ, who is its head. Here it is comprised of both Jews and Gentiles. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	2	16	bj8x	figs-metonymy	διὰ τοῦ σταυροῦ	1	through the cross	Here the **cross** here represents Christ’s death on the cross. Alternate translation: “by means of Christ’s death on the cross” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EPH	2	16	lq3m	figs-metaphor	ἀποκτείνας τὴν ἔχθραν	1	putting to death the hostility	Stopping their **hostility** is spoken of as if he killed their hostility. By dying on the cross, Jesus eliminated the reason for Jews and Gentiles to be hostile toward each other. Neither are now required to live according to the law of Moses. Alternate translation: “stopping them from hating one another” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	2	17	vhi8			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul tells the Ephesians that Gentile believers are also now just as much a part of God’s people as are Jewish believers. The Jewish apostles and prophets are theirs, as is Christ, and they all form a temple for God in the Spirit.
EPH	2	17	g1hz		εὐηγγελίσατο εἰρήνην	1	and proclaimed peace	“and announced the gospel of peace” or “declaring the gospel of peace”
EPH	2	17	wdu8	figs-metaphor	ὑμῖν τοῖς μακρὰν	1	you who were far away	Paul pictures the Gentiles (non-Jews), who were not part of God’s people, as though they were physically distant from God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	2	17	a58n	figs-metaphor	τοῖς ἐγγύς	1	to those who were near	Paul pictures the Jews, who were God’s people by birth, as though they were physically close to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	2	18	qw56	figs-exclusive	ὅτι δι’ αὐτοῦ ἔχομεν τὴν προσαγωγὴν, οἱ ἀμφότεροι	1	for through him we both have access	Here, **we both** refers to Paul, the believing Jews, and the believing non-Jews. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
EPH	2	18	abcu	grammar-connect-logic-result	ὅτι	1	for	The connecting word **for** introduces a reason-result relationship. The reason is that he himself is the one who enabled both Jew and Gentile to come to the Father. The result is that Christ proclaimed peace to both the Jews and the Gentiles. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EPH	2	18	kt1m		ἐν ἑνὶ Πνεύματι	1	in one Spirit	All believers, both Jewish and Gentile, are enabled to enter into the presence of God the Father by the same Holy **Spirit**. Alternate translation: “by means of the same Spirit”
EPH	2	19	abcy	grammar-connect-logic-result	ἄρα οὖν	1	So then	The connecting phrase **So then** introduces a reason-result relationship. The reason is that Christ gave them access to God through the Spirit. The result is that the Ephesian believers are no longer separated from God. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EPH	2	19	abd1	figs-doublet	ξένοι καὶ πάροικοι	1	strangers and foreigners	The words **strangers** and **foreigners** have very similar meanings and may be combined. Alternate translation: “people who had no relationship to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
EPH	2	19	abd2	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	ἀλλὰ	1	Instead	The connecting word **Instead** introduces a contrast relationship. The previous separation of the Ephesians from God is in contrast to their current status as citizens of the kingdom of God and members of his household. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
EPH	2	19	r11r	figs-metaphor	ἐστὲ συνπολῖται τῶν ἁγίων καὶ οἰκεῖοι τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	you are fellow citizens with the saints and members of the household of God	Paul is again speaking of the spiritual condition of Gentiles after they become believers as he would speak about foreigners becoming citizens of a different nation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	2	20	r2je	figs-metaphor	ἐποικοδομηθέντες ἐπὶ τῷ θεμελίῳ	1	You have been built on the foundation	Paul speaks of God’s people as if they were a building. Christ is the cornerstone, the apostles are the **foundation**, and the believers are the structure. Alternate translation: “you depend on the teaching” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	2	20	fs7j	figs-activepassive	ἐποικοδομηθέντες	1	You have been built	You can state this in the active tense. Alternate translation: “God has built you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EPH	2	21	g8ga	figs-metaphor	πᾶσα οἰκοδομὴ συναρμολογουμένη, αὔξει εἰς ναὸν ἅγιον	1	the whole building, being fit together, grows into a holy temple	Paul continues to speak of Christ’s family as if it were a **building**. In the same way that a builder fits stones together while building, so Christ is fitting us together. Alternate translation: “all of us, as we grow together, become a holy group that worships God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	2	21	ljt5	figs-metaphor	ἐν ᾧ…ἐν Κυρίῳ	1	In whom … in the Lord	“In Christ … in the Lord Jesus” These metaphors express the strongest kind of relationship possible between Christ and those who believe in him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	2	22	u55j	figs-metaphor	ἐν ᾧ	1	in whom	You can translate this as “in Christ,” which is a metaphor that expresses the strongest kind of relationship possible between Christ and those who believe in him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	2	22	b4c8	figs-metaphor	καὶ ὑμεῖς συνοικοδομεῖσθε, εἰς κατοικητήριον τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐν Πνεύματι	1	you also are being built together as a dwelling place for God in the Spirit	This describes how believers are being put together to become a **place** where **God** will permanently live through the power of the Holy **Spirit**. Alternate translation: “you also are being joined to this group where God lives by his Spirit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	2	22	e52h	figs-activepassive	καὶ ὑμεῖς συνοικοδομεῖσθε	1	you also are being built together	You can state this as active. Alternate translation: “God is also building you together” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EPH	3	intro	gha7			0		# Ephesians 3 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>### “I pray”<br><br>Paul structures part of this chapter as a prayer to God. But Paul is not just talking to God. He is both praying for and instructing the church in Ephesus.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Mystery<br><br>Paul refers to the church as a “mystery.” The role of the church in the plans of God was once not known. But God has now revealed it. Part of this mystery involves the Gentiles having equal standing with the Jews in the plans of God.
EPH	3	1	w896			0	Connecting Statement:	To make clear the hidden truth about the church to believers, Paul refers back to the oneness of Jews and Gentiles and how believers from both groups form part of the one group that worships God, like the stones that form one temple.
EPH	3	1	jb9u	grammar-connect-logic-result	τούτου χάριν	1	For this reason	The connecting phrase **For this reason** introduces a reason-result relationship. The reason is what Paul talked about in Chapter 2, that Christ showed his grace by removing the division between Jews and Gentiles and making them into one group. The result is that Paul prays for the Gentiles. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EPH	3	1	abd6	figs-explicit	τούτου χάριν	1	For this reason	You may need to make explicit what the reason is. Alternate translation: “because of God’s grace to you” You may also need to make explicit here what the result is, as in the UST, because Paul does not state the result until 3:14, that he prays for them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EPH	3	1	m9b6		ὁ δέσμιος τοῦ Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ	1	the prisoner of Christ Jesus	“the one who is in prison because I serve Christ Jesus”
EPH	3	2	rx7t		τὴν οἰκονομίαν τῆς χάριτος τοῦ Θεοῦ, τῆς δοθείσης μοι εἰς ὑμᾶς	1	the stewardship of the grace of God that was given to me for you	Here, **grace** could mean: (1) the gift of the gospel that Paul is bringing to the Gentiles, and you could translate, “the responsibility that God gave me to bring his grace to you.” (2) the gift to Paul of being the steward of the gospel for the Gentiles, and you could translate that as “the responsibility that God graciously gave me for your benefit.”
EPH	3	3	dc7x	figs-activepassive	κατὰ ἀποκάλυψιν ἐγνωρίσθη μοι	1	according to the revelation made known to me	You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “according to what God revealed to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EPH	3	3	qm6m		καθὼς προέγραψα ἐν ὀλίγῳ	1	about which I already wrote in brief	Paul refers here to another letter that he had written to these people.
EPH	3	5	srn9	figs-activepassive	ὃ ἑτέραις γενεαῖς οὐκ ἐγνωρίσθη τοῖς υἱοῖς τῶν ἀνθρώπων	1	which in other generations was not made known to the sons of men	You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “God did not make these things known to people in the past” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EPH	3	5	eq5u	figs-activepassive	ὡς νῦν ἀπεκαλύφθη…ἐν Πνεύματι	1	as it now has been revealed by the Spirit	You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “but now the Spirit has revealed it” or “but now the Spirit has made it known” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EPH	3	6	pqy3		εἶναι τὰ ἔθνη, συνκληρονόμα…διὰ τοῦ εὐαγγελίου	1	that the Gentiles are fellow heirs … through the gospel	This is the hidden truth that Paul began to explain in the previous verse. The **Gentiles** who receive Christ also receive everything that the Jewish believers receive from God.
EPH	3	6	y88q		σύνσωμα	1	fellow members of the body	The church is often referred to as the **body** of Christ.
EPH	3	6	wxs4		ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ	1	in Christ Jesus	The phrase **in Christ Jesus** and similar expressions are metaphors that frequently occur in the New Testament letters. They express the strongest kind of relationship possible between Christ and those who believe in him.
EPH	3	6	i4h7		διὰ τοῦ εὐαγγελίου	1	through the gospel	This could mean: (1) because of the **gospel**, the Gentiles are fellow sharers in the promise. (2) because of the **gospel**, the Gentiles are fellow heirs and members of the body and fellow sharers in the promise.
EPH	3	8	y97f	figs-metaphor	ἀνεξιχνίαστον	1	unsearchable	Paul speaks of everything that Christ offers as something so physically vast that it cannot be fully explored. Alternate Translation: “unable to be completely known” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	3	8	e96z	figs-metaphor	πλοῦτος τοῦ Χριστοῦ	1	riches of Christ	Paul speaks of the truth about **Christ** and the blessings he brings as if they were material wealth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	3	9	f2zp	figs-activepassive	τοῦ μυστηρίου, τοῦ ἀποκεκρυμμένου ἀπὸ τῶν αἰώνων ἐν τῷ Θεῷ, τῷ τὰ πάντα κτίσαντι	1	of the mystery that was hidden from the ages in God who created all things	You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “of God, who created all things, kept this plan hidden for long ages in the past” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EPH	3	10	abd3	grammar-connect-logic-goal	ἵνα	1	so that	The connecting phrase **so that** introduces a goal relationship. The goal or purpose of God revealing the mystery of the church to Paul is to enable the rulers in the heavenly places to see the wisdom of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
EPH	3	10	q62l	figs-activepassive	γνωρισθῇ…ταῖς ἀρχαῖς καὶ ταῖς ἐξουσίαις ἐν τοῖς ἐπουρανίοις…ἡ πολυποίκιλος σοφία τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	the multifaceted wisdom of God might be made known to the rulers and to the authorities in the heavenly places	You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “God may make his great wisdom known to the rulers and authorities in the heavenly places” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EPH	3	10	elh2	figs-doublet	ταῖς ἀρχαῖς καὶ ταῖς ἐξουσίαις	1	to the rulers and to the authorities	These words share similar meanings. Paul uses them together to emphasize that every spiritual being will know God’s wisdom. If your language does not have two words for this, you can use one. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
EPH	3	10	z7vy		ἐν τοῖς ἐπουρανίοις	1	in the heavenly places	The phrase **heavenly places** refers to the place where God is. See how this is translated in [Ephesians 1:3](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: “in the supernatural world”
EPH	3	10	ll77	figs-metaphor	ἡ πολυποίκιλος σοφία τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	the multifaceted wisdom of God	Paul talks of God’s **wisdom** as though it were an object with many surfaces. Alternate translation: “the complex wisdom of God” or “how extremely wise God is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	3	11	aaz8		κατὰ πρόθεσιν τῶν αἰώνων	1	according to the eternal purpose	“in keeping with the eternal plan” or “consistent with the eternal plan”
EPH	3	12	qfn9			0	Connecting Statement:	In the next section, Paul praises God in his sufferings and prays for these Ephesian believers.
EPH	3	12	we6c		ἔχομεν τὴν παρρησίαν	1	we have the boldness	“we are without fear” or “we have courage”
EPH	3	12	ab6c	figs-hendiadys	τὴν παρρησίαν καὶ προσαγωγὴν	1	the boldness and access	These two words work together to express one idea: “bold access” or “boldness to enter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])
EPH	3	12	zx5c	figs-explicit	προσαγωγὴν ἐν πεποιθήσει	1	access with confidence	It may be helpful to state explicitly that this **access** is into God’s presence. Alternate translation: “access into God’s presence with confidence” or “freedom to enter into God’s presence with confidence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EPH	3	12	kri2		πεποιθήσει	1	confidence	“certainty” or “assurance”
EPH	3	13	abd4	grammar-connect-logic-result	διὸ	1	Therefore	The connecting word **Therefore** introduces a reason-result relationship. The reason is that the believers have access to Christ with confidence. The result is that the believers will not be discouraged. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EPH	3	13	ciu6	figs-metonymy	ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν, ἥτις ἐστὶν δόξα ὑμῶν	1	for you, which is your glory	Here, **your glory** is a metonym for the salvation and eternal life that the Ephesians will have because of Paul’s work of telling them about Christ, which resulted in his suffering in prison. You can state this as a new sentence. Alternate translation: “for you. They bring you a wonderful benefit” or “for you. They result in your salvation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EPH	3	14	abd5	grammar-connect-logic-result	τούτου χάριν	1	For this reason	The connecting phrase **For this reason** introduces a reason-result relationship. The reason is that Paul’s sufferings have caused glory for the believers. The result is that Paul prays to the Father. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EPH	3	14	v3gd	figs-explicit	τούτου χάριν	1	For this reason	You may need to make explicit what the reason is. Alternate translation: “because God has done all this for you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EPH	3	14	vju2	figs-synecdoche	κάμπτω τὰ γόνατά μου πρὸς τὸν Πατέρα	1	I bend my knees to the Father	Bent **knees** are a picture of the whole person in an attitude of prayer. Alternate translation: “I bow down in prayer to the Father” or “I humbly pray to the Father” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
EPH	3	15	c492	figs-activepassive	ἐξ οὗ πᾶσα πατριὰ ἐν οὐρανοῖς καὶ ἐπὶ γῆς ὀνομάζεται	1	from whom every family in heaven and on earth is named	The act of naming here probably also represents the act of creating. Alternate translation: “who created and named every family in heaven and on earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EPH	3	16	abd7	grammar-connect-logic-goal	ἵνα	1	so that	The connecting phrase **so that** introduces a goal relationship. The goal or purpose of Paul’s prayer is that the Ephesian believers would be strengthened by God in their faith and love. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
EPH	3	16	z9q5		δῷ ὑμῖν κατὰ τὸ πλοῦτος τῆς δόξης αὐτοῦ, δυνάμει κραταιωθῆναι	1	he would grant you, according to the riches of his glory, to be strengthened with power	“God, because he is so great and powerful, would allow you to become strong with his power”
EPH	3	16	rgf5		δῷ	1	he would grant	“he would give”
EPH	3	17	n87p			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul continues the prayer he began in [Ephesians 3:14](../03/14.md).
EPH	3	17	wg1v		κατοικῆσαι τὸν Χριστὸν διὰ τῆς πίστεως ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ὑμῶν ἐν ἀγάπῃ, ἐρριζωμένοι καὶ τεθεμελιωμένοι	1	that Christ may live in your hearts through faith, being rooted and grounded in love	This is the second item for which Paul prays that God will “grant” the Ephesians “according to the riches of his glory.” The first is that they would “be strengthened” ([Ephesians 3:16](../03/16.md)).
EPH	3	17	q6yy	figs-metaphor	κατοικῆσαι τὸν Χριστὸν διὰ τῆς πίστεως ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ὑμῶν	1	that Christ may live in your hearts through faith	Here, **hearts** represent a person’s inner being, and **through** expresses the means by which Christ lives within the believer. Christ lives in the hearts of believers because God graciously allows them to have faith. Alternate translation: “that Christ may live within you because you trust in him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	3	17	g4g1	figs-metaphor	ἐν ἀγάπῃ, ἐρριζωμένοι καὶ τεθεμελιωμένοι	1	being rooted and grounded in love	Paul speaks of their faith as if it were a tree that has deep roots or a house built on a solid foundation. Alternate translation: “you will be like a firmly rooted tree and a building built on stone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	3	18	abd8	grammar-connect-logic-result	ἵνα	1	so that	The connecting phrase **so that** introduces a reason-result relationship. The reason is that Christ would live in their hearts. The result is that the Ephesian believers would fully know the love of God and be filled with God’s fullness. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EPH	3	18	bkk6		καταλαβέσθαι	1	to comprehend	This is the third item for which Paul bends his knees and prays; the first is that God will grant that they be strengthened ([Ephesians 3:16](../03/16.md)) and the second is that Christ may live in their hearts through faith ([Ephesians 3:17](../03/17.md)).
EPH	3	18	uu6l		πᾶσιν τοῖς ἁγίοις	1	all the saints	“all the believers in Christ”
EPH	3	18	ef4s	figs-metaphor	τὸ πλάτος, καὶ μῆκος, καὶ ὕψος, καὶ βάθος	1	the width and length and height and depth	In this metaphor Paul pictures something that is not physical or measurable as something that is physical but stretches out in all directions and, thus, is very large. This could refer to: (1) the intensity of Christ’s love for us. Alternate translation: “how very much Christ loves us” (2) the greatness of God’s wisdom. Alternate translation: “how very wise God is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	3	18	ef4t	figs-explicit	τὸ πλάτος, καὶ μῆκος, καὶ ὕψος, καὶ βάθος	1	the width and length and height and depth	It may be necessary to state explicitly what these words refer to. If so, you can combine this with the phrase from the next verse and say: “the width and length and height and depth of, and truly know the love of Christ” or “the width and length and height and depth of the love of Christ, and truly know it”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EPH	3	19	rev9		γνῶναί τε τὴν…ἀγάπην τοῦ Χριστοῦ	1	and to know the love of Christ	This continues the idea from the previous verse. They both refer to knowing the greatness of the love of Christ. Alternate translation: “that you can know how great Christ’s love for us is”
EPH	3	19	px4z		ἵνα πληρωθῆτε εἰς πᾶν τὸ πλήρωμα τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	so that you may be filled with all the fullness of God	This is the fourth item for which Paul bends his knees and prays ([Ephesians 3:14](../03/14.md)). The first is that they would “be strengthened” ([Ephesians 3:16](../03/16.md)), the second is that “Christ would live in their hearts through faith” ([Ephesians 3:17](../03/17.md)), and the third is that they “could comprehend Christ’s love” ([Ephesians 3:18](../03/18.md)).
EPH	3	19	ab4z	figs-metaphor	ἵνα πληρωθῆτε εἰς πᾶν τὸ πλήρωμα τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	so that you may be filled with all the fullness of God	In this metaphor Paul pictures the Ephesian believers as containers into which **God** can pour himself. Alternate translation: “so God can give you everything that he has to give you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	3	19	cd4z	figs-activepassive	ἵνα πληρωθῆτε	1	so that you may be filled	You can state this actively. Alternate translation: “so that God can fill you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EPH	3	19	ef4z	figs-abstractnouns	εἰς πᾶν τὸ πλήρωμα τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	with all the fullness of God	The word **fullness** is an abstract noun. Alternate translation: “with everything that God is full of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EPH	3	19	abd9	grammar-connect-logic-result	ἵνα	1	so that	The connecting phrase **so that** introduces a reason-result relationship. The reason is that the Ephesian believers would know the love of Christ. The result is that they would be filled with the fulness of God. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EPH	3	20	jk5c	figs-exclusive		0	General Information:	The words “we” and “us” in this book continue to include Paul and all believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
EPH	3	20	m7gi			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul concludes his prayer with a blessing.
EPH	3	20	zxj3		τῷ δὲ	1	And to him	“Now to God, who”
EPH	3	20	zxt3		ποιῆσαι ὑπέρἐκπερισσοῦ ὧν αἰτούμεθα ἢ νοοῦμεν	1	to do exceedingly abundantly above all that we ask or think	“to do much more than all that we ask or think” or “to do things that are much greater than anything that we ask him for or think about”
EPH	3	21	ab12	figs-abstractnouns	αὐτῷ ἡ δόξα ἐν τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ	1	to him be the glory in the church	The word **glory** is an abstract noun. Alternate translation: “may God’s people glorify him” or “may God’s people praise him for how great he is” See the UST (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EPH	4	intro	ang8			0		# Ephesians 4 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verse 8, which is quoted from the Old Testament.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Spiritual gifts<br><br>Spiritual gifts are specific supernatural abilities that the Holy Spirit gives to Christians after they come to believe in Jesus. These spiritual gifts were foundational to developing the church. Paul lists here only some of the spiritual gifts. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])<br><br>### Unity<br><br>Paul considers it very important that the church is united. This is a major theme of this chapter.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Old man and new man<br><br>The term “old man” probably refers to the sinful nature with which a person is born. The “new man” is the new nature or new life that God gives a person after they come to believe in Christ.
EPH	4	1	sb64			0	Connecting Statement:	Because of what Paul has been writing to the Ephesians, he tells them how they should live their lives as believers and again emphasizes that believers are to agree with each other.
EPH	4	1	abda	grammar-connect-logic-result	οὖν	1	Therefore	The connecting word **Therefore** introduces a reason-result relationship. The reason is that God will be glorified in the church for all generations. The result is that believers should walk in a way that is worthy of the Lord. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EPH	4	1	uss5		ὁ δέσμιος ἐν Κυρίῳ	1	the prisoner for the Lord	“someone who is in prison because he serves the Lord”
EPH	4	1	zxr1	figs-metaphor	ἀξίως περιπατῆσαι τῆς κλήσεως	1	to walk worthily of the calling	The phrase **to walk** is a common way to express the idea of living one’s life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	4	1	abc5		τῆς κλήσεως ἧς ἐκλήθητε	1	of the calling by which you were called	Here, **the calling** refers to the fact that God chose them to be his people. Alternate translation: “because God chose you to be his people”
EPH	4	2	zs6s	figs-abstractnouns	μετὰ πάσης ταπεινοφροσύνης καὶ πραΰτητος	1	with all humility and gentleness, with patience	The words **humility**, **gentleness**, and **patience** are abstract nouns. Alternate Translation: “to learn to be humble, gentle, and patient” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EPH	4	3	pi5c	figs-metaphor	τηρεῖν τὴν ἑνότητα τοῦ Πνεύματος ἐν τῷ συνδέσμῳ τῆς εἰρήνης	1	to keep the unity of the Spirit in the bond of peace	Here Paul speaks of **peace** as if it were a **bond** that ties people together. This is a metaphor for being united with other people by living peacefully with them. Alternate translation: “to live peacefully with one another and remain united as the Spirit made possible” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	4	3	ab5c	figs-abstractnouns	τηρεῖν τὴν ἑνότητα τοῦ Πνεύματος ἐν τῷ συνδέσμῳ τῆς εἰρήνης	1	to keep the unity of the Spirit in the bond of peace	The words **unity** and **peace** are abstract nouns. Alternate translation: “to live peacefully with one another and remain united as the Spirit made possible” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EPH	4	4	x5kv		ἓν σῶμα	1	There is one body	The church is often referred to as the **body** of Christ.
EPH	4	4	y6ep		ἓν Πνεῦμα	1	one Spirit	“only one Holy Spirit”
EPH	4	4	b9mr	figs-activepassive	ἐκλήθητε ἐν μιᾷ ἐλπίδι τῆς κλήσεως ὑμῶν	1	you were called in one certain hope of your calling	You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “God called you to have one confident hope in your calling” or “there is one thing that God also chose you to be confident in and expect him to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EPH	4	6	bz5i		Πατὴρ πάντων…ἐπὶ πάντων…διὰ πάντων…ἐν πᾶσιν	1	Father of all … over all … through all … in all	The word **all** here means “everything.”
EPH	4	7	pp9t			0	General Information:	The quote here is from a song that King David wrote.
EPH	4	7	i4za			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul reminds believers of the gifts that Christ gives believers to use in the church, which is the whole body of believers.
EPH	4	7	u2bw	figs-activepassive	ἑνὶ…ἑκάστῳ ἡμῶν ἐδόθη ἡ χάρις	1	to each one of us grace has been given	You can state this using an active form. Alternate translation: “God has given grace to each one of us” or “God gave a gift to each believer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EPH	4	7	abbw	figs-abstractnouns	ἑνὶ…ἑκάστῳ ἡμῶν ἐδόθη ἡ χάρις	1	to each one of us grace has been given	The word **grace** is an abstract noun that refers here to a gift from God. Alternate translation: “God has given a gift to each believer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EPH	4	8	abdb	grammar-connect-logic-result	διὸ	1	Therefore	The connecting word **Therefore** introduces a reason-result relationship. The reason is that every believer has been given a spiritual gift. The result is that the Scripture says Jesus gave gifts to men. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EPH	4	8	wj8t		ἀναβὰς εἰς ὕψος	1	When he ascended to the heights	“When Christ went up into heaven”
EPH	4	9	e5at		ἀνέβη	1	He ascended	“Christ went up”
EPH	4	9	zu81		καὶ κατέβη	1	he also descended	“Christ also came down”
EPH	4	9	eq56		εἰς τὰ κατώτερα μέρη τῆς γῆς	1	into the lower regions of the earth	This could refer to: (1) the **lower regions** as a part of the **earth**. (2) **the lower regions** as another way of referring to the **earth** itself. Alternate translation: “into the lower regions, the earth”
EPH	4	10	w6t5		ἵνα πληρώσῃ τὰ πάντα	1	so that he might fill all things	“so that he might be working powerfully everywhere”
EPH	4	10	b5ig		πληρώσῃ	1	he might fill	“he might complete” or “he might satisfy”
EPH	4	12	jx12		πρὸς τὸν καταρτισμὸν τῶν ἁγίων	1	for the equipping of the saints	“to prepare the people whom he has set apart” or “to provide the believers with what they need”
EPH	4	12	y9gd		εἰς ἔργον διακονίας	1	for the work of serving	“so that they can serve others”
EPH	4	12	n33m	figs-metaphor	εἰς οἰκοδομὴν τοῦ σώματος τοῦ Χριστοῦ	1	for the building up of the body of Christ	Paul is speaking of people who grow spiritually as if they were doing exercises to increase the strength of their physical bodies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	4	12	pdh4		οἰκοδομὴν	1	the building up	“the improvement”
EPH	4	12	x5gd		τοῦ σώματος τοῦ Χριστοῦ	1	of the body of Christ	The **body of Christ** refers to all of the members of Christ’s Church.
EPH	4	13	w1ik		καταντήσωμεν οἱ πάντες εἰς τὴν ἑνότητα τῆς πίστεως, καὶ τῆς ἐπιγνώσεως τοῦ Υἱοῦ τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	we all reach to the unity of the faith and the knowledge of the Son of God	The believers need to know Jesus as the Son of God if they are to be united in faith and mature as believers.
EPH	4	13	er6a	figs-abstractnouns	καταντήσωμεν οἱ πάντες εἰς τὴν ἑνότητα τῆς πίστεως	1	we all reach to the unity of the faith	The word **unity** is an abstract noun. Alternate translation: “we all become equally strong in faith” or “we all become united together in faith” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EPH	4	13	ab6a	figs-abstractnouns	καταντήσωμεν οἱ πάντες εἰς τὴν ἑνότητα τῆς πίστεως	1	we all reach to the unity of the faith	The word **faith** is an abstract noun. Alternate translation: “become united together as believers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EPH	4	13	cd6a	figs-abstractnouns	τῆς ἐπιγνώσεως τοῦ Υἱοῦ τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	the knowledge of the Son of God	The word **knowledge** is an abstract noun. Alternate translation: “all know well the Son of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EPH	4	13	x7k3	guidelines-sonofgodprinciples	τοῦ Υἱοῦ τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	of the Son of God	This is an important title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
EPH	4	13	m3rt		εἰς ἄνδρα τέλειον	1	to a mature man	“to a mature believer”
EPH	4	13	gv6m		τέλειον	1	mature	“fully developed” or “grown up” or “complete”
EPH	4	14	abdc	grammar-connect-logic-goal	ἵνα	1	so that	The connecting phrase **so that** introduces a goal relationship. The goal or purpose of gifted people in the church is to bring all the believers to spiritual maturity. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
EPH	4	14	xgi4	figs-metaphor	μηκέτι ὦμεν νήπιοι	1	we may no longer be children	Paul refers to believers who have not grown spiritually as if they were **children** who have had very little experience in life. Alternate translation: “we may no longer be like children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	4	14	ndj2	figs-metaphor	κλυδωνιζόμενοι καὶ περιφερόμενοι παντὶ ἀνέμῳ τῆς διδασκαλίας	1	tossed back and forth by the waves and carried away by every wind of teaching	Paul speaks of a believer who has not become mature and follows various wrong teachings as if that believer were a boat and the teachings were the **wind** and **waves** that move the boat in different directions on the water. See the UST (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	4	14	r3bj	figs-abstractnouns	ἐν τῇ κυβίᾳ τῶν ἀνθρώπων, ἐν πανουργίᾳ πρὸς τὴν μεθοδίαν τῆς πλάνης	1	through the trickery of people in cleverness for deceitful scheming	The words **trickery**, **cleverness**, and **scheming** are abstract nouns. Alternate translation: “by crafty people who trick believers with clever lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EPH	4	15	abdd	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	δὲ	1	Instead	The connecting word **Instead** introduces a contrast relationship. Following every changing teaching is in contrast to becoming mature in Christ and building up his body. Use a word in your language that indicates contrast. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
EPH	4	15	ab88	figs-abstractnouns	ἀληθεύοντες	1	speaking the truth	The word **truth** is an abstract noun. Alternate translation: “speaking truthfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EPH	4	15	i2ff	figs-abstractnouns	ἐν ἀγάπῃ	1	in love	the word **love** is an abstract noun. Alternate translation: “as the members love one another” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EPH	4	15	zw32	figs-metaphor	εἰς αὐτὸν…ὅς ἐστιν ἡ κεφαλή	1	into him who is the head	Paul uses a metaphor of the human body to describe how Christ causes believers to work together in harmony as the **head** of a body causes the body parts to work together to grow in a healthy way. See the UST (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	4	16	ll7f	figs-metaphor	ἐξ οὗ πᾶν τὸ σῶμα…τὴν αὔξησιν τοῦ σώματος ποιεῖται	1	from whom the whole body … causes the growth of the body	Paul continues the metaphor of the believers as a human **body** with Christ as the head to describe how Christ causes believers to work together in harmony as the head of a body causes the body parts to work together to grow in a healthy way. See the UST (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	4	16	ab7f	grammar-connect-logic-goal	εἰς οἰκοδομὴν ἑαυτοῦ ἐν ἀγάπῃ	1	for building up itself in love	The word **for** indicates a purpose clause. The purpose of all of the believers working together in harmony, as the members of a human body do, is so that all believers will grow in our ability to love each other and to love God. Use a word in your language that marks this as a purpose clause. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
EPH	4	16	abff	figs-abstractnouns	ἐν ἀγάπῃ	1	in love	The word **love** is an abstract noun. Alternate translation: “as the members love one another” or “to be able to love each other more” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EPH	4	16	l5r6	figs-metaphor	διὰ πάσης ἁφῆς τῆς ἐπιχορηγίας	1	by every supporting ligament	Paul continues the metaphor comparing the believers to a human body. A **ligament** is a strong band that connects bones or holds organs in place in the body. Just as the body is held together by strong ligaments, so the believers are held together by love that grows stronger as the body parts grow and work together. See the UST (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	4	17	n5cy			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul tells them what they should no longer do now that they, as believers, are sealed by the Holy Spirit of God.
EPH	4	17	abde	grammar-connect-logic-result	οὖν	1	Therefore	The connecting word **Therefore** introduces a reason-result relationship. The reason is that Christ wants every believer to become spiritually mature and to serve the other believers. The result is that the Ephesian believers should no longer act as the Gentiles act. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EPH	4	17	ksr8		τοῦτο οὖν λέγω καὶ μαρτύρομαι	1	Therefore, I say this and strongly urge	“Because of what I have just said, I will now say something more in order to strongly encourage”
EPH	4	17	abr8		ἐν Κυρίῳ	1	in the Lord	This could be: (1) referring to the authority of the Lord. (2) stating that we all belong to the Lord.
EPH	4	17	wcx2	figs-metaphor	μηκέτι ὑμᾶς περιπατεῖν, καθὼς καὶ τὰ ἔθνη περιπατεῖ ἐν ματαιότητι τοῦ νοὸς αὐτῶν	1	you … to walk no longer as the Gentiles also walk, in futility of their minds	Paul commonly uses this metaphor that compares walking to living one’s life. Alternate translation: “you … to stop living like the Gentiles with their worthless thoughts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	4	18	lab7	figs-metaphor	ἐσκοτωμένοι τῇ διανοίᾳ	1	They have been darkened in their understanding	This metaphor compares wrong thinking with darkness. Alternate translation: “they no longer think or reason clearly” or “they are not able to understand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	4	18	abci	figs-activepassive	ἐσκοτωμένοι τῇ διανοίᾳ	1	They have been darkened in their understanding	You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “Their way of thinking has become dark” or “They no longer think or reason clearly” or “They are not able to understand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EPH	4	18	w69u	figs-activepassive	ἀπηλλοτριωμένοι τῆς ζωῆς τοῦ Θεοῦ, διὰ τὴν ἄγνοιαν τὴν οὖσαν ἐν αὐτοῖς	1	alienated from the life of God because of the ignorance that is in them	You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “because they do not know God, they cannot live the way that God wants his people to live” or “they have cut themselves off from the life of God by their ignorance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EPH	4	18	w235		ἀπηλλοτριωμένοι	1	alienated	“cut off” or “separated”
EPH	4	18	s1uz		ἄγνοιαν	1	ignorance	“lack of knowledge” or “lack of information”
EPH	4	18	k8qv	figs-metaphor	διὰ τὴν πώρωσιν τῆς καρδίας αὐτῶν	1	because of the hardness of their hearts	The phrase **hardness of their hearts** is a metaphor that means “stubbornness.” Alternate translation: “because they are stubborn” or “because they refuse to listen to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	4	18	abdf	grammar-connect-logic-result	διὰ	1	because of	The connecting word **because** introduces a reason-result relationship. The first reason is that they are ignorant of him. The result is that the Gentiles are separated from God. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EPH	4	18	abdg	grammar-connect-logic-result	διὰ	2	because of	The connecting word **because** introduces a reason-result relationship. The second reason is that their hearts are hardened. The result is that Gentiles are separated from God. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EPH	4	19	ldy8	figs-metaphor	ἑαυτοὺς παρέδωκαν τῇ ἀσελγείᾳ	1	have handed themselves over to sensuality	Paul speaks of these people as if they were objects that they themselves were giving to other people, and he speaks of the way that they want to satisfy their physical desires as if the desires were the person to whom they give themselves. Alternate translation: “have given in to every physical desire” or “only want to satisfy their physical desires” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	4	20	e5vk		ὑμεῖς δὲ οὐχ οὕτως ἐμάθετε τὸν Χριστόν	1	But you did not thus learn Christ	The word **thus** refers to the way that the Gentiles live, as described in [Ephesians 4:17-19](../04/17.md). This emphasizes that what the believers learned from Christ was the opposite of that. Alternate translation: “But what you learned about the ways of Christ was not like that”
EPH	4	20	abdh	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	δὲ	1	But	The connecting word **But** introduces a contrast relationship. The sinful way the Gentiles live is in contrast to the way that Paul taught the Ephesians to live according to the truth of Jesus. Use a connecting word in your language that marks a contrast here (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
EPH	4	21	hy7r	figs-irony	εἴ γε αὐτὸν ἠκούσατε καὶ ἐν αὐτῷ ἐδιδάχθητε	1	if indeed you have heard about him and were taught in him	Paul knows that the people to whom he is writing have **heard** and been **taught** these things. He is using irony as a form of rebuke—if they are doing things contrary to the way of Christ, they know better than that and need to stop. See the UST (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
EPH	4	21	b3pn	figs-activepassive	ἐν αὐτῷ ἐδιδάχθητε	1	were taught in him	You can state this in active form. This could mean: (1) they received instruction in his ways. (2) Jesus’ people have taught them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EPH	4	21	gdz6		καθώς ἐστιν ἀλήθεια ἐν τῷ Ἰησοῦ	1	as the truth is in Jesus	“as Jesus teaches us the true way to live” or “as everything about Jesus is true.” See the UST.
EPH	4	22	h1ha	figs-metaphor	ἀποθέσθαι ὑμᾶς κατὰ τὴν προτέραν ἀναστροφὴν	1	You are to put aside what belongs to your former manner of life	Paul is speaking of moral qualities as if they were pieces of clothing. Alternate translation: “You must stop living according to your former manner of life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	4	22	j7n7	figs-metaphor	ἀποθέσθαι ὑμᾶς κατὰ τὴν προτέραν ἀναστροφὴν τὸν παλαιὸν ἄνθρωπον	1	You are to put aside what belongs to your former manner of life, the old man	Paul is speaking of a way of living as if it were a person. Alternate translation: “You must stop doing the things that your former self did” or “Stop doing the things that you used to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	4	22	d3j6	figs-metaphor	τὸν παλαιὸν ἄνθρωπον	1	the old man	The **old man** refers to the “old nature” or “former self,” the way that the person was before the person became a believer in Christ (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	4	22	qw3d	figs-metaphor	τὸν φθειρόμενον κατὰ τὰς ἐπιθυμίας τῆς ἀπάτης	1	that is corrupt because of its deceitful desires	Paul is continuing to speak of a sinful way of living as if it were a person who does evil things. Alternate translation: “when you fooled yourself into thinking that it was good to do whatever evil thing that you wanted to do” See the UST (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	4	23	jy7h	figs-activepassive	ἀνανεοῦσθαι…τῷ πνεύματι τοῦ νοὸς ὑμῶν	1	to be renewed in the spirit of your minds	This may be translated with an active form. Alternate translation: “to allow God to change your attitudes and thoughts” or “to allow God to give you new attitudes and thoughts” See the UST (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EPH	4	24	x41y	figs-abstractnouns	ἐν δικαιοσύνῃ καὶ ὁσιότητι τῆς ἀληθείας	1	in righteousness and holiness of the truth	The words **righteousness**, **holiness**, and **truth** are abstract nouns. Alternate translation: “truly righteous and holy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EPH	4	24	abc7	figs-metaphor	ἐνδύσασθαι τὸν καινὸν ἄνθρωπον	1	to put on the new man	Paul continues to speak of a way of living as if it were a person, and also as if it were clothing, so that one could **put on** the **new** person like a robe. Alternate translation: “be the new person” or “start living in the new way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	4	25	abdi	grammar-connect-logic-result	διὸ	1	Therefore	The connecting word **Therefore** introduces a reason-result relationship. The reason is that God has created the believers as new, holy people. The result is that they would stop acting immorally like they used to live. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EPH	4	25	abn8	figs-metaphor	ἀποθέμενοι τὸ ψεῦδος	1	putting aside lying	Paul speaks of telling lies as if they were objects that the believers could set aside. Alternate translation: “no longer telling lies” or “instead of telling lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	4	25	ab23	figs-abstractnouns	λαλεῖτε ἀλήθειαν ἕκαστος	1	let each of you speak truth	The word **truth** is an abstract noun. Alternate translation: “each of you should speak truthfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EPH	4	25	abdj	grammar-connect-logic-result	ὅτι	1	because	The connecting word **because** introduces a reason-result relationship. The reason is that believers are members of the same body of Christ. The result is that believers should speak the truth to each other. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EPH	4	25	zh2g	figs-metaphor	ἐσμὲν ἀλλήλων μέλη	1	we are members of one another	Here Paul speaks of the close union of believers with each other as if they were each part of one single body. Alternate translation: “we belong to one another” or “we are all members of God’s family” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	4	26	w8rw		ὀργίζεσθε, καὶ μὴ ἁμαρτάνετε	1	Be angry and do not sin	“You may get angry, but do not sin” or “If you become angry, do not sin”
EPH	4	26	ki7p	figs-metonymy	ὁ ἥλιος μὴ ἐπιδυέτω ἐπὶ παροργισμῷ ὑμῶν	1	Do not let the sun go down on your indignation	The **sun** going **down** represents nightfall or the end of the day. Alternate translation: “You must stop being angry before night comes” or “Let go of your anger before the day ends” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EPH	4	27	w71s		μηδὲ δίδοτε τόπον τῷ διαβόλῳ	1	nor give an opportunity to the devil	“and do not give the devil an opportunity to lead you into sin”
EPH	4	28	abdk	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	μᾶλλον δὲ	1	But rather	The connecting phrase **But rather** introduces a contrast relationship. The way a former thief should work hard to have something to share with others is in contrast to the way he formerly stole for himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
EPH	4	28	abdl	grammar-connect-logic-goal	ἵνα	1	so that	The connecting phrase **so that** introduces a goal relationship. The goal or purpose of working hard with ones own hands is to be able to meet the needs of others. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
EPH	4	29	f6yk		λόγος σαπρὸς	1	corrupt talk	This refers to speech that is cruel or rude.
EPH	4	29	abdm	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	ἀλλ’	1	but	The connecting word **but** introduces a contrast relationship. Speaking what is corrupt is in contrast to speaking good things that will build up others. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
EPH	4	29	p9wc		πρὸς οἰκοδομὴν	1	for building up	“for encouraging” or “for strengthening”
EPH	4	29	abdn	grammar-connect-logic-goal	ἵνα	1	so that	The connecting phrase **so that** introduces a goal relationship. The goal or purpose of speaking things that build up others is to give grace to those who hear the words. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
EPH	4	29	bv8a		τῆς χρείας, ἵνα δῷ χάριν τοῖς ἀκούουσιν	1	the one in need, so that it might give grace to the hearers	“the needy. In this way you will help those who hear you”
EPH	4	29	ab8a	figs-abstractnouns	ἵνα δῷ χάριν τοῖς ἀκούουσιν	1	so that it might give grace to the hearers	The word **grace** is an abstract noun. Alternate translation: “so that those who hear you may be spiritually encouraged” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EPH	4	30	air6		μὴ λυπεῖτε	1	do not grieve	“do not distress” or “do not upset”
EPH	4	30	pgk9	figs-metaphor	ἐν ᾧ ἐσφραγίσθητε εἰς ἡμέραν ἀπολυτρώσεως	1	by whom you were sealed for the day of redemption	The Holy Spirit assures believers that God will redeem them. Paul speaks of the Holy Spirit as if he were a mark that God puts on believers to show that he owns them. Alternate translation: “for he is the seal that assures you that God will redeem you on the day of redemption” or “for he is the one who assures you that God will redeem you on the day of redemption” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	4	30	abck	figs-activepassive	ἐν ᾧ ἐσφραγίσθητε εἰς ἡμέραν ἀπολυτρώσεως	1	by whom you were sealed for the day of redemption	You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “for he has sealed you for the day of redemption” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EPH	4	31	b72p			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul finishes his instructions on what believers should not do and ends with what they must do.
EPH	4	31	v576	figs-metaphor	ἀρθήτω	1	Let … be removed	Paul speaks of attitudes and behaviors as though they were physical objects that can be removed. Alternate translation: “you must not allow … to be part of your life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	4	31	t1gj	figs-abstractnouns	πικρία, καὶ θυμὸς, καὶ ὀργὴ	1	bitterness, and rage, and anger	These are abstract nouns that can be expressed as adjectives. Alternate translation: “being bitter, and intensely angry, and angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EPH	4	31	abgj	figs-abstractnouns	κακίᾳ	1	malice	The word **malice** is an abstract noun that can be expressed as an adjective. Alternate translation: “being malicious” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EPH	4	32	abdo	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	δὲ	1	Instead	The connecting word **Instead** introduces a contrast relationship. Speaking angry and hurtful things is in contrast to speaking kind and tender things to one another. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
EPH	4	32	w7tk		εὔσπλαγχνοι	1	tenderhearted	“gentle and compassionate towards others”
EPH	5	intro	tdd2			0		# Ephesians 5 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the words of verse 14.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Inheritance of the kingdom of Christ<br><br>Some scholars believe that those who continue to practice the things listed in 5:5 will not inherit eternal life. But God can forgive all the sins listed in this verse. Immoral, impure, or greedy people can still receive eternal life if they repent and believe in Jesus. God will be the one who decides this. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/forgive]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/life]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Wives, submit to your husbands<br><br>Scholars are divided over how to understand this passage in its historical and cultural context. Some scholars believe that men and women are perfectly equal in all things. Other scholars believe that God created men and women to serve in distinctly different roles in marriage and the church. Translators should be careful not to let how they interpret this issue affect how they translate this passage.
EPH	5	1	wus5			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul continues to tell the believers how they should and should not live as God’s children.
EPH	5	1	jx2q		γίνεσθε οὖν μιμηταὶ τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	Therefore, be imitators of God	The word **imitators** is a verbal noun, and can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “Therefore, imitate God” or “Therefore you should do what God does.”
EPH	5	1	abdp	grammar-connect-logic-result	οὖν	1	Therefore	The connecting word **Therefore** introduces a reason-result relationship. The reason (stated in [Ephesians 4:32](../04/32.md)) is that God has forgiven us through Christ. The result (stated here) is that believers should imitate what God is like. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EPH	5	1	zen5	figs-simile	ὡς τέκνα ἀγαπητά	1	as beloved children	God desires us to imitate or follow him since we are his spiritual children. Alternate translation: “as dearly loved children imitate their fathers” or “because you are his children and he loves you dearly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
EPH	5	2	ta41	figs-metaphor	περιπατεῖτε ἐν ἀγάπῃ	1	walk in love	To **walk** is a common way to express the idea of living one’s life. Alternate translation: “live a life of love” or “always love each other” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	5	2	bak1	figs-metaphor	προσφορὰν καὶ θυσίαν τῷ Θεῷ εἰς ὀσμὴν εὐωδίας	1	an offering and sacrifice to God for a fragrant aroma	This metaphor compares Christ dying on the cross for our sins with an Old Testament **sacrifice** for sin, which were roasted in a fire and gave off a pleasing smell. Alternate translation: “like a sweet-smelling offering and sacrifice to God” or “an offering and sacrifice to God that pleased God very much” See the UST (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	5	3	le5f	figs-activepassive	πορνεία δὲ, καὶ ἀκαθαρσία πᾶσα, ἢ πλεονεξία, μηδὲ ὀνομαζέσθω ἐν ὑμῖν	1	But sexual immorality and every impurity or greed must not even be named among you	You can state this in an active form: “Do not do anything that would let anyone think that you are guilty of sexual immorality or any kind of impurity or greed.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EPH	5	3	abdq	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	δὲ	1	But	The connecting word **But** introduces a contrast relationship. The fragrant offering and sacrifice to God is in contrast to sinful acts and thoughts that are not fitting for saints. Use a connecting word that indicates a contrast in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
EPH	5	3	xat9		ἀκαθαρσία πᾶσα	1	every impurity	“any moral uncleanness”
EPH	5	4	utm5		ἀλλὰ μᾶλλον εὐχαριστία	1	but instead, thanksgiving	The word **thanksgiving** is a verbal noun, and can be translated with a verb: “instead of those things, you should thank God”
EPH	5	4	abdr	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	ἀλλὰ μᾶλλον	1	but instead	The connecting phrase **but instead** introduces a contrast relationship. Sinful acts and thoughts are in contrast to thanksgiving to God. Use a connecting word that indicates a contrast in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
EPH	5	5	abc6	figs-metaphor	ἀκάθαρτος	1	unclean	Here being **unclean** (dirty) is a metaphor for being sinful. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	5	5	vb16	figs-metaphor	οὐκ ἔχει κληρονομίαν	1	has no inheritance	Receiving what God has promised believers is spoken of as if it were inheriting property and wealth from a family member. Alternate translation: “will receive nothing” or “has no part” See the UST (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	5	6	px7p		κενοῖς λόγοις	1	with empty words	“with words that have no truth in them” or “by speaking words that are not true”
EPH	5	6	abds	grammar-connect-logic-result	γὰρ	1	for	The connecting word **for** introduces a reason-result relationship. The result is stated first: that the Ephesian believers should not let anyone deceive them with empty words. Then the reason is stated: that the wrath of God will judge those things. Use a phrase that connects a reason to a result, and put them in the order that is most natural in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EPH	5	6	ab16	figs-abstractnouns	ἔρχεται ἡ ὀργὴ τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐπὶ	1	the wrath of God is coming upon	The word **wrath** is an abstract noun. Alternate translation: “God will certainly punish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EPH	5	6	ab73	figs-idiom	τοὺς υἱοὺς τῆς ἀπειθείας	1	the sons of disobedience	This is an idiom that means, “people who habitually disobey” or “people who are characterized by disobedience” Alternate translation: “those who disobey God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EPH	5	7	abdt	grammar-connect-logic-result	οὖν	1	Therefore	The connecting word **Therefore** introduces a reason-result relationship. The reason is that God will judge those people in his wrath. The result is that the Ephesian believers should not become partners with evil men. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EPH	5	8	wy9d	figs-metaphor	ἦτε γάρ ποτε σκότος	1	because formerly you were darkness	Just as one cannot see in the dark, so people who love to sin cannot see or understand the things of God. Alternate translation: “because formerly you did not understand anything about God” See the UST (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	5	8	abdw	grammar-connect-logic-result	γάρ	1	because	The connecting word **because** introduces a reason-result relationship. The result is stated first (v.7): that the Ephesian believers should not become partners with evil men. The reason is stated second (v. 8): that the Ephesian believers are no longer darkness, but are now light. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result, using the order that is most natural for your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EPH	5	8	iw4q	figs-metaphor	νῦν δὲ φῶς ἐν Κυρίῳ	1	but now are light in the Lord	Just as one can see in the **light**, so people whom God has saved understand how to please God. Alternate translation: “but now you know God and can live for him” See the UST (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	5	8	abdu	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	δὲ	1	but	The connecting word **but** introduces a contrast relationship. The fact that the Ephesian believers were formerly darkness is in contrast to the fact that they are now light. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
EPH	5	8	l6ki	figs-metaphor	ὡς τέκνα φωτὸς περιπατεῖτε	1	Walk as children of light	To **Walk** on a path is a metaphor for how a person lives his life. Alternate translation: “Live as people who understand what the Lord wants them to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	5	8	abc9	figs-simile	ὡς τέκνα φωτὸς	1	as children of light	God desires us to imitate or follow him since we are his spiritual **children**. Alternate translation: “as God’s children who know the truth” or “because you are God’s children and see the truth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
EPH	5	9	q194	figs-metaphor	ὁ…καρπὸς τοῦ φωτὸς ἐν πάσῃ ἀγαθωσύνῃ, καὶ δικαιοσύνῃ, καὶ ἀληθείᾳ	1	the fruit of the light consists in all goodness and righteousness and truth	Here, **fruit** is a metaphor for “result” or “outcome.” Alternate translation: “the result of living in the light is good work, right living, and truthful behavior” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	5	9	abdv	grammar-connect-logic-result	γὰρ	1	for	The connecting word **for** introduces the reason of a reason-result relationship. The reason is that fruit of the light is goodness and righteousness and truth. The result is that the Ephesian believers should walk as children of light. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EPH	5	11	zdu1	figs-metaphor	μὴ συνκοινωνεῖτε τοῖς ἔργοις τοῖς ἀκάρποις τοῦ σκότους	1	do not take part in the unfruitful works of darkness	Paul speaks of the useless, sinful things that unbelievers do as if they are evil deeds that people do in the dark so no one will see them. Alternate translation: “do not do useless, sinful things with unbelievers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	5	11	v4d1	figs-metaphor	τοῖς ἔργοις τοῖς ἀκάρποις τοῦ σκότους	1	in the unfruitful works of darkness	Here Paul is comparing evil actions to an unhealthy tree that produces nothing good. Alternate translation: “actions that do nothing good, useful, or profitable, caused by darkness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	5	11	abc8	figs-metaphor	τοῖς ἔργοις τοῖς ἀκάρποις τοῦ σκότους	1	in the unfruitful works of darkness	The word **darkness** is often used to represent sin. In this instance, these works result from sinful motives. Alternate translation: “deeds that are worthless because they were done from sinful motives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	5	11	abdx	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	μᾶλλον δὲ	1	but rather	The connecting phrase **but rather** introduces contrast relationship. Participating in the works of darkness is in contrast to exposing them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
EPH	5	11	hpl2	figs-metaphor	ἐλέγχετε	1	expose them	Speaking against the works of darkness is spoken of as bringing them out into the light so that people can see them. Alternate translation: “bring them out into the light” or “uncover them” or “show and tell people how wrong these actions are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	5	12	cd23	writing-pronouns	αὐτῶν	1	them	Here, **them** refers to the “sons of disobedience” mentioned in 5:6 and also referred to as “them” in 5:7. If it is unclear who “them” refers to in either place, then use “those who disobey God” or a similar phrase. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
EPH	5	13	sp1z			0	General Information:	It is unknown if this quotation is a combination of quotations from the prophet Isaiah or a quotation from a hymn sung by the believers.
EPH	5	13	abdy	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	δὲ	1	But	The connecting word **But** introduces a contrast relationship. Hiding the shameful works of darkness now is in contrast to the light exposing them later. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
EPH	5	13	vqi7	figs-metaphor	πᾶν…τὸ φανερούμενον φῶς ἐστιν	1	everything that is revealed is light	Paul makes this general statement in order to imply that God’s Word shows people’s actions to be good or bad. The Bible often speaks of God’s truth as if it were **light** that could reveal the character of something. Alternate translation: “if you compare everything to what God says, you can know if it is good or bad” See the UST (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	5	14	abdz	grammar-connect-logic-result	διὸ	1	Therefore	The connecting word **Therefore** introduces a reason-result relationship. The reason is that their sins will be revealed by the light. The result is that sinners should allow Christ to shine on them. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EPH	5	14	z4ar	figs-apostrophe	ἔγειρε, ὁ καθεύδων, καὶ ἀνάστα ἐκ τῶν νεκρῶν	1	Awake, O sleeper, and arise from the dead	This could mean: (1) Paul is addressing the believers and using death as a metaphor for their areas of spiritual weakness that they need to become aware of and reject. (2) Paul is addressing unbelievers who need to wake up from being dead spiritually just as a person who has died must come alive again in order to respond. See the UST (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
EPH	5	14	abcl	figs-apostrophe	ὁ καθεύδων	1	O sleeper	This could mean: (1) Paul is addressing this comment directly to the believers who are reading or hearing the letter. (2) Paul is addressing this comment directly to unbelievers who are not reading or hearing the letter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
EPH	5	14	e873	figs-metaphor	ἐκ τῶν νεκρῶν	1	from the dead	This expression describes all **dead** people together in the underworld. To arise from among them speaks of becoming alive again and is a metaphor for becoming alive spiritually and living for God. Alternate Translation: “from among all those who have died” or “from among those who are spiritually dead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	5	14	ma8w	figs-you	ἐπιφαύσει σοι	1	will shine on you	Here, **you** refers to the “sleeper” and is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
EPH	5	14	ym6b	figs-metaphor	ἐπιφαύσει σοι ὁ Χριστός	1	Christ will shine on you	**Christ** will enable an unbeliever to understand how evil his deeds are and how Christ will forgive him and give him new life, just as light shows what actually is there that the darkness had hid. This aso applies to anything that a believer has not yet recognized as sinful. Alternate translation: “Christ will show you what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	5	15	du5n		βλέπετε οὖν ἀκριβῶς πῶς περιπατεῖτε, μὴ ὡς ἄσοφοι, ἀλλ’ ὡς σοφοί	1	Watch carefully, therefore, how you walk—not as unwise but as wise	People who are **unwise** do not guard themselves against sin. Wise people, however, can identify sin and flee from it. Alternate translation: “Therefore, you must be careful to live as a wise person rather than a foolish person”
EPH	5	15	abe0	grammar-connect-logic-result	οὖν	1	therefore	The connecting word **therefore** introduces a reason-result relationship. The reason is that Christ has shown the light on him. The result is that the sinner will walk carefully in the light. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EPH	5	15	abe1	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	ἀλλ’	1	but	The connecting word **but** introduces a contrast relationship. Being unwise is in contrast to being wise. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
EPH	5	15	abe2	figs-ellipsis	ὡς σοφοί	1	as wise	The verb “walk” is left out. You can state this clearly. Alternate translation: “walk as wise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
EPH	5	16	h8b1	figs-metaphor	ἐξαγοραζόμενοι τὸν καιρόν	1	redeeming the time	Using time wisely is spoken of as if it were **redeeming the time**. Alternate translation: “doing the best things you can with your time” or “using time wisely” or “putting time to its best use” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	5	16	lrb6	figs-metonymy	ὅτι αἱ ἡμέραι πονηραί εἰσιν	1	because the days are evil	The word **days** is a metonym for what people do during those days. Alternate translation: “because the people around you are constantly doing all kinds of evil things and the opportunities that you have to do good may become few” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EPH	5	16	abe3	grammar-connect-logic-result	ὅτι	1	because	The connecting word **because** introduces the reason of a reason-result relationship. The reason is that the days are evil. The result is that the believers must redeem the time. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EPH	5	17	abe4	grammar-connect-logic-result	διὰ τοῦτο	1	Because of this	The connecting phrase **Because of this** introduces the result of a reason-result relationship. The reason is that the days are evil. The result is that the believers will not be foolish, but understand God’s will. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EPH	5	17	abe5	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	ἀλλὰ	1	but	The connecting word **but** introduces a contrast relationship. Being foolish is in contrast to understanding God’s will. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
EPH	5	18	tz9e			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul ends his instructions on how all believers should live.
EPH	5	18	scp1		καὶ μὴ μεθύσκεσθε οἴνῳ	1	And do not get drunk with wine	“You should not get drunk from drinking wine”
EPH	5	18	cd33	figs-abstractnouns	ἐν ᾧ ἐστιν ἀσωτία	1	in which is recklessness	The word **recklessness** is an abstract noun. Alternate translation: “which leads to reckless behavior” or “because that will ruin you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EPH	5	18	lgw3		ἀλλὰ πληροῦσθε ἐν Πνεύματι	1	Instead, be filled with the Spirit	“Instead, you should be controlled by the Holy Spirit”
EPH	5	18	abe6	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	ἀλλὰ	1	Instead	The connecting word **Instead** introduces a contrast relationship. Being drunk is in contrast to being filled with the Spirit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
EPH	5	19	egk6	figs-merism	ψαλμοῖς, καὶ ὕμνοις, καὶ ᾠδαῖς πνευματικαῖς	1	psalms and hymns and spiritual songs	This could mean: (1) Paul is using these words as a merism for “all sorts of songs to praise God” (2) Paul is listing specific forms of music. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
EPH	5	19	n5jj		ψαλμοῖς	1	psalms	These are probably songs from the Old Testament book of Psalms that Christians sang.
EPH	5	19	g5ss		ὕμνοις	1	hymns	These are songs of praise and worship that may have been written specifically for Christians to sing.
EPH	5	19	v9ay	figs-doublet	ᾠδαῖς πνευματικαῖς	1	spiritual songs	This could mean: (1) these are songs that the Holy Spirit inspires a person to sing right at that moment (2) **spiritual songs** and “hymns” form a doublet. They mean basically the same thing, and you could use one word for these instead of two. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
EPH	5	19	v3ql	figs-metonymy	τῇ καρδίᾳ ὑμῶν	1	in your heart	Here, **heart** is a metonym for a person’s thoughts or inner being. This could mean: (1) they should do this with true motives and sincerity. Alternate translation: “from deep within your being” or “sincerely” (2) they should do this with enthusiasm: Alternate translation: “with all of your being” or “enthusiastically” See the UST (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EPH	5	20	e6w5	figs-metaphor	ἐν ὀνόματι τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ	1	in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ	Here, **name** could refer to: (1) Jesus himself. Alternate translation: “because you belong to our Lord Jesus Christ” (2) the authority of Jesus. Alternate translation: “with the authority of our Lord Jesus Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	5	20	abw5		τῷ Θεῷ καὶ Πατρί	1	to God, even the Father	“to God, who is our father”
EPH	5	22	isd7			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul begins to explain how Christians are to submit themselves to one another ([Ephesians 5:21](../05/21.md)). He starts with instructions to wives and husbands on how they should act toward each other.
EPH	5	23	abe7	grammar-connect-logic-result	ὅτι	1	For	The connecting word **For** introduces the reason of a reason-result relationship. The reason is that the husband is head of the wife in the same way Christ is head of the church. The result is that wives should submit to their husbands. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EPH	5	23	x637	figs-metaphor	κεφαλὴ τῆς γυναικὸς…κεφαλὴ τῆς ἐκκλησίας	1	the head of the wife … the head of the church	The word **head** here represents the leader. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	5	23	abc1		τοῦ σώματος	1	of the body	The church is often referred to as the **body** of Christ.
EPH	5	25	sx8d			0	General Information:	Here the words **himself** and **he** refer to Christ. The word **her** refers to the church.
EPH	5	25	sm9e		ἀγαπᾶτε τὰς γυναῖκας	1	love your wives	Here, **love** means that the husband unselfishly does what is best for the wife, unselfishly serving or giving to his wife.
EPH	5	25	i24y		ἑαυτὸν παρέδωκεν	1	gave himself up	“allowed people to kill him”
EPH	5	25	kp8k	figs-metaphor	ὑπὲρ αὐτῆς	1	for her	Paul speaks of the assembly of believers as though it were a woman whom Jesus will marry. Alternate translation: “for us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	5	26	abe9	grammar-connect-logic-goal	ἵνα	1	so that	The connecting phrase **so that** introduces a goal relationship. The goal or purpose of Christ giving himself up to death is to sanctify the church. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
EPH	5	26	h6vx	figs-metaphor	αὐτὴν ἁγιάσῃ, καθαρίσας	1	he might sanctify her, having cleansed her	Paul speaks of the assembly of believers as though it were a woman whom Jesus will marry. Alternate translation: “he might make us holy, having cleansed us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	5	26	a9p5	figs-metaphor	καθαρίσας τῷ λουτρῷ τοῦ ὕδατος ἐν ῥήματι	1	having cleansed her by the washing of water with the word	This could mean: (1) Paul is referring to God making Christ’s people clean by the preaching and acceptance of God’s **word** in the gospel message and through **water** baptism in Christ. (2) Paul is speaking of God making us spiritually clean from our sins by the message as if God were making our bodies clean by washing them with **water**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	5	27	abea	grammar-connect-logic-goal	ἵνα	1	so that	The connecting phrase **so that** introduces a goal relationship. The goal or purpose of Christ cleansing the church with the word is to present the church to himself as a glorious bride. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
EPH	5	27	d1sm	figs-metaphor	μὴ ἔχουσαν σπίλον, ἢ ῥυτίδα	1	not having stain or wrinkle	Paul speaks of the church as though it were a garment that is clean and in perfect condition. Alternate translation: “not having any defect” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	5	27	abcm	figs-doublet	μὴ ἔχουσαν σπίλον, ἢ ῥυτίδα	1	not having stain or wrinkle	Here, **stain** and **wrinkle** represent the same idea of defect in two ways to emphasize the church’s purity. If your language does not have two different words, you can use one word for this. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
EPH	5	27	abeb	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	ἀλλ’	1	but	The connecting word **but** introduces a contrast relationship. The church having stains and wrinkles of sin is in contrast to the church being holy and blameless. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
EPH	5	27	abec	grammar-connect-logic-goal	ἵνα	2	so that	The connecting phrase **so that** introduces a goal relationship. The goal or purpose of Christ washing the church is to make the church holy and blameless. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
EPH	5	27	jvi4	figs-doublet	ἁγία καὶ ἄμωμος	1	holy and blameless	Here, **blameless** means basically the same thing as **holy**. Paul uses the two together to emphasize the church’s purity. If your language does not have two different words, you can use one word for this. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
EPH	5	28	wp8b	figs-explicit	ὡς τὰ ἑαυτῶν σώματα	1	as their own bodies	You can state explicitly that people love **their own bodies**. Alternate translation: “as husbands love their own bodies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EPH	5	29	h5aa		ἀλλὰ ἐκτρέφει	1	but he nourishes	“but he feeds”
EPH	5	29	abed	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	ἀλλὰ	1	but	The connecting word **but** introduces a contrast relationship. Hating one’s own body is in contrast to caring for it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
EPH	5	30	abee	grammar-connect-logic-result	ὅτι	1	because	The connecting word **because** introduces the reason of a reason-result relationship. The reason is that the church is Christ’s body. The result is that Christ cares for the church. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EPH	5	30	h44f	figs-metaphor	μέλη ἐσμὲν τοῦ σώματος αὐτοῦ	1	we are members of his body	Here Paul speaks of the close union of believers with Christ as if they were part of his own **body**, for which he would naturally care. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	5	31	yp23			0	General Information:	The quotation is from the writings of Moses in the Old Testament.
EPH	5	31	yp24			0	General Information:	The words **his** and **himself** refer to a male believer who marries.
EPH	5	31	abef	grammar-connect-logic-result	ἀντὶ τούτου	1	For this reason	The connecting phrase **For this reason** introduces the result of a reason-result relationship. In this case, this phrase is part of a quotation from Genesis 2:24 and so the reason is not stated here, but it is stated in Genesis 2:23 that woman was created out of man. The result is that a man will leave his father and mother and be joined to his wife. If it is confusing to not state the reason, you can include a footnote that says, “the reason for this is that woman was created out of man. See Genesis 2:23” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EPH	6	intro	r7c3			0		# Ephesians 6 General Notes<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Slavery<br><br>Paul does not write in this chapter about whether slavery is good or bad. Paul teaches about working to please God whether as a slave or as a master. What Paul teaches here about slavery would have been surprising. In his time, masters were not expected to treat their slaves with respect and not threaten them.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Armor of God<br><br>This extended metaphor describes how Christians can protect themselves when spiritually attacked. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	6	1	wq46	figs-you		0	General Information:	The command in verse one is plural. Then in verses two and three Paul quotes from the law of Moses. Moses was talking to the people of Israel as though they were one person, so **your** and **you** are singular there. If that does not make sense, you may need to translate them as plurals. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
EPH	6	1	jf17			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul continues to explain how Christians are to submit themselves to each other. He gives instructions to children, fathers, workers, and masters.
EPH	6	1	ev8m		ἐν Κυρίῳ	1	in the Lord	“because you belong to the Lord” or “as followers of the Lord”
EPH	6	1	abeg	grammar-connect-logic-result	γάρ	1	for	The connecting word **for** introduces the reason of a reason-result relationship. The reason is that children should do what is right. The result is that children should obey their parents. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EPH	6	3	abeh	grammar-connect-logic-goal	ἵνα	1	so that	The connecting phrase **so that** introduces a goal relationship. The goal or purpose of obeying your father and mother is to live well and long on the earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
EPH	6	4	bb7g		μὴ παροργίζετε τὰ τέκνα ὑμῶν	1	do not provoke your children to anger	“do not make your children angry” or “do not cause your children to be angry”
EPH	6	4	abei	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	ἀλλὰ	1	Instead	The connecting word **Instead** introduces a contrast relationship. Fathers provoking their children to anger is in contrast to raising their children in discipline and instruction. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
EPH	6	4	ytg5	figs-abstractnouns	ἐκτρέφετε αὐτὰ ἐν παιδείᾳ καὶ νουθεσίᾳ Κυρίου	1	raise them in the discipline and instruction of the Lord	The abstract nouns **discipline** and **instruction** can be expressed as verbs. Alternate translation: “teach them to become adults by making sure that they know and do what the Lord wants them to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EPH	6	5	s1pq	figs-doublet	φόβου καὶ τρόμου	1	fear and trembling	The phrase **fear and trembling** uses two similar ideas to emphasize the importance of honoring their masters. Alternate translation: “with deep respect” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
EPH	6	5	z6xx	figs-hyperbole	καὶ τρόμου	1	and trembling	Here, **trembling** is an exaggeration used to emphasize how important it is that slaves obey their masters. Alternate translation: “and deep respect” or “as though you were shaking with fear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
EPH	6	5	pd6z	figs-metonymy	ἐν ἁπλότητι τῆς καρδίας ὑμῶν	1	in honesty of your heart	Here, **heart** is a metonym for a person’s mind or intentions. Alternate translation: “with honesty” or “with sincerity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EPH	6	5	ab6z	figs-abstractnouns	ἐν ἁπλότητι	1	in honesty	The word **honesty** is an abstract noun. Alternate translation: “honestly” or “sincerely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EPH	6	5	cd6z	figs-explicit	ὡς τῷ Χριστῷ	1	as to Christ	To make this clear, you may want to include the verb here: “as you obey Christ.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EPH	6	6	abej	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	ἀλλ’	1	but	The connecting word **but** introduces a contrast relationship. Obeying our masters as men-pleasers is in contrast to obeying them because we are slaves of Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
EPH	6	6	l9ve		ὡς δοῦλοι Χριστοῦ	1	as slaves of Christ	“as though your earthly master were Christ himself”
EPH	6	6	u5fn	figs-metonymy	ἐκ ψυχῆς	1	from the soul	Here, **soul** is a metonym for “attitudes” or “intentions.” Alternate translation: “wholeheartedly” or “enthusiastically” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EPH	6	9	i85s	figs-explicit	τὰ αὐτὰ ποιεῖτε πρὸς αὐτούς	1	do the same to them	Here, **the same** refers back to “if he does something good” from ([Ephesians 6:8](../06/08.md)). Alternate translation: “you also must treat your slaves well” or “just as slaves must do good to their masters, you also must do good to your slaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EPH	6	9	wii4		εἰδότες ὅτι καὶ αὐτῶν καὶ ὑμῶν ὁ Κύριός ἐστιν ἐν οὐρανοῖς	1	You know that the Master, both theirs and yours, is in heaven	“You know that Christ is the Master of both slaves and their masters, and that he is in heaven”
EPH	6	9	r9ue		προσωπολημψία οὐκ ἔστιν παρ’ αὐτῷ	1	there is no favoritism with him	“he judges everyone the same way”
EPH	6	10	t5th			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul gives instructions to make believers strong in this battle we are in for God.
EPH	6	10	e4mg	figs-doublet	τῷ κράτει τῆς ἰσχύος αὐτοῦ	1	the force of his strength	These two words are very similar in meaning. Together, they reinforce each other. Alternate translation: “his great power” See how you translated this phrase near the end of [Ephesians 1:19](../01/19.md) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
EPH	6	11	n8x8	figs-metaphor	ἐνδύσασθε τὴν πανοπλίαν τοῦ Θεοῦ, πρὸς τὸ δύνασθαι ὑμᾶς στῆναι πρὸς τὰς μεθοδίας τοῦ διαβόλου	1	Put on the whole armor of God, to enable you to stand against the scheming of the devil	In this metaphor, Paul pictures the spiritual resources that **God** gives to all Christians as a soldier’s **armor**. Alternate translation: “Just as a soldier puts on armor to protect himself from enemy attacks, use all of God’s resources to stand firmly against the devil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	6	11	ra3y		τὰς μεθοδίας	1	the scheming	“the tricky plans”
EPH	6	12	abek	grammar-connect-logic-result	ὅτι	1	For	The connecting word **For** introduces the reason of a reason-result relationship. The reason is that we are in a struggle against spiritual forces of darkness. The result is that we should put on the whole armor of God. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EPH	6	12	d7be	figs-synecdoche	αἷμα καὶ σάρκα	1	blood and flesh	This expression refers to people, not spirits who do not have human bodies. Alternate translation: “human beings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
EPH	6	12	abel	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	ἀλλὰ	1	but	The connecting word **but** introduces a contrast relationship. People made of flesh and blood are in contrast to spiritual forces. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
EPH	6	12	ftu4	figs-explicit	πρὸς τοὺς κοσμοκράτορας	1	against the world-controllers	Here it is implied that **the world-controllers** refers to powerful spiritual beings. Alternate translation: “against the powerful spiritual beings that rule over people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EPH	6	12	abcn	figs-metaphor	τοῦ σκότους τούτου	1	of this darkness	Here, **darkness** is a metaphor for things that are evil. Alternate translation: “during this present evil time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	6	13	jrn9	figs-metaphor	διὰ τοῦτο, ἀναλάβετε τὴν πανοπλίαν τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	Because of this, put on the whole armor of God	Christians should use the protective resources **God** gives them in fighting the devil in the same way that a soldier puts on **armor** to protect himself against his enemies. See the UST (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	6	13	abem	grammar-connect-logic-result	διὰ τοῦτο	1	Because of this	The connecting phrase **Because of this** introduces the result of a reason-result relationship. The reason is that we are in a battle against evil spiritual forces. The result is that we should put on the whole armor of God. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EPH	6	13	cy9h	figs-metaphor	ἵνα δυνηθῆτε ἀντιστῆναι ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τῇ πονηρᾷ	1	so that you may be able to withstand in the evil day	The word **withstand** means to successfully resist something. Alternate translation: “so that you may be able to resist when evil attacks you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	6	13	ab9h	figs-explicit	ἵνα δυνηθῆτε ἀντιστῆναι	1	so that you may be able to withstand	It may be helpful to state explicitly what believers are to withstand. Alternate translation: “so that you may be able to withstand the attacks of the devil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EPH	6	13	aben	grammar-connect-logic-goal	ἵνα	1	so that	The connecting phrase **so that** introduces a goal relationship. The goal or purpose of putting on the whole armor of God is to be able to withstand the attacks of the spiritual forces of darkness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
EPH	6	14	r5m7	figs-metaphor	στῆτε οὖν	1	Stand, therefore	Here the word **Stand** represents taking a position on what is right and true and successfully resisting forces that try to make the believer compromise that position. See how you translated “stand firm” in [Ephesians 6:13](../06/13.md). “So resist evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	6	14	abex	grammar-connect-logic-result	οὖν	1	therefore	The connecting word **therefore** introduces the result of a reason-result relationship. The reason is that we believers have put on our spiritual armor. The result is that we will stand and resist the evil spiritual forces. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EPH	6	14	lbd4	figs-metaphor	περιζωσάμενοι τὴν ὀσφὺν ὑμῶν ἐν ἀληθείᾳ	1	having girded up your loins with the truth	In this metaphor, **truth** is compared to a soldier’s belt. Truth holds everything together for a believer just as a belt holds the clothing of a soldier together. See the UST (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	6	14	abq4	figs-abstractnouns	ἀληθείᾳ	1	the truth	The word **truth** is an abstract noun. Alternate translation: “what is true” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EPH	6	14	abca	figs-metaphor	ἐνδυσάμενοι τὸν θώρακα τῆς δικαιοσύνης	1	having put on the breastplate of righteousness	In this metaphor, **righteousness** is compared to a soldier’s **breastplate**. Just as soldiers put on a breastplate to protect themselves from enemy attacks, believers should behave in a righteous way to protect themselves from spiritual attacks. See the UST (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	6	14	cdca	figs-abstractnouns	δικαιοσύνης	1	of righteousness	The word **righteousness** is an abstract noun. Alternate translation: “the right way to live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EPH	6	15	f6w1	figs-metaphor	ὑποδησάμενοι τοὺς πόδας ἐν ἑτοιμασίᾳ τοῦ εὐαγγελίου τῆς εἰρήνης	1	having shod your feet with the readiness of the gospel of peace	In this metaphor, **the gospel of peace** is compared to a soldier’s sandals. Just as a soldier wears sturdy footwear to give him solid footing and enable him to march long distances, the believer must have solid knowledge of the gospel of peace and be ready to go where the Lord sends him to proclaim it. See the UST (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	6	15	abw1	figs-abstractnouns	εἰρήνης	1	of peace	The word **peace** is an abstract noun. Alternate translation: “that makes everything good between people and God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EPH	6	16	n65c	figs-metaphor	ἐν πᾶσιν ἀναλαβόντες τὸν θυρεὸν τῆς πίστεως	1	In everything take up the shield of the faith	In this metaphor, faith is compared to a soldier’s **shield**. Just as a soldier uses a shield to protect himself from enemy attacks, the believer must use the **faith** that God gives for protection when the devil attacks. See the UST (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	6	16	ab5d	figs-abstractnouns	τῆς πίστεως	1	of the faith	The word **faith** is an abstract noun that can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “that represents how much you trust in the Lord” See the UST (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EPH	6	16	djl5	figs-metaphor	τὰ βέλη τοῦ πονηροῦ πεπυρωμένα	1	the flaming arrows of the evil one	The attacks of the devil against a believer are like **flaming arrows** shot at a soldier by an enemy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	6	17	g2kw	figs-metaphor	τὴν περικεφαλαίαν τοῦ σωτηρίου δέξασθε	1	Take the helmet of salvation	The **salvation** that God gives protects the believer’s mind just as a **helmet** protects the head of a soldier. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	6	17	abkw	figs-abstractnouns	τοῦ σωτηρίου	1	of salvation	The word **salvation** is an abstract noun that can be translated with a verb. Alternate Translation: “that represents the fact that God has saved you” See the UST (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EPH	6	17	c191	figs-metaphor	τὴν μάχαιραν τοῦ Πνεύματος, ὅ ἐστιν ῥῆμα Θεοῦ	1	the sword of the Spirit, which is the word of God	In this metaphor, God’s message is compared to a soldier’s **sword**. Just as soldiers use a sword to fight and defeat their enemy, so a believer can use God’s message in the Bible to fight against the devil. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	6	18	mu4w		διὰ πάσης προσευχῆς καὶ δεήσεως, προσευχόμενοι ἐν παντὶ καιρῷ ἐν Πνεύματι	1	With every prayer and request, pray at all times in the Spirit	“Pray at all times in the Spirit as you pray and make specific requests”
EPH	6	18	g1i7	grammar-connect-logic-goal	εἰς αὐτὸ	1	to this end	The connecting phrase **to this end** marks a goal or purpose relationship. The goal is what was just mentioned: to pray at all times in the Spirit. In order to do that, believers must be watchful and persevere in making requests for all the saints. Alternate Translation: “for this reason” or “in order to do that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
EPH	6	18	i5hm	figs-abstractnouns	ἀγρυπνοῦντες ἐν πάσῃ προσκαρτερήσει καὶ δεήσει περὶ πάντων τῶν ἁγίων	1	be watchful with all perseverance and requests for all the saints	The word **perseverance** is an abstract noun that can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “persevere in being alert, and pray for all God’s holy people” or “pray with constant alertness for all the believers” See the UST (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EPH	6	19	rm1h			0	Connecting Statement:	In closing this letter, Paul asks his readers to pray for his boldness in telling the gospel while he is in prison and he says that he is sending Tychicus to comfort them.
EPH	6	19	j135	figs-activepassive	ἵνα μοι δοθῇ λόγος	1	so that a message might be given to me	You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “that God might give me the word” or “God might give me the message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EPH	6	19	abeo	grammar-connect-logic-goal	ἵνα	1	so that	The connecting phrase **so that** introduces a goal relationship. The goal or purpose of the believers praying for Paul is to enable him to preach the gospel boldly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
EPH	6	19	gu1n	figs-metonymy	ἀνοίξει τοῦ στόματός μου	1	I open my mouth	This is a metonym for speaking. Alternate translation: “I speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EPH	6	20	wx9k	figs-metonymy	ὑπὲρ οὗ πρεσβεύω ἐν ἁλύσει	1	for which I am an ambassador in chains	The phrase **in chains** is a metonym for being in prison. Alternate translation: “because of which I am now in prison” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EPH	6	20	pmm2	figs-explicit	ἵνα ἐν αὐτῷ παρρησιάσωμαι, ὡς δεῖ με λαλῆσαι	1	so that in it I may speak boldly, as it is necessary for me to speak	The word “pray” is understood from verse 18. Alternate translation: “pray that whenever I teach the gospel, I will speak it as boldly as I should” or “pray that I may speak the gospel as boldly as I should” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EPH	6	20	abep	grammar-connect-logic-goal	ἵνα	1	so that	The connecting phrase **so that** introduces a goal relationship. The goal or purpose of the believers praying for Paul is to enable him to preach the gospel boldly even though he is in chains. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
EPH	6	20	cdep	figs-pronouns	ἐν αὐτῷ	1	in it	Here, **it** refers back to the “message” in verse 19 that Paul wants to speak. If your readers would misunderstand this, you can repeat the word “message” here. Alternate translation: “in my message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
EPH	6	21	aber	grammar-connect-logic-goal	ἵνα	1	so that	The connecting phrase **so that** introduces a goal relationship. The goal or purpose of Paul sending Tychicus to Ephesus was to tell the Ephesian believers what was happening to Paul. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
EPH	6	21	cxs9	translate-names	Τυχικὸς	1	Tychicus	Tychicus was one of several men who served with Paul. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EPH	6	21	abc2	figs-metaphor	ἀδελφὸς	1	brother	Paul speaks of Tychicus as if he were a **brother** to all the other believers who were in God’s spiritual family. Alternate translation: “fellow believer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	6	22	nv5m	figs-metonymy	παρακαλέσῃ τὰς καρδίας ὑμῶν	1	your hearts may be encouraged	Here, **hearts** is a metonym for people’s inner beings. Alternate translation: “he may encourage you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EPH	6	22	abes	grammar-connect-logic-goal	ἵνα	1	so that	The connecting phrase **so that** introduces a goal relationship. The goal or purpose of Paul sending Tychicus to the Ephesians is to encourage their hearts and to let them know what was happening to Paul and his companions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
EPH	6	23	j395			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul closes his letter to the Ephesian believers with a blessing of peace and grace on all believers who love Christ.
EPH	6	23	ab33	figs-abstractnouns	εἰρήνη τοῖς ἀδελφοῖς	1	Peace to the brothers	**Peace** is an abstract noun. Alternate translation: “May the brothers have a peaceful spirit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EPH	6	23	abc3	figs-metaphor	τοῖς ἀδελφοῖς	1	to the brothers	Paul speaks of the other believers as if they were **brothers** to all of the other believers who were in God’s spiritual family. Alternate translation: “to the fellow believers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH	6	23	ab44	figs-abstractnouns	ἀγάπη	1	love	The word **love** is an abstract noun. Alternate translation: “may you love one another” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EPH	6	23	ab55	figs-abstractnouns	μετὰ πίστεως	1	with faith	The word **faith** is an abstract noun that can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “as you trust in the Lord” See the UST (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EPH	6	24	cd55	figs-abstractnouns	ἡ χάρις μετὰ	1	Grace be with	The word **Grace** is an abstract noun that can be translated with an adverb. Alternate translation: “May God act graciously to” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EPH	6	24	ef55	figs-abstractnouns	ἐν ἀφθαρσίᾳ	1	with incorruptability	The word **incorruptibility** is an abstract noun. Alternate translation: “in a way that no one is able to corrupt” or “so much that no one can make them stop loving him” See the UST (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])